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Percy Fender
Batting, bowling and fielding & Captaincy
who drew Fender in a long sweater before he ever wore one; Fender then adopted them to match his image. Similarly, he continued to wear glasses on the field after discovering that he did not need them. Captaincy Contemporary critics believed that Fender's handling of a limited bowling side while Surrey captain in the 1920s, and his achievements in taking the county to high positions in the County Championship, made him the best captain in England. Teammates and opponents praised his captaincy skills, and described him as the best they had known. His Times obituary stated: "[Fender]
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Percy Fender
Captaincy
was a sharp captain, quick to observe the slightest opportunity of advantage and ready to gamble on his ability to exploit it. His keen eye for weakness in an opponent and ability to extract and employ the best powers of his own players caused him often, and with reason, to be described as the best county captain who never captained England. No more flexible thinker on cricket ever lived." Always willing to take risks in order to win, Fender's main objective was to surprise the opposition; legends grew of his successful ploys. Prior to Fender, few county captains displayed tactical
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Percy Fender
Captaincy
imagination; Fender inspired his teams to play forceful, entertaining cricket which made him and his Surrey team very popular. His leadership was often specifically commented on by the press, an unusual occurrence in county cricket reports. In particular, his declarations often were the subject of attention and controversy—he often declared, contrary to orthodox tactics at the time, before his side had built up a big lead or even before they reached the opposition's first innings total. One of his favoured approaches was for the batsmen in the lower middle-order to hit out at the bowling, no matter the state of
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Percy Fender
Captaincy
the match; if successful, the team either quickly consolidated a position of strength or regained the initiative if earlier batsmen had failed. Fender also used non-regular bowlers in an attempt to unsettle batsmen. His innovative approach included the introduction of caps with larger peaks to shade his players' eyes from the sun, and he recruited a baseball coach to improve their throwing. Although often a candidate in the press to captain England, Fender was never chosen to do so. Rumours circulated at the time about the reasons. One suggestion was that he was overlooked because he was Jewish, but Fender
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Percy Fender
Captaincy
said he was not Jewish and in any case did not believe this would have been a problem. Other purported reasons included that he had not been to Oxford or Cambridge, and that he was in the wine trade, which was considered an unsuitable career for a gentleman, but in later life Fender dismissed these as potential factors. In fact, not everyone approved of Fender's captaincy. He was sometimes accused of gamesmanship, for example by persuading umpires that conditions were unfit for play until they favoured his team. He occasionally used negative tactics when he was unhappy with the approach
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Percy Fender
Captaincy
of the opposition—in one game where the opposition had not declared, he slowed down play to the extent that one over took 12 minutes to bowl. Opponents recalled other uses of time-wasting tactics, deliberate damaging of the pitch by Surrey players to assist their bowlers, and intimidation of both the opposition and umpires. The cricket writer Martin Williamson suggests that "in an era where gentlemen played by the rules, Fender was adroit at stretching the Laws to snapping point." Fender's attitude towards amateurs also brought him into opposition with others. His disinclination to play amateurs in the Surrey team unless
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Percy Fender
Captaincy
they were talented enough was opposed by the Surrey committee—the Surrey president, H. D. G. Leveson Gower, wished Fender to include friends and contacts whom Fender did not consider worth a place in the team. According to E. W. Swanton: "While always highly popular with the teams he led, his relations with the Surrey authorities were also apt to be difficult." Fender attempted to unite the amateurs and professionals in the team through using one gate to enter the field, and stopped the practice of separate lunches and teas. He planned to end the tradition of using separate changing rooms,
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Percy Fender
Captaincy
until stopped by the professional Hobbs. Fender's proposals shocked senior cricket figures, and caused another clash with the influential Lord Harris; allied to other disagreements between the pair, it may have ended his England career. The deeply conservative cricket establishment may also have resented Fender's unorthodoxy on the cricket pitch. Fender made himself more unacceptable by mocking establishment figures such as Leveson Gower; a teammate later remarked that Fender "was often his own worst enemy". Fender also believed that the controversy over his journalism in 1921 counted against him with the MCC committee. According to Wisden, Fender's limited success at
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Percy Fender
Captaincy & Cricket journalism
Test level "may have saved the selectors, who were thought never to favour him as a captain of England, an embarrassing problem". His Wisden obituary concluded: "He was one of the most colourful figures in the cricket world for many years ... and was widely regarded as the shrewdest county captain of his generation". Cricket journalism While still a cricketer, Fender wrote for several London newspapers and magazines, and also broadcast on the radio. Although remaining in England, he commented on the 1924–25 Ashes series for the Sunday Express and became involved in an argument which arose during the tour over
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Percy Fender
Cricket journalism
the merits of professional captaincy; Fender believed professionals would make good captains. He also wrote about the 1926 series, and drew criticism from Australians when he called their sportsmanship into question. He later wrote regularly for the Evening News and The Star; to the irritation of other journalists, he became the first man to use a typewriter in the press box. Fender wrote four books on cricket tours: his 1920–21 account Defending the Ashes, an account of the 1928–29 tour which he covered as a journalist, and books about the 1930 and 1934 Australian tours of England. A fifth book, more
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Percy Fender
Cricket journalism & Personal life
autobiographical in nature, followed later. The Times described Fender as "an astute critic of the game" whose accounts were "well-observed and analytical". Wisden found his writing outspoken at times, but rated his four tour books as among the best available. In 2012, the cricket journalist Steven Lynch wrote that Fender "can probably be credited with revolutionising the [cricket] tour book. Previously they were often travelogues, but Fender included serious in-depth analysis of the play, backed up with copious statistics". Personal life Fender worked for his father, including periods spent in France and Belgium, up until the outbreak of
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Percy Fender
Personal life
war in 1914, but when he returned from active service found the business frustrating. With his father's approval, he left the firm to start his own wine business with his brother Robert. The business thrived, in part owing to Fender's wide range of connections, and he remained chairman and managing director until 1976. For a time, Fender produced his own whiskey brand, which he tried to sell when touring South Africa with the MCC in 1922–23, but competition from the larger distilling companies meant that it was a short-lived success. After the Second World War, he had to rebuild his
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Percy Fender
Personal life
wine firm, which had suffered from wartime restrictions and hardships, this time assisted by his son. He and Robert also established a paper merchants called Fender Brothers, although he later relinquished his shares in the company. Meanwhile, he maintained his connections with Crescens Robinson and followed his father as chairman of the company from 1943 to 1968. The press closely followed Fender's activities in his personal life, reporting his activities at dances, races and shooting. As such, he had a high profile, and was easily recognisable to the general public. In September 1924, he married Ruth Clapham, a well-known figure in
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Percy Fender
Personal life
society and the daughter of a Manchester jeweller, whom he met in Monte Carlo in 1923. The couple had two children; Ruth died suddenly in 1937 from Bright's disease. Fender remarried in 1962, but his second wife, Susan Gordon, died in 1968. He is buried in the Higher Cemetery, Exeter.
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Pete Dominick
Early life & Headlining & Audience warm-up
Pete Dominick Early life Dominick was born in Syracuse, New York, and started performing in public during high school, where he would emcee talent shows and read morning announcements over the public-address system. His career took off in the late 1990s when he performed in various clubs around Manhattan, first as an amateur and later as a professional. Headlining Dominick's comedy career expanded around the turn of the century when he began performing at colleges all over the country. He has performed at hundreds of campuses and started headlining clubs and theaters in 2005. Audience warm-up One of Dominick's highest
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Pete Dominick
Audience warm-up & Comedy By Request
profile mediums as a stand-up comic was as the warm-up act for The Colbert Report with Stephen Colbert on Comedy Central. He has also filled in as the warm-up act for The Daily Show with Jon Stewart on over 100 episodes. In 2013, he left The Colbert Report in order to focus on his Sirius XM show and spend more time with his family. Dominick has warmed up audiences for CNBC's Mad Money and is frequently the opening act for comedian Artie Lange. Comedy By Request In 2006, Dominick was approached by Sirius Satellite Radio and signed up to host the
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Pete Dominick
Comedy By Request & Getting Late with Pete Dominick
Comedy by Request program on their uncensored comedy channel Raw Dog (Sirius 104, XM 150) after his performance on the New Faces Of Comedy show at the Montréal Just for Laughs festival, "one of the highest honors a young comedian can achieve." He remained with Comedy by Request on Raw Dog until November 2008, when he left to concentrate his efforts on his program at P.O.T.U.S., Stand Up! With Pete Dominick. Getting Late with Pete Dominick About a month after being on air with Comedy by Request in 2006, Dominick was approached by Sirius to host an additional show, Getting
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Pete Dominick
Getting Late with Pete Dominick & Stand Up! with Pete Dominick
Late with Pete Dominick, also on Raw Dog, which featured pre-taped interviews with notable celebrities and comedians such as Dave Attell, Robert Schimmel, Steven Wright and Louis CK. Stand Up! with Pete Dominick On February 21, 2008, Dominick began hosting the political talk show Pete's Big Mouth on the now-defunct Sirius channel Indie Talk, which had launched two weeks earlier, along with Sean Bertollo (executive producer), Aaron Hodges (co-producer), and Alexandra Di Trolio (co-producer). The show continued until November 12, 2008, at which point it was renamed Stand Up! with Pete Dominick during the new channel lineup that resulted
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Pete Dominick
Stand Up! with Pete Dominick
from the merger of Sirius and XM, which also saw Indie Talk on Sirius and P.O.T.U.S. '08 on XM being combined to form P.O.T.U.S. on Sirius 110 and XM 130. The three-hour program was broadcast live weekdays from 3:00 to 6:00 PM Eastern and explored political and current events relevant to the United States, consistent with the motto of the P.O.T.U.S. channel: "Politics of the United States, for the people of the United States." In February 2013, Dominick and Stand Up! with Pete Dominick left P.O.T.U.S. and moved to Indie, in the morning time slot of 6:00 to 9:00 AM Eastern, with
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Pete Dominick
Stand Up! with Pete Dominick
a repeat immediately following at 9:00 AM. On this new channel and slot, the show has continued to spend a lot of time on politics but has also had more freedom to branch out into other topics, including religion, race, energy, education policy, veterans' issues, and parenting, among others. Guests that have been interviewed on Stand Up! with Pete Dominick include Michael Scheuer, former CIA analyst; Tim Wise, prominent anti-racist activist and writer; David Kilcullen, former senior counterinsurgency advisor to General David Petraeus; Evan Wolfson, civil rights attorney and advocate; Ann Coulter, social and political commentator, columnist, and author; Jesse Ventura,
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Pete Dominick
Stand Up! with Pete Dominick & Rick Sánchez firing
former governor of Minnesota; Kashif Hasnie, RAND fellow and expert on issues pertaining to Afghanistan and Pakistan, and many others. On October 11, 2019, following two days of an unexpected absence from live broadcasting, Dominick announced through a recorded message at the start of his normal time slot that Sirius XM failed to renew his contract with the satellite radio platform, and Dominick had decided to "end the show early". It was unclear how long the show could have continued had it lasted through the final days of what was contractually suggested. Rick Sánchez firing On September 30, 2010, Rick Sánchez was
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Pete Dominick
Rick Sánchez firing & CNN & Personal views
interviewed on Sirius XM's radio show Stand Up With Pete Dominick. Sánchez's interview occurred on the final day of his show in the 8 p.m. time slot and he was reportedly angry about being replaced by CNN's new Parker Spitzer talk show. The day following his remarks, CNN announced that Sanchez was no longer employed with the company. CNN In March 2010, Dominick began appearing as a correspondent on CNN's John King, USA, in a man on the street segment called "Pete on the Street". Dominick's weekend show What the Week premiered on CNN in October 2010. Personal views Dominick is
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Pete Dominick
Personal views
routinely open about his political and philosophical views on the program Stand Up! With Pete Dominick, freely admitting that he brings personal bias to the show, and a strong opinion on certain issues (e.g., gay marriage). During his CNN broadcasts in particular, he routinely espouses points of view commonly referred to as left-leaning, but his SiriusXM show Stand Up! With Pete Dominick usually consists of an open debate, where everyone has a voice, not just those voices he most often agrees with. He describes himself as an agnostic atheist whenever relevant subjects arise, a view point he described arriving at
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Pete Dominick
Personal views
"around 1996 or 1997", leaving behind the Catholic beliefs he had grown up with. More recently, Dominick has stated that while he doesn't necessarily believe in a God, he has a strong spiritual side and believes in the interconnectedness of life. He practices transcendental meditation. He can also be heard admitting regularly to being fallible—that he can be wrong and has been wrong—and encouraging listeners to challenge him "through conversation on important issues." He can also be heard telling his listening audience on practically every episode to "think for yourself", to "check your sources", and to "always question what you hear"
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Pete Dominick
Personal views & Personal life
and so forth, a message he typically closes every episode with. He consistently tries to avoid political labels, insisting that callers speak to the issues without pigeon-holing themselves with labels that do not contribute anything meaningful other than partisan divisions. Personal life Dominick lives in Rockland County, New York, with his wife and two daughters. Dominick attended and graduated from SUNY Cobleskill, where he spent his time playing lacrosse, announcing basketball games, and working as a resident assistant.
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Peter C. Nelson
Peter C. Nelson Peter Christian "Pete" Nelson (June 24, 1948 – June 24, 2013) was an American businessman and politician. From Lindstrom, Minnesota, Nelson served in the United States Marine Corps. He was the owner of a meat processing center and sales business and community market and deli. Nelson served on the Lindstrom City Council and as mayor. From 2003 to 2007, Nelson served in the Minnesota House of Representatives and was a Republican. His father Howard I. Nelson and his niece Laurie Halverson also served in the Minnesota Legislature.
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Early life
Peter Williamson (memoirist) Early life Williamson was born the son of James Williamson in a croft in Hirnlay near Aboyne. He described his parents as "reputable though not rich" and at an early age was sent to live with a maiden aunt in Aberdeen. Though little acknowledged in history, there was in those days a thriving slave trade in stolen children, most of whom were taken to North America. In January 1743, Williamson fell victim to the trade when he was kidnapped while playing on the quay at Aberdeen. His autobiography gives his age as eight at the time. Some of
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Early life & The Plantation
the Aberdeen bailies were suspected of colluding with the traffickers; an estimated 600 children disappeared from the port when the trade was at its height between 1740 and 1746. The Plantation Williamson was taken to Philadelphia and sold for £16 as an indentured servant for a period of seven years to a fellow Scot, Hugh Wilson. Wilson had himself been kidnapped as a boy and sold into slavery, but, like many white slaves, had earned his freedom. He may have therefore sympathised with Peter's situation. Williamson said Wilson treated him kindly, and when the latter died in 1750, just before the
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
The Plantation & Continuing life in America
end of the indenture, he bequeathed the boy £120 plus his best horse and saddle and all his clothes. This helped bring about a change in Peter's fortunes. Continuing life in America At the age of 24, Williamson married the daughter of a wealthy plantation owner and was given a dowry of 200 acres of land close to the frontier of Pennsylvania, where he settled down to life as a farmer. On the night of 2 October 1754 his farm was attacked by Cherokee Indians and he was taken prisoner. The house was plundered and burned to the ground. Williamson related
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Continuing life in America & Third capture/return to Scotland
that he was forced to march many miles acting as a pack-mule for the Cherokees and that, whilst with them, he witnessed many murders and scalpings. After several months he escaped and made his way back to his father-in-law's home, where he learnt that his wife had died in his absence. He was called before the State Assembly in Philadelphia to pass on any information he had acquired during his captivity. Whilst there, he enlisted in an army regiment raised to combat in the French and Indian War. In the following two years he rose to the rank of lieutenant. Third capture/return
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Third capture/return to Scotland
to Scotland In a now repeating pattern he was captured by French troops and marched to Quebec. He was then granted status as an "exchange prisoner" and sent on a ship to Plymouth in England where he arrived in November 1756. Having a damaged left hand from being wounded, he was discharged from the army as unfit and given a small gratuity of six shillings to help him. He set off to walk the length of England and Scotland combined back to Aberdeen. Arriving penniless in York his stories aroused the interest of some "honourable and influential men" who encouraged him
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Third capture/return to Scotland & Return to Scotland
to write about his exploits. With their backing he published his account under the title French and Indian Cruelty, exemplified in the Life and various Vicissitudes of Fortune of Peter Williamson, who was carried off from Aberdeen in his Infancy and sold as a slave in Pennsylvania. A thousand copies of the book were sold, earning Williamson a profit of £30, which allowed him to continue his journey to Scotland in comparative ease. Return to Scotland As he travelled northwards, Williamson took to dressing as a "Red Indian" and giving displays of Indian life, e.g. demonstrating war-cries and dancing, to help
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Return to Scotland
sell further copies of his book which he carried around with him. In June 1758 he finally returned to Aberdeen, some 15 years after his kidnapping. While he was selling copies of his book in Aberdeen, the authorities charged Williamson with libel in relation to his accusations of their involvement in his original kidnapping. Since the same magistrates he was accusing were also judging him, a guilty verdict was perhaps inevitable. Surplus copies of his book were seized and burned publicly at the mercat cross by the common hangman. Williamson was made to sign a statement stating that his claims were
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Return to Scotland & Edinburgh
false, fined five shillings and banished from Aberdeen as a vagrant. Edinburgh Williamson then headed for Edinburgh where he settled for the remainder of his life. Here he opened a coffee house under Parliament House which became a favourite resort of Edinburgh lawyers and their clients. Robert Fergusson devoted a verse of his poem The Rising of the Session to this popular establishment: This vacance [vacation] is a heavy doom   On Indian Peter's coffee-room For a' his china pigs are toom [bottles are empty]   Nor do we see In wine the soukar biskets soom [sugar biscuits swim]   As light's a flee Having read his book, some of the
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Edinburgh
lawyers encouraged him to sue the Aberdeen magistrates. The case was heard in the Court of Session in Edinburgh and the judges found unanimously in Williamson's favour. The Provost of Aberdeen, four bailies and the Dean of Guild were forced to pay him £100 in compensation. Emboldened by this success, Williamson decided further to sue Bailie William Fordyce and others, whom he believed were personally responsible for his kidnapping. The case went before James Forbes, Sheriff-Substitute of Aberdeenshire, acting as arbiter. It seems that the defendants wined and dined Forbes generously ahead of his final deliberations and he exonerated them. The
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Edinburgh & Fame and fortune
decree was read out at the mercat cross the next day. However, the case was referred to the Court of Session in Edinburgh, and after Williamson produced hard evidence of the defendants' involvement, the Court reversed the Sheriff-Substitute's decision in December 1763. Williamson was awarded £200 damages plus 100 guineas legal costs. Fame and fortune Williamson's new-found wealth enabled him to open a tavern in Parliament Close bearing a sign worded, Peter Williamson, Vintner From The Other World, in allusion to his time in North America. A wooden figure of him in Delaware Indian costume stood at the head of the
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Fame and fortune
close to advertise its location. In 1769 Williamson opened a printing shop in the Luckenbooths between St Giles High Kirk and the north side of the Royal Mile. He taught himself the craft of printing using a portable press purchased in London. He then invented his own portable printing press and travelled to exhibitions and fairs to promote his new product. He also invented waterproof ink for stamping linen which withstood both boiling and bleaching. In 1773 Williamson compiled the first Edinburgh street directory in conjunction with his idea of setting up a regular postal service in the city. This comprised a
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Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Fame and fortune
list of streets and closes with the addresses of lawyers, merchants, officials and other notable gentlemen. Addresses of shops and taverns were also included, thereby not only hugely aiding navigation in the city but creating what is now a very valuable historical source. The Directory cost one shilling and was published regularly with relevant updates until 1796. In 1776 he launched a weekly magazine, The Scots Spy or Critical Observer but this ran only from 8 March until 30 August 1776. It was issued each Friday and contained articles and local gossip. He tried to revive this in 1777 under the
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160,262
Q7177731
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2,144
Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Fame and fortune
title The New Scots Spy but this second venture ran only from 29 August until 14 November 1777. In 1777 he married Jean the daughter of John Wilson, a bookseller in Edinburgh. They divorced in 1788. The National Portrait Gallery in London has a print which appeared in The Grand Magazine in June 1759 showing Williamson in full "Delaware Indian" dress with tomahawk and scalping knife. The caricaturist John Kay drew him in Indian costume some time around 1768 and this drawing appeared in the preface of later editions of Williamson's autobiography. It also appears as portrait No.128 in Kay's "Original Portraits",
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160,262
Q7177731
30
2,144
34
515
Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Fame and fortune & Postal service
a collection of drawings of Edinburgh characters of the time. Postal service Some time before 1774 Williamson introduced a postal service in Edinburgh. This is evidenced in his Edinburgh Directory of that year, where he draws the public's attention to the fact that "the publisher" (i.e. himself) is willing to dispatch letters and packages up to 3 pounds in weight to any place within one mile of the city's mercat cross, as well as to properties in North and South Leith. The service was run from his premises in the Luckenbooths every hour on the hour and cost one penny. Seventeen
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160,262
Q7177731
34
515
34
1,140
Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Postal service
local shopkeepers spread throughout the city were paid to receive the letters, thus effectively creating the first "post offices". Four uniformed postmen were employed to deliver from the Luckenbooths to the shops. Their hats were emblazoned with the words "Penny Post" and they were numbered 1, 4, 8 and 16 (giving the impression that the business was bigger than it was). The service was the first regular and continuous postal service in Scotland, and ran under Williamson's control for 30 years. In 1793, it was integrated into the General Post Office and Williamson received £25 for the goodwill of the business
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160,262
Q7177731
34
1,140
38
339
Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Postal service & Veracity of Indian captivity narrative
and a pension of 25 shillings per year. The poet Robert Fergusson again referred to Williamson in Codicile to Robert Fergusson's Last Will: To Williamson, and his resetters   Dispersing of the burial letters That they may pass with little cost   Fleet on the wings of penny-post Veracity of Indian captivity narrative The veracity of Williamson's captivity story was challenged almost as soon as it was first printed, and the work has always been seen as suspect among professional historians. In a 1964 article for the quarterly journal Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, J. Bennett Nolan qualified Williamson as "one of the greatest
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160,262
Q7177731
38
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38
1,004
Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Veracity of Indian captivity narrative
liars who ever lived." While Bennett's statement may be slightly harsh, recent scholarship suggests that large parts of Williamson's narrative are in fact a fabrication; including possibly his marriage, his age at the time of his first kidnapping from Aberdeen, and most significantly his capture by Native Americans. While Williamson's tale is "not to be trusted as an account of Indian Captivity," it is an interesting example of the popular literature genre Timothy J. Shannon has called "narratives of unfortunates." It is also a good example of anti-French propaganda during the Seven Years' War, and like Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, sheds light
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160,262
Q7177731
38
1,004
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1,071
Peter Williamson (memoirist)
Veracity of Indian captivity narrative
on the colonial construction and representation of native peoples.
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
History
Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School History Phaung Daw Oo was founded on May 5, 1993 with 10 teachers and 394 students. Principal U Nayaka's main focus was to provide for students from poor families who would not normally be able to attend school. Students of all religions and ethnicities are welcomed at PDO. Although it is a "monastic" school run by Theraveda monks, it offers a complete secular curricula as well as special classes in Buddhism and Pali for novices monks and any secular students who opt to take them. The school's guiding vision is to promote
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10
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
History & Academic Profile
outstanding students who can become future leaders in society and to provide for all students so they can pursue their studies absolutely free of charge (except preschool). In addition to its primary education mission, the school now partners with MEDG (Monastic Education Development Group)and donor organizations to offer many training workshops for teachers and school administrators. Now, Phaung Daw Oo Monastic High School is well-known both in Myanmar and abroad. Academic Profile 3.1 Normal The Normal department is the largest academic section, encompassing all academic topics. In the 2015/2016 academic year, there were 5727 high school students, 1281 middle
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160,263
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10
881
Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Academic Profile
students, and 841 primary students, respectively. The school employs 192 teachers, most have been trained in the teaching methodologies of CCA, and RWCT (Reading, Writing and Critical Thinking). 3.2 Fast Track The Fast Track English Language Department (F.T.) began operation in 2002, spearheaded by Principal U Nayaka, who wanted Phaung Daw Oo students to become competitive with international school students as much as possible. This department consists of twelve classes, kindergarten through grade 10, with about 32 - 34 students in each class. Most of the teachers in F.T. were given teacher training in methodologies such as the Child Centered Approach (CCA),
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160,263
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881
10
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Academic Profile
Reading, Writing, and Critical Thinking (RWCT), classroom management, and instruction in how to create lesson plans. Most of the trainers, some local and some foreign, were experts in teacher education. Students are expected taught all subjects in English, except Myanmar language. Curricula in F.T. are based on government textbooks, combined with other resources such as foreign resources and internet. Each year, every teacher in F.T. must edit his or her lesson plan based on the previous years, focusing only on approaches and methods that are deemed truly effective at improving their students' skills, attitudes, and critical thinking. Classes in music
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160,263
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Academic Profile
and sport are also available. 3.3 New Teacher Training Centre The New Teacher Training Centre (NTTC), one of the teaching departments, was founded in 2011 with 10 teachers as a five-year term project that complements the FT program. It is sponsored by Forderverein Myanmar e.V.( a German NGO) The objective of the NTTC is to continue CCA and RWCT teaching methods for students in grade 6 and over, who normally are not taught with these methods. The teachers have been instructed in these methods by senior experts from the British Council. 3.4 Library The Sutakarmi Library was founded in 2000 as a quiet place
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160,263
Q7181110
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Academic Profile
where teachers and students can spend their leisure time in study. The primary library donors were Diana and her husband, Graham. The library consists of four rooms: a book room and audio room (downstairs), and a research room and movie room (upstairs), manned by six librarians. The library contains about 20,000 books ranging from general subjects to history, and includes various books donated by both local and foreign donors. Library hours are from 8:00 am until 4:00 pm, Monday through Friday. The librarians help participate in the students' education through such activities as story-telling and games. The library has
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Academic Profile
evolved to play an important role in helping students increase their knowledge and research skills, and teachers use the library in activities to increase student literacy. 3.5 Bridging Program The Dutch NGO, World Child Care, is funding the Bridging Program which supports young adults, most of whom are working and attending distance University (independent study with weekend classes). The local teachers have been given special training and are supplemented by foreign volunteers. The program uses the British Council's Cambridge curricula for three levels of study in English and Sociology. Student level is determine by a standardized placement test and most
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Academic Profile
students are expected to progress through all three levels after which many take the qualification test for the PCP program. Student goals are focused on English language skills that will result in better jobs or IELTS exams to qualify for scholarships to foreign universities or fellowships abroad. There are about 100 students in this program. This program also has computers for students use. 3.5 Pre-College Program (PCP) This program is taught by a combination of foreign teachers and prior graduates teaching a broad "prep school" curricula focusing on critical thinking skills, writing and leadership. At the end of
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Academic Profile
their academic term, students each travel to a village school to participate in "service learning" as an assistant teacher. Many of these students subsequently secure scholarships for short internships, leadership trainings or graduate study abroad. A maximum of 25 students are accepted each year after a competitive exam. This program also has computers for its students. 3.5 Vocational and Technical Training PDO also offers training in carpentry, tailoring and computer skills. Students learn woodworking skills in the shop where much of the school's furniture is made and tailoring in the two large classrooms equipped with sewing machines. Students
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Academic Profile & Administration Profile
may also use these machines to make products (longi, book bags, purses) that are sold in the workshop and provide a small income. Student from all programs can access, and many are required to take, courses to develop basic computer skills. There are several modern computer labs and some students have gone on to work with the IT department developing marketable tech support skills. Administration Profile 4.1 Boy's Dormitory Being a monastic school, the Boy's Dormitory is a novice dormitory (donated by the German government) which houses over 700 pupils. All of the novices in Phaung Daw
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14
801
Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Administration Profile
Oo come from different families and regions around Myanmar. Most of the novices come from various ethnic groups such as the Palong, the Shan, the PaO, the Wa, the Nega, and the Karen. Most are Plaung and Sha, and the rest Bamar, Wa, PaO, and Nega. They also attend school and have various dreams and goals for a better future. The number of novices is increasing annually, so recently they have faced some difficulties with space and water. 4.2 Girl's Dormitory The Girl's Dormitory (128 ft. long by 32 ft. wide) was also donated by the German government, and also houses students from other
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Administration Profile
divisions, including 149 teachers. There are 38 rooms housing 73 students, with six rooms for visitors. There are four stairs. 4.3 Golden House This building was donated by a Mr. Nego from the World Child Care Organization, for children rendered needy and homeless by the 2008 Nargis Cyclone. The principal supports and educates about 150 children and they are cared for by 15 teachers. 4.4 Ethnic Group There is no donor for this ethnic group. The ethnic house is supported by the principal and they are minority group and only ethnic girls, housing two teachers and 80 students. The principal provides space and water. 4.5
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502
Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Administration Profile & Vocational Training
Hostel The hostel building has two stairs and is for the care of orphans and street children, managed by six teachers who look after almost 52 children. Vocational Training 5.1 Tailoring Class With a facility that includes 50 sewing machines and two expert tailors on the teaching staff, this class also operates as a small businesses at Paung Daw Oo, generating income by selling traditional handicrafts and other items to foreigners. 5.2 Carpentry Workshop The Carpentry Workshop was created in 2003 from funds donated by a Mr.Philippi and a Mr.Jager, of Germany, to train students interested in woodworking. There are six carpenters responsible for
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
Vocational Training
making new furniture and repairing old furniture for the school, and they also generate income for the school by serving outside customers. 5.3 Information Technology The IT Department was opened from 2000–2001 and features 45 computers and seven teachers who give basic computer training to the students on a monthly basis. They are also responsible for all computer repair at the school, and generate revenue for the school by offering computer training to the wider public. 5.4 Physical Plant The Physical Plant Department is maintained by three staff members who set up and maintain the electric power and water supply for the entire school.
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Phaungdawoo Monastic Education High School
School Clinic
School Clinic The School Clinic was first opened in 2002 by leading physicians Dr. Khon Kyaw Oo, Dr. Sandimaung, and Dr. Win Thu. Currently, Dr. Myint Khaing Htay manages the clinic and treats patients. The clinic serves both the students as well as members of the surrounding population who do not have access to healthcare.
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160,264
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Philip Palmer (priest)
Philip Palmer (priest) Philip Palmer (1799 – 21 May 1853) was an Anglican priest who served in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania). Palmer was born in Landrake, Cornwall, and studied at Trinity College, Cambridge. He served as a curate at Langdon Hills, Essex, before being appointed rural dean in Van Diemen's Land. Palmer arrived in the colony in 1833, and was placed in charge of Holy Trinity in North Hobart and St John's in New Town. He also took services at the penitentiary and the hospital. Archdeacon William Broughton limited his duties as rural dean to those of correspondence in order to prevent
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597
4
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Philip Palmer (priest)
friction with the man he replaced as senior clergyman in the colony, William Bedford. Palmer, however, took Bedford's place on the Legislative Council, and Bedford resented the intrusion. He subsequently brought false rumours regarding Palmer's clerical conduct to Lieutenant Governor George Arthur. This made Arthur lose confidence in Bedford, but he appreciated Palmer's work. Palmer served on the Executive Council from 1834 to 1836. However, when Archdeacon William Hutchins arrived in Van Diemen's Land in 1837, Palmer ceased to be rural dean. He was appointed acting archdeacon from Hutchins' death in 1841 until 1843 when Archdeacon Fitzherbert Marriott and Bishop
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160,264
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Philip Palmer (priest)
Francis Nixon arrived in the colony. Palmer oversaw the construction of Holy Trinity Church, North Hobart, which was consecrated in 1849. He was also joint secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society for eleven years. Palmer was a man of "strong evangelical views" and he opposed Nixon's position on ritualism.
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160,265
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Pirata (footballer)
Club career
Pirata (footballer) Club career He made his professional debut in the Segunda Liga for Ovarense on 12 March 2006 in a game against Gondomar.
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160,266
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685
Portrait of Marie-Françoise Rivière
Portrait of Marie-Françoise Rivière Portrait of Marie-Françoise Rivière (also known as Portrait of Madame Rivière, or la Femme au châle) is a c. 1805 oil on canvas painting by the French Neoclassical artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Madame Rivière, born Marie-Françoise-Jacquette-Bibiane Blot de Beauregard, and known as Sabine, married Philibert Rivière de L'Isle, an influential court official in the in Napoleonic Empire, who commissioned this work, along with portraits of himself and their daughter, Caroline. The painting is composed from white, chilly blue, beige and ochre colours. It has an overall, deliberately flat and shadow-less appearance. The portrait has been described as having "an
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Portrait of Marie-Françoise Rivière
ambiance of female voluptuousness, [and] pampered femininity". Seated on a blue cushion or sofa, Sabine, then in her mid-30s, wears a low-cut and wide necked prom dress, with a high waist and short sleeves, a cream colored chiffon, and a cashmere shawl. He black hair is arranged in curls. The painting shocked critics when exhibited at the 1808 Salon, particularly they were perplexed at the illogical and unnatural anatomy. A point of focus was her deliberately elongated right arm. The technique however was to become a hallmark on Ingres' female portraits, in this case the arm is lengthened to rhyme
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Portrait of Marie-Françoise Rivière
with the curve of the oval frame. There has been speculation as to why their son Paul was not portrayed and the background to the commission is unclear. Philibert Rivière was likely impressed by the painter's 1804 Bonaparte, First Consul; his own portrait echoes the emperor's pose. Unusually for Ingres, no preparatory drawings are known. Ingres' never saw the three Rivière paintings after the 1808 Salon, he tried to find and reunite them for an 1855 exhibition, but all the sitters had died (Caroline in 1807, Philibert in 1816, and Sabine in 1848), and could not determine the location of the
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160,266
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Portrait of Marie-Françoise Rivière
canvasses. As it turned out they had been in the Paris collection of Paul Rivière. They were eventually bequeathed to the nation in 1870, three years after Ingres' own death.
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160,267
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Portsea Hole
Features
Portsea Hole Features The Portsea Hole is a remnant section of the drowned valley of the Yarra River, descending sharply from the 12 metres (39 ft) depth of the surrounding seabed to 32 metres (105 ft), exposing changes in the strata of the limestone sides with depth. It is characterized by diverse and abundant fish assemblages as well as a rich benthic community of marine invertebrates, encrusting algae, sponges and soft corals. The Portsea Hole in Port Phillip is about 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the Portsea Pier. To the north there is a vertical wall approximately 75 metres (246 ft) long. The wall
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160,267
Q7232406
6
593
6
787
Portsea Hole
Features
has small overhangs which are home to plenty of marine life, including the beautiful Blue Devil fish. The Portsea Hole is a very popular boat dive site for recreational scuba diving activities.
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160,268
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Proteogenomics
Proteogenomics Proteogenomics is a field of biological research that utilizes a combination of proteomics, genomics, and transcriptomics to aid in the discovery and identification of peptides. Proteogenomics is used to identify new peptides by comparing MS/MS spectra against a protein database that has been derived from genomic and transcriptomic information. Proteogenomics often refers to studies that use proteomic information, often derived from mass spectrometry, to improve gene annotations. Genomics deals with the genetic code of entire organisms, while transcriptomics deals with the study of RNA sequencing and transcripts. Proteomics utilizes tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography to identify and study
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160,268
Q7251534
4
713
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Proteogenomics
the functions of proteins. Proteomics is being utilized to discover all the proteins expressed within an organism, known as its proteome. The issue with proteomics is that it relies on the assumption that current gene models are correct and that the correct protein sequences can be found using a reference protein sequence database; however, this is not always the case as some peptides cannot be located in the database. In addition, novel protein sequences can occur through mutations. these issues can be fixed with the use of proteomic, genomic, and trancriptomic data. The utilization of both proteomics and genomics
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160,268
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4
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Proteogenomics
Methodology & Six-frame translation
led to proteogenomics which became its own field in 2004. Methodology The main idea behind the proteogenomic approach is to identify peptides by comparing MS/MS data to protein databases that contain predicted protein sequences. The protein database is generated in a variety of ways through the utilization of genomic and transcriptomic data. Below are some of the ways in which protein databases are generated: Six-frame translation Six-frame translations can be utilized to generate a database that predicts protein sequences. The limitation of this method is that databases will be very large due to the number of sequences that are generated,
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160,268
Q7251534
12
212
20
271
Proteogenomics
Six-frame translation & Ab initio gene prediction & Expressed sequence tag data
some of which do not exist in nature. Ab initio gene prediction In this method, a protein base is generated by gene predicting algorithms that enable the identification of protein coding regions. The database is similar to one generated through six-frame translation in regards to the fact that the databases can be very large. Expressed sequence tag data Six-frame translations can utilize an expressed sequence tag (EST) to generate protein databases. EST data provide transcription information that can aid in the creation of the database. The database can be very large and has the disadvantage of having multiple copies of
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160,268
Q7251534
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271
28
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Proteogenomics
Expressed sequence tag data & Other methods & Applications
a given sequence present; however, this problem can be circumvented by compressing the protein sequence generated through computational strategies. Other methods Protein databases can also be created by using RNA sequencing data, annotated RNA transcripts, and variant protein sequences. Also, there are other more specialized protein databases that can be made to appropriately identify the peptide of interest. Another method in the identification of proteins through proteogenomics is comparative proteogenomics. Comparative proteogenomics compares proteomic data from multiple related species concurrently and exploits the homology between their proteins to improve annotations with higher statistical confidence. Applications Proteogenomics can be applied in different
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160,268
Q7251534
28
42
28
882
Proteogenomics
Applications
ways. One application is the improvement of gene annotations in various organisms. Gene annotation involves discovering genes and their functions. Proteogenomics has become especially useful in the discovery and improvement of gene annotations in prokaryotic organisms. For example, various microorganisms have had their genomic annotation studied through the proteogenomic approach including, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium, and multiple species of Shewanella bacteria. Besides improving gene annotations, proteogenomic studies can also provide valuable information about the presence of programmed frameshifts, N-terminal methionine excision, signal peptides, proteolysis and other post-translational modifications. Proteogenomics has potential applications in medicine, especially to oncology research. Cancer occurs
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160,268
Q7251534
28
882
28
1,581
Proteogenomics
Applications
through genetic mutations such as methylation, translocation, and somatic mutations. Research has shown that both genomic and proteomic information are needed to understand the molecular variations that lead to cancer. Proteogenomics has aided in this through the identification of protein sequences that may have functional roles in cancer. A specific example of this occurred in a study involving colon cancer that resulted in the discovery of potential targets for cancer treatment. Proteogenomics has also led to personalized cancer targeting immunotherapies, where antibody epitopes for cancer antigens are predicted using proteogenomics to create medicines that act on the patient's specific
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160,268
Q7251534
28
1,581
32
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Proteogenomics
Applications & Challenges
tumor. In addition to treatment, proteogenonomics may provide insight into cancer diagnosis. In studies involving colon and rectal cancer, proteogenomics was utilized to identify somatic mutations. The identification of somatic mutations in patients could be used to diagnose cancer in patients. In addition to direct applications in cancer treatment and diagnosis, a proteogenomic approach can be used to study proteins that result in resistance to chemotherapy. Challenges Proteogenomics may offer methods of peptide identification without having the disadvantage of incomplete or inaccurate protein databases faced by proteomics;however, there are incurring challenges with the proteogenomic approach. One of the biggest challenges
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160,268
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32
903
Proteogenomics
Challenges
of proteogenomics is the sheer size of protein databases generated. statistically, a large protein database is more likely to result in the incorrect matching of the data from the protein database to the MS/MS data, this issue can hinder the identification of new peptides. False positives are also an issue through proteogenomic approaches. false positives can occur as a result of extremely large protein data bases where miss-matched data leads to incorrect identification. Another issue is the incorrect matching of MS/MS spectra to protein sequence data that corresponds to a similar peptide instead of the actual peptide. There are cases
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160,268
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903
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Proteogenomics
Challenges
of receiving data of a peptide located at multiple gene sites, this can lead to data that can be interpreted in different ways. Despite these challenges, there are ways to reduce many of the errors that occur. For example, when dealing with a very large protein database, one could compare the identified novel peptide sequences to all of the sequences within the database and then compare the post translational modifications. Next it can be determined if the two sequences represent the same peptide or if they are two different peptides.
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160,269
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Puriyadha Anandam Puthithaga Arambam
Production & Critical reception
Puriyadha Anandam Puthithaga Arambam Production Puriyadha Anandam Puthithaga Arambam is named after a line from the Mouna Ragam song "Chinna Chinna Vanna Kuyil". Producer Ibrahim Rowther spotted Krish in the "Aga Naga" song in Ko (2011) and offered him the chance of portraying the lead role in his production, Puriyatha Anantham Puthithaga Aarambam. The film, a romantic love story featuring him alongside Srushti Dange, began shoot in late 2012 but was only released in June 2015. Critical reception The film received negative reviews from critics with the New Indian Express stating "the lackluster screenplay abounds in such situations, unconvincing and
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160,269
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10
263
Puriyadha Anandam Puthithaga Arambam
Critical reception
hard to digest" and "the amateur treatment doesn’t help matters", concluding it's an "effort gone haywire".
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Pygmy salamander
Abstract
Pygmy salamander Abstract Desmognathus wrighti is a member of the family Plethodontidae and is commonly known as the pygmy salamander. As the name suggest the pygmy salamander is the smallest of the nineteen species in the genus Desmognathus. D. wrighti undergoes direct development and does not have a free-living larval stage. Only two other taxa in Desmognathus, D. aeneus and D. organi, exhibit direct development along with the pygmy salamander. In the genus Desmognathus, body size, habitat preferences, and patterns used by males during courtship are quite variable. D. wrighti courtship is noted by the male biting
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160,270
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Pygmy salamander
Abstract & Diagnosis
and seizing its partner in order to provide them with a chemical stimulus. The pygmy salamander can be found in the southern Appalachians of the United States in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. Geographical distribution of the Desmognathus wrighti is fragmented and the highest abundance of the species can be found at high elevations in spruce and fir tree forest. Diagnosis Desmognathus wrighti has a light belly with a gold-colored iridophore pattern that extends from the abdomen to the anterior of the cloacal vent. The salamander has a rounder snout and the total body length ranges from 35–44 mm
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Pygmy salamander
Diagnosis
(1.4–1.7 in). The tail is not keeled and the body length is equal to or greater than the tail length. Pygmy salamanders are typically light brown with dark brown pigment on the dorsal side forming an inverted V-shape marking down the back This ‘V’ shape marking is a classic pigmentation marking. The salamander’s color can range from brick red to yellow but usually is found as a light brown shade. The light stripe from the eye to the jaw designates the salamanders as a desmognathan. Desmognathus wrighti typically has six vomerine teeth on each side of the mouth along
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Pygmy salamander
Diagnosis & General description and taxonomy
with premaxillary and mandible teeth. The maximum size of males and females has been determined to have no real difference in the species. General description and taxonomy Desmognathus wrighti was named and discovered by King in 1936. The pygmy salamander’s natural habitat includes temperate forests, intermittent rivers, and freshwater springs. This species small size places it among the smallest salamanders in the world. D. wrighti adult size is in the range of the sizes of the genus Thorius, which are neo-tropical and considered the smallest urodeles in the world. The genus Desmognathus consists of nineteen species which all vary
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160,270
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Pygmy salamander
General description and taxonomy
in body size, life history, and habitat. The most basic way of sorting the species in this genus is by body size and distance they are found from streams which they inhabit. In 2010, there was a taxonomic revision to Desmognathus wrighti. This revision was based on genetic and ecological analyses. This divergence has been reported by DNA sequencing, but further research shows several differences in the body type and ventral pigmentation. An ecological niche analysis was completed on two niches separated by the French Broad River and significant morphological variation was found between the two lineages.
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Pygmy salamander
General description and taxonomy
Findings show differences in snout-vent length, body condition, and head width, suggesting that there are two distinct and separately evolving lineages in Desmognathus wrighti. The diverging northern lineage, Desmognathus organi, is the new species described by Crespi and Browne in 2010. The revision to the taxonomic Desmognathus wrighti was seen needed for the northern pygmy salamander to reflect the genetic, ecological, and geographical differences in the two different populations located north and south of the French Broad River. The original species Desmognathus wrighti described by King more accurately describes the lineage from the southern part of the French Broad
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160,270
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Pygmy salamander
General description and taxonomy & Geographical distribution
River and the morphological descriptions described on this page. The new species Desmognathus organi, the Northern pygmy salamander, is a sister taxon to D. wrighti. Differences of D. organi from its sister taxon includes a slightly larger body length, wider heads, and the ventral gold iridophore patterns are absent. Also, D. organi is found in higher elevations north of the French Broad River including Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. Geographical distribution Desmognathus wrighti has a very fragmented geographical distribution. The species is found in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee south of the
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805
Pygmy salamander
Geographical distribution
French Broad River. In Tennessee, D. wrighti inhabits the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Blount, Cocke, and Sevier counties. The species is also found in the Cherokee National Forest in Monroe County. In North Carolina, the pygmy salamander is only documented in Graham County along the Tennessee border. The highest abundance of pygmy salamanders is found at higher elevations ranging from 1600 to 2082 meters. The distribution of the salamander primarily lies adjacent to areas of red spruce (Picea rubens) and Fraser’s fir (Abies fraseri) forests at these high elevations. However, pygmy salamanders populations can
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Pygmy salamander
Geographical distribution & Ecology
be found at lower elevations from 950 to 1400 meters, but the highest densities occur at the higher elevations. Desmognathus wrighti populations appear to have stayed fragmented for some time due to their restriction to high elevation. The lower elevation populations of the pygmy salamanders documented exhibit little gene flow. This low gene flow reflects their preference for higher elevation and possible competition with other Appalachian salamanders. In its known geographical locations the pygmy salamander can primarily be found in moist depressions such as under logs and rocks along streams, in damp leaf litter, and in mossy areas. Ecology
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Pygmy salamander
Ecology
Desmognathus wrighti is typically a light brown color with a dorsal pigmentation pattern of inverted V’s in a darker brown. The salamander ranges from 35 mm to 55 mm and rarely exceeds 50 mm making it the smallest salamander in the genus Desmognathus. Pygmy salamanders are typically found at higher elevations. Adult salamanders are active at night and have been found up to one meter above the ground in vegetation. The pygmy salamander is the most terrestrial species of its genus. It lives in depressions in moss and leaf litter on the forest floors and is most often found in
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Pygmy salamander
Ecology & Life history and behavior
spruce-fir forests of high elevation. The salamander goes to seepages and stream banks for egg-laying in summer and early autumn. Life history and behavior D. wrighti courtship differs from other members of Desmognathus in the phenology of oviposition which is in late summer into autumn. Males reach sexual maturity by their second or third year while females reach their sexual maturity by their third year. Males normally have two testes lobes but this number can increase with body size. In courtship males use their vomerine teeth to bite the female which in turn allows pheromone secretion to
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160,270
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26
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Pygmy salamander
Life history and behavior
enter directly into the female circulation. D. wrighti and D. aeneus are the only two desmognathine salamanders that exhibit the courtship that which the male bite and seizes its partner before behaviors exhibited to accomplish sperm transfer. The male approaches the female quickly, bites, and tugs as he begins to undulate his tail. The female in return turns towards the male and places her chin on his laterally undulating tail so that they rotate in full circle. Typically in courtship behavior a Plethodontidae characteristic tail-straddling walk follows. In the tail-straddling walk, the male release the female and
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160,270
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1,070
26
1,642
Pygmy salamander
Life history and behavior
slides his head under her chin, then her forelimbs straddle the male’s tail and the pair then move forward. The male then deposits a spermatophore on the ground which is followed by the female picking up a sperm cap with her cloacal lips as she moves forward undulating her pelvic area. Desmognathus wrighti females have an average clutch size of 8 to 9 eggs which are suspended by a single attachment stalk and develop between 4 and 25 oocytes. Females lay eggs in banks of streams in areas of saturated gravel. The females also typically remain close to their
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160,270
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30
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Pygmy salamander
Life history and behavior & Conservation
egg mass and coil their bodies around the mass. Eggs change from spheroid shape to ovoids when hatching conditions occur. The embryo then thrusts itself against the capsule and rotates within the egg until it escapes from the egg fluid. D. wrighti hatchlings are not larvae and have gills in late embryonic stages. At hatching the ventral side is unpigmented and the characteristic ‘V’ pigmentation is found on the dorsal side. The characteristic stripe from the eye to the jaw is also present in late embryo and hatching stages. Conservation Desmognathus wrighti was assess in 2004 as being of
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160,270
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30
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Pygmy salamander
Conservation
least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, in light of the species having a wide distribution, a large population, and being unlikely to decline fast enough to be placed in a more threaten category. Threats to the pygmy salamander include deforestation of spruce-fir forest. Acid rain is also a threat at the high elevation that can destroy the spruce-fir trees in the pygmy salamander’s natural habitat.
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Ralston, Iowa
History & Geography & 2010 census
Ralston, Iowa History Ralston was incorporated in 1900. It was named for William Chapman Ralston, a California banker. Geography Ralston is located at 42°2′30″N 94°37′50″W (42.041801, -94.630538). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.99 square miles (5.15 km²), all of it land. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 79 people, 38 households, and 19 families residing in the city. The population density was 39.7 inhabitants per square mile (15.3/km²). There were 45 housing units at an average density of 22.6 per square mile (8.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city
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160,271
Q734746
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287
14
874
Ralston, Iowa
2010 census
was 100.0% White. There were 38 households of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.0% were non-families. 47.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 23.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.84. The median age in the city was 40.3 years. 25.3% of residents were under the age of 18;
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160,271
Q734746
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18
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Ralston, Iowa
2010 census & 2000 census
6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.2% were from 25 to 44; 24.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 98 people, 39 households, and 28 families residing in the city. The population density was 49.6 people per square mile (19.1/km²). There were 47 housing units at an average density of 23.8 per square mile (9.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White. There were 39 households
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160,271
Q734746
18
334
18
873
Ralston, Iowa
2000 census
out of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.07. 24.5% are under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older.