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{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 18, "sc": 2, "ep": 18, "ec": 624} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 18 | 2 | 18 | 624 | Hammond arson case | Mid-trial pre-sentencing agreement | 2012, the Hammonds were tried in federal district court on multiple charges. During a break in jury deliberations, a partial verdict was rendered finding the Hammonds not guilty on two of the charges, but convicting them on two counts of arson on federal land. Striking a plea bargain, in order to have the four remaining charges dismissed and for sentences on the two convictions to run concurrently, the Hammonds waived their rights to appeal their convictions. This was with their knowledge that the trial would proceed to sentencing where the prosecution intended to seek imposition of the mandatory five-year minimum |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 18, "sc": 624, "ep": 22, "ec": 604} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 18 | 624 | 22 | 604 | Hammond arson case | Mid-trial pre-sentencing agreement & Sentencing hearing, appeals of the sentence, and re-sentencing | sentences. Sentencing hearing, appeals of the sentence, and re-sentencing At sentencing, the federal prosecutors requested the five-year mandatory minimum under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). U.S. District Judge Michael Robert Hogan independently decided that sentences of that length "would shock the conscience" and would violate the constitutional prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment. On his last day on the bench before retiring, October 31, 2012, Hogan instead sentenced Dwight Hammond to three months' imprisonment and Steven Hammond to a year and a day's imprisonment, which both men served. In what was described by one source |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 22, "sc": 604, "ep": 22, "ec": 1264} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 22 | 604 | 22 | 1,264 | Hammond arson case | Sentencing hearing, appeals of the sentence, and re-sentencing | as a "rare" action, the government (represented by the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Oregon, led by U.S. Attorney Amanda Marshall) successfully appealed the sentence to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. It upheld the mandatory-minimum law, writing that "given the seriousness of arson, a five-year sentence is not grossly disproportionate to the offense." The appeals court vacated the original sentence and remanded the defendants for re-sentencing. The Hammonds filed petitions for certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court, which the court denied in March 2015. In October 2015, Chief Judge Ann Aiken re-sentenced |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 22, "sc": 1264, "ep": 22, "ec": 1890} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 22 | 1,264 | 22 | 1,890 | Hammond arson case | Sentencing hearing, appeals of the sentence, and re-sentencing | the pair to five years in prison (with credit for time served), ordering that they return to prison on January 4, 2016.
Both of the Hammonds reported to Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island in California on January 4, as ordered by the court. A few days earlier, the Hammonds also paid the federal government the remaining balance on a US$400,000 court order for restitution related to the arson fires.
On January 25, it became known that Susan Hammond, the wife of Dwight Hammond, signed a document for participation in a so-called "citizen grand jury" and claimed that the paper would clear her |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 22, "sc": 1890, "ep": 26, "ec": 308} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 22 | 1,890 | 26 | 308 | Hammond arson case | Sentencing hearing, appeals of the sentence, and re-sentencing & Presidential pardons | husband of wrongdoing. The author of the paper was Joaquin Mariano DeMoreta-Folch, a Tea Party activist. The self-styled "citizens grand jury" has no legal standing, but is rather linked to the fringe sovereign citizen movement, a movement based upon conspiracy theories about the American government which rejects federal authority. Presidential pardons On June 27, 2018, Oregon's 2nd Congressional District Representative Greg Walden spoke on the House floor, requesting presidential pardons for both Steven and Dwight Hammond. On July 1, 2018, he said he spoke to the president about the case. He remarked that the original trial's federal Judge Michael Robert |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 26, "sc": 308, "ep": 26, "ec": 884} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 26 | 308 | 26 | 884 | Hammond arson case | Presidential pardons | Hogan said that conferring the mandatory sentence would, "...shock the conscience." The pair had pleaded guilty in a plea bargain after being convicted at trial on two charges, and acquitted on two others, with four charges remaining on which the jury had not come to a unanimous verdict. On July 1, Walden stated that President Donald Trump to whom he had spoken, was considering pardoning the Hammonds. Stephen had been scheduled to be released on June 29, 2019 and Dwight on February 13, 2020. On July 10, 2018, Trump issued pardons for both men. A release from the White |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 26, "sc": 884, "ep": 30, "ec": 120} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 26 | 884 | 30 | 120 | Hammond arson case | Presidential pardons & Aftermath of re-sentencing | House press office stated, "The Hammonds are...imprisoned in connection with a fire that leaked onto a small portion of neighboring public grazing land," "The evidence at trial regarding the Hammonds’ responsibility for the fire was conflicting, and the jury acquitted them on most (sic) of the charges." According to his spokesperson Sarah Sanders, who read the statement, "The previous administration, however, filed an overzealous appeal that resulted in the Hammonds being sentenced to five years in prison." Aftermath of re-sentencing After the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the Hammonds' appeal in March 2015, the Hammonds' case returned to federal |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 30, "sc": 120, "ep": 30, "ec": 783} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 30 | 120 | 30 | 783 | Hammond arson case | Aftermath of re-sentencing | district court where they were re-sentenced to the statutory minimum of five years, with credit for time served. Meanwhile, the Oregon Farm Bureau circulated a petition seeking clemency from President Barack Obama; it had gathered more than 2,000 signatures by October 2015. Also, the Oregon Cattleman's Association, a trade group representing cattle ranchers in Oregon, established a fund to defray the Hammond's legal fees.
About this time, the Hammonds' case attracted the attention of Ammon Bundy—a former car fleet manager from Phoenix, Arizona; and the son of anti-government protester Cliven D. Bundy, the central figure of a standoff with the BLM |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 30, "sc": 783, "ep": 30, "ec": 1424} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 30 | 783 | 30 | 1,424 | Hammond arson case | Aftermath of re-sentencing | in 2014—and Ryan Payne. In November 2015, Bundy and his associates began publicizing the Hammonds' case via social media.
Over the ensuing weeks, Bundy and Payne met for approximately eight hours with Harney County Sheriff David Ward to detail plans for what they described would be a peaceful protest in Burns, as well as also requesting the sheriff's office protect the Hammonds from being taken into custody by federal authorities. Though Ward said he sympathized with the Hammonds' plight, he declined Bundy and Payne's request. Ward then said that he subsequently received death threats by email. Unbeknownst to Ward, Bundy and |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 30, "sc": 1424, "ep": 30, "ec": 2112} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 30 | 1,424 | 30 | 2,112 | Hammond arson case | Aftermath of re-sentencing | Payne were simultaneously planning a takeover of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. By late fall, local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies had become aware that members of anti-government militias had started to relocate to Harney County, and the USFWS began circulating a photograph of Ammon Bundy with instructions for staff to "be on the lookout."
Despite several early meetings with Bundy and Payne, the Hammonds eventually rejected their offers of assistance, with Hammond attorney W. Alan Schroeder writing that "neither Ammon Bundy nor anyone within his group/organization speak for the Hammond family."
By early December 2015, Bundy and Payne had set |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 30, "sc": 2112, "ep": 32, "ec": 22} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 30 | 2,112 | 32 | 22 | Hammond arson case | Aftermath of re-sentencing & 2016 occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge | up residence in Burns. The same month, they organized a meeting at the Harney County Fairgrounds to rally support for their efforts. At the meeting, a "committee of safety" was organized to orchestrate direct action against the Hammond sentences. According to that group's website, the Harney County Committee of Safety considers itself "a governmental body established by the people in the absence of the ability of the existing government to provide for the needs and protection of civilized society" (during the American Revolution, committees of safety were shadow governments organized to usurp authority from colonial administrators). 2016 occupation of the |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 32, "sc": 22, "ep": 34, "ec": 626} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 32 | 22 | 34 | 626 | Hammond arson case | 2016 occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge | Malheur National Wildlife Refuge On January 2, 2016, an armed group affiliated with the private U.S. militia movement held a peaceful march in protest of the Hammonds' prison sentences. Afterwards, several members of the group, consisting of Bundy, Payne, Jon Ritzheimer, and armed associates separated from the protest crowd at some point during the day and proceeded to the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, 30 miles (48 km) away. The militants settled into the refuge and set up defensive positions. The Hammonds were convicted of arson on federal land, sentenced to five years' imprisonment, and sought clemency from the U.S. president.
Bundy said |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 34, "sc": 626, "ep": 34, "ec": 1276} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 34 | 626 | 34 | 1,276 | Hammond arson case | 2016 occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge | he began leading the occupation after receiving a divine message ordering him to do so. The militant group demanded that the federal government of the United States cede ownership of the refuge, and expressed willingness to engage in armed conflict. For a time, the government and police did not engage directly with the militia.
Dwight and Steven Hammond disavowed the occupation of the refuge. They voluntarily reported to begin serving the remainder of their respective prison sentences.
On January 26, Bundy and four other militants were arrested on U.S. Route 395 about 48 miles (77 km) north of the occupation. One militant was |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 34, "sc": 1276, "ep": 34, "ec": 1898} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 34 | 1,276 | 34 | 1,898 | Hammond arson case | 2016 occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge | lightly wounded during the arrest, and another, Robert "LaVoy" Finicum, was shot and killed by law enforcement officers while he was reportedly reaching for his gun. Several other arrests followed, and on February 11, the occupation ended when the last four militants surrendered to police. A total of 26 people, including Bundy and Payne, were charged under federal law with a single count of felony conspiracy, though more charges may be brought in due course.
On Oct 27, 2016, Bundy and 6 other defendants were acquitted in Federal District Court of all charges of conspiracy and weapons violations. In August |
{"datasets_id": 160840, "wiki_id": "Q23926634", "sp": 34, "sc": 1898, "ep": 34, "ec": 2422} | 160,840 | Q23926634 | 34 | 1,898 | 34 | 2,422 | Hammond arson case | 2016 occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge | 2017, two other defendants were acquitted in Las Vegas district court on most charges, and deadlocked on the remaining charges. On Jan 8, 2018, a federal judge in Las Vegas dismissed all charges against Clive Bundy and his sons, Ammon and Ryan. Judge Gloria M. Navarro of Federal District Court, in a ruling from the bench, said that the government’s missteps in withholding evidence against the three Bundy family members and a supporter, Ryan W. Payne, were so grave that the indictment against them would be dismissed. |
{"datasets_id": 160841, "wiki_id": "Q1975740", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 599} | 160,841 | Q1975740 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 599 | Hard Truck Apocalypse | Plot | Hard Truck Apocalypse Plot The story showcases the Earth of the future, after a crash of an unidentified object named The Cataclysm, it destroys the world. After the crash, the atmosphere becomes poisonous. Due to the invention of a special mask by an unknown genius, people manage to survive. Due to The Cataclysm, government law and order has completely vanished and the people unite. Causing Gangs to roam the Earth. People start doing various activities like exploring, farming, trading, manufacturing and so on. They start living in small villages or settlements and make their unions or their clans.
Ivan Go, the |
{"datasets_id": 160841, "wiki_id": "Q1975740", "sp": 6, "sc": 599, "ep": 6, "ec": 1137} | 160,841 | Q1975740 | 6 | 599 | 6 | 1,137 | Hard Truck Apocalypse | Plot | great explorer and discoverer, goes to another journey and gives the responsibility of his child to Peter, his friend. The child later grows up and a time comes when he is old enough that Peter allows him to ride his truck alone and to do a small job. The young man is amused, and goes riding alone.
During his journey, he meets a girl named Alice, which he later meets again in the story line. He faces the local gang, and refuses to pay money to the gang. While he returns home, he finds out that his village has been attacked, |
{"datasets_id": 160841, "wiki_id": "Q1975740", "sp": 6, "sc": 1137, "ep": 6, "ec": 1678} | 160,841 | Q1975740 | 6 | 1,137 | 6 | 1,678 | Hard Truck Apocalypse | Plot | there is fire everywhere and no one is alive. He becomes enraged and wants to take revenge for this. He suspects the local gang to have done it, he discovers that it wasn't them. He feels that Alice must have seen all that so he goes for a long journey to find out Alice.
When he meets Alice, she tells him that it must be a huge gang leader, who lives in an area named Argen. He tracks him down and finally defeats the leader, he discovers again that it wasn't him who had destroyed his village.
Later they meet the Oracle, |
{"datasets_id": 160841, "wiki_id": "Q1975740", "sp": 6, "sc": 1678, "ep": 6, "ec": 2213} | 160,841 | Q1975740 | 6 | 1,678 | 6 | 2,213 | Hard Truck Apocalypse | Plot | who helps them find that the attackers were no one else but the monsters from the Desert Of Death, who had lost control on their minds, and were mentally impaired.
The player thinks that it is no use to kill those people. He then goes to find his father, but comes to know that he was already dead. He comes to know the source of the poisonous air in the environment, and he comes in contract some Aliens who tell him that if he destroys it, all the survivors die but have found an alternative, a device that will slowly clear |
{"datasets_id": 160841, "wiki_id": "Q1975740", "sp": 6, "sc": 2213, "ep": 10, "ec": 219} | 160,841 | Q1975740 | 6 | 2,213 | 10 | 219 | Hard Truck Apocalypse | Plot & Format | the poisonous air. The Oracle tries to stop him from doing so and warns Ivan that he is being used to finish a plan to Terraform Earth and will destroy Humanity regardless, Ivan fights The Oracle and destroys him. The player then finally installs the device and begins to clear the source of the poison. Format The player has to go for a long journey to avenge his father. He earns coins, by doing trade, selling loot and doing others NPC's jobs. He can buy various weapons and gadgets, and can buy better vehicles. He has to save |
{"datasets_id": 160841, "wiki_id": "Q1975740", "sp": 10, "sc": 219, "ep": 18, "ec": 98} | 160,841 | Q1975740 | 10 | 219 | 18 | 98 | Hard Truck Apocalypse | Format & Hard Truck Apocalypse: Rise of the Clans (Ex Machina: meridian 113) & Crossout | himself from the attack by raiders. Hard Truck Apocalypse: Rise of the Clans (Ex Machina: meridian 113) The official standalone expansion to Hard Truck Apocalypse, also developed by Targem Games. It takes place in a post-apocalyptic version of North America. The player controls a vagrant who is searching for the mythical city of Edmonton.
The game reuses a lot of material from HTA; most of the vehicles, weapons, and enemies are the same. However, there are four brand new zones and a whole new storyline. Crossout The well known universe of Hard Truck Apocalypse expanded with its spiritual heir post-apocalyptic |
{"datasets_id": 160841, "wiki_id": "Q1975740", "sp": 18, "sc": 98, "ep": 18, "ec": 642} | 160,841 | Q1975740 | 18 | 98 | 18 | 642 | Hard Truck Apocalypse | Crossout | free-to-play MMO-action game Crossout, also developed by Targem Games in cooperation with Gaijin Entertainment.
Crossout is set in 2047 after a mysterious viral epidemic known as the ‘Crossout’ which has laid waste to most of the population on Earth. The road warriors that survived must now battle for precious resources using deadly vehicles crafted from millions of possible permutations (body shape, armor, weapons, support systems and cosmetic enhancements).
Crossout is available on PC, Steam, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. |
{"datasets_id": 160842, "wiki_id": "Q252513", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 483} | 160,842 | Q252513 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 483 | Haus Konstruktiv | Haus Konstruktiv Haus Konstruktiv, the Foundation for Constructive and Concrete Art, was founded by private individuals in 1986. From 1987 to spring 2001 it was located at Seefeldstrasse 317 in the outer Seefeld area of Zurich and was known as the "House for Constructive and Concrete Art".
It is now situated in new premises close to the centre of Zurich at Selnaustrasse 25, in a former power station.
The foundation promotes "constructive, concrete, and conceptual art and design". |
|
{"datasets_id": 160843, "wiki_id": "Q5768365", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 26, "ec": 26} | 160,843 | Q5768365 | 2 | 0 | 26 | 26 | Hippo CMS | Architecture & Delivery Tier & Interface & Content Repository & License & Acquisition | Hippo CMS Architecture There are three components to Bloomreach Experience Manager: Delivery Tier The Hippo Site Toolkit (HST) is the presentation framework, using either JSP or FreeMarker to generate pages. Alternatively, a REST API can be defined to serve structured content. Interface The user interface through which the content management and administrative functionalities can be used. Content Repository All content, metadata and configuration is stored in a modified version of Apache Jackrabbit. License Bloomreach Experience Manager - Developer Edition is available under the ASL 2.0. Some modules are only available under a commercial license. Acquisition In October 2016, Hippo CMS |
{"datasets_id": 160843, "wiki_id": "Q5768365", "sp": 26, "sc": 26, "ep": 26, "ec": 93} | 160,843 | Q5768365 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 93 | Hippo CMS | Acquisition | was acquired by BloomReach, an e-commerce personalization company. |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 19} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 19 | History of Kinshasa | 16th-17th centuries | History of Kinshasa While the modern city of Kinshasa has its roots in the 1881 establishment of Léopoldville by Belgian settlers, human settlement in the Kinshasa area has stretched back to at least the 1st millennium BC. In the Pool Malebo area, the Tio (or Bateke) populated the right side (north) of the river and others assimilated with the Téké culture (Humbu and Mfinu peoples) resided on the left side (south) of the river. The region was an area where the slave trade and ivory trade played a significant role in the economy, and enriched the Tio Kingdom. 16th-17th centuries |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 8, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 620} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 620 | History of Kinshasa | 16th-17th centuries | From the 16th to 17th century, the Pool region became an important hub between the river and coastal areas. Vegetables of the Americas were also introduced to the interior of the continent through trade; slaves (most often the losers in various conflicts) were travelling to Loango, the mouth of the river and south of the Kongo Kingdom. The Bobangis, sometimes called Bangala (people of the river), occupied the major part of trade with the equatorial region in navigating the river and its river to the villages Téké Pool.
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries of mostly fishermen and traders from the |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 8, "sc": 620, "ep": 8, "ec": 1210} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 8 | 620 | 8 | 1,210 | History of Kinshasa | 16th-17th centuries | north Teke install markets and villages in the southern Pool Malebo and on the board that will appoint the latest Batéké plateau. The tribes of the region, Humbu and Mfinu, were regarded as owners on this side of the river. Over time, the settlers Téké cause local farther shore, to the interior of the hills. The main Téké villages of the south shore were Nsasa with around 5000 inhabitants, Ntambo with less than 3000 inhabitants. Lemba, among a multitude of small villages humbu, was the capital market and political Humbu, with about 300 residents. The markets saw River caravans slave |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 8, "sc": 1210, "ep": 12, "ec": 493} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 8 | 1,210 | 12 | 493 | History of Kinshasa | 16th-17th centuries & Colonial Léopoldville | holders of oil, almonds, palm, peanuts, sesame and ivory come and go. Colonial Léopoldville The city was founded as a trading post by Henry Morton Stanley in 1881 and named Léopoldville in honor of King Leopold II of Belgium, who controlled the vast territory that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as a colony. Stanley delegated governship of the city to Anthony Swinburne. The post flourished as the first navigable port on the Congo River above Livingstone Falls, a series of rapids over 300 km below Leopoldville. At first, all goods arriving by sea or being sent by sea |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 12, "sc": 493, "ep": 12, "ec": 1143} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 12 | 493 | 12 | 1,143 | History of Kinshasa | Colonial Léopoldville | had to be carried by porters between Léopoldville and Matadi, the port below the rapids and 150 km from the coast. The completion of the Matadi-Kinshasa portage railway in 1898 provided a faster and more efficient alternative route around the rapids and sparked the rapid development of Léopoldville.
Local indigenous groups died off in large numbers and the city saw immigration from other parts of Congo. Many immigrants came to join Belgium's Force Publique. Lingala emerged as a common language in this multicultural city. As time went on, textiles and brewing developed as local industries. However, Kinshasa did not profit greatly from |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 12, "sc": 1143, "ep": 12, "ec": 1808} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 12 | 1,143 | 12 | 1,808 | History of Kinshasa | Colonial Léopoldville | the copper extraction occurring in Katanga Province (later called Shaba Province), the output from which was diverted first through British territories and then through Angola.
Some researchers have identified Léopoldville as an origin point of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. A University of Oxford team in 2014 reported a high likelihood that the ancestor of HIV-1, Group M emerged Léopoldville between 1909 and 1930.
The city began to undergo major expansion around the year 1910, with the creation of a geometric city plan and the construction of new buildings including the Banque du Congo Belge and the Hotel A.B.C. (owned by the Compagnie Commerciale |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 12, "sc": 1808, "ep": 12, "ec": 2395} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 12 | 1,808 | 12 | 2,395 | History of Kinshasa | Colonial Léopoldville | et Agricole d'Alimentation du Bas-Congo.) Schools were constructed and a Chamber of Commerce formed. 1920 saw the beginning of regular airplane service to Elizabethville.
The African population was 20,000 in 1920 and 27,000 in 1924; the European population rose from 245 in 1908 to 2521 in 1914 to 2521 in 1918. 1926, the city was elevated to capital of the Belgian Congo, replacing the town of Boma in the Congo estuary. By 1929 the city population was 48,088 including 2,766 Europeans and after a decline at the beginning of the 1930s began to rise again at the same rate. On |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 12, "sc": 2395, "ep": 12, "ec": 3007} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 12 | 2,395 | 12 | 3,007 | History of Kinshasa | Colonial Léopoldville | the eve of independence in 1959 the city population was 300,000 including 25,000 Europeans.
The original layout of the city was segregated between African and European, with a “no man’s land” in between. As the city grew this in-between area became the commercial district. The city was formally redesigned in the 1930s with stricter rules for segregation and a bigger central area. A new central market for both races, as well as a golf club, a park, and a botanical garden for whites, were developed as part of the new cordon sanitaire dividing (not altogether effectively) the neighborhoods by race. |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 12, "sc": 3007, "ep": 16, "ec": 519} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 12 | 3,007 | 16 | 519 | History of Kinshasa | Colonial Léopoldville & Independence and Mobutu era | Additional segregated master plans, proposed in Brussels and locally in the 1950s, were never implemented. Independence and Mobutu era When the Belgian Congo became independent of Belgium in 1960, Dutch was dropped as an official language and so was the alternative name Leopoldstad. The city grew rapidly (11.6% annually from 1960–1967; 6.43% annually from 1967–1973), drawing people from across the country who came in search of their fortunes or to escape ethnic strife elsewhere. This inevitably brought about a change to the city's ethnic and linguistic composition as well; Lingala remained the lingua franca. 367,550 people immigrated to Kinshasa |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 16, "sc": 519, "ep": 16, "ec": 1142} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 16 | 519 | 16 | 1,142 | History of Kinshasa | Independence and Mobutu era | in 1950–1967. Urbanized land area grew from 2,331 hectares in 1950 to 5,512 hectares in 1957 to 12,863 hectares in 1968 to 17,922 hectares in 1975.
In 1965 Mobutu Sese Seko seized power in the Congo in his second coup and initiated a policy of "Africanizing" the names of people and places in the country. In 1966, Léopoldville was renamed Kinshasa for a village named Kinchassa that once stood near the site. The city developed as the bureaucratic and cultural capital of the country, and developed an indigenous intellectual elite.
In 1974, Kinshasa hosted the 'Rumble in the Jungle' boxing match between |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 16, "sc": 1142, "ep": 20, "ec": 91} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 16 | 1,142 | 20 | 91 | History of Kinshasa | Independence and Mobutu era & Kinshasa post-Mobutu | Muhammad Ali and George Foreman, in which Ali defeated Foreman to regain the World Heavyweight title.
Kinshasa suffered greatly from the late 1970s through 1990s due to Mobutu's excesses, mass corruption, nepotism and the civil war that led to his downfall. Foreign businesses left, and roads, infrastructure, and transport links with other cities deteriorated. However, population continued to increase, due to endogenous growth and to migration from the countryside—driven by the cultural appeal of music, film, and football as well as by war and necessity. Kinshasa post-Mobutu On May 20, 1997, after the First Congo War, Laurent-Désiré Kabila triumphantly marched with |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 20, "sc": 91, "ep": 20, "ec": 706} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 20 | 91 | 20 | 706 | History of Kinshasa | Kinshasa post-Mobutu | his rebel forces to take control of the country's capital after Mobutu fled into exile in France. However, the city was later nearly taken over by other rebels backed by Uganda and Rwanda during the earlier part of the Second Congo War. It was very recently the scene of fighting between loyalists of Jean-Pierre Bemba and Joseph Kabila following the 2006 general elections; 600 people, including untold numbers of civilian bystanders were killed or wounded. Joseph Kabila, raised in Tanzania, and a poor speaker of French and Lingala, has not endeared himself to the locals.
The announcement in 2016 that |
{"datasets_id": 160844, "wiki_id": "Q5865150", "sp": 20, "sc": 706, "ep": 20, "ec": 1147} | 160,844 | Q5865150 | 20 | 706 | 20 | 1,147 | History of Kinshasa | Kinshasa post-Mobutu | a new election would be delayed two years led to large protests in September and in December which involved barricades in the streets and left dozens of people dead. Schools and businesses were closed down.
The population of Kinshasa has increased steadily, due to endogenous growth and to migration from the countryside. Migrants come to the city fleeing violence, attracted by the promise of jobs, and lured by its cultural image. |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 612} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 612 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Establishment | History of Ny-Ålesund Establishment The coal deposits at Kongsfjorden were first discovered by Jonas Poole during a whaling expedition in the area in 1610. They did not receive more careful analysis until 1861, when Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand on Otto Torell's expedition carried out surveys. Additional samples were collected by a Swedish expedition in 1870. A/S Bergen–Spitsbergen Kulgrubekompani was founded in 1901 and, led by Skipper Bernhard Pedersen, laid claims at both Kings Bay and Adventfjorden. The claims at Kings Bay were never properly followed up as the company instead chose to focus on its other find. Ernest Mansfield claimed to |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 6, "sc": 612, "ep": 6, "ec": 1219} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 6 | 612 | 6 | 1,219 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Establishment | have made claims to coal fields on the south side of Kongsfjorden in 1905 and 1906, which were sold to The Northern Exploration Co. Ltd. in 1910. During a scientific expedition in 1909 and 1910, later professor Olaf Holterdahl conducted geological sampling. In the ensuing five years, Green Harbour Coal Co. sent expeditions from Green Harbour. This included the construction of a test shaft. A hut was built in 1912 by the expedition on MK Onsø.
Green Harbour's owner, Christian Anker, died in 1912. The estate unsuccessfully attempted to sell the claim for four years. In the end it proposed that |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 6, "sc": 1219, "ep": 6, "ec": 1825} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 6 | 1,219 | 6 | 1,825 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Establishment | Ålesund Municipality buy the rights. At this point Ålesund shipper Peter Brandal was desperately looking for a source of coal, as he had been black-listed by the United Kingdom. The rights cost 250,000 Norwegian krone (NOK). Brandal dispatched two ships and sixty men to Kings Bay for the summer of 1916. They arrived on 21 July and immediately started breaking surface coal and in the shaft. In the latter alone the first expedition succeeded at collecting 300 tonnes. Brandal formally transferred the ownership of the claims to the newly established company Kings Bay Kull Comp. A/S on 14 December 1916. |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 6, "sc": 1825, "ep": 6, "ec": 2405} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 6 | 1,825 | 6 | 2,405 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Establishment | In addition to Brandal, it was owned by M. Knutsen, Trygve Klausen and Tryge Jervell and the company received a share capital of NOK 500,000. The company set up its offices in Kristiania (Oslo), although they moved to Ålesund within a year.
Jens K. Bay was hired as the first managing director. Thirty people were sent by SS Carl to Kings Bay for the 1917 season. Planning of the mining community started, first with the site of the town. SS Deneb arrived with 100 men and supplies such as railway tracks and two locomotives on 26 August. By winter thirteen buildings had |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 6, "sc": 2405, "ep": 6, "ec": 3028} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 6 | 2,405 | 6 | 3,028 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Establishment | been erected and2.2 kilometers (1.4 mi) of railway laid. The company was not permitted to erect a radio telegraphy station. This caused communications to have to be sent by skiers by land to Longyearbyen, which resulted in an amputation in February 1918. The company therefore pressed for permission to establish a telegraphy station. A post office opened in 1918.
Sixty-four people stayed the winter of 1917–18, with mining being carried out in the Agnes Mine. They were supplemented from May 1918, bringing the summer population to 300. Jervell sold his shares to the other owners on 2 April. The 1918 season saw |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 6, "sc": 3028, "ep": 10, "ec": 134} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 6 | 3,028 | 10 | 134 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Establishment & First mining period | twenty shipments and the arrival of a third locomotive. Nine additional buildings were constructed, and the Advokaten Mine was opened. The winter of 1918–19 saw 143 people stay the winter, rising to 250 the following summer. During the first years several names were in use for the settlement, including Kings Bay, Kingsbay and Brandal City. Ny-Ålesund came into use in the early 1920s and was soon the official name of the settlement. First mining period The mining was hit by two strikes in 1919, the first lasting from the summer to October, and the second from November to January 1920. |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 10, "sc": 134, "ep": 10, "ec": 742} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 10 | 134 | 10 | 742 | History of Ny-Ålesund | First mining period | Shipping took place from May through October, with 35,000 tonnes being shipped out in 1920. The company hired Trygve Klausen as managing director and built a quay and a shed in Harstad. By 1919 the company had fallen into severe financial difficulties. A British consortium offered to buy the mine. The issue was brought to the Ministry of Trade and Industry, who presented the issue for Parliament. The importance of keeping a Norwegian mining operation was articulated both in lieu of keeping a Norwegian presence on archipelago, which would soon fall under Norwegian sovereignty, but also in the need for |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 10, "sc": 742, "ep": 10, "ec": 1351} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 10 | 742 | 10 | 1,351 | History of Ny-Ålesund | First mining period | keeping Norwegian jobs. A deal was struck whereby the ministry bought 30,000 tonnes of coal for NOK 6 million, while the owners were obliged to not sell the company without state permission.
By 1921 the number of women living in Ny-Ålesund grew to twenty-two and there were twenty-three children who spent the winter. Falling coal prices in 1921 saw the company receive further subsidies from the state. Throughout the 1920s the population varied from year to year. The peak summer population hit 319 men, 29 women and 8 children in 1923, and a low 188 employees in 1929. The winter population varied |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 10, "sc": 1351, "ep": 10, "ec": 1980} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 10 | 1,351 | 10 | 1,980 | History of Ny-Ålesund | First mining period | between 276 in 1926–27 and a low 158 in 1928–29. From the 1920s and onwards there was a limited amount of tourist traffic visiting Ny-Ålesund.
The Geophysical Institute of Tromsø established a geophysical station at Kvadehuken in 1920, consisting of a small hut and a radio mast allowing communication via Ny-Ålesund. It carried out meteorological surveys and geomagnetic field measurements and was manned by four men. Two of these died in February 1922 while attempting to rescue a trapper. The station was closed in 1924 due to lack of funding. The Church of Norway never established a presence in Ny-Ålesund, although |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 10, "sc": 1980, "ep": 10, "ec": 2596} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 10 | 1,980 | 10 | 2,596 | History of Ny-Ålesund | First mining period | the minister at Svalbard Church in Longyearbyen visited Ny-Ålesund irregularly. Most of the children in town were below school age. However, during the 1920–21 winter there were 23 children in town and an improvised school was taken into use for the year.
The Ministry of Trade and Industry carried out geological surveys in 1922 and renewed the purchase agreement. Production hit 91,000 tonnes in 1923, and then stabilized for the rest of the 1920s, at between 89,000 and 99,000 tonnes per year. Production moved to the Olsen Mine and the Sofie Mine in 1924. Kings Bay attempted coal liquefaction from 1924 |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 10, "sc": 2596, "ep": 10, "ec": 3267} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 10 | 2,596 | 10 | 3,267 | History of Ny-Ålesund | First mining period | to 1927 in cooperation with Greaker Cellulosefabrik. Four hundred tonnes of oil were produced, but the endeavor failed to become profitable. The labor union, Kings Bay Arbeiderforening, was founded in 1925, although many of the workers had previously ad-hoc organized themselves.
Northern Exploration Company had conducted trial operations with mining on Blomstrandhalvøya, a headland across Kongsfjorden from Ny-Ålesund, in 1906. The British company set forth claims to the southern part of the bay in 1919, arguing that they had conducted a valid occupation of that area as well. An agreement was struck between the British company and the Government of Norway |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 10, "sc": 3267, "ep": 10, "ec": 3870} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 10 | 3,267 | 10 | 3,870 | History of Ny-Ålesund | First mining period | on 26 October 1925, whereby two-thirds of the land in question was waived and variously given to Kings Bay, Kulspids, Stavanger Spitsbergen and the government for £37,000. The remaining areas were bought by the state in 1932. Falling coal prices led to a production halt during the winter of 1925–26, in which only 17 men stayed the winter. Ordinary operations resumed in 1926, with production commencing in the Ester Mine.
Between 1925 and 1928, four attempts were made to reach the North Pole by air from Ny-Ålesund. In May 1925, Roald Amundsen used Ny-Ålesund as a base for two flying boats, |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 10, "sc": 3870, "ep": 10, "ec": 4464} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 10 | 3,870 | 10 | 4,464 | History of Ny-Ålesund | First mining period | but the expedition failed to come closer than 88 degrees north. On 9 May 1926, Floyd Bennett and Richard E. Byrd used Ny-Ålesund as both the starting and landing for their expedition. Although they claimed to have reached the pole, there is strong evidence that they could not have accomplished this. On 11 May, Amundsen and Umberto Nobile's airship Norge left Ny-Ålesund and traveled via the North Pole to Alaska. This is regarded as the first successful expedition to the North Pole. After two short skirmishes, Nobile's airship Italia left Ny-Ålesund on 23 May 1928 to reach the North Pole, |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 10, "sc": 4464, "ep": 10, "ec": 5043} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 10 | 4,464 | 10 | 5,043 | History of Ny-Ålesund | First mining period | but crashed on the return. The flying boats did not require any specific infrastructure, although they had to be brought by ship to Ny-Ålesund, where they were assembled. They took off from a manually groomed air strip on snow. For the airship expeditions, a hangar and a mast were needed, completed on 15 February 1926.
The first fatal mining accident took place in the Ester Mine on 16 December 1926, killing two miners. Four men were killed on 20 April 1927 when a 130-meter (430 ft) section of a shaft in the same mine collapsed after a gas explosion. An accident on |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 10, "sc": 5043, "ep": 14, "ec": 326} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 10 | 5,043 | 14 | 326 | History of Ny-Ålesund | First mining period & Nationalization | 16 August 1929 killed to miners, and from that season the ministry decided to terminate the subsidies and halt production due to the company's lack of profitability. The company hired three to four men to stay in the town each winter, including a telegraphist. Nationalization As of 1 January 1929 Kings Bay owed NOK 6.2 million plus interest of NOK 3.6 million to the government and NOK 8.8 million to Aalesunds Kreditbank. The government paid the bank NOK 125,000 for its claims on 24 February 1931, becoming the sole creditor. The owners agreed to transfer their ownership to the state on 4 November |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 14, "sc": 326, "ep": 14, "ec": 953} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 14 | 326 | 14 | 953 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Nationalization | 1931, which took effect on 23 December 1933. Ny-Ålesund was kept in a state of readiness to resume production. Kings Bay negotiated purchasing Nya Svenska Stenkolaktiebolaget Spetsbergen's mine at Svea, which had been dormant since a 1925. This was not carried out and instead the mine was sold to Store Norske.
With reports in 1934 of large quantities of cod off the western coast of Spitsbergen, a proposal was made to establish a fisheries station at Ny-Ålesund. The Ministry of Trade and Industry supported the proposal and granted NOK 20,000 for the establishment, which was contracted to Kings Bay. Five men were |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 14, "sc": 953, "ep": 14, "ec": 1573} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 14 | 953 | 14 | 1,573 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Nationalization | dispatched in 1935 and they started repairs of the town, including fetching materials and buildings from Ny-London, located across the bay. Among the main tasks of the station was steaming of cod liver oil and salting of the cod, in addition to providing supplies. The station was popular amongst the fishermen, but went with a deficit of NOK 15,500 the first year. A NOK 50,000 grant was issued the following year and fourteen men were stationed at Ny-Ålesund. The Directorate of Fisheries recommended that the arrangement continue, but the ministry was not willing to continue the funding and the station closed ahead |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 14, "sc": 1573, "ep": 14, "ec": 2177} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 14 | 1,573 | 14 | 2,177 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Nationalization | of the 1937 season. It was taken over by Jacob Kjøde, who also operated a station at Grønfjorden, and retained operation for three seasons.
At the same time, Adolf Hoel encouraged the establishment of a hotel. Laura Borgen signed an agreement with Kings Bay and started the North Pole Hotel in one of the former housing units. During 1936 six cruise ships with 4,000 passengers visited the town. Kjøde took over ownership of the hotel from 1937. A/S Nordpolhotellet was incorporated on 22 June 1938 and used four buildings for its hotel operations. The upgraded hotel opened on 3 September 1939, |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 14, "sc": 2177, "ep": 14, "ec": 2787} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 14 | 2,177 | 14 | 2,787 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Nationalization | but was closed only days later following the news of the German invasion of Poland. Kings Bay moved its head office from Ålesund to Oslo on 22 June 1939.
The break-out of the Second World War resulted in the need for increased coal production in Norway, and the Ministry of Trade and Industry appointed committee to consider production increases. Its conclusions were announced on 5 April, where it was recommended that production resume in Ny-Ålesund. Kings Bay aimed at starting production from the summer of 1941, as the war made earlier production start difficult. The town was re-settled on 7 May |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 14, "sc": 2787, "ep": 14, "ec": 3379} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 14 | 2,787 | 14 | 3,379 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Nationalization | 1941 and work started in the Ester II Mine. However, production would not last long. The Allied commanders determined that they would not prioritize to protect Svalbard and determined in August that they would evacuate the island. A fleet arrived on 25 August and evacuated the population on 29 August. Critical infrastructure, such as the power station and the railways, were blown up.
From January 1942 Kings Bay had two boards, one in Oslo and one in London. This was an arrangement which lasted until the end of the war in 1945. The London board worked on various plans to resume |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 14, "sc": 3379, "ep": 18, "ec": 232} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 14 | 3,379 | 18 | 232 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Nationalization & Second mining period | production, but none of these materialized. Instead, the Oslo board worked on long-term plans to modernize the mining operations, perhaps with the ability to commence operations after the war ended. Allied intelligence conducted a few investigations of Ny-Ålesund during the war, including both aerial observations, and discovered that German troops must have searched the site. Second mining period Kings Bay dispatched a crew after the war ended, with the first 90 workers arriving at Ny-Ålesund on 13 August 1945. Five new buildings were built and the Ester II Mine had to be cleared, so production did not resume until November. |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 18, "sc": 232, "ep": 18, "ec": 804} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 18 | 232 | 18 | 804 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Second mining period | The power station was not operational until the following spring. Ove Roll Lund was hired as manager from 1946, but he was shot and killed by an insane employee on 25 August. Around the same time mining started in Ester III. The towns population was between 140 and 170. Production reached 61,000 tonnes in 1947. The following year a new separation plant was built and the power station burned down, having to be rebuilt. There were three fatal accidents the first three years of operation, each killing one miner. Then on 4 December 1948 an explosion took place in Ester |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 18, "sc": 804, "ep": 18, "ec": 1430} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 18 | 804 | 18 | 1,430 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Second mining period | III, killing fifteen men. Production halted until 14 February 1949 while the accident was investigated.
From 1946, the Royal Norwegian Air Force started serving Ny-Ålesund with their Consolidated PBY Catalina amphibian aircraft. The aircraft were able to land if there was no ice on the fjord and lighting and weather permitted it. The first flight took place on 10 May and consisted of post drops. No further flights were carried out until 1949; one of the flights that year was an air ambulance operation. Weather observations were carried out in 1950 to 1953, and again after 1961.
Kings Bay issued its own |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 18, "sc": 1430, "ep": 18, "ec": 2005} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 18 | 1,430 | 18 | 2,005 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Second mining period | private currency between 1947 and 1964. It only issued bills and the money's validity was limited to Svalbard. A women's group, Polarklokken, was founded in 1949. A cinema was built in the community center with shows in the weekend. There was a dance once a month in the same site. Other cultural activities included a marching band and a sports club. A school was established in 1950, as there were five children of school age, which remained in operation until 1963. This caused an increase in the number of children living in town, with between 14 and 18 pupils attending |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 18, "sc": 2005, "ep": 18, "ec": 2573} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 18 | 2,005 | 18 | 2,573 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Second mining period | the school after 1958.
The mine flooded on 26 April 1949 and it took half a year to empty it. Production that year ended at 40,000 tonnes. A series of upgrades were carried out, bringing production up to 80,000 tonnes in 1951. On 7 January 1951 there was an explosion in the Ester V Mine, killing nine men. The same day a mining explosion in Longyearbyen killed six people, and a common investigation was carried out by a government committee. A year later, on 19 March 1952, yet another explosion took place in the Ester Mine, this time killing nineteen men. |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 18, "sc": 2573, "ep": 18, "ec": 3185} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 18 | 2,573 | 18 | 3,185 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Second mining period | The miners sent a letter to the Minister of Justice stating that they would not work until the safety measures proposed by the previous two commissions were carried out. A new commission was dispatched to Ny-Ålesund, which found that some of the safety measured had been carried out, and some had not. It recommended that new safety measures be implemented. In the mean time mining was placed on hold.
Parliament granted NOK 1.2 million to upgrade the mines, with the company having an operating deficit of NOK 2.9 million that year. A further grant of NOK 1.9 million was issued the following year. The |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 18, "sc": 3185, "ep": 18, "ec": 3806} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 18 | 3,185 | 18 | 3,806 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Second mining period | population dropped to 72 while production was halted. In 1954 there was produced 5,000 tonnes of coal, mostly for the towns own consumption. By 1955 the estimates for continuing operation, mostly prominently the need for improved ventilation systems, reached an estimate of NOK 20 million. A certain amount of production was resumed, reaching 15,000 tonnes in 1955. Parliament approved a new production plan on 20 March 1956, which set a production goal of 200,000 tonnes of coal annually. The company built a new power station, bath and a fire station, as well as additional housing. Ester I was re-opened and upgraded. |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 18, "sc": 3806, "ep": 18, "ec": 4464} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 18 | 3,806 | 18 | 4,464 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Second mining period | Production gradually increased to 47,000 in 1958, before falling again, in part because of falling coal prices.
In 1956 two brothers, Einar Sverre and Gunnar Sverre Pedersen proposed that an airport be built at Kvadehussletta, on the outer-most point of Brøggerhalvøya. Through their company Norsk Polar Navigasjon they initially planned for a 1,600-meter (5,200 ft) long runway, which could easily be expanded to 3,000 meters (9,800 ft). Kings Bay stated that they were open for negotiations. Funding was in part secured through the United States Armed Forces and the plans called for both the establishment of a hotel and for emergency landings of |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 18, "sc": 4464, "ep": 18, "ec": 5110} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 18 | 4,464 | 18 | 5,110 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Second mining period | aircraft. The project was met by protests from the Soviet Union, who claimed the airport would violate the demilitarization clauses of the Svalbard Treaty. The issue resulted in a prolonged political debate with the Pedersens attempting to gain building permission and the Norwegian and Soviet governments attempting to hinder the construction. The issue gradually lost momentum, but the brothers did not stop working for the airport until 1965.
A series of cultural investments were carried out in 1958: the newspaper Det nye Kingsbay was published, a public library was established and the school moved to a new building. By 1959 Ester |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 18, "sc": 5110, "ep": 18, "ec": 5699} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 18 | 5,110 | 18 | 5,699 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Second mining period | I was depleted and the railway was closed—transport having been taken over by trucks. That year only 8,000 tonnes were exported. A new shaft was opened the following year, allowing mining to start in Vestre Senterfelt. Production in 1960 hit a record 79,000 tonnes of raw coal, which after being processed through the new coal preparation plant resulted in 51,000 tonnes. Start of a coke plant in Mo i Rana helped stimulate the domestic coal demand. Washed coal production hit 54,000 tonnes in 1961. By then NOK 21 million had been invested in the past years, although the coal prices had |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 18, "sc": 5699, "ep": 22, "ec": 204} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 18 | 5,699 | 22 | 204 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Second mining period & Kings Bay Affair | continued to fall, and especially in Norway the demand had diminished. Norway was retiring its last steam locomotives, but unlike in most of Europe it was not replicating the coal demand through construction of coal-fueled thermal power plants. By 1962 Ny-Ålesund had 25 family apartments and barracks for 210 male employees. Production hit 75,000 tonnes of washed coal in 1962. Kings Bay Affair On 5 November 1962 the Østre Senterfelt Mine experienced an explosion, which killed 21 of the 25 men which were on the shift. The rescue operation provided difficult, and by 9 November only ten of the men |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 22, "sc": 204, "ep": 22, "ec": 825} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 22 | 204 | 22 | 825 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Kings Bay Affair | had been found. The Ministry of Industry appointed a commission, led by Finn Midbøe, to investigate the accident. The arrived on 9 November and departed on the 16 November with the last coal ship to avoid being frozen stuck at Ny-Ålesund for the winter. Thus it never had an opportunity to enter the mine. The fire continued, while the lower levels were flooded. Permission to drain the shafts were never given, and the deceased were never brought up. Production continued in the new Vestre Senterfelt, while Østre Senterfelt remained closed, with 102 employees staying the winter.
The government appointed a new |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 22, "sc": 825, "ep": 22, "ec": 1421} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 22 | 825 | 22 | 1,421 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Kings Bay Affair | commission, led by Per Tønseth, on 4 January. They were hindered from arriving at Ny-Ålesund until 15 May 1963, where it stayed for ten days. In its 27 May report it concluded that the accident had been caused by an explosion of methane which had again ignited coal dust. It criticized both Kings Bay for not following safety regulations and the Commissioner of Mining for not carrying out the necessary inspections. Kings Bay's board rejected the conclusions in the report, arguing that there had not been a coal dust explosion.
The accident became a major issue of debate in the press. |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 22, "sc": 1421, "ep": 22, "ec": 2011} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 22 | 1,421 | 22 | 2,011 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Kings Bay Affair | The debate had ensued for half a year by the time the Tønseth report was published, and the mining company's on-site director, lacking regular postal service and thus ready access to newspapers, was not able to accurately correct any errors in the press. The publication of the report and the delay until the company could respond caused Parliament to delay its summer leave past 20 June 1963. That day Kjell Holler resigned as Minister of Industry and was replaced by Trygve Lie. The issue was debated in Parliament from 20 to 23 August, where the opposition criticized the government for |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 22, "sc": 2011, "ep": 22, "ec": 2667} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 22 | 2,011 | 22 | 2,667 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Kings Bay Affair | a series of management errors, such as not ensuring that the Labor Inspection Authority had sufficient mining competence.
Following the 1961 election the Labor Party lost its Parliamentary majority for the first time since 1945. Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet was held in place by two pivoting seats held by the Socialist People's Party (SF). They and the center-right opposition voted in mis-confidence, forcing Einar Gerhardsen to resign. Parliament also voted to close the mining operations and issued NOK 22 million to pay Kings Bay's debt. Mining operations ceased on 5 November 1963. Lyng's Cabinet would only last 28 days, before SF supported a |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 22, "sc": 2667, "ep": 22, "ec": 3310} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 22 | 2,667 | 22 | 3,310 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Kings Bay Affair | new vote of mis-confidence and helped appoint Gerhardsen's Fourth Cabinet. The Norwegian Prosecuting Authority originally announced on 31 October that four people would be prosecuted, although this was dropped by the Director of Public Prosecutions on 29 April 1964.
The decision in Parliament called for the termination of mining operations, but the site was to be kept in such a state that production could resume at a later date should new technology make mining safe. Kings Bay went through a gradual shut-down, first closing its office in Harstad and then in 1964, Ny-Ålesund. The company retained a small workforce in Ny-Ålesund |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 22, "sc": 3310, "ep": 26, "ec": 610} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 22 | 3,310 | 26 | 610 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Kings Bay Affair & Research | to keep guard and clean up. Research With the establishment of the European Space Research Organization in 1964, Ny-Ålesund was approved as one of four sites for a telemetry station of the European Space Tracking Network. Specifically, Kongsfjord Telemetry Station was to track and communicate with the ESRO-1 and ESRO-2 satellites. Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (NTNF) was awarded the job of operating the station. As with nearly all new Norwegian activity, the establishment was met with Soviet protests. Construction started in May 1965 and NTNF planned to employ as much existing facilities as they could. NTNF |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 610, "ep": 26, "ec": 1186} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 610 | 26 | 1,186 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | was allowed to use buildings as needed for free. In exchange, NTNF maintained the entire village and paid insurance on the buildings they used.
With the telemetry station came the need for an airport to fly magnetic tapes to Germany. A road was built from the settlement to Hamnerabben, the site of the telemetry station. The top of the hill was sufficiently flat that a runway could be constructed. It was built by giving a 850-meter (2,790 ft) long straight section of the road a width of 40 meters (130 ft). Waste oil was poured on the gravel to bind it. A smaller |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 1186, "ep": 26, "ec": 1814} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 1,186 | 26 | 1,814 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | road was built to the north of the runway to allow road transport while the runway was in use. Services were originally operated by Ski- og Sjøfly, but were later taken over by Svalbard-Fly, both of which had their Cessna 185 aircraft stationed in Ny-Ålesund.
Troms Fylkes Dampskibsselskap resumed operation of the hotel in 1965, which it leased for free. They only operated for two seasons, which about thirty patrons per year, losing money both years. The Norwegian Polar Institute established a scientific station in the town in 1966, and they moved an ionosphere measurement station from Isfjord Radio to Ny-Ålesund |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 1814, "ep": 26, "ec": 2427} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 1,814 | 26 | 2,427 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | and stationed two staff there. Kings Bays operations during the second half of the 1960s was minimal, typically sending two men for guard and maintenance each summer. By 1968 there were 31 people working at the telemetry station. The Polar Institute increased its activity in Ny-Ålesund from 1968, although its winter population was limited to one. Kings Bay carried out work to secure its mining claims in its area, but it needed exemption if it was to succeed at keeping the claims, which would variously be canceled between 1966 and 1970.
After the initial ESRO program was initiated, the agency moved |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 2427, "ep": 26, "ec": 3057} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 2,427 | 26 | 3,057 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | towards satellites with a higher orbital eccentricity and escape orbits. The facilities in Ny-Ålesund were unsuitable for telemetry with such satellites, as they would operate at a different frequency, the size of the antenna dish was too small and the ground station's geographical position was out of range. Because of the change of ESRO's focus, the need for a telemetry station on Svalbard disappeared after the termination of ESRO's initial program, and the facility was closed in 1974. After the telemetry station closed in 1974, the airport was taken over by Kings Bay. Svalbard Airport, Longyear, opened in 1975, allowing |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 3057, "ep": 26, "ec": 3756} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 3,057 | 26 | 3,756 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | better facilities and connection with scheduled flights to the mainland. At the same time, Lufttransport established itself at Svalbard Airport and took over the flights to Ny-Ålesund.
The Ministry of Industry proposed in 1970 that Kings Bay be merged with another state-owned mining company, Adventdalens Kullfelt. This was not carried out as Kings Bay's board insisted on retaining its independence. Various companies were interested in leasing part of Ny-Åleund, including Norsk Polar Navigasjon, and various fishery groups, although no agreements were struck. Kings Bay had no permanent employees by 1970, but resumed operation of Ny-Ålesund in 1974. Bjørnøen, which previously operated |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 3756, "ep": 26, "ec": 4389} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 3,756 | 26 | 4,389 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | a mine on Bjørnøya, received a common administration and board with Kings Bay from 1975. By 1977 Kings Bay stuck a deal by the then state-owned Store Norske to sell all its claims, although it kept the property rights around Ny-Ålesund.
During the first winter there were five people who stayed the winter. Research expeditions were carried out by the Norwegian Polar Institute, typically with twenty people. Also the University of Cambridge and the University of Trondheim sent annual expeditions of a similar size. An early scientific agent was the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, which has conducted air research in |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 4389, "ep": 26, "ec": 5072} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 4,389 | 26 | 5,072 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | Ny-Ålesund since the mid-1970s. The most prominent project was the Man and the Biosphere Project, which later also saw participation from the University of Tromsø and the University of Bergen and lasted until 1985. Additional international universities started sending expeditions in the latter half of the 1970s, such as the Max Planck Institute, Louisiana State University and the Danish Space Research Institute. The number of guest days for researchers and students reached 2,059 in 1980. A radio line repeater was installed at Kongsvegpasset in 1980, resulting in Ny-Ålesund receiving a telephone connection.
Kings Bay also generated revenue from selling fuel, supplies |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 5072, "ep": 26, "ec": 5699} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 5,072 | 26 | 5,699 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | and air transport to shrimp fishers. From the 1970s the Coast Guard started calling regularly at Ny-Ålesund to assist in the transport of scientific instruments. During the early 1980s a plan for cultural heritage management was developed, which included the renovation of several older houses. Members of the Norwegian Railway Club restored a train which was put on display. Ny-Ålesund Town and Mine Museum opened in 1988. Very little of the town was listed with the initial pre-1900 conservation rules from 1974, but from 1992 larger parts were listed following automatic listing of all pre-1945 human traces. There had also |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 5699, "ep": 26, "ec": 6333} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 5,699 | 26 | 6,333 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | since the 1970s been irregular visits by artists. From 1986 a building was refurbished to allow for an artist to stay there at any time. By 1985 there were sixteen universities with scientific activities. In 1987 the University of Tromsø built a scientific greenhouse next to the school and by 1987 Kings Bay had twenty people working in Ny-Ålesund during the summer.
Preparation of the Norwegian Polar Institute's Zeppelin Station commenced in 1988, which included the construction of an aerial tramway. Kings Bay moved its head office from Oslo to Ny-Ålesund in 1990. New laboratories were built for the Natural Environment |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 6333, "ep": 26, "ec": 7046} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 6,333 | 26 | 7,046 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | Research Council, the Alfred Wegener Institute and SINTEF in 1990 and 1991. From 1990 the Norwegian Mapping Authority moved into the old telemetry station and the following year Japan's National Institute of Polar Research moved into a renovated building at Hamnerabben. Lufttransport started serving the community with fixed-wing aircraft instead of helicopters. A 1992 government report concluded that Svalbard should focus on becoming an international research community, and the authorities started permitting foreign research institutes to establish permanents stations in Ny-Ålesund. Kings Bay sold 7,521 guest days in 1991, 1,720 of which were to researchers.
The docks received a total renovation |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 7046, "ep": 26, "ec": 7644} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 7,046 | 26 | 7,644 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | in 1992 for NOK 18 million, allowing cruise ships to dock in port. The following year a 60-person café was completed. The Norwegian Mapping Authority completed its continental drift station in 1994, at the same time as a satellite communication link opened on Zeppelinfjellet. By 1996 there were over one hundred research projects in Ny-Ålesund, and the town reaches a capacity for 200 people two years later. On 6 May 1998, Kings Bay Kull. Comp A/S changes its name to Kings Bay AS. The same summer the North Pole Hotel was finished refurbished and opened as the world's northern-most hotel. That |
{"datasets_id": 160845, "wiki_id": "Q16896035", "sp": 26, "sc": 7644, "ep": 26, "ec": 8248} | 160,845 | Q16896035 | 26 | 7,644 | 26 | 8,248 | History of Ny-Ålesund | Research | year also saw the annual number of researcher-days exceed 15,000. In March 1999 the Norwegian Polar Institute opened its new 700-square-meter (7,500 sq ft) Sverdrup Station. The original building on Zeppelinfjellet was demolished and replaced with a new facility.
The Norwegian Mapping Authority closed its operations in Ny-Ålesund in June 2004, although China opened its Arctic Yellow River Station the following month. In August Kongsfjorden was preserved to only allow it to be used for research, hindering fishing vessels from entering the bay. India opened its Himadri Station in July 2008. |
{"datasets_id": 160846, "wiki_id": "Q5885711", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 546} | 160,846 | Q5885711 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 546 | Holy Living and Holy Dying | Description | Holy Living and Holy Dying Description Holy Living and Holy Dying is the collective title of two books of Christian devotion by Jeremy Taylor, originally published as The Rules and Exercises of Holy Living in 1650 and The Rules and Exercises of Holy Dying in 1651. The two books represent one of the high points of English prose during the period of the early Stuarts. According to historian Nancy Lee Beaty, Holy Dying was the "artistic climax" of a consolatory death literature tradition that had begun with Ars moriendi in the 15th century. Other works in this tradition include The |
{"datasets_id": 160846, "wiki_id": "Q5885711", "sp": 6, "sc": 546, "ep": 10, "ec": 172} | 160,846 | Q5885711 | 6 | 546 | 10 | 172 | Holy Living and Holy Dying | Description & Legacy | Waye of Dying Well and The Sick Mannes Salve.
Holy Living is designed to instruct the reader in living a virtuous life, increasing personal piety, and avoiding temptations. Holy Dying is meant to instruct the reader in the "means and instruments" of preparing for a blessed death. Each book contains discussions of theology, moral instruction, often prefaced as "The Consideration reduc'd to practise," and model prayers requesting divine assistance in achieving them. Legacy Taylor's work was much admired by John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, for its devotional quality; and by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Thomas De Quincey, and Edmund Gosse for |
{"datasets_id": 160846, "wiki_id": "Q5885711", "sp": 10, "sc": 172, "ep": 10, "ec": 304} | 160,846 | Q5885711 | 10 | 172 | 10 | 304 | Holy Living and Holy Dying | Legacy | its literary qualities. John Osborne said that the book demonstrates how the English language can be used "beautifully and simply". |
{"datasets_id": 160847, "wiki_id": "Q3214940", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 597} | 160,847 | Q3214940 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 597 | Hops | Hops Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant Humulus lupulus. They are used primarily as a bittering, flavouring, and stability agent in beer, to which, in addition to bitterness, they impart floral, fruity, or citrus flavours and aromas. Hops are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing, herbaceous perennial, usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield, hop garden (nomenclature in the South of England), or hop yard (in the West Country and US) when grown commercially. Many |
|
{"datasets_id": 160847, "wiki_id": "Q3214940", "sp": 4, "sc": 597, "ep": 4, "ec": 1251} | 160,847 | Q3214940 | 4 | 597 | 4 | 1,251 | Hops | different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, with different types used for particular styles of beer.
The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though Hildegard of Bingen, 300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source. Before this period, brewers used a "gruit", composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including dandelion, burdock root, marigold, horehound (the old German name for horehound, Berghopfen, means "mountain hops"), ground ivy, and heather. Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagne's father, Pepin III.
Hops |
|
{"datasets_id": 160847, "wiki_id": "Q3214940", "sp": 4, "sc": 1251, "ep": 8, "ec": 229} | 160,847 | Q3214940 | 4 | 1,251 | 8 | 229 | Hops | History | are also used in brewing for their antibacterial effect over less desirable microorganisms and for purported benefits including balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness and a variety of flavours and aromas. Historically, traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage. History The first documented hop cultivation was in 736, in the Hallertau region of present-day Germany, although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was 1079. However, in a will of Pepin the Short, the father |
{"datasets_id": 160847, "wiki_id": "Q3214940", "sp": 8, "sc": 229, "ep": 8, "ec": 801} | 160,847 | Q3214940 | 8 | 229 | 8 | 801 | Hops | History | of Charlemagne, hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint-Denis in 768. Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of gruit for flavouring. Gruit was used when the nobility levied taxes on hops. Whichever was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other. In Britain, hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400, yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a "wicked and pernicious weed". In 1471, Norwich, England, banned use of the plant in the brewing of ale ("beer" was the name for fermented malt liquors bittered |
{"datasets_id": 160847, "wiki_id": "Q3214940", "sp": 8, "sc": 801, "ep": 8, "ec": 1397} | 160,847 | Q3214940 | 8 | 801 | 8 | 1,397 | Hops | History | with hops; only in recent times are the words often used as synonyms).
In Germany, using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century. There was no tax on hops to be paid to the Catholic church, unlike on gruit. For this reason the Protestants preferred hopped beer.<
Hops used in England were imported from France, Holland and Germany with import duty paid for those; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England (Kent) when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by Dutch farmers. Therefore, in the hop industry |
{"datasets_id": 160847, "wiki_id": "Q3214940", "sp": 8, "sc": 1397, "ep": 8, "ec": 2067} | 160,847 | Q3214940 | 8 | 1,397 | 8 | 2,067 | Hops | History | there are many words which originally were Dutch words (see oast house). Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen, near breweries for convenience of infrastructure.
According to Thomas Tusser's 1557 Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry:
"The hop for his profit I thus do exalt,
It strengtheneth drink and it flavoureth malt;
And being well-brewed long kept it will last,
And drawing abide, if ye draw not too fast."
In England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops, the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks, sand or straw to increase their weight. As a result, in 1603, King James |
{"datasets_id": 160847, "wiki_id": "Q3214940", "sp": 8, "sc": 2067, "ep": 8, "ec": 2708} | 160,847 | Q3214940 | 8 | 2,067 | 8 | 2,708 | Hops | History | I approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which "the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £20,000 yearly, besides the Danger of their Healths".
Hop cultivation was begun in the present-day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers. Before prohibition, cultivation was mainly centred around New York, California, Oregon, and Washington state. Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New York's production by the 1920s, and California only produces hops on a small scale.
Hop bars were used before modern machinery was invented to make the holes for |
{"datasets_id": 160847, "wiki_id": "Q3214940", "sp": 8, "sc": 2708, "ep": 12, "ec": 606} | 160,847 | Q3214940 | 8 | 2,708 | 12 | 606 | Hops | History & Cultivation and harvest | the hop poles. Cultivation and harvest Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada, cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment. As hops are a climbing plant, they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile. In this way, energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth.
The hop plant's reproduction method is that male and female flowers develop on separate plants, although occasionally a fertile individual |
{"datasets_id": 160847, "wiki_id": "Q3214940", "sp": 12, "sc": 606, "ep": 12, "ec": 1204} | 160,847 | Q3214940 | 12 | 606 | 12 | 1,204 | Hops | Cultivation and harvest | will develop which contains both male and female flowers. Because pollinated seeds are undesirable for brewing beer, only female plants are grown in hop fields, thus preventing pollination. Female plants are propagated vegetatively, and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds.
Hop plants are planted in rows about 2 to 2.5 metres (7 to 8 ft) apart. Each spring, the roots send forth new bines that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis. The cones grow high on the bine, and in the past, these cones were picked by hand. Harvesting of hops became much |
{"datasets_id": 160847, "wiki_id": "Q3214940", "sp": 12, "sc": 1204, "ep": 12, "ec": 1750} | 160,847 | Q3214940 | 12 | 1,204 | 12 | 1,750 | Hops | Cultivation and harvest | more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator, patented by Emil Clemens Horst in 1909.
Harvest comes near the end of summer when the bines are pulled down and the flowers are taken to a hop house or oast house for drying. Hop houses are two-story buildings, of which the upper story has a slatted floor covered with burlap. Here the flowers are poured out and raked even. A heating unit on the lower floor is used to dry the hops. When dry, the hops are moved to a press, a sturdy box with a plunger. Two long pieces |
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