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[Star Wars] How do the people on Coruscant breath, eat and drink without any nature left?
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Also: Why did they destroy all nature? At least something like the parks in New York should be there.
| 25 |
A gigantic portion of Coruscant's space and air traffic is the infrastructure that imports and distributes off-world food, water, and other resources. A significant amount of the galaxy's trade and business is done on that one planet alone, and a huge amount of it is the simple buying of food. It's one reason the Separatists attacked and blockaded the planet like they did at the end of the clone wars. They would have very quickly starved the Republic's very core if the battle lasted longer than it did. In legends, the Vong also cut off the planet's trade, and it caused death and suffering on an unimaginable scale.
That being said, Coruscant does have intact ice caps, so it also has significant amounts of native water still present. As well as a few shallow lakes and seas that are either used as farms for sea life, or resorts for tourism and relaxation. There is a single mountain peak that has not been built on, and is the last piece of the planet's visible landmass remaining.
Coruscant has been the center of trade and politics for well over 10,000 years. In legends, it was upwards of 30,000. Many hyperspace routes have an exit near the planet, which made it a natural trade hub, and the perfect place for meetings and government to form. With an entire galaxy constantly converging on it, infrastructure had to constantly be built to accommodate it. Over the many centuries it had been the galaxy's beating heart, it was turned into a single huge city out of grim necessity. And then it became tradition that no one dared defy, given how many benefits there are to conducting business on that single world. Soon, it was just a way of life that no one questioned.
| 39 |
[The Witcher] I'm back. So I escaped to Novigrad and, long story short, something is eating my neighbors, probably a monster, and everyone wants to pool their resources and hire a Witcher, which, fuck that idea. Do we have any other recourse for help, or is that White haired prick our only option?
| 26 |
You don't need a Witcher in particular. If its a run of the mill physical monster anyone could kill it, may need a whole posse to go after it and you'll probably lose some people but its still just a physical creature that you can stab to death. If its a curse or a wraith or something else incorporial you could go to a Sorceress, Peller, Cunning Woman or other magical practitioner to lift the curse. A witcher is still generally your best choice as they have the knowledge and expertise to take on all manner of creatures and curses and in the long run are probably cheaper then losing knights or half the village trying to bring down a troll.
| 54 |
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[Harry Potter] Is Hogwarts really the greatest magical school in the world?
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Aside from the danger the students are in every year, the faculty leaves a lot to be desired.
Snape torments his students.
The rotation of Defense Against the Dark Arts teachers.
Binns putting his students to sleep and teaching the same of subject of Giant/Goblin Wars.
Divination as a class is a joke, Albus would’ve dropped the class entirely if it wasn’t for Trelawney giving her prophecy.
Hagrid is a good guy and knows his subject, but he doesn’t have the qualifications to be a teacher.
Also 1/4 of the students from the age of 11 are told to be dark wizards in training. No wonder their prickly.
| 381 |
No student has ever died for any reason other than 'Got in Voldemort's way'. Literally every single death at the school (at least, since the Triwizard Tournament was cancelled centuries back) is directly caused by Voldemort or his followers.
Snape is a meanhearted, cruel bully who makes children cry and attempts to poison their pets, *but* he is also one of the greatest potionmasters in the world. Getting him to prepare you for your NEWTs is like getting a Supreme Court Justice to help you prepare for your LSAT.
Binns may be boring, but if you *do* pay attention and read the material instead of cheating off your friend every single year, you get a firm grasp of the major historical events of the wizarding world.
Divination as a *subject* is a bit odd. You can see why they don't bother with it for the first two years, because you tend to get very little information if you aren't a full-on seer. The information you *do* get tends to be general - an omen, which you could react to in any number of ways. But you *can* get some information, and it's possible to interpret it correctly, so any nation that *doesn't* have a school that teaches the basics Divination will be at a major disadvantage.
Hagrid is definitely unqualified, **but**, those kids definitely knew all about the care of magical creatures. Like that it is super dangerous and sometimes they shoot fire at you.
As for the Slytherins... there are dark wizards who aren't from Slytherin, and *most* Slytherins do not become dark wizards.
They're just your common, everyday racists, typically. But those will exist with or without the school.
But Hogwarts is considered the greatest magical school because it has produced a large amount of the greatest magical people.
Merlin. Dumbledore. Even Voldemort. All world-changing geniuses of magic, all Hogwarts-trained. Even Snape, the only person we *know* invented his own spells, went to Hogwarts.
| 311 |
[The Mask] Who would be the absolute worst person to wear the Mask who hasn't already?
| 458 |
Batman.
Most of the answers in this thread are people who already dont have many inhibitions and would just be slightly more powerful versions of the terrible people they already are. Batman, on the other hand, knows full well how terrible a person he'd be without inhibitions and has developed an adherence to rules that borders on psychosis, aimed at preventing himself from ever going too far.
Day 1: Joker is dead.
Day 5: there is no more crime anywhere.
| 795 |
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ELI5: What is exactly meant when someone says they are a "consultant"?
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I often meet people my age (mid/late twenties) who work in "consulting"...usually a male who majored in something like business or finance in college, likes to wear suits out to the bar, we all know someone like this.
Whenever I ask for an explanation of what they actually do, the typical answer includes a lot of words like "synergy" and "facilitating" and "networking between networks" and "accelerating profits", but they can never qualify any of those fancy terms in a "what do you do when you go into work on an average day" kind of way.
So what do consultants actually *do*?
| 39 |
Typically, they look at a specific area of how a company works. They identify what the company is doing right or wrong in that area. Then they write a long report with their findings, and charge the company lots of money.
| 27 |
Eggs are a big investment for birds, so why do chickens lay unfertilized eggs? Why don't they 'hold on' to that investment until it's fertilized?
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Come to think of it, don't humans do the same thing every month?
| 652 |
Veterinarian perspective here: we have bred this into chickens, AND eye laying rate is related to nutritional intake. So, we're selecting for the layingest of layers, and feeding them the perfectly formulated feed for maximum production. The average layer hen is actually VERY skinny, because all of their resources are going toward eggs. If they can't keep up with the production, their production levels usually go way down before their health does.
| 227 |
[DC & Marvel] Who can punch harder? Superman or the Hulk?
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Who would win in a fight is irrelevant. If you had a strike force impact detector with no upper limit, which one of them could punch it the hardest?
| 33 |
Superman hits exceptionally hard but he has a finite limit to his strength. The hulk has no limit. If the hulk is sufficiently angered and capable of hitting the target with his full strength then the hulk will hit harder.
If the hulk is not angry enough, then superman hits harder. If the target is not something the hulk is capable of hitting with his full force (say a target in the air) then superman hits harder.
| 37 |
CMV: I don't think reparations for slavery (in the US) would be fair or actually solve anything
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First, let me state that I believe that there is still far too much racism in the US, and that slavery is still not recognized as the injustice that it actually was. That being said, I strongly disagree with the idea that reparations should be paid as a result of slavery. I am very interested in hearing opposing arguments though since most people in my circle either agree with me or refuse to talk about it.
If someone were to "pay" reparations, I view it as money being taken from their bank account by the government, said cash being transferred to a central fund, and then all of the combined payments being distributed to people receiving reparations. There are many variations to this process, but as I see it, it is primarily the transfer of wealth from one individual to another. There are many situations where one person pays another some amount of money based on how they've wronged the other person, such as a class-action lawsuit, civil lawsuit, etc...
However, in each case the individual paying the sum of money is the exact person responsible for the wrongdoing. If someone ran a person over with their car, they would be rightfully charged for their action. However, if their great grandfather ran someone else's great grandfather over with their car, it wouldn't make sense to put them on trial. So if no one living today participated directly in the economy that functioned from slavery, to me it wouldn't make sense to charge reparations based on that argument.
I have heard the argument that much of the US's wealth has been produced from injustice, and that people should pay reparations since they benefited from that unjust wealth. But if someone inherits wealth from their grandparents for example, and then it is later found out that their grandparents gained the wealth unethically, they still wouldn't be tried for that. Now they would have a legal and moral obligation to right the wrongs that their grandparents did, just like the US still needs to address the issues resulting from slavery, but I don't see that as a legal grounds for reparations either.
My final argument would be that reparations, if implemented, would not do much to reduce inequality in the US. Wealth inequality is at an all-time high, and many valid arguments can be made that measures should be taken to reduce this. But does it make logical sense to assume someones wealth or economic status based on race? Rather than transferring wealth based on genetic and social inheritance, wouldn't make more sense to approach the issue from a purely economic standpoint? Another argument is that reparations are needed to address racial economic inequality specifically. While they do address this issue, couldn't one rightfully argue that there are may facets to one's economic situation, and that not all of them are the result of history? I feel like the somewhat valid perception of reparations as an economically and socially unbalanced practice would actually be harmful to equality over time.
Again, not trying to come across as biased or misinformed, but I am genuinely curious about the augments for reparations and nobody I know wants to talk about it.
| 29 |
Reparations were originally planned in a far more direct form. Land was taken from the rebellious southeners and given directly to newly freed slaves so that every freed slave received 40 acres and a mule. Many slaves did, in fact, get their 40 acres, before the government changed their mind, kicked the slaves off the property, and let the white owners come back in.
For some people, reparations are owed based on the fact the government said it was going to do it and started doing it but decided not to in order to cater to the white landowners who rebelled in the first place.
| 13 |
ELI5: How did inorganic matter combine to form the first life on earth, and have we been able to do it ourselves yet?
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It seems to me that, providing that life arose spontaneously from elemental chemicals, we should be able to recreate those conditions and do it again, why haven't we?
| 54 |
We have, sort of. The Miller-Urey experiment attempted to mimic the conditions of early earth, inside a lab, to see if they could recreate the chemical beginnings of life. They put a bunch of water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen in a test tube and subjected it to heating (like from the earth's interior) and electrical sparks (like from lightning). They ended up creating 20 or so distinct kinds of amino acids.
| 32 |
[wh40k] At the absolute peak of their power, what race is the most powerful?
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Saw the recent post about the most powerful race (Tyranids, apparently). I was wondering if things change if you consider each race at their peak, i.e., Man with a functional Emperor, the Eldar before the fall, etc.
| 25 |
Necrons were able to subvert the C'Tan, star-eating sentient beings. Eldar in their prime forced the Necrons into stasis. Tau have no prime because they are relatively new. Humanity at its prime had technology beyond that of the Necrons and were able to go toe-on-toe with the Eldar Empire. The Orks are currently in their prime. Tyranids need only wait for their main fleet to overwhelm everyone with numbers.
| 32 |
[Marvel] Mister Immortal is said to be "homo supreme", a step above "homo superior" (i.e. mutant). So what does Magneto, an ardent pro-mutant, think of the man?
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Magneto is all for the superior species, but Mister Immortal is technically even more superior than the standard mutants. So what does he think of the man?
| 41 |
You're taking the scientific names too literally.
They're a different sub-species from homo sapiens. The name doesn't actually mean anything other than that.
Homo novissima and homo mermamus follow suite.
Magneto has no personal reason to be bothered or to think about Craig Hollis, unless he represents a threat to mutants.
| 43 |
How are modal logic possibilities known ?
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Modal logic is concerned with logical possibilities so it has the broadest set of possibilities.
For example we can imagine a world where there is FTL or a world where thermodynamics doesn't exist. There's nothing non contradictory about those at face but how do we know weather there's something or not about the light speed constant and thermodynamics that if violated would produce a contradiction ?
| 43 |
> Modal logic is concerned with logical possibilities
Modal **logic** is concerned with inferences or relations between modal propositions. Asking 'how are specific necessities or possibilities known in modal logic' is somewhat similar to asking 'but how are truths or falsities known in propositional or predicate logic'. A system of logic allows you to evaluate how various propositions relate to each other, you can put something in and get something out. But a certain epistemology in the sense of how we determine truth or falsity isn't built into propositional or predicate logic, and one of how we determine modalities isn't built into modal logic.
| 13 |
[Marvel] Azgardian magic is said to be science that humans haven't discovered yet. Has Marvel ever shown an Azgardian that understands the science behind the magic?
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As far as I can tell, Azgardians enchant objects, cast spells, and use "magic" objects such as Mjölnir. Do we know of an Azgardian who understands the physics, chemistry, and/or biology of how all of it works?
| 181 |
Yes. In The Dark World, it is shown that the techs working on Jane understand the principles of their machine.
> JANE [still curious about the energy field]: That’s a quantum field generator, isn’t it?
> EIR: It’s a Soul Forge.
> JANE: Does a Soul Forge transfer molecular energy from one place to another?
> EIR [looks impressed]: Yes.
> JANE [quietly to Thor]: Quantum field generator
This is the equivalent of a nuclear physicist getting a scan at the hospital and having this exchange happen:
"That's a radioscopic field analyzer, isn't it?"
"It's an MRI machine."
"Does an MRI machine examine electromagnetic resonances?"
"Yes."
"Radioscopic field analyzer."
Even if the tech can't actually build one, they ought to be trained on what it actually does on a fundamental level, at least to the point where they can operate one. And somewhere in Asgard is the Soul Forge technician, who comes around on the extremely rare occasions when it breaks. Maybe he couldn't design one, but he knows how the parts fit together and what it does enough to be able to generalize repair scenarios. And so on until you work back to the person who invented it whose name is probably Brokkr.
Point is, *someone* knows how it works, but that's certainly not important to the end user (Thor). All he needs to know is what motion controls map to what functions.
| 322 |
Is there a certain amount of "real estate" at the a given Lagrangian point? Could we potentially put too many stations, observatories, or other spacecraft there and run out of room?
| 582 |
Sort of. The further you are from the Lagrangian point, the further your actual behavior will be from the theoretical behavior exactly at the Lagrangian.
At an unstable Lagrangian, that means that the further you are from it, the faster you will diverge from the point. A station that wanted to sit at an unstable Lagrangian would need to periodically make small adjustments to its trajectory to "realign". The further from the actual precise point you are, the more frequent and larger those adjustments would need to be.
At a stable Lagrangian, that means the further you are from the point, the less of a stabilizing effect you will experience; your orbits around the stable point will be larger and less predictable. A station at a stable Lagrangian could do without course-corrections, depending on how much "meandering" you're willing to accept. As you get far enough away, you would realistically need course-corrections in order to avoid other objects (like the other stations).
Both effects are gradual; there wouldn't be a sharp cutoff between "this station is in the 'Lagrangian Zone' and this other one is not."
Edit: Obviously, the assumption is that you have to have some space between the actual objects you're putting up. If you are imagining these stations/spacecraft being literally pressed up against each other, there's effectively limitless (by Earth standards) real estate. But in practice you will want quite a bit of separation.
| 134 |
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ELI5: Why do they call it a season of television in the US but call it a series in Britain?
| 64 |
Network TV in the USA has a pretty regimented schedule, running from fall to spring, with around 23 episodes per program, year after year. With this sort of regularity, it makes sense to call it a season.
In the UK, programming is more irregular. *Sherlock*, for example, only did three episodes a year, once every two years. There is nothing really seasonal about that, so series is a better term.
| 35 |
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China dumps USA debt, what happens
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I read today that if China where to sell US debt, treasury bills (1.3 Trillion dollars +/-) I believe to other countries then that would cause an event similar to 2008 financial crisis, or worse. If US debt was sold, wouldn’t we just owe the buyers of the debt the debt payments?
What would actually happen, if China offloaded US debt?
Thanks
| 31 |
No, China deciding to sell their grand total of ~4-5% of total US debt would not cause a financial crisis, and they are extremely unlikely to sell anywhere near that amount because they would share in any negative effects of the sell off. In order to sell that much in a short period of time China would have to sell them at a loss, so they immediately take a hit there. Furthermore, US treasuries are one of the primary mechanisms by which China controls the value of its currency. Without US debt China's ability to weaken or strengthen its currency would be severely limited.
There is also the issue that once China sells its US treasuries, it's left with a bunch of dollars that it would be forced to invest in other USD denominated assets or otherwise try to sell the USD for other currencies, affecting the exchange rate (potentially in ways they don't want).
| 58 |
ELI5: Why are all the gas planets big and all the rocky planets small? Is there a maximum limit for rocky planets, or could we theoretically have jupiter sized rocky planets? And vice versa, could we have earth sized gas planets?
| 25 |
It comes down to gravity
The reason Earth doesn't have much hydrogen or helium in the atmosphere is that they're so light and gravity is relatively low, so its relatively easy to bump them up to escape velocity from their speed at normal temperatures. Once they hit escape velocity they're going off into space and not coming back
If you manage to gather more mass together then gravity and the escape velocity will be higher and hydrogen will leave at a slower rate. With enough mass it'll leave so slowly that the planet will stick around for billions of years
A rocky core the size of Neptune or Uranus would have crazy gravity levels and an insanely thick atmosphere around it
A gas blob the size of Earth would dissipate quickly, on the order of millions of years so we're unlikely to ever observe one
| 29 |
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CMV: tough on crime policy doesn't prevent crime
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It actually increases it in the long run. Poverty and low social mobility are one of the biggest contributors to crime, and harsher punishment only increases those. You will move to problems to a different time/location or reporting on crime will drop .
https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/five-things-about-deterrence
Higher wages, guaranteed healthcare, food security, high quality childcare, housing, proper schools, addiction prevention and rehabilitation instead of punitive prison systems. Europe has long demonstrated. That rehabilitation is far more successful and less expensive than locking someone up for 30 years
| 267 |
Depends on what you mean by "tough on crime". If you are sufficiently tough on crime to the extent of straight up obliterating criminals, then society doesn't have to deal with much crime. For example, Singapore generally doesn't have social welfare and crime rates are very low there.
| 99 |
Why is the formula E^2=(mc^2)^2 + (pc)^2 so similar to the pythagorean theorem?
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Why is the formula E^2 = (mc^2 )^2 + (pc)^2 so similar to the pythagorean theorem?
| 21 |
Because it's the same thing, just in a different space.
Instead of a^(2) + b^(2) = c^(2), it's E^(2) - (**p**c)^(2) = (mc^(2))^(2).
c is the length of the vector < a, b > in R^(2). And mc^(2) is the "length" of a four-vector < E, **p**c > in Minkowski spacetime. The minus sign is the difference between the typical R^(n) and Minkowski spacetime.
| 49 |
ELI5: What happens when our ears “clog” when swimming or taking a bath? Also does the water flush out ear wax or push it further in?
| 32 |
Water does exactly that--it clogs the ear. The ear canal is small enough that the surface tension of water can hold it in place, filling up the entire canal, even when you are standing upright. It does little to the wax, because the wax is mostly hydrophobic--it doesn't dissolve in water. Maybe some small loose bits will come out when you shake out the water, but that's about it
| 32 |
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ELI5: How did ancient people figure out that sex leads to kids, since the effects are so delayed?
| 14,869 |
They observed animals. They noted that women who did not have sex did not get pregnant. Some Neolithic art can be interpreted as showing that they were aware of the relationship. But we can never know for sure.
| 8,381 |
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ELI5: Why can we have dozens of normal interactions and a few positive ones every day, but we fixate on the one negative one for hours?
| 95 |
Because your brain's primary directive is survival. Good things, positive things, are normal and help your survival. In these cases, your brain did what it was supposed to, increase your chances of survival. But when a negative experience occurs, your brain turns on it's memory and activates other things which help you later on. This is your brain trying to prevent that negative thing from happening again. Whether it's social anxiety or being mugged. You think about it and feel strongly about it, because your brain wants you to, because it wants to prevent it from happening. That's why you think about what you could have done. Your brain wants to prepare you for if it happens again. It's simple survival. Everything we do or think has to do somehow with survival. Friends, food, sex, drugs, depression even. Depression is like your body going into a low energy state to protect itself. It doesn't care that that ends up making you suicidal. Suicidal thoughts are themselves a coping mechanism.
| 63 |
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ELI5: Elements want 8 electrons in their valence shell to become stable. Why do atoms want exactly 8 valence electrons, and why is it impossible to have 9 valence electrons?
| 76 |
The reason is to do with the quantum mechanics of how an electron bound to a nucleus behaves. The electron's wavefunction has to take the shape of a set of mathematical functions known as a spherical harmonics (you can Google these to see what they look like). The reason it's a spherical harmonic is that is has the right spherical symmetry.
Spherical harmonics are labelled with three numbers, which are conventionally called n, l, and m, where 0 <= l <= n, and -l <= m <= l.
At n=0, the only possible state is n=0, l=0, m=0 (I'll shorten this to (0,0,0)).
At n=1, the possible states are (1,0,0) (1,1,-1) (1,1,0) (1,1,1).
Electrons have one additional property: spin. An electron can be either spin up (↑), or spin down (↓).
You'll hopefully notice at this point that means that for n = 1, there are 8 possible states, the four spherical harmonics * two spins. This is where the number 8 comes from. The 'n' parameter is what chemists would call the number of shells. You'll notice that for n > 1, you'll have even more states available, this is why things start to get more complex. Chemists call l = 0 the 's' orbital, l = 1 is 'p', l = 2 is 'd' and l = 3 is 'f', and the addition of these extra possible states makes chemistry of these things more interesting.
You should also note that this structure of states is what creates the shape of the periodic table, getting wider as you go down it; that's all to do with more spherical harmonic states becoming available.
| 25 |
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Is Nietzsche alone in his view on rights?
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Nietzsche argues (I’m pretty sure it’s in *The Gay Science*) that a right comes into being when someone who has power over you willingly limits that power. In other words, if you have a right to something, that means that there is some person or institution who could deny you that something, but—for whatever reason—has agreed to refrain from doing so. Conversely, if you have complete control over some aspect of your life, then you have no rights in that area (and do not need them).
&#x200B;
I have always found this view fascinating and thought provoking, but since I know nothing about the philosophy of rights, I don’t know whether any other philosopher has a similar conception of them. Is this position completely unique to Nietzsche, or are there others who agree with it?
| 124 |
It's not really absent in any liberal philosophy. The whole idea of a social contract is that you give up absolute freedom to the social order, and you do so rationally to support your own best interests. Nietzsche is perhaps taking a closer look at that freedom that is given up, but it's not a concept that was completely new to political philosophy.
| 43 |
ELI5 the pros and cons of GMOs
| 17 |
Pro GMO foods: Crop yields can be improved by as much as 10x, allowing more people to be fed. Crop diseases can be wiped out, improving yields further.
Anti GMO foods: Risk of the unknown. GMO's are man-made, and might have health or environmental risks that we can't predict or test for. Most GMO strains are produced and controlled by Monsanto, a company that many people hold a negative feeling. Risk of cross contamination, as GMO plants might grow and reproduce with ordinary farmers crops.
| 19 |
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Can someone explain exactly how Spider Web is stronger then steel?
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You always hear that spider silk is stronger then steel but how exactly is this? Considering anyone can break a spider web in half with almost 0 effort, is this based on something to do with equal amounts of spider silk vs steel?
| 140 |
The reason spiderwebs are so easy to break is that they're just very thin. If you had really thin steel wire, it also breaks pretty easily. If you had a giant mutant spider that could produce a fat cable of spider web, then that would be stronger than a similarly-sized steel cable.
So yes, it has to do with equal amounts.
| 187 |
ELI5: Why do you preceive some kind of "pressure" when using noise canceling headphones?
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So I was searching for posts concerning noise canceling headphones and I found a few posts about how they cancel out noise.
As I understand, the headphones basically listen for incoming "noise" and send out the "opposite" wave. OK!
Then I was wondering: if the two waves cancel each other out, why you perceive some kind of "pressure" especially when no music is played?
| 27 |
This is a fun one. Our brains react to certain input from our senses based on instinct. When you put on noise canceling headphones they cancel out low-frequency outside sounds (and other frequencies). But that lack of low frequencies is also what happens naturally when there is a pressure difference between your inner and outer ear, and it triggered that feeling. It's an instinct reacting to what normally would be a good time to pop your ears, but its the headphones not climbing a mountain or whatever would normally cause a pressure difference.
| 26 |
What are the differences between Adult Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells in research?
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Besides the obvious answer of their source (one comes from an adult and the other from an embryo). Which are preferred to work with and why? Are there more drawbacks to using one versus the other? Is one easier to work with or does it survive longer? Is one better for growing limbs and another better for repairing organs? Any information you could give me to better understand stem cells would be wonderful! I have tried to look up things about them and get answers that go over my head. Thank you.
| 15 |
To put it simply, one (adult) is already more differentiated, meaning it has already undergone some changes that make it more like the normal adult cells in your body and less like the pluri potent stem cells that can turn into anything (if they get the right signals to do so)
edit: see ren5311's comment below
| 10 |
[Fiction] So, really, are 'universes' and 'dimensions' two different things? If so, then why people get them mixed up when it comes to the multiverse?
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The reason I ask this, is because for the longest now, I've always assumed that 'universe' and 'dimension' are the same thing but are said differently, when talking about characters travelling through the multiverse in fictional stories.
However, apparently, from what I've heard, universe and dimension are actually two different things with different meanings behind them (I can't exactly remember what the meanings are, so if anyone knows, answers would be very nice, thank you). So, if that's the case, if a universe and a dimension are not the same thing, then why is that characters in fiction (or writers of said fiction) get them two things mixed up like they are the same thing? Are different dimensions something that's located within the same universe, or is it just writers not knowing the differences between them? I'm honestly confused, really.
If you know the answer, please provide with some explanations or reasons behind it. Thanks.
| 38 |
When the two terms are used distinctly, a universe usually contains dimensions. Dimensions are essentially different planes or pockets of reality within a singular creation, that singular creation and all that it contains being called a “universe”.
| 44 |
ELI5 how do arm prosthetics work especially when you have almost your whole arm gone?
| 21 |
Sensors are placed to pick up signals both electronically and physically from remaining muscle structures left around the stump
These are used to actuate the various artificial muscles of the prosthetic either through mechanical action or electronic/pneumatic actuators
| 14 |
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CMV: Religions only hinder scientific progress.
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I believe that religion has in the past, and continues to now, halt progress in the growth and development of certain scientific fields that their beliefs clash with. I think we can all agree on scientific breakthroughs from the past being hindered by the Catholic Church and perhaps other religions from seeing the light of day by several years if not decades. I also believe (the more controversial point) that religions nowadays, although less so as organizations but rather by individuals or small groups, attempt to and sometimes succeed in halting scientific progress.
Stem cell research and other newer scientific fields are seen by certain religions as heretical and going against their held beliefs. These groups and individuals who attempt to stop research in these areas only stagger growth in these areas, which is utterly pointless, because eventually the research will continue to grow. So why even bother? Without religion we would be decades ahead of our time and so much further in almost every aspect of life.
_____
> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!*
| 15 |
You might be surprised to know that it was religious conviction that drove the first geologists to learn that the earth was older than 6000 years old. They were interested in "studying god's creation" and exploring and documenting the soil, rocks, and flora/fauna. In doing so, they found sedimentary layers that they then calculated to have needed much more than 6000 years to produce.
If religion truly hindered scientific progress, the pyramids would never have been built. The ancient Egyptians were about as religious as you can get. They had deeply-held beliefs on spiritual identity, life, and death. They believed in and worshipped multiple gods and goddesses. Yet, their beliefs drove them to study the heavens, building star charts and predicting astronomical events. They curated a deep understanding of mathematics and geometry. They used their knowledge to build the most massive and perfectly-aligned stoneworks in human history.
The world's first printing press went on to become – arguably – the greatest invention in human history, ushering in a new era of knowledge, and signaled the beginning of the information age. And what was it first used for? Printing Bibles.
Human ingenuity and religion are fueled by the same innate curiosity. One does not prevent the other from happening. In fact, we wouldn't be where we are today with out religion because it was religious conviction that inspired the first explorers and great thinkers to learn about the universe.
What hinders scientific progress today? The answer isn't Religion. It's Capitalism.
| 16 |
ELI5: When you are fingering a girl, why do some vaginas feel pretty smooth inside while others feel quite rough? [NSFW]
| 144 |
The vagina is mostly muscular tissue that can stretch enough to accommodate childbirth. All that extra tissue has to go somewhere, so when the vagina isn't stretched out (most of the time) it sort of folds up into wrinkles. The folded wrinkles on an organ are called rugae (other organs have them too, most notably the stomach. Scrotums as well - wrinkled up when cold, let it all loose when warm).
The amount of ridging and where it occurs varies from person to person. The vagina will be roughest/most textured when not aroused and will be smoothest when aroused or in childbirth. Not every woman will be totally smooth when aroused, though. Women whose vaginas feel more smooth are either more aroused at the moment or don't have as pronounced rugae for whatever reason.
The g-spot may also have a slightly different feel to it.
| 135 |
|
[General Space Sci-fi] What's the scariest thing in any franchise/story's setting that is outside of its galaxy?
|
So in 40k, people theorize that it's more Tyranids, Orks, or something that the Tyranids are running away from. In Halo, if I understood it correctly, you have another Halo ring (or was it a Halo creator?). In Star Wars Legends, there was the Yuuzhan Vong. Mass Effect, you have the reapers hibernating.
What about other sci-fi stories? What's something scary beyond their galaxy's borders?
| 22 |
The time war. Literally rewriting time to use it as a weapon. Billions dying and being resurrected every second. Entire species being being wiped out of history, coming back and only to be wiped out again. You could be living it right now and never no.
| 33 |
eli5: Why are skyscrapers nearly always covered in glass completely in contrast to small buildings?
|
Like is there a specific reason or is it just a design choice? Or do they have so many tall windows to let as much sunlight in as possible?
It just occurred to me since the futuristic full glass look of skyscrapers really stands out against normal building surrounding them.
| 67 |
It's for both aesthetic and practical reasons.
Aesthetically it looks stylish, and allows for a lot of options for colors and tinting. It also makes the offices inside more desirable when they have big windows with nice views and lots of natural light.
Practically glass is lighter and easier to install and maintain than a lot of other cladding materials. Skyscrapers also almost always carry their weight on internal support beams so structural strength isn't a big concern for the exterior walls.
| 104 |
ELI5: Why does alcohol leave such a recognizable smell on your breath when non-alcoholic drinks, like Coke, don't?
| 14,436 |
The smell lingers as long as you're drunk because it's not coming from residual booze in your saliva, it's the smell of your blood itself.
When you imbibe an alcoholic beverage, ethanol (the active ingredient that gets you drunk), is absorbed into your bloodstream. Ethanol is a volatile chemical (it evaporates easily), so when alcoholic blood passes through your lungs, some of the ethanol evaporates into the air that you exhale. It's this process that allows a breathalyzer to measure BAC based on your exhalation.
| 21,132 |
|
If a photon experiences no time, could all photons we observe from our reference frame really just be the same photon in every possible position in the universe?
|
I'm a photon/relativity noob, so please excuse my ignorance. I often wonder about the fact that an object that moves at c experiences no time. Does this not imply that a) from our reference frame the same photon must be at every conceivable point in the universe simultaneously, and that b) there is just one single photon? Could this explain the strange results of the double slit experiment? Just a thought!
| 75 |
Nope. It's pretty trivial to show that a photon propagating along a geodesic trajectory cannot deviate from that trajectory. If it did, then there would exist some inertial reference frame in which the photon, during deviation, was not propagating at *c,* which is prohibited by the principle of covariance.
| 30 |
ELI5: The phantom text, how does the brain feel something that isn’t happening? what causes this sensation? And are there other known symptoms of this phenomena?
|
Surely you’ve experienced it, you feel your pocket buzz, as if you had received a text message, only to find your phone is not even in your pocket that moment. What causes this sensation? Whatever this phenomena is, are there other examples of it?
Sometimes we feel like we are still wearing glasses when they are taken off, how does the brain feel something that doesnt exist?
Thank you for any answers!
| 21 |
Your brain has to process a *lot* of sensory input all at once. Way too much for you ever to really handle on a conscious level. To compensate for this, your brain learns to look for patterns in the raw information and then slots new sensory information into those patterns whenever it thinks it fits.
This is why you can, for example, recognize that a chair is a chair without having to take a detailed account of how many legs it has, or check to see if it has a seat or a back or any of the other things associated with chairs. Your brain gets the raw feed, identifies a shape that looks like a chair, tags it as a chair and then passes that up to you with the note “This is a chair, no need to waste time thinking about it too much unless you decide you need a chair.”
On the flip side, if you’re doing something like Where’s Waldo. There’s a lot of chaotic information meant to obscure the relevant patterns that would allow your brain to quickly process “Yep, that’s Waldo” even when you are looking directly at him. But then once you have looked closely enough for that connection to be made, your brain keeps track and you can’t *not* see where he is even though you couldn’t a second before when looking at the exact same picture.
Sometimes, though, a bit of sensory input is just close enough to an existing pattern that your brain misclassifies it, and so instead of passing along something approximating the raw feed so you can figure out what it is for yourself, your brain says “I know what that is!” and passes along the tag for “buzzing cell phone” or “your name shouted from far away” and so that’s what you experience instead of whatever it was that actually happened, which may have been *kind* of like that thing, but not really as much as you experienced it as.
| 31 |
[Batman] How does Bruce explain Damien to the world at large? Especially considering he’s had two wards before “finding” a biological son.
|
Considering his playboy lifestyle, would there be rumors that he was a pederast or at least had a strange lifestyle related to boys?
| 166 |
His playboy lifestyle is the perfect way to explain Damien. One of his countless nights spent with beautiful women ended in unsafe sex. And it wasn't until years later that he found out that single act resulted in a son.
And given that Bruce's tragic history is public knowledge, there aren't many people who seriously consider that Bruce does anything untoward with his wards. It seems like it's a perfectly logical thing for a rich orphan to do. Sponsor other young boys with stories like his, give them a chance at a better life through expensive schooling and all expenses paid, and also reap all the media attention lavished on someone trying to save the world in such a small way.
| 204 |
CMV: Politicians should wait in line for medical treatment just like anyone else.
|
In the US in particular, it's unfair how politicians can get priority treatment over others who are turned away from the hospitals because they have no money or connections to get the treatment they need for the same health condition. I'm not just talking about the current situation, but in any situation where medical attention is needed for the same health condition. When I hear stories on the news how some politician gets access to experimental treatment that others can't get, it shows the corruption of the healthcare system to favour only the rich when access to healthcare should be a right for all.
People might rebuttal that because politicians hold positions of power and make important decisions for the city or state that they must get treatment first. But what about the frontline healthcare workers who literally put their lives on the line to save us? Why don't they get this experimental treatment when they get sick, so they can get back on their feet and help more people? And even if the politician lands in the ICU, isn't that what vice presidents and deputy prime ministers are for?
I guess what in getting at is that the loss of life of one politician or official doesn't impact the decisions made at the top because the power can always be substituted whereas the loss of life of a frontline healthcare worker is devastating to the operational function of a hospital as primary and secondary lives are lost.
| 95 |
What sort of politicians are you arguing for? Politicians like your local representative or your Prime Minister? Because there are huge ramifications when it comes to the top brass.
People like the PM get first treatment because they are incredibly important to a Country actually functioning and the stability of a nation. If the PM gets sick and dies - that hurts foreign policy because troops and diplomats have to wait for the crisis to settle down - it exaggerates internal division as parties contest who gets to be the next PM or Prezzie, not to mention a while disruption in government process as people figure out how to manage things again.
| 17 |
How does the body decide where to store fat?
|
In general, females seem to store fat around the hips and thighs, males around the gut. Why? How does the body decide where to store fat?
| 7,670 |
Beyond the generalized sex differences, there are a number of hormones that affect where and how we store fat - for ex. estrogen encourages the more 'classically feminine' fat storage patterns (hips and thighs) whereas stuff like cortisol and insulin production lead more to belly fat. As the latter two, cortisol in particular, are highly stress-dependent, people may even notice different fat storage patterns at different stages of life, depending on things like diet and levels of stress or of sex hormones.
| 4,180 |
As a junior developer, how to stand up to yourself and your coding decisions?
|
We got a new hire who is more experienced than most of the people in the office. He is talking shit about our code that we wrote with a previously given scope in mind (we had absolutely no idea of those new features that are requested now), taking tasks that I am working on and finishing them quicker than me, making me waste sometimes entire days that way.
He is also proposing all sorts of architectural changes to the already written code and since he is more experienced that me, I think I should listen but I also see him being too hasty about everything, often causing architectural mismatch with our other apps (and lots of bugs that now sometimes pop up and wasn't there before) and I am taking the blame for it, because I approved those decisions he made.
Honestly I feel like I somehow need to stand up to myself now, but since this is my first programming job and I am still relatively new, I don't know how to turn down some of the changes that he is proposing... My point is that the code we already have works and redoing large chunks of it might cause more trouble than it's worth (down the line we might discover that something else breaks, causing a huge headache), despite the changes he is proposing might be better in the long run... Maybe.
Seriously I am more stressed now than I was before his "help" and am already looking for a new job.
In summary, i guess I have 2 questions:
1. Am I just running away by looking for a new job?
2. How can I stand by the code that I have already written, considering that the scope was different when it was written and that the code works great as is currently is?
Btw I am always open to new ideas and suggestions, but not when someone straight up starts talking down on my code without knowing the context.
| 67 |
This actually isn't your problem, this is the new developers problem. Everyone thinks other people's code sucks (and it probably does), but you're being hired to work with the code as it is, not as you'd like it to be.
Don't let yourself be bullied, but you don't have to defend the code base either, remember you're not your code.
| 52 |
ELI5: How come raw eggs are bad to eat now? 20 years ago, I'd put a raw egg in a milkshake and eat the hell out of cookie/cake/brownie batter. Now if I do it, I get sick. What happened?
| 21 |
If you are a healthy person with normal immune system, then raw eggs are just edible as they were before. However people with compromised immune system are more at risk of contracting serious salmonella infection (which is rare, but if it happens it can be life threatening, even on otherwise healthy people). Restaurants and food production companies need to protect themselves from lawsuits, so they need to warn patrons that there might be a danger in eating raw eggs.
| 22 |
|
[Warhammer 40k]Can you bore a Noise Marine to death?
|
If I placed a Noise Marine in a completely dark and quiet room, would the sensory deprivation affect them more than a normal Astartes?
| 24 |
Yes.
Slaaneshi cultists - of any variety - are addicted to sensation. It's their defining characteristic. They don't deal well with sensory deprivation. If you somehow managed to contain a Noise Marine, he would get more and more desperate to feel something, *anything*, eventually turning to self-mutilation, which eventually would lead to death.
It's an interesting thought experiment, but it would be a waste of the Emperor's resources to perform, and counterproductive, because even masochistic death throes feed Slaanesh. If you have a Noise Marine captured, just quietly and painlessly put him down.
| 42 |
[Star Wars] In the ROTS, did the High Ground give Obi-Wan any actual advantage in the fight vs. Anakin?
|
When Obi-Wan said "It's over, Anakin!" he implies that just by having the high ground he's automatically won the duel. What was so different about this instance vs. any other time in that fight?
| 63 |
Fighting uphill is a massive disadvantages in melee. You spend a lot of energy fighting both your enemy and gravity. Meanwhile the one on top has gravity working with him.
You always try to keep the battle at least on even ground. If not you lose all your limbs and fall into a lava flow.
| 113 |
CMV: High earners who do not use tax-funded services should really be taxed less, or at least acknowledged in some way.
|
I don't really *want* to hold this view, but I currently do and can't properly counter it, so I thought I'd come here to have it challenged.
I was recently talking to my girlfriend's parents, who have done very well for themselves financially and, as a result, pay a huge chunk of their income (I believe around 40% - we're in the UK) as income tax. This is despite the fact that they paid fully for their children to go through private education, as well as covering their university fees in full. They also don't use the NHS, opting instead for private treatment every time.
Of course, I see that they benefit from essential services and a functional government and such, but a bit of research suggests that around 30% of tax money is spent on education and healthcare - services they do not benefit from in any way. I'm sure there's a point to be made that helping others is important and such, but isn't that what the portion of tax - about 38% - that goes towards welfare and pensions is for?
It is my view that, ideally, their income tax should be lowered to reflect their reduced usage. If that isn't the least bit feasible (I don't claim to be close to an expert, perhaps there's something I'm missing), then I think they should at least receive some form of acknowledgement for what is essentially a huge charitable donation.
Please, Reddit, CMV.
EDIT: I may not have made myself clear in this post. Just to clarify, I am 100% okay with them being taxed to fund things such as police, roads, and a functional government. Those are all things they might and do use.
ANOTHER EDIT: I see now that my title is somewhat misleading. It keeps coming down to education and healthcare - about 38% of their taxes, and that's what I intended to focus on from the start. The other ~62% that goes to other services is something I take zero issue with. This post isn't meant to be anti-government, or even anti-taxes as a whole.
_____
> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!*
| 18 |
The government is not supposed to benefit everyone equally. Such a thing should be obvious, if you look at it from the other direction. Poor people barely pay anything in taxes, but they're often the primary beneficiaries from many social programs.
The entire point of the welfare state would be impossible if everyone had to get just as much as they put in. Those who could provide for themselves would have access to services they don't need, those who need the services won't.
The point of a progressive tax system, present in many countries, is wealth redistribution. It is thus obvious, that the rich, whom are taxed more, are never going to get their money's worth out of it, as the very point of the system is to redistribute wealth.
Without a wealth redistribution system, wealth has a tendency to accumulate, as wealth is usually required for the creation of more wealth. Redistribution ensures social mobility, and prevents the creation of an entrenched upper class.
As for the fact that they don't use the government provided systems? Their decision not to use them does not originate from a desire to save the government money. It originates from the fact that they believe that the private service is better.
As such, this is an inherently self-interested act, and thus shouldn't be hailed as charitable, because it isn't. Any effects that could be considered "charitable" are entirely by accident.
Refunding people is equally impossible. At any point, you'd have people who pay more than average. Either because they're lucky, or because they're rich and choose private healthcare. Allowing them to leave the system results in all costs falling to the sick.
As the poor and sick won't be able to afford that, the basic usecase of your universal healthcare service is kind of broken.
Tl'dr : Wealth Redistribution is not supposed to be fair towards the rich.
| 36 |
[Invincible] If Monster Girl stopped transforming would she grow to adulthood again? Could this effectively recharge her cap on transformations?
| 43 |
Yes.
Her comic book origin acknowledges that she would age normally if she didn't use her powers for a length of time. But she has a Spider-Man-esque need to help whenever she can, so she is never able to stick to this.
| 68 |
|
[Star Wars] How long does the Order 66 command last?
|
We see in Clone Wars that a lot of the clones had good relationships with their Jedi’s and were forced into killing them by Order 66. But how long did the hold that Order 66 had on the clones last? Like if, for example, Commander Cody met Obi-Wan years or even decades after the Clone Wars, would he still be forced into trying to kill him? Or would Order 66 need to be given again to reignite that control?
| 32 |
Most clones felt an overwhelming desire to act on order 66 and target all known Jedi immediately. Within hours to days the clones were given new orders and the compulsion to hunt Jedi was replaced by a desire for military order and structure. Cody may think to kill obi-wan years later but would be able to resist that urge to follow orders like any other soldier. The biochip made them act no matter what but later on it's more a choice to follow orders or not instead of being forced.
In legends it's worse. Clones would consider any and all Jedi fair game for execution even decades later. They'd cry about it in private but wouldn't stop even for a moment to question their orders.
| 37 |
Do kangaroos give birth directly into their pouch, or does the baby have to climb in?
| 30 |
According to kangaroocreekfarm.com:
At the end of the pregnancy the expectant mother takes up a sitting position and grooms her pouch. The baby emerges from an opening at the base of her tail called the cloaca. The infant is very tiny, only about the size of a lima bean. It’s pink and largely undeveloped except for its two front arms that are crucial for its climb up its mother’s abdomen to the pouch. The baby, which is little more than a fetus, makes this climb completely unaided and guided only by instinct. Once inside the pouch the baby finds one of its mother’s four nipples and takes the end of one in its mouth. The baby doesn’t have the muscles to suck at this stage. Instead, the nipple swells inside the baby’s mouth so that it can’t disengage and milk is secreted very slowly into its mouth. Later, once the baby’s jaw is more developed, it will be able to disengage and suck at will.
| 85 |
|
ELI5: Why is USA Daylight savings time starting tonight when the UK won't see it for another 3 weeks?
| 85 |
The US government extended DST in 2005 because a dept of energy study said it would save energy.
After the change, they measured and found energy consumption dropped 0.03% compared to the previous year. So it wasn't really worth all the bother of being out of sync with the rest of the world.
| 40 |
|
How do all-purpose cleaners work?
|
I have a bottle here that lists several ingredients including: decyl glucoside, sodium citrate, glycerin, and a lot of natural oils. How do these ingredients actually clean a surface?
| 19 |
Molecular magnets!
Some things have an electrostatic charge, some do not.
Charged things like to mix with charged things.
Uncharged things like to mix with uncharged things.
Water is charged, so it can dissolve and wash away material that is also charged.
The problem is with uncharged things, since water can't wash them away.
Oils are uncharged, which is why you can't wash away grease with a little water.
Cleaners contain molecules that are long and have a charged end and an uncharged end.
The uncharged end mixes into the oil, while the charged end allows the water to pick it up and wash the cleaner/oil mixture away.
| 17 |
[Pokemon] Why are Jesse and James so obsessed with Ash's Pikachu?
|
By now they should have realised that Ash's Pikachu is not special. Why are they spending so much time and money trying to steal that particular Pikachu? And why is their boss ok with this? Why doesn't he fire them for being useless?
| 28 |
Ash's Pikachu **is** special. It's somehow capable of supercharging itself. In the first episode it gets struck by the lightning storm around the Pokemon center and creates a massive electric bomb. That is exactly the type of thing Giovanni was looking for.
Have they spent too much time on it? Yes. But it is a unique Pikachu, or at the very least, a Pikachu that shows what Pikachus are capable of.
| 62 |
Are nuclear propulsion systems used for spacecraft? If not, why not?
| 19 |
No nuclear propulsion systems have yet to be used in space, though some systems have been tested on Earth. They haven't been used for a variety of reasons.
First, not enough research has gone into them. Nuclear systems are expensive to develop and nobody's done the work for it. Second, most nuclear propulsion systems have a fairly high mass, even if they have a high thrust to mass ratio. Meaning they require either on orbit assembly or heavy lift launch to be useful.
Third, launching nuclear materials is risky because launch failures do happen occasionally. Currently the only nuclear materials that are launched are radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) which keep their nuclear fuels in ceramic form within extremely strong containment vessels capable of surviving almost all conceivable launch vehicle failures. Potentially a two-step launch process could be used for nuclear propulsion systems whereby an unfueled system is launched and the fuel is launched inside a heavy, strong containment vessel and then transferred on orbit. However, such a system would be extremely costly and inefficient.
Fourth, there's no mission need that yet justifies the performance benefits of nuclear propulsion. Unmanned missions can generally afford to take their time to get to their destinations. For high delta V requirements other more efficient thrusters such as ion engines or hall thrusters make more sense since they are smaller, cheaper, and more proven.
Fifth, nuclear technology is heavily politically laden today. Merely researching it would require access to extremely sensitive materials, adding extreme regulatory and political burdens to the process. Building and testing a nuclear salt water rocket would require access to weapons grade Uranium and would involve operation of a very experimental reactor design and the creation of a lot of extremely hazardous radioactive exhaust. Currently we don't have the capacity to develop and test such a system entirely in orbit, and developing it on Earth would be far too expensive and dangerous. Building a nuclear pulse rocket would involve creating actual nuclear bombs. Building even a nuclear thermal rocket (which has seen a modicum of research) would involve sensitive materials and experimental reactors.
If we had more massive spacecraft and more pressing time constraints (such as asteroid/comet diversion interceptors or manned interplanetary spacecraft) nuclear propulsion systems might be more warranted and might see sufficient development to become reality.
TL;DR nuclear propulsion systems are too expensive, unproven, heavy, dangerous, and politically encumbered.
| 30 |
|
How does raising the interest rate help inflation?
|
It certainly appears that it only removes lower wage people from accessing loans, lowering the overall spending for the economy.
What am I missing?
| 34 |
Raising interest rates raises lending interest rates from banks, once rates rise this discourages taking loans including credit cards, this slows spending, when spending slows demand drops, when demand drops prices drop. It also encourages people to save money because interest rates are high so people will put money away into savings rather than spending on expensive stuff, and paying down debt to avoid higher interest rates from banks.
| 30 |
[Bleach] So Ichigo has just died of natural (or mundane) causes, what now?
|
So will he appear in Soul Society with his full powers? If so, would he be able to officially join the Shinigami divisions, as a rookie or directly as a captain? Is the procedure the same for other exceptional living humans like his father?
| 17 |
If you aren't trapped as a hollow or parakeet or whatever when you die, you show up in Soul Society very shortly thereafter. Parakeet-kid remembered his mortal life, but this seems to be inconsistent, with other characters (e.g Zaraki) talking about how they just woke up in Soul Society one day with no memory of how they got there.
Keeping your powers seems inconsistent as well, but there are a handful of people (again, Zaraki is the prime example) show do indeed show up in Soul Society monstrously powerful.
So, it's possible, but not guaranteed, for Ichigo to just show up with all his powers and memories intact.
| 18 |
ELI5: How long range missiles fly horizontally despite not having any type of "wing" to keep it airborne.
| 33 |
By not pushing themselves perfectly horizontal. They aim upwards a bit, so their thrust is pushing them mostly forwards but also a bit up. This counteracts the gravity pulling them down, so they can fly horizontal.
| 26 |
|
[StarCraft] How exactly was Kerrigan transformed into a Zerg?
| 237 |
She was captured, encased in chrysalis and emerged as zerg. She later infiltrated terran spec ops compound to remove leftover ghost implants.
So it's not like her body was melted and remade butterfly-style, but rather it was exposed to various mutagens and transformed.
| 178 |
|
[WH40k] How much do the citizens of the Imperium know of the Horus Heresy?
|
In several of his memoirs Commissar Cain references Horus specifically, however I have yet to see another reference throughout the collective writings of the Black Library or anything else.
As an Emperor fearing citizen obviously studying the Heresy would be, well, heresy, but at what level would the knowledge of the Heresy begin to be taught, and how much would be taught?
| 45 |
Most Imperial citizens are going to be aware of the Horus Heresy, because it was the pivotal element in the Emperor's ascension to the Golden Throne, but the details, particularly pertaining to Horus' allegiances, would be almost entirely unknown.
To your average bloke, it's a God-Lucifer arangement. The Emperor created the Primarchs and the Legions, and Horus got too big for his britches and rebelled against his rightful master. The involvement of Chaos, and in fact the simple existence of anything living in the Warp, would be almost entirely beyond the knowledge of the average person.
| 47 |
[DC Comics] When Damian Wayne had powers, why did he have heat vision?
|
The rest of the powers (even flight I guess) make sense, sense they're just stronger natural processes. Yet none of the other heavy hitters have heat vision besides supes, who's has solar power, and MM who is a weird alien. I also don't think Icon can who has lots of similar powers to Supes and some crazier abilities.
It just seems out of place, could he have had teleportation, or ice breath abilities too? What else might he have been able to do?
| 15 |
Given that those powers came from New Gods energies, he could've been omnipotent. Sky's the limit with that stuff. Obviously, those energies would've needed to be sustained to keep those amazing powers up.
| 10 |
[Wild Wild West 1999 Will Smith Western Action Comedy] What's up with the henchmen on the giant spider? Did Loveless create a cyborg using steam power and 1860s technology?
| 29 |
Essentially, yes, in much the same way he created a giant spider mecha using the same.
I mean, consider: Loveless pretty much already *is* a cyborg using steam power and 1860s technology. Not much of a stretch for him to scale up the techniques, both in size(the spider) and in cohesiveness (the henchman)
| 34 |
|
[Mass Effect] How are the Geth powered?
| 38 |
Varies by platform. Your typical Geth drone just operates off batteries This works better than you'd think, humanoid forms are *very* energy efficient, and its not as if we're free of the need for food, sleep, or oxygen to keep going, all of which Geth platforms do *not* need. It logistically simpler than fuel cells since there's no need to carry around oxygen and recharge stations can be kept to a fairly small size even when hundreds of geth need to stay powered for months.
Larger Geth platforms, such as Prime, Armature and Colossus have miniaturized He3 reactors, these both power those platforms and allow them to serve as mobile recharge stations for the less resource intensive drone platforms when away from ships for an extended period.
| 30 |
|
Eli5 How did ancient drawings in caves survive thousands of years without wearing away completely?
| 159 |
Caves are protected environments. No wind, no water, few animals. The cave drawings that survive are generally in very isolated , deep parts of caves where's there even less of those factors.
Prehistoric people probably drew lots more stuff in lots more places, but those places would be more affected by erosion, weather, animals, and later populations
| 191 |
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CMV: Sending trash into space (especially far from earth) isn’t a bad idea.
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First of all, I must acknowledge the fact that this is hypothetical because we can’t shoot rockets into space efficiently enough for it to be worth it, so I guess this view won’t matter until a time when our resources/tech advance enough to be worth launching thousands of rockets full of waste into space.
However, once that time comes, I think space is much better option for waste disposal. Earth is not even comparable to outer space in size. Here we are running out of ways to dispose of our waste and global warming is a big problem, but because space is so vast and immense, it’s not like space will fill up. And even if the space around earth gets saturated, it will be thousands of years before it gets saturated enough for the sun to be blocked or spaceships to have trouble getting around (not to mention by then spaceships technology might have advanced)
Or even better, instead of having trash floating around in space, why not dump all the trash onto another planet? No life will be put at risk because there is no life on any other nearby planets. A planet will actually fill up, but it will still give us more than enough time. Without any side effects
I’m young and pretty naive, so it probably won’t be hard to change my view
| 20 |
The main issue with this is that in the long term the planet then has no opportunity to reclaim the matter taken from it. Plastic takes a long time to decompose, but it does eventually decompose and return to the Earth. Shoot enough trash into space and eventually you're going to completely ruin the decomposition cycle of the Earth even on a geologic time scale.
I think it's probably a much better investment long term to invest in recycling and ways to use trash for energy.
| 20 |
CMV: Elders don't deserve respect just for being old
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Why should I respect someone for being old?
I get that as a majority senior citizens are probably wiser than those younger due to their experience in life, but there’s no way that’s true in every case. When I meet someone, it doesn’t matter their age / gender / appearance, I judge and respect them based off how they act. If Asians have an average higher GPA than white people, do we treat them with more respect because they must be smarter?
Also, wouldn’t giving an old person extra respect for no reason other than age be ageist?
| 164 |
the reason that we do things like designate certain seats or parking spots for the elderly, disabled, pregnant, is that because one important marker of a society is how well it treats the infirm and vulnerable. same with entitlement programs like medicare and social security. it's not saying *they're* inherently more important. it's saying that our society is so safe and well administered that we can afford to take care of people that can't care for themselves. also the reason that people freak out more when small children get shot in school shootings
| 101 |
If differences in human phenotypes such as skin colour, hair colour, etc. are due to clinal adaptation, what clines lead to the development of East-Asian slanted eyes?
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Since there is good evidence to suggest we radiated from Africa, I presume that primitive humans did not have slanted eyes, but I guess a possibility is that primitive humans did in fact have slanted eyes, and the change to non-slanted eyes is actually an adaptation. In either case, why/how did this happen?
EDIT: Also, I'm running on the assumption that eye shape is a product of clinal adaptation, when it may very well not be. However, I would expect that it is based on the fact that we have many forms of slanted and non-slanted eyes as you move East-West, and this smooth variation is expected with clines.
| 52 |
The explantation for epicanthus is that Central Asian steppes, the area where proto-Mongoloids origated, were very dusty with common dust storms and the epicanthus helped them to protect their vision. But it's also possible that it was a random mutation and an example of the founder effect.
Because epicanthus doesn't occur only in Mongoloid-descended populations, but also in some tribes in Africa, like the Sudanese Dinkas and some Bushmen. But the Malagasy people on Madagascar have it from Mongoloids, since the first settlers there were Austronesians who originally came from Taiwan.
| 33 |
[Comics] What contingency plans do governments around the world have in case powerful / overpowered heroes like Superman, Dr. Strange, or Reed Richards, go rogue?
| 26 |
In Injustice they sent a powerful hero after Superman to whoop his ass. Worked until Wonder Woman showed up.
Also the thing that makes Reed scary isn't his power. It's a good power but the real danger is his mind
| 33 |
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Do plants ever die of age?
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I know plants die out of lack of nutrients, water, too much/too little sun, diseases, being eaten, etc. I also know that some plants only live certain seasons and then die, and others don't die but the visible part dies and the root goes into "hibernation mode" sort of speak. But do plants die of age?
Even plants (mostly trees) that I see are super weak and might die anytime, have several offsprings at the base of the trunk (coming from the same roots, not other seeds, so is basically the same plant, right?) Are roots that fantastic?
| 39 |
trees dont actually die from old age, they senesce. They lose their competitive abilities and lose out to more vigorous competitive individuals.
There are rare occasions, such as with giant redwood, where the tree becomes so massive that it cant produce enough photosynthate to support its own living tissue. There are also issues at such large heights where the equations that measure the cohesion-tension properties of water molecules moving up through the xylem becomes to great. It has been hypothesized that a tree could never grow taller than 420 ft because of the weak bonding properties of hydrogen and the effect of vapor pressure pulling water to the top of the tree from the roots.
As for the comment regarding trees falling over from old age, this is not exactly true. Any tree, even the most vigorous can fall over if there roots are saturated enough and pushed by enough wind. In fact, many western conifer species become much less susceptible to falling over as they age, even after they die the snags will stand for decades.
Regrading the comments about tropical forests being lush with nutrients. This couldnt be more wrong, tropical forests are some of the most nutrient deprived ecosystems on the planet. when growing space is free, these systems can put on al ot of biomass fast, but when the stands at fully stocked, there is little growth in the overstory trees. the thick organic layers on the forest floor, plus the massive amounts of nutrients stored in trees, there is little to no available nutrients in the soil. The anaerobic soil conditions in the tropics also make some macro nutrients hard to take up, such as nitrogen. without sufficient nitrogen, photosynthesis doesnt work so well.
I am a forest ecologist.
| 35 |
[MCU] Do I exist?
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I was watching Luke Cage and all the references to pop culture figures got me thinking... if Notorious B.I.G. exists in the MCU, for example, then so too must Biggie's manager. Same would then go for his manager's assistant, and that person's spouse, and so on. And what with the [Six degrees of separation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation) that means it would only take a few hops to get to any ordinary joe like me (or you).
So do I exist in the MCU, or is there another nameless character in my place?
| 67 |
The MCU (Earth-1999999) is supposed to be an alternate universe running parallel to our own (Earth-1218), and the universe seen in the comics (Earth-616), but that doesn't guarantee that there's a version of everyone here in there, or if there was, that they would be identical.
Generally, the extent that person or event in our world will be mirrored in the MCU world will depend on how significant they were in the 'grand scheme' of things from a cultural and historical perspective in our world.
The comics seems to diverge even more from our path than the MCU, and there are alternate universes that hew even further from that, making overlaps even less likely.
| 56 |
[LOTR] What would have happened if an eagle was given the One Ring?
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What would the long term effects be for middle earth?
| 18 |
since Eagles are a very proud race, it'd be corrupted pretty easily by the Ring. the Misty Mountains would basically be impassible because the Eagles would just fuck up whoever was trying to stop them. it'd be a pretty big deal.
i mean, they could be killed even by Men (Lord of the Eagles explicitly states at one point that he wouldn't go near the land of Men because he didn't want to put his Eagles in danger), but they are still very very strong, and the corruption of the Ring would make them stronger.
flair relevant.
| 43 |
ELI5: If you make a chicken soup lets say, and then boil it every night for like 10 minutes (or however long it takes to kill all the bacteria) could you keep it in your fridge indefinitely without it going bad??
| 29 |
No. Unlike what the other poster said, though, it's not because of bacteria between boilings or (usually) toxins produced by them. Bacteria between boilings would simply be killed with the next round and with most bacteria we encounter, it's an infection of the live bacteria in our bodies, not the toxins they produce, that cause illness.
The problem is that your refrigerator isn't a sterile environment. Bacteria simply don't grow as quickly in there because it's cold. You might as well put the soup outside on a cold winter day. There are bacteria floating everywhere in the air and on every surface in your fridge. These will contaminate the soup.
If you could sterilize the soup and put it into a sterile container and store it under a nitrogen atmosphere it would remain sterile. This is how most packaged foods with a long expiration date are preserved.
| 11 |
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[Detroit: Become Human] What is going on with the economy in this world?
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The year is 2038. A hotel room costs $40. It ain't the Plaza, but it's perfectly acceptable. A whole-ass android that can cook and clean and raise your children and do anything else you need costs all of $799, less than an Android phone costs today -- and the android is also a phone anyway! You can even rent a fully functional sex robot that can pass a Turing test for $20 an hour. I can barely go to a movie for that price in 2021.
What is going on with this economy? How is everything so insanely cheap? How has there been no inflation for twenty years? I know unemployment is high but the world still seems to mostly function.
| 23 |
I'd assume extreme automation- while more expensive to begin, keeping one robot manufactor going is much cheaper then paying 100 human workers- not to mention not needing toilets, cafeterias, break room and so forth.
That's why things are so cheap- manufacturing costs are very low, (it's also why unemployment is so high)
| 19 |
[Marvel & MCU] Why are so many countries and organizations trying to replicate the Super Soldier Serum?
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It doesn’t have a good record and super soldiers have largely been surpassed (in 616) by mutants and other meta humans.
But in both 616 and McU, we see that so many different countries and organizations have attempted to replicate the super soldier serum. We know that super soldiers in the MCU can be surpassed by technology, magic, and other enhancements. Spider-Man has already been shown to be stronger than the Winter Soldier and could go toe-to-toe with Captain America. In 616, it would be more productive to hire equivalent mutants and magicians and in the MCU, it doesn’t seem super soldiers are that useful outside of PR/propaganda situations and some very specific commando operations.
A lot of the successes with Captain America in WW2 and the Avengers seem to be based on the personality of Steve Rogers. The other attempts have largely been unsuccessful with horrible repercussions Centipede, Hulk, Abomination, the blonde cop in Jessica jones, and Isiah in the MCU and Omega Red and Weapon X in the 616.
What’s so special about the serum and Captain America that so many different groups want to replicate it?
| 69 |
Meta Humans such as Spiderman are the result of very bizarre and unique circumstances that can not be (easily) reproduced. Governments don't know HOW people like Spider-Man got their powers.
But the Super Soldier syrum is different. If it could be replicated you could make an entire army of, well super soldiers. The only reason nobody has done it YET is because nobody has succeeded in producing a stable formula.
As for tech, we'll people like Tony tend to keep the BEST tech to themselves.
| 85 |
[Warhammer Fantasy] If you could give the Empire of Man, one weapon(or weapons) from our modern age, what would it be?
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They'll also have unlimited resources to build that one weapon(or weapons) and the entire EoM would accept it as given blessings by Sigmar.
Me: Howitzers
| 27 |
They do have cannons, but their cannons suck and they suck at using them. No radio to call in long distance strikes, terrible accuracy, no smokeless powder.
Radio alone would be a good choice. At times Warhammer Fantasy armies seem to be controlled by benevolent all-knowing entities that float above the battlefield, but canonically their communications are unreliable.
| 31 |
Enders game: SPOILERS. Question about the fleet deployed
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Why did the fleet that was sent to destroy the bugger's home world have to be piloted by real people if Ender and his crew (essentially) remotely operate the ships anyways? Seems like a lot of lives could have been spared by using the ansible to r/c the ships.
| 32 |
Ender and his squadmates weren't commanding individual ships, they were giving orders to groups and they were being followed by local commanders in charge of the actual ships. There is also the fact that while orders could be transmitted instantaneously, you still need someone on hand to service and repair the ships if things start breaking. These ships had been in space for years, they would definitely require some maintenance on the way to the Bugger worlds. In addition to that, humanity viewed this as their one chance to strike the Buggers before they could send a fleet to finish off humanity, it was an all out attack launched as soon as the previous Bugger war had finished. They needed local commanders in case the ansible stopped working, or a suitable commander couldn't be found to command the fleet from afar. Just because they're taking orders from genius kids back home doesn't mean there aren't capable leaders in the fleet. When they left home they were the best of the best, but even the best of the best can't match Ender.
| 77 |
CMV: a large part of what labeled racist is just overreaction.
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A bit about my background: I was born in Asia, not white, not American, and don't speak English as my first language.
From my observation, many of the things labeled racist in the States seem to be overreaction, rather than truly racist. When I interact with others, I take care not to say things that might offend them, because I don't want to cause them any discomfort, and because I understand there are cultural differences, but NOT always because I think my actions and thoughts are wrong.
In the US at least, symbolism seems to play a very large part in social life, and while of course changing the way we use language might lead to changes in more tangible aspects of people's lives, such as job opportunities, safety in public space, etc., I'm baffled by the tendency to put the racist label on people and actions that seem innocent to me.
Listed below are some of my view on what should be considered racist, what not, and the reason why.
Some of the things I find not ok:
* Police's treatment of George Floyd, and Amy Cooper's calling the police on Christian Cooper: because those actions directly affect the rights of the victims.
* Using the "n" word while talking to PoC's: it violates social norm and might cause discomfort to the other person.
Some of the things I hesitate to put a label on:
* H&M using a black kid model for a jumper sporting the phrase "Coolest monkey in the jungle": on the one hand, comparing a black person with a monkey doesn't carry the same connotation in all parts of the world, so there's a possibility that it's an innocent act; but on the other hand, that ads was run in US, so it's at best culturally insensitive, and at worst truly racist.
* Jimmy Fallon being called out for doing a black face in a skit 20 years ago.
Some of the things I don't think should be called out:
* People getting angry at a Mexican girl for naming her dog "Negro". Some even got angry at the Spanish language for being "racist".
* In Brazil, a little black boy was dressed as the monkey Abu from the Disney movie Aladdin, and this sparked outrage.
* A Filipino boyband were called out after tweeting "Hello, Negros!" prior to their tour in the island Negros in the Philippines.
* A friend of mine got harassed recently because she tweeted about anime and K-Pop, while, according to a stranger who messaged her directly, she should be tweeting about George Floyd, or at least keep silent.
* People having "yellow fever", or having all sorts of stereotype about others, but still keep their boundaries: in general I don't think preferences and beliefs should be censored, unless they are acted out inappropriately or could be proven to harm others.
Another case where the details are a bit fuzzy, but overall I think it's unfair for the guy to be treated like the article said and the reaction seems a bit overboard:
* Link: [https://www.startribune.com/mpls-venture-capitalist-loses-office-lease-after-viral-video-accuses-him-of-racial-profiling/570809082/](https://www.startribune.com/mpls-venture-capitalist-loses-office-lease-after-viral-video-accuses-him-of-racial-profiling/570809082/). Summary of the incident: white guy working out in a co-working space's gym threatens to call the police on a group of young black men, after seeing one of them using their key card to unlock the door for several of his friends.
Disregarding the ineptitude of both sides in dealing with the situation and just going by the facts, I admit that him being nosey might be perceived as tactless, but not necessarily racist, given that he had a valid evidence of a possible wrongdoing being committed. What I find peculiar is how ready some commenters are in calling out the guy, in suggesting he minds his own business and that he wouldn't do what he did if the group of young men was white. The discourse in this case, as in many other cases that I read, seems to be in general overzealous in accusing the perpetrators, irrespective of the facts behind them. To me this seems illogical and unfair.
One more thing from my observation is that Americans do commit a lot of cultural faux-pas, as does everyone else in any parts of the world. Yet the peculiar thing is that Americans seem to be a lot more vocal about differences about races, genders, etc., and seem to strive for a sort of identity that transcends those categories, which, imo is neither advisable nor possible.
| 18 |
>H&M using a black kid model for a jumper sporting the phrase "Coolest monkey in the jungle":
This wasn't racism. It was just culturally insensitive due the historical background.
>Jimmy Fallon being called out for doing a black face in a sketch 20 years ago
Again this was culturally insensitive not racist.
The other things you mentioned are just stupid and are people looking to be offended.
Except the yellow fever thing. Asian women are often fetishized, people think they are submissive and fetishize that aspect of their culture.
If you are just more attracted to Asisn women that's fine but if you're fetishizing them it's not.
| 14 |
CMV: Complaining about diversity in the Oscars is pointless because the award is
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I see in the news that once again the Oscar nominations are out and the usual 'diversity' story is doing the rounds.
The whole award is just a circlejerk for the industry itself, companies pay millions to help them win.
It has nothing to do with us common folk and not representative of the public
Then they tell us we should care about the colour or gender of the nominations of this select special group that decided for us what is good!
CMV: The award and any subsequent complaining about it is pointless
| 41 |
The industry is about 1 thing, $$$.
The Oscars don't usually represent the most profitable movies. They represent an old-guard set of self appointed taste setters who, most movies fans generally agree, get it wrong.
However, the answer isn't to repair the Oscars. The answer is up stand up a better awards show that actually recognizes how movie are consumed, enjoyed and ultimately appreciated by the public. FIRSTLY, this would involve nothing but nomination during the first awards show after a year of movies is released with a maximum for 3years to receive a nomination. SECONDLY, the movie would have 5 years to be shortlisted and 7 years to win. THIRDLY, academy members would be put on probation and ultimately relegated out of voting should that perform in the bottom 10% of nominators for film that are ultimately shortlisted and win. FOURTHLY, they need a category for beloved/cult movies as well as a children's category.
The need for immediate recognition leads to terrible decisions.
| 11 |
How do governments tell the difference between nuclear launches and peaceful space missions?
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This has two parts:
1) Governments monitor the launch of nuclear missiles. But there are rockets being shot into space all the time. How do they know that those rockets aren't carrying nuclear weapons.
2) Satellites are shot into space regularly. How do we know that they aren't hiding nuclear weapons?
| 18 |
1. They don't know. Any unscheduled launch is considered a potential ICBM launch. This is why such things are actually publicly announced, even if payloads are classified.
2. They don't know. Also there are some spacecraft with nuclear power sources (RTGs but also fission reactors). Still, there are literally handful of nations with such capability, and they're all bound by appropriate treaties.
| 19 |
Are there any equivalents to logical gates in the nervous system?
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Maybe there doesn't need to be anything of the sort. I'm just wondering if there is anything like it, analog or digital or something else.
| 23 |
Neurons function similar way as logic gates in computers (in reality they are more complex). A neuron receives input signals through its dendrites, then integrates over them and fires if some threshold is reached. Synapses can be inhibitory, excitatory, weak or strong.
Some examples of neuron with two two excitatory Inputs:
Neuron with two strong excitatory inputs, needs signal from one of the dendrites to fire so it works as logical or. Neuron with two weak inputs fires only if both inputs are active so it works as logical and.
| 12 |
Do rubber soles on our shoes actually protect us from lightning strikes?
| 55 |
No, it's very unlikely that they do.
Air has a dielectric strength of 3 MV/m. To travel 1 m, we need 3 million volts. To travel two meters, 6 million volts. And so on.
Rubber has ~15 MV/m. It seems a lot more insulating than air. This means that for electricity to travel through your 1 cm soles, we need a voltage of 0.01 m x 15 MV/m = 0.15 MV = 150000 V = 0.15 million volts.
Let's imagine that it's lightning that is going to strike somewhere and you're in the middle of the field. It starts in a cloud somewhere high above your head, and gets all the way to your feet. The difference of voltage between cloud and ground is likely several (hundreds) of million volts, so is very unlikely to stop there. But hey, may be you're lucky and the ligthning strike is short 0.1 million volts so it strikes on the grass next to you because the last cm of air is less insulating than your shoes?
Bad news: *you*'re a lot less insulating than air, so despite your insulating soles, you're doing the lightning a favour by being a salty solution that conducts electricity really well, so you spare the lightning roughly the last 2 m (6 million volts). 6 million volts for your soles? Not a chance.
| 58 |
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ELI5: How do we know Lucy skeleton is 3 million years old?
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i understand that carbon dating can only estimate, and the estimated age can only go back 50,000 years (am i wrong about this??). so what other form of dating is used to determine Lucy living over 3 million years ago?
| 28 |
Carbon dating only goes back so far because eventually you run out of relatively short-lived carbon isotopes.
To accurately date older materials you can use longer-lived isotopes with much longer half-lives, and/or try to date the rock layer they were found in.
Lucy was dated by using argon isotope dating in the adjacent rock layer.
| 73 |
I need to understand servers well enough to explain the concept to my boss...
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Hi wise reddit friends,
Let me start off by saying that, while I'm not a computer illiterate person, I don't work in the IT realm and I don't understand this concept as well as I would like.
Preamble: Imagine there are 3 sites, each with their own local database sitting on their own SQL server (which I'm also not entirely sure how to explain).
These sites will be uploading data to a joint server.
This is the part I don't quite get: I am told we need two servers: one to host the data itself and another server to host the website that will allow access to the first server.
Am I getting this right?
Why do you need two servers though? Can't you just use one?
Thanking you in advance.
| 19 |
On the technical side, you *can* run the database management software and the web server on the same server. But it makes the database too accessible, so it's considered a pretty big security risk.
Speaking loosely, a web server is supposed to accept connections from everybody in the world. A database server is *not*. Like *hell not*.
So it's really rare for anyone to recommend putting both on a single machine. Instead, you'll usually run the database management software on a separate machine--ideally, a machine that handles nothing but the database--behind a firewall, probably requiring encrypted connections, and probably configured to accept connections from only the web server. (Or from the web server and from other computers on the local area network--but not from just any random IP address.)
But . . .
If you have a computer that can run at least two virtual servers, you can run the web server on one virtual server, and run the dbms on the other virtual server. (Thanks, and a tip of the hat to macwiz1220 for the reminder.)
If you have to comply with the Payment Card Industry (PCI)
Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), you can't run both the web site and the dbms on one server. But, again, if you have a computer that can run at least two virtual servers, you can run the web server on one virtual server, and run the dbms on the other virtual server. (This can make PCI DSS auditing and compliance more complicated, though.)
| 12 |
ELI5: In bright light it hurts to open both my eyes fully, but if I close one eye, I can open the other eye much wider without pain. Why?
| 354 |
You're not actually feeling the intensity of the light with your eyeballs. The brain triggers the pain/wincing reaction in response to an overall level of white light being processed by the cranial nerve. The amount of light being brought in through one eye doesn't trigger that response, but the amount from both eyes does.
It's still not a good idea to stare at bright lights with one eye, though. The intensity of the EM radiation will damage the cone cells in your eye, regardless of whether or not it makes you wince.
| 177 |
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[MCU] What is Hydra's endgame? What do they want? What's their motive?
| 28 |
Honestly, there's no single endgame.
By design, Hydra is supposed to fragment, shift and evolve as needed to stay alive an effective. In the process of this, their actual agenda can shift quite severely, to the point of the different "heads" of Hydra coming into direct conflict. Hydra under Red Skull had an endgame of total global domination for it's own sake, while some of the Hydra factions around in the 21st century are more concerned with things beyond the Earth itself.
If you had to pick a bottom line, their overarching goal is the preservation and empowerment of Hydra. They all want to keep the outfit alive and accumulate more power under it's banner, because whatever their specific aim is requires an organization and resources. Whether they'll use that power to torch the American Atlantic Seaboard or play with a cool space rock is up to the people in charge.
| 56 |
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How close are we to getting actual physical images of an exoplanet?
| 294 |
I believe there is a "dream" project of NASA called the exo-earth imager which would involve a minimum of 20 6-meter optical telescopes spaced hundreds of thousands of kilometers apart in space. it would provide us with a 30x30 pixel image of any exoplanet within 3 parsecs. The milkyway is 31k parsecs wide for reference.
| 93 |
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[Futurama] How did palm trees get chosen as the replacement as X-Mas trees after pine trees went the way of the poodle and modesty?
| 40 |
Climate change and abundance.
As the climate regions shifted the palm tree became more suited for much of America. Following this palm trees became much cheaper to farm and cities also began planting them in public places instead of the mor expensive types. So with palm tree proliferation and then the subseuent world wars/invasions and such over the 1,000 years, what was originally grasped from past culture to continue on the tradition was the common and state sanctioned palm tree.
...yea. yep, that makes enough sense. there ya go.
| 29 |
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ELI5: Why is it I eat a clove of garlic and it spews out of my pores for 2 days, killing those around--but if I eat a slice of apple pie I don't smell like a bakery?
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I would like to smell like a bakery.
| 27 |
A quick search shows something called allicin causes the smell, which then breaks down into four other compounds. Looks like the worst of them is allyl methyl sulfide, which can linger in your body for a long time. Also gets into your sweat and urine.
I assume that, while tasty, the apple pie doesn't have anything that stays in the body long enough to cause a smell. But someone should make some. Cinnamon and clove are pretty strong. Get on this, food scientists!
| 15 |
CMV: FIRE BAD!
|
ME NO LIKE FIRE.
FIRE BURN MY WOOD HOUSE.
MY BABY GO CLOSE TO FIRE. FIRE BURN HIM.
ME USE ANIMAL SKIN FOR WARM, NO NEED FIRE TO KEEP WARM.
ME SLEEP AT NIGHT. NO NEED FIRE TO SEE.
FIRE BURN FOREST. FIRE BURN TREES. FIRE BURN ANIMALS.
FIRE TAKE AWAY MY FRUIT AND MEAT. FIRE MAKE ME STARVE TILL I MOVE AWAY.
EVERYBODY IN MY TRIBE SAY FIRE GOOD. I SAY FIRE BAD. CMV
| 2,613 |
FIRE GOOD
FIRE WARM NO NEED SKIN FOR WARM
USE FIRE SEE IN CAVE
FIRE BURN MEAT
ME EAT MEAT
BURN MEAT
EAT GOOD
FIRE SCARE ANIMAL
FIRE SCARE TIGER
FIRE SCARE MAMMOTH
FIRE SCARE SLOTH
FIRE SCARE BAD MAN
SPEAR KILL ONE BAD MAN
FIRE KILL LOT BAD MAN
FIRE COME FROM ANCESTOR
ANCESTOR LOVE US
FIRE GOOD
| 1,011 |
[Harry Potter] Has the wizarding world actually left Earth?
|
Has the wizarding community been to the stars? Can they? Do they have the ability? If they don't how do they view the moon landing?
| 19 |
No. In many respects, the wizarding world is INCREDIBLY stagnant, mostly thanks to their small population and no real necessity to innovate and improve. If a magic spell fixes a broom every time it breaks, why make a stronger one? It's easier for them to make new spells than it is to make new items. And there's no need to go to the moon or other worlds/moons when everything they need is already close to home, or a teleport away.
Aside from that, the positions of the moon and stars is important to many magic spells and effects, so putting wizards there might interfere with fundamental aspects of their view of nature. It's arguably a huge taboo to them and they might be worried about muggles going there. If the moon is mined for minerals, or worse, used as a battlefield between belligerent muggles, the moon might be changed or even misaligned and change magic as they know it.
| 26 |
How to create a software development business that fundamentally doesn't have horrible chances of success?
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I am a 9-5 smartphone app developer. Although this is an ok thing to do when working for somebody, it becomes a mission impossible when trying to run your own small business by selling your apps in android market or app store. The number one issue is that there are about 2000 new apps being shited out every day from all over the world directly into these app stores, which makes it nearly impossible for the app getting noticed, let alone realistically competing with all those developers . Probably it's the same as one would want to open a restaurant in the district which already has 2000 restaurants, but in this case at least some people do know that you exist, while in smartphone markets your app just sinks and gets forgotten somewhere under the mountain of ever-growing shit. And finally, if investing more time in your restaurant to increase quality of ambient, food or whatever creates more value and consequentially drives more costumers to your place, investing more time in your app isn't that far away from wasting your time due to high unpredictability. Example; some developer who created a fartsimulator in one night while he was smokin' joint, his app was financially more successful than a spectral analyser app made in half of year by a team of geekheads.
| 22 |
Money for advertising, whether inside of the app store or not. Don't sell your own app, sell the base model to someone else and make it their problem. Or be ready to deal with the woes of marketing the app.
| 10 |
Time cloak: how does it work?
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I just saw this article (http://www.physorg.com/news/2012-01-pentagon-backed-cloak-clock.html) on the front page. In terms that someone who understands at least the basic principles of relativity, quantum mechanics, etc. can understand, how does this work?
| 32 |
It's a fascinatingly simple idea.
A light pulse has a certain bandwidth (i.e. it contains a bunch of different frequencies), which is larger the shorter the pulse is.
In this time-cloaking experiment, they "pull apart" this light pulse by accelerating the blue part of the spectrum and slowing down the red part of it, creating a spectral hole in the middle. This can be achieved by cleverly engineering an optical material's dispersion curve, i.e. the frequency-dependent refractive index experienced by the light pulse.
Now that you have that spectral hole, you can put an event inside which is now "cloaked" (not really, but ok). Put the pulse together afterwards by reversing the initial dispersion and it will now look like that event in the middle never happened, the light pulse comes out exactly like it went in.
If you want more technical details, let me know.
| 18 |
ELI5: Why is Ebola more dangerous than other diseases?
| 16 |
TL;DR It's not.
Ebola is contracted in poor African villages when people have to resort to eating dead animals (fruit-bats mainly) they've found in the rain forest. It then spreads through contact with an infected person's bodily fluids (blood, sperm, etc). These people can't afford the necessary healthcare and it tends to just wipe out a lot of people quite quickly (up to 90% fatality rate in central Africa according to WHO).
I think people fear it as the symptoms are quite violent, with extreme vomiting and diarrhea being the main case. The thing is, it's quite treatable in first world countries, and isn't really any more dangerous than a lot of diseases you could contract eating infected raw meat. The media has just blown it out of proportion like it always does with 'super' diseases.
| 27 |
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ELI5: How do they balance planes that have uneven numbers of seats on either side of the aisle, such as 2-1 or 3-2?
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I think the title pretty much explains it. But this is something I wonder about whenever I fly on a plane with such a seat configuration. Thanks in advance.
| 20 |
Left Right balance is pretty much a non-issue. The people are all very close to the center of mass so it doesn't create much torque even if wildly imbalanced. Adjusting the trim flap a tiny bit on the end of the wing 10+ meters away results in significantly more torque.
Only front back balancing really matters because people in the nose and tail are far from the center of mass so if everyone is in the tail the plane will constantly want to pitch up
| 33 |
CMV: Scientists should be allowed to experiment on fetuses
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Following the logic of the popular belief that abortion should be legal because the fetus isn't a person yet, I think it should be acceptable to conduct any experiment or test on fetuses, either lab grown or biologically grown. The findings could contribute to natal/pre-natal health, and perhaps in other areas as well.
In addition, animals are experimented on, and animals are more conscious and more aware than fetuses, yet people see this as a necessary element of the science world that eventually yields results that help save people’s lives.
In conclusion, I think that if you think abortion should be legal, then you morally can’t disagree with fetus experimentation. CMV!
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| 17 |
>I think that if you think abortion should be legal, then you morally can’t disagree with fetus experimentation.
I do not think this is true because not everyone believes in abortion, "because the fetus isn't a person yet", many people simply feel that no one should be physically tied to another living thing. So there are many people who think that women have the right to remove the fetus from the body, but still feel as though the fetus deserves the same respect as any human being.
| 24 |
ELI5: How do we assure that there are enough key/keyhole combinations for doors to be safe?
| 38 |
We don't, not really. Most of the doors in the USA can be picked with your average rake/tension wrench combo in under 5 seconds for anyone who has done it once or twice before. It's a really simple lock.
Car doors have more tension in them, so you need a slightly stronger tension wrench to counter act it, and you might need a specialized pick, but they come in the standard pick set.
Your various padlocks are also typically very insecure.
High-end locks are much, much more precise than these cheap, common locks. Laser etched grooves and all-that being so accurate that they're nearly impossible to pick or bump. You need the key that goes to the lock, otherwise you're generally not getting in without breaking it.
| 33 |
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ELI5: What is it about cellphones that causes speakers to do that morse code thing?
| 21 |
The sound is sent to the speakers over wires as an electrical current with varying strength.
Almost all wires behaves as antennas to some degree and can send and receive radio signals, often unintentionally.
So what happens is that the radio signals from the phone antenna are picked up by the wires, and this changes the current that reaches the speaker (it can get stronger or weaker than it's supposed to be).
This leads to the noise you hear.
| 13 |
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ELI5: If we breathe in O2 and use the oxygen, how do we release CO2? The same ammount of oxygen we took in, just an added carbon atom
| 126 |
It comes from the food you eat. The nutrients that you consume get broken down to a molecular level during digestion, and changed into simple forms like Glucose, a common sugar. One Glucose molecule is made of six Oxygen atoms, twelve Hydrogen atoms, and six Carbon atoms.
When your cells 'burn' glucose for energy by combining it with oxygen, the reaction equation looks like this:
C6H12O6 + 6x O2 —> 6x CO2 + 6x H2O
...which gives you Water and Carbon Dioxide in addition to useful energy.
| 147 |
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Why do a lot of numbing chemicals/medicines end in the word “Caine”?
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Examples: lidocaine, novocaine, benzocaine, tetracaine ect.
| 21 |
The 'caine' part is from cocaine.
Etymonline:
novocain (n.)
also novocaine, 1905, originally a trademark name for procaine (by Lucius & Brüning, Hoechst am Main, Germany), from combining form of Latin novus "new" (see new) + -caine, abstracted from cocaine. As a local anaesthetic, it began as a substitute for cocaine.
| 33 |
ELI5: The difference between melody and harmony.
| 19 |
Melody is a sequence of notes.
Harmony is when multiple notes at the same time sound good together.
When you sing a song by yourself, you sing the melody. When you have a choir singing along with you, you get harmony.
| 27 |
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Why is the inverse square law so prominent in physics?
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Almost every subject that my physics coursework covers has included an inverse square law (Newton's law of gravitational attraction, Coulomb's Law, Biot-Savart Law, intensity of radiation, etc). Is there something fundamental about an inverse square law, or is this all just purely coincidental?
| 293 |
It has to do with the fact that our universe has three spatial dimensions*. When you have a field whose intensity is spread evenly over a surface (e.g. a gravitational field is the same everywhere at a fixed distance from a central mass), and the surface area of a sphere grows with the square of its radius, the field to remain evenly spread out must decrease with the square of distance.
*Trigger warning for string theorists.
| 443 |
[Vermintide 2] Is Kruber violating his oath as a grail knight by using grenades?
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The whole no ranged weapons thing.
Side question, is there some form of ranged combat that a Bretonnian knight can engage in without violating their oath?
| 15 |
The spirit of the knightly oaths is all about chivalry, about the nobility of honourable combat and disdain for the dishonourable.
Everything about the Skaven is the complete antithesis of honour, nobility, and chivalry. To them, cowardice is a virtue, honour a weakness, and chivalry a concept so alien that they would be unable to grasp it on a conceptual level. They are not foes to be faced, but vermin to be exterminated. If the Lady was here, she'd back me on this - you use whatever means are at your disposal.
Except crossbows, of course. Crossbows are blasphemous.
(Side note: While obviously no knight of Bretonnia would even consider fighting in battle other than with the noble lance (Questing Knights aside), the fact that they see no problems with bringing along peasant bowmen, and even trebuchets, suggests that these are acceptable tools to employ in battle. While they would never normally deign to soil their hands with the tools of the rabble, needs must as the Horned Rat drives)
| 15 |
[WH40k] How is the Emperor of Mankind still alive? I know he's sustained through sacrifices and the Golden Throne but what are the scientific/psionic principals behind his longevity? Nanomachines? Mental Upload to a computer?
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I've seen images of the God Emperor of Mankind. At the risk of being submitted to inquisition, he's basically a skeleton or perhaps a mummy. There's nothing there to keep alive anymore.
How do we know he's even doing anything and the Golden Throne isn't just sustaining the Astronomican beacon by itself at this point through the energy dumped into it by the sacrificed psykers?
So what part of him is being kept alive? How? Is it nano-regeneration? Some kind of virtual reality his mind is uploaded and stored in? Straight up magic?
| 78 |
Even before he was interred onto the Golden Throne, the Emperor was straight-up immortal. He had been alive for something in the neighborhood of 35,000 years before his altercation with Horus. So the potential and some of the groundwork for serious biological longevity was already present in his body before the mechanical assistance got involved.
The Golden Throne is absolutely a tool of psychic power. It's attached to a webway portal, and its only other occupant was another powerful psyker who got burnt out from exposure. So whatever is going on, in one way or another it's tied into super-strong psychic bullshit. The distinction between that and magic is academic.
We know the Emperor is alive because his will holds closed that demon portal that the Golden Throne is built on top of. If no one's powering it, then demons invade Terra (as they did during the Horus Heresy). The Golden Throne cannot do this itself, it is a conduit for the psychic power of the one who sits within it.
| 76 |
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