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LogiQA2.0

Dataset card Data Studio Files
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{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Automotive Company President: We spend more money on developing vehicles that produce low emissions than on any other area of research", " This shows our concern for the environment", " Environmentalist: You have no such concern"], "conclusion": "Automotive Companies cannot have more than one motive for developing vehicles that produce low emissions.", "minor_premise": " Your real concern was revealed in your admission to the press that the consumer demand for vehicles that produce low emissions has grown by 400% in the last two years"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Carol Morris wants to own a majority of the shares of the city' s largest newspaper, The Daily", " The only obstacle to Morris' s amassing a majority of these shares is that Azedcorp, which currently owns a majority, has steadfastly refused to sell"], "conclusion": "No one other than Morris has expressed any interest in purchasing a majority of The Daily's shares.", "minor_premise": " Industry analysts nevertheless predict that Morris will soon be the majority owner of The Daily"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Columnist: It may soon be possible for an economy to function without paper money", " Instead, the government would electronically record all transactions as they take place", " However, while this may be technologically feasible it would never be willingly accepted by a society, for it gives the government too much power"], "conclusion": "It is reasonable for people to distrust a government that has too much power.", "minor_premise": " People are rightly distrustful of governments with too much power"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["In recent years, due to the deterioration of natural environment and over-fishing, the number of huangshui fish in Qinghai Lake is greatly reduced and it has become a rare animal"], "conclusion": "Some rare animals are tasty fish.", "minor_premise": " All rare animals are animals in need of protection"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Behind every bear child, there is a bear parent", " These bear parents are obedient and spoiled to the bear children, which makes the bear children self-centered, lack of sense of rules, and easy to produce extreme irrational behavior"], "conclusion": "As long as it is a child, it is inevitable to make mistakes.", "minor_premise": " When some behaviors of the bear child cause harm to others and society, the bear parent will also use he is still a child as an excuse and ask for forgiveness"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["If the weather is fine, Xiao Liu will go on an outing"], "minor_premise": "Wife and Xiao Liu go on an outing.", "conclusion": " If his wife does not go with him, Xiao Liu will not go on an outing; if there is an emergency in the unit, Xiao Liu will not go on an outing; if today is not Saturday, Xiao Liu will not go on an outing"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Many of the presidents and prime ministers who have had the most successful foreign policies had no prior experience in foreign affairs when they assumed office", " Although scholars and diplomats in the sacrosanct inner circle of international affairs would have us think otherwise, anyone with an acute political sense, a disciplined temperament, and a highly developed ability to absorb and retain information can quickly learn to conduct a successful foreign policy"], "conclusion": "Prior experience in foreign affairs is a necessary but not sufficient condition for a president or prime minister to have a successful foreign policy.", "minor_premise": " In fact, prior experience alone will be of little value to a foreign policymaker who lacks all three of these traits"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "After World War I, not only natural science, but also the whole academic culture of Germany showed a scene of prosperity. There is no need to elaborate on Heidegger's position in the history of philosophy. Marx and Weber shocked the whole history of social science. Schmidt is one of the final figures influencing modern constitutionalism. In terms of psychology, the Gestalt school has also sprung up quietly. In literature, two Nobel laureates, Hoptman and Thomas Mann, shine. LeMarc's No War on the Western Front is one of the most famous works of the last century. Drama, film and music are also rapidly entering the golden age, and their styles have become fascinating and diverse. Germany seems to be trying to win back what it has lost politically and economically, from science and culture. For a regime that was struggling internally and externally at that time and changed many cabinets in 14 years, such prosperity is also a small miracle.", "minor_premise": " text?", "conclusion": "The development of academic culture and political economy is not necessarily synchronous"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "During the period of frequent tectonic activity of the earth, the new ocean basins around Africa, South America and Europe began to expand, creating new spaces. A large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacted with photosynthetic organisms, and the dead organisms were then buried in seafloor sediments to form carbon-rich shales, and the carbon in the atmosphere was fixed, resulting in a decrease in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Reducing Greenhouse Effect and lowering global temperatures have very serious consequences for marine life", "minor_premise": "Global warming can lead to an ecological crisis of marine life. Scientists have found that a similar crisis occurred in marine life during the period of global cooling 260000 years ago", "conclusion": "scientists believe that the consequences of global cooling or warming are equally serious."}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "There are two companies, company A and Company B. The number of product complaints received by the after-sales service department of company A is three times that of company B. ", "minor_premise": "Company A has more consultation telephones than company B", "conclusion": " the quality of A company's products is not as good as that of B company."}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "The co-pilot rules means that people sitting next to the driver often like to point and comment on the driving process according to their own experience. It generally refers to the words, deeds or mentality of the bystander to guide others to complete the operation process based on their personal practical experience.", "minor_premise": " the co-pilot rules?", "conclusion": "As soon as Lao Li got into the car, the coach opened the driving training voice prompt system: Please fasten your seat belt Please release the handbrake... Lao Li observes the coach's expression while operating"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Critic: It is common to argue that there is a distinction between literary and genre fiction. The first should be interpreted", "conclusion": "It is offered as support for the conclusion.", "minor_premise": "this argument goes, while the second is merely a source of easy pleasure. But this is a specious distinction -- not because every work should be interpreted, but because no work should be. When we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work' s emotional impact."}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "Agricultural product subsidies usually refer to a country's government providing financial or financial support to its own agricultural product producers or operators, including cash subsidies, price support or other policy preferential treatment, so that its agricultural products can be compared with each other in the international and domestic markets. Comparing similar products that are not subsidized, gain a competitive advantage.", "conclusion": "Area A is mainly grassland, and the grassland is degraded due to overgrazing. According to the situation in the area, the national government will issue subsidies to herders for 8-10 years and ask them to reduce the number of livestock raised. This has led to an increase in the price of beef and mutton on the market", "minor_premise": "According to the above definition, which of the following options is an agricultural product subsidy?"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Essayist: Knowledge has been defined as a true belief formed by a reliable process", " This definition has been criticized on the grounds that if someone had a reliable power of clairvoyance, we would not accept that person' s claim to know certain things on the basis of this power", " I agree that we would reject such claims, but we would do so because we really do not believe in clairvoyance as a reliable process"], "conclusion": "explaining that the definition of knowledge is a matter of personal choice", "minor_premise": " Were we to believe in clairvoyance, we would accept knowledge claims made on the basis of it"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["At the last meeting of the school-level professional title evaluation committee, member Professor Zhang believed that this committee was the least influential in recent years"], "conclusion": "When selecting members of the title evaluation committee, the candidates are often those professors who have a high profile among the faculty", "minor_premise": " When the principal who attended the meeting asked the reason for this judgment, Professor Zhang pointed out that most teachers could not name the committee members at all"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Despite increasing international efforts to protect the natural habitats of endangered species of animals, the rate at which these species are becoming extinct continues to rise"], "conclusion": "Many countries do not recognize the increased economic benefit of tourism associated with preserved natural habitats.", "minor_premise": " It is clear that these efforts are wasted"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Kidov theorem: it means that if the best idea is put forward at the wrong time, it will also lead to failure, that is, whether a decision is correct or not can not leave the specific place, time and conditions. If it is separated from these basic preconditions, the truth may become a fallacy", "conclusion": "In the 1980s, a serious oil crisis broke out in the world. The chairman of C automobile company seized this opportunity and made a decision on automobile transformation", "minor_premise": "According to the above definition, which of the followings does not accord with the kidov theorem?"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Council chair: The traditional code of parliamentary procedure contains a large number of obscure, unnecessary rules, which cause us to quibble interminably over procedural details and so to appear unworthy of public confidence", " Admittedly, the code is entrenched and widely accepted", " But success in our endeavors depends on the public' s having confidence in our effectiveness"], "conclusion": "The alternate code contains few provisions that have thus far been criticized as obscure or unnecessary.", "minor_premise": " Ttherefore, it is imperative that we adopt the alternate code, which has been in successful use elsewhere for several years"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Doctor: It would benefit public health if junk food were taxed", " Not only in this country but in many other countries as well, the excessive proportion of junk food in people' s diets contributes to many common and serious health problems"], "conclusion": "Taxing junk food would benefit public health.", "minor_premise": " If junk food were much more expensive than healthful food, people would be encouraged to make dietary changes that would reduce these problems"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "Confirmation Bias refers to paying too much attention to the information supporting our decision-making. When we subjectively believe that a certain view is correct, we tend to look for the information that can support this view and ignore the information that may overturn this view.", "conclusion": "Xiao Zhang dreamed that his wallet had been stolen the night before yesterday. It was really stolen yesterday; Last night he dreamed that he was hit by a car again. As a result, he didn't dare to go out all day today", "minor_premise": "According to the above definition, which of the followings belongs to Confirmation Bias?"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["TV meteorologist: Our station' s weather forecasts are more useful and reliable than those of the most popular news station in the area", " After all, the most important question for viewers in this area is whether it will rain, and on most of the occasions when we have forecast rain for the next day, we have been right"], "conclusion": "The meteorologist's station has a policy of not making weather forecasts more than three days in advance.", "minor_premise": " The same cannot be said for either of our competitors"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["The opposite of a government department is a non-government department", " Theoretically speaking, the legal status of governmental departments and non-governmental departments, the nature of their respective functions and the appointment and removal procedures of the main head are different", " But in real life, people often ignore or dilute the difference between the two", " In particular, the establishment of some local government institutions is not entirely from the objective needs of government function management, scientific and reasonable determination, the establishment of government departments; In some cases, without any changes in institutions and functions, they were listed as government departments yesterday, but today they become non-government departments"], "conclusion": "The functions and roles of government and non-government departments should be strictly distinguished", "minor_premise": " As a result, the determination of government departments is rather arbitrary"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["A company is looking for a business manager, Xiao Zhang and Xiao Li to apply for the job", " Xiao Zhang said, if I become a business manager, I will forge ahead and develop new business", " Xiao Li said, if I become a manager, I will optimize management and reduce personnel"], "conclusion": "If the company hadn't opened up new business, it would have cut back on its staff", "minor_premise": " In the end, one of them became a business manager and successfully realized his work proposition"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Environmentalist: The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville creates unacceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned", " Milville business spokesperson: Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville in winter months, to the great financial benefit of many local residents", " So, economics dictate that we put up with the pollution"], "conclusion": "Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances", "minor_premise": " Environmentalist: I disagree: A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Physician: In comparing our country with two other countries of roughly the same population size, I found that even though we face the same dietary, bacterial, and stress-related causes of ulcers as they do, prescriptions for ulcer medicines in all socioeconomic strata are much rarer here than in those two countries"], "conclusion": "The physician's country has a much better system for reporting the number of prescriptions of a given type that are obtained each year than is present in either of the other two countries.", "minor_premise": " It' s clear that we suffer significantly fewer ulcers, per capita, than they do"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Optimism refers to the understanding of a psychological state in the process of things, which manifests itself as caring for the positive value of things, and taking the maximum positive value as the selection criterion of its behavior plan, even if you believe that you have sufficient behavioral ability to bear and weaken the original negative value, have a negative effect on yourself and make the original positive value play a better positive effect.", "conclusion": "The wind beats the waves, just a smile, don't worry", "minor_premise": "Which of the following options best fits the optimistic definition above?"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "A warehouse was stolen. After investigation, it is found that the person who makes a certain person is one of A, B, C and D. During the trial, the statements of the four people were as follows: a: when the warehouse was stolen, I was in another city", "conclusion": "D is a criminal who steals the warehouse.", "minor_premise": "it was impossible for me to commit the crime. B: D is a criminal. C: B is the criminal who stole the warehouse, because I saw him go into the warehouse that day. D: B is deliberately framing me."}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["I checked with all the relatives"], "conclusion": "No relatives know where Ming Ming is.", "minor_premise": " No one knows where Ming Ming is"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["A clear answer to the two questions of What is a good political life? and How to achieve a good political life? is the legal basis for the existence of political philosophy"], "conclusion": "Gramsci's political philosophy is a representative of early Marxism.", "minor_premise": " As a representative of early Western Marxism, yes in the direction of is, Gramsci's answer respected Marx's basic path, that is, only a political life that realizes the full and free liberation of people is the best political life; and in the how direction, starting from the actual situation in Western Europe, Gramsci proposed the path of cultural hegemony"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "As people live longer and retire faster, they have more and more time available. In Asian countries, the importance of enjoying a leisurely life is gaining new attention. As Asian countries move rapidly towards an aging society, they are trying to figure out how to prepare the rest of the population to embrace retirement. As baby boomers begin to retire, the problem becomes more urgent.", "minor_premise": "cussed?", "conclusion": "How to enjoy a leisurely retirement."}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Poetry can be described as a form of condensing many ideas in a few languages"], "conclusion": "Poetry is difficult to write.", "minor_premise": " However, poets usually do not accept such a definition of poetry"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Murphy's Law: If something is likely to go bad, this possibility will become a reality; its scope of application is very wide, and it reveals a unique social and natural phenomenon.", "conclusion": "When queuing to buy tickets, the line next to you always progresses faster than your line", "minor_premise": "According to the above definition, which of the following options does not belong to Murphy's Law?"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["In an era of low pressure, where soil and water are particularly inappropriate, no one has any illusions", " Expect strange flowers to pop out in the art garden, and then some of the more important accidents in the world often occur when you are not paying attention", "Historians or sociologists will use logic to prove that accidental accidents have been brewing for a long time, but people who do not have this kind of analytical mind always feel that there is really a magic wand in the world that directs every new story to fall from the sky, which makes people a little unprepared for both joys and sorrows", "This is the first impression given to the author by Ms"], "conclusion": "The emergence of exotic flowers in the garden of literature and art can not be explained by science and logic", "minor_premise": " Zhang Ailing's works"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Commentator: Human behavior cannot be fully understood without inquiring into nonphysical aspects of persons", " As evidence of this, I submit the following: suppose that we had a complete scientific account of the physical aspects of some particular human action -- every neurological, physiological, and environmental event involved"], "conclusion": "It concludes that a proposition must be true merely on the grounds that it has not been proven false.", "minor_premise": " Even with all that we would obviously still not truly comprehend the action or know why it occurred"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "Tax arrears: it refers to the behavior of a taxpayer who fails to pay or underpays tax due to some reason beyond the tax payment deadline approved by the tax authority. In addition to ordering the tax owing party to pay the tax owed in accordance with the regulations, the tax authority will also charge a late fee for the tax owed on a daily basis from the date of late payment.", "conclusion": "Mr. XX was very lucky in a prize-winning event and won the first prize. The prize was an Audi car. He sold the car for 300,000 yuan and deposited all the money for the car sales in his personal account.", "minor_premise": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is tax arrears?"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Editorial: The premier' s economic advisor assures her that with the elimination of wasteful spending the goal of reducing taxes while not significantly decreasing government services can be met", " But the premier should not listen to this advisor, who in his youth was convicted of embezzlement"], "conclusion": "trying to win support for a proposal by playing on people's fears of what could happen otherwise", "minor_premise": " Surely his economic advice is as untrustworthy as he is himself, and so the premier should discard any hope of reducing taxes without a significant decrease in government services"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "It has become a new fashion for readers to read various online novels online. Click-through novels stand out on the basis of online novels and become a new publishing mode. Works on the Internet are published because of the high click-through rate, and online authors can get royalties Income. The website earns high click-through rate because of its popularity, and publishers judge the market because of high click-through rate and popularity, and win market sales performance. In order to obtain a higher click-through rate, some professional writers even write books according to the requirements of the publisher.", "minor_premise": "According to the above article, which of the following cannot be derived?", "conclusion": "Click-through novels enable Internet writers, websites and publishers to establish a win-win-win publishing model"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["A leader decides to select a few of Wang, Chen, Zhou, Li, Lin, Hu and other six people to carry out an important task, and the candidates for the task should meet all the following conditions: only one of Wang and Li will attend; Li, Zhou will only have one of them; at least one of Wang and Chen will attend; two of Wang, Lin and Hu should attend; either Chen and Zhou will participate or none of them will participate"], "conclusion": "Li, Lin will not attend", "minor_premise": " If Lin attends, Li must attend"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["It would be very difficult to date geology if the evolution of life had been proceeding steadily without any setbacks or special opportunities", " It's easy to tell geological time because geologists call it Faunal succession,when species suddenly appear or disappear, we can think of these events as a threshold of time, a moment, a period, usually representing a climate, giving way to a new period, a new climate", " Only three variables are strong enough to turn on the clock of continental drift, galaxy collisions, and the dynamics of climate change, such as greenhouse gases", " All these factors operate in different ways, but they act in the same way to drive evolution"], "conclusion": "Changes in climate do not necessarily lead to changes in species.", "minor_premise": "Death and opportunity"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "A civilized city competition was held in a certain province. Four judges analyzed and predicted the possibility of three cities, such as A and B, C, which were generally favored, to win the title of civilized city. Judge A said: either City A can get it, or City C can get it. Judge B said: if cities An and C can get it, then City B can also get it. Judge C said: only when City B can't get it or City C can get it, City A can't get it. Judge Ding said: I think the possibility of city B getting it is zero, while cities An and C are sure to get it. After the end of the evaluation, it was found that only one of the four judges predicted the validity of the prediction.", "minor_premise": ", it can be concluded which city can be awarded the title of civilized city?", "conclusion": "City B"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Prions are structurally abnormal proteins that force normal proteins to take the same misfolded shape and spread through tissues like infectious diseases. This is another disease-causing pathogen discovered by human beings after realizing that bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and other microorganisms can cause disease. ", "conclusion": "Prions can cause disease.", "minor_premise": " if you want to successfully develop effective treatments, you need to target (targeted) active prions rather than large amounts of proteins in dead plaques and entanglements."}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Advertisement: Anyone who exercises knows from firsthand experience that exercise leads to better performance of such physical organs as the heart and the lungs, as well as to improvement in muscle tone", " And since your brain is a physical organ, your actions can improve its performance, too", " Act now"], "conclusion": "It cites experimental evidence that subscribing to the product being advertised has desirable consequences.", "minor_premise": " Subscribe to Stimulus: read the magazine that exercises your brain"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "A professor divided the students into several groups, gave each group some puzzle pieces, and timed them to see which group could be completed first. In fact, numbers were marked on the back of each puzzle piece in order. Only by splicing them in the order of these numbers, the whole picture can be spelled out quickly. However, few groups noticed this, and some found that there were number marks on the back after a long time, Some didn't see it at all.", "minor_premise": " passage intended to explain?", "conclusion": "Careful observation is more conducive to success"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["These days, drug companies and health professionals alike are focusing their attention on cholesterol in the blood", " The more cholesterol we have in our blood, the higher the risk that we shall die of a heart attack", " The issue is pertinent since heart disease kills more North Americans every year than any other single cause"], "conclusion": "A high-cholesterol diet is the principal cause of death in North America.", "minor_premise": " At least three factors -- smoking, drinking, and exercise -- can each influence levels of cholesterol in the blood"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["In a recent study, a group of subjects had their normal daily caloric intake increased by 25 percent", " This increase was entirely in the form of alcohol", " Another group of similar subjects had alcohol replace nonalcoholic sources of 25 percent of their normal daily caloric intake"], "conclusion": "In the general population, alcohol is the primary cause of gains in body fat.", "minor_premise": " All subjects gained body fat over the course of the study, and the amount of body fat gained was the same for both groups"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": [], "conclusion": "Primitive man's canoe", "minor_premise": "The aspect of a noun refers to a cognitive way or result of the number, size, shape and structure of the person or thing indicated by the noun in spatial dimension"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["The United States adopted this policy after the 9"], "conclusion": "There's a car ad: Either you drive a Cadillac, then you're rich; or you don't drive at all, then you're poor.", "minor_premise": "11 terrorist attack: Either stand with us against terrorism, then you are our friend; or do not stand with us, then you are our enemy"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": [], "conclusion": "The head of a certain country gave an outlook on the country's economic situation in his New Year's speech, so the people of the country are full of confidence in the future economic improvement", "minor_premise": "Predictive intervention means that people are influenced by predicted information to take a certain behavior, resulting in a multi-possible outcome that actually develops in the direction indicated by the prediction"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "A survey of local married and divorced people conducted by associate professor Pauline Straun, a sociologist at the National University of Singapore, found that couples who have been in love for a long time are less likely to break up after marriage than those who have been in love for a short time. ", "minor_premise": "People who have been in love for a long time often forget that the purpose of love is marriage.", "conclusion": " some people concluded that if they want to have a more stable marriage in the future, they must prolong their love time."}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Soap is made from oil and caustic soda by boiling and processing. Soap contains about 30% moisture. If it is dried, it will not only make the water evaporate and shrink and dry, but also separate the internal oil from caustic soda. As a result, the oil becomes acid fat, and caustic soda becomes soda ash by absorbing carbon dioxide in the air, thus reducing the decontamination ability of soap.", "minor_premise": "?", "conclusion": "It is the moisture in the soap that combines grease with caustic soda"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "By examining beetle fossils, a research team has put forward the most detailed description of the temperature in the UK in the past 22,000 years. The research team selected the existing biological fossils and determined their dates. When individuals of several organisms found in the same place belong to the same time period, The known tolerable temperature of existing beetles can be used to determine the highest summer temperature in that place during that time.", "minor_premise": "cussion depend on?", "conclusion": "Fossils of different species found in the same place belong to different periods."}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["The use of growth-promoting antibiotics in hog farming can weaken their effectiveness in treating humans because such use can spread resistance to those antibiotics among microorganisms", " But now the Smee Company, one of the largest pork marketers, may stop buying pork raised on feed containing these antibiotics", " Smee has 60 percent of the pork market, and farmers who sell to Smee would certainly stop using antibiotics in order to avoid jeopardizing their sales"], "conclusion": "The decline in hog growth due to discontinuation of antibiotics can be offset by improved hygiene.", "minor_premise": " So if Smee makes this change, it will probably significantly slow the decline in antibiotics' effectiveness for humans"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "There are few perfect things in the world, even they don't exist. There are many things in the world, which are really perfect precisely because of their shortcomings. Incomplete and broken things sometimes magically produce a great power to shock our hearts. Therefore, we should open our mind and let our life go, appreciate the perfect gift brought to us by defects.", "minor_premise": " inaccurate in understanding the above paragraph?", "conclusion": "No man is perfect."}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Anthropologist: After mapping the complete dominance hierarchy for a troupe of vervet monkeys by examining their pairwise interaction, we successfully predicted more complex forms of their group behavior by assuming that each monkey had knowledge of the complete hierarchy", " Since our prediction was so accurate, it follows that the assumption we used to reach it was in fact true", " Primatologist: Although I agree that your assumption helped you make those predictions, your conclusion does not follow"], "conclusion": "applying one of the anthropologist's reasoning steps in another argument in an attempt to show that it leads to an absurd conclusion", "minor_premise": " You might as well argue that since we can predict the output of some bank cash machines by assuming that these machines actually want to satisfy the customers' requests, these cash machines must really have desires"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Work communication is a communication that directly reflects and guides actual work. It can not only analyze the experience and problems in the current work through the report of news facts, and propose things with regularity to promote the work; it can also target some that are still in the bud. The tendency and phenomenon of the state are recorded or analyzed, which arouses people's attention and thinking.", "conclusion": "The vicissitudes of the wind and rain Shen zhou", "minor_premise": "According to the above definition, which of the following news reports is most unlikely to be a work communication?"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "This semester, the administration major of a university set up five elective courses, requiring every student to take at least two, and it was found that some students took all the courses.", "minor_premise": "Which of the following options can be derived?", "conclusion": "All the students took a certain course"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": [], "minor_premise": "The number of undergraduates has increased greatly in the past ten years", "conclusion": "The number of undergraduates who have found violations of academic norms in their papers has increased significantly in the past ten years,this shows that the quality of contemporary college students in academic ethics is getting worse and worse"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": [], "conclusion": "Use of the drug contributes to the development of deadlier forms of chicken pox that are resistant to the drug.", "minor_premise": "An antidote for chicken pox has been developed, but researchers warn that its widespread use could be dangerous, despite the fact that this drug has no serious side effects and is currently very effective at limiting the duration and severity of chicken pox"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "Material economy is an economy with material resources as the main labor resources. The primitive economy is the primitive material economy, the agricultural economy is the economy based on biological material resources, and the industrial economy is the advanced stage of material economic development. Knowledge economy is a new economic form relative to material economy, which is based on knowledge resources. The prerequisite for the establishment of knowledge economy is the high development of industrial economy, and industrial economy is based on science and technology", "conclusion": "Only when the material economy is transformed into a knowledge economy can science and technology be highly developed and widely used", "minor_premise": "without the high development and wide application of science and technology, material economy can not be transformed into knowledge economy."}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": [], "conclusion": "The workshop director requires the new employee Xiao Li to be familiar with the equipment and be able to operate independently within a week. Worried that he would not pass the test, he worked overtime to practice his skills.", "minor_premise": "Peer pressure refers to the psychological pressure caused by people of similar age who are worried about being despised and excluded because of the gap in life, work, social status and so on"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Hundreds of millions of years ago, when dinosaurs ruled the earth, a small group of ancient nocturnal reptiles unwittingly found a survival strategy that led to the evolution of the brain"], "minor_premise": "Many early mammals evolved smaller bodies by natural selection, while their brains failed to shrink to scale. ", "conclusion": " The development of a sense of smell drove the evolution of ancient reptile brains, scientists have concluded from the fossilized skulls of reptiles that closely resemble primitive mammals"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["According to a recent study by the climate center of the Sichuan Meteorological Bureau, these areas will become less and less suitable for the giant panda's survival and reproduction in the next 10 to 30 years, according to the current general trend of climate change in the Giant Panda's habitat, in the northwest, the Qionglai City Mountains will become more suitable for the giant panda because of the increase in temperature and precipitation, and will become a climate-friendly habitat for the giant panda"], "minor_premise": "Giant pandas have the ability to migrate", "conclusion": " The sub-suitable area will shift from southeast to northwest, therefore, giant pandas will migrate to the northwest in the future"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "Journalist: The trade union members at AutoFaber Inc. are planning to go on strike. Independent arbitration would avert a strike, but only if both sides agree to accept the arbitrator' s recommendations as binding. However, based on past experience, the union is quite unlikely to agree to this", "conclusion": "The company will downsize unless more stock is issued. Furthermore, if the company downsizes, the shareholders will demand a change. Since no more stock is being issued, we can be sure that the shareholders will demand a change.", "minor_premise": "a strike is likely."}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "Reflex refers to the regular response of an organism to stimuli with the help of the nervous system. Unconditioned reflex is an innate reflex that can be learned without learning. It is a simple reflex without any conditions, and it is an instinctive behavior. Conditioned reflexes are learned by organisms in their acquired life, only those that occur under certain conditions.", "conclusion": "The kindergarten teacher always asked the children to sing along when the music sounded. Once the music sounded, the teacher did not let the children sing, but the children sang along", "minor_premise": "Which of the following fits the definition of unconditional reflection?"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["To qualify as a medical specialist, one must usually graduate from a university, then complete approximately four years of medical school, followed by a residency of two to six years in one' s specialty", " Finally, a physician who desires to become a recognized specialist must complete an evaluation program directed by a medical specialty board"], "conclusion": "People who are not highly motivated will not complete the demanding course of study and examination required to become qualified as a recognized medical specialist.", "minor_premise": " Ttherefore, anyone who has qualified as a recognized medical specialist is competent to practice in his or her specialty"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "Thirty-five years ago, in the second-class primary school at the entrance of Gaojing Hutong, Xizhimen Street, Beijing, there were two children with different personalities: One boy, who was born stiff, shy and cowardly, cared about the surface reputation, and cried when bullied. Another boy, naturally free and easy, energetic, stored his strength in it and didn't easily show it. He was interrupted by the teacher. His tears were so painful that he wouldn't drop a tear or beg for mercy. Because of this difference in talent, Lao She and I had different ways of life.", "minor_premise": " not in line with the meaning of the text?", "conclusion": "When I was a child, my personality was different, which led to the author and Lao She finally breaking up in the future."}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Hugo said, if you build more schools, you will build less prisons", " Mark Twain said, every time you close a school, you must open a prison", " in their view, education can reduce crime"], "minor_premise": "People with low educational level have relatively little knowledge of the law, and generally those with low educational background have poor living conditions and are more likely to take risks", "conclusion": " Some scholars believe that in recent years, with the large-scale expansion of education, the higher the level of education, the lower the crime rate"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "Role pressure refers to the fact that in an organization or a specific social environment, there are unfavorable factors that interfere with the action of the role task, which causes the individual to fall into a dilemma of knowing what to do.", "minor_premise": " role pressure?", "conclusion": "Xiao Li doesn't think about household chores when he goes to work, and he doesn't want to work when he goes home, so he doesn't miss both work and life"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "The phenomenon of Blaise paradox refers to the phenomenon that adding a section of a traffic network does not reduce the traffic delay, but increases the travel time of all travelers in the whole traffic network.", "conclusion": "In order to alleviate traffic congestion, city G changed several one-way lines connected to the main roads in the city to two-way traffic. As a result, traffic accidents increased significantly and the traffic jam worsened further.", "minor_premise": "According to the above definition, which of the following belongs to the phenomenon of Blaise paradox?"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["East Asians look more modest, but psychological studies show that they are just as proud and confident as those nurtured by other cultures", " A research team recruited 40 volunteers, half of them from East Asian countries and the rest from Western countries", " They showed the volunteers a large number of positive and negative words and asked them which adjectives were suitable for them", " As a result, regardless of their cultural background, volunteers tend to use more positive adjectives to describe themselves and think that some of the more negative features are not suitable for themselves"], "minor_premise": "When volunteers were asked to describe themselves in positive words, their reactions were all the same", "conclusion": " The researchers believe that this shows that people who take the test have the same motivation to beautify themselves regardless of their cultural background"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Football is a collective sport", " if you want to win continuously, every strong team must have a core player who can always lead the whole team to win the game in key games", " Younan is a member of the Xihai team, a strong team in the first division of a certain country", " According to the statistics of a reporter, in all the matches that you participated in last season, the winning rate of the Xihai team was as high as 75", "5%", " In addition, there were 16", "3% draws and 8", "2% losses", " In the absence of Younan, the winning rate of the Xihai team was only 58", "9%, and the rate of loss was as high as 23", "5%"], "minor_premise": "The games in which Younan was absent and the West Sea team lost last season are all matches in which the West Sea team has been confirmed to qualify in the group stage", "conclusion": " The reporter concluded that Younan was the core member of the Xihai team last season"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["The most regrettable thing in life is to pass by the one you love", " For example, when you like a beautiful dress in the window, but think it is too expensive and leave, how sorry you will be when you dream about it and rush to the store only to be told that it has been sold out"], "minor_premise": "A partner is not a dress, so you can't make an analogy", "conclusion": " Like love and marriage, when we see people who fall in love at first sight, we should take the initiative to fall in love and marry them"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated", " This incineration generated a large quantity of residual ash", " In order to reduce the amount of residual ash Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year's total, the city has revamped its collection program"], "conclusion": "The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residual ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year.", "minor_premise": " This year city services will separate for recycling enough refuse to reduce the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year's number"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["The Canadian elk has traditionally been limited in its geographic range by the presence of elderberries, its primary source of food, which only grow up until a certain point in the tundra", " A recent rise in temperatures, however, has seen a spread in the growth of elderberries northwards into the tundra"], "conclusion": "The permafrost, the region above the tundra, in which the temperatures never reach above freezing, will unlikely see elderberry growth.", "minor_premise": " Ttherefore, the overall range of the Canadian elk can be expected to increase"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Different treatment of the same disease means that Chinese medicine adopts different treatment methods for the same disease to achieve the therapeutic effect of treating the disease at the root; the same treatment of different diseases means that different diseases have the same symptoms in the development process", "minor_premise": "Fengre cold can be treated with Xingliang medicine, wind-cold cold can be treated with Xingwen medicine", "conclusion": "the same Chinese medicine treatment can be used method."}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Carbon credits, also known as carbon rights, means that under the conditions certified by the United Nations or the emission reduction organization recognized by the United Nations, countries or enterprises reduce carbon emissions by increasing energy efficiency, reducing pollution or reducing development, so they can obtain the carbon emissions measurement unit that can enter the carbon trading market. A carbon credit is equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide emissions.", "conclusion": "Reduce the total power generation of the plant throughout the year.", "minor_premise": "The carbon emissions of a coal-fired power plant exceeded the standard last year. According to the above definition, which of the followings is not the corresponding practice of the power plant?"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Most people who shop for groceries no more than three times a month buy prepared frozen dinners regularly", " In Hallstown most people shop for groceries no more than three times a month"], "conclusion": "It is clear that most people in Highland County drive sedans, since most people who commute to work drive sedans and most people in Highland County commute to work.", "minor_premise": " Ttherefore, in Hallstown most people buy prepared frozen dinners regularly"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Han Yu was demoted to Chaozhou as an officer. Although it was only eight months, he made great efforts to set up a state school, donated all his salary money to the expenses of running a school, and actively promoted mandarin of the Tang Dynasty. Eight months later, Han Yu was transferred from Chaozhou because of few achievements. However, he left Chaozhou with great spiritual wealth. By the Southern Song Dynasty, Chaozhou was already a famous cultural city with the reputation of seaside Zou Lu.", "minor_premise": " paragraph?", "conclusion": "Cultural construction has a profound impact on the city."}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Curator: If our museum lends Venus to the Hart Institute for their show this spring, they will lend us their Rembrandt etchings for our print exhibition next fall", " Having those etchings will increase attendance to the exhibition and hence increase revenue from our general admission fee", " Museum Administrator: But Venus is our biggest attraction", " Moreover the Hart's show will run for twice as long as our exhibition"], "conclusion": "whether the number of patrons attracted by the Hart Institute's Rembrandt etchings will be larger than the number of patrons who do not come in the spring because Venus is on loan", "minor_premise": " So on balance the number of patrons may decrease"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Zhang Ming said that if Li Ming is selected as the coach, then Wang Fang will be the team leader"], "conclusion": "If you choose Li Ming as the coach, you can't let Wang Fang be the team leader.", "minor_premise": " Li Hong said she disagree with that"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["One way to judge the performance of a company is to compare it with other companies"], "conclusion": "Getting inside information about the unique practices of competitors is particularly difficult.", "minor_premise": " This technique, commonly called benchmarking, permits the manager of a company to discover better industrial practices and can provide a justification for the adoption of good practices"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Only engineering is capable of analyzing the nature of a machine in terms of the successful working of the whole; physics and chemistry determine the material conditions necessary for this success, but cannot express the notion of purpose", " Similarly, only physiology can analyze the nature of an organism in terms of organs' roles in the body' s healthy functioning"], "conclusion": "The notion of purpose used by engineers to judge the success of machinery has an analog in organisms.", "minor_premise": " Physics and chemistry cannot ascertain by themselves any of these operational principles"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["From September to December 2018, the rent in a certain first-tier city skyrocketed"], "minor_premise": "In most first-tier cities, there has always been an increase imbalance between house prices and rents.", "conclusion": " Some people believe that the root cause of the increase in rent is that some long-term apartment operators are looting housing and in vicious competition"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "The miniaturization of family in our country has resulted in the insufficiency of family supporting function. So there must be socialized services to provide support for the elderly. To this end, the government will actively promote home based old age services, encourage social groups and enterprises to engage in home based old -age services, but also should actively promote the use of Internet resources, the establishment of hotline old -age services. The work of the help seeking system and the rescue system of the old age service. That is to say, to establish a No wall of the old-age home.", "minor_premise": "Which of the following refers to the words No wall of the old-age home?", "conclusion": "Multi-participation social home care system for the aged"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Ordinary consumers are limited by the status of professional and vulnerable groups and cannot effectively identify false or distorted negative information"], "minor_premise": "The regulatory department establishes credit files for enterprises and provides consumers with a dynamic panorama of the company's situation", "conclusion": " Even if companies try to clarify, in the current public opinion dissemination environment of good things don't go out, bad things spread thousands of miles, the strong memory effect will It makes it difficult for people who pursue risk aversion to change their original misconceptions, and they will still use it as a guide for consumer decision-making for a long time in the future, which makes it difficult to clarify the injustice of some law-abiding companies, and also gives Businesses have suffered serious losses"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Because of his contribution to science popularization and science communication, Dr"], "conclusion": "The reason why the popularization of science in China is less than that in developed countries", "minor_premise": " Zheng Yongchun of the National Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences recently won the Karl Sagan Award from the Planetary Science Branch of the American Astronomical Society, which is gratifying, but in the face of this news, many friends in the scientific community have asked: how are Chinese scientists doing in science popularization? Observation and reflection tell us that China's science popularization work is not doing much, but too little; not doing well, but not enough; not better than, but losing to its counterparts in the world, at least much worse than the developed countries"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["In the Life of reflection, Nozick wrote: I will not, like Socrates, say that life without reflection is not worth living-it is too harsh", " But if our life is guided by thoughtful reflection, then it is the life we live for ourselves, not someone else's"], "conclusion": "Nozick believes that only a life that lives for oneself is a complete life", "minor_premise": " In this sense, life without reflection is an incomplete life"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "Space debris, also known as space junk, is the waste of human space activities and the main source of pollution of space environment. With the increasing frequency of space activities, space debris is increasing day by day, which poses a serious threat to spacecraft in near-Earth space. In addition, the fall of space debris into the atmosphere will pose a serious threat to the safety of life and property on the ground, especially when the nuclear-powered spacecraft falls, it will cause chemical and radioactive pollution to the environment, and the consequences will be especially serious.", "minor_premise": " text?", "conclusion": "Space debris is the main pollution source of space environment."}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Studies have shown that the water conduction function and gas exchange function of the edge of the plant leaf are not as good as that of the middle part of the leaf. Take a certain open-air tropical plant alocasia as an example, its leaf diameter can reach 1 meter. The high temperature of 8.8 degrees celsius causes high temperature burns on the edges of some leaves and dry. ", "conclusion": "Reduced water conduction and gas exchange function of plant leaves will inhibit heat dissipation", "minor_premise": " scientists believe that this phenomenon limits the continued expansion of the leaf area. Of course, there are relatively few giant leaf plants in nature."}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Gilbert: This food label is mistaken", " It says that these cookies contain only natural ingredients, but they contain alphahydroxy acids that are chemically synthesized by the cookie company at their plant", " Sabina: The label is not mistaken"], "conclusion": "All substances except those that do not occur naturally in any source are considered natural.", "minor_premise": " After all, alphahydroxy acids also are found occurring naturally in sugarcane"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["A population of game ducks at a western lake contains 55 males to every 45 females, while a population of game ducks at an eastern lake contains 65 males for every 35 females", " Among those ducks that have not yet bred there are only slightly more males than females, but among older ducks the number of males greatly exceeds the number of females"], "conclusion": "The population of game ducks at the western lake contains a lower percentage of adult males than the population at the eastern lake contains.", "minor_premise": " Because there are appreciably more males among adult ducks than among young ducks, we can infer that the greater the disparity in overall sex ratios, the greater the percentage of older male ducks in the population"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": "Frictional unemployment is short-term, partial unemployment caused by the normal flow of labor or the inevitable friction in production.", "conclusion": "Ms. Li has not found a new job after giving birth", "minor_premise": "According to the above definition, which of the following belong to frictional unemployment?"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Glucocorticoid is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex of the human body. It can regulate the synthesis and metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins. It is called glucocorticoid because its activity of regulating carbohydrate metabolism was first recognized by people. In addition, glucocorticoids can also regulate the inflammatory response", "conclusion": "Properties of glucocorticoids.", "minor_premise": "they are often used as anti-inflammatory drugs to treat diseases caused by the overreaction of the immune system, such as allergies, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Glucocorticoids are also often used to fight inflammation in cancer patients. In cells, glucocorticoids need to interact with glucocorticoid receptors to exert their physiological functions."}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["The economy around Lake Paqua depends on fishing of the lake' s landlocked salmon population", " In recent years, scarcity of food for salmon there has caused a decline in both the number and the size of the adult salmon in the lake", " As a result, the region' s revenues from salmon fishing have declined significantly"], "conclusion": "Fishing regulations prohibit people from keeping any salmon they have caught in Lake Paqua that are smaller than a certain minimum size.", "minor_premise": " To remedy this situation, officials plan to introduce shrimp, which can serve as a food source for adult salmon, into Lake Paqua"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["A study found that patients referred by their doctors to psychotherapists practicing a new experimental form of therapy made more progress with respect to their problems than those referred to psychotherapists practicing traditional forms of therapy"], "conclusion": "It ignores the possibility that therapists practicing the new form of therapy systematically differ from therapists practicing traditional forms of therapy with regard to some personality attribute relevant to effective treatment.", "minor_premise": " Therapists practicing the new form of therapy, ttherefore, are more effective than therapists practicing traditional forms"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Six years ago, the police force of Harrisville was reduced, in an effort to make a smaller but more efficient force", " In the first two years, crimes in Harrisville, especially by career criminals, were at a higher rate than they had been in the previous decades"], "conclusion": "Of the seventy similar sized cities in this and neighboring states, 40% reported some drop in the crime rate over the last four years.", "minor_premise": " Then, for the most recent four years, the crime rate has been the lowest in the seventy years on record, with the significant drop in crimes by career criminals"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["Some experts point out that Chinese don't like to drink, but like to advise", " And there are a lot of deliberate dissuasive drinkers, in the process of drinking, drinkers often advise drinkers, follow a harmful social relations of the drinking game rules, persuade drinkers must be through some way to hurt themselves to show sincerity, to gain trust", " Researchers need to show sincerity and access, both from the bottom of society and from the top of society"], "minor_premise": "People from the middle of society often do not need to establish social relations", "conclusion": " Although perhaps this was not what they had intended to drink"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": "Hypothetical judgment is a proposition that concludes that the existence of one thing is the condition of the existence of another thing. Hypothetical reasoning refers to the deductive reasoning in which the major premise is hypothetical judgment.", "minor_premise": " not hypothetical reasoning:", "conclusion": "If the sun was strong, Li Ming would not go swimming. Today the sun is very strong, so it can be concluded that Li Ming did not go swimming"}
{"label": "not entailed", "major_premise": ["In Stenland, many workers have been complaining that they cannot survive on minimum wage, the lowest wage an employer is permitted to pay", " The government is proposing to raise the minimum wage"], "conclusion": "For any position with wages below a living wage, the difficulty of finding and retaining employees adds as much to employment costs as would raising wages.", "minor_premise": " Many employers who pay their workers the current minimum wage argue that if it is raised, unemployment will increase because they will no longer be able to afford to employ as many workers"}
{"label": "entailed", "major_premise": ["Philosopher: Both the consequences and the motives of human actions have bearing on the moral worth of those actions"], "conclusion": "desiring to conform to a principle requires free will", "minor_premise": " Nonetheless, to be a moral agent one must have free will, because one cannot be a moral agent without desiring to conform to a principle"}