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{"id": 12607, "answer": 0, "text": "Not all certified loan consultants have college degrees. Ttherefore, although every loan consultant at the local bank is certified, it must be the case that not all the loan consultants at the local bank have college degrees.", "question": "The flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the argument above is most similar to that exhibited by which of the following?", "options": ["Although some paintings created by great artists remain unfinished, all paintings in this museum were done by great artists. Ttherefore, some of the paintings in this museum are unfinished.", "All government agencies are large, but not all government agencies are well funded. Ttherefore, large government agencies need not be well funded.", "Although some cheeses do contain goat's milk, all cheese is delicious. Ttherefore, cheese can be delicious without containing goat milk.", "Not all teachers have good communications skills, but some teachers have good writing skills. Ttherefore, all teachers have either good communications skills or good writing skills."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8926, "answer": 0, "text": "A research report shows that with the economic development and reform and opening up, almost all the units related to planting and breeding in China have projects to introduce species from abroad. However, lotus-chinensis introduced as fodder in east China and spartina for beach protection in coastal provinces of China quickly spread and grew rapidly, invading grassland, forest areas and wasteland, forming dominant community of single species, resulting in the decline of the original plant community. Italian black bees introduced into Xinjiang quickly spread to the wild, so that the original fine wasp species Of Ili black bees almost extinct. So ____________ hold", "question": "Which of the following most logically completes the above statement?", "options": ["The introduction of foreign species may cause great harm to our biodiversity.", "Efforts should be made to control the spread of plants such as lotus seed and spartina.", "The introduction of species from abroad is intended to increase economic efficiency.", "Alien species are found in 34 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12140, "answer": 2, "text": "Art restorers who have been studying the factors that cause Renaissance oil paintings to deteriorate physically when subject to climatic changes have found that the oil paint used in these paintings actually adjusts to these changes well. The restorers ttherefore hypothesize that it is a layer of material called gesso, which is under the paint, that causes the deterioration.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the restorers' hypothesis?", "options": ["Oil paint expands and contracts readily in response to changes in temperature, but it absorbs little water and so is little affected by changes in humidity.", "Renaissance oil paintings are often painted on wooden panels, which swell when humidity increases and contract when it declines.", "Renaissance oil paintings with a thin layer of gesso are less likely to show deterioration in response to climatic changes than those with a thicker layer.", "An especially hard and nonabsorbent type of gesso was the raw material for moldings on the frames of Renaissance oil paintings."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1828, "answer": 2, "text": "A farmer tied an iron ring to the trunk of an elm tree on his farm to facilitate the tying of cattle. As the iron circle of the elm tree grew slowly, the skin of the mathematical elm tree left a deep scar.A year later, it was found that all the elm trees dozens of miles away from elm disease died, but the elm tree which was tied with an iron ring and left a deep scar survived. Botanical studies found that it absorbed a large amount of iron from the rust ring to develop immunity to fungi.", "question": "Which of the following options is the truth of this passage?", "options": ["A strong life can turn harm into wealth and strength", "Life creates amazing miracles in adversity", "Scars sometimes become a nourishment of life", "Life is stronger, more energetic and hopeful in injury"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9517, "answer": 3, "text": "F, G, H and J are university classmates. They all took part in the postgraduate examination, but in the end, only one person was admitted to the postgraduate examination. The other three became composers, high school teachers and civil servants. During the review of the graduate exam, one day they sat together to predict everyone's future life. F said: G will definitely not become a composer; G: H will definitely be admitted to graduate school; H: J will not become a civil servant; J predicts that he will marry a foreign wife in the future. But only one of their predictions was correct, and the person who was correct was admitted to graduate school.", "question": "Which of the followings can be inferred from this to be false?", "options": ["J did not marry a foreigner", "F was admitted to graduate school", "G became a high school teacher", "H became a civil servant"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8533, "answer": 0, "text": "Skepticism is a rhetorical method formed by flexible use of selective questions, which asks questions side by side with two or more questions, but does not require the reader to choose one of them, but makes the reader question. When the language is coherent, all doubts will be dispelled.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following uses skeptical rhetoric?", "options": ["How heavy is the water, how heavy is the mountain? The water surrounds the mountains and surrounds the city of Guilin... Is it a mountain city, is it a water city? All in green mountains and green waters...", "Which star has no light? Which flower has no fragrance? Sea, when was there no clear sound of your waves in my thoughts?", "I have traveled a lot of roads. Where have I ever seen a road full of thorns like this?I have traveled a lot of roads. Where have I seen such a rugged and difficult road? No", "Ah, Huang Jiguang, Liu Hulan. Aren't all the flowers cultivated by the Party and irrigated by the showers of communism? What other flowers in the world can compete with them?"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3330, "answer": 2, "text": "Court mediation refers to the activity in which the two parties voluntarily reach an agreement on civil rights and interests through equal consultation under the auspices of the judges of the people's court, so as to resolve the dispute.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is court mediation?", "options": ["The forestry authority and agricultural authority in some area conflicted due to their overlapping authority and sued the court, which reached an agreement and withdrew the lawsuit under the mediation of the superior authority", "The two families had a dispute over a small matter, fought a long and costly lawsuit, and both felt it was not worth it, so they settled privately and dropped the lawsuit", "One of the couples asked for a divorce, the other was indecisive, and then the judge made them reconcile on the basis of telling them right and wrong", "Two sisters close open a barber shop, because share out bonus issue produces dispute after, but when they are about to make go to court, reach understanding eventually"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7765, "answer": 1, "text": "It is often said that reading can increase knowledge and cultivate temperament. Some experts have pointed out that reading can also cure diseases, especially for mental illnesses caused by some social factors, such as depression, depression, panic, worry, etc., reading has a good effect.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, can best support the opinions of the above-mentioned experts?", "options": ["Reading can prompt patients to change their way of thinking, improve their cognitive ability, re-understand the world and recognize themselves", "Patients can get emotional recognition and comfort from reading intentionally or unintentionally, and release their inner anxiety and anxiety", "Liu Xiang, an enquirer at the University of the Han Dynasty, attaches great importance to the medical effect of reading", "Reading can produce a neuropeptide in the brain, which can enhance cellular immunity and is beneficial to human health"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10693, "answer": 0, "text": "Adobe is an ideal material for building in desert environments. It conducts heat very slowly. As a result, a house built of adobe retains the warmth of the desert sun during the cool evenings and then remains cool during the heat of the day, thereby helping to maintain a pleasant temperature. In contrast, houses built of other commonly used building materials, which conduct heat more rapidly, grow hot during the day and cold at night.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion drawn in the argument above?", "options": ["Adobe is an especially suitable material to use for building houses in desert environments.", "Because adobe conducts heat very slowly, adobe houses maintain a pleasant, constant temperature.", "In the desert, adobe buildings remain cool during the heat of the day but retain the warmth of the sun during the cool evenings.", "Ideally, a material used for building houses in desert environments should enable those houses to maintain a pleasant, constant temperature."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5487, "answer": 3, "text": "In recent years, especially in the first tier cities, the proportion of buyers who buy first-hand new houses instead of second-hand houses has fallen. Some buyers believe that this is due to the rise of first-hand new house prices. As the basis for price rise, they use data to prove that even through inflation adjustment, the purchase price paid by first-hand new house buyers is much higher than the house price a few years ago", "question": "which of the following options can best explain the lack of persuasion of the above-mentioned property buyers?", "options": ["The value of new houses purchased has fallen much faster than that of second-hand houses", "The decline in the proportion of buyers of new houses must mean that the proportion of buyers of second-hand houses has increased", "The relative increase in sales of second-hand houses may be explained by the decision of only a small share of all home buyers", "Data show that the purchase price paid by second-hand house buyers is also much higher than the house price a few years ago"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13442, "answer": 0, "text": "Letter to the editor: Middle-class families in wealthy nations are often criticized for the ecological damage resulting from their lifestyles. This criticism should not be taken too seriously, however, since its source is often a movie star or celebrity whose own lifestyle would, if widely adopted, destroy the environment and deplete our resources in a short time.", "question": "The reasoning in the letter to the editor is vulnerable to criticism in that it", "options": ["criticizes a characteristic of the people giving an argument rather than criticizing the argument itself", "takes failure to act consistently with a belief as an indication of the sincerity with which that belief is held", "fails to recognize that evidence advanced in support of a conclusion actually undermines that conclusion", "presumes that a viewpoint must be unreasonable to accept simply because some of the grounds advanced to support it do not adequately do so"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11342, "answer": 0, "text": "Court analyst: Courts should not allow the use of DNA tests in criminal cases. There exists considerable controversy among scientific experts about how reliable these tests are. Unless there is widespread agreement in the scientific community about how reliable a certain test is, it is unreasonable for the courts to allow evidence based on that test.", "question": "The court analyst's reasoning is flawed because it fails to take into account that", "options": ["experts may agree that the tests are highly reliable while disagreeing about exactly how reliable they are", "there are also controversies about reliability of evidence in noncriminal cases", "the standard against which evidence in a criminal case is measured should not be absolute certainty", "data should not be admitted as evidence in a court of law without scientific witnesses having agreed about how reliable they are"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 76, "answer": 3, "text": "Richard Layard, professor at the London School of Economics: There exists paradox in our lives. Most people want to get higher and higher incomes and work hard to achieve this. But despite the increasing abundance of Western society, people do not feel happier and happier. Economic growth does not guarantee to make people happier. To say something good, it is in vain to pursue material wealth, and the more likely result is to make people even unhappier.", "question": "According to Richard Layard, which of the following statement is incorrect?", "options": [" Happiness has nothing to do with people's income", " People with higher incomes are less happy", " People who want to be happy should not have high incomes", " Happiness is not just measured by income"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6100, "answer": 1, "text": "Some people say that all knowledge is scientific, all science is colorless, and in the pursuit of knowledge, we should know the attitude of no color. If this statement is not expanded at will, I also agree. But we should know that as long as we are a living person, there must be color. There must be a power of color in the pursuit of colorless knowledge, This driving force not only determines the direction and results of a person's pursuit of knowledge, but also determines whether a person is sincere in knowledge.", "question": "What does the power of color in this passage mean?", "options": ["Research attitude", "Value orientation", "Moral standard", "Hobby"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11062, "answer": 1, "text": "To win democratic elections that are not fully subsidized by the government, nonwealthy candidates must be supported by wealthy patrons. This makes plausible the belief that these candidates will compromise their views to win that support. But since the wealthy are dispersed among the various political parties in roughly equal proportion to their percentage in the overall population, this belief is false.", "question": "The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider that", "options": ["in democracies, government-subsidized elections ensure that the views expressed by the people who run for office might not be overly influenced by the opinions of the wealthiest people in those countries", "in democracies in which elections are not fully subsidized by the government, positions endorsed by political parties might be much less varied than the positions taken by candidates", "the primary function of political parties in democracies whose governments do not subsidize elections might not be to provide a means of negating the influence of wealth on elections", "a democracy in which candidates do not compromise their views in order to be elected to office might have other flaws"], "type": {}}
{"id": 7276, "answer": 1, "text": "Zhao section chief and Qian section chief's ability is stronger than sun section chief, Li section chief's ability is inferior to sun section chief and Sun section chief's ability.", "question": "If the ability of director sun is not as good as that of director Zhou, which of the options is the worst?", "options": ["Section Chief Zhao.", "Section Chief Li.", "Section Chief Zhou.", "Section Chief Sun."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5879, "answer": 3, "text": "There is a multiple-choice paper with 6 questions, and the scoring standard is: 8 points for a correct answer, 0 points for a wrong answer, and 2 points for no answer.", "question": "If a classmate scored 20 points, he?", "options": ["Get at least one question right", "There are at least three questions left unanswered", "Answer at least three short questions correctly", "Answer two questions wrong"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2133, "answer": 0, "text": "At present, people obtain electricity by building dams on rivers and building hydropower stations, but there are few places on the earth suitable for dams, and dams will also destroy the ecological environment. In contrast, the surface of the earth covered by the ocean. The waves on the sea are rolling, Day and night, there is a huge amount of energy, the collection of wave energy is suitable for a wide sea area, and the ecological environment is less damaged. Therefore, collecting wave energy for power generation will have more advantages than building a dam on a river.", "question": "If which of the following is true, the above point of view can't be questioned?", "options": ["It is estimated that the wave energy that can be developed and utilized in the world is up to 2.5 TW. At present, some low-power wave energy equipment has been promoted to be used in navigation buoys, lighthouses, etc.", "The flow direction of the river is relatively stable, while the waves are the slow motion of sea water, and the direction is not fixed. The efficiency of the generator set up under this condition is very low.", "Whether it is to build a tower on the seabed to support power generation, or to fix the generator on the seabed, it will cost a lot of money, and the cost is much more expensive than a river power station.", "The water energy of the river water is easy to collect, while the wave energy in the deep sea area and the open ocean is difficult to extract, and the available wave energy is limited to the places close to the coast."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10517, "answer": 0, "text": "A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.", "question": "Which of the following two people can't go to the United States together?", "options": ["H and W", "G and W \u3000", "G and H", "M and U"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 391, "answer": 1, "text": "Social promotion, also known as social encouragement, refers to the phenomenon that when individuals engage in a certain activity, others are present to promote the completion of their activities and improve their activity efficiency.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is not a social promotion?", "options": ["When students are doing mathematical calculations, teachers' watching can make students fully use their brains.", "Xiao Wang picked up Uncle Li who fell to the ground. He felt he had done something meaningful.", "When employees are in production, if the factory manager stands in the workshop, the efficiency of the employees will be greatly improved.", "When a football player walks into the stadium, he will be very motivated to see that the stadium is full of seats."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9826, "answer": 0, "text": "According to the data of the National Health Commission, about 1/3 of primary and secondary school students spend less than an hour a day exercising outdoors, and more than 70 percent of primary and secondary school students do not get enough sleep. At the same time, stress also has an impact on the health of teenagers, and the rate of myopia is on the rise, mainly because homework takes too long. For this reason, some education departments believe that a good night's sleep may be more important for children. With the consent of the parents, the child may not do the unfinished homework after the specified sleep time. But parents are not happy because they worry that their children will eventually have to go to low-quality schools.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, is most helpful to explain parents' concerns?", "options": ["Although the new rules may reduce the burden of students' homework, under the current rules, universities choose students according to the results of the college entrance examination.", "Artificial intelligence-assisted teaching will be carried out in the future, and the time students will spend on homework will be greatly reduced.", "Some studies have proved that a good sleep can improve learning efficiency and help to improve academic performance.", "The admission mechanism of colleges and universities will be reformed. While paying attention to students' achievements, they will also pay more attention to their comprehensive quality."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 88, "answer": 3, "text": "Will the technological revolution aggravate unemployment? This is a problem that has plagued people for a long time. From some statistics, people have found an interesting phenomenon. Although the United States has invested heavily in computer technology and other areas over the past years, its current unemployment rate (approximately 5.5%) is not higher than the unemployment rate in the early 1960s, while the unemployment rate in Western Europe is 11%, where investment in computers has always been less than in the United States.", "question": "Which of the following can be logically deduced from the above?", "options": [" Development of information technology has a very board prospect", " Information technology needs to develop faster", " Information technology will not cause unemployment", " Development of information technology will not increase unemployment"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10558, "answer": 1, "text": "Philosopher: In the 18th century, a paper on the absolutism of motion asserted that the change in position of one object over time could be measured without reference to the position of any other object. However, one respected physicist claimed that the paper was incoherent. Since an incoherent treatise cannot be considered a description of reality, motion cannot be absolute.", "question": "Which of the following methods or techniques does the philosopher use in his argument?", "options": ["Use technical terms to convince others.", "Relying on the authority of an expert to support a premise.", "Reasonable when using experimental results to illustrate the mentioned position changes.", "Observing that something is certain under experimental conditions, it follows that it is the same under any conditions."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3169, "answer": 0, "text": "Unit crime: refers to an act that endangers the society and should be punished according to law by a company, enterprise, institution, organ or organization that seeks benefits for the unit and is committed in the name of the unit after being decided by the decision-making body or the person in charge of the unit.", "question": "Which of the followings is unit crime?", "options": ["The person in charge of a milk production enterprise decided to mix expired milk into fresh milk for packaging and sale, making a profit of more than 500000 yuan. Later, the food poisoning incident was exposed", "The financial department of an enterprise forged the company's seal and signed the bill. After he owed a huge amount of compensation, he was ready to escape and finally went to prison", "Li, the person in charge of a company, distributed the huge year-end profits to his subordinates in the form of dividends in the name of the company", "Chen, a salesman of a company, used the name of the general manager of the company to commit fraud and squandered more than 100000 yuan of stolen money within one month"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14319, "answer": 3, "text": "A company decided to scan all of its salespersons' important work that existed only in paper form into a central computer database that could be easily accessed using portable computers, thereby saving salespersons the effort of lugging their paper files all over the country. The project was a dismal failure, however; salespersons rarely accessed the database and continued to rely on many paper files, which they had refused to tum over to the staff responsible for creating the database.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to account for the failure described above?", "options": ["All of the salespersons were required to attend a series of training sessions for the new database software even though many of them found the software easy to use even without training.", "The number of staff required to create the database turned out to be larger than anticipated, and the company had to pay overtime wages to some of them.", "Most of the salespersons already had portable computers before the new database was created.", "The papers that the salespersons found most important all contained personal information about employees of client companies, which the salespersons did not want in a central database."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13241, "answer": 2, "text": "Aroca County' s public schools are supported primarily by taxes on property. The county plans to eliminate the property tax and support schools with a new three percent sales tax on all retail items sold in the county. Three percent of current retail sales is less than the amount collected through property taxes, but implementation of the plan would not necessarily reduce the amount of money going to Aroca County public schools, because __.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the argument?", "options": ["many Aroca County residents have already left the county because of its high property taxes", "retailers in Aroca County are not likely to absorb the sales tax by reducing the pretax price of their goods", "a shopping mall likely to draw shoppers from neighboring counties , which have much higher sales-tax rates, is about to open in Aroca county", "at least some Aroca County parents are likely to use the money they will save on property taxes to send their children to private schools not funded by the county"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7537, "answer": 3, "text": "Somewhere along the way, the term leftover woman was coined to refer to single, well-educated, older urban women who are under great pressure to find a mate. The average age at which Chinese women marry is indeed rising. In Shanghai, the number has increased from 29 in 2007 to 30.3 in 2013. Marriage rates drop sharply after women turn 30, but by the age of 35, more than 90 percent of Chinese women are married and there are not many leftover women. The phenomenon of leftover women in China is not as serious as it might seem.", "question": "Which of the following, if true,What is not the cause of the leftover women phenomenon exist in China?", "options": ["The idea that women should marry men better than themselves has had an effect on the best women", "Many older women do not think marriage is a simple matter of men and women, they insist on love before marriage", "Men generally avoid women their own age or older", "The value of women is not in a marriage, but in the contribution they make to society over the long term"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14674, "answer": 3, "text": "The Blackridge Company, a software retailer, recently implemented a service offering free telephone support for its customers. After 3 months of service, the average length of a technical support call was 15 minutes, 3 minutes higher than the company's target length of 12 minutes. After studying the operations of the new telephone support division, the company discovered that customer support agents were putting customers on hold for an average of 4 minutes per call while these agents researched possible solutions to the technical issues at hand.", "question": "From the passage above, it can be inferred that the Blackridge Company could reduce the average length of its customer support calls by doing which of the following, assuming that each is a realistic possibility?", "options": ["Providing an online support service in addition to the telephone support service", "Expanding the hours of operation of its telephone support service", "Improving the quality of its software products", "Better training customer support agents in the technical aspects of the software"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10067, "answer": 2, "text": "There are 7 heart disease patients E, F, G, H, I, J, K to be assigned to 4 doctors for treatment, they are Dr. Zhang, Dr. Li, Dr. Wang and Dr. Liu. Only one doctor can be responsible for each patient, and each doctor is responsible for the treatment of up to two patients. Among the patients, J and K are children, and the remaining 5 are adults; E, F, and J are male, and the remaining 4 are female. The following conditions must be met: (1) Dr. Zhang is only responsible for treating male patients. (2) Dr. Li can only be responsible for the treatment of 1 patient. (3) If a doctor is responsible for the treatment of a child, he must be responsible for the treatment of an adult of the same sex as the child.", "question": "If E is treated by Dr. Wang, which of the followings must be true?", "options": ["F was treated by Dr. Li.", "H was treated by Dr. Liu.", "G is treated by Dr. Wang.", "K was treated by Dr. Liu."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10925, "answer": 0, "text": "Environment minister: Because of our concern about global warming, this country has committed itself to reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide substantially over the next ten years. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, planting large numbers of trees will help us fulfill our commitment.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the environment minister's argument?", "options": ["When ground is disturbed in the course of planting trees, more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by rotting organic matter in the soil than the new trees will absorb in ten years.", "Owners of large tracts of private land are usually unwilling to plant trees unless they are given a financial incentive for doing so.", "Many climate researchers believe that global warming is such an urgent problem that carbon dioxide emissions should be substantially reduced in less than ten years.", "Gases other than carbon dioxide contribute to global warming, and trees do not absorb any of these other gases."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7096, "answer": 3, "text": "The relative number of intensity is the ratio of two different but related indexes, which is used to explain the comprehensive index of intensity, density and universality of phenomenon.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is the relative number of intensity?", "options": ["In 2006, China's GDP per capita exceeded $2,000.", "In 2007, the average monthly salary of urban employees in a certain region was 1,800 yuan.", "The ratio of GDP per capita between the United States and China is about 20:1.", "In January 2008, the labor productivity in one area was 3,000 yuan per person."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8812, "answer": 0, "text": "There are six switches S, T, W, X, Y, and Z in a circuit. The following conditions must be met to use these switches: (1) If W is turned on, then X should also be turned on; (2) Only when S is turned off , thenT can also be turned off; (3) T and X cannot be turned on at the same time, nor can they be turned off at the same time; (4) If Y and Z are turned on at the same time, W must also be turned on.", "question": "If both S and Z are now turned on, which of the followings must be true?", "options": ["T is turned on and Y is turned off.", "Both T and Y are turned off.", "Both W and T are turned on.", "X is turned on and Y is turned off."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3871, "answer": 3, "text": "Privacy right refers to the right not to violate the law, in order to protect the reputation and image of the individual, to its personal behavior and personal materials confidential, not to let others illegally learned.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is privacy right?", "options": ["The star refused to disclose to a judicial authority the right to have a close relationship with a person suspected of corruption", "The criminal suspect has the right to keep his actions at the time of the crime confidential to the judicial organ", "The right of corruption suspects to keep secret the source of their income from the media", "Officials denied the press the right to acknowledge an extramarital relationship with a woman"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10994, "answer": 3, "text": "A famous artist once claimed that all great art imitates nature. If this claim is correct, then any music that is great art would imitate nature. But while some music may imitate ocean waves or the galloping of horses, for example, most great music imitates nothing at all.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the argument?", "options": ["Music is inferior to the other arts.", "Like some great music, some great painting and sculpture may fail to imitate nature.", "Sounds that do not imitate nature are not great music.", "Either the artist's claim is incorrect, or most great music is not great art."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13752, "answer": 3, "text": "The folk medicine of many different cultures has extolled the use of garlic both to prevent and to cure many diseases. Modern medical research is absorbing some of these beliefs. Recent studies indicate that many of the more than 50 sulphur compounds that can be produced from garlic (depending upon whether it is boiled, fried in oil, or dried) have medicinal utility. Some of these compounds lower blood cholesterol, others reduce platelet clumping, while still others shrink some kinds of tumors. Other plants and herbs recommended by traditional medicine may also prove valuable for medicine generally.", "question": "Each of the following statements is supported by the information above EXCEPT:", "options": ["Research on some traditional medications has yet to be conducted by modern medical researchers.", "It can be medically beneficial to reduce platelet clumping or to lower blood cholesterol.", "The belief that garlic is an effective way to prevent or cure some diseases is not limited to a small number of closely related cultures.", "Garlic that is neither boiled, fried in oil, nor dried has no medicinal value."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3705, "answer": 3, "text": "The desert in northern China shrank greatly compared with the last glacial maximum from 26000 to 16000 years ago, and expanded obviously compared with the holocene warm period from 900 to 5000 years ago. Therefore, the researchers believe that the climate change, and even the ice amount change in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are the main factors affecting the surface environment changes of deserts and sandy lands in China.", "question": "If the following are true, which of the following can best strengthen the above argument?", "options": ["The use of biological and engineering measures to build a protection system is helpful to control desertification", "In an arid area in the northwest, because of the wind all the year round, crescent-shaped sand dunes have formed", "The Sahara Desert is located on both sides of the tropic of Cancer, controlled by the subtropical high pressure zone, and has a hot and dry climate", "During a certain period of time, the temperature in northern China rose, rainfall increased, and the area of quicksand shrank by half than before"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7576, "answer": 3, "text": "Through the investigation, it is found that if Liaoning team gets the right to qualify, then Jiangsu team or Anhui team will also get the right to qualify. If Jiangsu team and Shandong team get the right to qualify, then Jiangxi team will get the right to qualify, and only Jiangxi team and Shanxi team will get the right to qualify, and Shaanxi team can get the right to qualify.", "question": "It is impossible for Jiangxi team to get the right to qualify, so which of the following is true?", "options": ["Anhui team cannot get the right to qualify", "Liaoning team cannot get the right to qualify", "Jiangsu team cannot get the right to qualify", "Shanxi team cannot get the right to qualify"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1886, "answer": 2, "text": "With the increasing intensity of the US presidential campaign, a political advertisement appeared on the website of an anti-Bush democratic political group called moving forward, comparing Bush to Nazi head Hitler, causing anger among Republicans and American Jewish groups. In fact, this controversial advertisement is only one of the entries in the Bush 30 seconds political advertising contest launched by the moving forward website, and there are as many as 1512 advertisements attacking Bush's erroneous policy from all aspects.", "question": "Which of the following is the main content of this text?", "options": ["Bush was attacked by the opposition during the increasingly fierce presidential campaign", "Anti-Bush American political groups compared him to the Nazi head of state Hitler", "Bush's erroneous policy was attacked by as many as 1512 advertisements", "The malicious attack on Bush aroused the anger of the Republican Party and the Jewish community in the United States"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1799, "answer": 1, "text": "China is setting off an investment boom in 3D printing. In the face of the broad prospect of 3 D printing, various places have built 3 D printing industrial parks and introduced various preferential policies. But enthusiasm is not enough to develop the emerging technology of 3D printing. In the 3D printing industry chain, the constraints of key technologies, materials and software need to be broken through. 3D printing technology is still in its infancy. If a large number of enterprises and capital pour into the 3 D printing industry, it will not produce benefits in a short period of time.", "question": "Which of the following options is intended to be explained in this paragraph?", "options": ["The application range of 3D printing needs to be fully excavated", "The development of 3D printing technology encounters a bottleneck", "Policies should be introduced to encourage the development of 3D printing technology", "Funds should not pour into the field of 3D printing blindly"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14673, "answer": 1, "text": "Water vapor evaporated from the ocean contains a greater proportion of oxygen-16 and a smaller proportion of the heavier oxygen-18 than does seawater. Normally, this phenomenon has no effect on the overall composition of the ocean, because evaporated seawater returns to the ocean through precipitation. During an ice age, however, a large amount of precipitation falls on ice caps, where it is trapped as ice.", "question": "Which one of the following conclusions about a typical ice age is most strongly supported by the statements above?", "options": ["The proportions of oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 are the same in vapor from seawater as in the seawater itself.", "The concentration of oxygen-18 in seawater is increased.", "During the ice age, more of the Earth's precipitation falls over land than falls over the ocean.", "The composition of seawater changes more slowly than it does in interglacial periods."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7127, "answer": 2, "text": "Interpol Wang returned to the Bureau after investigating a murder scene. The guard Lao Zhang asked him what the result was. Wang said he knew that the murderer had been to the scene. Lao Zhang knew that Interpol Wang was teasing him, because he didn't need Wang to tell him at all. He knew that if someone was a murderer, he must be at the scene at the time of the crime.", "question": "According to the answer, which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["If Zhang San was at the scene of the crime, he was a murderer.", "If Li Si was not a murderer, he would not be at the scene at the time of the crime.", "If Wang Wu was not at the scene of the crime, he would not be a murderer.", "Even if Xu Liu is not at the crime scene, he may be a murderer."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4151, "answer": 1, "text": "The current reforms in China means the reorganization and innovation of the social structure. The marketization of economy and the democratization of politics are the two wheels of modern society. But the development of democratic politics depends not only on the construction of democratic system, but also on the cultural identity of democratic system. Without this, democratic politics both lacks the source, and can appear the situation of operation invalidation.", "question": "Which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["To build democratic politics, we must first build democratic system.", "The precondition of building democratic politics is to have democratic political culture.", "As long as the economy develops, we can develop democratic politics.", "The implementation of democratic politics is beneficial to social progress under any circumstances."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10576, "answer": 0, "text": "Among people who have a history of chronic trouble falling asleep, some rely only on sleeping pills to help them fall asleep, and others practice behavior modification techniques and do not take sleeping pills. Those who rely only on behavior modification fall asleep more quickly than do those who rely only on sleeping pills, so behavior modification is more effective than are sleeping pills in helping people to fall asleep.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?", "options": ["The people who are the most likely to take sleeping pills rather than practice behavior modification techniques are those who have previously had the most trouble falling asleep.", "People who do not take sleeping pills spend at least as many total hours asleep each night as do the people who take sleeping pills.", "Most people who have trouble falling asleep and who use behavior modification techniques fall asleep more slowly than do most people who have no trouble falling asleep.", "The people who are the most likely to practice behavior modification techniques rather than take sleeping pills are those who prefer not to use drugs if other treatments are available."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12446, "answer": 3, "text": "Many athletes inhale pure oxygen after exercise in an attempt to increase muscular reabsorption of oxygen. Measured continuously after exercise, however, the blood lactate levels of athletes who inhale pure oxygen are practically identical, on average, to those of athletes who breathe normal air. The lower the blood lactate level is, the higher the muscular reabsorption of oxygen is.", "question": "If the statements above are all true, they most strongly support which of the following conclusions?", "options": ["The amount of oxygen reabsorbed by an athlete's muscles always remains constant.", "The inhaling of pure oxygen has no legitimate role in athletics.", "High blood lactate levels cannot be reduced.", "Athletes' muscular reabsorption of oxygen is not increased when they inhale pure oxygen instead of normal air."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10636, "answer": 1, "text": "Linguist: Each language has a word that captures a concept or emotional state in a way that no other language does. To capture such a breadth of expression, an artificial language should be created that contains words corresponding to all the different concepts and emotional states captured by the world's languages. That is not to say that such a language would contain as many words as there are in all the world's languages. Rather, only for those words that have no corresponding word in another language. While such a plan is hugely ambitious, the resulting language would be more thorough than any existing language.", "question": "The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?", "options": ["It is possible for one person to learn all of the world's existing languages.", "The range of concepts and emotional states is the only indication of a language's thoroughness.", "Extinct languages do not offer up words that capture concepts and emotional states in ways that fundamentally differ from those of existing languages.", "Each year hundreds of the world's languages go extinct, once there are no longer any native speakers remaining."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13434, "answer": 2, "text": "Armstrong: For the treatment of a particular disease, Dr. Sullivan argues for using nutritional supplements rather than the pharmaceuticals that most doctors prescribe. But this is in his self-interest since he is paid to endorse a line of nutritional supplements. Thus, we should not use nutritional supplements in treating the disease.", "question": "Armstrong's argument is flawed in that it", "options": ["relies solely on an appeal to an authority whose trustworthiness should not necessarily be taken for granted", "appeals to people's emotions regarding the treatment of disease rather than to the efficacy of the two approaches to treatment", "criticizes Dr. Sullivan's motives for holding a position rather than addressing the position itself", "fails to justify its presumption that nutritional supplements cannot be used in conjunction with other treatments"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1938, "answer": 0, "text": "Two kinds of things have opposite characteristics in nature, size, appearance and so on. When people recognize one thing, they will think of another thing from the opposite. This kind of association is called contrastive association.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options uses contrastive association?", "options": ["Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Xiang: the swallows under the eaves of Wang Dao and Xie An have now flown into the homes of ordinary people.", "Su Shi's nostalgia for Nujiao Chibi and nostalgia: the river flows eastward, and the surging waves sweep away all the heroes of the ages. To the west of the old camp, people say that is Chibi where Zhou Yu fought fiercely during the three Kingdoms period. ", "Li Yu, when is the Spring Flower and Autumn Moon of Yu Beauty: the carefully carved railings and jade steps should still be there, but the people I miss are old. Ask me how much sorrow there is in my heart, just like the endless surging spring water. . ", "Guan Yi in the Book of songs: the turtledove lives on a small continent in the river. A virtuous and beautiful woman is a good spouse for a gentleman. "], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3873, "answer": 3, "text": "The content of the law of exclusion is that in the same thinking process, two contradictory thoughts for the same object must be true and not false at the same time. The content of the law of contradiction is: in the same thinking process, any thought They cannot conflict with each other, and they cannot affirm a thought and negate it at the same time; because a thought and its negation cannot be both true at the same time.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following violates the law of exclusion?", "options": ["The suspect gave conflicting statements in court, first saying that the extended statements of all the witnesses in the case were credible and then that some of them were not", "The dean commented on Professor Zhang's age: Professor Zhang is 40 years old, which is not young, but of all the professors in our college, Professor Zhang is the youngest", "The reporter said at a conference on protecting children's rights that it is wrong to teach children to sacrifice their own lives; Later, in a lecture to parents, he said it was wrong not to teach children to sacrifice themselves", "They think that socialist consciousness should not be instilled into the minds of young people, but they think that it is wrong to deny this statement."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12638, "answer": 1, "text": "The current proposal to give college students a broader choice in planning their own courses of study should be abandoned. The students who are supporting the proposal will never be satisfied, no matter what requirements are established. Some of these students have reached their third year without declaring a major. One first-year student has failed to complete four required courses. Several others have indicated a serious indifference to grades and intellectual achievement.", "question": "A flaw in the argument is that it does which one of the following?", "options": ["distorts the proposal advocated by opponents", "avoids the issue by focusing on supporters of the proposal", "uses the term student equivocally", "argues circularly by assuming the conclusion is true in stating the premises"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10864, "answer": 3, "text": "Complaints that milk bottlers take enormous markups on the bottled milk sold to consumers are most likely to arise when least warranted by the actual spread between the price that bottlers pay for raw milk and the price at which they sell bottled milk. The complaints occur when the bottled-milk price rises, yet these price increases most often merely reflect the rising price of the raw milk that bottlers buy from dairy farmers. When the raw-milk price is rising, the bottlers' markups are actually smallest proportionate to the retail price. When the raw-milk price is falling, however, the markups are greatest.", "question": "If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?", "options": ["Consumers pay more for bottled milk when raw-milk prices are falling than when these prices are rising.", "Consumers tend to complain more about the price they pay for bottled milk when dairy farmers are earning their smallest profits.", "Increases in dairy farmers' cost of producing milk are generally not passed on to consumers.", "Milk bottlers generally do not respond to a decrease in raw-milk prices by straightaway proportionately lowering the price of the bottled milk they sell."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11209, "answer": 0, "text": "Although the pesticide TDX has been widely used by fruit growers since the early 1960' s, a regulation in force since 1960 has prohibited sale of fruit on which any TDX residue can be detected. That regulation is about to be replaced by one that allows sale of fruit on which trace amounts of TDX residue are detected. In fact, however, the change will not allow more TDX on fruit than was allowed in the 1960' s, because __.", "question": "Which of the following most logically completes the argument?", "options": ["pre-1970 techniques for detecting TDX residue could detect it only when it was present on fruit in more than the trace amounts allowed by the new regulations", "at least a small fraction of the fruit sold each year since the early 1960's has had on it greater levels of TDX than the regulation allows", "many more people today than in the 1960's habitually purchase and eat fruit without making an effort to clean residues off the fruit", "the presence of TDX on fruit in greater than trace amounts has not been shown to cause any harm even to children who eat large amounts of fruit"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6301, "answer": 3, "text": "In terms of novel concept, it is an inevitable road from truth to fiction, and Chinese novelists are also on this inevitable road, consciously or unconsciously moving away from historical narration. At the same time, from the rise and prosperity of vernacular books to imitative vernacular books, short stories and novels, Chinese novelists absorb the nutrients of various language forms, moving away from the classical Chinese tradition on the road of gradual evolution from the vernacular language tradition.", "question": "With regard to the two moving away of Chinese novelists mentioned in this paragraph, which one of the followings is incorrect in explaining the meaning of them?", "options": ["Chinese novelists got rid of the narrative mode with historical stories as the theme, such as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Water Margin.", "Chinese novelists deviated from the classical Chinese narrative style, which was elegant and exquisite, but lacked the characteristics of simplicity and popularity.", "Chinese novelists absorbed the nutrients of various language forms which made the language of novel creation more colorful.", "Chinese novelists abandoned the traditional creative methods of Chinese novels, and completely moved towards another creative road that deviated from the tradition."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7870, "answer": 3, "text": "The four offices of a certain agency, A, B, C, and D, are preparing for in-depth investigations at the grassroots level. The places they are preparing to investigate are Hongxing Township, Chaoyang Township, Yongfeng Street, and Xingfu Street. Each room chooses exactly one place and it is different. Known: (1) Either A chooses Xingfu Street, or B chooses Xingfu Street, and the two must be one of them;(2) either A chooses Red Star Township or C chooses Yongfeng County Street; (3) if C chooses Yongfeng County Street, D chooses Happy Street.", "question": "Based on the above statement, which of the following can be concluded?", "options": ["A choose Chaoyang Township.", "B choose Hongxing Township.", "C choose Xingfu Street.", "D chose Yongfeng Street."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11714, "answer": 3, "text": "Computer store manager: Last year we made an average of 13 percent profit on the high-end computer models -- those priced over $1, 000 -- that we sold, while low-end models -- those priced below $1, 000 -- typically returned at least 25 percent profit. Since there is a limit to how many models we can display and sell, we should sell only low-end models. This would maximize our profits, since we would probably sell as many low-end models if that is all we sold as we would sell both kinds combined if we continued to sell both.", "question": "The reasoning in the manager's argument is vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds?", "options": ["The argument ignores the possibility that some customers who come into a computer store expecting to purchase a low-end model end up purchasing a high-end model.", "The argument fails to address the possibility that, despite the price differential, the store sold as many high-end models as low-end models last year.", "The argument fails to recognize that future sales of low-end computers may not be the same as past sales.", "The argument fails to consider the possibility that the money earned on each high-end computer is significantly higher than the money earned on each low-end computer."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5889, "answer": 0, "text": "According to a report by the People's Daily on November 22, 2000, from January to October that year, Jilin Province's industrial profits were 7.64 billion yuan, an increase of nearly 6 times over the same period last year. State-owned enterprises reduced losses by 1.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 42.2%. The profit is 6.74 billion yuan, an increase of 8 times, and these two indicators are in the forefront of the country.", "question": "According to the statistics from January to October of that year, which of the following statements is correct?", "options": ["Jilin Province's state-owned enterprises have achieved an overall turnaround from loss to profit", "Jilin Province's state-owned enterprises have not achieved an overall turnaround from loss to profit", "Jilin Province's industrial growth rate ranks among the best in the country", "Jilin Province has made significant progress in establishing a modern enterprise system"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10858, "answer": 1, "text": "For a trade embargo against a particular country to succeed, a high degree of both international accord and ability to prevent goods from entering or leaving that country must be sustained. A total blockade of Patria's ports is necessary to an embargo, but such an action would be likely to cause international discord over the embargo.", "question": "The claims above, if true, most strongly support which of the following conclusions?", "options": ["The balance of opinion is likely to favor Patria in the event of a blockade.", "Any trade embargo against Patria would be likely to fail at some time.", "A naval blockade of Patria's ports would ensure that no goods enter or leave Patria.", "For a blockade of Patria's ports to be successful, international opinion must be unanimous."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7001, "answer": 3, "text": "At present, our country is in the critical stage of industrial structure adjustment. In the current world economic crisis, the sustainability of our existing foreign trade-oriented economic model is getting smaller and smaller. Agriculture is the safe haven of the economic crisis. Only by strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers and improving the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture and the competitiveness of the grain market, can we comprehensively increase the income of farmers, promote the great development of the rural economy and the great upgrading of the broad rural market demand, and expand domestic demand in an all-round way,promote the smooth transformation of China's export-oriented economy to inward-oriented economy.", "question": "Which of the following is the most accurate summary of the main point of this passage?", "options": ["At present, the most effective way to expand domestic demand in my country should be to vigorously develop agriculture", "The world economic crisis can be an opportunity for my country's economic transformation", "The focus of the current industrial structure adjustment in our country is the adjustment of agricultural production structure", "The policy of strengthening farmers and benefiting farmers is an inevitable requirement for the transformation of our country's current economic development mode"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 74, "answer": 1, "text": "The Marriage Law stipulates that any divorce is permitted if both parties voluntarily divorce. In a marriage case, only one party is willing to divorce.", "question": "Therefore, the court's sentence should be.", "options": [" Can't judge divorce", " Not sure to judge divorce", " Make the sentence after mutual agreement", " Divorce should be judged"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10925, "answer": 3, "text": "Researchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged. They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level. Such newly thin persons will, ttherefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate.", "question": "The conclusion of the argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?", "options": ["The amount of calories that a person usually burns in a day is determined more by the amount that is consumed that day than by the current weight of the individual.", "The metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.", "Researchers have not yet determined whether the metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can be accelerated by means of chemical agents.", "Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10772, "answer": 1, "text": "Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, <b> any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. </b> Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last years record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and <b> there is no reason to think that the new companies starting up this year will create more jobs per company than did last year' s start-ups. </b>So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last years record.", "question": "In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following ?", "options": ["The first is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is a claim that has been advanced In support of a position that the argument opposes.", "The first is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is a judgment advanced in support of the main conclusion of the argument.", "The first is a generalization that the argument seeks to establish; the second is a conclusion that the argument draws in order to support that generalization.", "The first provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a claim that the argument challenges."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11645, "answer": 1, "text": "Ten thousand years ago many communities in western Asia stopped procuring food by hunting and gathering and began instead to cultivate food. Archaeological evidence reveals that compared to their hunter-gatherer forebears, the early agricultural peoples ate a poorly balanced diet and had diet-related health problems, yet these peoples never returned to hunting and gathering.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the agricultural peoples of western Asia never returned to hunting and gathering?", "options": ["Both hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists sometimes depended on stored and preserved foods instead of fresh foods.", "An increase in population density at the time required a higher food production rate than hunting and gathering could provide.", "Thousands of years ago similar shifts from hunting and gathering to agriculture occurred in many other parts of the world.", "The plants and animals that the agricultural peoples began to cultivate continued to exist in the wild."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11775, "answer": 1, "text": "Some accountants calculate with simple adding machines, and some use complex computers. One can perform more calculations in less time with a computer than with an adding machine. Ttherefore, assuming the costs of using the two types of machines are equal, an accountant who uses a computer generally can earn more per hour than an accountant who uses an adding machine.", "question": "Which one of the following is an assumption that would make the conclusion in the passage a logical one?", "options": ["The more hours an accountant spends on the job, the more money he or she will earn.", "The more calculations an accountant performs, the more money he or she will earn.", "In general, accountants vary in terms of the number of calculations they make and the amount of money they earn.", "More accountants use computers than use adding machines."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2517, "answer": 1, "text": "Logicians say: if two plus two equals five, then the earth is square.", "question": "Which of the following is the same truth as the logicians say?", "options": ["If the earth is square, then 2 plus 2 equals 5", "If the earth is round, then 2 plus 2 does not equal 5", "2 plus 2 does not equal 5 or the earth is square", "2 plus 2 equals 5 or the earth is square"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 910, "answer": 1, "text": "The law of sufficient reason means that in the same thought and argument, a thought is always determined to be true for sufficient reasons. There are two logical requirements for the law of sufficient reason: first, the reason must be true; second, there must be a logical relationship between the reason and the inference.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings meets the law of sufficient reason?", "options": ["One's father is good at swimming, and his son is also good at swimming.", "She is methodical, so she must be a secretary.", "If it rains, the ground will be wet. It's raining now, so the ground must be wet.", "The mosquito defeated the lion, and the lion defeated all other animals. Therefore, the mosquito defeated all other animals."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 132, "answer": 0, "text": "The word totem comes from the Indian word totem, meaning its relatives, its mark. In the beliefs of primitive people, the people of this clan are believed to be derived from a certain species, that is, have a close affinity with a certain animal or natural objects. Therefore, totem belief has a relationship with ancestor worship. The second meaning of totem is sign. Totem sign plays an important role in primitive society, and it is the earliest social organization sign and symbol, it has the function of uniting the group, close blood relationship, maintaining social organization and distinguishing from each other", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is not a totem phenomenon?", "options": ["The Mongolian people regard heaven as the eternal supreme god, and the meaning of Genghis Khan is the king relies on power of heaven", "In the legend of the Dong people, its grandmother mates with a big patterned snake, breeds and reproduces the Dong minority", "A bird pole was put at the entrance of every village of the ancient Korean people as a symbol of the clan", "The Oroqen people call the male bear Yaya, which means grandfather, and the female bear Tai Tie, which means grandmother."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10506, "answer": 2, "text": "The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon that patients unknowingly take fake drugs that have no effect at all, but can get the same or even better effect as the real drug. The placebo effect is supported by many clinical studies. One explanation for this phenomenon is that people's expectations for the future will change the physiological state of the brain, which in turn causes physiological changes in the whole body.", "question": "Which of the following statements does not support the above explanation?", "options": ["The effect of placebo is the result of the joint action of many factors", "Placebo has no effect on Alzheimer's patients who have lost the ability to anticipate the future", "Some patients do not believe that the treatment will be effective, although the normal treatment, but their condition further worsened", "The subject was injected with saline and convinced that it was a painkiller, and the subject's brain then secreted the painkiller endorphin"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4652, "answer": 1, "text": "In New York, the price of women's handbags made of crocodile skin varies from 1500 to 4000 dollars according to size. Therefore, many people regard crocodile skin as a symbol of wealth.", "question": "Which of the followings can be infered", "options": ["People with crocodile skin are considered richer than people with gold and diamonds", "In order to show wealth, rich people may buy handbags made of crocodile skin", "Once people are rich, they all want to have a certain number of crocodile skin products", "People who own crocodile skin products are really rich"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8691, "answer": 2, "text": "In one study, 51 volunteers from middle school students were divided into a test group and a control group and trained in the same math skills. During the five-day training, the researchers used a technique called transcranial random noise stimulation to deliver mild shocks to areas of the brain thought to be related to computing power in 25 members of the test group. The results of subsequent tests showed that the ability to perform mathematical operations of the members of the test group was significantly higher than that of the control group. To their surprise, the improvement of this ability can last at least half a year. As a result, the researchers believe that to deliver mild shocks in the brain can improve the brain's ability to calculate.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, best supports the above view of the researchers?", "options": ["This kind of non-invasive stimulation is cheap and will not bring any pain to the human body.", "After delivering mild shocks to the brain, the blood flow between neurons in the brain increased significantly, but returned to normal after repeated stimulation.", "Before the experiment, the math scores of the two groups were about the same.", "Subjects with delivering mild shocks to the brain were more concerned about their behavior and were more focused during the test."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3527, "answer": 1, "text": "Prairie Restaurant is a famous old restaurant on the prairie, but it has some unwritten rules , if prairie restaurant sells both braised mutton and haggis soup on a certain day, it must also sell roast whole lamb; The restaurant never sells roast whole lamb on Sundays; ... People are familiar with these rules and take them for granted. In addition, we also know that Boss Wang only goes to eat at the Grassland Restaurant when he sells braised mutton.", "question": "If this assertion is true, which of the following must also be true?", "options": ["Boss Wang won't go to the Prairie Restaurant for dinner on Sunday", "If the Prairie Restaurant sells braised mutton on Sunday, it certainly does not sell haggis soup that day", "The Prairie Restaurant doesn't sell haggis soup on Sundays", "The Prairie Restaurant doesn't sell braised mutton only on Sundays"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12067, "answer": 2, "text": "Most people who shop for groceries no more than three times a month buy prepared frozen dinners regularly. In Hallstown most people shop for groceries no more than three times a month. Ttherefore, in Hallstown most people buy prepared frozen dinners regularly.", "question": "Which one of the following arguments has a flawed pattern of reasoning most like the flawed reasoning in the argument above?", "options": ["It is clear that Fernando's friends usually drive to school, since all of his friends can drive and all of his friends go to school.", "It is clear that John cannot drive, since he does not own a car and no one in his family who does not own a car can drive.", "It is clear that most people in Highland County drive sedans, since most people who commute to work drive sedans and most people in Highland County commute to work.", "It is clear that most drivers in West Ansland are safe drivers since there are very few driving accidents in West Ansland and most accidents there are not serious."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8048, "answer": 2, "text": "During the Olympic Games, a post said: when playing the national anthem, the Spanish team did not have a mouth, so it was very unpatriotic. It can be inferred that the Dream team led by Jordan is the most patriotic. When they accepted the prize, the team members were all wearing American flags. But the truth is that the Spanish national anthem has no lyrics at all. The U.S. national team is sponsored by Reebok, while Jordan's sponsor is Nike, who used the flag to cover Reebok's logo for their pledge of allegiance to Nike.", "question": "Which of the following options is suitable for the title of this paragraph?", "options": ["Myths and facts.", "Fact speak louder than words.", "Appearance and truth.", "Patriotism is not in the form."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4866, "answer": 3, "text": "Global warming has had a lot of effects on human beings, but also on other life on Earth. The increase of precipitation can improve vegetation, which is beneficial to the growth of rodents. The study shows that the increase in precipitation has enriched the vegetation in the already arid Inner Mongolia region. The food of rats was also increased, and the number of long-clawed sand rats increased.", "question": "Which of the following options best weakens the above conclusions?", "options": ["According to statistics, the vegetation coverage in some areas has not increased", "It is estimated that the global desertification area has increased in recent years", "The increase of vegetation in Inner Mongolia is closely related to ecological protection in recent years", "The increase of vegetation has increased the natural enemies of various animals, including rats"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 199, "answer": 2, "text": "The column settings of a literary journal website are usually adjusted at any time based on reader feedback and page views. In September last year, a batch of new columns appeared on the revised website. Among them, 5 columns are serials of comedy and humor, 3 columns are serials of long-form science fiction novels, and 2 columns are literary criticism. As of January this year, only 7 of these newly launched columns are still being updated, 5 of which are serials of comedy and humor.", "question": "If the above statement is true, which of the followings can be inferred?", "options": ["There is only one column in the category of literary criticism that continues to be updated.", "There is only one column in the category of long-form science fiction novel that continues to be updated.", "At least one column in the category of long-form science fiction novel has been offline.", "Compared with literary criticism, readers prefer serials of comedy and humor."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 714, "answer": 1, "text": "A unit plans to organize trade union activities to visit the nearby ancient town. It needs to count the number of participants. Xiao Chen said: if it doesn't rain, I have no reason not to go. Xiao Wang said: January 1 is my child's birthday, and I must accompany him at home. As long as it doesn't happen on this day, I can't go. Xiao Liu said: if it rains, I won't go. Xiao Zhang said: if someone goes, I will go. December 29 On Tuesday, the person in charge of the trade union informed that the trade union activity was scheduled for the day after tomorrow. I hope everyone can make arrangements, and the weather forecast says it is impossible to rain this week", "question": "This leads to:", "options": ["Xiao Zhang will go, Xiao Liu won't", "Xiao Zhang will go, Xiao Wang won't", "Xiao Chen, Xiao Liu and Xiao Zhang are sure to go", " Xiao Chen, Xiao Liu ,Xiao Wang and Xiao Zhang are sure to go"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13109, "answer": 1, "text": "Foster: Many species of extremely large North American mammals became extinct during the last ice age, which was also the time of the first human migration to North America. These species could not survive the dramatic changes wrought by this human migration. Fisch: Those extinctions were caused by the dramatic shift to a harsher climate. The climate changed so rapidly that the species could not adapt.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens Fisch's argument?", "options": ["Similar species living in parts of the world where there were dramatic changes in climate did not become extinct.", "The huge size of the mammals made it difficult for them to migrate the great distances to milder environments.", "Archaeological evidence reveals that the human migrants had a number of different kinds of large weapons.", "Human migration to other previously isolated areas has resulted in mammal species becoming extinct."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13621, "answer": 3, "text": "Spreading iron particles over the surface of the earth' s oceans would lead to an increase in phytoplankton, decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and thereby counteracting the greenhouse effect. But while counteracting the greenhouse effect is important, the side effects of an iron-seeding strategy have yet to be studied. Since the oceans represent such an important resource, this response to the greenhouse effect should not be implemented immediately.", "question": "The reasoning above most closely conforms to which one of the following principles?", "options": ["As long as there is a possibility that a strategy for solving a problem may instead exacerbate that problem, such a solution should not be adopted.", "We should not implement a problem-solving strategy if the consequences of doing so are more serious than the problem itself.", "A problem-solving strategy should be implemented if the side effects of the strategy are known.", "Implementing a problem-solving strategy that alters an important resource is impermissible if the consequences are not adequately understood."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7027, "answer": 1, "text": "In 1993, scholars pointed out that the examination system is closely related to the national education system and social situation of various countries, and the examination system of some countries is highly persistent and difficult to change;In some countries, the examination system is undergoing substantial or even rapid restructuring. In addition, the reform direction of examination system in different countries is also different", "question": "Which of the followings is this passage reflect the author's point of view?", "options": ["We should make a historical and objective evaluation of the examination system", "The recruitment system of colleges and universities has its own advantages and disadvantages, which is difficult to distinguish between the advantages and disadvantages", "We should reform the recruitment system of colleges and universities according to the specific situation of the country", "The foreign examination system has a long history and is worth learning from"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6753, "answer": 3, "text": "In order to increase the freshness of the news, many reports will choose the micro-cut of the small incision, and the economic news report is no exception. But in practice, this kind of report often makes the reader's perception too piecemeal and one-sided. For example, in the report of the financial crisis, tourism is deserted, real estate is unsalable at one time, and middle-class white-collar workers dare not spend it at the same time. What does the whole picture look like? At this time, the overall awareness of micro-cut is very important.", "question": "Which of the following is the author's attitude towards the micro-cut of economic news?", "options": ["be noncommittal", "In favor of", "be opposed to", "Dialectical"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6674, "answer": 3, "text": "No matter it is accurate, vivid or vivid, it is always appropriate to use the required words in terms of language.Only in this way can the concept expressed be accurate and make people feel bright. to put it mysteriously, there is still its tone and color in the words.", "question": "According to the above conclusion, which of the following is the most accurate restatement of the main idea of this passage?", "options": ["Language should be vivid and accurate", "Language is a mysterious thing", "The writing is mysterious", "The use of words should be appropriate"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6445, "answer": 3, "text": "In recent years, many companies have competed to develop brain-training game software. there are dozens of puzzle games on the market. Although this kind of software manual is written in a variety of ways, it only emphasizes two points when it comes to its functions: enhancing brain functions such as attention, memory and information processing speed and slowing down the inevitable decline of brain function with age. Almost all of these companies claim that their game software programs are based on the latest scientific research.", "question": "Which of the following is the content that this text is meant to emphasize?", "options": ["The development of puzzle game software is about to become a new industry", "The development of puzzle game software is based on the latest scientific research", "The development of puzzle game software will greatly improve people's intelligence quotient, so the promotion should be accelerated", "As a new thing, the scientific nature of the development of puzzle game software is worth discussing"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1804, "answer": 1, "text": "Modern media ecology shows a micro characteristic, in which fragmented information is connected and combined through chain systems such as social networks. If the media wants to survive, it is necessary to grasp the communication opportunities in each microchain and create possible hot spots of public opinion. Therefore, modern media should not only compete for the unique interpretation power of information, but also arrange troops in the complicated microchain world and become the organizers and communicators of key nodes. The report organization form is no longer the previous across-the-board, but dredge and guide on countless central nodes. Especially in emergencies, the characteristics of this new way of guiding public opinion are more prominent.", "question": "In this passage, which of the following options is the ability that the author emphasizes that modern media need to have more?", "options": ["Build a unique chain transmission system", "Guide public opinion at key points", "Pay close attention to the information trends of social networks", "Strive for the unique right of interpretation of information"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 396, "answer": 3, "text": "Redundancy design means that sufficient room shall be reserved in the process of human resources appointment, use, dismissal and promotion, so as to make the overall operation process of human resources have a certain flexibility. When a decision deviates, there shall be room for correction and re decision-making.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is not a redundant design?", "options": ["In a basketball game, there are 5 players on each side, but usually there are 12-15 players in each professional basketball team.", "A certain company recruits a group of college students every year, let them intern in each position, as a reserve cadre training.", "The power distribution room of a certain property is equipped with two people.", "An employee of the design department resigned, and the company immediately selected someone from the quality inspection department to take a part-time job. At the same time, the human resources department began to recruit people urgently."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5507, "answer": 0, "text": "In the past 50 years, the per capita living standard of a place has been below the poverty line, so it can be predicted that the per capita living standard of the place will still be very low in the next few years", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, weakens the above conclusion most?", "options": ["Over the past decade, the state has been giving preferential policies to help the poor to ensure and improve people's lives", "Local administrative leadership is facing a new term, and a large number of officials with rich experience in successfully shaking off poverty are about to take office", "A geologist speculates that there is a large amount of oil under the ground", "It is rumored that the place will be planned as a satellite city of the capital"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11010, "answer": 0, "text": "Electronic cigarettes should not be subject to the same regulation as other products that contain nicotine. Recent studies indicate that electronic cigarettes help people quit smoking by providing nicotine without the harmful tar and additive chemicals. Although electronic cigarettes also contain their own additives, they are much less harmful in the short-term than traditional cigarettes. People who smoke electronic cigarettes are ten times less likely to die from cancer than smokers of traditional cigarettes.", "question": "Which one of the following most weakens the argument?", "options": ["The current regulations are designed to prevent children from using nicotine.", "The recent studies are not conclusive.", "The additives in electronic cigarettes have not been tested as thoroughly as those in traditional cigarettes.", "More smokers die from heart disease than cancer."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8157, "answer": 1, "text": "Interactive memory means that when a group of two or more individuals work and live together for a long time, they will share the stored memory. Individuals do not necessarily need to remember all the information, but only need to remember which information the members of the group are experts in, and when they need this information, they can ask them. In this way, the memories that should be stored in each individual are scattered into the minds of the different members of the group, just as the minds of all members form a larger memory bank.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options does not belong to interactive memory?", "options": ["Xiaoguo is very familiar with all kinds of equipment in the laboratory. Members of the research group will ask Xiaoguo's opinion when discussing the errors of the experimental data, so as to rule out the possibility of significant errors caused by the equipment.", "Xiaomei and Xiaofang often study together. When they review before the exam, they ask each other questions and examine each other. They find that they do not have their own knowledge points, which effectively improves their learning efficiency.", "Xiao Tao was at home looking for photos of previous family gatherings, but he couldn't find them. He asked his father, do you remember where we put those group photos? Father replied, you have to ask your mother about the things at home.", "Xia Jiang, a graduate student, could not find the original source of a theory. He remembered that a brother in the same research group had introduced the research in this area before, so he went to the brother for help. The brother told him in which book he could find it."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11071, "answer": 1, "text": "A year ago the government reduced the highway speed limit, and in the year since, there have been significantly fewer highway fatalities than there were in the previous year. Ttherefore, speed limit reduction can reduce traffic fatalities.", "question": "The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it takes for granted that", "options": ["highway traffic has not increased over the past year", "the number of traffic fatalities the year before the new speed limit was introduced was not abnormally high", "the new speed limit was more strictly enforced than the old", "the majority of drivers obeyed the new speed limit"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13507, "answer": 0, "text": "Physics professor: Some scientists claim that superheated plasma in which electrical resistance fails is a factor in causing so-called ball lightning. If this were so, then such lightning would emit intense light and, since plasma has gaslike properties, would rise in the air. However, the instances of ball lightning that I observed were of low intensity and floated horizontally before vanishing. Thus, superheated plasma with failed electrical resistance is never a factor in causing ball lightning.", "question": "The physics professor's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["All types of ball lightning have the same cause.", "The phenomena observed by the physics professor were each observed by at least one other person.", "Ball lightning can occur as the result of several different factors.", "Superheated plasma in which electrical resistance fails does not cause types of lightning other than ball lightning."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2804, "answer": 2, "text": "Zhang, Wang, Li and Zhao entered the semifinals of table tennis. The four coaches of A, B, C and D have the following predictions on the results of the semi-finals: A: Xiao Zhang did not make the finals unless Xiao Li made the finals. B: Xiao Zhang entered the finals, but Xiao Li did not enter the finals. C: If Xiao Wang enters the final, Xiao Zhao has not entered the final. D: Both Xiao Wang and Xiao Li did not make the finals.", "question": "If only one of the four coaches' predictions is wrong, which of the following must be true?", "options": ["A's prediction was wrong, and Zhang entered the final.", "B's prediction was correct, and Xiao Li did not make the finals.", "C's prediction is correct, Xiao Wang has not made the finals.", "D's prediction was wrong, and Xiao Wang entered the final."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7487, "answer": 0, "text": "A university actively guided college students to carry out summer social practice activities and achieved remarkable results. The school and a township jointly selected two students with excellent academic and academic performance to serve as village officials in the township. After multiple assessments, four people A, B, C, and D Discuss the possibility of being selected together.A said: I will not be selected. B said: If I am selected, then C will be selected. C said: If B is selected, D will be selected. Ding said: B Will be selected but C will not be selected.", "question": "If only one of the four guessed correctly, which of the following judgments must be true?", "options": ["A, B will be selected", "A, D will be selected", "B, C will be selected", "B, D will be selected"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3344, "answer": 3, "text": "The so-called memory representation refers to the image of things perceived by people in the human brain.", "question": "Which of the following activities is designed for memory content that does not belong to memory representation?", "options": ["Tom still remembers her eating Quanjude roast duck in China.", "Lao Li often recalls the hard life of his childhood.", "The beautiful sound of the piano echoed in her ears.", "Xiao Hong can recite the multiplication formula skillfully."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1014, "answer": 3, "text": "Researchers analyzed telephone interviews and laboratory results from 990 people between the ages of 40 and 70 and found that optimists were less likely to have higher levels of bad cholesterol (i.e. LDL) and higher levels of good cholesterol (i.e. HDL), which protected the heart and helped counteract bad cholesterol. Therefore, the study believes that mental health and physical health are closely related to another evidence that optimistic temperament may have some real benefits for human health.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, best supports the above research conclusion?", "options": ["The study did not find a reason for the link between optimism and total cholesterol levels. ", "Optimists lead a healthier lifestyle, which makes their blood lipids different from those of the rest of the population. ", "Among the optimists interviewed was a large number of exercise enthusiasts who exercised regularly to reduce their risk of heart disease. ", "During the experiment each five-point increase in the optimism score was associated with a 1-milligram increase in HDL per 100 milliliters of blood, which translates to a 3 percent lower risk of heart disease. "], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3329, "answer": 3, "text": "A stereotype is a fixed view of a certain group or thing in society formed through direct or indirect experience.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is not stereotype?", "options": ["A businessman is a mercenary", "The entertainment industry is a mess", "Northerners are generous", "Stillness is relative"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6564, "answer": 0, "text": "Professor Harrison, an American linguist, said: imagine that if the whales are going extinct for no reason, or if the pyramids are about to collapse and the Amazon forest is cut down, people will be very angry and try their best to stop it. Because those are the common heritage of mankind and are visible to the naked eye.Language is the wealth of more ancient, complex and sophisticated human beings and each language is a unique ideological world that reflects a unique way of human existence.Every language has unlimited expression possibilities, unlimited collocation possibilities and their vocabulary, pronunciation system and grammar are combined in an exquisite structure that is greater than any building built by our hands.", "question": "Which of the following options is what the professor is meant to emphasize in this passage?", "options": ["We should protect and save those languages that will die out", "Language, like the ecological environment, is the common property of mankind", "Language is a more valuable human asset than cetaceans, pyramids and Amazon forests", "Language is worth protecting more than any building"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6619, "answer": 2, "text": "The space technology was born out of the ballistic missile technology developed during World War II and it is very difficult to calculate the trajectory by manpower, which led to the birth of the world's first computer and the entry of mankind into the information age. The United States promotes the birth and development of integrated circuits in order to expand its space superiority and meet the needs of space flight. Today, goods codes can be found everywhere in supermarkets and the technology was born when Apollo used bar codes to manage spacecraft during the Apollo moon landing. . According to statistics, 80% of the more than 1100 new materials developed and used in China this year are completed under the guidance of aerospace technology. At present, there are nearly 2000 space technology achievements and used in communications, textile, oil, transportation, medical and other industries.", "question": "Which of the following options is the main message the author wants to convey through this passage?", "options": ["The course of the development of the space technology.", "The future trend of the development of the space technology.", "The indirect influence brought by the development of the space technology.", "Breakthroughs in the development of the space technology."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2690, "answer": 1, "text": "As an environmental enthusiast, Dr. Zhao advocates low-carbon life and actively promotes energy conservation and emission reduction. But I do not agree with him, because as a university teacher, he has taken up a lot of time in scientific research and now even an associate professor has not been rated, how can his point of view be convincing?", "question": "Which of the following arguments is most similar to the above?", "options": ["There is a view that only what you see directly can you be sure of its existence. But no one can see protons and electrons, which have been scientifically proved to be objective. Therefore, this view is wrong.", "Zhang proposed equal pay for equal work and advocated that under the condition of the same quality, pay should be paid on a piece-by-piece basis regardless of age and level. Isn't she saying this because she is young and low-ranking? In fact, she is working for her own benefit.", "The company's performance reward system is to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the majority of employees, it is fair to all employees, if someone has a different opinion, it shows that he opposes fairness.", "The unit appointed Li as the head of the information section. I heard that you have a problem with this. No one has put forward any opinions, but you are the only one who has an opinion. It seems that there is something wrong with your opinion."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14764, "answer": 0, "text": "From the observation that each member of a group could possess a characteristic, it is fallacious to conclude immediately that it is possible for all the group' s members to possess the characteristic. An example in which the fallacy is obvious: arguing that because each of the players entering a tennis tournament has a possibility of winning it, there is ttherefore a possibility that all will win the tournament.", "question": "Which one of the following commits the fallacy described above?", "options": ["Each of the many nominees could be appointed to any one of the three openings on the committee. Ttherefore it is possible for all of the nominees to be appointed to the openings on the committee.", "Each of the candidates for mayor appears at first glance to possess the necessary qualifications. It would ttherefore be a mistake to rule out any of them without more careful examination.", "You can fool some of the people all of the time and all of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all of the people all of the time.", "It is estimated that ten million planets capable of supporting life exist in our galaxy. Thus to rule out the possibility of life on worlds other than Earth, ten million planetary explorations would be needed."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13909, "answer": 2, "text": "According to a study concerning environmental economics, any manufacturer that offers an environmentally sound lawnmower, such as a manual push mower, will almost certainly reap a huge profit because consumers say that they want a mower that requires neither gasoline nor electricity. A spokesman for the trade association of gasoline lawnmower manufacturers asserted that this claim had little factual support.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, would best support the claim made by the spokesperson?", "options": ["Most people mow their lawns less often then professionals recommend.", "More people refuse to purchase electric lawnmowers than gasoline lawnmowers.", "The last manufacturer of manual push lawnmowers just declared bankruptcy because of declining profits.", "A majority of the public believes that the price of gasoline is too high."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10975, "answer": 0, "text": "Some critics of space exploration programs claim that they are too costly to be justified. Moreover, there is the very real risk of a debilitating explosion -- most experts say something like a 1-in-70 chance per flight. Budgetary pressures to make the programs cheaper only serve to undermine safety: one program' s managers uncovered a series of manufacturing flaws that critics contend are a direct consequence of the pressure to produce results as quickly and cheaply as possible.", "question": "The passage conforms most closely to which one of the following propositions?", "options": ["Attempts to solve one problem can lead to the exacerbation of another problem.", "Safety is often sacrificed in order to reach a goal as quickly as possible.", "Safety risks are sometimes ignored in the name of scientific progress.", "Space exploration is too dangerous to be continued."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10400, "answer": 0, "text": "Li Ming is most likely a senior logic teacher. Like most senior logic teachers, Li Ming is familiar with G\u00f6del's completeness theorems and incompleteness theorems, while most people who are not senior logic teachers are not familiar with these theorems. In fact, many people who are not experienced teachers of logic have not even heard of G\u00f6del.", "question": "Which of the following statements accurately identifies the flaw in the above reasoning?", "options": ["Ignore the possibility that most people familiar with G\u00f6del's theorems are not experienced logic teachers", "Ignore the possibility that some senior logic teachers are unfamiliar with G\u00f6del's theorems", "The concept of senior in reasoning is a vague concept", "People who are not familiar with G\u00f6del's completeness and incompleteness theorems have not heard of G\u00f6del"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4115, "answer": 3, "text": "Some animal eggs will hatch by the heat generated when microorganisms in the soil and compost decompose organic matter, but these microorganisms (including bacteria) will also penetrate the eggshell and infect embryos. Naturally, this ratio is higher than 20%. However, in In Australia, there is a bird named Congzhong pheasant , whose eggs are only 9% infected. Researchers have found that their eggshells contain lysozyme. Based on this, the researchers believe that the key factor is that this substance is likely to resist Bacteria infestation.", "question": "Which of the following is true, does not weaken the above conclusion?", "options": ["The amount of lysozyme contained in the eggshell of the Congzhong pheasant is roughly the same as that of other animals", "The eggshell of Congzhong pheasant is wrapped by a layer of nano-scale calcium carbonate, which has stronger water resistance and anti-bacterial invasion ability", "The clump Congzhong pheasant emits a special smell that reduces the number of bacteria attached to its eggshell", "Compared with the eggshells of other animals, the eggshells of the Congzhong pheasant are one-third thinner and more susceptible to microbial invasion"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}

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