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ELI5: if the human body regenerates every single cell within it every seven years, then why do tattoo's remain throughout our life?
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does the pigmentation get copied by new cells?
does it just stain the flesh itself & seep through?
[here is the source for the seven year regeneration information.](http://stemcell.stanford.edu/research/)
/u/thisisntnamman explained quite well & has the most upvotes, here's the answer:
"Your skin has layers. The two big ones are the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the highly cellular one with lots of cell division and shedding. The dermis is blow that layer. It is not nearly as cellular. There is a lot of non-cell connective tissue, fibers and elastics that hold skin together and support all the other little organs in skin. (Latin of the day: epi = above, or above dermis)
A tattoo doesn't put ink in your epidermis. So skin division doesn't effect it. The point of the tattoo needed is to drive the ink below your epidermis into the dermis. Not into any cells but into that fibrous tissue between cells (there's a lot in the dermis). Once there it's stuck. There isn't much cell division or circulation or fluid movement to wash the ink out. So it stays there for a long time. Oh it will degrade, some ink does shed, the dermis breaks down as we get older. So you do loose the vibrant colors and fine shapes.
Henna is an example of ink into the epidermis, it looks pretty but is shed off after only a week."
| 356 |
Your skin has layers. The two big ones are the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the highly cellular one with lots of cell division and shedding. The dermis is blow that layer. It is not nearly as cellular. There is a lot of non-cell connective tissue, fibers and elastics that hold skin together and support all the other little organs in skin. (Latin of the day: epi = above, or above dermis)
A tattoo doesn't put ink in your epidermis. So skin division doesn't affect it. The point of the tattoo needle is to drive the ink below your epidermis into the dermis. Not into any cells but into that fibrous tissue between cells (there's a lot in the dermis). Once there it's stuck. There isn't much cell division or circulation or fluid movement to wash the ink out. So it stays there for a long time. Oh it will degrade, some ink does shed, the dermis breaks down as we get older. So you do lose the vibrant colors and fine shapes.
Henna is an example of ink into the epidermis, it looks pretty but is shed off after only a week.
Edit: Ze grammars
| 200 |
Why do we go into "food comas" after eating large amounts of food?
| 27 |
The hippocampus gets overloaded with serotonin, causing an immunogenic cascade reaction which activates numerous platelet factors. Consequently, the SPF-15 receptors are then filled which will send a signal (complex) causing the leptin hormone to inactivate. This will remove the feeling of hunger. These events in succession cause adenosine receptors to bind (we aren’t sure why) which slows the brain waves, thereby inducing sleep.
I have engaged in heavy research and experimentation concerning this very question. Feel free to PM me if there are any follow-up questions
| 14 |
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ELI5 why deer behave differently when confronted
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Deer are known to be extremely cautious creatures and even the slightest sounds can spook them. However deer often freeze up when cars are riding by. Are they scared and freeze up or are they curious and waiting to see what will happen?
| 19 |
Scared perhaps and also waiting.
Deer will run fast away like you said. But they also will lay completely still if a potential predator is nearby and they think that the predator doesn't see them.
Once they feel they are spotted they will likely take off.
I've had deer do this many times. Young fawns especially will lay still even if their mom runs away (possibly drawing predators away). They'll lie and wait for mom to return.
| 13 |
[The Walking Dead] How is Michonne keeping those katanas so damn sharp?
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Cutting heads off is hell on a blade, even the best ones. And sharpening katana's is a pretty arduous process that takes a bit more than a whetstone. Considering how many heads she must have chopped off, how the hell are those blades not dull as cheap machetes by now?
| 26 |
Correction: Cutting off *human* heads is hell on a blade. Decomposition takes a lot of the structural integrity of a body away. Decapitating a walker is both less wearing on a blade, and doesn't require the blade to be sharpened as often or as well.
| 22 |
CMV:People are too obsessed with prestigious universities.
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This obsession is something I don’t understand. Sure , people who graduate in Harvard will get a better starting salary than someone from an average university.But that’s only because the people who get into Harvard usually are not average people. They work hard, intelligent, or they have some family connections.
But most people seem to ignore all of those factors and are just stuck on the Idea that prestigious universities equals automatic success.
I have witnessed people bragging about what university they got accepted into and other people congratulating them as if they have already “made” it In life.
If you post a day in the life of a Harvard student video on YouTube , you are more likely to get million views than a video discussing the man who solved Fermat Last Theorem.
In a day and age where information is available for those who care, why in the heck are people so obsessed with going to a school that probably won’t teach them something that they can’t find in a textbook?
I think people too obsessed with big college names and it’s very foolish IMO. Change my view please because I don’t understand.
| 107 |
Have you heard about signaling theory in economics?
Basically, it says that education doesn't have any incentric value but only servers as a signal to future employers about your quality.
So companies don’t hire you because your skills (things you know) but because who you are (good studier, hard worker, family connections etc.) Diploma from ivy league school signals that you have good qualities that company wants and then trains you in the specific task they need. Fact that you need to work hard (or have right connections/money) to get to these schools works as filter meaning that people that are in have these qualities. Now employee doesn’t have to filter their candidates by these qualities because schools have already done that.
TL;DR: Your knowledge or skills doesn’t matter but what kind of person you are.
| 11 |
[Rick and Morty] How is getting the Szechuan Sauce such a big problem?
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I mean Rick said it himself often enough, every possible event exist somewhere in the Multiverse.
How difficult can it be to find a Universe in which the Szechuan Sauce was never discontinued, or to find a Universe where the Mulan film just came out so they still serve Szechuan Sauce at McDonald?
| 58 |
That's much easier said than done. There is no guarantee that a universe exists in which the exact same recipe of Szechuan sauce is still available. And if that universe does exist, there is no time efficient way in which to find it with his existing technology. It's basically trial and error.
Finding it is going to take a lot of luck. His portal technology seems to be kind of blind. He doesn't type in "universe in which Szechuan is still available" and then jump through. He's using some kind of coordinates. It would be like trying to find a specific item/person on Earth by randomly typing in GPS coordinates. You will eventually find it, but it might take a few lifetimes and most of the time you'll just hit ocean. He has to go universe by universe and search the hard way.
In a truly infinite multiverse Rick could visit 100,000 universes per second for trillions of years and never run across the exact same Szechuan sauce. He has to refine the search method or he'll simply run out of time. Rick probably only has a few decades of life left in him. So he can't just brute force search for the sauce for the rest of eternity. He has to think of a new way to search the multiverse for a very specific item and he doesn't have the solution yet.
| 34 |
[Death Note] Why didn't L just check Light and Misa's handwriting?
| 53 |
At one point in the manga, Light says he's been intentionally writing differently in the Death Note to his normal handwriting.
Misa is no genius, but we see she is pretty good at disguise. She probably had the same idea.
| 44 |
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ELI5 - why do people at the equator (spinning 1000 mph with the earth) and the poles (not spinning almost at all) experience gravity the same? This feels like it would have a massive difference on just walking around!
| 53 |
There is actually a difference! It's a very minor difference, amounting to less than half a percent, but at the poles you *do* exert just a bit more force on the ground under you.
Since the surface speed of the earth spinning is so high, you might think the force felt due to centripetal acceleration might also be a lot higher, but this also depends on the very large diameter of the earth. If you're whizzing at 1000mph around a very tight hairpin turn on a car racetrack, then the G forces as you go around that turn will be immense. But going at the same speed around a gentler curve, the forces are lower even if you're going just as fast. The curvature of the Earth is so gentle that 1000mph is no sweat.
| 87 |
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[Star Wars] What was Yoda's relationship with the wookies and how did that relationship form?
| 546 |
Both Yoda's species and Wookies are very long lived. Jedi do a lot of diplomatic missions and over the decades/centuries he's been a consistent point of contact for the various tribes and helped them build their place and reputation in the Galaxy.
| 476 |
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[MCU] What's up with my living situation post-blip?
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So i'm taking out the trash right, and all of a sudden my arms start turning to dust! I scream in terror but then my whole body fades away. Like half a second later, i'm back, and i'm freaked out at whatever just happened. As I run back to my house, I find that the door is locked. I bang on the door in frustration, but to my surprise some guy opens the door.
Now he's asking me who I am and I'm trying to explain this is my house. I tell him about me "turning to dust" and I assume he's gonna think i'm crazy, but, again, to my surprise he knows what I'm talking and he thinks its a miracle. He explains to me about some "blip" thing and how its been 5 years. I'm shocked and all, but I just want back in my house. He won't let me in, claims it's his house now. What am I supposed to do? I don't have any relatives, atleast not any that are close, and i'm kind of a loner, so there's no friends I can just call up.
| 40 |
I guess become a supervillain now.
Seriously now, get in contact with the authorities and ask them for help. You're not the only blip returner, so they're probably setting up places for you all to stay at. People may be driving around now looking for resurrected folk to tell them where to go.
| 25 |
ELIM How the Republican party went from abolishing slavery to not being able to get the minority vote
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I'm Canadian I don't know a lot about the history or evolution of the American political system. I just know the Republicans were the driving force to pass the amendment to abolish slavery and now they can't get support from minorities
| 27 |
In the 1960s, the Democrats were the driving force to pass civil rights laws. Now, up until this point, the Democrats *had* been the traditional party of white racists. But many of those people were angry about civil rights, and abandoned the party. Republican leaders saw that getting all the racists into their party would help them out, so they went ahead and made it happen.
Of course, when your party becomes known as the racist party, it becomes a lot harder to pick up minority votes.
| 16 |
[Star Wars] At the duel on mustafar why doesn't one side just start force flinging lava at the other?
| 49 |
Because of a variety of reasons.
One, because that takes concentration and effort, which their opponent isn't going to give them when they're in range of a lightsaber.
Two, because Anakin is clearly not thinking about using the environment as a weapon.
Three, because despite everything, Obi-Wan still is trying to stop his friend from becoming a monster, he's not trying to destroy him.
We already saw what would happen if the two fought a Force-battle against each other, and it came out pretty much evenly. A Force battle using lava would just be the same, but with lava.
| 45 |
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ELI5: Does the immune system get weak or “rusty” having not had to fight off human spread infections for over a year while in quarantine?
| 106 |
It really depends upon the organism being bacteria or virus. Nobody knows how long Covid-19 vaccines will offer immunity, yet. Also different vaccines will vary. Chicken Pox vaccine (varicella) lasts \~40-50 years, then immunity lessens, that's why there is a Shingles vaccine for elders. Measles last your lifetime. Tetanus should be re-vaccinated every 6-10 years.
The yearly flu (influenza) lasts only about a year, but not because the immune system weakens, it's because the virus changes and the body no longer recognizes it.
Vaccines or the natural infection itself (such as chicken pox) give the same immunity. With chicken pox whose immunity lasts about 40 years, it is the immune system getting weaker. With influenza, it's "I don't recognize this enemy." With Tetanus it's "I forgot how to fight this."
Not all mutations are bad. Back around 2009 the "swine flu" hit the world, another pandemic, but the virus mutated so much that it pretty much was no longer a big issue. Unfortunately Covid-19 is not being so polite, but it also could mutate into a friendlier form, or as you've heard a "worse" one. In this case it's not more harmful, it simply spreads easier.
Covid-19 vaccines are most likely going to become an annual thing, maybe even mixed with the flu shot. Remember though that vaccines can give "partial immunity." This means that while you might become ill, you might not become seriously ill.
| 72 |
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Why don't electrons traveling in the orbitals of atoms lose energy, although they are a mass traveling a narrow space which should require some kind of acceleration to stay close to the atom?
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As I learned in physics the acceleration of a mass (and the change of direction is an acceleration) results in a change of kinetic energy, so traveling in a narrow space like an electron around an atom requires acceleration to change the direction of the electron to stay around the atom, so then why are atoms stable at all and why don't electrons bounded to atoms lose energy all the time?
Edit: I meant acceleration of charge, not mass, thanks for pointig this out.
| 3,109 |
This is a good question, and one of the questions that led us away from the classical model of the atom and towards the quantum model. You are correct that the classical way we think of an atom (positively charged nucleus, negative particle in a circular orbit around it) would emit radiation, causing the electron to decay into the nucleus. The fact that this doesn't happen means this must not be the correct model.
We now know that the electron is not a point mass orbiting the nucleus at all, but a "density cloud" which constantly surrounds it. You've likely heard of the "wave particle duality" of light- well it's not just light which has this duality, all particles do (it's just most pronounced with light, since the less mass a particle has the more "wave like" it acts). So, the electron is in a wave around the nucleus (and actually, when it is in its ground state it is in a standing wave) so it doesn't radiate (in fact, when it is in an excited state it is no longer a standing wave, which is why it does radiate and then fall down to the ground state).
| 1,941 |
ELI5: Whenever I buy a video game disc, (Xbox, Ps4, etc.) It says it needs to download the game into the console. Isn't the game already on the disc?
| 16 |
On modern consoles it has to install the data from the disc onto the console's hard drive. That's because blu-ray drives are just too slow to load data for modern games, so it has to be installed on a faster (although still pretty slow to be honest) hard drive.
Usually you also have to download patches, even if the game has just come out. The data that goes onto the disc has to be ready months before the game comes out. So in the time between that data being ready and the game actually coming out the developers continue to work on fixing bugs, tweaking the gameplay, maybe even adding features. So when the game actually comes out there is an update ready and waiting to be downloaded.
In theory if the game is single player you can choose not to download the update and just play it anyway. But unfortunately some games are pretty broken without that day 1 patch.
| 43 |
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ELI5 what makes a Pub different from other bars.
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The Irish pub owner's AMA had an interesting comment "all pubs are bars, but not all bars are pubs". Being Canadian I love going to chill bars, and one of these that I go to is an irish free house...a pub...but others are just, bars...what exactly constitutes a pub?
*edit: It seems that historically speaking, there was a difference, but these days the difference is simply atmosphere. In pubs you feel comfortable, almost at home.
*EDIT 2: a couple of different people have asked now...is there a difference between a pub, a tavern and a saloon? or are they different words from different geographies basically meaning the same thing?
| 1,920 |
A pub is somewhere you should feel comfortable to spend the whole day and even take children during earlier hours. It should be a cosy place, decorated in a friendly and welcoming manner, if a little naff. There should be games available such as pool, darts and a quiz machine. The better ones will even have dominoes, chess and backgammon sets behind the bar. There ought to be a jukebox around with the entire Led Zeppelin discography or at least get the lads to bring their guitars and fiddles and we'll kick up a tune ourselves.
If you're there at lunchtime hours expect pies, fish & chips and a half-decent tikka masala to be available, if your in during later hours than you'll have to make do with crisps, pickled onions and Scotch eggs. If you're good mates with the landlord, however, he may be willing to make you a sandwich when you're absolutely tanked at 1.30 am.
If the pub takes even the least amount of pride in what they do there will be a good choice of real ales such as Hobgoblin and Old Tom served at cellar temperature as these actually taste of something unlike near-frozen mass-produced lagers. The good ol' water-of-life should be in abundance be it Irish, Scotch, Bourbon or otherwise. In short, a pub is the very focal point of civilised society.
A bar, on the other hand, is a truly dreadful place. Tastelessly decked out in chrome, pine and mood-lighting, this hell-hole is full of wankers from the City getting shitfaced on shite like Bud and Kronenburg whilst listening to god-awful repetitive pop music at near deafing volumes.
| 2,834 |
[Alien] Why not just study the xenomorph in deep space far from Earth?
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Based off an earlier question I saw, considering Weyland wants the xenomorph so bad and clearly has the money and resources to make friggin colonies and massive space stations, why not just study the xenomorph out in space? Make multiple stations and position most arpund gas giants, that way, should things go wrong, the station simply falls into the planet and there are still other specimens to study. And Earth is safe. Why not just do this?
| 65 |
Because the good scientists like all professionals in high demand want to live in places with something to do outside of work. You have multiple PhDs in biology, xenobiology and medicine. Do you want to live on a planet with no breathable atmosphere, inside a 10x10' cell, with your only social outlet the techs who work for you, no bar, no cultural events, no place for your kid to play other than a hopefully off giant turbine or do you want to live in NYC/Seattle/Orbital Habitat Extreme over those?
| 49 |
ELI5: What exactly is a partial derivative?
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What exactly is a partial derivative? I have a basic idea of a derivative i.e, I know that dy/dx is rate of change of y with respect to x and that it represents the slope of a curve
Thanks!
| 45 |
It’s still a slope. But when you multiple variables then you have a surface instead of just a curve. You can hold all but one variable constant then take the derivative to find the slope in only one direction.
| 42 |
Why do tornadoes seem to avoid Chicago?
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I live in Chicago, and as you probably know a huge storm system came through the Midwest today and caused significant damage to a few small towns in Illinois. Although I recall tornadoes hitting the outlying suburbs before, I don't remember the last time one actually hit Chicago. A lot of Chicago's weather is strongly affected by Lake Michigan, does it sort of "shield" the city from tornadoes?
| 34 |
While there is some minor justification for believing that urbanization can cause storm-splitting, the more likely scenario is that you are simply paying attention to Chicago, so you notice every time it doesn't get hit. If you paid close attention to a particular (arbitrary) location on a dart-board, you'd notice it never seems to get hit. It's just an observation bias.
| 33 |
Why is Watson considered the father of behaviorism?
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I'm taking AP Psych, and I can't figure out why Watson is regarded as the father of behaviorism when Pavlov experimented with classical conditioning before Watson and helped in switching the focus of psychology from introspection to objective observation. Does anyone know why Watson is considered the father of behaviorism and not Pavlov?
| 19 |
Watson was the first person to identify reinforcement/punishment (operant conditioning principles). Essentially, he realized if good things followed behavior, the organism would do it more and if bad things followed, they would do it less
Pavlov was the first person to identify respondent conditioning, but this part is not as heavily focused on as operant conditioning. His is more about how the presentation of a stimulus causes a response, and how those effects can transfer to new stimuli. E.g. the smell of food causes salivation, but when paired with a bell, the bell can cause salivation.
BF Skinner is actually most commonly referred to as the father of behaviorism. His whole life's work was dedicated to refining what we know about operant conditioning, its nuances, and the types of experiments that behavioral psychologists use
| 22 |
ELI5: How can some remote controls still work even when the LED is not pointed directly at the TV?
| 44 |
LED is not laser. It's like a small bulb, just glowing and sending light everywhere. You can see LEDs on your devices (tv, router, usuall power on/off on everything), even if they are not directly pointing at you, right?
| 16 |
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ELI5: How come blowing fire makes the flame stronger but blowing candles makes it die?
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I actually wanna know because fires at camps and stuff grow when you blow\* but blowing at a candle puts it out. Imagine it's the same size as a campfire, so you can't just say because it's small.
| 25 |
To make a fire you need three things; fuel, oxygen, heat or ignition source.
When you blow out a candle you are cooling it off, thus the paraffin vapors don't ignite.
When you blow on a campfire, you're adding extra oxygen.
| 19 |
ELI5: how did the sizes of mattresses become standardized? Is there a regulation authority for such things?
| 10,402 |
There is no standard, it’s cultivated from years and years of different companies selling different products.
For example, if a mattress manufacturer’s 60x80” mattress (Queen) sells very well, the company that manufactures bed frames will want to sell frames that fit this size, as well as the company that sells sheets, comforters, etc. Concurrently, competitors also see this size selling well, so they will want to produce it themselves to capture some of that market.
That being said, there is still some variation in the market; one company’s King may measure 76x80” while the next company’s measures 78x80”.
I believe someone else in this thread pointed out the wiki page for bed sizes, you will see some variation between the popular sizes between different countries, all stemming from the above.
| 3,082 |
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ELI5: /r/darknetplan
| 39 |
So websites have names. The place that has all these names is called ICANN. When you type in a website name, ICANN tells you the address for you to go to so you can get to that website. A lot of other fancy stuff happens that makes the information get from one place to another.
This is good most of the time. Remember a name, get to a website. The big problem is that because all of this information runs through ICANN, among other systems, it's easy to see who was looking for what. That means people can watch what you're doing on the internet. This is important.
Now, say you don't want people to know what you're doing, whether you're talking bad about your government, peddling illegal wares, or just exercising your right to privacy. You need a new way to transfer info without the internet. A darknet will do that. It is an untraceable way to communicate with other over a network.
/r/darknetplan is a just a way for people to organize the best procedure and method of creating this theoretical "darknet".
An alternative option is an easier but less secure method, generally known as an "undernet". It's not completely untraceable like the darknet, but still has more anonymity than the normal internet. TOR is an example of this.
| 10 |
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ELI5: what do they mean when they say that spider webs are stronger than steel? How is that possible?
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As in the title.
| 24 |
It’s based on tensile strength when compared to effective diameter. Spider silk is only microns in diameter, so if you could extrude a steel specimen at the diameter of a strand of spider silk, the spider silk would take more force to break
| 42 |
[Game Of Thrones] What if Joffrey was nice?
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What if Joffrey wasn't an evil psychopath? What if he was a kind, friendly kid?
How would this have changed things?
| 26 |
If Joffrey were nice, the world would actually be a much much much better place. But by insisting on the glorified tradition of putting children and morons on the Throne, the world has created it's own destruction.
Remember that Joffrey's Misogyny and Anger that originally lead to Ned Stark's execution. This even started the War of the Five Kings, where the North rebelled from the Crown on the basis of this action.
Everything that followed that War as a result, therefore, is rested on the anger and incompetence of a Teenage Incest-Bastard. This includes the destruction of House Stark, Bolton, the flaying of Theon Greyjoy, etc. In fact, almost every character has an explicit reason to hate and revenge against this particular dude.
The Lesson of Joffrey the Illborn, is the power of one rash action to completely and irrevocably destroy everything.
| 28 |
[Spider-Man] Is Peter special, or would the bite have worked on anyone?
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Is there something special about Parker's DNA that let the spider affect him the way it did, or would anyone who got bit develop spider powers? Did he have a dormant X gene or something?
| 41 |
Peter was chosen. In J. Michael Straczynski’s (and John Romita Jr.’s) Run on the Amazing Spider-Man they delve into the history of it and the Spider-man is a bit like the Vampire Slayer (Buffy) is so much as there have been numerous Spider-men through different times and cultures all the way back to the African spider god Anansi.
| 39 |
ELI5 How does digital clock work?
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How does digital clock counting time? Not display i wonder how they can know how much time pass?
| 16 |
There is a special elements called a quartz. It is the same thing that beach sand is made of. It has a special property of converting different Energies. With pressure it turns into heat, with light it splits light, and with electricity it creates a vibration.
Some quartz crystals make a very stable vibration. Imagine one of these quartz could do 1000 times the second perfectly. We learned how to measure that has had to turn that into a clock.
You may be familiar with counting seconds as one one thousand or one alligator. Running electricity through a piece of quartz crystal splits one second into to one thousand beats per second. By making a device that can separate every 1000 beats we can create a stable clock.
| 26 |
[DOOM] What was the Doom Slayer doing in between DOOM 2016 and Eternal?
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I always thought this little interlude would be shown at some point during one of the DLCs, but they ended up not going there
At the end of DOOM 2016, the Slayer was teleported away/imprisoned by Samuel Hayden. At the start of Eternal, a couple months later, the Slayer has escaped/been released from wherever Hayden sent him to, acquired the Fortress of Doom, as well as a new bicep-less suit of armor.
So how did the Slayer get out of wherever he was? Why did it take so long? And given that >!Hayden turns out to be the Seraphim!<, why did he wait so long to release the Slayer? He could have saved himself a lot of trouble if he had let the Slayer go as soon as the invasion started
I’m sort of looking for canon supported evidence for what he did, it’s too easy to just come up with plausible sounding fanfic like “he punched his way out of interdimensional prison and murdered a million angels until he got his fortress”
| 21 |
The slayer was ejected from hell or stumbled through the same portal he went through after the doom 64 ending. The sentinel codex mentioned finding the slayer lost and delirious in the wastes of their world with strange weapons and armor to them. He probably knew how to escape hell already and given that the seraphim had enhanced him during the war on sentinel prime he did it faster and easier than before. Escaping hell he found the fortress of doom and headed straight to the 2016 version of earth to try and save it like he couldn't do for his own earth and most importantly for his lost bunny. The armor and weapon changes are field repairs and modifications made to improve his capabilities that he couldn't do before without the fortress and it's forge.
| 20 |
Can we make sugar, in vitro, out of CO2 and water--with sunlight or any other kind of energy input--any more efficiently than plants can?
| 26 |
The short answer is: No, we cannot make sugar out of CO2 and Water more efficiently than photosynthetic organisms.
There are a couple things to think about this question though. First off, we can't do it more efficiently than plants, but turning CO2 into sugars is something that *could* in principle be done with our current understanding of organic chemistry.
As you may be aware, CO2 is a very stable molecule and consequently is not very reactive. Because of this, getting reactions with carbon dioxide typically involves "high energy" reactants (e.g. alkali metals or alkaline earth metals). It takes a fair amount of energy to obtain these reactive metals - so much so that generating them to react with carbon dioxide is not an efficient means of using carbon dioxide. Essentially, all reactions of carbon dioxide will lead to products that are higher in energy at than the reactants you used (i.e. you need to put energy in to get the reaction to go forward).
One of the main challenges in turning carbon dioxide into more useful things is putting in as little energy as you need to get to your products. For example, lets say carbon dioxide to product B takes 400 kcal/mol energy imput on paper. When you try to do this reaction (and lets assume you can) it takes you 800 kcal/mol to do it (i.e. you have wasted 400 kcal/mol to get to your products). One of the principal causes of this wasted energy is having to go through very unstable (high energy) intermediates. This is where catalyst can help - they can change the reaction mechanism so that you do not have to go through such high energy intermediates, allowing you to get to your products with much much less (in theory) wasted energy so you can get really close to that predicted 400 kcal/mol of our example reaction. The catalysts in plants and other photosynthetic organisms is a protein called RuBisCO. This enzyme *specifcally* turns a 5-carbon sugar into two 3-carbon sugars by the addition of carbon dioxide. The organism then goes on to make sugars using other chemistry.
Another thing that is worth considering is why even bother making sugar from CO2? Sugar is a very complicated molecule compared to carbon dioxide and consequently would take a lot of effort to make. At this point, you have to ask what your goal is. If your goal is to turn carbon dioxide into a fuel, then it would be better to turn carbon dioxide into methanol or carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide can be turned into liquid hydrocarbons). Essentially, each transformation we make to our carbon dioxide and subsequent products is going to require an input of energy (and time). So ideally (for the purposes of energy storage) you would want to make the fewest transformations possible.
| 14 |
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ELI5: How we know that there isn't another planet in the exact same spot as Earth on the other side of the Sun. Like 6 Months behind?
| 19 |
Pick up a bucket of water and spin around, holding it out at arms length. Notice how you're wobbling as you spin?
Now, take two buckets of water, one in each hand, and spin around. They are balancing each other, and you are no longer wobbling.
The sun is "wobbling" because of all of the planets that circle it. Scientists are able to measure the amount of wobble of the sun, and knowing the mass of each planet, can calculate that the Earth is also causing the Sun to wobble. If it weren't, it would be because there is an equal mass on the other side of the sun. However, it is, so at the very least, there is no equal mass there.
| 49 |
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If free neutrons decay in 15 minutes how are neutron stars stable?
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I assume the neutrons in the star are unbound so what mechanism is keeping the neutrons from decaying?
| 15 |
For the neutron to decay
N -> P + e^- + antineutrino
and for this reaction to be energetically favourable, the electron has to have an unoccupied low energy quantum state to fall into. But all these states are already occupied by the free electrons which are highly degenerate. So the reaction cannot proceed in an energetically favourable way. So that's why neutron stars are stable against decay.
| 12 |
ELI5: Where do deleted files go?
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Where do deleted files go?
| 17 |
They actually don't go anywhere unless you tell them to very specifically.
Imagine you have a book full of random words. The first word is #1, the second word is #2 and so on. Say the first page looks like this:
cat had a dog Jill
You can tell a story: *Jill had a cat*, by telling the reader to go to words 5, 2, 3, and 1 in that order. But it's meaningless without that pointer reference, so all you need to do to destroy that story is remove the list of pointing numbers.
That's how your computer stores files on its drive. There is a pointer file that tells it where chunks of that file are located, often in one place but sometimes (and often for really big files on small drives) broken in a bunch.
When you delete the file, you actually just delete the pointers that tell the computer "your file's chunks are first here, and then here, and then here" as well as the pointers that protect those parts of the hard drive and say "when you're storing new information, do not put anything else here, or here, or here, because those places are already in use".
Step 1 is to keep the area protected, but move the pointers to those region to your Recycle Bin. This is so you can easily recover them.
Step 2, when you empty your Recycle bin, is to delete the pointers and tell the computer those parts of the hard drive are now usable to store other things, essentially unlocking them so they can be written over later.
You can PERMANENTLY destroy all references to those files by writing zeroes to every part of your hard drive's storage, wiping out anything that was previously stored there. Governments do this when disposing of computers that have held sensitive information.
| 24 |
ELI5: What does it mean to say the earth is tilted on its axis? Tilted with respect to what?
| 296 |
>ELI5: What does it mean to say the earth is tilted on its axis? Tilted with respect to what?
Tilted with respect to the ecliptic, the plane defined by the Earth's orbit around the sun.
You can grab a pen and draw a circle on a piece of paper. That pen could be held perpendicular to paper while you're tracing the circle or you could hold it at an angle - *tilted* relative to the plane of the paper.
| 857 |
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Is It True Helium Is a Liquid At 0 Kelvin?
| 70 |
At atmospheric pressure it is, but if you turn up the pressure to an insane amount you'll turn it onto a solid. From a quick look at a phase diagram you'll need over 25 times atmospheric pressure to turn Helium into a solid.
| 44 |
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CMV: There is no reason why PC games can't have unlimited save slots
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In many of the games I played, one can create a folder, move all of one's saves there and then all the save slots would be free for use again. No game I tried, however, lets you actually do this simple file manipulation from within the game, and no game does it for you automatically when saving.
There are games that restrict save slots to one for valid gameplay reasons, which is fine, and "shitty PC port" could explain this decision in some other games, but I've even seen PC-exclusive games do this (kingdoms of amalur is the most recent example that comes to mind). Why? If there are memory concerns, I'm perfectly fine with not having all the saves accessible at once but I don't see any valid reasons why this would be simply impossible to do within a game.
CMV, reddit.
| 20 |
Some PC games do offer unlimited saves. The Civilization series is the first to pop to mind. The limited saves isn't usually due to restraints in memory. It is usually for strategy. Unlimited saves reduces your risks.
I remember the old days of PC gaming, MS-Dos, Commodore, and the rest. Using hex editors on saves was fun. Definitely unbalancing but fun nevertheless.
| 12 |
[DC Comics] If there is only ONE Darkseid, no matter the reality, why doesn't he conquer Golden Age Earth?
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There's supposedly only one Darkseid, the same version. Why doesn't he conquer Golden Age Earth where the Golden Age heroes, such as gravity-fueled Superman, wouldn't stand a chance against him and his army?
| 402 |
If he entered a universe, it would crumble under his might. That's why he relies on avatars as they're all tendrils of his power. Not every universe is the same, some can only handle a certain amount of power, so his avatar reflects the power of the universe. Golden Age Earth can't handle as much as Silver Age or Rebirth, so likewise his avatar is limited. That's why in other universes he can be arrested by police.
| 618 |
Why do economists not look at income data at the individual level?
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Edit: Please ignore my claim that the UK provides long term income data at the percentile level- I misspoke (aka was stupid and wrong) and the closest I can find to this now is annual income by decile. Apologies for any issues/trouble.
&#x200B;
I am a political science grad and one of the things that has been bugging me for the years now is why it is so hard to find long-term data on income over time for individuals. I live in the UK, and it is possible to view income over time by percentile (and therefore see, for example how the income level of the 10th percentile has changed year on year), but I have been completely unable to find any source of data detailing the yearly or quarterly changes of income for individuals over any extended period of time.
&#x200B;
This was not core to my degree, or the work I do now, but I have a genuine curiosity about a) what the financial history of individuals in this country (and many others) look like (how many trend up, how many trend down, to what extent, and in what distribution etc) and b) whether there is any connection between, for example, upwards or downwards trending personal financial history and political orientation, levels of political engagement, etc. I feel like it would be a useful way of collecting and consolidating data, but it also does not seem to be done, so I just wondered why that was. I understand that privacy would be a major concern, and that ethical considerations of data use would be important, but if these concerns can be addressed, would this not be something economists would find useful? PoliSci nerds definitely would.
&#x200B;
P.S. If the issue is a logistical one, why is that the case? I understand that it might be tricky to survey large numbers of people independently, and unlikely that all of them would even reliably report back yearly income from far in the past, but wouldn't tax returns serve as a valuable source of info?
| 89 |
Data tracking individuals over time is called "panel data," and there are some studies that analyze it. Try searching for "panel data" and whatever your topic of interest is. For the US, the National Longitudinal Study of Youth has high-quality panel data covering a wide range of topics.
I think I've heard of researchers getting restricted access to anonymized tax data, but the publicly available data is all aggregated, for privacy reasons. Even anonymized data might have enough information to identify specific individuals.
| 105 |
CMV: The popular response to the Paris Massacre makes me feel like we're watching recent history repeat itself.
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If you look in the most popular comments on any of the main threads about the recent Paris attacks you'll see calls for us to 'get serious' with ISIS, and that we should roll in there guns a'blazing and stomp them out, and that killing them to a man is the only way to get rid of this problem. And this makes me sad, I feel like this is pretty much the same feeling we had after 9/11, that we should swoop in and kick their ass and kill the bad guys and once that's done we won't have any more problems. And yet we can see the result of our Middle Eastern adventures since 9/11. Inevitably when we go in we blow up more towns and villages, kill more innocent people, ruin more innocent lives, and don't do much to convince the locals that we aren't a foreign oppressive force that are killing their friends and families, and that they shouldn't throw their lot in with the group that's at least trying to fight back/get some revenge.
Now I don't really know what the best solution is. I do know that the situation there, the 'status quo' that the west has tried to hold together is inherently unstable -especially Iraq- and a disintegration of sorts was inevitable, and if peaceful change was not possible then it will be violent. So I think us rolling in there and killing all the groups like ISIS and trying to restore order won't work, it'll just be putting the lid back on the kettle to let pressure build up for another eruption. So I don't know what the best option is, maybe it's just letting the ME solve its own problems. But I'm certain that having the cavalry roll in and stomp out the problem we see isn't going to help anything on a meaningful level.
_____
> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!*
| 116 |
Actually, post 9/11 things were going great.
We dismantled the Taliban and gutted Al-Queda. They were completely defeated and on the verge of being wiped out.
The entire international community was in Afghanistan ready to contribute soldiers and resources to rebuilding it as a modern democracy.
And then George Bush decided to say "fuck it" and invade Iraq for no goddamn reason. Imagine if we hadn't done that, and we put ALL that military and money towards creating a stable Afghanistan with the ENTIRE WORLD helping us out.
I'd argue things would be a lot different in that country today if that was the route we took.
| 71 |
How do you cool things to extreme low temperatures +1-2K?
| 19 |
For anything below liquid helium temperature, generally laser cooling is used. There are many different mechanisms for exactly what physical properties are used. The general principle is that you shine photons at very specific frequencies, so that the material is more likely, on average, to give momentum to the photon rather than remove momentum from it.
| 18 |
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CMV: "Cash" or "Money" should be acceptable responses for when asked what one (adult) wants for Christmas.
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**Title correction (grammar):** CMV: "Cash" or "Money" should be acceptable responses when asked what one (adult) wants for Christmas.
CMV spurred by being on the cusp of thirty and still making Christmas lists for my mom because she thinks monetary gifts are too impersonal. Also I love my mother very much and appreciate that she cares enough at all to request a list; it just got me thinking about the general nature of Christmas gift-giving.
Basically, I understand the notion that picking out a gift can be personal, and that it implies at least some amount of thought behind it. However, a few points:
- I think most people go into gift-buying thinking that they will really devote themselves to selecting the "best" but ultimately don't put half as much time investment into it (holidays being crazy and all) as they envision when they deny "money" as an acceptable gift answer.
- From a recipient-utility lens, the recipient knows what they will get the most out of gift-wise. When buying for other people, there is the risk of buying the wrong thing/brand/color/size/whatever. This risk heightens as we try to buy things for people who have a big hobby, as their interest and knowledge is probably so specialized that someone first wandering into that territy is a lot less likely to get what they really need or want.
- I think a recipient-utility lens *should* be adopted when gifting; everything about it suggests that this act is primarily intended to find something the other person wants even if gift-givers can also get something out of it.
- Sometimes people have money issues that aren't life-shattering but money can make a lot of difference particularly in stress reduction, and thus the gift shouldn't be looked at solely as superificial or lacking in thoughtfulness.
Some things I've considered:
- I said Christmas because it's the holiday I'm most familiar with and didn't want to deal with answers along the lines of "Well in [less well known holiday] giving money is sacrilegious." I generally think this though can apply across most gift-giving winter holidays.
- More intimate relationships, e.g., spouses and partners. I can agree that no one should be giving their SO money alone as a gift *unprompted* but if the other person has actively answered your question with money as an answer, it should be acceptable.
- I'm talking about small gifts, as in things that fall within gift tax exemptions and their non-US equivalents. Gifts that would have large financial or tax implications are definitely something that would require more planning than the traditional Christmas quid-pro-quo.
- I'm assuming the amount that would be spent by the giver on a gift is equivalent to the amount of money they would give the recipient.
_____
> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!*
| 61 |
What if two people exchanging gifts both want money? If one avoids the potential conflict by giving a gift instead of cash, then the recipient is disappointed because they got something they didn't want.
If both give each other money in the same denomination, nothing was truly exchanged. If both give each other different amounts then whoever gave the least will be looked upon negatively, and the one who gave the most will receive nothing except maybe the gift of having a lower net 'loss.'
| 22 |
[Teletubbies] What exactly are the Teletubbies and Teletubbie Land?
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They have vague human characteristics, even different genders and races. And they possess some rudimentary form of intelligence on par with a human toddler. But who created them and why?
Then there's the question of their technology. They have a vacuum with artificial intelligence, their home has automated food dispensers, and they even have a scooter. Obviously creatures like these could not physically build these contraptions due to their lack of resources and intelligence.
So how did all of this come to be?
| 87 |
They are the product of a child's imagination. The child is the baby in the sun. The world is the child's interpretation of the world around him. The teletubies are his various emotions as he interacts with various toys and objects that his parents leave with him. The tv segment is either when his parents leave the TV on in front of him, or when his parents take him out to the market or on vacation or something like that.
| 77 |
Eli5: Are people that live alone in the woods breaking any laws(hunting, building, etc) or are they "immune" to said laws?
| 19 |
Living alone in the woods does not exempt one from the applicable laws. Whatever is illegal for the federal, state, county, local government that has jurisdiction over the area is illegal regardless of where the person lives.
Having said that, it is possible that people in those circumstances will get away with it just from the fact that there's no one around to police them.
| 42 |
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ELI5: why does the arm feel like static when you hit your elbow on a corner?
| 34 |
At the elbow end of your humerus, there's a bit of a groove where your ulnar nerve passes over the end of the bone, so the nerve's pretty exposed there. If you bang your elbow the wrong way, you'll hit that vulnerable nerve and pinch it against the bone, and it causes a bunch of spurious sensations from all along where that nerve is connected. It serves most of your forearm and hand, so the whole area lights up.
Most of our big nerves are buried deep, where they're safe, but there just isn't a ton of room at the elbow joint so we've ended up with a bit of a vulnerability there.
| 36 |
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[Star Wars](Rule of Two) Why should I take up a Sith apprentice and teach him the force? That guy wants to kill me!
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Here I am thinking being a Sith is about amassing power and dressy all spooky, but these holocrons I'm reading not only say I need to have an apprentice, but *that apprentice has to try to kill me!* Why are all these Sith Lords even worrying about teaching someone else in the first place? Shouldn't they be looking out for number one?
| 319 |
You would be a coward, then. Avoidance of conflict causes stagnation and weakness; the Sith rise above this by proving themselves in struggle. Either you kill your apprentice, therefore claiming your rightful place as the Master, or your apprentice kills you, thereby keeping the Sith Order and it's ideals strong and alive.
| 300 |
[Star Trek] Holodeck question: Can one Holodeck connect to another, so the occupants have "online" experiences? Or are Holodecks only capable of working alone?
| 41 |
Yep. The Federation briefly used this for teleconferencing purposes, and set up little mini-holodeck projectors on ship bridges. (This was a technology they used instead of viewscreens for like two episodes on DS9, and then quietly stopped using again.)
| 16 |
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Can you explain in simple terms, why can nothing travel faster than light?
| 203 |
For me, the simplest way to explain it is that experimentally, we have measured the speed of light to be always the same value - 3 x 10^8 m/s, otherwise known as c. What does that mean?
It means that if you shoot a beam of light, it will always be traveling away from you at c. Even if you have a rocket ship, and manage to reach 1/2 the speed of light compared to where you started, the beam of light will still be traveling away from you at the exact same speed. Other weird stuff happens (time dilation, etc), but all of special relativity can be derived from the *experimental result* that the speed of light in a vacuum is always the same.
The short answer is, no matter how fast you go to try to catch up with it, light will always travel away from you at the same speed, and therefore you cannot ever catch up to a beam of light. That is why you, and also everything else, cannot travel faster than the speed of light.
| 185 |
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ELI5: When I drank for the first time, 3 drinks made me feel drunk. 4 years later I can probably drink 3x that and feel the same (thanks college). If these two me's were breathalyzed, would we both produce the same BAC, or is my body now just more used to the feeling of 3 drinks?
| 45 |
Your BAC is constant; tolerance merely refers to how much a given amount of alcohol affects your judgment, inhibitions, etc. So drinking the same amount of alcohol with the same body mass will yield the same BAC, but you won't feel as drunk.
This is also assuming that your metabolism has not changed in how quickly it processes alcohol.
| 28 |
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[Phineas and Ferb] has doctor D ever created a ‘useful’ (helpful) inator or is every invention just meant to cause a minor inconvenience?
| 34 |
he did create the all you can eat inator that causes your metabolism to speed up so you could eat a lot but not gain any weight.
He also made the age acelerator inator that sped things up age wise. It was used to speed up the process to make cheese. It could be used to speed up other products that require waiting time.
He made the copy and paste inator that made pretty much perfect clones of himself. While we do see it clone himself, it also clones his clothes he is wearing. So we could probably assume that it could clone new materials or food even maybe.
He created a shrinking sphere that shrinks stuff he doesn't like to a really tiny scale. If it was edited, it could shrink a bunch of trash to help clear up space in landfills and other trash areas.
He created the beard inator that allows people to grow beards. Probably could be edited to grow any hair. Could have a business where he blasts people with it to give them hair and then they give him money.
He created Norm a pretty much AI that runs on squirrel power.
He created an invisble ray. Could be sold to government or just other people to create invisible things.
and thats only a couple of them from the series. Doof does create pretty smart machines it's just that he doesn't think how they could be used better than how he plans to use them.
| 41 |
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Salt Water Crocodiles are said to have changed very little since 'dinosaurs roamed the earth,' is this exclusively because of their apex position in the food chain, or do their offspring show a lower rate of genetic mutation?
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As in the title, 'lower rate' as compared to higher mammals, which developed more recently.
| 32 |
Actually, this is a misconception. What we'd recognise as 'modern crocodiles' actually appeared *after* birds and mammals. It's just that the crocodile body plan has been copied by a lot of their relatives.
The first recognisably crocodilian crocodiles- the eusuchians- evolved about 130 million years ago. Archeopteryx, which is generally considered to be a good example of the first birds, evolved twenty million years earlier. Before that time, crocodiles were small, cat-sized animals.
Their closest relatives, the goniopholids, also looked like crocodiles. The most obvious difference was in their armour- crocodiles have complex patterns of bony lumps (osteoderms) across their backs, while goniopholids had double-rowed plates. They first appeared about two-hundred-million years ago- roughly the same time as the first mammals did.
Earlier than the goniopholid-eusuchian ancestor (the group being neosuchians), most crocodile ancestors were land animals- many, such as Kaprosuchus and Baurusuchus, were easily big enough to hunt dinosaurs. Plant-eaters such as Simosuchus also existed, alongside omnivores, waders and a few 'classic' water-going crocs.
Earlier than goniopholids, you had phytosaurs about two hundred and fifty million years ago- they were so far back in the family tree that a chicken and a croc are more closely related than a croc and a phytosaur. Any further than back and you had killer amphibians such as Eryops, and no crocodile-like animals at all.
| 34 |
How does a lightning bolt create thunder?
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I don't understand how a bolt of light creates sound.
| 17 |
A lightning strike consists of a high current running through a small channel of ionized gas in the atmosphere. Normally, our atmosphere is a very poor conductor, but if sufficient charge builds up in a cloud, the electric field might become strong enough in some places to start creating a conductive channel. Once this channel is complete and connects cloud to ground (or in some cases, different parts of a cloud with opposite charge), charges can flow freely.
The large current flowing through such a thin channel causes the air in the channel to heat quickly. And hot air takes up more volume than cold air, so the heated channel expands. Rapidly. This rapid expansion of the lightning channel creates a shockwave that we can hear as the boom in a thunder. The shockwave is reflected by elements of the landscape and passes through regions with different temperature, which causes the original shockwave to break up into a longer rumble rather than a short boom.
| 27 |
[Indiana Jones] Could any contraption conceived in the late 1930's (or earlier) be so sensitive to light disturbance that it could trigger a booby trap?
| 20 |
It was really a pressure trap triggered by stepping on a floor tile. Much like a magician using misdirection, Indy stepped down at the same time is putting his hand in the light because he suspected he would be double crossed. Upon running out the other guy avoided the light but stepped on the wrong stone.
| 37 |
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[Mod Post] Possible changes and more!
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**This is Mod post 20. You can read the previous Mod Post by clicking [here](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/comments/1dvv5h/mod_post_join_other_cmv_users_in_our_irc_channel/), or by visiting the [Mod Post Archive](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/modpostarchive) in our wiki.**
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These changes are what I and the mod team have been thinking about recently. The percentages show how certain we are about these changes. This post is to hear any more ideas from you all before we go through with any changes. Comments, concerns, and [objections] (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8QRExBfQhs) are welcome!
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* **Cleaning up the sidebar** - 100%
* What we plan to do: Get rid of unnecessary/obvious rules. The rules that we are definitely keeping are Rules III, V, and VII and the rest can be reworded or should be things we don't have to spell out. We're also getting rid of the TCMV section (more on that ahead).
* In defense of Rule V: There's been a number of complaints that this rule is unnecessary. However, the reason I believe it's important is because accusing someone of being closed-minded either leads to a) a flamewar (thus in violation of Rule VII) or b) outright denial. What's the point of accusing them if it leads to nothing? That's why I think it's best to save the accusations for modmail or our IRC channel, where an outside party (the mods) can arbitrate over the issue.
* Why we plan on doing this: the rules are super important here. Without everyone following them, this subreddit just won't work. We don't want to see circlejerks over popular opinions or flamewars over unpopular ones. We need everyone to be aware of these rules and to follow them. Thus, making the sidebar clean and easy to read will make them more clear to our users.
* **Removal/revamp of TCMV** - 99%
* What we plan to do: get rid of TCMV posts. Either get rid of it entirely with no replacement, OR implement a "TCMV megathread" (weekly? bi-weekly?) where users can share their "TCMV" moments from whatever topic they want. "TCMV Tuesdays" maybe?
* Why we plan on doing this: TCMV posts haven't been very popular at all. It's unfortunate because they're usually pretty interesting posts where someone can share their stories on what they learned about. However, these posts would then usually turn into CMV posts anyways. Users would come in and begin to argue with the TCMV poster. This shouldn't be a problem, however, users who make TCMV threads probably are less willing to have their view changed after sharing their views on these threads. Thus, we want to make a megathread where everyone can share their "TCMVs" free from drama.
* **Tag threads where OP has not responded yet** - 95%
* What we plan to do: tag threads as "No OP replies yet" until OP actually responds, and then remove said tag.
* Why we plan on doing this: OPs should be participating in their own threads. This will encourage OP to respond to comments, and will help users know that there is an active OP in the thread before deciding on whether or not to comment.
* **Require OP to expand their posts/be more descriptive/minimum word count** - 90%
* What we plan to do: require the OP of a CMV thread to describe their views in more detail. As for how long the description should be, we were thinking of either going with a minimum word count or a "I know it's long enough when I see it!" by the mods.
* Why we plan on doing this: It's my personal philosophy here that *if OP isn't serious about their CMV thread, then why should the users take their thread seriously?* Thus, OP should have to explain **not only *what* their view is, but also *why* they hold that view**. This why should not be one word or one sentence long, but something that effectively captures your entire reasoning behind your view. This will also help weed out troll threads.
* **Tag threads where OP has had their view changed** - 80%
* What we plan to do: have DeltaBot auto-tag threads where OP has given out deltas.
* Why we plan on doing this: so that new users won't have to waste their time convincing an already convinced OP AND that users with similar viewpoints as OP can see if there are convincing arguments in the thread
* **Alternatively: tag threads with number of awarded deltas** - 80%
* What we plan to do: have DeltaBot auto-tag threads with the number of awarded deltas
* Why we plan on doing this: so users can know if a thread is worth responding to
* **Require mod approval for meta posts** - 75%
* What we plan to do: ban meta posts unless they are mod approved either through IRC or modmail
* Why we plan on doing this: many of these threads usually involve things we've already discussed internally or already had threads about and are still discussing. If it's a new topic that we feel should get some community input for, then we'll give allow it to be posted.
* **Reducing repeat/similar questions** - 65%
* What we plan to do: reduce heavily repeated topics that the veteran users feel are flooding the sub
* How we plan on doing this: not entirely sure. Here are some ideas that have been brought up before:
* Link flair like in /r/askscience. Pros: users can easily sort through topics they find interesting. Cons: OPs might not like their threads to be simplified down to tags. We also might not be able to categorize everything effectively.
* Weekly "themes." Like /r/redditdayof, where users must abide by certain themes when making their posts. Pros: much more variety in the posts. Interesting new topics can be brought up. Cons: users won't be able to post what they're urging to post during these times.
* Using the wiki page to categorize topics. Possibly add a new mod who could handle this, too. Pros: neat categorization of common topics like in /r/askhistorians. Cons: would require someone to keep up with and make sure it's up to date. Also, not many people know that the wiki exists or bother to read it, so it might go unnoticed.
* Outright removal of repeat threads within a certain timeframe. Ex. if we see two abortion threads within the same day, then we remove the second one posted. Pros: greatly cut down on repeat questions. Cons: many topics have subtle differences that could be erased by removing them.
* Why we plan on doing this: encourage variety. Not have the sub flooded with common topics that you would see elsewhere on Reddit.
* **Banning Neutral Posts** - 50% (ha)
* What we plan to do: ban neutral posts like "I don't have a strong view on X, CMV either way."
* Why we plan on doing this: CMV should be about an OP wanting to have their view changed on a certain subject. Some would argue that not holding a particular view is itself a view, but I disagree. Neutral posts like these would just turn into two sides duking it out in the comments while OP sits back and watches. It's my opinion that OP should also be participating in the debates, but without being knowledgeable about a certain view they can't really join in.
---
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Some other quick announcements:
* **NEW MODS**
* These are "trial" mods that we've hand picked from the community because of their activity and willingness to follow the rules and otherwise greatly contribute to the community! We hope that with their addition we can keep the quality of this subreddit at a high level. With a few weeks of good modding, they will hopefully become full mods here and, who knows, we might need more mods from the community by that time!
* Without further ado, I would like to introduce **/u/computanti, /u/pezz29, /u/Jazz-Cigarettes, and /u/shokwave**!
* **Traffic stats**
* We've been getting some attention from larger subreddits like /r/bestof and /r/depthhub lately (positive attention, of course!). That being said, here's the [traffic stats for the past month] (http://i.imgur.com/Y5d8QDi.png) for all you data lovers out there. As you can see, we had a HUGE spike in growth and activity on May 5th and May 6th, no doubt thanks to our subreddit getting cross-linked!
---
---
And that's all! Sorry for such a long post (I tend to do that often)!
| 53 |
These sound like really welcome changes.
> Outright removal of repeat threads within a certain timeframe. Ex. if we see two abortion threads within the same day, then we remove the second one posted. Pros: greatly cut down on repeat questions. Cons: many topics have subtle differences that could be erased by removing them.
Would this apply to threads with the opposite viewpoint on a given subject? e.g. "I think abortion is immoral in all cases" vs "I think abortion is not immoral"
| 13 |
Should I go with a Prestigious school or debt-free route?.
|
I’ve recently been offered admission for an MA in political communications. One in Canadian university with full funding for two years and one at the London school of economics - one year, no funding and hefty tuition. I’m leaning towards LSE because I want to pursue a future in academia and I feel like it might look good when applying for (very scarce) faculty positions when I complete my education. On the other hand the other school would mean that I’d be debt free by 25 and I’m torn.
I would really some insight/advice? Thank you
| 16 |
I vote go the debt free route. A lot of big name universities (e.g., University of Chicago) have "cash cow" master's programs which are large, impersonal, and provide poor training. Basically, they're just trying to get money from you and get you out the door quickly.
I had 5 friends in a program like this-- it did work out well for one of them (she did go into debt but she also got into a good PhD program) but for the others, they ended up in debt, jobless, and bitter.
| 47 |
ELI5:Why are moths attracted to bright lights ?
|
Title says it all
| 53 |
Moths use lunar navigation. They look up in the sky and use the moon to traject where they are and where they are going. Man made lights mess with that cause they can seem like moonlight to the moths.
| 23 |
ELI5: why do gravitational forces create rings on a single plane, rather than a globe?
| 160 |
It's not gravitational forces that do this, it's collisions.
Orbits at the same distance in anything *except* a single plane will collide. When that happens, the particles exchange momentum and tend to come out closer to an "everage" orbit, with a plane between the two incoming particles'.
Repeat lots of times for millions of particles, and all of the particles end up in one plane.
This also circularizes the orbits, for exactly the same reason: particles moving in will collide with particles moving out, and the radial motion will be averaged out.
| 62 |
|
The tensor is property of many fundamental forces in QED, but it is not explained in readily graspable terms...
|
Does anyone here have a good way to explain what a tensor is, what the different ranks and classes of tensors in normal terms?
Thanks in advance.
| 17 |
A tensor is basically the general term for vectors and matrices. A tensor has a rank which is the number of dimensions it has: a rank zero tensor is a scalar (number), a rank one tensor is a vector, a rank two tensor is a matrix, and higher rank tensors don't have fancy names.
Generally in physics, each row or column of a tensor corresponds to a specific dimension in space. For example, the velocity gradient tensor describes how the x component of the velocity changes in the x direction, how it changes in the y direction, how the y component changes in the x direction, and how the y component changes in the y direction.
| 11 |
[Justice League movie] Why was superman's death the ideal time to attack earth?
|
Yeah yeah, superman has died and it's set everyone in to a world wide panic which activates the mother boxes and allows the parademons to feed on the fear. Cool.
But come on, 73 years ago mankind was fighting among itself in a global war, had significantly weaker technology and was virtually weaponising fear in the form of attacks on civilian targets and propaganda. Also no superman, or alliance with Amazonians/ Atlanteans. That seems like a much better window of opportunity imo.
P. S. Why exactly was Superman's death so devastating in this reality? He hasn't really had chance to endear himself to the public; he was a pretty polarising figure in BvS, and all he's really done is defeat kyrptonian based threats that kinda only arrived because of him anyway...
| 17 |
1. Why was it a good time to attack?
I don't know, maybe Superman and his battles brought attention to Earth
2. Why was his death mourned?
Unsure, but probably because Superman had protected Earth even for a short time, and that must have meant something
| 17 |
ELI5: Why did Ancient Rome use a solar calendar instead of a lunar one?
|
Lunar calendars seem like they make more sense from an ancient standpoint, in that the phases of the moon are a natural indicator of the passing of time. Solar seems to make much less sense in that the months have inconsistent days and don't really track to anything external.
So I'm curious if Rome always used a solar calendar, or if there's a lunar one that predates the Julian calendar. If the latter, what motivated the switch from lunar to solar?
| 31 |
Solar calendars are better at tracking seasons. People in regions that get the 4 standard seasons tended to develop solar calendars. People close to the equator who tend to get wet/dry seasons instead tended to make lunar calendars. Some cultures made both, and the Maya had very complex calendars that were lunar and solar as well as calculating things are longer cycles of a few years, dozen years, centuries, and thousand years.
| 18 |
[Legend of Zelda] How do the locks know all the nearby monsters have been killed, and why are they designed this way?
|
From the "secret staircase" blocks in the original, to the keys and chests that fall out of the sky in Link's Awakening, to even the boxes in Boko campus in Breath of the Wild. The land of Hyrule send to be littered with locks that just spring open when all the monsters in their vicinity have been killed.
How does a box know the difference? How do they know Link isn't one of the monsters? And what reason could the monsters possibly have for installing such a mechanism? What motivation do THEY have for going out of their way to make sure whoever kills them gets to take their treasure?
| 33 |
Hyrule is clearly not a naturally evolved area, as it shows many signs of artifice in its composition. The ecologies, geographies and astronomy, even its causality are all patently absurd, suggesting the entire area was created by an agency significantly in excess of the (admittedly great) powers of the denizens of Hyrule. As a manufactured and unstable environment, Hyrule is composed of a multitude of systems designed to maintain an artificial homeostasis. One of these is object awareness- that is the various objects that make up Hyrule are active- they can sense and react to their environment even when they themselves aren't animate. Essentially, Hyrule is a place where the concept of animism is a reality.
So they open because they want to open.
| 32 |
CMV: I think the idea of a life after death is far more frightening than simply ceasing to exist
|
As frightening as it is to think that nothing comes after death, at least that would also means no more suffering and pain. The afterlife on the other hand could be far worse than our wildest imaginations.
Just consider what terrible things are happening in this world, who knows what could happen in the world to come. In this world, suffering has a limit, which is death. No matter how much you are tortured, at some point you die. Even decades of suffering eventually end with death from old age. In the afterlife, suffering could be eternal.
Or imagine being a ghost, a consciousness without a body. Watching the world, but never being able to interact with it. For eternity. No sleep, no rest, no way out.
Non-existence doesn't sound that bad compared to some other possible alternatives.
_____
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| 67 |
It's a a bit tricky to compare absolute nothing with infinite possibility. At least with infinite possibility we could get lucky.
If you died and awoke in a white space with two doors. One has a sign that says that if you cross the threshold, you will cease to exist. The other has nothing else on it. There exists nothing in this place except the two doors. What would you do? I'd choose the door without the sign. It could be fire and brimstone BUT it could also be 32 virgins and palm leaves and endless series of good programming that you haven't already binge watched.
This means while it could be good but it could be bad. It's unknown. So is being scared worth it here? If you know it's going to be bad, sure, be fearful. But if it could be absolutely anything at all, be excited. Like Peter Pan said: "To die would be an awfully big adventure ".
| 22 |
[Marvel] What characters or abilities would *not* gain an appreciable boost from being bonded with a symbiote? Are there any?
| 88 |
Most symbiotes are weak to sonic waves and heat, so characters whose powers are based on sounds (Banshee, Siryn, etc) and ones whose powers are based on heat (Human Torch, etc) would probably not mesh well with a symbiote.
| 104 |
|
ELI5:If the US and Iran come together, how will the Middle East power balance change?
| 102 |
There are a few reasons it will change, maybe for the better and maybe for the worst... I'll list a quick few, and hopefully others can expand.
There is no black and white changes that will happen. America wants influence there without needing to deploy an army.
1) it can force down oil prices to hurt Russia
2) Iran could actually be a good trading partner. They have the potential to be an economic power house. They don't just float on oil like Saudi Arabia.
3) Despite what Netanyahu says, Iran has one of the biggest Jewish populations outside Israel in the middle east. Stability lies in the moderates, and having arab countries on your side. Iran is now perfectly placed to be that country, and America being the driving force in these talks means that fuck wit in power there can shut up.
4) ISIS is becoming a major issue. Iraq is Irans neighbor and there is a lot of issues regarding making sure the issue remains... contained. If it gets through Iran, it will go down into Pakistan and India... not what we need right now, or ever
| 26 |
|
ELI5: How did they calculate a single sperm to have 37 megabytes of information?
| 14,590 |
DNA is coded with 4 letters: A, T, G, C.
A byte can hold 4 pieces of these letters. A byte can contain for example "ATTG".
If you know how long your data is, then you know how much byte you need. For example "AATGCCAT" is 8 code long, than you need 2 bytes.
37MB is appr. 37 Million bytes. That means the genetic code must be about 4\*37 Million = 148 Million codes.
A sperm has the half of your genes/code. If a human has about 300 Milion codes then the calculation is correct.
| 9,981 |
|
CMV: Drugs shouldn't be criminalized unless you're a danger to the public. It should be treated and not punished.
|
Addiction is a disease/mental illness that needs to be treated, not criminalized/punished. Instead of being in jail, you should have to log a certain amount of court ordered hours in mandatory programs like rehab, drug and alcohol counseling, probation which includes drug tests (duh)
DUIs and child endangerment due to exposure of drugs would still be criminalized. That falls into being a danger to others.
Selling drugs is a danger to others so it should still be illegal. I don't think that it's illegal to have an addiction and use drugs, but it should be illegal if you're fueling someone's addiction by selling
Edit: I meant drug related crimes, particularly drug possession shouldn't be criminalized unless you're endangering the public.
| 3,862 |
Are you advocating that Drugs be treated like how we currently regard alcohol? Where possession in itself is not illegal but regulated? Surgeon General warnings, open restrictions on public use, age restrictions etc? If so what would be the point of outright making it illegal to sell drugs?
| 394 |
ELI5: Why does draining a large body of water cause it to form a vortex?
| 58 |
The vortex that forms is caused by the physical principle called angular momentum. Let us assume a straight walled circular pond, with a drain at the center bottom. As the water begins to drain, the flow of water comes from the edges towards the center. This creates momentum at an angle from the direction the water is actually being allowed to move - straight down. The further (and thus faster) the water travels on the way towards the drain point, the more angular momentum it has.
You can envision this as a golf ball just barely hitting the hole - it skirts around the edge of the cup before dropping in (Or if you're really unlucky, skirts the edge and changes direction before not going in). More or less the same is happening to the water. It has speed in a direction that isn't straight down the drain.
This is what forms the vortex. A common misconception is that the direction (and the cause of the vortex) is the Coriolis effect, which is caused by the earth's rotation. This is actually not true. Although you can create conditions where you can observe the coriolis force creating vortexes that always go in the same direction (Depending on your hemisphere), most times the direction of the vortex is random, if the shape of the vessel or the drain doesn't affect the direction the vortex would form.
| 11 |
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[Pokemon] I fought in the Pokemon war under the command of Lt. Surge. What was the world like?
|
What nations were at war?
Whose side were we on?
What was being fought over?
What were the weapons used?
Where was the war-front?
| 58 |
From the official cannon, Surge is American. For the timeline to work out, it would have had to have been the Gulf War. He was, officially, a member of the Army, a pilot, and his electric Pokemon saved his life.
Since we know the avionics of Gulf War aircraft, it must be that he suffered an electrical failure that was shocked back to life. Pokemon were used as a classified black box project to be brought along on aircraft to deal with electrical failures. Other Pokemon may have been used in select roles, but not out in the open as we do not, in the 'region' we live in, know about their existence.
| 37 |
[LOTR] Does destroying the One Ring cure addiction to the One Ring?
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Did Frodo or Bilbo continue to crave the One Ring after the ring was destroyed?
| 34 |
Gandalf says that "Some wounds never heal," and it's implied that he's speaking of the addiction to the Ring and the actual damage that it does to the soul, along with the other wounds that Frodo has from the Morgul-blade at Weathertop and from Shelob's sting. Bilbo also mentions missing the Ring when he and Frodo reunite at Rivendell, though it's not clear if he's simply old and recalling his memories, or if he's still feeling an addiction.
To me, the clearest passage that shows some addiction comes soon after the hobbits have settled back into the Shire and started rebuilding it. For context, Frodo had been given a gemstone by Arwen as a gift:
>On the thirteenth of that month Farmer Cotton found Frodo lying on his bed; he was clutching a white gem that hung on a chain about his neck and he seemed half in a dream.
‘It is gone for ever,’ he said, ‘and now all is dark and empty.’
But the fit passed, and when Sam got back on the twenty-fifth, Frodo had recovered, and he said nothing about himself.
To me, those are some of the classic signs of addiction - and while those dream states might not be constant, it seemed that he felt the need to wear Arwen's gem around his neck, so he could always have that sensation of something precious near him.
In any case, the Elves definitely acknowledged that permanent damage had been done to the Ringbearers on the deepest level - after all, they allowed Bilbo, Frodo, and even (later on) Samwise to go across the Sea for peace and healing, and Sam had only been a Ringbearer for a couple of hours.
| 66 |
The outer electron of a Cesium-133 atom reverses its direction of spin when exposed to microwave radiation of precisely 9.19263177 GHz, which is the basis of the atomic clock. But what happens if the frequency is off slightly? What if it's a Hertz or two too high or too low? How does the atom react?
| 415 |
Take a stream of cesium is sent past the microwave radiation. the closer the radiation is to the proper frequency, the more cesium atoms will transition to their higher state. The atoms then pass a filter which removes non-transitioned atoms from the stream, and the rest (the atoms that did transition) hit a detector. A hgher the signal coming off the detector means moreatoms made the transition which means the microwaves are closer to the correct frequency. Jigger the microwave frequency until you find a peak or maximum in the signal. Now you know the microwaves are very close to the 9.2GHz you are looking for. Split off that input signal, divide it down to 5 or 10 MHz and you got yourself an atomic clock. A cesium beam frequency standard actually. This is a rough approximation to what happens in an HP 5061A.
| 101 |
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CMV: Kyle Rittenhouse has no grounds for his defamation lawsuit against any media outlets or celebrities, and comparing himself to Johnny Depp is laughable.
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*Edit:* I forgot to change the title right as I posted, but I guess it's too late for that now.
The newer title would have been **"Kyle Rittenhouse is incorrect to compare himself to Johnny Depp in regards to defemation by media and celebrities"**
**All I want to be challenged on is whether or not Rittenhouse has any right to compare himself to Depp**
I’d also like to point out I added this new title seconds after going live with my post. All of you saw it. Do not act like I’m trying to argue something I am not.
- - -
The deaths in Kenosha were seen clear as day, by plenty of people, witnsesses, drone footage, etc. Everyone saw Kyle Rittenhouse shoot 3 men, killing 2, and attempting to shoot a 4th, using a lethal weapon he had brought prepreemptively. The context of why he shot and all of that don't matter, and anyone's opinion on whether he's a kid who got jumped or an evil POS white supremacist doesn't either. The disclosed fact is he shot 3 men at a BLM related event. For lack of a better term.
Celebrities, media outlets, and the like are allowed to form whatever opinion they want about a man who shot 3 other men. Lebron James is allowed to mock him for crying "Fake tears" for shotting the men because the opinion is based on the fact he shot 3 men at a BLM related gathering. Articles that mention the fact he shot 3 men and harken back to things like George Zimmerman or OJ Simpson are allowed to do this because it's based on the fact he was acquitted for his actions related to his shooting of 3 men.
I can't find the article but legal experts call these "Opinions based on disclosed facts". The deaths were public and therfore anything said about it has more protections under the 1st amendment.
This is different from Johnny Depp's case with Amber Heard, as Heard is the one disclosing something that happened in the privacy of her own life with Depp. None of it is disclosed. She isn't as protected by the 1st amendment if what she says is seen as false or malicious. Depp lost against the Sun because, like media outlets talking about Rittenhouse, they had a right to form their own opinion on what Heard said while they were under the impression it was true. Even if partially true, talking about something that happened privately gives you a lower threshold to prove malice and libel.
If Rittenhouse pursues his defamation lawsuits, he will most likely have them all thrown out because he won't be able to prove any of the essential elements of defamation.
This is also why George Zimmerman's defamation lawsuits against Trayvon Martin's parents, Pete Buttigieg and Elizabeth Warren because all of them were simply holding onto opinions based off the disclosued fact that Zimmerman followed and shot a kid (The former's son) who was much younger and much shrimpier than him with a gun he had on his person, then got acquitted.
I wouldn't expect him to know this, hell I just learned this weeks ago, but this would mean Rittenhouse is incorrect to compare himself to Johnny Depp.
Edit: adding to my argument, since there are also folks calling Rittenhouse a white supremacist, there was an image circulating of him doing the OK symbol with men who were also alleged white supremacists while out on bail. This is a disclosed fact, and people are allowed to form their own opinions on that as well. That in and of itself could be used as evidence to disprove defamation if anyone is taken to trail. Feel free to debate with me on that.
| 410 |
How do you explain so many people still being completely wrong on the facts of his case?
It was purposefully reported vaguely that he killed “black lives matter protesters” without clarifying that they were white, to the point where many people still believe the people he killed were black.
It was repeatedly reported that he “illegally brought a gun across state lines.” This is both false, and leaves out the important context about proximity and that he spent a lot of time in Kenosha.
The jurors who sat and heard the facts of the case decided he acted in self defense. That there was such outrage about the verdict across the country, based on being completely ignorant of the facts clearly show how heavily biased most reporting was. There’s definitely a defamation case to be made.
The parallel with Johnny Depp is that the media 1) Clearly took sides and reported as news heavily biased and incorrect information portraying him as a murderer, and 2) Provided limitless print space and airtime to opinions that were also biased and based on misinformation and while shutting down any counter opinions as racist (sexist in Johnny Depp’s case).
| 267 |
Why do we feel itches?
| 37 |
There are many, many reasons why we itch. Itch researchers break them down into 4 main classifications of itch:
* First is called "pruritoceptive itch", which is just a fancy word for itching that originates in the skin. This is the most common type of itch and can be caused by stimuli such as insect bites or poison ivy.
* The second type of itch is called "neuropathic itch" and is caused by nerve damage that results in an itching sensation, despite the fact that the skin above looks normal.
* The third type of itch is called "neurogenic itch". This type is similar to neuropathic itch in that it involves the nervous system, but it is not caused by damage. Instead, when certain chemicals interact with the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), it can cause an itching sensation elsewhere in the body.
* The last category of itch is called "psychogenic itch". It is caused by a psychological disorder, such as delusional parasitosis.
| 16 |
|
ELI5: Why do Christians think there are no prophets after Jesus (Muhammad, John Smith, etc.) even though they believe in the prophets that came before Jesus (Adam, Noah, Abraham, and Moses)?
|
I'm not Christian, but this is one thing about the faith that has always baffled me.
| 46 |
You might also ask why Muslims and Mormons don't recognize prophets after Muhammad and John Smith. It's just the most recent update on the religion that is compatible with their faith. Believing in some prophets doesn't require one to believe in all prophets. Religion tends to be heavily discretionary.
| 27 |
CMV: commenting in medium to large comment sections anywhere is stupid
|
Case in point, YouTube. I spend a lot of time time watching videos and or listening to things relevant for me but i'd never get into commenting. It's useless, top dogs are usually cringey one liners or the uploader themselves adding another closing remarks like "also don't forget to do that and that", so your comment is washed behind.
What's the point? You're just wasting your time time by now, and the comments are just awful. I'm pretty sure this is also where toxic fanbases form. I think people who still enthusiastically comment on youtube are stupid. I'm sorry, but i can't see a reason to consider commenting on anything and I think youtube should eliminate comments for good.
| 15 |
Just because you don't read the comment section doesn't nobody else does. Even if only a handful of people read your comment, you still conveyed your message and exposed people to your ideas. That's the point of any type of communication.
| 11 |
ELI5: How did a shaved head become synonymous with the white power movement? Why are they called skinheads?
| 39 |
"Skinheads" is a subculture originating in Britain in the late 60s, it resulted from a split in the "mods" subculture and was formed from the more violence-prone "hard mods" portion of the subculture where the fashion was for guys to have shorter hair and a working-class style(as opposed to the "peacock mods" who wore more expensive clothes and weren't involved in gangs).
These "hard mods" had very short hair(less than half an inch long) resulting in the name "skinheads", in the following decades the fashionable length got shorter until "skinhead" really was a perfect way to describe the look.
Skinheads, like any very large group, had people who represented a wide range of views and beliefs, and there were both racist and explicitly anti-racist Skinhead groups. Racist political groups did see a jump in membership from Skinheads during the era of their popularity, during which racially-motivated crimes were also on the rise, in the media the perception that they were racist won out over efforts of the anti-racist groups which for the most part has fixed in place the perception that skinheads are racist which leads to the circular-reinforcing logic of "if you are racist you should be a skinhead".
| 22 |
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ELI5: The difference between a .Torrent file and a Magnet link
| 16 |
Imagine you want to go to Chuck E. Cheese but don't know where it is or what it looks like, just the name. Luckily, you have a friend who specializes in this kind of thing. He is a torrent search engine.
You ask him and sure enough he gives you a piece of paper with a phone number and a pass phrase on it. When you call this number and say the pass phrase, someone gives you a list of other people's phone numbers. These people are looking for Chuck E. Cheese as well but they know part of the way and share what they know. Some might even be there already and can explain the whole route to you. The piece of paper is a torrent file, the number itself is a tracker url and the people describing the way are peers and seeds.
Now, imagine you call the number but there is no answer because nobody is working there anymore. Instead of a single number and a passphrase, your friend provides you with just short description of the place you are looking for, no phone number. Now instead of calling somebody, you go to a place where people who would like to go somewhere hang out and ask if somebody recognizes the passphrase. If they do, they will tell you part of the way. The passphrase is called a hash and the place to go to is the DHT.
Now for a magnet link, instead of giving you a piece of paper that is easy to lose and rather costly for him to hold on to and give out to a lot of people, your friend just gives you a short sentence that is fast for him to say. That sentence contains the passphrase from before and possibly even a phone number but is just much easier to work with for your friend the torrent search engine as he doesn't have to make millions of copies of little pieces of paper.
| 10 |
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[Family Guy] When did Brian lose his integrity?
|
I would love a specific event or series of events, but whatever is fine.
I was watching an old episode, the one where Peter is stranded on an island, and Lois remarried with Brian. Brian did a very noble thing by breaking it off with Lois so she could get back with Peter. He didn't even push too hard for sex, despite the fact that they were married and he really wanted to.
Fast forward to one of the more recent episodes, Brian was willing to let Stewie stay under the care of an abusive caregiver, who might I add dislocated stewie's arm, just for a chance to sleep with her. Then after discovering she was taken, he instantly turned on her.
I want to know what exactly made such a caring, insightful, and noble dog, become so jaded, caniving, and frankly a p.o.s.
| 55 |
Brian was always the smart one in the house, because he was unchallenged. Early on he was flexing his muscles and managed to weasel his way into tight-knit groups like the new rat pack.
As time went on, people began to see him for what he really was. His drinking and drug abuse began to catch up and he became more and more paranoid people would see him for the fraud he believed himself to be.
To hold up his facade, he made more and more elaborate attempts to appear classy and sophisticated. His martini became straight vodka or whiskey to get that faster buzz. His love for jazz became classical, because thats what smart people listen to.
This tied in with lois dumping him, and his desperation for love began to compete with his need for physical contact. He no longer wanted the perfect woman, he wanted any woman who would give him 10 minutes of her night. But these easy women didn't see classy, or care for sophisticated, so he began to try and meet them at their level to connect. Pretending to like pop music or the kardashians just to gander a peek of her sleek lady cheeks.
Now he has no idea who he is, what he is or why he is. He's just a shell of his former brian.
| 91 |
ELI5: What goes into mens' cologne that makes them smell "manly". What about these fragrances/chemicals makes them masculine?
| 73 |
It's contextual. In western culture most women's perfumes have fruit, flower, and vanilla notes. Men's cologne generally have earthy notes like pine and musk.
By context you think of it as smelling one way or another because you've always associated certain smells with perfume and others with cologne.
| 36 |
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ELI5: How big does a landmass have to be for it to no longer be considered an island?
| 18 |
It has to be "sub-continental", basically, not a continent itself.
They generally define it based on what chunk of earths crust it sits on, called a "tectonic plate". Ocean plates look different then continental plates. If it's surrounded by water and isn't a continental plate, then it's an island, or if it's on a continental plate but separate from the main portion by water, it's an island.
| 11 |
|
[Marvel] How dangerous would a lethal Spider-Man be?
|
Say, that he's still a good guy at his heart, but isn't so concerned with holding back and has few to no qualms with taking the lives of his foes.
| 57 |
He would instantly become one of the most dangerous human beings alive. What holds Spider-Man back is his innate sense of morality. When called upon he easily holds his own among some of the Avengers' greatest threats but he spends his time doing things like chasing down muggers and rescuing people from burning buildings because everyday people are the ones who need help the most. If he pushed himself he would be a *far* greater threat. When Doc Ock took over his body he found that he could fairly easily punch the jaws off the villains he fights but he chooses to hold back because he doesn't want to kill them.
What makes Spider-Man unique is that he is *so* good at *so* many things. Are you stronger than him? Well, he's probably faster than you so you won't be able to hit him. Are you faster than him? Well, he's probably stronger than you so your hits won't do much damage. Are you faster *and* stronger than him? Well, he's *definitely* smarter than you and can come up with some other way to beat you. A Spider-Man with no qualms about killing would be a major threat. To beat him you'd have to be stronger *and* faster *and* smarter, and the number of people who are all of those things is pretty small.
| 74 |
ELIF why Chernobyl is inhospitable radioactive wasteland yet people live without problems at Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
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Conventional maxims say that nuclear weapons make land inhospitable for something like 20,000 years but people live in Nagasaki and Hiroshima without problems yet Chernobyl, which wasn't a nuclear explosion but a meltdown of a nuclear reactor is too dangerous for human life?
| 281 |
Lets say you have an ice cream cone and you drop it on the floor. You get a bit of a mess but it's not too bad. If you leave it alone it dries up after awhile. That's Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
But what if you had a whole great big freezer of ice cream and it stopped working? The ice cream starts to melt and get everywhere after awhile it even starts to go bad.
No one can mop up the ice cream, we have to wait for it to happen on it's own.
Edit: too not to
| 275 |
ELI5: Why is light considered analogous to time?
|
In every video I see about time relativity, they explain it by showing that light bends due to gravity. But why does that imply that time bends as well? Isn't light just a collection of photons?
| 64 |
The light is just there as an example. If the light were not there, space itself would be bending. Space and time are part of the same thing:spacetime.
By having the light be present, you can see the path and curvature of spacetime. The speed of light is the speed of all causality (it’s just that light is the most obvious thing that always goes at the faster possible speed). If the path of light is disturbed due to the warping of space, then time in inherently changed.
| 68 |
ELI5: How did wheels work before we invented wheel bearings?
|
I watched a program last night which showed a wheelwright recreating an old fashioned cart wheel and slipping it straight onto a thick wooden axle. It made me wonder just how easy it would have been to pull, and why the wheel and the axle didn't burst into flame from the friction?
I guess they probably lubricated it with something greasy like fat, but surely that would spin off or wear away in no time? Wouldn't it just soak into the wood?
Given how ubiquitous carts were in the old days, how did they work before we invented wheel bearings?
| 45 |
Yes they relied on two surfaces rubbing together, and yes those surfaces were often greased. A lot (probably the majority) of rotating objects still rely on plain bearings with sliding contact like this.
Regarding the resistance, note that the sliding surface is quite a small diameter, and cart wheels tend to be very large. This means that the sliding distance for a given travel distance is quite small, so the effective resistance is quite low. This also helps to reduce wear.
Another solution to wear is to make one part sacrificial, often this is a bush or pillow block. This part is made of softer material than the other so wears faster. This can be replaced periodically, and reduces wear on the harder, retained part.
Some woods (and plastics) are also self lubricating and so prized for this purpose. For example submarines are or were until recently made with lignum vitae shaft bearings.
| 49 |
ELI5:why does the Swiss army guard the Vatican?
|
I was told that it was historical reason. If so why do they guard the Vatican today and why doesn't the Italian army guard?
| 46 |
The short answer is that the Swiss Guard are mercenaries. The Vatican has continued to pay to extend the Swiss Guard contract for over 500 years. At this point it's mostly just tradition, however, those guards are well trained.
| 57 |
ELI5: Why do our energy levels go down when we're depressed?
|
Depressed people I've seen generally feel more tired and fatigued than usual and end up sleeping more than usual. Why is this?
| 18 |
Depression in many ways puts your body through the same processes that a lot of physical illnesses do. One part of that is that both are associated with the release of what are called pro-inflammatory cytokines in your body. Like the name implies, these are chemicals that cause inflammation in your body. Evolutionarily speaking, what humans and other animals do when they are sick is retreat and rest. They retreat because they are weak and wouldn’t be able to defend themselves against enemies. They are fatigued because their body is fighting off whatever is making them ill, and sleep more to reserve their energy. A lot of other stuff can happen here as well, but essentially your body shuts down everything that is not necessary for your immediate survival (sex drive? being able to solve super difficult sudokus? you don’t need that right now!) Collectively these are called sickness behaviors, and they developed because they are adaptive for your survival. Only with depression things get a little trickier because there is no obvious virus or bacteria to fight off. But essentially you’re body is confused but trying to help the best it can: it can hear the alarm bells ringing, and the alarm signal sounds a lot like being physically injured.
| 17 |
[Naruto] How does Nagato (after Impure World Reincarnation) still have Rinnegan despite the fact that Tobi removed them?Would someone revived with Rinne Rebirth also come back with their Rinnegan intact? Do eye powers become part of your soul or something?
| 18 |
Im pretty sure that Edo Tensei returns people to life the way they were when they died.For example when Madara died he had given his rinnegan to Nagato,so when he was brought back with Rinne Rebirth he lost his rinnegan because they were fake(they crumbled away).
| 18 |
|
ELI5: why don't grocery stores and restaurants give unsold food to shelters?
|
Why don't places like fast food restaurants and grocery stores that cook food donate the unsold (but still good) food at the end of each day? Why not give to a homeless shelter instead of throwing away?
| 18 |
This practice, while charitable and laudable in theory, is a liability nightmare. Even if the stores do comply with local food safety regulations, they're going to be subject to frivolous lawsuits and legitimate lawsuits (if the food harms someone).
Additionally, some nanny state mayors (like Michael Bloomberg) have decided that they need to step in and interfere with privative charitable donations because only the government can do that. In NYC, homeless shelters have been banned from accepting food donations because "it's impossible for the government to accurately gauge their nutritional content."
So, even if you want to do good, it's not that simple.^because ^Michael ^Bloomberg ^will ^ban ^you ^from ^doing ^so
| 36 |
ELI5: Why was Mylan's CEO forced to testify before congress over EpiPen prices? As a private company, aren't they allowed to charge whatever they think people will pay?
| 17 |
there's a little bit more to it. Her father is in congress, and he was critical in a process that created a government requirement to keep a supply of epi-pens in all public schools, shortly before the price hike.
now, some people feel like this may be some corruption at work, for obvious reasons.
| 33 |
|
CMV: Not knowing Mandarin Chinese in 2050 will be the same as not knowing English in today's international job market, and I should learn it.
|
I'm a journalism student who wants to work overseas covering stories all over the world. Right now, the richest countries are english-speaking, and so if you want to be a foreign correspondent (or almost any other job) the most marketable/profitable language for you to know is English.
[By 2050 the Chinese economy will have well and truly surpassed the US economy](http://citywire.co.uk/money/goldman-sachs-china-to-overtake-us-economy-in-2026/a550329), and if I want to be working internationally and making good money I will *need* to know mandarin because China will be the dominant economy/culture, and so will anyone else who wants to make good money.
_____
> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!*
| 17 |
You need an empire to export your language and culture. The last two, The British and the American, have been exporting English for the last 400 years. The global-ish empire before that, the Romans spoke Latin which was commonly taught in high school through the 80's.
Also, the Chinese haven't been real great at exporting their culture. If Mandarin becomes a global language, it's at least a century off.
| 19 |
ELI5: why does sour candy give you sores in your mouth?
|
I ate a bag of sour skittles on one side of my mouth earlier today and now my tongue is sore on that side. Why does this happen?
| 21 |
Acidic foods taste sour to us. So if you eat a lot of acidic food you literally damage the skin of your mouth via the acid.
Think of a lemon. Lemons are sour because they have a lot of "citric acid" in them.
| 21 |
[Westworld] I get that Guests can't shoot each other and Hosts can't hurt guests, but what stops Guests from stabbing or otherwise physically hurting each other? How has that not happened, by accident, in 30 years?
| 236 |
Generally, the hosts' Samaritan Reflex prevents guests from harming one another.
But, the disclaimer on the Delos website says that accidents and murder *do* happen...they're just rare.
Relevant quote:
>Statistically speaking, you are more likely to die from lightning strike than to die while in a Delos park. However, the following causes of accidental death have occurred within the Delos Destinations compound: buffalo stampede, self- cannibalism, accidental hanging,drowning, 3rd-degree burns, autoerotic asphyxiation, blunt force trauma, allergic reaction to non-native plant life, falling from great heights, common manslaughter, tumbleweeds.
| 175 |
|
[Marvel/DC] How does the rest of the world feel about the USA having basically a monopoly on superheroes?
| 236 |
It oftentimes results in an arms race. Other world powers try to develop heroes of their own or try to build up deterrents against US hero aggression, such as massive nuclear arsenals. It's not that these countries want war, it's that they don't trust the US to not abuse its access to metahumans.
The result of these arms races is that these worlds end up closer to destruction than they would be without heroes. The clearest example of this is the earth of Dr. Manhattan, but other heroes like Iron Man and Superman have also spurred arms races and heightened tensions.
| 176 |
|
CMV: Voter registration is a good thing
|
There was a post yesterday on r/politics regarding automatic voter registration when a person turns 18. I posted a tongue-in-cheek comment somewhere around the lines of, "if you don't take the initiative to register beforehand, I don't want you voting the day-of."
So during the time that I was down-voted to oblivion, several people did post reasonable arguments against this line of thinking. Including:
• Someone working too many hours to register will not be able to vote.
• Voter registration laws have historically been put in place as a way to suppress minority group's votes.
• There is no constitutional imperative to institute voter registration.
These are all great arguments but I believe they are arguing against the *implementation* of voter registration, not voter registration itself.
I do believe that there should be a system in place where someone must declare their intention to vote before the day-of so that (1) districts can prepare for voter turnout and have resources in place, and (2) people cannot decide last minute to vote where they otherwise would not have. I believe that attempting to garner last minute votes leads to sensationalist claims and extremism.
Not that this should matter, but I *did* vote for Biden. So please don't look at this as an attempt to justify racist voter suppression. My ideal in this would be to remove any roadblocks from registering to vote for everyone, and establish a national holiday for voting day.
Please change my view.
Edit:
Not necessarily part of my original post, but my ideal scenario would require registration for *each time you vote* whether that be for local policy or electing a President.
| 109 |
There are things like voter roll purges where they remove registered voters. You may not realize you're not registered until you show up to the polls.
You're really just rewarding people with good organization skills who don't have a complicated situation (for example by living in the same place for the last X years) rather than either effort/forethought, knowledge, or desire to vote.
| 91 |
[ELI5] Why are most screws either flathead or Phillips? Why not just one or the other? Are there advantages to different head types on screws?
| 16 |
because they're designed for two different things. flatheads are for manual screwdrivers. philips are for power screwdrivers on assembly line. phillips are self centering and self cam-out so it doesn't overtorque the screw. phillips can apply more torque but easy to slide out of the slot.
square bit or robertson is the best. but you have to pay the owner of the patent a royalty to use it.
| 19 |
|
ELI5:Why is virtually every claim about human nutrition controversial?
|
First calories were bad. Then it was fat. Later it was carbs. Why is it so hard to identify the ideal human diet?
| 72 |
Because you can't put a human in a locked cage for 80 years and feed it an experimental diet. We can use animal models, we can use short tests, we can ask people what they ate, but you can't definitively prove nutrition requirements or long-term effects without experimentation.
| 111 |
[Warcraft] Say I am a middle class human living in Stormwind. Is it completely impossible for me to become a shaman or a druid?
|
Would it ever be possible for me to harness the power of the elements or nature and become a fully fledged shaman or druid? If not, why can't I?
| 46 |
It took ages of living close to nature for the Tauren, Orcs, Trolls and so on to learn and respect nature and the elements, you can't cut a process like that short. And it's not a simple process like learning to cast a fireball, it's about mutual understanding between the people and the land.
unless you are a goblin, then you can cut a deal.
The High Elves just severed their tie a tiny bit, so they don't have druids anymore. They still have some remnant of their old druid way by being allied with the local treants.
Before you ask about those Draenei, the reason the Draenei can do it is because the Dranei can learn to do anything. Freaking unnatural if you ask me.
| 45 |
What are the advantages for a base 12 system?
|
People who want everyone to change to a base 12 system are often portrayed as crazy. What are the advantages for this system? Is it only because it's easily divisible by a lot of numbers?
| 30 |
One major advantage is that 12 is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12. 10 is only divisible by 2, 5 and 10.
So 12 can be divided into thirds easily, quarters, halves, three quarters... 10 does not quarter easily. Thirds, quarters and halves are units we find easy to work with.
| 23 |
CMV: The Common Sentiment against the "9 to 5 job" is naive and unrealistic.
|
I've seen this time and time again in both online self-improvement circles and among friends who've recently graduated college but haven't obtained full time work, and I actually think it's not only an attitude that's bad for society and a person's personal development. It seems to have lead to a culture among some circles that views people who get "normal" full time jobs as somehow selling out or giving up on their dreams and has also been fuel for get-rich schemes, and a very unrealistic vision of what starting your own business really involves.
Now I'm not saying everyone should just keep their head down and follow the well-trodden path of working in the myriad of common jobs that follow a 9-5 schedule and do as their told. But, usually from what I've seen the anti- 9 to 5 sentiment comes coupled with some desire to do something creative, or more annoyingly, "travel and work when I want." There are many interesting and valuable things you can be doing on a normal full-time basis at a company - whether it be a trade, engineering, R&D and especially if you're a recent college grad you may not simply know enough about business or your field of interest to do anything but start out working for someone else, and that's perfectly OK.
My objections:
- Forgoing a 'real' job will lead you to have to work even more
hours. In many cases a 9 to 5 can be quite liberating because
your company can deal with the overhead while you focus on
your task. You don't get that luxury when starting your own
business or when expanding a side-hustle into a full-time gig.
- I think structured time is key to productivity - working "when you
want" can actually be harder imo because then you need to put
in more effort to plan your time and building the discipline to
hold yourself accountable.
- Those with the attitude against 9-5 work seem to ignore how
difficult it often is to find what's of value that YOU can do that
isn't already done better in a larger organization.
- Many romanticize entrepreneurship and creative work when it
often requires developing certain skills and talents are that often
either hard to teach or take a decade or more of other experience
to attain them, along with with meaning that you may trade a 9-5
for something that will require constant attention.
- somehow there's this weird bias against "working in an office"
that's tied to this. I wonder if this is related to the trope in many
sitcoms and movies where people in an office kind of just sit
there and you can never be sure what exactly they're getting
paid to do.
- while working in a large office is the butt of jokes, the alternative
of working in a trade for 9 to 5 seems to be even less desirable,
which isn't entirely fair since those jobs are often not any less
lucrative or potentially meaningful.
What I think are legitimate reasons and factors that lead to the desire for unconventional working hours or locations:
- Many companies, especially in the US, seem to discourage
vacations or produce a work culture that encourages people to
not take them, even if its entirely allowed in their contract. So
wanting a job that lets you "travel when you want" starts to
seem way more attractive. That I think should be fixed and could
be the subject of other CMVs.
- Si Valley entrepreneurs who've built successful businesses while
keeping to unconventional lifestyles and the rise of things like
blogging, podcasting, and Youtube videos have shown how it's
possible to be a self-starter in new and innovative ways. It's
likely more possible than before, but there are reasons why those
that do it are a tiny minority (as laid out above).
- There's a growing skills gap between what people train to do at
colleges and universities that limits many people's career options
while it's become harder to get a job you may
want with just a bachelor's because many more people have a
degree. Suddenly a "boring office job" that
probably should only require a high school degree is something
you need a BA or BS for and as a result, we've taken away a lot
of potentially meaningful jobs for those who haven't pursued as
much education, while leaving many more educated workers
feeling stuck.
- The world is changing quickly - technology, automation, etc.
have just made navigating the job market more daunting.
_____
> *This is a footnote from the CMV moderators. We'd like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!*
| 38 |
The fundamental reason 9 to 5 jobs are degrading is the lack of respect implicit in the hierarchical system behind them.
You're not being paid for achievement. You're being paid to be there during set hours. Of course your work is evaluated on a periodic basis, but the primary quantitative metric of performance is physical presence during prescribed hours.
That devalues the work you're doing. A person can be the most productive in the office, and still have to explain their tardiness.
The standard consequence is a very hierarchical structure. The manager has the role of Boss, and the workers are seen as inferior. The manager can order workers to do things and they have to comply unless the request is obviously unreasonable, taking further emphasis off their role as people with talents that are beneficial to the company.
What's more, as almost any meaningful work is divided up into units that take longer than a couple of minutes, the 5pm clocking off either follows a few minutes of not doing anything productive, or - much more commonly - is pushed back. Office culture and not wanting to be seen as uncommitted can mean many 9 to 5 jobs include quite a bit of unpaid overtime.
Contrast that with the position of a freelance professional. In relationships with clients, the respect needs to work both ways. The only performance metrics relate to the quality of work, and getting it done on time. The details are negotiated up front, with a much more even power balance.
All in all, jobs that are not rooted in a fixed working day place the emphasis on professionalism, leading to more respect for workers and their performance. That makes for a better working environment and higher quality of life.
| 36 |
[Dragonball Z] Can Cell become stronger through training, or is his power set, and can only rise through absorption or Zenkai?
|
Then only times we've seen Cell gain any strength is through absorbing thousands of people, the Androids, or getting a Zenkai. Does that mean he can't train to become stronger? In his mind he's perfect in his final form and doesn't see a reason to train anyways.
| 48 |
Cell is part saiyan, so he to can utilize their ability to get stronger after nearly dying. This is heavily hinted at when he exploded himself. This pushed him to near Gohan levels of power PLUS gave him the ability to use instant transmission.
That said, he lacks the mentality to get stronger.
He feels he is perfect. His own mental barriers would prevent him messing with his perceived perfection.
| 44 |
ELI5: Why do all kids around the world like sugary food (like candy, chocolate, sugary drinks, etc.) more than anything else, and when reaching adulthood, most don't get obsessed with it that much?
|
Even if they're not hungry, they would eat candy at any time
Also, how much is too much for children?
| 17 |
Evolution and experience.
Sugary foods are loaded with energy.
Most of our existence, we could not get enough food, so when we found something like berries, loaded with energy, it was beneficial to eat them as much as possible. So we evolved to crave those kind of foods.
Now that we have a surplus of food, we don't need to eat as much, but we are still wired to crave it.
As for why kids over do it with candy, that's personal experience. Eating too much sugar at once has negative effects on our body, which we don't really recognize until later in life.
There's also a bit of rebellious nature at play. Parents tell their kids don't eat all that candy. So the kids do. When the kids become parents, they see how foolish that was.
| 18 |
[Spider-Man: Far From Home] Issues with EDITH augmented reality facial recognition
|
SO Edith can scan a room and identify everyone there--Cool, but how come it didn't recognize a TOP EXECUTIVE from Stark industries? (Mysterio) or all of the employees in the fake bar? Also, how come it was fooled by the hologram? Wouldn't Advanced AI say to Peter, there is something wrong with the faces around you--ie--Hey All the people around you are all models from Getty Images stock photography. OR the heat signatures from mysterio are coming from an invisible area 5 feet to the left... No?
| 31 |
He scrubbed his presence and image from the internet before he enacted his plan.
Mysterios whole plan was to present himself to the world as a new hero who came from a whole other dimension to be the savior of the world. How would that work is anyone could just look at him and say "Hey wait a minute, you're this guy." So obviously, he and his team would need to completely erase all evidence of Quentin Beck from the internet - not just his time at Stark, but graduation evidence, financial records, even his passport and drivers license would need to be destroyed.
| 42 |
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