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[ "Cookies appear to have their origins in 7th century AD Persia , shortly after the use of sugar became relatively common in the region .", "Cookies were made at first in 7th century AD Persia , just after the use of sugar became common there ." ]
[ "Thus a cake made with butter or eggs instead of water is far denser after removal from the oven .", "So a cake made with butter or eggs instead of water is more dense when cooked ." ]
[ "By the 14th century , they were common in all levels of society throughout Europe , from royal cuisine to street vendors .", "By the 14th century , they were common in all parts of Europe , and could be found anywhere from royal cuisine to street vendors ." ]
[ "In the cookie , the agent of cohesion has become some form of oil .", "In cookies , some form of oil or fat is used for cohesion ." ]
[ "Despite its descent from cakes and other sweetened breads , the cookie in almost all its forms has abandoned water as a medium for cohesion .", "Even though it is close to cakes and other sweetened breads , cookies usually do not use water for cohesion ." ]
[ "In most English-speaking countries outside North America , including the United Kingdom , the most common word for this type of treat is biscuit and the term cookie is often used to describe only certain types of biscuits .", "They are also called biscuits in many English-speaking countries ." ]
[ "Darmstadtium is a chemical element with the symbol Ds and atomic number 110 .", "Darmstadtium is a chemical element ." ]
[ "It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element .", "Darmstadtium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature ." ]
[ "Confessions is the fourth studio album by American R&B recording artist Usher , released March 23 , 2004 , on Arista Records .", "Confessions is the fourth studio album by American singer Usher ." ]
[ "Recording sessions for the album took place during 2003 to 2004 with production by Jermaine Dupri , Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , and Lil Jon .", "It was produced by Jermaine Dupri , Jimmy Jam , Terry Lewis , and Lil Jon ." ]
[ "The album was an instant commercial success in the United States , selling 1.1 million copies in its first week .", "The album was a success in the United States ." ]
[ "The album 's themes generated controversy about Usher 's personal relationship ; however , the album 's primary producer Jermaine Dupri claimed the record reflects his personal story .", "Producer , Jermaine Dupri later said that the album is about Usher 's personal story ." ]
[ "Despite some mixed criticism towards its lyrical substance , Confessions received mostly positive reviews and earned Usher several awards , including a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album .", "It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album ." ]
[ "An early report on `` The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention '' in the January 12 , 1907 Electrical World stated that `` Vessels in distress use the special signal , SOS , repeated at short intervals . ''", "An early report on `` The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention '' in the January 12 , 1907 Electrical World said that `` Vessels in distress use the special signal , SOS , repeated at short intervals . ''" ]
[ "The signal SSS signaled attacked by submarines , whilst RRR warned of an attack by a surface raider , QQQ warned of an unknown raider ( usually an auxiliary cruiser ) , and AAA indicated an attack by aircraft .", "The signal SSS signalled attacked by submarines , whilst RRR warned of an attack by a surface raider , QQQ warned of an unknown raider ( usually an auxiliary cruiser ) , and AAA indicated an attack by aircraft ." ]
[ "In International Morse Code , three dits form the letter S , and three dahs make the letter O , so `` SOS '' became an easy way to remember the order of the dits and dahs .", "In International Morse Code , three dits form the letter S , and three dahs make the letter O , so `` SOS '' became an easy way to remember the correct order of the dits and dahs ." ]
[ "However , there was some resistance among the Marconi operators to the adoption of the new signal , and , as late as the April , 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic , the ship 's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls .", "However , there was some resistance among the Marconi operators about adopting the new signal , and , as late as the April , 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic , the ship 's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls ." ]
[ "In contrast to CQD , which was sent as three separate letters with spaces between each letter , the SOS distress call has always been transmitted as a continuous sequence of dits and dahs , and not as individual letters .", "In contrast to CQD , which was sent as three separate letters with spaces between each letter , the SOS distress call has always been transmitted as a continuous sequence of dits-and-dahs , and not as individual letters ." ]
[ "In order to designate the proper sequence of dits and dahs for a long special symbol , the standard practice is to list alphabetic characters which contain the same dits and dahs in the same order , with a bar atop the character sequence to indicate that there should not be any internal spaces in the transmission .", "In order to designate the proper sequence of dits-and-dahs for a long special symbol , the standard practice is to list alphabetic characters which contain the same dits-and-dahs in the same order , with a bar atop the character sequence to indicate that there should not be any internal spaces in the transmission ." ]
[ "During the Second World War , additional codes were employed to include immediate details about attacks by enemy vessels , especially in the Battle of the Atlantic .", "During the Second World War , additional codes were used to include immediate details about attacks by enemy vessels , especially in the Battle of the Atlantic ." ]
[ "Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany 's Notzeichen ( distress signal ) as the international standard , reading : `` Ships in distress shall use the following signal : · · · - - - · · · repeated at brief intervals '' .", "Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany 's Notzeichen distress signal as the international standard , reading : `` Ships in distress shall use the following signal : · · · - - - · · · repeated at brief intervals '' ." ]
[ "In modern terminology , SOS is a Morse `` procedural signal '' or `` prosign '' , and the formal way to write it is with a bar above the letters : SOS .", "In modern terminology , SOS is a `` procedural signal '' or `` prosign '' , and the formal way to write it is with a bar above the letters ." ]
[ "With the development of audio radio transmitters , there was a need for a spoken distress phrase , and `` Mayday '' was adopted by the 1927 International Radio Convention as the equivalent of SOS .", "When radio transmitters that could send audio were developed , there was a need for a spoken distress phrase , and `` Mayday '' was adopted by the 1927 International Radio Convention as the equivalent of SOS ." ]
[ "On January 20 , 1914 , the London International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea adopted the Morse code signal TTT ( - - - ) , three letter Ts ( - ) spaced correctly as three letters so as not to be confused with the letter O ( - - - ) , as the `` Safety Signal , '' used for messages to ships `` involving safety of navigation and being of an urgent character . ''", "On January 20 , 1914 , the London International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea adopted the Morse code signal TTT ( - - - ) , three letter T 's ( - ) spaced correctly as three letters so as not to be confused with the letter O ( - - - ) , as the `` Safety Signal , '' used for messages to ships `` involving safety of navigation and being of an urgent character . ''" ]
[ "The fact that SOS can be read right side up as well as upside down ( as an ambigram ) became important for visual recognition if viewed from above .", "The fact that SOS can be read right side up as well as upside down became important for visual recognition if viewed from above ." ]
[ "The SOS distress signal is a continuous sequence of three dits , three dahs , and three dits , all run together without letter spacing .", "From the beginning , the SOS distress signal has actually been a continuous sequence of three-dits\\/three-dahs\\/three-dits , all run together without letter spacing ." ]
[ "It has also sometimes been used as a visual distress signal , consisting of three short , three long , and three more short flashes of light , such as from a survival mirror , or with `` SOS '' spelled out in individual letters ( for example , stamped in a snowbank or formed out of logs on a beach ) .", "SOS has also sometimes been used as a visual distress signal , consisting of three-short\\/three-long\\/three-short light flashes , or with `` SOS '' spelled out in individual letters , for example , stamped in a snowbank or formed out of logs on a beach ." ]
[ "However , in International Morse , three dits comprise the letter S , and three dahs the letter O . It therefore soon became common to refer to the distress signal as `` SOS . ''", "However , in International Morse three dits make the letter S , and three dahs the letter O , and it soon became common to refer to the distress signal as `` SOS . ''" ]
[ "Additional warning and distress signals followed the introduction of SOS .", "Additional warning and distress signals were introduced after SOS ." ]
[ "( In International Morse Code , VTB , IJS , VGI , and SMB , among others , would also correctly translate into the · · · - - - · · · distress call sequence , but traditionally only SOS is used ) .", "( In International Morse , VTB , IJS and SMB , among others , would also correctly translate into the · · · - - - · · · distress call sequence , but traditionally only SOS is used ) ." ]
[ "This distress signal was first adopted by the German government in radio regulations effective April 1 , 1905 , and became the worldwide standard under the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention , which was signed on November 3 , 1906 and became effective on July 1 , 1908 .", "It became the worldwide standard when it was included in the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention , which was signed on November 3 , 1906 ." ]
[ "In 1906 , at the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention in Berlin , an extensive collection of Service Regulations was developed to supplement the main agreement , which was signed on November 3 , 1906 , becoming effective on July 1 , 1908 .", "This convention developed many Service Regulations to be added to the main agreement , which was signed on November 3 , 1906 , and became effective on July 1 , 1908 ." ]
[ "In popular usage , SOS became associated with such phrases as `` save our ship '' , `` save our souls '' and `` send out succor '' .", "In popular usage , SOS became associated with phrases such as `` Save Our Souls , '' `` Save our Ship '' `` Save Our Shelby , '' `` Shoot Our Ship '' , `` Sinking Our Ship '' , `` Survivors On Shore '' , and others ." ]
[ "However , in the interests of consistency and water safety , the use of CQD appears to have died out after this point .", "But with the need for consistency for public safety , the use of CQD appears to have generally disappeared after this point ." ]
[ "SOS is the only 9-element signal in Morse code , making it more easily recognisable , as no other symbol uses more than 8 elements .", "SOS ( · · · - - - · · · ) is a Morse code ." ]
[ "These regulations introduced three new Morse code sequences , including the SOS distress signal .", "They introduced three new Morse code sequences , including the SOS distress signal : SOS was developed from the general German radio call `` SOE '' , with the 3 dits of a `` S '' easier to hear in static than the one dit of an `` E '' ." ]
[ "According to the 2000 census , the county has a total area of 700.76 square miles ( 1,815.0 km2 ) , of which 693.98 square miles ( 1,797.4 km2 ) ( or 99.03 % ) is land and 6.78 square miles ( 17.6 km2 ) ( or 0.97 % ) is water .", "693.98 square miles ( 1,797.4 km2 ) ( or 99.03 % ) is land and 6.78 square miles ( 17.6 km2 ) ( or 0.97 % ) is water ." ]
[ "Baker County was established on December 30 , 1868 , named for Alfred Baker , with its county seat at Grantville .", "It was named for Alfred Baker , with its county seat at Grantville ." ]
[ "It is home to swamps , prairies and mountains due to the foothills of the Appalachians which end in the county , the Coosa River basin , and its proximity to the Black Belt Prairie .", "It is home to swamps , prairies and mountains due to the foothills of the Appalachians ." ]
[ "Its name is in honor of William Parish Chilton , Sr. ( 1810-1871 ) , a lawyer who became Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court and later represented Montgomery County in the Congress of the Confederate States of America .", "William Parish Chilton , Sr. ( 1810-1871 ) , was a lawyer who became Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court ." ]
[ "Residents of the county petitioned the Alabama legislature for the renaming of their county , it was not something forced upon them .", "Residents of the county asked the Alabama legislature for the renaming of their county ." ]
[ "The county seat is Clanton and it is a prohibition , or dry county .", "The county seat is Clanton ." ]
[ "Abigail Powers Fillmore ( March 13 , 1798 - March 30 , 1853 ) , wife of Millard Fillmore , was First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853 .", "Abigail Powers Fillmore ( March 13 , 1798 - March 30 , 1853 ) , was the wife of Millard Fillmore , the President of the United States ." ]
[ "Pleading her delicate health , she entrusted many routine social duties to her daughter , `` Abby . ''", "Later on , due to her bad health , she gave many routine duties of the First Lady to her daughter , `` Abby . ''" ]
[ "Abigail was born in Stillwater , New York , 1798 , in Saratoga County , New York .", "She was born in Saratoga County , New York ." ]
[ "The Fillmores had a son and a daughter : Attaining prosperity at last , Fillmore bought his family a six-room house in Buffalo , New York .", "After few years , Fillmore bought a home in Buffalo , New York where she had a daughter , Mary Abigail ." ]
[ "In 1997 , scientists recorded a record clarity of 43.3 m ( 142 ft ) .", "In 1997 , scientists recorded a record clarity of 43.3 meters ( 142 ft ) ." ]
[ "There are no rivers flowing into or out of the lake ; the evaporation is compensated for by rain and snowfall at a rate such that the total amount of water is replaced every 250 years .", "The evaporation is compensated for by rain and snowfall at a rate such that the total amount of water is replaced every 250 years ." ]
[ "Sediments and landslide debris also covered the caldera floor .", "Sediments and material from landslides also covered the caldera floor ." ]
[ "The Klamath people used Crater Lake in vision quests , which often involved climbing the caldera walls and other dangerous tasks .", "The Klamath people used Crater Lake in vision quests ." ]
[ "On the basis of maximum depth , Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States , the second deepest in North America ( after Great Slave Lake in Canada ) , and the ninth deepest lake in the world ( Lake Baikal is the deepest ) .", "On the basis of maximum depth , Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States ." ]
[ "Crater Lake is located in Klamath County , approximately 60 miles ( 97 km ) northwest of the county seat of Klamath Falls , and about 80 miles ( 130 km ) northeast of the city of Medford .", "The lake is about 60 miles ( 97 km ) northwest of the county seat of Klamath Falls , and about 80 miles ( 130 km ) northeast of Medford ." ]
[ "Mount Mazama was destroyed in the battle , creating Crater Lake .", "Mount Mazama was destroyed in the battle ." ]
[ "Crater Lake is a caldera lake in the western United States , located in south-central Oregon .", "Crater Lake is a caldera lake in the U.S. state of Oregon ." ]
[ "The lake 's maximum depth has been measured at 1,949 feet ( 594 m ) , which fluctuates slightly as the weather changes .", "Its maximum depth is 1,949 feet ( 594 m ) ." ]
[ "Some hydrothermal activity remains along the lake floor , suggesting that at some time in the future Mazama may erupt once again .", "That means that at some time in the future Mazama may erupt once again ." ]
[ "However , using average depths of the world 's deepest lakes , Crater Lake becomes the deepest lake in the Western Hemisphere and the third deepest in the world .", "Crater Lake is also the ninth deepest lake in the world ." ]
[ "The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption between 6,000 and 8,000 years ago that led to the subsidence of Mount Mazama between .", "The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption ." ]
[ "The Klamath tribe of Native Americans , who may have witnessed the collapse of Mount Mazama and the formation of Crater Lake , have long regarded the lake as a sacred site .", "The Klamath tribe of Native Americans have long thought of the lake as a sacred site ." ]
[ "Those who were successful in such quests were often regarded as having more spiritual powers .", "The Klamath believed those who were successful in such quests had more spiritual powers ." ]
[ "The lake is 5 by 6 miles ( 8.0 by 9.7 km ) across , with a caldera rim ranging in elevation from 7,000 to 8,000 feet ( 2,100 to 2,400 m ) and an average lake depth of 1,148 feet ( 350 m ) .", "The lake has an average depth of 1,148 feet ( 350 m ) ." ]
[ "Eventually , the caldera cooled , allowing rain and snow to accumulate and eventually form a lake .", "That allowed rain and snow to form a lake ." ]
[ "Due to several unique factors , mainly that the lake has no inlets or tributaries , the waters of Crater Lake are some of the purest because of the absence of pollutants .", "The waters of Crater Lake are some of the purest in North America ." ]
[ "Lava eruptions later created a central platform , Wizard Island , Merriam Cone , and other , smaller volcanic features , including a rhyodacite dome that was eventually created atop the central platform .", "Lava eruptions later created a central platform , called Wizard Island ." ]
[ "Also after some time , the slopes of the lake 's caldera rim more or less stabilized , streams restored a radial drainage pattern on the mountain , and dense forests began to revegetate the barren landscape .", "Streams restored a radial drainage pattern on the mountain , and forests began to cover the landscape ." ]
[ "Mount Mazama , part of the Cascade Range volcanic arc , was built up mostly of andesite , dacite , and rhyodacite over a period of at least 400,000 years .", "Mount Mazama is part of the Cascade Range island arc ." ]
[ "Since that time , all eruptions on Mazama have been confined to the caldera .", "Since that time , all eruptions on Mazama are limited to the caldera ." ]
[ "It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and is famous for its deep blue color and water clarity .", "It is the main attraction of Crater Lake National Park ." ]
[ "Clarity readings from a Secchi disk have consistently been in the high-20 meter to mid-30 meter ( 80 to 115-foot ) range , which is very clear for any natural body of water .", "Clarity readings have always been in the high-20 meter to mid-30 meter ( 80-115 ft ) range ." ]
[ "While having no indigenous fish population , the lake was stocked from 1888 to 1941 with a variety of fish .", "However , people stocked the lake with different kinds of fish between 1888 and 1941 ." ]
[ "Even from Alpha Centauri A or B , Proxima would only be seen as a fifth magnitude star .", "Even from Alpha Centauri A or B , Proxima would only be seen as a 5th magnitude star ." ]
[ "In 1951 , American astronomer Harlow Shapley announced that Proxima Centauri is a flare star .", "In 1951 , Harlow Shapley said that Proxima Centauri was a flare star ." ]
[ "Among the known stars , Proxima Centauri has been the closest star to the Sun for about 32,000 years and will be so for about another 33,000 years , after which the closest star to the Sun will be Ross 248 .", "Proxima Centauri has been the closest star to the Sun for about the last 32,000 years ." ]
[ "In 1915 , Scottish astronomer Robert Innes , Director of the Union Observatory in Johannesburg , South Africa , discovered a star that had the same proper motion as Alpha Centauri .", "Proxima Centauri was found to share the same proper motion as Alpha Centauri in 1915 by Robert Innes while he was Director of the Union Observatory in Johannesburg , South Africa ." ]
[ "A study of the bones and joints of the arm , shoulder , and lower limbs also concluded that H. floresiensis was more similar to early humans and apes than modern humans .", "A study of the bones and joints of the arm , shoulder , and legs also concluded that H. floresiensis was more similar to early humans and apes than modern humans ." ]
[ "Subsequent excavations recovered seven additional skeletons , dating from 38,000 to 13,000 years ago .", "Excavations done after that recovered seven additional skeletons , dating from 38,000 to 13,000 years ago ." ]
[ "In 2009 , the publication of a cladistic analysis and a study of comparative body measurements provided further support for the hypothesis that H. floresiensis and Homo sapiens are separate species .", "In 2009 , the publication of a cladistic analysis and a study comparing body sizes gave further support for the theory that H. floresiensis and Homo sapiens are separate species ." ]
[ "Two orthopedic researches published in 2007 reported evidence to support species status for H. floresiensis .", "Two studies of the bones published in 2007 both reported evidence to support species status for H. floresiensis ." ]
[ "An arm bone provisionally assigned to H. floresiensis is about 74,000 years old .", "An arm bone which they think belongs to H. floresiensis is about 74,000 years old ." ]
[ "The most important and obvious identifying features of H. floresiensis are its small body and small cranial capacity .", "The most important and obvious identifying features of H. floresiensis are its small body and small size of the space for the brain inside the skull ." ]
[ "Partial skeletons of nine individuals have been recovered , including one complete cranium ( skull ) .", "Parts of the skeletons of nine individuals were found , including one complete cranium ( the bones that form the head ) ." ]
[ "They were not expecting to find a new species , and were surprised at the recovery of a nearly complete skeleton of a hominin they dubbed LB1 because it was unearthed inside the Liang Bua Cave .", "They called it LB1 because it was unearthed inside the Liang Bua Cave ." ]
[ "The specimens were discovered on the Indonesian island of Flores in 2003 by a joint Australian-Indonesian team of archaeologists looking for evidence of the original human migration of Homo sapiens from Asia to Australia .", "The remains were discovered on the Indonesian island of Flores by an Australian-Indonesian team of archaeologists in 2003 ." ]
[ "The discoverers ( archaeologist Mike Morwood and colleagues ) proposed that a variety of features , both primitive and derived , identify these individuals as belonging to a new species , H. floresiensis , within the taxonomic tribe of Hominini , which includes all species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees .", "Archaeologist Mike Morwood and colleagues who found the remains published research to say that they think the individuals belong to a new species , H. floresiensis , within the taxonomic tribe of Hominini ." ]
[ "A study of three tokens of carpal ( wrist ) bones concluded there were similarities to the carpal bones of a chimpanzee or an early hominin such as Australopithecus and also differences from the bones of modern humans .", "A study of three bits of bones from the hand ( or carpal bones ) showed that they were similar to the carpal bones of a chimpanzee or an early hominin such as Australopithecus ." ]
[ "Doubts that the remains constitute a new species were soon voiced by the Indonesian anthropologist Teuku Jacob , who suggested that the skull of LB1 was a microcephalic modern human .", "Indonesian anthropologist Teuku Jacob suggested that the skull of LB1 was a modern human with microcephaly ." ]
[ "Homo floresiensis ( `` Flores Man '' ; nicknamed `` hobbit '' and `` Flo '' ) is an extinct species in the genus Homo .", "Homo floresiensis ( `` Flores Man '' , also called `` hobbit '' ) is a possible species ( type ) in the genus Homo , the biological family to which humans belong ." ]
[ "The discoverers also proposed that H. floresiensis lived contemporaneously with modern humans on Flores .", "The discoverers also say that H. floresiensis might have lived at the same time as modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) on Flores ." ]
[ "This hominin is remarkable for its small body and brain and for its survival until relatively recent times ( possibly as recently as 12,000 years ago ) .", "This hominin ( human-like being ) is remarkable because it has a small body and brain ." ]
[ "The remains of an individual that would have stood about 3.5 feet ( 1.1 m ) in height were discovered in 2003 on the island of Flores in Indonesia .", "The remains were found in 2004 on the island of Flores in Indonesia ." ]
[ "Since 1990 the district had a partnership with the district Fürth in Bavaria .", "Since 1990 the district has a partnership with the district Fürth in Bavaria ." ]
[ "Stollberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony , Germany .", "Stollberg Rural District is a district in the Free State of Saxony , Germany ." ]
[ "Pope Innocent X ( Latin : Innocentius X ; 6 May 1574 - 7 January 1655 ) , born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj ( or Pamphili ) , was Pope from 15 September 1644 to his death in 1655 .", "Pope Innocent X ( Latin : Innocentius Decimus ; 6 May 1574 - 7 January 1655 ) , born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj , was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 237th Pope from 1644 to 1655 ." ]
[ "However Sturt , who passed through the district on 12 December 1829 , was not the first explorer to cast eyes on the Murrumbidgee River .", "However Sturt , who passed through on 12 December 1829 , was not the first explorer to see the Murrumbidgee River ." ]
[ "Captain Charles Sturt , the famous explorer , is credited with being the first white man to observe the area that later was to become known as Narrandera .", "Captain Charles Sturt , the famous explorer , was the first European to see the area that later became known as Narrandera ." ]
[ "The name Narrandera is probably derived from Wiradjuri nharrang , meaning `` frill-necked lizard '' .", "The name Narrandera probably comes from Wiradjuri word nharrang , meaning `` frill-necked lizard '' ." ]
[ "Narrandera ( \\ / nəˈrændərə \\ / nə-RAN-dər-ə ) until around 1949 also spelled `` Narandera '' , is a town in southern New South Wales , Australia .", "Narrandera ( \\ / nəˈrændərə \\ / nə-RAN-dər-ə ) is a town in southern New South Wales , Australia ." ]
[ "Narrandera is a river town with a rich heritage .", "Narrandera is a river town with a long history ." ]
[ "Narrandera had its first recorded mention as a pastoral station or `` run '' ( Narrandera Run ) in 1848 , at which time the property held by Mr Edward Flood comprised approximately 76,800 acres ( 31,080 ha ) .", "The property was owned by Mr Edward Flood covered about 76,800 acres ( 31,080 ha ) ." ]
[ "The Borough of Narrandera was constituted by proclamation dated 17 March 1885 , and gazetted the following day .", "The Borough of Narrandera began on 17 March 1885 ." ]