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Who was the head of Poissy in 20/01/1851?	January 20, 1851	{ "text": [ "Laurent Édouard Courant" ] }	L2_Q457_P6_0	Joseph Tréhel is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983. Sandrine Dos Santos is the head of the government of Poissy from Jul, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Jean Tricart is the head of the government of Poissy from Mar, 1977 to Oct, 1981. Jacques Masdeu-Arus is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 2008. Laurent Édouard Courant is the head of the government of Poissy from Aug, 1848 to Jan, 1867. Frédérik Bernard is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2014. Charles Philippe Maréchal is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1906. René Tainon is the head of the government of Poissy from May, 1935 to Jan, 1941. Karl Olive is the head of the government of Poissy from Mar, 2014 to Jul, 2022.	PoissyPoissy () is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, from the centre of Paris. Inhabitants are called "Pisciacais".In 1561 it was the site of a fruitless Catholic-Huguenot conference, the Colloquy of Poissy. It is known for hosting successively the Automobiles Gregoire, Matford, Ford SAF, Simca, Chrysler, Talbot factories, and now hosts one of France's largest Peugeot factories. The "Simca Poissy engine" was made here.Poissy is served by Poissy station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.Technoparc is a Business Park created in 1990, with the intention to facilitate the economic diversification of the city. It occupies about 66 acres on the northeast of PSA Peugeot Citroën factory, bordering the neighbouring commune Achères. The Park welcomes 150 companies employing a total of 2,000 employees. It also hosts The Charles-de-Gaulle High School and The Training Centre for the Employees in Pharmacy ("ACPPAV") gathering 1,500 high school students and students. Two business incubator, a heliport, the "Chamber of Commerce of Yvelines-Val d'Oise", two hotels, a sports centre and a municipal technical centre are also located there.Poissy has ten public preschools, ten public elementary schools, two junior high schools, two senior high schools, a combined junior-senior high school, along with a private preschool and elementary school.Public secondary schools:Private elementary schools:Poissy is twinned with:	[ "Frédérik Bernard", "Karl Olive", "Joseph Tréhel", "Jacques Masdeu-Arus", "René Tainon", "Charles Philippe Maréchal", "Jean Tricart", "Sandrine Dos Santos" ]
Who was the head of Poissy in Jan 20, 1851?	January 20, 1851	{ "text": [ "Laurent Édouard Courant" ] }	L2_Q457_P6_0	Joseph Tréhel is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983. Sandrine Dos Santos is the head of the government of Poissy from Jul, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Jean Tricart is the head of the government of Poissy from Mar, 1977 to Oct, 1981. Jacques Masdeu-Arus is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 2008. Laurent Édouard Courant is the head of the government of Poissy from Aug, 1848 to Jan, 1867. Frédérik Bernard is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2014. Charles Philippe Maréchal is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1906. René Tainon is the head of the government of Poissy from May, 1935 to Jan, 1941. Karl Olive is the head of the government of Poissy from Mar, 2014 to Jul, 2022.	PoissyPoissy () is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, from the centre of Paris. Inhabitants are called "Pisciacais".In 1561 it was the site of a fruitless Catholic-Huguenot conference, the Colloquy of Poissy. It is known for hosting successively the Automobiles Gregoire, Matford, Ford SAF, Simca, Chrysler, Talbot factories, and now hosts one of France's largest Peugeot factories. The "Simca Poissy engine" was made here.Poissy is served by Poissy station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.Technoparc is a Business Park created in 1990, with the intention to facilitate the economic diversification of the city. It occupies about 66 acres on the northeast of PSA Peugeot Citroën factory, bordering the neighbouring commune Achères. The Park welcomes 150 companies employing a total of 2,000 employees. It also hosts The Charles-de-Gaulle High School and The Training Centre for the Employees in Pharmacy ("ACPPAV") gathering 1,500 high school students and students. Two business incubator, a heliport, the "Chamber of Commerce of Yvelines-Val d'Oise", two hotels, a sports centre and a municipal technical centre are also located there.Poissy has ten public preschools, ten public elementary schools, two junior high schools, two senior high schools, a combined junior-senior high school, along with a private preschool and elementary school.Public secondary schools:Private elementary schools:Poissy is twinned with:	[ "Frédérik Bernard", "Karl Olive", "Joseph Tréhel", "Jacques Masdeu-Arus", "René Tainon", "Charles Philippe Maréchal", "Jean Tricart", "Sandrine Dos Santos" ]
Who was the head of Poissy in 01/20/1851?	January 20, 1851	{ "text": [ "Laurent Édouard Courant" ] }	L2_Q457_P6_0	Joseph Tréhel is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983. Sandrine Dos Santos is the head of the government of Poissy from Jul, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Jean Tricart is the head of the government of Poissy from Mar, 1977 to Oct, 1981. Jacques Masdeu-Arus is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 2008. Laurent Édouard Courant is the head of the government of Poissy from Aug, 1848 to Jan, 1867. Frédérik Bernard is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2014. Charles Philippe Maréchal is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1906. René Tainon is the head of the government of Poissy from May, 1935 to Jan, 1941. Karl Olive is the head of the government of Poissy from Mar, 2014 to Jul, 2022.	PoissyPoissy () is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, from the centre of Paris. Inhabitants are called "Pisciacais".In 1561 it was the site of a fruitless Catholic-Huguenot conference, the Colloquy of Poissy. It is known for hosting successively the Automobiles Gregoire, Matford, Ford SAF, Simca, Chrysler, Talbot factories, and now hosts one of France's largest Peugeot factories. The "Simca Poissy engine" was made here.Poissy is served by Poissy station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.Technoparc is a Business Park created in 1990, with the intention to facilitate the economic diversification of the city. It occupies about 66 acres on the northeast of PSA Peugeot Citroën factory, bordering the neighbouring commune Achères. The Park welcomes 150 companies employing a total of 2,000 employees. It also hosts The Charles-de-Gaulle High School and The Training Centre for the Employees in Pharmacy ("ACPPAV") gathering 1,500 high school students and students. Two business incubator, a heliport, the "Chamber of Commerce of Yvelines-Val d'Oise", two hotels, a sports centre and a municipal technical centre are also located there.Poissy has ten public preschools, ten public elementary schools, two junior high schools, two senior high schools, a combined junior-senior high school, along with a private preschool and elementary school.Public secondary schools:Private elementary schools:Poissy is twinned with:	[ "Frédérik Bernard", "Karl Olive", "Joseph Tréhel", "Jacques Masdeu-Arus", "René Tainon", "Charles Philippe Maréchal", "Jean Tricart", "Sandrine Dos Santos" ]
Who was the head of Poissy in 20-Jan-185120-January-1851?	January 20, 1851	{ "text": [ "Laurent Édouard Courant" ] }	L2_Q457_P6_0	Joseph Tréhel is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1981 to Jan, 1983. Sandrine Dos Santos is the head of the government of Poissy from Jul, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Jean Tricart is the head of the government of Poissy from Mar, 1977 to Oct, 1981. Jacques Masdeu-Arus is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 2008. Laurent Édouard Courant is the head of the government of Poissy from Aug, 1848 to Jan, 1867. Frédérik Bernard is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2014. Charles Philippe Maréchal is the head of the government of Poissy from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1906. René Tainon is the head of the government of Poissy from May, 1935 to Jan, 1941. Karl Olive is the head of the government of Poissy from Mar, 2014 to Jul, 2022.	PoissyPoissy () is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, from the centre of Paris. Inhabitants are called "Pisciacais".In 1561 it was the site of a fruitless Catholic-Huguenot conference, the Colloquy of Poissy. It is known for hosting successively the Automobiles Gregoire, Matford, Ford SAF, Simca, Chrysler, Talbot factories, and now hosts one of France's largest Peugeot factories. The "Simca Poissy engine" was made here.Poissy is served by Poissy station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.Technoparc is a Business Park created in 1990, with the intention to facilitate the economic diversification of the city. It occupies about 66 acres on the northeast of PSA Peugeot Citroën factory, bordering the neighbouring commune Achères. The Park welcomes 150 companies employing a total of 2,000 employees. It also hosts The Charles-de-Gaulle High School and The Training Centre for the Employees in Pharmacy ("ACPPAV") gathering 1,500 high school students and students. Two business incubator, a heliport, the "Chamber of Commerce of Yvelines-Val d'Oise", two hotels, a sports centre and a municipal technical centre are also located there.Poissy has ten public preschools, ten public elementary schools, two junior high schools, two senior high schools, a combined junior-senior high school, along with a private preschool and elementary school.Public secondary schools:Private elementary schools:Poissy is twinned with:	[ "Frédérik Bernard", "Karl Olive", "Joseph Tréhel", "Jacques Masdeu-Arus", "René Tainon", "Charles Philippe Maréchal", "Jean Tricart", "Sandrine Dos Santos" ]
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in Apr, 1995?	April 18, 1995	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q333916_P39_7	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.	[ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Foreign Secretary" ]
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in 1995-04-18?	April 18, 1995	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q333916_P39_7	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.	[ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Foreign Secretary" ]
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in 18/04/1995?	April 18, 1995	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q333916_P39_7	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.	[ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Foreign Secretary" ]
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in Apr 18, 1995?	April 18, 1995	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q333916_P39_7	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.	[ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Foreign Secretary" ]
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in 04/18/1995?	April 18, 1995	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q333916_P39_7	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.	[ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Foreign Secretary" ]
Which position did Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham hold in 18-Apr-199518-April-1995?	April 18, 1995	{ "text": [ "Member of the House of Lords" ] }	L2_Q333916_P39_7	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from Dec, 1955 to Nov, 1956. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Oct, 1960. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun, 1961 to Jun, 1999. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May, 1952 to Dec, 1954. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955.	Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of WoldinghamAlfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham, PC (18 December 1910 – 27 June 1999), sometimes known as Alf Robens, was an English trade unionist, Labour politician and industrialist. His political ambitions, including an aspiration to become Prime Minister, were frustrated by bad timing, but his energies were diverted into industry: he spent a decade as Chairman of the National Coal Board, and later headed a major inquiry which resulted in the Robens Report on health, safety and welfare at work. His outlook was paternalistic; in later life, he moved away from his early socialism towards the Conservative Party. His reputation remains tarnished by his failure to have foreseen and prevented the Aberfan disaster, followed by actions widely regarded as insensitive during this disaster's aftermath.Robens was born in Chorlton-cum-Medlock, Manchester, the son of George Robens, a cotton salesman, and Edith Robens ("née" Anderton). He left school aged 15 to work as an errand boy, but his career truly began when he joined the Manchester and Salford Co-operative Society as a clerk; he became a director when he was 22, one of the first worker/directors in the country. He was an official in the Union of Distributive and Allied Workers from 1935 to 1945; being certified medically unfit for military service in the Second World War, he served as a Manchester City Councillor from 1941 to 1945. He married Eva Powell on 9 September 1936; the couple adopted a son, Alfred (born 1935).Following the war, in the dramatic Labour landslide victory of 1945, Robens was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the mining constituency of Wansbeck in Northumberland. He started on a sustained rise through the parliamentary ranks, serving in junior posts at the Ministry of Transport (1945–1947) and at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Hugh Gaitskell. In 1950, following boundary changes, Robens moved to the new constituency of Blyth, later Blyth Valley. He was briefly Minister of Labour and National Service in 1951, but the Conservative Party won the general election later that year.In opposition, Robens continued to rise in the party, being appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary by Clement Attlee while Aneurin Bevan was indisposed, and he began to be considered as a future candidate for party leader. Robens himself "yearned to become Prime Minister". However, he failed to impress during the Suez Crisis of 1956 because he had been briefed in confidence by the Conservative Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, on the night before the invasion; sworn to secrecy, he was unable to oppose the invasion effectively in the debate in the House of Commons. Furthermore, party leader Gaitskell felt him too left-wing. He was replaced as Shadow Foreign Secretary by Bevan, and felt that his political ambitions had been frustrated. Thus, when Harold Macmillan (Eden's successor as Prime Minister) offered Robens the chairmanship of the National Coal Board (NCB) in 1960, he accepted enthusiastically. Gaitskell died in January 1963. Geoffrey Tweedale, writing in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", has expressed the view that, had Robens persisted in politics, he, rather than Harold Wilson, would likely have become Prime Minister. Indeed, George Brown (the runner-up to Wilson in the election to succeed Gaitskell) stated in his autobiography that had Robens been in Parliament he himself would not have opposed him, and even if he had, Robens would have defeated him.Robens took up his appointment at the NCB in 1961 at a salary believed to be £10,000 a year (which was never increased throughout his ten years in office) and was created a life peer as Baron Robens of Woldingham, of Woldingham in the County of Surrey, on 28 June. Amongst those critical of this sudden elevation were his successor as MP for Blyth, Eddie Milne. Robens' leadership of the NCB was high-handed. He expected unflinching loyalty from colleagues and subordinates alike, and was confrontational with politicians. He enjoyed the trappings of power including a Daimler with the vehicle registration number "NCB 1", an executive aeroplane (a six-seater De Havilland Dove which he and other Board members used to visit the far-flung coalfields) and a flat in Eaton Square. His behaviour earned him the nickname "Old King Coal", a pun on Old King Cole. However, he threw himself into the job with vigour and enthusiasm, visiting pits, arguing with miners at the coalface and developing a deep knowledge of the industry. In 1963 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. He chose the subject "Coal - Its Place in the National Economy".As Chairman of the NCB, Robens oversaw substantial cuts in the mining industry, many of them reflecting market forces and government policies originated before he assumed the post. Although he lobbied to protect the industry, his reputation as a socialist necessarily suffered: when he took over as NCB chair there were 698 pits employing 583,000 miners, but by the time he left the post ten years later there were only 292 pits employing 283,000 miners. For a while Robens had a constructive working relationship with miners' leader Will Paynter, but he had a combative relationship with the Wilson Labour government. Industrial relations deteriorated during his tenure, and there was an unofficial strike in 1969 that lost £15 million and 2.5 million tonnes of coal as a result of a walkout by 140 of the 307 NCB collieries.Robens expressed concern at the poor health and safety record of the coal industry, and championed campaigns to reduce accidents and to counter chronic occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis. Although the number of fatal and serious accidents fell by over 60% during his tenure, there was also a fall in the workforce of over 50%, from 583,000 to 283,000.The largest single blow to his reputation came from his reaction to the catastrophic 1966 industrial accident at Aberfan. On the morning of 21 October, a massive spoil heap from the nearby Merthyr Vale Colliery collapsed onto the village of Aberfan, burying 20 houses and the Pantglas Junior School in a landslide, thirty feet deep, of water-saturated slurry that killed 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults.Robens decided to go ahead with his installation as the first Chancellor of the new University of Surrey before going to Aberfan, and he did not arrive until the evening of the Saturday following the day of the disaster, a blunder that was compounded by the actions of NCB staff, who falsely informed the Minister of Power, Richard Marsh, that Robens was at Aberfan. It was always his policy to send the most senior mining engineer to the scene of a disaster to coordinate rescue operations. Speaking to the media on the Sunday after the disaster, Robens was concerned that the initial shock and sorrow might give way to anger, possibly directed towards the men who worked at the top of the spoil heaps. To avoid this, he said that those men could not have foreseen what happened. A TV interview during which he made that comment proved to be unacceptable for broadcasting, owing to the atmospheric conditions; instead, the interviewer broadcast a paraphrase of the interview that wrongly made it seem that Robens had claimed that no one in the NCB could have foreseen the disaster. This was later taken by the Aberfan disaster enquiry to imply that the Board was contesting liability, notwithstanding the 19th-century case of "Rylands v Fletcher" which meant that the Board had absolute liability for damage caused by a 'dangerous escape' of material. Conversely, in a later interview Robens claimed that the disaster had been caused by "natural unknown springs" beneath the tip; but evidence emerged that the existence of these springs was common knowledge.The report of the Davies Tribunal which inquired into the disaster was highly critical of the NCB and Robens. He had proposed to appear at the outset of the enquiry to admit the NCB's full responsibility for the disaster, but the Chairman of the Tribunal advised him that this would not be necessary. In the event, when it was clear that his earlier comments to reporters had been misinterpreted at the Tribunal as a denial of responsibility, he offered to appear at the enquiry to set the matter straight. He conceded that the NCB was at fault, an admission which would have rendered much of the inquiry unnecessary had it been made at the outset, notwithstanding the advice of Lord Edmund-Davies that his appearance was not necessary. After the report was published in August 1967, Robens wrote to Marsh, the Minister of Power, offering his resignation; this was rejected by him and by Prime Minister Wilson, although several cabinet members argued strongly that Robens ought to be removed.There have been allegations that the resignation offer was "bogus" and Robens had been assured that it would not be accepted. According to Ronald Dearing, then a part-time member of the NCB, Richard Marsh was advised that Robens was "taking the coal industry through a period of painful contraction without big strikes" and the strong support for him within the coal industry and the union movement were crucial to the decision to retain him. When Robens advised a meeting of the full Board that he had offered his resignation, there was surprise and consternation; Cecil King, a part-time member of the Board, rose to his feet and told Robens that in doing so he had acted correctly.In the wake of the disaster, Robens was asked that the NCB should fund the removal of the remaining tips from Aberfan. He was advised, however, that the cost of doing so would have obliged the NCB to exceed its borrowing limits, which had been set by the government. To incur that cost would, in effect, have broken the law. It was not that Robens refused to pay. He had acceded to a request from the bereaved mothers of Aberfan to meet them to hear their views, and he was received by them with courtesy. In the end, the cost was met partly by the Board and partly by the Government, with a levy made on the Aberfan Disaster Fund.The Trustees of the Disaster Fund, which had been raised by public appeal, had been put under "intolerable pressure" to make a contribution of £150,000 (£2 million at 2016 prices) to cover the cost of removing the tips – an action that was "unquestionably unlawful" under charity law – and the Charity Commission took no action to protect the Fund from this misappropriation of funds.There is no evidence that prosecution for corporate manslaughter was considered at the time. Robens was exonerated by the official history of the NCB but he remains condemned in other quarters.In 1969, Robens was selected by Barbara Castle to chair a committee on workplace health and safety. This led to the 1972 Robens Report which controversially championed the idea of self-regulation by employers. The Report itself led to the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive.Following the Conservative victory in the 1970 general election, Robens found the new administration's distaste for nationalisation at odds with his own rather paternalistic views. He fell into conflict with Prime Minister Edward Heath and Minister of State for Industry Sir John Eden. Robens left the NCB in 1971 but always insisted that his tenure was a success.Robens had become a director of the Bank of England in 1966 and a member of the board of directors of Times Newspapers in 1967. He was Chairman of Vickers from 1971 to 1979, opposing the Labour plans for nationalisation that led to the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977. He was Chairman of Johnson Matthey from 1971 to 1983, and a director of Trust House Forte and several other companies. His lifestyle was increasingly at odds with his socialist beginnings and by 1979, he had become aligned with the Conservative Party.He left public life in 1982, retiring with his wife (died 2008) to Laleham Abbey in Surrey, once the home of the 7th Earl of Lucan. Robens suffered the first of two debilitating strokes in 1992, and ultimately died in 1999 aged 88.Robens's period at the National Coal Board was mentioned in the folk songs of the period. Ed Pickford, who was a miner in the Durham Coalfield, was highly critical of Robens: his song "The Pound a Week Rise" criticises the low wages paid to coal miners during Robens's reign, and his song "One Miner's Life" refers to the widespread pit closures. Jock Purdon, a miner who was made redundant on the closure of Harraton Colliery in Durham, wrote the song "Farewell to Cotia" about the migration of redundant miners across the country and particularly to Nottinghamshire, which he referred to as "Robens's promised land". "The Pound a Week Rise" has subsequently been covered by various folk and left-wing artists, including Dick Gaughan and Rathkeltaír.	[ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Foreign Secretary" ]
Which position did Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet hold in Sep, 1830?	September 14, 1830	{ "text": [ "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526915_P39_3	Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of High Sheriff of Leicestershire from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1819. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	Sir George Robinson, 6th BaronetSir George Robinson, 6th Baronet (12 January 1766 – 23 November 1833) was a British landowner and Member of Parliament.He was born the son of Sir George Robinson, 5th Baronet of Cranford, Northamptonshire and educated at Harrow School (1775–79), Trinity College, Cambridge (1783) and trained in the law at the Middle Temple (1785). He succeeded his father in 1815, inheriting, in addition to the baronetcy, Cranford Hall, Northamptonshire and Stretton Hall, Leicestershire.He was appointed High Sheriff of Leicestershire for 1820–21 and elected MP for Northampton in 1830, sitting until 1832.Sir George Robinson died in 1833. He had never married and was succeeded by his nephew George Stamp Robinson (1797–1873).	[ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "High Sheriff of Leicestershire" ]
Which position did Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet hold in 1830-09-14?	September 14, 1830	{ "text": [ "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526915_P39_3	Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of High Sheriff of Leicestershire from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1819. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	Sir George Robinson, 6th BaronetSir George Robinson, 6th Baronet (12 January 1766 – 23 November 1833) was a British landowner and Member of Parliament.He was born the son of Sir George Robinson, 5th Baronet of Cranford, Northamptonshire and educated at Harrow School (1775–79), Trinity College, Cambridge (1783) and trained in the law at the Middle Temple (1785). He succeeded his father in 1815, inheriting, in addition to the baronetcy, Cranford Hall, Northamptonshire and Stretton Hall, Leicestershire.He was appointed High Sheriff of Leicestershire for 1820–21 and elected MP for Northampton in 1830, sitting until 1832.Sir George Robinson died in 1833. He had never married and was succeeded by his nephew George Stamp Robinson (1797–1873).	[ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "High Sheriff of Leicestershire" ]
Which position did Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet hold in 14/09/1830?	September 14, 1830	{ "text": [ "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526915_P39_3	Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of High Sheriff of Leicestershire from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1819. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	Sir George Robinson, 6th BaronetSir George Robinson, 6th Baronet (12 January 1766 – 23 November 1833) was a British landowner and Member of Parliament.He was born the son of Sir George Robinson, 5th Baronet of Cranford, Northamptonshire and educated at Harrow School (1775–79), Trinity College, Cambridge (1783) and trained in the law at the Middle Temple (1785). He succeeded his father in 1815, inheriting, in addition to the baronetcy, Cranford Hall, Northamptonshire and Stretton Hall, Leicestershire.He was appointed High Sheriff of Leicestershire for 1820–21 and elected MP for Northampton in 1830, sitting until 1832.Sir George Robinson died in 1833. He had never married and was succeeded by his nephew George Stamp Robinson (1797–1873).	[ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "High Sheriff of Leicestershire" ]
Which position did Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet hold in Sep 14, 1830?	September 14, 1830	{ "text": [ "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526915_P39_3	Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of High Sheriff of Leicestershire from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1819. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	Sir George Robinson, 6th BaronetSir George Robinson, 6th Baronet (12 January 1766 – 23 November 1833) was a British landowner and Member of Parliament.He was born the son of Sir George Robinson, 5th Baronet of Cranford, Northamptonshire and educated at Harrow School (1775–79), Trinity College, Cambridge (1783) and trained in the law at the Middle Temple (1785). He succeeded his father in 1815, inheriting, in addition to the baronetcy, Cranford Hall, Northamptonshire and Stretton Hall, Leicestershire.He was appointed High Sheriff of Leicestershire for 1820–21 and elected MP for Northampton in 1830, sitting until 1832.Sir George Robinson died in 1833. He had never married and was succeeded by his nephew George Stamp Robinson (1797–1873).	[ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "High Sheriff of Leicestershire" ]
Which position did Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet hold in 09/14/1830?	September 14, 1830	{ "text": [ "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526915_P39_3	Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of High Sheriff of Leicestershire from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1819. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	Sir George Robinson, 6th BaronetSir George Robinson, 6th Baronet (12 January 1766 – 23 November 1833) was a British landowner and Member of Parliament.He was born the son of Sir George Robinson, 5th Baronet of Cranford, Northamptonshire and educated at Harrow School (1775–79), Trinity College, Cambridge (1783) and trained in the law at the Middle Temple (1785). He succeeded his father in 1815, inheriting, in addition to the baronetcy, Cranford Hall, Northamptonshire and Stretton Hall, Leicestershire.He was appointed High Sheriff of Leicestershire for 1820–21 and elected MP for Northampton in 1830, sitting until 1832.Sir George Robinson died in 1833. He had never married and was succeeded by his nephew George Stamp Robinson (1797–1873).	[ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "High Sheriff of Leicestershire" ]
Which position did Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet hold in 14-Sep-183014-September-1830?	September 14, 1830	{ "text": [ "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q7526915_P39_3	Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1831 to Dec, 1832. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1826 to Jul, 1830. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1830 to Apr, 1831. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of High Sheriff of Leicestershire from Jan, 1818 to Jan, 1819. Sir George Robinson, 6th Baronet holds the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar, 1820 to Jun, 1826.	Sir George Robinson, 6th BaronetSir George Robinson, 6th Baronet (12 January 1766 – 23 November 1833) was a British landowner and Member of Parliament.He was born the son of Sir George Robinson, 5th Baronet of Cranford, Northamptonshire and educated at Harrow School (1775–79), Trinity College, Cambridge (1783) and trained in the law at the Middle Temple (1785). He succeeded his father in 1815, inheriting, in addition to the baronetcy, Cranford Hall, Northamptonshire and Stretton Hall, Leicestershire.He was appointed High Sheriff of Leicestershire for 1820–21 and elected MP for Northampton in 1830, sitting until 1832.Sir George Robinson died in 1833. He had never married and was succeeded by his nephew George Stamp Robinson (1797–1873).	[ "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "High Sheriff of Leicestershire" ]
Where was Lam Yi Young educated in Aug, 2004?	August 28, 2004	{ "text": [ "John F. Kennedy School of Government" ] }	L2_Q23762053_P69_2	Lam Yi Young attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994. Lam Yi Young attended Victoria Junior College from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Lam Yi Young attended John F. Kennedy School of Government from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.	Lam Yi YoungLam Yi Young (; born 1972) is the Chief Executive Officer of the Singapore Business Federation (SBF) and former Senior Civil Servant. He is also the former Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA).Lam studied at the University of Cambridge from 1991–1994 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in Engineering, now holding a Master of Arts (Cambridge) in Engineering.Lam later studied at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University from 2004–2005 and graduated with a Master of Public Administration.Lam spent 24 years in the Singapore Civil Service from 1996–2020 and served various positions in the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education (MOE), the MPA and the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). This included 11 years in Senior Public Sector Leadership positions from 2009–2020, including as Chief Executive of the MPA, Deputy Secretary (Policy) in the MOE, as well as Deputy Secretary (Future Economy) and later Deputy Secretary (Industry) in the MTI.Lam served as Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore from May 2009–December 2013.During his tenure at MPA, Lam was involved in the commissioning of the new Port Operations Control Centre (POCC) at Changi Naval Base and the decommissioning of the POCC at Tanjong Pagar Complex. Lam was also involved in the formation of various maritime initiatives related to education and decreasing environmental impacts of shipping, including witnessing signings of the Singapore Maritime Green Pledge which was first launched in 2011. He was involved in the formation of the Singapore Maritime Institute and the opening of the Singapore Maritime Gallery in 2012. He also signed Memorandums of Understanding to launch and support various educational and research and development programmes in the fields of maritime and clean energy.Lam held his keynote address "Towards a Sustainable Maritime Singapore" at the World Maritime Day Symposium in 2013 on Singapore's approach to, experience with, and commitment to, sustainable maritime development.On 1 January 2021, Lam succeeded Ho Meng Kit to become the CEO of SBF. He previously served as the deputy CEO after joining SBF in July 2020.Lam is the vice-president of the Global Compact Network Singapore and a board member of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority.	[ "Victoria Junior College", "University of Cambridge" ]
Where was Lam Yi Young educated in 2004-08-28?	August 28, 2004	{ "text": [ "John F. Kennedy School of Government" ] }	L2_Q23762053_P69_2	Lam Yi Young attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994. Lam Yi Young attended Victoria Junior College from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Lam Yi Young attended John F. Kennedy School of Government from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.	Lam Yi YoungLam Yi Young (; born 1972) is the Chief Executive Officer of the Singapore Business Federation (SBF) and former Senior Civil Servant. He is also the former Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA).Lam studied at the University of Cambridge from 1991–1994 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in Engineering, now holding a Master of Arts (Cambridge) in Engineering.Lam later studied at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University from 2004–2005 and graduated with a Master of Public Administration.Lam spent 24 years in the Singapore Civil Service from 1996–2020 and served various positions in the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education (MOE), the MPA and the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). This included 11 years in Senior Public Sector Leadership positions from 2009–2020, including as Chief Executive of the MPA, Deputy Secretary (Policy) in the MOE, as well as Deputy Secretary (Future Economy) and later Deputy Secretary (Industry) in the MTI.Lam served as Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore from May 2009–December 2013.During his tenure at MPA, Lam was involved in the commissioning of the new Port Operations Control Centre (POCC) at Changi Naval Base and the decommissioning of the POCC at Tanjong Pagar Complex. Lam was also involved in the formation of various maritime initiatives related to education and decreasing environmental impacts of shipping, including witnessing signings of the Singapore Maritime Green Pledge which was first launched in 2011. He was involved in the formation of the Singapore Maritime Institute and the opening of the Singapore Maritime Gallery in 2012. He also signed Memorandums of Understanding to launch and support various educational and research and development programmes in the fields of maritime and clean energy.Lam held his keynote address "Towards a Sustainable Maritime Singapore" at the World Maritime Day Symposium in 2013 on Singapore's approach to, experience with, and commitment to, sustainable maritime development.On 1 January 2021, Lam succeeded Ho Meng Kit to become the CEO of SBF. He previously served as the deputy CEO after joining SBF in July 2020.Lam is the vice-president of the Global Compact Network Singapore and a board member of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority.	[ "Victoria Junior College", "University of Cambridge" ]
Where was Lam Yi Young educated in 28/08/2004?	August 28, 2004	{ "text": [ "John F. Kennedy School of Government" ] }	L2_Q23762053_P69_2	Lam Yi Young attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994. Lam Yi Young attended Victoria Junior College from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Lam Yi Young attended John F. Kennedy School of Government from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.	Lam Yi YoungLam Yi Young (; born 1972) is the Chief Executive Officer of the Singapore Business Federation (SBF) and former Senior Civil Servant. He is also the former Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA).Lam studied at the University of Cambridge from 1991–1994 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in Engineering, now holding a Master of Arts (Cambridge) in Engineering.Lam later studied at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University from 2004–2005 and graduated with a Master of Public Administration.Lam spent 24 years in the Singapore Civil Service from 1996–2020 and served various positions in the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education (MOE), the MPA and the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). This included 11 years in Senior Public Sector Leadership positions from 2009–2020, including as Chief Executive of the MPA, Deputy Secretary (Policy) in the MOE, as well as Deputy Secretary (Future Economy) and later Deputy Secretary (Industry) in the MTI.Lam served as Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore from May 2009–December 2013.During his tenure at MPA, Lam was involved in the commissioning of the new Port Operations Control Centre (POCC) at Changi Naval Base and the decommissioning of the POCC at Tanjong Pagar Complex. Lam was also involved in the formation of various maritime initiatives related to education and decreasing environmental impacts of shipping, including witnessing signings of the Singapore Maritime Green Pledge which was first launched in 2011. He was involved in the formation of the Singapore Maritime Institute and the opening of the Singapore Maritime Gallery in 2012. He also signed Memorandums of Understanding to launch and support various educational and research and development programmes in the fields of maritime and clean energy.Lam held his keynote address "Towards a Sustainable Maritime Singapore" at the World Maritime Day Symposium in 2013 on Singapore's approach to, experience with, and commitment to, sustainable maritime development.On 1 January 2021, Lam succeeded Ho Meng Kit to become the CEO of SBF. He previously served as the deputy CEO after joining SBF in July 2020.Lam is the vice-president of the Global Compact Network Singapore and a board member of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority.	[ "Victoria Junior College", "University of Cambridge" ]
Where was Lam Yi Young educated in Aug 28, 2004?	August 28, 2004	{ "text": [ "John F. Kennedy School of Government" ] }	L2_Q23762053_P69_2	Lam Yi Young attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994. Lam Yi Young attended Victoria Junior College from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Lam Yi Young attended John F. Kennedy School of Government from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.	Lam Yi YoungLam Yi Young (; born 1972) is the Chief Executive Officer of the Singapore Business Federation (SBF) and former Senior Civil Servant. He is also the former Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA).Lam studied at the University of Cambridge from 1991–1994 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in Engineering, now holding a Master of Arts (Cambridge) in Engineering.Lam later studied at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University from 2004–2005 and graduated with a Master of Public Administration.Lam spent 24 years in the Singapore Civil Service from 1996–2020 and served various positions in the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education (MOE), the MPA and the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). This included 11 years in Senior Public Sector Leadership positions from 2009–2020, including as Chief Executive of the MPA, Deputy Secretary (Policy) in the MOE, as well as Deputy Secretary (Future Economy) and later Deputy Secretary (Industry) in the MTI.Lam served as Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore from May 2009–December 2013.During his tenure at MPA, Lam was involved in the commissioning of the new Port Operations Control Centre (POCC) at Changi Naval Base and the decommissioning of the POCC at Tanjong Pagar Complex. Lam was also involved in the formation of various maritime initiatives related to education and decreasing environmental impacts of shipping, including witnessing signings of the Singapore Maritime Green Pledge which was first launched in 2011. He was involved in the formation of the Singapore Maritime Institute and the opening of the Singapore Maritime Gallery in 2012. He also signed Memorandums of Understanding to launch and support various educational and research and development programmes in the fields of maritime and clean energy.Lam held his keynote address "Towards a Sustainable Maritime Singapore" at the World Maritime Day Symposium in 2013 on Singapore's approach to, experience with, and commitment to, sustainable maritime development.On 1 January 2021, Lam succeeded Ho Meng Kit to become the CEO of SBF. He previously served as the deputy CEO after joining SBF in July 2020.Lam is the vice-president of the Global Compact Network Singapore and a board member of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority.	[ "Victoria Junior College", "University of Cambridge" ]
Where was Lam Yi Young educated in 08/28/2004?	August 28, 2004	{ "text": [ "John F. Kennedy School of Government" ] }	L2_Q23762053_P69_2	Lam Yi Young attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994. Lam Yi Young attended Victoria Junior College from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Lam Yi Young attended John F. Kennedy School of Government from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.	Lam Yi YoungLam Yi Young (; born 1972) is the Chief Executive Officer of the Singapore Business Federation (SBF) and former Senior Civil Servant. He is also the former Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA).Lam studied at the University of Cambridge from 1991–1994 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in Engineering, now holding a Master of Arts (Cambridge) in Engineering.Lam later studied at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University from 2004–2005 and graduated with a Master of Public Administration.Lam spent 24 years in the Singapore Civil Service from 1996–2020 and served various positions in the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education (MOE), the MPA and the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). This included 11 years in Senior Public Sector Leadership positions from 2009–2020, including as Chief Executive of the MPA, Deputy Secretary (Policy) in the MOE, as well as Deputy Secretary (Future Economy) and later Deputy Secretary (Industry) in the MTI.Lam served as Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore from May 2009–December 2013.During his tenure at MPA, Lam was involved in the commissioning of the new Port Operations Control Centre (POCC) at Changi Naval Base and the decommissioning of the POCC at Tanjong Pagar Complex. Lam was also involved in the formation of various maritime initiatives related to education and decreasing environmental impacts of shipping, including witnessing signings of the Singapore Maritime Green Pledge which was first launched in 2011. He was involved in the formation of the Singapore Maritime Institute and the opening of the Singapore Maritime Gallery in 2012. He also signed Memorandums of Understanding to launch and support various educational and research and development programmes in the fields of maritime and clean energy.Lam held his keynote address "Towards a Sustainable Maritime Singapore" at the World Maritime Day Symposium in 2013 on Singapore's approach to, experience with, and commitment to, sustainable maritime development.On 1 January 2021, Lam succeeded Ho Meng Kit to become the CEO of SBF. He previously served as the deputy CEO after joining SBF in July 2020.Lam is the vice-president of the Global Compact Network Singapore and a board member of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority.	[ "Victoria Junior College", "University of Cambridge" ]
Where was Lam Yi Young educated in 28-Aug-200428-August-2004?	August 28, 2004	{ "text": [ "John F. Kennedy School of Government" ] }	L2_Q23762053_P69_2	Lam Yi Young attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1994. Lam Yi Young attended Victoria Junior College from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1990. Lam Yi Young attended John F. Kennedy School of Government from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.	Lam Yi YoungLam Yi Young (; born 1972) is the Chief Executive Officer of the Singapore Business Federation (SBF) and former Senior Civil Servant. He is also the former Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA).Lam studied at the University of Cambridge from 1991–1994 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in Engineering, now holding a Master of Arts (Cambridge) in Engineering.Lam later studied at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University from 2004–2005 and graduated with a Master of Public Administration.Lam spent 24 years in the Singapore Civil Service from 1996–2020 and served various positions in the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Education (MOE), the MPA and the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). This included 11 years in Senior Public Sector Leadership positions from 2009–2020, including as Chief Executive of the MPA, Deputy Secretary (Policy) in the MOE, as well as Deputy Secretary (Future Economy) and later Deputy Secretary (Industry) in the MTI.Lam served as Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore from May 2009–December 2013.During his tenure at MPA, Lam was involved in the commissioning of the new Port Operations Control Centre (POCC) at Changi Naval Base and the decommissioning of the POCC at Tanjong Pagar Complex. Lam was also involved in the formation of various maritime initiatives related to education and decreasing environmental impacts of shipping, including witnessing signings of the Singapore Maritime Green Pledge which was first launched in 2011. He was involved in the formation of the Singapore Maritime Institute and the opening of the Singapore Maritime Gallery in 2012. He also signed Memorandums of Understanding to launch and support various educational and research and development programmes in the fields of maritime and clean energy.Lam held his keynote address "Towards a Sustainable Maritime Singapore" at the World Maritime Day Symposium in 2013 on Singapore's approach to, experience with, and commitment to, sustainable maritime development.On 1 January 2021, Lam succeeded Ho Meng Kit to become the CEO of SBF. He previously served as the deputy CEO after joining SBF in July 2020.Lam is the vice-president of the Global Compact Network Singapore and a board member of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority.	[ "Victoria Junior College", "University of Cambridge" ]
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in Apr, 2002?	April 21, 2002	{ "text": [ "FCU Craiova 1948" ] }	L2_Q7363386_P54_2	Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001. Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010. Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.	Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.	[ "CSM Reșița", "ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș", "FC Politehnica Iași", "CSU Voința Sibiu", "CS Gaz Metan Mediaș", "ASA Târgu Mureș" ]
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in 2002-04-21?	April 21, 2002	{ "text": [ "FCU Craiova 1948" ] }	L2_Q7363386_P54_2	Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001. Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010. Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.	Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.	[ "CSM Reșița", "ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș", "FC Politehnica Iași", "CSU Voința Sibiu", "CS Gaz Metan Mediaș", "ASA Târgu Mureș" ]
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in 21/04/2002?	April 21, 2002	{ "text": [ "FCU Craiova 1948" ] }	L2_Q7363386_P54_2	Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001. Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010. Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.	Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.	[ "CSM Reșița", "ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș", "FC Politehnica Iași", "CSU Voința Sibiu", "CS Gaz Metan Mediaș", "ASA Târgu Mureș" ]
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in Apr 21, 2002?	April 21, 2002	{ "text": [ "FCU Craiova 1948" ] }	L2_Q7363386_P54_2	Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001. Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010. Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.	Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.	[ "CSM Reșița", "ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș", "FC Politehnica Iași", "CSU Voința Sibiu", "CS Gaz Metan Mediaș", "ASA Târgu Mureș" ]
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in 04/21/2002?	April 21, 2002	{ "text": [ "FCU Craiova 1948" ] }	L2_Q7363386_P54_2	Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001. Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010. Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.	Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.	[ "CSM Reșița", "ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș", "FC Politehnica Iași", "CSU Voința Sibiu", "CS Gaz Metan Mediaș", "ASA Târgu Mureș" ]
Which team did Romulus Miclea play for in 21-Apr-200221-April-2002?	April 21, 2002	{ "text": [ "FCU Craiova 1948" ] }	L2_Q7363386_P54_2	Romulus Miclea plays for FCU Craiova 1948 from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2004. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA Târgu Mureș from Jan, 1998 to Jan, 2001. Romulus Miclea plays for FC Politehnica Iași from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2010. Romulus Miclea plays for CSU Voința Sibiu from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2014. Romulus Miclea plays for CS Gaz Metan Mediaș from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2012. Romulus Miclea plays for CSM Reșița from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.	Romulus MicleaRomulus Miclea (born 5 April 1980 in Târgu Mureș) is a former Romanian football player who played as a right winger.	[ "CSM Reșița", "ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș", "FC Politehnica Iași", "CSU Voința Sibiu", "CS Gaz Metan Mediaș", "ASA Târgu Mureș" ]
Who was the head of state of Austria in May, 1935?	May 28, 1935	{ "text": [ "Wilhelm Miklas" ] }	L2_Q40_P35_1	Thomas Klestil is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1992 to Jul, 2004. Michael Hainisch is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1920 to Dec, 1928. Adolf Schärf is the head of the state of Austria from May, 1957 to Feb, 1965. Franz Jonas is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1965 to Apr, 1974. Kurt Waldheim is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1986 to Jul, 1992. Heinz Fischer is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2016. Alexander Van der Bellen is the head of the state of Austria from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Rudolf Kirchschläger is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1974 to Jul, 1986. Karl Renner is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1945 to Dec, 1950. Theodor Körner is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1951 to Jan, 1957. Wilhelm Miklas is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1928 to May, 1938.	AustriaAustria (, ; ), officially the Republic of Austria (, ), is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states ("Bundesländer"), one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy. In the 16th century, Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg – one of the most influential royal dynasties in history. As an archduchy, it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire. Early in the 19th century, Austria established its own empire, which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation, but pursued its own course independently of the other German states following its defeat in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. In 1867, in compromise with Hungary, the Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy was established.Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne. After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of union with Germany, but the Allied Powers did not support the new state and it remained unrecognized. In 1919 the First Austrian Republic became the legal successor of Austria. In 1938, the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler, who became the Chancellor of the German Reich, achieved the annexation of Austria by the Anschluss. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and an extended period of Allied occupation, Austria was re-established as a sovereign and self-governing democratic nation known as the Second Republic.Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy with a directly elected Federal President as head of state and a Chancellor as head of the federal government. Major urban areas of Austria include Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is consistently ranked in the top 20 richest countries in the world by GDP per capita terms. The country has achieved a high standard of living and in 2018 was ranked 20th in the world for its Human Development Index. Vienna consistently ranks in the top internationally on quality-of-life indicators.The Second Republic declared its perpetual neutrality in foreign political affairs in 1955. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995. It plays host to the OSCE and OPEC and is a founding member of the OECD and Interpol. Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999.The German name for Austria, , derives from the Old High German , which meant "eastern realm" and which first appeared in the "Ostarrîchi document" of 996. This word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin into a local (Bavarian) dialect.Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976. The word "Austria" is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century.At the time, the Danube basin of Austria (Upper and Lower Austria) was the easternmost extent of Bavaria.The Central European land that is now Austria was settled in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes. The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province. Present-day Petronell-Carnuntum in eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province. Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years.After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by Bavarians, Slavs and Avars. Charlemagne, King of the Franks, conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonization, and introduced Christianity. As part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg. The area was known as the "marchia Orientalis" and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976.The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as "Ostarrîchi", referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria. With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished.As a result, Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia. His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278. Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.The Habsburgs began also to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. In 1477, Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family. In 1496, his son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, thus acquiring Spain and its Italian, African, Asian and New World appendages for the Habsburgs.In 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the Long War of 1593 to 1606. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly 20 times, of which some are cited as "burning, pillaging, and taking thousands of slaves". In late September 1529 Suleiman the Magnificent launched the first Siege of Vienna, which unsuccessfully ended, according to Ottoman historians, with the snowfalls of an early beginning winter.During the long reign of Leopold I (1657–1705) and following the successful defence of Vienna against the Turks in 1683 (under the command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski), a series of campaigns resulted in bringing most of Hungary to Austrian control by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.Emperor Charles VI relinquished many of the gains the empire made in the previous years, largely due to his apprehensions at the imminent extinction of the House of Habsburg. Charles was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction that made his daughter Maria Theresa his heir. With the rise of Prussia, the Austrian–Prussian dualism began in Germany. Austria participated, together with Prussia and Russia, in the first and the third of the three Partitions of Poland (in 1772 and 1795).Austria later became engaged in a war with Revolutionary France, at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon, meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier, the Empire of Austria was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties. In 1814, Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the Napoleonic Wars.It emerged from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised great power. The same year, the German Confederation () was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political, and national conflicts, the German lands were shaken by the 1848 revolutions aiming to create a unified Germany.The various different possibilities for a united Germany were: a Greater Germany, or a Greater Austria or just the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the German Empire of 1848, the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against Denmark and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though, they fought the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Defeated by Prussia in the Battle of Königgrätz, Austria had to leave the German Confederation and no longer took part in German politics.The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the "Ausgleich", provided for a dual sovereignty, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, under Franz Joseph I. The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various Slavic groups, including Croats, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities.As a result, ruling Austria-Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements, requiring considerable reliance on an expanded secret police. Yet, the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: for example, the "Reichsgesetzblatt", publishing the laws and ordinances of Cisleithania, was issued in eight languages; and all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mother tongue at state offices.Many Austrians of all different social circles such as Georg Ritter von Schönerer promoted strong pan-Germanism in hope of reinforcing an ethnic German identity and the annexation of Austria to Germany. Some Austrians such as Karl Lueger also used pan-Germanism as a form of populism to further their own political goals. Although Bismarck's policies excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany, many Austrian pan-Germans idolized him and wore blue cornflowers, known to be the favourite flower of German Emperor William I, in their buttonholes, along with cockades in the German national colours (black, red, and yellow), although they were both temporarily banned in Austrian schools, as a way to show discontent towards the multi-ethnic empire.Austria's exclusion from Germany caused many Austrians a problem with their national identity and prompted the Social Democratic Leader Otto Bauer to state that it was "the conflict between our Austrian and German character". The Austro-Hungarian Empire caused ethnic tension between the German Austrians and the other ethnic groups. Many Austrians, especially those involved with the pan-German movements, desired a reinforcement of an ethnic German identity and hoped that the empire would collapse, which would allow an annexation of Austria with Germany.A lot of Austrian pan-German nationalists protested passionately against minister-president Kasimir Count Badeni's language decree of 1897, which made German and Czech co-official languages in Bohemia and required new government officials to be fluent in both languages. This meant in practice that the civil service would almost exclusively hire Czechs, because most middle-class Czechs spoke German but not the other way around. The support of ultramontane Catholic politicians and clergy for this reform triggered the launch of the "Away from Rome" () movement, which was initiated by supporters of Schönerer and called on "German" Christians to leave the Roman Catholic Church.As the Second Constitutional Era began in the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary took the opportunity to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. Theassassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip was used by leading Austrian politicians and generals to persuade the emperor to declare war on Serbia, thereby risking and prompting the outbreak of World War I, which eventually led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Over one million Austro-Hungarian soldiers died in World War I.On 21 October 1918, the elected German members of the "Reichsrat" (parliament of Imperial Austria) met in Vienna as the Provisional National Assembly for German Austria ("Provisorische Nationalversammlung für Deutschösterreich"). On 30 October the assembly founded the Republic of German Austria by appointing a government, called "Staatsrat". This new government was invited by the Emperor to take part in the decision on the planned armistice with Italy, but refrained from this business.This left the responsibility for the end of the war, on 3 November 1918, solely to the emperor and his government. On 11 November, the emperor, advised by ministers of the old and the new governments, declared he would not take part in state business any more; on 12 November, German Austria, by law, declared itself to be a democratic republic and part of the new German republic. The constitution, renaming the "Staatsrat" as "Bundesregierung" (federal government) and "Nationalversammlung" as "Nationalrat" (national council) was passed on 10 November 1920.The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 (for Hungary the Treaty of Trianon of 1920) confirmed and consolidated the new order of Central Europe which to a great extent had been established in November 1918, creating new states and altering others. The German-speaking parts of Austria which had been part of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state named The Republic of German-Austria (German: "Republik Deutschösterreich"), though excluding the predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol. The desire for "Anschluss" (annexation of Austria to Germany) was a popular opinion shared by all social circles in both Austria and Germany. On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat Karl Renner as provisional chancellor. On the same day it drafted a provisional constitution that stated that "German-Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich" (Article 2). The Treaty of Saint Germain and the Treaty of Versailles explicitly forbid union between Austria and Germany. The treaties also forced German-Austria to rename itself as "Republic of Austria" which consequently led to the first Austrian Republic.Over 3 million German-speaking Austrians found themselves living outside the new Austrian Republic as minorities in the newly formed or enlarged states of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Italy. These included the provinces of South Tyrol (which became part of Italy) and German Bohemia (Czechoslovakia). The status of German Bohemia (Sudetenland) later played a role in sparking the Second World War.The status of South Tyrol was a lingering problem between Austria and Italy until it was officially settled by the 1980s with a great degree of autonomy being granted to it by the Italian national government. The border between Austria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) was settled with the Carinthian Plebiscite in October 1920 and allocated the major part of the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Crownland of Carinthia to Austria. This set the border on the Karawanken mountain range, with many Slovenes remaining in Austria.After the war, inflation began to devalue the Krone, which was still Austria's currency. In autumn 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the League of Nations. The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve Austria's general economic condition. The loan meant that Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. In 1925, the "Schilling" was introduced, replacing the Krone at a rate of 10,000:1. Later, it was nicknamed the "Alpine dollar" due to its stability. From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing after Black Tuesday.The First Austrian Republic lasted until 1933, when Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, using what he called "self-switch-off of Parliament", established an autocratic regime tending towards Italian fascism. The two big parties at this time, the Social Democrats and the Conservatives, had paramilitary armies; the Social Democrats' "Schutzbund" was now declared illegal, but was still operative as civil war broke out.In February 1934, several members of the "Schutzbund" were executed, the Social Democratic party was outlawed, and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated. On 1 May 1934, the Austrofascists imposed a new constitution ("Maiverfassung") which cemented Dollfuss's power, but on 25 July he was assassinated in a Nazi coup attempt.His successor Kurt Schuschnigg acknowledged Austria as a "German state" and that Austrians were "better Germans" but wished for Austria to remain independent. He announced a referendum on 9 March 1938, to be held on 13 March, concerning Austria's independence from Germany. On 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over government, while German troops occupied the country, which prevented Schuschnigg's referendum from taking place. On 13 March 1938, the "Anschluss" of Austria was officially declared. Two days later, Austrian-born Hitler announced what he called the "reunification" of his home country with the "rest of the German Reich" on Vienna's Heldenplatz. He established a plebiscite confirming the union with Germany in April 1938.Parliamentary elections were held in Germany (including recently annexed Austria) on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule, and took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single Nazi-party list for the 813-member Reichstag, as well as the recent annexation of Austria (the Anschluss). Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote. Turnout in the election was officially 99.5%, with 98.9% voting "yes". In the case of Austria, Adolf Hitler's native soil, 99.71% of an electorate of 4,484,475 officially went to the ballots, with a positive tally of 99.73%. Although most Austrians favoured the "Anschluss", in certain parts of Austria the German soldiers were not always welcomed with flowers and joy, especially in Vienna which had Austria's largest Jewish population. Nevertheless, despite the propaganda and the manipulation and rigging which surrounded the ballot box result, there was massive genuine support for Hitler for fulfilling the "Anschluss", since many Germans from both Austria and Germany saw it as completing the long overdue unification of all Germans into one state.On 12 March 1938, Austria was annexed to the Third Reich and ceased to exist as an independent country. The Aryanisation of the wealth of Jewish Austrians started immediately in mid-March, with a so-called "wild" (i.e. extra-legal) phase, but was soon structured legally and bureaucratically to strip Jewish citizens of any assets they possessed. At that time Adolf Eichmann, who grew up in Austria, was transferred to Vienna to persecute the Jews. During the November pogrom in 1938 ("Reichskristallnacht"), Jews and Jewish institutions such as synagogues were victims of severe violent attacks in Vienna, Klagenfurt, Linz, Graz, Salzburg, Innsbruck and several cities in Lower Austria. Otto von Habsburg, a vehement opponent of the Nazis, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, an honorary citizen of hundreds of places in Austria and partly envisaged by Schuschnigg as a monarchical option, was in Belgium at the time. He spoke out against the Anschluss and was then wanted by the Nazi regime and expropriated and should be shot immediately if he is caught. The Nazis renamed Austria in 1938 as "Ostmark" until 1942, when it was again renamed and called "Alpine and Danubian Gaue" (Alpen-und Donau-Reichsgaue).Though Austrians made up only 8% of the population of the Third Reich, some of the most prominent Nazis were native Austrians, including Adolf Hitler, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Franz Stangl, Alois Brunner, Friedrich Rainer and Odilo Globocnik, as were over 13% of the SS and 40% of the staff at the Nazi extermination camps. In the Reichsgau, besides the main camp KZ-Mauthausen, there were numerous sub-camps in all federal states where Jews and prisoners were killed, tortured and exploited. At this time, because the territory was outside the operational radius of the Allied aircraft, the armaments industry was greatly expanded through the use of concentration camp prisoners and forced labor, especially for fighter planes, tanks and missiles.Most of the resistance groups were soon crushed by the Gestapo. While the plans of the group around Karl Burian to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in Vienna were uncovered, the important group around the later executed priest Heinrich Maier managed to contact the Allies. This so-called Maier-Messner group was able to send the Allies information about armaments factories for V-1, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft (Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, etc.), which was important for Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. This resistance group, which was in contact with the American secret service OSS, soon provided information about mass executions and concentration camps such as Auschwitz. The aim of the group was to let Nazi Germany lose the war as quickly as possible and to re-establish an independent Austria.Vienna fell on 13 April 1945, during the Soviet Vienna Offensive, just before the total collapse of the Third Reich. The invading Allied powers, in particular the Americans, planned for the supposed "Alpine Fortress Operation" of a national redoubt, that was largely to have taken place on Austrian soil in the mountains of the Eastern Alps. However, it never materialised because of the rapid collapse of the Reich.Karl Renner and Adolf Schärf (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a provisional government in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious Red Army and backed by Joseph Stalin. (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. Total military deaths from 1939 to 1945 are estimated at 260,000. Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 65,000. About 140,000 Jewish Austrians had fled the country in 1938–39. Thousands of Austrians had taken part in serious Nazi crimes (hundreds of thousands died in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp alone), a fact officially recognised by Chancellor Franz Vranitzky in 1992.Much like Germany, Austria was divided into American, British, French, and Soviet zones and governed by the Allied Commission for Austria. As forecast in the Moscow Declaration in 1943, a subtle difference was seen in the treatment of Austria by the Allies. The Austrian government, consisting of Social Democrats, Conservatives, and Communists (until 1947), and residing in Vienna, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone, was recognised by the Western Allies in October 1945 after some doubts that Renner could be Stalin's puppet. Thus, the creation of a separate Western Austrian government and the division of the country was avoided. Austria, in general, was treated as though it had been originally invaded by Germany and liberated by the Allies.On 15 May 1955, after talks which lasted for years and were influenced by the Cold War, Austria regained full independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers. On 26 October 1955, after all occupation troops had left, Austria declared its "permanent neutrality" by an act of parliament. This day is now Austria's National Day, a public holiday.The political system of the Second Republic is based on the constitution of 1920 and 1929, which was reintroduced in 1945. The system came to be characterised by "Proporz", meaning that most posts of political importance were split evenly between members of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). Interest group "chambers" with mandatory membership (e.g. for workers, business people, farmers) grew to considerable importance and were usually consulted in the legislative process, so hardly any legislation was passed that did not reflect widespread consensus.Since 1945, governing via a single-party government has occurred twice: 1966–1970 (ÖVP) and 1970–1983 (SPÖ). During all other legislative periods, either a grand coalition of SPÖ and ÖVP or a "small coalition" (one of these two and a smaller party) ruled the country.Kurt Waldheim, a Wehrmacht officer in the Second World War accused of war crimes, was elected President of Austria from 1986 to 1992.Following a referendum in 1994, at which consent reached a majority of two-thirds, the country became a member of the European Union on 1 January 1995.The major parties SPÖ and ÖVP have contrary opinions about the future status of Austria's military nonalignment: While the SPÖ in public supports a neutral role, the ÖVP argues for stronger integration into the EU's security policy; even a future NATO membership is not ruled out by some ÖVP politicians (ex. Dr Werner Fasslabend (ÖVP) in 1997). In reality, Austria is taking part in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, participates in peacekeeping and peace creating tasks, and has become a member of NATO's "Partnership for Peace"; the constitution has been amended accordingly. Since Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area in 2011, none of Austria's neighbouring countries performs border controls towards it anymore.The Parliament of Austria is located in Vienna, the country's capital and most populous city. Austria became a federal, representative democratic republic through the Federal Constitution of 1920. The political system of the Second Republic with its nine states is based on the constitution of 1920, amended in 1929, which was reenacted on 1 May 1945.The head of state is the Federal President ("Bundespräsident"), who is directly elected by popular majority vote, with a run-off between the top-scoring candidates if necessary. The head of the Federal Government is the Federal Chancellor ("Bundeskanzler"), who is selected by the President and tasked with forming a government based on the partisan composition of the lower house of parliament.The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by vote of no confidence in the lower chamber of parliament, the Nationalrat. Voting for the Federal President and for the Parliament used to be compulsory in Austria, but this was abolished in steps from 1982 to 2004.Austria's parliament consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat (183 seats) is determined every five years (or whenever the Nationalrat has been dissolved by the federal president on a motion by the federal chancellor, or by Nationalrat itself) by a general election in which every citizen over the age of 16 has the right to vote. The voting age was lowered from 18 in 2007.While there is a general threshold of 4% of the vote for all parties in federal elections ("Nationalratswahlen") to participate in the proportional allocation of seats, there remains the possibility of being elected to a seat directly in one of the 43 regional electoral districts ().The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the legislative process in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the Bundesrat, has a limited right of veto (the Nationalrat canin almost all casesultimately pass the respective bill by voting a second time; this is referred to as a "Beharrungsbeschluss", lit. "vote of persistence"). A constitutional convention, called the was convened on 30 June 2003 to consider reforms to the constitution, but failed to produce a proposal that would command a two-thirds majority in the Nationalrat, the margin necessary for constitutional amendments and/or reform.While the bicameral Parliament and the Government constitute the legislative and executive branches, respectively, the courts are the third branch of Austrian state powers. The Constitutional Court ("Verfassungsgerichtshof") exerts considerable influence on the political system because of its power to invalidate legislation and ordinances that are not in compliance with the constitution. Since 1995, the European Court of Justice may overrule Austrian decisions in all matters defined in laws of the European Union. Austria also implements the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, since the European Convention on Human Rights is part of the Austrian constitution.After general elections held in October 2006, the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) emerged as the strongest party, and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) came in second, having lost about 8% of its previous polling. Political realities prohibited any of the two major parties from forming a coalition with smaller parties. In January 2007 the People's Party and SPÖ formed a grand coalition with the social democrat Alfred Gusenbauer as Chancellor. This coalition broke up in June 2008.Elections in September 2008 further weakened both major parties (SPÖ and ÖVP) but together they still held 70% of the votes, with the Social Democrats holding slightly more than the other party. They formed a coalition with Werner Faymann from the Social Democrats as Chancellor. The Green Party came in third with 11% of the vote. The FPÖ and the deceased Jörg Haider's new party Alliance for the Future of Austria, both on the political right, were strengthened during the election but taken together received less than 20% of the vote.In the legislative elections of 2013, the Social Democratic Party received 27% of the vote and 52 seats; People's Party 24% and 47 seats, thus controlling together the majority of the seats. The Freedom Party received 40 seats and 21% of the votes, while the Greens received 12% and 24 seats. Two new parties, Stronach and the NEOS, received less than 10% of the vote, and 11 and nine seats respectively.After the Grand Coalition broke in Spring 2017 a snap election was proclaimed for October 2017. The Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) with its new young leader Sebastian Kurz emerged as the largest party in the National Council, winning 31.5% of votes and 62 of the 183 seats. The Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) finished second with 52 seats and 26.9% votes, slightly ahead of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which received 51 seats and 26%. NEOS finished fourth with 10 seats (5.3 percent of votes), and PILZ (which split from the Green Party at the start of the campaign) entered parliament for the first time and came in fifth place with 8 seats and 4.4% The Green Party failed with 3.8% to cross the 4% threshold and was ejected from parliament, losing all of its 24 seats. The ÖVP decided to form a coalition with the FPÖ. The new government between the centre-right wing and the right-wing populist party under the new chancellor Sebastian Kurz was sworn in on 18 December 2017, but the coalition government later collapsed and new elections were called for 29 September 2019. The elections lead to another landslide victory (37.5%) of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) who formed a coalition-government with the reinvigorated (13.9%) Greens, which was sworn in with Kurz as chancellor on January 7, 2020.The 1955 Austrian State Treaty ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognised Austria as an independent and sovereign state. On 26 October 1955, the Federal Assembly passed a constitutional article in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality." The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory." Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality, but rather different from the neutrality of Switzerland.Austria began to reassess its definition of neutrality following the fall of the Soviet Union, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against Iraq in 1991, and since 1995, it has developed participation in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy. Also in 1995, it joined NATO's Partnership for Peace (although it was careful to do so only after Russia joined) and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Meanwhile, the only part of the Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 1955 still fully valid is to not allow foreign military bases in Austria. Austria signed the UN's Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, which was opposed by all NATO members.Austria attaches great importance to participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and other international economic organisations, and it has played an active role in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE-participating State, Austria's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission.The manpower of the Austrian Armed Forces () mainly relies on conscription. All males who have reached the age of eighteen and are found fit have to serve a six months compulsory military service, followed by an eight-year reserve obligation. Both males and females at the age of sixteen are eligible for voluntary service. Conscientious objection is legally acceptable and those who claim this right are obliged to serve an institutionalised nine months civilian service instead. Since 1998, women volunteers have been allowed to become professional soldiers.The main sectors of the Bundesheer are Joint Forces (Streitkräfteführungskommando, SKFüKdo) which consist of Land Forces (Landstreitkräfte), Air Forces (Luftstreitkräfte), International Missions (Internationale Einsätze) and Special Forces (Spezialeinsatzkräfte), next to Joint Mission Support Command (Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU) and Joint Command Support Centre (Führungsunterstützungszentrum; FüUZ). Austria is a landlocked country and has no navy.In 2012, Austria's defence expenditures corresponded to approximately 0.8% of its GDP. The Army currently has about 26,000 soldiers, of whom about 12,000 are conscripts. As head of state, Austrian President is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the Bundesheer. Command of the Austrian Armed Forces is exercised by the Minister of Defence, : Klaudia Tanner.Since the end of the Cold War, and more importantly the removal of the former heavily guarded "Iron Curtain" separating Austria and its Eastern Bloc neighbours (Hungary and former Czechoslovakia), the Austrian military has been assisting Austrian border guards in trying to prevent border crossings by illegal immigrants. This assistance came to an end when Hungary and Slovakia joined the EU Schengen Area in 2008, for all intents and purposes abolishing "internal" border controls between treaty states. Some politicians have called for a prolongation of this mission, but the legality of this is heavily disputed. In accordance with the Austrian constitution, armed forces may only be deployed in a limited number of cases, mainly to defend the country and aid in cases of national emergency, such as in the wake of natural disasters. They may generally not be used as auxiliary police forces.Within its self-declared status of permanent neutrality, Austria has a long and proud tradition of engaging in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. The Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit (AFDRU), in particular, an all-volunteer unit with close ties to civilian specialists (e.g. rescue dog handlers) enjoys a reputation as a quick (standard deployment time is 10 hours) and efficient SAR unit. Currently, larger contingents of Austrian forces are deployed in Bosnia and Kosovo.Austria is a federal republic consisting of nine states (). The states are sub-divided into districts () and statutory cities (). Districts are subdivided into municipalities (). Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. Vienna is unique in that it is both a city and a state.Austria's constituent states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g. in matters of culture, social welfare, youth and nature protection, hunting, building, and zoning ordinances. In recent years, it has been questioned whether a small country should maintain ten subnational legislatures. Consolidation of local governments has already been undertaken at the "Gemeinde" level for purposes of administrative efficiency and cost savings (")."The Ministry in charge of the Austrian corrections system is the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Justice is based out of Vienna. The head of the prison administration falls under the title of Director General. The total prison population rate as of July 2017 is 8,290 people. Pre-trial detainees make up 23.6%, female prisoners make up 5.7%, juveniles make up 1.4%, and foreign prisoners make up 54.2% of the prison system. Since 2000 the population has risen over 2,000 and has stabilized at over 8,000.Austria is a largely mountainous country because of its location in the Alps. The Central Eastern Alps, Northern Limestone Alps and Southern Limestone Alps are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (), only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below . The Alps of western Austria give way somewhat into low lands and plains in the eastern part of the country.Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E.It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the Carpathians account for around 12% and the foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian granite plateau, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the Vienna basin makes up the remaining 4%.Phytogeographically, Austria belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests, and Western European broadleaf forests. Austria had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.55/10, ranking it 149th globally out of 172 countries.The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate climate zone, where humid westerly winds predominate. With nearly three-quarters of the country dominated by the Alps, the alpine climate is predominant. In the east—in the Pannonian Plain and along the Danube valley—the climate shows continental features with less rain than the alpine areas. Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of in August 2013.According to the Köppen Climate Classification Austria has the following climate types: Oceanic (Cfb), Cool/Warm-summer humid continental (Dfb), Subarctic/Subalpine (Dfc), Tundra/Alpine (ET) and Ice-Cap (EF). It is important to note though that Austria may experience very cold, severe winters, but most of the time they are only around as cold as those in somewhat comparable climate zones, for example Southern Scandinavia or Eastern Europe. As well, at higher altitudes, summers are usually considerably cooler than in the valleys/lower altitudes. The subarctic and tundra climates seen around the Alps are much warmer in winter than what is normal elsewhere due in part to the Oceanic influence on this part of Europe.Austria consistently ranks high in terms of GDP per capita, due to its highly industrialized economy, and well-developed social market economy. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Labour movements are particularly influential, exercising large influence on labour politics and decisions related to the expansion of the economy. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the economy of Austria.Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the German economy. Since Austria became a member state of the European Union, it has gained closer ties to other EU economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership of the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP reached 3.3% in 2006. At least 67% of Austria's imports come from other European Union member states.Austria indicated on 16 November 2010 that it would withhold the December installment of its contribution to the EU bailout of Greece, citing the material worsening of the Greek debt situation and the apparent inability of Greece to collect the level of tax receipts it had previously promised.The Financial crisis of 2007–2008 dented the economy of Austria in other ways as well. It caused, for example, the Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International to be purchased in December 2009 by the government for 1 euro owing to credit difficulties, thus wiping out the €1.63bn of BayernLB. , the HGAA situation was unresolved, causing Chancellor Werner Faymann to warn that its failure would be comparable to the 1931 Creditanstalt event.Since the fall of communism, Austrian companies have been quite active players and consolidators in Eastern Europe. Between 1995 and 2010, 4,868 mergers and acquisitions with a total known value of 163 bil. EUR with the involvement of Austrian firms have been announced. The largest transactions with involvement of Austrian companies have been: the acquisition of Bank Austria by Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank for 7.8 billion EUR in 2000, the acquisition of Porsche Holding Salzburg by Volkswagen Group for 3.6 billion EUR in 2009, and the acquisition of Banca Comercială Română by Erste Group for 3.7 bil. EUR in 2005.Tourism in Austria accounts for almost 9% of its gross domestic product.In 2007, Austria ranked 9th worldwide in international tourism receipts, with 18.9 billion US$. In international tourist arrivals, Austria ranked 12th with 20.8 million tourists.In 1972, the country began construction of a nuclear-powered electricity-generation station at Zwentendorf on the River Danube, following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978, a referendum voted approximately 50.5% against nuclear power, 49.5% for, and parliament subsequently unanimously passed a law forbidding the use of nuclear power to generate electricity although the nuclear power plant was already finished.Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity by hydropower. Together with other renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass powerplants, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to 62.89% of total use in Austria, with the rest being produced by gas and oil power plants.Compared to most European countries, Austria is ecologically well endowed. Its biocapacity (or biological natural capital) is more than double of the world average: In 2016, Austria had 3.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, compared to the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In contrast, in 2016, they used 6.0 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means that Austrians use about 60 percent more biocapacity than Austria contains. As a result, Austria is running a biocapacity deficit.Austria's population was estimated to be nearly 9 million (8.9) in 2020 by the Statistik Austria. The population of the capital, Vienna, exceeds 1.9 million (2.6 million, including the suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population. It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living.Vienna is by far the country's largest city. Graz is second in size, with 291,007 inhabitants, followed by Linz (206,604), Salzburg (155,031), Innsbruck (131,989), and Klagenfurt (101,303). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.According to Eurostat, in 2018 there were 1.69 million foreign-born residents in Austria, corresponding to 19.2% of the total population. Of these, 928,700 (10.5%) were born outside the EU and 762,000 (8.6%) were born in another EU Member State. There are more than 483,100 descendants of foreign-born immigrants.Turks form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 350,000. 13,000 Turks were naturalised in 2003 and an unknown number have arrived in Austria at the same time. While 2,000 Turks left Austria in the same year, 10,000 immigrated to the country, confirming a strong trend of growth. Together, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, and Slovenes make up about 5.1% of Austria's total population.The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2017 was estimated at 1.52 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.83 children born per woman in 1873. In 2015, 42.1% of births were to unmarried women. Austria subsequently has the 12th oldest population in the world, with the average age of 44.2 years. The life expectancy in 2016 was estimated at 81.5 years (78.9 years male, 84.3 years female).Statistics Austria estimates that nearly 10 million people will live in the country by 2080.Standard Austrian German is spoken in Austria, though used primarily just in education, publications, announcements and websites. It is mostly identical to the Standard German of Germany but with some vocabulary differences. This Standard German language is used in formal contexts across Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as well as among those with significant German-speaking minorities: Italy, Belgium and Denmark. However, the common spoken language of Austria is not the Standard German taught in schools but Austro-Bavarian: a group of Upper German local dialects with varying degrees of difficulty being understood by each other as well as by speakers of non-Austrian German dialects. Taken as a collective whole, German languages or dialects are thus spoken natively by 88.6% of the population, which includes the 2.5% German-born citizens who reside in Austria, followed by Turkish (2.28%), Serbian (2.21%), Croatian (1.63%), English (0.73%), Hungarian (0.51%), Bosnian (0.43%), Polish (0.35%), Albanian (0.35%), Slovenian (0.31%), Czech (0.22%), Arabic (0.22%), and Romanian (0.21%).The Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Styria are home to a significant indigenous Slovene-speaking minority while in the easternmost state, Burgenland (formerly part of the Hungarian portion of Austria-Hungary), there are significant Hungarian- and Croatian-speaking minorities. Of the remaining number of Austria's people who are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former East Bloc nations. Guest workers "(Gastarbeiter)" and their descendants, as well as refugees from the Yugoslav wars and other conflicts, also form an important minority group in Austria. Since 1994 the Roma–Sinti (gypsies) have been an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria.According to census information published by Statistik Austria for 2001 there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, the largest by far are 283,334 foreign nationals from the former Yugoslavia (of whom 135,336 speak Serbian; 105,487 Croatian; 31,591 Bosnian – i.e. 272,414 Austrian resident native speakers in total, plus 6,902 Slovenian and 4,018 Macedonian speakers).The second largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the Turks (including minority of Kurds) with a number of 200,000 to 300,000 who currently live in Austria.The next largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the 124,392 who speak German as their mother tongue even though they hail from outside of Austria (mainly immigrants from Germany, some from Switzerland, South Tyrol in Italy, Romania, or the former Soviet Union); 123,417 English; 24,446 Albanian; 17,899 Polish; 14,699 Hungarian; 12,216 Romanian; 10,000 Malayali; 7,982 Arabic; 6,891 Slovak; 6,707 Czech; 5,916 Persian; 5,677 Italian; 5,466 Russian; 5,213 French; 4,938 Chinese; 4,264 Spanish; 3,503 Bulgarian. The numbers for other languages fall off sharply below 3,000.In 2006, some of the Austrian states introduced standardised tests for new citizens, to assure their language ability, cultural knowledge and accordingly their ability to integrate into the Austrian society. For the national rules, see Austrian nationality law – Naturalisation.Historically Austrians were regarded as ethnic Germans and viewed themselves as such, although this national identity was challenged by Austrian nationalism in the decades after the end of World War I and even more so after World War II. Austria was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until its ending in 1806 and had been part of the German Confederation, a loose association of 39 separate German-speaking countries, until the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, which resulted in the exclusion of Austria from the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation led by Prussia. In 1871, Germany was founded as a nation-state, Austria was not a part of it. After World War I and the breakup of the Austrian monarchy, politicians of the new republic declared its name to be "Deutschösterreich" (Republic of German-Austria) and that it was part of the German Republic. A unification of the two countries was forbidden by the treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye as one of the conditions imposed by the victorious Allies of World War I upon the vanquished nation, to prevent the creation of a territorially extensive German state. After the events of World War II and Nazism, Austria as a country has made efforts to develop an Austrian national identity among its populace, and nowadays most do not consider themselves Germans. However, a minority of Austrians still consider themselves to be Germans and advocate for a "Greater Germany", arguing that the historic boundaries of the German people goes beyond the boundaries of modern-day countries, especially Austria and Germany.Austrians may be described either as a nationality or as a homogeneous Germanic ethnic group, that is closely related to neighboring Germans, Liechtensteiners and German-speaking Swiss. Today 91.1% of the population are regarded as ethnic Austrians.The Turks are the largest single immigrant group in Austria, closely followed by the Serbs. Serbs form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 300,000 people. Historically, Serbian immigrants moved to Austria during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when Vojvodina was under Imperial control. Following World War II the number of Serbs expanded again, and today the community is very large. The Austrian Serbian Society was founded in 1936. Today, Serbs in Austria are mainly found in Vienna, Salzburg, and Graz.An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 Slovenes in the Austrian state of Carinthia (the Carinthian Slovenes) as well as Croats (around 30,000) and Hungarians in Burgenland were recognised as a minority and have had special rights following the Austrian State Treaty () of 1955. The Slovenes in the Austrian state of Styria (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognised as a minority and do not have special rights, although the State Treaty of 27 July 1955 states otherwise.The right for bilingual topographic signs for the regions where Slovene and Croat Austrians live alongside the German-speaking population (as required by the 1955 State Treaty) is still to be fully implemented in the view of some, while others believe that the treaty-derived obligations have been met (see below). Many Carinthians are afraid of Slovenian territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two World Wars and considering that some official Slovenian atlases show parts of Carinthia as Slovene cultural territory. The former governor of Carinthia Jörg Haider has made this fact a matter of public argument in autumn 2005 by refusing to increase the number of bilingual topographic signs in Carinthia. A poll by the Kärntner Humaninstitut conducted in January 2006 stated that 65% of Carinthians were not against an increase of bilingual topographic signs, since the original requirements set by the State Treaty of 1955 had already been fulfilled according to their point of view.Another interesting phenomenon is the so-called "" stating that the Slovenes can be split in two groups: actual Slovenes and "Windische" (a traditional German name for Slavs), based on differences in language between Austrian Slovenes, who were taught Slovene standard language in school and those Slovenes who spoke their local Slovene dialect but went to German schools. The term "Windische" was applied to the latter group as a means of distinction. This politically influenced theory, dividing Slovene Austrians into the "loyal Windische" and the "national Slovenes", was never generally accepted and fell out of use some decades ago.In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called "Kirchenbeitrag" ("Ecclesiastical/Church contribution"). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2018 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,050,000 members, or 56.9% of the total Austrian population. Sunday church attendance was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.The 2001 census report indicated that about 12% of the population declared that they have no religion; according to ecclesiastical information this share had grown to 20% by 2015. Of the remaining people, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, mainly due to the influx from Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. The number of Muslims has doubled in 15 years to 700,000 in 2016. About 180,000 are members of Orthodox Churches (mostly Serbs), about 21,000 people are active Jehovah's Witnesses and about 8,100 are Jewish.According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2010,Education in Austria is entrusted partly to the Austrian states (Bundesländer) and partly to the federal government. School attendance is compulsory for nine years, i.e. usually to the age of fifteen.Pre-school education (called "Kindergarten" in German), free in most states, is provided for all children between the ages of three and six years and, whilst optional, is considered a normal part of a child's education due to its high takeup rate. Maximum class size is around 30, each class normally being cared for by one qualified teacher and one assistant.Primary education, or Volksschule, lasts for four years, starting at age six. The maximum class size is 30, but may be as low as 15. It is generally expected that a class will be taught by one teacher for the entire four years and the stable bond between teacher and pupil is considered important for a child's well-being. The 3Rs (Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic) dominate lesson time, with less time allotted to project work than in the UK. Children work individually and all members of a class follow the same plan of work. There is no streaming.Standard attendance times are 8 am to 12 pm or 1 pm, with hourly five- or ten-minute breaks. Children are given homework daily from the first year. Historically there has been no lunch hour, with children returning home to eat. However, due to a rise in the number of mothers in work, primary schools are increasingly offering pre-lesson and afternoon care.As in Germany, secondary education consists of two main types of schools, attendance at which is based on a pupil's ability as determined by grades from the primary school. The Gymnasium caters for the more able children, in the final year of which the Matura examination is taken, which is a requirement for access to university. The Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education but also for various types of further education (Höhere Technische Lehranstalt HTL = institution of higher technical education; HAK = commercial academy; HBLA = institution of higher education for economic business; etc.). Attendance at one of these further education institutes also leads to the Matura. Some schools aim to combine the education available at the Gymnasium and the Hauptschule, and are known as Gesamtschulen. In addition, a recognition of the importance of learning English has led some Gymnasiums to offer a bilingual stream, in which pupils deemed able in languages follow a modified curriculum, a portion of the lesson time being conducted in English.As at primary school, lessons at Gymnasium begin at 8 am and continue with short intervals until lunchtime or early afternoon, with children returning home to a late lunch. Older pupils often attend further lessons after a break for lunch, generally eaten at school. As at primary level, all pupils follow the same plan of work. Great emphasis is placed on homework and frequent testing. Satisfactory marks in the end-of-the-year report ("Zeugnis") are a prerequisite for moving up ("aufsteigen") to the next class. Pupils who do not meet the required standard re-sit their tests at the end of the summer holidays; those whose marks are still not satisfactory are required to re-sit the year ("sitzenbleiben").It is not uncommon for a pupil to re-sit more than one year of school. After completing the first two years, pupils choose between one of two strands, known as "Gymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on arts) or "Realgymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on science). Whilst many schools offer both strands, some do not, and as a result, some children move schools for a second time at age 12. At age 14, pupils may choose to remain in one of these two strands, or to change to a vocational course, possibly with a further change of school.The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the Matura examination until recently. A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as Medicine. In 2001, an obligatory tuition fee (""Studienbeitrag"") of €363.36 per term was introduced for all public universities. Since 2008, for all EU students the studies have been free of charge, as long as a certain time-limit is not exceeded (the expected duration of the study plus usually two terms tolerance). When the time-limit is exceeded, the fee of around €363.36 per term is charged. Some further exceptions to the fee apply, e.g. for students with a year's salary of more than about €5000. In all cases, an obligatory fee of €20.20 is charged for the student union and insurance.Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music. Austria was the birthplace of many famous composers such as Joseph Haydn, Michael Haydn, Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr. and Johann Strauss, Jr. as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, then an independent Church Principality of the Holy Roman Empire, which later became part of Austria, and much of Mozart's career was spent in Vienna.Vienna was for a long time an important centre of musical innovation. 18th- and 19th-century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music.Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural centre in the early 16th century, and was focused around instruments, including the lute. Ludwig van Beethoven spent the better part of his life in Vienna. Austria's current national anthem, attributed to Mozart, was chosen after World War II to replace the traditional Austrian anthem by Joseph Haydn.Austrian Herbert von Karajan was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 35 years. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death.International pop super star Johann Hölzel, also known by his stage name Falco was born in Vienna, Austria 19 February 1957.Conchita Wurst is also a renowned singer from the Austrian stock.Among Austrian Artists and architects one can find the painters Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Rudolf von Alt, Hans Makart, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele, Carl Moll, and Friedensreich Hundertwasser, the photographers Inge Morath and Ernst Haas, and architects like Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and Hans Hollein (recipient of the 1985 Pritzker Architecture Prize). Contemporary artist Herbert Brandl.Sascha Kolowrat was an Austrian pioneer of filmmaking. Billy Wilder, Fritz Lang, Josef von Sternberg, and Fred Zinnemann originally came from the Austrian Empire before establishing themselves as internationally relevant filmmakers. Willi Forst, Ernst Marischka, and Franz Antel enriched the popular cinema in German-speaking countries. Michael Haneke became internationally known for his disturbing cinematic studies, receiving a Golden Globe for his critically acclaimed film "The White Ribbon" (2010).The first Austrian director to receive an Academy Award was Stefan Ruzowitzky. A number of Austrian actors also pursued international careers, among them Peter Lorre, Helmut Berger, Curd Jürgens, Senta Berger, Oskar Werner, and Klaus Maria Brandauer. Most notably, Hedy Lamarr and Arnold Schwarzenegger became international movie stars in Hollywood. Christoph Waltz rose to fame with his performances in "Inglourious Basterds" and "Django Unchained", earning him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2010 and 2012. Max Reinhardt was a master of spectacular and astute theatre productions. Otto Schenk not only excelled as a stage actor, but also as an opera director.Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation. Among them are Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, Victor Franz Hess and Christian Doppler, prominent scientists in the 19th century. In the 20th century, contributions by Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger and Wolfgang Pauli to nuclear research and quantum mechanics were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day quantum physicist is Anton Zeilinger, noted as the first scientist to demonstrate quantum teleportation.In addition to physicists, Austria was the birthplace of two of the most noteworthy philosophers of the 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper. In addition to them, biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus were Austrians.A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in medieval times with Paracelsus. Eminent physicians like Theodore Billroth, Clemens von Pirquet, and Anton von Eiselsberg have built upon the achievements of the 19th-century Vienna School of Medicine. Austria was home to Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, Alfred Adler, founder of Individual psychology, psychologists Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger, and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl.The Austrian School of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists Carl Menger, Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek. Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker Peter Drucker, sociologist Paul Felix Lazarsfeld and scientist Sir Gustav Nossal.Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers, and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard, and Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke, Adalbert Stifter, Karl Kraus and children's author Eva Ibbotson.Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Nobel prize winner Elfriede Jelinek, Peter Handke and Daniel Kehlmann.Austria's cuisine is derived from that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austrian cuisine is mainly the tradition of Royal-Cuisine ("Hofküche") delivered over centuries. It is famous for its well-balanced variations of beef and pork and countless variations of vegetables. There is also the "Mehlspeisen" Bakery, which created particular delicacies such as Sachertorte, "Krapfen" which are doughnuts usually filled with apricot jam or custard, and "Strudel" such as "Apfelstrudel" filled with apple, "Topfenstrudel" filled with a type of cheese curd called "topfen", and "Millirahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel).In addition to native regional traditions, the cuisine has been influenced by Hungarian, Czech, Polish, Jewish, Italian, Balkan and French cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian cuisine is therefore one of the most multicultural and transcultural in Europe.Typical Austrian dishes include Wiener Schnitzel, Schweinsbraten, Kaiserschmarren, Knödel, Sachertorte and Tafelspitz. There are also Kärntner Kasnudeln, which are pockets of dough filled with Topfen, potatoes, herbs and peppermint which are boiled and served with a butter sauce. Kasnudeln are traditionally served with a salad. Eierschwammerl dishes are also popular. The sugar block dispenser Pez was invented in Austria, as well as Mannerschnitten. Austria is also famous for its Mozartkugeln and its coffee tradition. With over 8 kg per year it has the sixth highest per capita coffee consumption worldwide.Beer is sold in 0.2 litre (a "Pfiff"), 0.3 litre (a "Seidel", "kleines Bier" or "Glas Bier") and 0.5 litre (a "Krügerl" or "großes Bier" or "Halbe") measures. At festivals one litre "Maß" and two litre "Doppelmaß" in the Bavarian style are also dispensed. The most popular types of beer are lager (known as "Märzen" in Austria), naturally cloudy "Zwicklbier" and wheat beer. At holidays like Christmas and Easter bock beer is also available.The most important wine-producing areas are in Lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria and Vienna. The Grüner Veltliner grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines and Zweigelt is the most widely planted red wine grape.In Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, "Most", a type of cider or perry, is widely produced.A Schnapps of typically up to 60% alcohol or fruit brandy is drunk, which in Austria is made from a variety of fruits, for example apricots and rowanberries. The produce of small private schnapps distilleries, of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as "Selbstgebrannter" or "Hausbrand".Local soft drinks such as Almdudler are very popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade. Red Bull, the highest-selling energy drink in the world, was introduced by Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur.Due to the mountainous terrain, alpine skiing is a prominent sport in Austria and is extremely valuable in the promotion and economic growth of the country. Similar sports such as snowboarding or ski-jumping are also widely popular. Austrian athletes such as Annemarie Moser-Pröll, Franz Klammer, Hermann Maier, Toni Sailer, Benjamin Raich, Marlies Schild & Marcel Hirscher are widely regarded as some of the greatest alpine skiers of all time, Armin Kogler, Andreas Felder, Ernst Vettori, Andreas Goldberger, Andreas Widhölzl, Thomas Morgenstern & Gregor Schlierenzauer as some of the greatest ski jumpers of all time. Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton are also popular events with a permanent track located in Igls, which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck. The first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012 were held in Innsbruck as well.A popular team sport in Austria is football, which is governed by the Austrian Football Association. Austria was among the most successful football playing nations on the European continent placing 4th at the 1934 FIFA World Cup, 3rd at the 1954 FIFA World Cup and 7th at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. However, recently Austrian football has not been internationally successful. It also co-hosted the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship with Switzerland. The national Austrian football league is the Austrian Bundesliga, which includes teams such as record-champions SK Rapid Wien, FK Austria Wien, Red Bull Salzburg and Sturm Graz.Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports, including the Austrian Hockey League for ice hockey, and the Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga for basketball. Horseback riding is also popular; the famed Spanish Riding School of Vienna is located in Vienna.Niki Lauda is a former Formula One driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. Other known Austrian F1 drivers are for example Gerhard Berger and Jochen Rindt. Austria also hosts F1 races (Austrian Grand Prix); now held at Red Bull Ring, in the past also at Österreichring and Zeltweg Airfield.Thomas Muster is a former tennis player and one of the greatest clay courters of all time. He won the 1995 French Open and in 1996 he was ranked number 1 in the ATP Ranking. Other well known Austrian tennis players include the 2020 US Open winner Dominic Thiem, Horst Skoff and Jürgen Melzer.Sport played a significant role in developing national consciousness and boosting national self-confidence in the early years of the Second Republic after World War II, through events such as the Tour of Austria cycle race and through sporting successes such as the national football team's run to third at the 1954 World Cup and the performances of Toni Sailer and the rest of the "Kitzbühel Miracle Team" in the 1950s.	[ "Karl Renner", "Rudolf Kirchschläger", "Adolf Schärf", "Theodor Körner", "Kurt Waldheim", "Franz Jonas", "Michael Hainisch", "Heinz Fischer", "Alexander Van der Bellen", "Thomas Klestil" ]
Who was the head of state of Austria in 1935-05-28?	May 28, 1935	{ "text": [ "Wilhelm Miklas" ] }	L2_Q40_P35_1	Thomas Klestil is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1992 to Jul, 2004. Michael Hainisch is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1920 to Dec, 1928. Adolf Schärf is the head of the state of Austria from May, 1957 to Feb, 1965. Franz Jonas is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1965 to Apr, 1974. Kurt Waldheim is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1986 to Jul, 1992. Heinz Fischer is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2016. Alexander Van der Bellen is the head of the state of Austria from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Rudolf Kirchschläger is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1974 to Jul, 1986. Karl Renner is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1945 to Dec, 1950. Theodor Körner is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1951 to Jan, 1957. Wilhelm Miklas is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1928 to May, 1938.	AustriaAustria (, ; ), officially the Republic of Austria (, ), is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states ("Bundesländer"), one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy. In the 16th century, Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg – one of the most influential royal dynasties in history. As an archduchy, it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire. Early in the 19th century, Austria established its own empire, which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation, but pursued its own course independently of the other German states following its defeat in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. In 1867, in compromise with Hungary, the Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy was established.Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne. After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of union with Germany, but the Allied Powers did not support the new state and it remained unrecognized. In 1919 the First Austrian Republic became the legal successor of Austria. In 1938, the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler, who became the Chancellor of the German Reich, achieved the annexation of Austria by the Anschluss. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and an extended period of Allied occupation, Austria was re-established as a sovereign and self-governing democratic nation known as the Second Republic.Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy with a directly elected Federal President as head of state and a Chancellor as head of the federal government. Major urban areas of Austria include Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is consistently ranked in the top 20 richest countries in the world by GDP per capita terms. The country has achieved a high standard of living and in 2018 was ranked 20th in the world for its Human Development Index. Vienna consistently ranks in the top internationally on quality-of-life indicators.The Second Republic declared its perpetual neutrality in foreign political affairs in 1955. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995. It plays host to the OSCE and OPEC and is a founding member of the OECD and Interpol. Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999.The German name for Austria, , derives from the Old High German , which meant "eastern realm" and which first appeared in the "Ostarrîchi document" of 996. This word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin into a local (Bavarian) dialect.Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976. The word "Austria" is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century.At the time, the Danube basin of Austria (Upper and Lower Austria) was the easternmost extent of Bavaria.The Central European land that is now Austria was settled in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes. The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province. Present-day Petronell-Carnuntum in eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province. Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years.After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by Bavarians, Slavs and Avars. Charlemagne, King of the Franks, conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonization, and introduced Christianity. As part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg. The area was known as the "marchia Orientalis" and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976.The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as "Ostarrîchi", referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria. With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished.As a result, Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia. His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278. Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.The Habsburgs began also to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. In 1477, Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family. In 1496, his son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, thus acquiring Spain and its Italian, African, Asian and New World appendages for the Habsburgs.In 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the Long War of 1593 to 1606. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly 20 times, of which some are cited as "burning, pillaging, and taking thousands of slaves". In late September 1529 Suleiman the Magnificent launched the first Siege of Vienna, which unsuccessfully ended, according to Ottoman historians, with the snowfalls of an early beginning winter.During the long reign of Leopold I (1657–1705) and following the successful defence of Vienna against the Turks in 1683 (under the command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski), a series of campaigns resulted in bringing most of Hungary to Austrian control by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.Emperor Charles VI relinquished many of the gains the empire made in the previous years, largely due to his apprehensions at the imminent extinction of the House of Habsburg. Charles was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction that made his daughter Maria Theresa his heir. With the rise of Prussia, the Austrian–Prussian dualism began in Germany. Austria participated, together with Prussia and Russia, in the first and the third of the three Partitions of Poland (in 1772 and 1795).Austria later became engaged in a war with Revolutionary France, at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon, meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier, the Empire of Austria was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties. In 1814, Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the Napoleonic Wars.It emerged from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised great power. The same year, the German Confederation () was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political, and national conflicts, the German lands were shaken by the 1848 revolutions aiming to create a unified Germany.The various different possibilities for a united Germany were: a Greater Germany, or a Greater Austria or just the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the German Empire of 1848, the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against Denmark and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though, they fought the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Defeated by Prussia in the Battle of Königgrätz, Austria had to leave the German Confederation and no longer took part in German politics.The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the "Ausgleich", provided for a dual sovereignty, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, under Franz Joseph I. The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various Slavic groups, including Croats, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities.As a result, ruling Austria-Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements, requiring considerable reliance on an expanded secret police. Yet, the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: for example, the "Reichsgesetzblatt", publishing the laws and ordinances of Cisleithania, was issued in eight languages; and all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mother tongue at state offices.Many Austrians of all different social circles such as Georg Ritter von Schönerer promoted strong pan-Germanism in hope of reinforcing an ethnic German identity and the annexation of Austria to Germany. Some Austrians such as Karl Lueger also used pan-Germanism as a form of populism to further their own political goals. Although Bismarck's policies excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany, many Austrian pan-Germans idolized him and wore blue cornflowers, known to be the favourite flower of German Emperor William I, in their buttonholes, along with cockades in the German national colours (black, red, and yellow), although they were both temporarily banned in Austrian schools, as a way to show discontent towards the multi-ethnic empire.Austria's exclusion from Germany caused many Austrians a problem with their national identity and prompted the Social Democratic Leader Otto Bauer to state that it was "the conflict between our Austrian and German character". The Austro-Hungarian Empire caused ethnic tension between the German Austrians and the other ethnic groups. Many Austrians, especially those involved with the pan-German movements, desired a reinforcement of an ethnic German identity and hoped that the empire would collapse, which would allow an annexation of Austria with Germany.A lot of Austrian pan-German nationalists protested passionately against minister-president Kasimir Count Badeni's language decree of 1897, which made German and Czech co-official languages in Bohemia and required new government officials to be fluent in both languages. This meant in practice that the civil service would almost exclusively hire Czechs, because most middle-class Czechs spoke German but not the other way around. The support of ultramontane Catholic politicians and clergy for this reform triggered the launch of the "Away from Rome" () movement, which was initiated by supporters of Schönerer and called on "German" Christians to leave the Roman Catholic Church.As the Second Constitutional Era began in the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary took the opportunity to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. Theassassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip was used by leading Austrian politicians and generals to persuade the emperor to declare war on Serbia, thereby risking and prompting the outbreak of World War I, which eventually led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Over one million Austro-Hungarian soldiers died in World War I.On 21 October 1918, the elected German members of the "Reichsrat" (parliament of Imperial Austria) met in Vienna as the Provisional National Assembly for German Austria ("Provisorische Nationalversammlung für Deutschösterreich"). On 30 October the assembly founded the Republic of German Austria by appointing a government, called "Staatsrat". This new government was invited by the Emperor to take part in the decision on the planned armistice with Italy, but refrained from this business.This left the responsibility for the end of the war, on 3 November 1918, solely to the emperor and his government. On 11 November, the emperor, advised by ministers of the old and the new governments, declared he would not take part in state business any more; on 12 November, German Austria, by law, declared itself to be a democratic republic and part of the new German republic. The constitution, renaming the "Staatsrat" as "Bundesregierung" (federal government) and "Nationalversammlung" as "Nationalrat" (national council) was passed on 10 November 1920.The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 (for Hungary the Treaty of Trianon of 1920) confirmed and consolidated the new order of Central Europe which to a great extent had been established in November 1918, creating new states and altering others. The German-speaking parts of Austria which had been part of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state named The Republic of German-Austria (German: "Republik Deutschösterreich"), though excluding the predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol. The desire for "Anschluss" (annexation of Austria to Germany) was a popular opinion shared by all social circles in both Austria and Germany. On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat Karl Renner as provisional chancellor. On the same day it drafted a provisional constitution that stated that "German-Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich" (Article 2). The Treaty of Saint Germain and the Treaty of Versailles explicitly forbid union between Austria and Germany. The treaties also forced German-Austria to rename itself as "Republic of Austria" which consequently led to the first Austrian Republic.Over 3 million German-speaking Austrians found themselves living outside the new Austrian Republic as minorities in the newly formed or enlarged states of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Italy. These included the provinces of South Tyrol (which became part of Italy) and German Bohemia (Czechoslovakia). The status of German Bohemia (Sudetenland) later played a role in sparking the Second World War.The status of South Tyrol was a lingering problem between Austria and Italy until it was officially settled by the 1980s with a great degree of autonomy being granted to it by the Italian national government. The border between Austria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) was settled with the Carinthian Plebiscite in October 1920 and allocated the major part of the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Crownland of Carinthia to Austria. This set the border on the Karawanken mountain range, with many Slovenes remaining in Austria.After the war, inflation began to devalue the Krone, which was still Austria's currency. In autumn 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the League of Nations. The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve Austria's general economic condition. The loan meant that Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. In 1925, the "Schilling" was introduced, replacing the Krone at a rate of 10,000:1. Later, it was nicknamed the "Alpine dollar" due to its stability. From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing after Black Tuesday.The First Austrian Republic lasted until 1933, when Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, using what he called "self-switch-off of Parliament", established an autocratic regime tending towards Italian fascism. The two big parties at this time, the Social Democrats and the Conservatives, had paramilitary armies; the Social Democrats' "Schutzbund" was now declared illegal, but was still operative as civil war broke out.In February 1934, several members of the "Schutzbund" were executed, the Social Democratic party was outlawed, and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated. On 1 May 1934, the Austrofascists imposed a new constitution ("Maiverfassung") which cemented Dollfuss's power, but on 25 July he was assassinated in a Nazi coup attempt.His successor Kurt Schuschnigg acknowledged Austria as a "German state" and that Austrians were "better Germans" but wished for Austria to remain independent. He announced a referendum on 9 March 1938, to be held on 13 March, concerning Austria's independence from Germany. On 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over government, while German troops occupied the country, which prevented Schuschnigg's referendum from taking place. On 13 March 1938, the "Anschluss" of Austria was officially declared. Two days later, Austrian-born Hitler announced what he called the "reunification" of his home country with the "rest of the German Reich" on Vienna's Heldenplatz. He established a plebiscite confirming the union with Germany in April 1938.Parliamentary elections were held in Germany (including recently annexed Austria) on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule, and took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single Nazi-party list for the 813-member Reichstag, as well as the recent annexation of Austria (the Anschluss). Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote. Turnout in the election was officially 99.5%, with 98.9% voting "yes". In the case of Austria, Adolf Hitler's native soil, 99.71% of an electorate of 4,484,475 officially went to the ballots, with a positive tally of 99.73%. Although most Austrians favoured the "Anschluss", in certain parts of Austria the German soldiers were not always welcomed with flowers and joy, especially in Vienna which had Austria's largest Jewish population. Nevertheless, despite the propaganda and the manipulation and rigging which surrounded the ballot box result, there was massive genuine support for Hitler for fulfilling the "Anschluss", since many Germans from both Austria and Germany saw it as completing the long overdue unification of all Germans into one state.On 12 March 1938, Austria was annexed to the Third Reich and ceased to exist as an independent country. The Aryanisation of the wealth of Jewish Austrians started immediately in mid-March, with a so-called "wild" (i.e. extra-legal) phase, but was soon structured legally and bureaucratically to strip Jewish citizens of any assets they possessed. At that time Adolf Eichmann, who grew up in Austria, was transferred to Vienna to persecute the Jews. During the November pogrom in 1938 ("Reichskristallnacht"), Jews and Jewish institutions such as synagogues were victims of severe violent attacks in Vienna, Klagenfurt, Linz, Graz, Salzburg, Innsbruck and several cities in Lower Austria. Otto von Habsburg, a vehement opponent of the Nazis, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, an honorary citizen of hundreds of places in Austria and partly envisaged by Schuschnigg as a monarchical option, was in Belgium at the time. He spoke out against the Anschluss and was then wanted by the Nazi regime and expropriated and should be shot immediately if he is caught. The Nazis renamed Austria in 1938 as "Ostmark" until 1942, when it was again renamed and called "Alpine and Danubian Gaue" (Alpen-und Donau-Reichsgaue).Though Austrians made up only 8% of the population of the Third Reich, some of the most prominent Nazis were native Austrians, including Adolf Hitler, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Franz Stangl, Alois Brunner, Friedrich Rainer and Odilo Globocnik, as were over 13% of the SS and 40% of the staff at the Nazi extermination camps. In the Reichsgau, besides the main camp KZ-Mauthausen, there were numerous sub-camps in all federal states where Jews and prisoners were killed, tortured and exploited. At this time, because the territory was outside the operational radius of the Allied aircraft, the armaments industry was greatly expanded through the use of concentration camp prisoners and forced labor, especially for fighter planes, tanks and missiles.Most of the resistance groups were soon crushed by the Gestapo. While the plans of the group around Karl Burian to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in Vienna were uncovered, the important group around the later executed priest Heinrich Maier managed to contact the Allies. This so-called Maier-Messner group was able to send the Allies information about armaments factories for V-1, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft (Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, etc.), which was important for Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. This resistance group, which was in contact with the American secret service OSS, soon provided information about mass executions and concentration camps such as Auschwitz. The aim of the group was to let Nazi Germany lose the war as quickly as possible and to re-establish an independent Austria.Vienna fell on 13 April 1945, during the Soviet Vienna Offensive, just before the total collapse of the Third Reich. The invading Allied powers, in particular the Americans, planned for the supposed "Alpine Fortress Operation" of a national redoubt, that was largely to have taken place on Austrian soil in the mountains of the Eastern Alps. However, it never materialised because of the rapid collapse of the Reich.Karl Renner and Adolf Schärf (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a provisional government in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious Red Army and backed by Joseph Stalin. (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. Total military deaths from 1939 to 1945 are estimated at 260,000. Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 65,000. About 140,000 Jewish Austrians had fled the country in 1938–39. Thousands of Austrians had taken part in serious Nazi crimes (hundreds of thousands died in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp alone), a fact officially recognised by Chancellor Franz Vranitzky in 1992.Much like Germany, Austria was divided into American, British, French, and Soviet zones and governed by the Allied Commission for Austria. As forecast in the Moscow Declaration in 1943, a subtle difference was seen in the treatment of Austria by the Allies. The Austrian government, consisting of Social Democrats, Conservatives, and Communists (until 1947), and residing in Vienna, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone, was recognised by the Western Allies in October 1945 after some doubts that Renner could be Stalin's puppet. Thus, the creation of a separate Western Austrian government and the division of the country was avoided. Austria, in general, was treated as though it had been originally invaded by Germany and liberated by the Allies.On 15 May 1955, after talks which lasted for years and were influenced by the Cold War, Austria regained full independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers. On 26 October 1955, after all occupation troops had left, Austria declared its "permanent neutrality" by an act of parliament. This day is now Austria's National Day, a public holiday.The political system of the Second Republic is based on the constitution of 1920 and 1929, which was reintroduced in 1945. The system came to be characterised by "Proporz", meaning that most posts of political importance were split evenly between members of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). Interest group "chambers" with mandatory membership (e.g. for workers, business people, farmers) grew to considerable importance and were usually consulted in the legislative process, so hardly any legislation was passed that did not reflect widespread consensus.Since 1945, governing via a single-party government has occurred twice: 1966–1970 (ÖVP) and 1970–1983 (SPÖ). During all other legislative periods, either a grand coalition of SPÖ and ÖVP or a "small coalition" (one of these two and a smaller party) ruled the country.Kurt Waldheim, a Wehrmacht officer in the Second World War accused of war crimes, was elected President of Austria from 1986 to 1992.Following a referendum in 1994, at which consent reached a majority of two-thirds, the country became a member of the European Union on 1 January 1995.The major parties SPÖ and ÖVP have contrary opinions about the future status of Austria's military nonalignment: While the SPÖ in public supports a neutral role, the ÖVP argues for stronger integration into the EU's security policy; even a future NATO membership is not ruled out by some ÖVP politicians (ex. Dr Werner Fasslabend (ÖVP) in 1997). In reality, Austria is taking part in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, participates in peacekeeping and peace creating tasks, and has become a member of NATO's "Partnership for Peace"; the constitution has been amended accordingly. Since Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area in 2011, none of Austria's neighbouring countries performs border controls towards it anymore.The Parliament of Austria is located in Vienna, the country's capital and most populous city. Austria became a federal, representative democratic republic through the Federal Constitution of 1920. The political system of the Second Republic with its nine states is based on the constitution of 1920, amended in 1929, which was reenacted on 1 May 1945.The head of state is the Federal President ("Bundespräsident"), who is directly elected by popular majority vote, with a run-off between the top-scoring candidates if necessary. The head of the Federal Government is the Federal Chancellor ("Bundeskanzler"), who is selected by the President and tasked with forming a government based on the partisan composition of the lower house of parliament.The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by vote of no confidence in the lower chamber of parliament, the Nationalrat. Voting for the Federal President and for the Parliament used to be compulsory in Austria, but this was abolished in steps from 1982 to 2004.Austria's parliament consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat (183 seats) is determined every five years (or whenever the Nationalrat has been dissolved by the federal president on a motion by the federal chancellor, or by Nationalrat itself) by a general election in which every citizen over the age of 16 has the right to vote. The voting age was lowered from 18 in 2007.While there is a general threshold of 4% of the vote for all parties in federal elections ("Nationalratswahlen") to participate in the proportional allocation of seats, there remains the possibility of being elected to a seat directly in one of the 43 regional electoral districts ().The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the legislative process in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the Bundesrat, has a limited right of veto (the Nationalrat canin almost all casesultimately pass the respective bill by voting a second time; this is referred to as a "Beharrungsbeschluss", lit. "vote of persistence"). A constitutional convention, called the was convened on 30 June 2003 to consider reforms to the constitution, but failed to produce a proposal that would command a two-thirds majority in the Nationalrat, the margin necessary for constitutional amendments and/or reform.While the bicameral Parliament and the Government constitute the legislative and executive branches, respectively, the courts are the third branch of Austrian state powers. The Constitutional Court ("Verfassungsgerichtshof") exerts considerable influence on the political system because of its power to invalidate legislation and ordinances that are not in compliance with the constitution. Since 1995, the European Court of Justice may overrule Austrian decisions in all matters defined in laws of the European Union. Austria also implements the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, since the European Convention on Human Rights is part of the Austrian constitution.After general elections held in October 2006, the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) emerged as the strongest party, and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) came in second, having lost about 8% of its previous polling. Political realities prohibited any of the two major parties from forming a coalition with smaller parties. In January 2007 the People's Party and SPÖ formed a grand coalition with the social democrat Alfred Gusenbauer as Chancellor. This coalition broke up in June 2008.Elections in September 2008 further weakened both major parties (SPÖ and ÖVP) but together they still held 70% of the votes, with the Social Democrats holding slightly more than the other party. They formed a coalition with Werner Faymann from the Social Democrats as Chancellor. The Green Party came in third with 11% of the vote. The FPÖ and the deceased Jörg Haider's new party Alliance for the Future of Austria, both on the political right, were strengthened during the election but taken together received less than 20% of the vote.In the legislative elections of 2013, the Social Democratic Party received 27% of the vote and 52 seats; People's Party 24% and 47 seats, thus controlling together the majority of the seats. The Freedom Party received 40 seats and 21% of the votes, while the Greens received 12% and 24 seats. Two new parties, Stronach and the NEOS, received less than 10% of the vote, and 11 and nine seats respectively.After the Grand Coalition broke in Spring 2017 a snap election was proclaimed for October 2017. The Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) with its new young leader Sebastian Kurz emerged as the largest party in the National Council, winning 31.5% of votes and 62 of the 183 seats. The Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) finished second with 52 seats and 26.9% votes, slightly ahead of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which received 51 seats and 26%. NEOS finished fourth with 10 seats (5.3 percent of votes), and PILZ (which split from the Green Party at the start of the campaign) entered parliament for the first time and came in fifth place with 8 seats and 4.4% The Green Party failed with 3.8% to cross the 4% threshold and was ejected from parliament, losing all of its 24 seats. The ÖVP decided to form a coalition with the FPÖ. The new government between the centre-right wing and the right-wing populist party under the new chancellor Sebastian Kurz was sworn in on 18 December 2017, but the coalition government later collapsed and new elections were called for 29 September 2019. The elections lead to another landslide victory (37.5%) of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) who formed a coalition-government with the reinvigorated (13.9%) Greens, which was sworn in with Kurz as chancellor on January 7, 2020.The 1955 Austrian State Treaty ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognised Austria as an independent and sovereign state. On 26 October 1955, the Federal Assembly passed a constitutional article in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality." The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory." Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality, but rather different from the neutrality of Switzerland.Austria began to reassess its definition of neutrality following the fall of the Soviet Union, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against Iraq in 1991, and since 1995, it has developed participation in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy. Also in 1995, it joined NATO's Partnership for Peace (although it was careful to do so only after Russia joined) and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Meanwhile, the only part of the Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 1955 still fully valid is to not allow foreign military bases in Austria. Austria signed the UN's Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, which was opposed by all NATO members.Austria attaches great importance to participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and other international economic organisations, and it has played an active role in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE-participating State, Austria's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission.The manpower of the Austrian Armed Forces () mainly relies on conscription. All males who have reached the age of eighteen and are found fit have to serve a six months compulsory military service, followed by an eight-year reserve obligation. Both males and females at the age of sixteen are eligible for voluntary service. Conscientious objection is legally acceptable and those who claim this right are obliged to serve an institutionalised nine months civilian service instead. Since 1998, women volunteers have been allowed to become professional soldiers.The main sectors of the Bundesheer are Joint Forces (Streitkräfteführungskommando, SKFüKdo) which consist of Land Forces (Landstreitkräfte), Air Forces (Luftstreitkräfte), International Missions (Internationale Einsätze) and Special Forces (Spezialeinsatzkräfte), next to Joint Mission Support Command (Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU) and Joint Command Support Centre (Führungsunterstützungszentrum; FüUZ). Austria is a landlocked country and has no navy.In 2012, Austria's defence expenditures corresponded to approximately 0.8% of its GDP. The Army currently has about 26,000 soldiers, of whom about 12,000 are conscripts. As head of state, Austrian President is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the Bundesheer. Command of the Austrian Armed Forces is exercised by the Minister of Defence, : Klaudia Tanner.Since the end of the Cold War, and more importantly the removal of the former heavily guarded "Iron Curtain" separating Austria and its Eastern Bloc neighbours (Hungary and former Czechoslovakia), the Austrian military has been assisting Austrian border guards in trying to prevent border crossings by illegal immigrants. This assistance came to an end when Hungary and Slovakia joined the EU Schengen Area in 2008, for all intents and purposes abolishing "internal" border controls between treaty states. Some politicians have called for a prolongation of this mission, but the legality of this is heavily disputed. In accordance with the Austrian constitution, armed forces may only be deployed in a limited number of cases, mainly to defend the country and aid in cases of national emergency, such as in the wake of natural disasters. They may generally not be used as auxiliary police forces.Within its self-declared status of permanent neutrality, Austria has a long and proud tradition of engaging in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. The Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit (AFDRU), in particular, an all-volunteer unit with close ties to civilian specialists (e.g. rescue dog handlers) enjoys a reputation as a quick (standard deployment time is 10 hours) and efficient SAR unit. Currently, larger contingents of Austrian forces are deployed in Bosnia and Kosovo.Austria is a federal republic consisting of nine states (). The states are sub-divided into districts () and statutory cities (). Districts are subdivided into municipalities (). Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. Vienna is unique in that it is both a city and a state.Austria's constituent states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g. in matters of culture, social welfare, youth and nature protection, hunting, building, and zoning ordinances. In recent years, it has been questioned whether a small country should maintain ten subnational legislatures. Consolidation of local governments has already been undertaken at the "Gemeinde" level for purposes of administrative efficiency and cost savings (")."The Ministry in charge of the Austrian corrections system is the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Justice is based out of Vienna. The head of the prison administration falls under the title of Director General. The total prison population rate as of July 2017 is 8,290 people. Pre-trial detainees make up 23.6%, female prisoners make up 5.7%, juveniles make up 1.4%, and foreign prisoners make up 54.2% of the prison system. Since 2000 the population has risen over 2,000 and has stabilized at over 8,000.Austria is a largely mountainous country because of its location in the Alps. The Central Eastern Alps, Northern Limestone Alps and Southern Limestone Alps are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (), only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below . The Alps of western Austria give way somewhat into low lands and plains in the eastern part of the country.Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E.It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the Carpathians account for around 12% and the foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian granite plateau, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the Vienna basin makes up the remaining 4%.Phytogeographically, Austria belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests, and Western European broadleaf forests. Austria had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.55/10, ranking it 149th globally out of 172 countries.The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate climate zone, where humid westerly winds predominate. With nearly three-quarters of the country dominated by the Alps, the alpine climate is predominant. In the east—in the Pannonian Plain and along the Danube valley—the climate shows continental features with less rain than the alpine areas. Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of in August 2013.According to the Köppen Climate Classification Austria has the following climate types: Oceanic (Cfb), Cool/Warm-summer humid continental (Dfb), Subarctic/Subalpine (Dfc), Tundra/Alpine (ET) and Ice-Cap (EF). It is important to note though that Austria may experience very cold, severe winters, but most of the time they are only around as cold as those in somewhat comparable climate zones, for example Southern Scandinavia or Eastern Europe. As well, at higher altitudes, summers are usually considerably cooler than in the valleys/lower altitudes. The subarctic and tundra climates seen around the Alps are much warmer in winter than what is normal elsewhere due in part to the Oceanic influence on this part of Europe.Austria consistently ranks high in terms of GDP per capita, due to its highly industrialized economy, and well-developed social market economy. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Labour movements are particularly influential, exercising large influence on labour politics and decisions related to the expansion of the economy. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the economy of Austria.Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the German economy. Since Austria became a member state of the European Union, it has gained closer ties to other EU economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership of the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP reached 3.3% in 2006. At least 67% of Austria's imports come from other European Union member states.Austria indicated on 16 November 2010 that it would withhold the December installment of its contribution to the EU bailout of Greece, citing the material worsening of the Greek debt situation and the apparent inability of Greece to collect the level of tax receipts it had previously promised.The Financial crisis of 2007–2008 dented the economy of Austria in other ways as well. It caused, for example, the Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International to be purchased in December 2009 by the government for 1 euro owing to credit difficulties, thus wiping out the €1.63bn of BayernLB. , the HGAA situation was unresolved, causing Chancellor Werner Faymann to warn that its failure would be comparable to the 1931 Creditanstalt event.Since the fall of communism, Austrian companies have been quite active players and consolidators in Eastern Europe. Between 1995 and 2010, 4,868 mergers and acquisitions with a total known value of 163 bil. EUR with the involvement of Austrian firms have been announced. The largest transactions with involvement of Austrian companies have been: the acquisition of Bank Austria by Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank for 7.8 billion EUR in 2000, the acquisition of Porsche Holding Salzburg by Volkswagen Group for 3.6 billion EUR in 2009, and the acquisition of Banca Comercială Română by Erste Group for 3.7 bil. EUR in 2005.Tourism in Austria accounts for almost 9% of its gross domestic product.In 2007, Austria ranked 9th worldwide in international tourism receipts, with 18.9 billion US$. In international tourist arrivals, Austria ranked 12th with 20.8 million tourists.In 1972, the country began construction of a nuclear-powered electricity-generation station at Zwentendorf on the River Danube, following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978, a referendum voted approximately 50.5% against nuclear power, 49.5% for, and parliament subsequently unanimously passed a law forbidding the use of nuclear power to generate electricity although the nuclear power plant was already finished.Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity by hydropower. Together with other renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass powerplants, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to 62.89% of total use in Austria, with the rest being produced by gas and oil power plants.Compared to most European countries, Austria is ecologically well endowed. Its biocapacity (or biological natural capital) is more than double of the world average: In 2016, Austria had 3.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, compared to the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In contrast, in 2016, they used 6.0 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means that Austrians use about 60 percent more biocapacity than Austria contains. As a result, Austria is running a biocapacity deficit.Austria's population was estimated to be nearly 9 million (8.9) in 2020 by the Statistik Austria. The population of the capital, Vienna, exceeds 1.9 million (2.6 million, including the suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population. It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living.Vienna is by far the country's largest city. Graz is second in size, with 291,007 inhabitants, followed by Linz (206,604), Salzburg (155,031), Innsbruck (131,989), and Klagenfurt (101,303). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.According to Eurostat, in 2018 there were 1.69 million foreign-born residents in Austria, corresponding to 19.2% of the total population. Of these, 928,700 (10.5%) were born outside the EU and 762,000 (8.6%) were born in another EU Member State. There are more than 483,100 descendants of foreign-born immigrants.Turks form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 350,000. 13,000 Turks were naturalised in 2003 and an unknown number have arrived in Austria at the same time. While 2,000 Turks left Austria in the same year, 10,000 immigrated to the country, confirming a strong trend of growth. Together, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, and Slovenes make up about 5.1% of Austria's total population.The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2017 was estimated at 1.52 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.83 children born per woman in 1873. In 2015, 42.1% of births were to unmarried women. Austria subsequently has the 12th oldest population in the world, with the average age of 44.2 years. The life expectancy in 2016 was estimated at 81.5 years (78.9 years male, 84.3 years female).Statistics Austria estimates that nearly 10 million people will live in the country by 2080.Standard Austrian German is spoken in Austria, though used primarily just in education, publications, announcements and websites. It is mostly identical to the Standard German of Germany but with some vocabulary differences. This Standard German language is used in formal contexts across Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as well as among those with significant German-speaking minorities: Italy, Belgium and Denmark. However, the common spoken language of Austria is not the Standard German taught in schools but Austro-Bavarian: a group of Upper German local dialects with varying degrees of difficulty being understood by each other as well as by speakers of non-Austrian German dialects. Taken as a collective whole, German languages or dialects are thus spoken natively by 88.6% of the population, which includes the 2.5% German-born citizens who reside in Austria, followed by Turkish (2.28%), Serbian (2.21%), Croatian (1.63%), English (0.73%), Hungarian (0.51%), Bosnian (0.43%), Polish (0.35%), Albanian (0.35%), Slovenian (0.31%), Czech (0.22%), Arabic (0.22%), and Romanian (0.21%).The Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Styria are home to a significant indigenous Slovene-speaking minority while in the easternmost state, Burgenland (formerly part of the Hungarian portion of Austria-Hungary), there are significant Hungarian- and Croatian-speaking minorities. Of the remaining number of Austria's people who are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former East Bloc nations. Guest workers "(Gastarbeiter)" and their descendants, as well as refugees from the Yugoslav wars and other conflicts, also form an important minority group in Austria. Since 1994 the Roma–Sinti (gypsies) have been an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria.According to census information published by Statistik Austria for 2001 there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, the largest by far are 283,334 foreign nationals from the former Yugoslavia (of whom 135,336 speak Serbian; 105,487 Croatian; 31,591 Bosnian – i.e. 272,414 Austrian resident native speakers in total, plus 6,902 Slovenian and 4,018 Macedonian speakers).The second largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the Turks (including minority of Kurds) with a number of 200,000 to 300,000 who currently live in Austria.The next largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the 124,392 who speak German as their mother tongue even though they hail from outside of Austria (mainly immigrants from Germany, some from Switzerland, South Tyrol in Italy, Romania, or the former Soviet Union); 123,417 English; 24,446 Albanian; 17,899 Polish; 14,699 Hungarian; 12,216 Romanian; 10,000 Malayali; 7,982 Arabic; 6,891 Slovak; 6,707 Czech; 5,916 Persian; 5,677 Italian; 5,466 Russian; 5,213 French; 4,938 Chinese; 4,264 Spanish; 3,503 Bulgarian. The numbers for other languages fall off sharply below 3,000.In 2006, some of the Austrian states introduced standardised tests for new citizens, to assure their language ability, cultural knowledge and accordingly their ability to integrate into the Austrian society. For the national rules, see Austrian nationality law – Naturalisation.Historically Austrians were regarded as ethnic Germans and viewed themselves as such, although this national identity was challenged by Austrian nationalism in the decades after the end of World War I and even more so after World War II. Austria was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until its ending in 1806 and had been part of the German Confederation, a loose association of 39 separate German-speaking countries, until the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, which resulted in the exclusion of Austria from the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation led by Prussia. In 1871, Germany was founded as a nation-state, Austria was not a part of it. After World War I and the breakup of the Austrian monarchy, politicians of the new republic declared its name to be "Deutschösterreich" (Republic of German-Austria) and that it was part of the German Republic. A unification of the two countries was forbidden by the treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye as one of the conditions imposed by the victorious Allies of World War I upon the vanquished nation, to prevent the creation of a territorially extensive German state. After the events of World War II and Nazism, Austria as a country has made efforts to develop an Austrian national identity among its populace, and nowadays most do not consider themselves Germans. However, a minority of Austrians still consider themselves to be Germans and advocate for a "Greater Germany", arguing that the historic boundaries of the German people goes beyond the boundaries of modern-day countries, especially Austria and Germany.Austrians may be described either as a nationality or as a homogeneous Germanic ethnic group, that is closely related to neighboring Germans, Liechtensteiners and German-speaking Swiss. Today 91.1% of the population are regarded as ethnic Austrians.The Turks are the largest single immigrant group in Austria, closely followed by the Serbs. Serbs form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 300,000 people. Historically, Serbian immigrants moved to Austria during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when Vojvodina was under Imperial control. Following World War II the number of Serbs expanded again, and today the community is very large. The Austrian Serbian Society was founded in 1936. Today, Serbs in Austria are mainly found in Vienna, Salzburg, and Graz.An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 Slovenes in the Austrian state of Carinthia (the Carinthian Slovenes) as well as Croats (around 30,000) and Hungarians in Burgenland were recognised as a minority and have had special rights following the Austrian State Treaty () of 1955. The Slovenes in the Austrian state of Styria (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognised as a minority and do not have special rights, although the State Treaty of 27 July 1955 states otherwise.The right for bilingual topographic signs for the regions where Slovene and Croat Austrians live alongside the German-speaking population (as required by the 1955 State Treaty) is still to be fully implemented in the view of some, while others believe that the treaty-derived obligations have been met (see below). Many Carinthians are afraid of Slovenian territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two World Wars and considering that some official Slovenian atlases show parts of Carinthia as Slovene cultural territory. The former governor of Carinthia Jörg Haider has made this fact a matter of public argument in autumn 2005 by refusing to increase the number of bilingual topographic signs in Carinthia. A poll by the Kärntner Humaninstitut conducted in January 2006 stated that 65% of Carinthians were not against an increase of bilingual topographic signs, since the original requirements set by the State Treaty of 1955 had already been fulfilled according to their point of view.Another interesting phenomenon is the so-called "" stating that the Slovenes can be split in two groups: actual Slovenes and "Windische" (a traditional German name for Slavs), based on differences in language between Austrian Slovenes, who were taught Slovene standard language in school and those Slovenes who spoke their local Slovene dialect but went to German schools. The term "Windische" was applied to the latter group as a means of distinction. This politically influenced theory, dividing Slovene Austrians into the "loyal Windische" and the "national Slovenes", was never generally accepted and fell out of use some decades ago.In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called "Kirchenbeitrag" ("Ecclesiastical/Church contribution"). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2018 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,050,000 members, or 56.9% of the total Austrian population. Sunday church attendance was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.The 2001 census report indicated that about 12% of the population declared that they have no religion; according to ecclesiastical information this share had grown to 20% by 2015. Of the remaining people, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, mainly due to the influx from Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. The number of Muslims has doubled in 15 years to 700,000 in 2016. About 180,000 are members of Orthodox Churches (mostly Serbs), about 21,000 people are active Jehovah's Witnesses and about 8,100 are Jewish.According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2010,Education in Austria is entrusted partly to the Austrian states (Bundesländer) and partly to the federal government. School attendance is compulsory for nine years, i.e. usually to the age of fifteen.Pre-school education (called "Kindergarten" in German), free in most states, is provided for all children between the ages of three and six years and, whilst optional, is considered a normal part of a child's education due to its high takeup rate. Maximum class size is around 30, each class normally being cared for by one qualified teacher and one assistant.Primary education, or Volksschule, lasts for four years, starting at age six. The maximum class size is 30, but may be as low as 15. It is generally expected that a class will be taught by one teacher for the entire four years and the stable bond between teacher and pupil is considered important for a child's well-being. The 3Rs (Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic) dominate lesson time, with less time allotted to project work than in the UK. Children work individually and all members of a class follow the same plan of work. There is no streaming.Standard attendance times are 8 am to 12 pm or 1 pm, with hourly five- or ten-minute breaks. Children are given homework daily from the first year. Historically there has been no lunch hour, with children returning home to eat. However, due to a rise in the number of mothers in work, primary schools are increasingly offering pre-lesson and afternoon care.As in Germany, secondary education consists of two main types of schools, attendance at which is based on a pupil's ability as determined by grades from the primary school. The Gymnasium caters for the more able children, in the final year of which the Matura examination is taken, which is a requirement for access to university. The Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education but also for various types of further education (Höhere Technische Lehranstalt HTL = institution of higher technical education; HAK = commercial academy; HBLA = institution of higher education for economic business; etc.). Attendance at one of these further education institutes also leads to the Matura. Some schools aim to combine the education available at the Gymnasium and the Hauptschule, and are known as Gesamtschulen. In addition, a recognition of the importance of learning English has led some Gymnasiums to offer a bilingual stream, in which pupils deemed able in languages follow a modified curriculum, a portion of the lesson time being conducted in English.As at primary school, lessons at Gymnasium begin at 8 am and continue with short intervals until lunchtime or early afternoon, with children returning home to a late lunch. Older pupils often attend further lessons after a break for lunch, generally eaten at school. As at primary level, all pupils follow the same plan of work. Great emphasis is placed on homework and frequent testing. Satisfactory marks in the end-of-the-year report ("Zeugnis") are a prerequisite for moving up ("aufsteigen") to the next class. Pupils who do not meet the required standard re-sit their tests at the end of the summer holidays; those whose marks are still not satisfactory are required to re-sit the year ("sitzenbleiben").It is not uncommon for a pupil to re-sit more than one year of school. After completing the first two years, pupils choose between one of two strands, known as "Gymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on arts) or "Realgymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on science). Whilst many schools offer both strands, some do not, and as a result, some children move schools for a second time at age 12. At age 14, pupils may choose to remain in one of these two strands, or to change to a vocational course, possibly with a further change of school.The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the Matura examination until recently. A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as Medicine. In 2001, an obligatory tuition fee (""Studienbeitrag"") of €363.36 per term was introduced for all public universities. Since 2008, for all EU students the studies have been free of charge, as long as a certain time-limit is not exceeded (the expected duration of the study plus usually two terms tolerance). When the time-limit is exceeded, the fee of around €363.36 per term is charged. Some further exceptions to the fee apply, e.g. for students with a year's salary of more than about €5000. In all cases, an obligatory fee of €20.20 is charged for the student union and insurance.Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music. Austria was the birthplace of many famous composers such as Joseph Haydn, Michael Haydn, Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr. and Johann Strauss, Jr. as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, then an independent Church Principality of the Holy Roman Empire, which later became part of Austria, and much of Mozart's career was spent in Vienna.Vienna was for a long time an important centre of musical innovation. 18th- and 19th-century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music.Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural centre in the early 16th century, and was focused around instruments, including the lute. Ludwig van Beethoven spent the better part of his life in Vienna. Austria's current national anthem, attributed to Mozart, was chosen after World War II to replace the traditional Austrian anthem by Joseph Haydn.Austrian Herbert von Karajan was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 35 years. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death.International pop super star Johann Hölzel, also known by his stage name Falco was born in Vienna, Austria 19 February 1957.Conchita Wurst is also a renowned singer from the Austrian stock.Among Austrian Artists and architects one can find the painters Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Rudolf von Alt, Hans Makart, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele, Carl Moll, and Friedensreich Hundertwasser, the photographers Inge Morath and Ernst Haas, and architects like Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and Hans Hollein (recipient of the 1985 Pritzker Architecture Prize). Contemporary artist Herbert Brandl.Sascha Kolowrat was an Austrian pioneer of filmmaking. Billy Wilder, Fritz Lang, Josef von Sternberg, and Fred Zinnemann originally came from the Austrian Empire before establishing themselves as internationally relevant filmmakers. Willi Forst, Ernst Marischka, and Franz Antel enriched the popular cinema in German-speaking countries. Michael Haneke became internationally known for his disturbing cinematic studies, receiving a Golden Globe for his critically acclaimed film "The White Ribbon" (2010).The first Austrian director to receive an Academy Award was Stefan Ruzowitzky. A number of Austrian actors also pursued international careers, among them Peter Lorre, Helmut Berger, Curd Jürgens, Senta Berger, Oskar Werner, and Klaus Maria Brandauer. Most notably, Hedy Lamarr and Arnold Schwarzenegger became international movie stars in Hollywood. Christoph Waltz rose to fame with his performances in "Inglourious Basterds" and "Django Unchained", earning him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2010 and 2012. Max Reinhardt was a master of spectacular and astute theatre productions. Otto Schenk not only excelled as a stage actor, but also as an opera director.Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation. Among them are Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, Victor Franz Hess and Christian Doppler, prominent scientists in the 19th century. In the 20th century, contributions by Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger and Wolfgang Pauli to nuclear research and quantum mechanics were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day quantum physicist is Anton Zeilinger, noted as the first scientist to demonstrate quantum teleportation.In addition to physicists, Austria was the birthplace of two of the most noteworthy philosophers of the 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper. In addition to them, biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus were Austrians.A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in medieval times with Paracelsus. Eminent physicians like Theodore Billroth, Clemens von Pirquet, and Anton von Eiselsberg have built upon the achievements of the 19th-century Vienna School of Medicine. Austria was home to Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, Alfred Adler, founder of Individual psychology, psychologists Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger, and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl.The Austrian School of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists Carl Menger, Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek. Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker Peter Drucker, sociologist Paul Felix Lazarsfeld and scientist Sir Gustav Nossal.Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers, and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard, and Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke, Adalbert Stifter, Karl Kraus and children's author Eva Ibbotson.Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Nobel prize winner Elfriede Jelinek, Peter Handke and Daniel Kehlmann.Austria's cuisine is derived from that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austrian cuisine is mainly the tradition of Royal-Cuisine ("Hofküche") delivered over centuries. It is famous for its well-balanced variations of beef and pork and countless variations of vegetables. There is also the "Mehlspeisen" Bakery, which created particular delicacies such as Sachertorte, "Krapfen" which are doughnuts usually filled with apricot jam or custard, and "Strudel" such as "Apfelstrudel" filled with apple, "Topfenstrudel" filled with a type of cheese curd called "topfen", and "Millirahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel).In addition to native regional traditions, the cuisine has been influenced by Hungarian, Czech, Polish, Jewish, Italian, Balkan and French cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian cuisine is therefore one of the most multicultural and transcultural in Europe.Typical Austrian dishes include Wiener Schnitzel, Schweinsbraten, Kaiserschmarren, Knödel, Sachertorte and Tafelspitz. There are also Kärntner Kasnudeln, which are pockets of dough filled with Topfen, potatoes, herbs and peppermint which are boiled and served with a butter sauce. Kasnudeln are traditionally served with a salad. Eierschwammerl dishes are also popular. The sugar block dispenser Pez was invented in Austria, as well as Mannerschnitten. Austria is also famous for its Mozartkugeln and its coffee tradition. With over 8 kg per year it has the sixth highest per capita coffee consumption worldwide.Beer is sold in 0.2 litre (a "Pfiff"), 0.3 litre (a "Seidel", "kleines Bier" or "Glas Bier") and 0.5 litre (a "Krügerl" or "großes Bier" or "Halbe") measures. At festivals one litre "Maß" and two litre "Doppelmaß" in the Bavarian style are also dispensed. The most popular types of beer are lager (known as "Märzen" in Austria), naturally cloudy "Zwicklbier" and wheat beer. At holidays like Christmas and Easter bock beer is also available.The most important wine-producing areas are in Lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria and Vienna. The Grüner Veltliner grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines and Zweigelt is the most widely planted red wine grape.In Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, "Most", a type of cider or perry, is widely produced.A Schnapps of typically up to 60% alcohol or fruit brandy is drunk, which in Austria is made from a variety of fruits, for example apricots and rowanberries. The produce of small private schnapps distilleries, of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as "Selbstgebrannter" or "Hausbrand".Local soft drinks such as Almdudler are very popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade. Red Bull, the highest-selling energy drink in the world, was introduced by Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur.Due to the mountainous terrain, alpine skiing is a prominent sport in Austria and is extremely valuable in the promotion and economic growth of the country. Similar sports such as snowboarding or ski-jumping are also widely popular. Austrian athletes such as Annemarie Moser-Pröll, Franz Klammer, Hermann Maier, Toni Sailer, Benjamin Raich, Marlies Schild & Marcel Hirscher are widely regarded as some of the greatest alpine skiers of all time, Armin Kogler, Andreas Felder, Ernst Vettori, Andreas Goldberger, Andreas Widhölzl, Thomas Morgenstern & Gregor Schlierenzauer as some of the greatest ski jumpers of all time. Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton are also popular events with a permanent track located in Igls, which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck. The first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012 were held in Innsbruck as well.A popular team sport in Austria is football, which is governed by the Austrian Football Association. Austria was among the most successful football playing nations on the European continent placing 4th at the 1934 FIFA World Cup, 3rd at the 1954 FIFA World Cup and 7th at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. However, recently Austrian football has not been internationally successful. It also co-hosted the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship with Switzerland. The national Austrian football league is the Austrian Bundesliga, which includes teams such as record-champions SK Rapid Wien, FK Austria Wien, Red Bull Salzburg and Sturm Graz.Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports, including the Austrian Hockey League for ice hockey, and the Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga for basketball. Horseback riding is also popular; the famed Spanish Riding School of Vienna is located in Vienna.Niki Lauda is a former Formula One driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. Other known Austrian F1 drivers are for example Gerhard Berger and Jochen Rindt. Austria also hosts F1 races (Austrian Grand Prix); now held at Red Bull Ring, in the past also at Österreichring and Zeltweg Airfield.Thomas Muster is a former tennis player and one of the greatest clay courters of all time. He won the 1995 French Open and in 1996 he was ranked number 1 in the ATP Ranking. Other well known Austrian tennis players include the 2020 US Open winner Dominic Thiem, Horst Skoff and Jürgen Melzer.Sport played a significant role in developing national consciousness and boosting national self-confidence in the early years of the Second Republic after World War II, through events such as the Tour of Austria cycle race and through sporting successes such as the national football team's run to third at the 1954 World Cup and the performances of Toni Sailer and the rest of the "Kitzbühel Miracle Team" in the 1950s.	[ "Karl Renner", "Rudolf Kirchschläger", "Adolf Schärf", "Theodor Körner", "Kurt Waldheim", "Franz Jonas", "Michael Hainisch", "Heinz Fischer", "Alexander Van der Bellen", "Thomas Klestil" ]
Who was the head of state of Austria in 28/05/1935?	May 28, 1935	{ "text": [ "Wilhelm Miklas" ] }	L2_Q40_P35_1	Thomas Klestil is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1992 to Jul, 2004. Michael Hainisch is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1920 to Dec, 1928. Adolf Schärf is the head of the state of Austria from May, 1957 to Feb, 1965. Franz Jonas is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1965 to Apr, 1974. Kurt Waldheim is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1986 to Jul, 1992. Heinz Fischer is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2016. Alexander Van der Bellen is the head of the state of Austria from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Rudolf Kirchschläger is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1974 to Jul, 1986. Karl Renner is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1945 to Dec, 1950. Theodor Körner is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1951 to Jan, 1957. Wilhelm Miklas is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1928 to May, 1938.	AustriaAustria (, ; ), officially the Republic of Austria (, ), is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states ("Bundesländer"), one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy. In the 16th century, Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg – one of the most influential royal dynasties in history. As an archduchy, it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire. Early in the 19th century, Austria established its own empire, which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation, but pursued its own course independently of the other German states following its defeat in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. In 1867, in compromise with Hungary, the Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy was established.Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne. After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of union with Germany, but the Allied Powers did not support the new state and it remained unrecognized. In 1919 the First Austrian Republic became the legal successor of Austria. In 1938, the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler, who became the Chancellor of the German Reich, achieved the annexation of Austria by the Anschluss. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and an extended period of Allied occupation, Austria was re-established as a sovereign and self-governing democratic nation known as the Second Republic.Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy with a directly elected Federal President as head of state and a Chancellor as head of the federal government. Major urban areas of Austria include Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is consistently ranked in the top 20 richest countries in the world by GDP per capita terms. The country has achieved a high standard of living and in 2018 was ranked 20th in the world for its Human Development Index. Vienna consistently ranks in the top internationally on quality-of-life indicators.The Second Republic declared its perpetual neutrality in foreign political affairs in 1955. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995. It plays host to the OSCE and OPEC and is a founding member of the OECD and Interpol. Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999.The German name for Austria, , derives from the Old High German , which meant "eastern realm" and which first appeared in the "Ostarrîchi document" of 996. This word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin into a local (Bavarian) dialect.Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976. The word "Austria" is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century.At the time, the Danube basin of Austria (Upper and Lower Austria) was the easternmost extent of Bavaria.The Central European land that is now Austria was settled in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes. The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province. Present-day Petronell-Carnuntum in eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province. Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years.After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by Bavarians, Slavs and Avars. Charlemagne, King of the Franks, conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonization, and introduced Christianity. As part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg. The area was known as the "marchia Orientalis" and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976.The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as "Ostarrîchi", referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria. With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished.As a result, Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia. His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278. Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.The Habsburgs began also to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. In 1477, Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family. In 1496, his son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, thus acquiring Spain and its Italian, African, Asian and New World appendages for the Habsburgs.In 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the Long War of 1593 to 1606. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly 20 times, of which some are cited as "burning, pillaging, and taking thousands of slaves". In late September 1529 Suleiman the Magnificent launched the first Siege of Vienna, which unsuccessfully ended, according to Ottoman historians, with the snowfalls of an early beginning winter.During the long reign of Leopold I (1657–1705) and following the successful defence of Vienna against the Turks in 1683 (under the command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski), a series of campaigns resulted in bringing most of Hungary to Austrian control by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.Emperor Charles VI relinquished many of the gains the empire made in the previous years, largely due to his apprehensions at the imminent extinction of the House of Habsburg. Charles was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction that made his daughter Maria Theresa his heir. With the rise of Prussia, the Austrian–Prussian dualism began in Germany. Austria participated, together with Prussia and Russia, in the first and the third of the three Partitions of Poland (in 1772 and 1795).Austria later became engaged in a war with Revolutionary France, at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon, meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier, the Empire of Austria was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties. In 1814, Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the Napoleonic Wars.It emerged from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised great power. The same year, the German Confederation () was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political, and national conflicts, the German lands were shaken by the 1848 revolutions aiming to create a unified Germany.The various different possibilities for a united Germany were: a Greater Germany, or a Greater Austria or just the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the German Empire of 1848, the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against Denmark and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though, they fought the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Defeated by Prussia in the Battle of Königgrätz, Austria had to leave the German Confederation and no longer took part in German politics.The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the "Ausgleich", provided for a dual sovereignty, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, under Franz Joseph I. The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various Slavic groups, including Croats, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities.As a result, ruling Austria-Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements, requiring considerable reliance on an expanded secret police. Yet, the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: for example, the "Reichsgesetzblatt", publishing the laws and ordinances of Cisleithania, was issued in eight languages; and all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mother tongue at state offices.Many Austrians of all different social circles such as Georg Ritter von Schönerer promoted strong pan-Germanism in hope of reinforcing an ethnic German identity and the annexation of Austria to Germany. Some Austrians such as Karl Lueger also used pan-Germanism as a form of populism to further their own political goals. Although Bismarck's policies excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany, many Austrian pan-Germans idolized him and wore blue cornflowers, known to be the favourite flower of German Emperor William I, in their buttonholes, along with cockades in the German national colours (black, red, and yellow), although they were both temporarily banned in Austrian schools, as a way to show discontent towards the multi-ethnic empire.Austria's exclusion from Germany caused many Austrians a problem with their national identity and prompted the Social Democratic Leader Otto Bauer to state that it was "the conflict between our Austrian and German character". The Austro-Hungarian Empire caused ethnic tension between the German Austrians and the other ethnic groups. Many Austrians, especially those involved with the pan-German movements, desired a reinforcement of an ethnic German identity and hoped that the empire would collapse, which would allow an annexation of Austria with Germany.A lot of Austrian pan-German nationalists protested passionately against minister-president Kasimir Count Badeni's language decree of 1897, which made German and Czech co-official languages in Bohemia and required new government officials to be fluent in both languages. This meant in practice that the civil service would almost exclusively hire Czechs, because most middle-class Czechs spoke German but not the other way around. The support of ultramontane Catholic politicians and clergy for this reform triggered the launch of the "Away from Rome" () movement, which was initiated by supporters of Schönerer and called on "German" Christians to leave the Roman Catholic Church.As the Second Constitutional Era began in the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary took the opportunity to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. Theassassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip was used by leading Austrian politicians and generals to persuade the emperor to declare war on Serbia, thereby risking and prompting the outbreak of World War I, which eventually led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Over one million Austro-Hungarian soldiers died in World War I.On 21 October 1918, the elected German members of the "Reichsrat" (parliament of Imperial Austria) met in Vienna as the Provisional National Assembly for German Austria ("Provisorische Nationalversammlung für Deutschösterreich"). On 30 October the assembly founded the Republic of German Austria by appointing a government, called "Staatsrat". This new government was invited by the Emperor to take part in the decision on the planned armistice with Italy, but refrained from this business.This left the responsibility for the end of the war, on 3 November 1918, solely to the emperor and his government. On 11 November, the emperor, advised by ministers of the old and the new governments, declared he would not take part in state business any more; on 12 November, German Austria, by law, declared itself to be a democratic republic and part of the new German republic. The constitution, renaming the "Staatsrat" as "Bundesregierung" (federal government) and "Nationalversammlung" as "Nationalrat" (national council) was passed on 10 November 1920.The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 (for Hungary the Treaty of Trianon of 1920) confirmed and consolidated the new order of Central Europe which to a great extent had been established in November 1918, creating new states and altering others. The German-speaking parts of Austria which had been part of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state named The Republic of German-Austria (German: "Republik Deutschösterreich"), though excluding the predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol. The desire for "Anschluss" (annexation of Austria to Germany) was a popular opinion shared by all social circles in both Austria and Germany. On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat Karl Renner as provisional chancellor. On the same day it drafted a provisional constitution that stated that "German-Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich" (Article 2). The Treaty of Saint Germain and the Treaty of Versailles explicitly forbid union between Austria and Germany. The treaties also forced German-Austria to rename itself as "Republic of Austria" which consequently led to the first Austrian Republic.Over 3 million German-speaking Austrians found themselves living outside the new Austrian Republic as minorities in the newly formed or enlarged states of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Italy. These included the provinces of South Tyrol (which became part of Italy) and German Bohemia (Czechoslovakia). The status of German Bohemia (Sudetenland) later played a role in sparking the Second World War.The status of South Tyrol was a lingering problem between Austria and Italy until it was officially settled by the 1980s with a great degree of autonomy being granted to it by the Italian national government. The border between Austria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) was settled with the Carinthian Plebiscite in October 1920 and allocated the major part of the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Crownland of Carinthia to Austria. This set the border on the Karawanken mountain range, with many Slovenes remaining in Austria.After the war, inflation began to devalue the Krone, which was still Austria's currency. In autumn 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the League of Nations. The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve Austria's general economic condition. The loan meant that Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. In 1925, the "Schilling" was introduced, replacing the Krone at a rate of 10,000:1. Later, it was nicknamed the "Alpine dollar" due to its stability. From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing after Black Tuesday.The First Austrian Republic lasted until 1933, when Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, using what he called "self-switch-off of Parliament", established an autocratic regime tending towards Italian fascism. The two big parties at this time, the Social Democrats and the Conservatives, had paramilitary armies; the Social Democrats' "Schutzbund" was now declared illegal, but was still operative as civil war broke out.In February 1934, several members of the "Schutzbund" were executed, the Social Democratic party was outlawed, and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated. On 1 May 1934, the Austrofascists imposed a new constitution ("Maiverfassung") which cemented Dollfuss's power, but on 25 July he was assassinated in a Nazi coup attempt.His successor Kurt Schuschnigg acknowledged Austria as a "German state" and that Austrians were "better Germans" but wished for Austria to remain independent. He announced a referendum on 9 March 1938, to be held on 13 March, concerning Austria's independence from Germany. On 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over government, while German troops occupied the country, which prevented Schuschnigg's referendum from taking place. On 13 March 1938, the "Anschluss" of Austria was officially declared. Two days later, Austrian-born Hitler announced what he called the "reunification" of his home country with the "rest of the German Reich" on Vienna's Heldenplatz. He established a plebiscite confirming the union with Germany in April 1938.Parliamentary elections were held in Germany (including recently annexed Austria) on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule, and took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single Nazi-party list for the 813-member Reichstag, as well as the recent annexation of Austria (the Anschluss). Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote. Turnout in the election was officially 99.5%, with 98.9% voting "yes". In the case of Austria, Adolf Hitler's native soil, 99.71% of an electorate of 4,484,475 officially went to the ballots, with a positive tally of 99.73%. Although most Austrians favoured the "Anschluss", in certain parts of Austria the German soldiers were not always welcomed with flowers and joy, especially in Vienna which had Austria's largest Jewish population. Nevertheless, despite the propaganda and the manipulation and rigging which surrounded the ballot box result, there was massive genuine support for Hitler for fulfilling the "Anschluss", since many Germans from both Austria and Germany saw it as completing the long overdue unification of all Germans into one state.On 12 March 1938, Austria was annexed to the Third Reich and ceased to exist as an independent country. The Aryanisation of the wealth of Jewish Austrians started immediately in mid-March, with a so-called "wild" (i.e. extra-legal) phase, but was soon structured legally and bureaucratically to strip Jewish citizens of any assets they possessed. At that time Adolf Eichmann, who grew up in Austria, was transferred to Vienna to persecute the Jews. During the November pogrom in 1938 ("Reichskristallnacht"), Jews and Jewish institutions such as synagogues were victims of severe violent attacks in Vienna, Klagenfurt, Linz, Graz, Salzburg, Innsbruck and several cities in Lower Austria. Otto von Habsburg, a vehement opponent of the Nazis, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, an honorary citizen of hundreds of places in Austria and partly envisaged by Schuschnigg as a monarchical option, was in Belgium at the time. He spoke out against the Anschluss and was then wanted by the Nazi regime and expropriated and should be shot immediately if he is caught. The Nazis renamed Austria in 1938 as "Ostmark" until 1942, when it was again renamed and called "Alpine and Danubian Gaue" (Alpen-und Donau-Reichsgaue).Though Austrians made up only 8% of the population of the Third Reich, some of the most prominent Nazis were native Austrians, including Adolf Hitler, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Franz Stangl, Alois Brunner, Friedrich Rainer and Odilo Globocnik, as were over 13% of the SS and 40% of the staff at the Nazi extermination camps. In the Reichsgau, besides the main camp KZ-Mauthausen, there were numerous sub-camps in all federal states where Jews and prisoners were killed, tortured and exploited. At this time, because the territory was outside the operational radius of the Allied aircraft, the armaments industry was greatly expanded through the use of concentration camp prisoners and forced labor, especially for fighter planes, tanks and missiles.Most of the resistance groups were soon crushed by the Gestapo. While the plans of the group around Karl Burian to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in Vienna were uncovered, the important group around the later executed priest Heinrich Maier managed to contact the Allies. This so-called Maier-Messner group was able to send the Allies information about armaments factories for V-1, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft (Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, etc.), which was important for Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. This resistance group, which was in contact with the American secret service OSS, soon provided information about mass executions and concentration camps such as Auschwitz. The aim of the group was to let Nazi Germany lose the war as quickly as possible and to re-establish an independent Austria.Vienna fell on 13 April 1945, during the Soviet Vienna Offensive, just before the total collapse of the Third Reich. The invading Allied powers, in particular the Americans, planned for the supposed "Alpine Fortress Operation" of a national redoubt, that was largely to have taken place on Austrian soil in the mountains of the Eastern Alps. However, it never materialised because of the rapid collapse of the Reich.Karl Renner and Adolf Schärf (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a provisional government in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious Red Army and backed by Joseph Stalin. (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. Total military deaths from 1939 to 1945 are estimated at 260,000. Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 65,000. About 140,000 Jewish Austrians had fled the country in 1938–39. Thousands of Austrians had taken part in serious Nazi crimes (hundreds of thousands died in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp alone), a fact officially recognised by Chancellor Franz Vranitzky in 1992.Much like Germany, Austria was divided into American, British, French, and Soviet zones and governed by the Allied Commission for Austria. As forecast in the Moscow Declaration in 1943, a subtle difference was seen in the treatment of Austria by the Allies. The Austrian government, consisting of Social Democrats, Conservatives, and Communists (until 1947), and residing in Vienna, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone, was recognised by the Western Allies in October 1945 after some doubts that Renner could be Stalin's puppet. Thus, the creation of a separate Western Austrian government and the division of the country was avoided. Austria, in general, was treated as though it had been originally invaded by Germany and liberated by the Allies.On 15 May 1955, after talks which lasted for years and were influenced by the Cold War, Austria regained full independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers. On 26 October 1955, after all occupation troops had left, Austria declared its "permanent neutrality" by an act of parliament. This day is now Austria's National Day, a public holiday.The political system of the Second Republic is based on the constitution of 1920 and 1929, which was reintroduced in 1945. The system came to be characterised by "Proporz", meaning that most posts of political importance were split evenly between members of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). Interest group "chambers" with mandatory membership (e.g. for workers, business people, farmers) grew to considerable importance and were usually consulted in the legislative process, so hardly any legislation was passed that did not reflect widespread consensus.Since 1945, governing via a single-party government has occurred twice: 1966–1970 (ÖVP) and 1970–1983 (SPÖ). During all other legislative periods, either a grand coalition of SPÖ and ÖVP or a "small coalition" (one of these two and a smaller party) ruled the country.Kurt Waldheim, a Wehrmacht officer in the Second World War accused of war crimes, was elected President of Austria from 1986 to 1992.Following a referendum in 1994, at which consent reached a majority of two-thirds, the country became a member of the European Union on 1 January 1995.The major parties SPÖ and ÖVP have contrary opinions about the future status of Austria's military nonalignment: While the SPÖ in public supports a neutral role, the ÖVP argues for stronger integration into the EU's security policy; even a future NATO membership is not ruled out by some ÖVP politicians (ex. Dr Werner Fasslabend (ÖVP) in 1997). In reality, Austria is taking part in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, participates in peacekeeping and peace creating tasks, and has become a member of NATO's "Partnership for Peace"; the constitution has been amended accordingly. Since Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area in 2011, none of Austria's neighbouring countries performs border controls towards it anymore.The Parliament of Austria is located in Vienna, the country's capital and most populous city. Austria became a federal, representative democratic republic through the Federal Constitution of 1920. The political system of the Second Republic with its nine states is based on the constitution of 1920, amended in 1929, which was reenacted on 1 May 1945.The head of state is the Federal President ("Bundespräsident"), who is directly elected by popular majority vote, with a run-off between the top-scoring candidates if necessary. The head of the Federal Government is the Federal Chancellor ("Bundeskanzler"), who is selected by the President and tasked with forming a government based on the partisan composition of the lower house of parliament.The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by vote of no confidence in the lower chamber of parliament, the Nationalrat. Voting for the Federal President and for the Parliament used to be compulsory in Austria, but this was abolished in steps from 1982 to 2004.Austria's parliament consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat (183 seats) is determined every five years (or whenever the Nationalrat has been dissolved by the federal president on a motion by the federal chancellor, or by Nationalrat itself) by a general election in which every citizen over the age of 16 has the right to vote. The voting age was lowered from 18 in 2007.While there is a general threshold of 4% of the vote for all parties in federal elections ("Nationalratswahlen") to participate in the proportional allocation of seats, there remains the possibility of being elected to a seat directly in one of the 43 regional electoral districts ().The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the legislative process in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the Bundesrat, has a limited right of veto (the Nationalrat canin almost all casesultimately pass the respective bill by voting a second time; this is referred to as a "Beharrungsbeschluss", lit. "vote of persistence"). A constitutional convention, called the was convened on 30 June 2003 to consider reforms to the constitution, but failed to produce a proposal that would command a two-thirds majority in the Nationalrat, the margin necessary for constitutional amendments and/or reform.While the bicameral Parliament and the Government constitute the legislative and executive branches, respectively, the courts are the third branch of Austrian state powers. The Constitutional Court ("Verfassungsgerichtshof") exerts considerable influence on the political system because of its power to invalidate legislation and ordinances that are not in compliance with the constitution. Since 1995, the European Court of Justice may overrule Austrian decisions in all matters defined in laws of the European Union. Austria also implements the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, since the European Convention on Human Rights is part of the Austrian constitution.After general elections held in October 2006, the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) emerged as the strongest party, and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) came in second, having lost about 8% of its previous polling. Political realities prohibited any of the two major parties from forming a coalition with smaller parties. In January 2007 the People's Party and SPÖ formed a grand coalition with the social democrat Alfred Gusenbauer as Chancellor. This coalition broke up in June 2008.Elections in September 2008 further weakened both major parties (SPÖ and ÖVP) but together they still held 70% of the votes, with the Social Democrats holding slightly more than the other party. They formed a coalition with Werner Faymann from the Social Democrats as Chancellor. The Green Party came in third with 11% of the vote. The FPÖ and the deceased Jörg Haider's new party Alliance for the Future of Austria, both on the political right, were strengthened during the election but taken together received less than 20% of the vote.In the legislative elections of 2013, the Social Democratic Party received 27% of the vote and 52 seats; People's Party 24% and 47 seats, thus controlling together the majority of the seats. The Freedom Party received 40 seats and 21% of the votes, while the Greens received 12% and 24 seats. Two new parties, Stronach and the NEOS, received less than 10% of the vote, and 11 and nine seats respectively.After the Grand Coalition broke in Spring 2017 a snap election was proclaimed for October 2017. The Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) with its new young leader Sebastian Kurz emerged as the largest party in the National Council, winning 31.5% of votes and 62 of the 183 seats. The Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) finished second with 52 seats and 26.9% votes, slightly ahead of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which received 51 seats and 26%. NEOS finished fourth with 10 seats (5.3 percent of votes), and PILZ (which split from the Green Party at the start of the campaign) entered parliament for the first time and came in fifth place with 8 seats and 4.4% The Green Party failed with 3.8% to cross the 4% threshold and was ejected from parliament, losing all of its 24 seats. The ÖVP decided to form a coalition with the FPÖ. The new government between the centre-right wing and the right-wing populist party under the new chancellor Sebastian Kurz was sworn in on 18 December 2017, but the coalition government later collapsed and new elections were called for 29 September 2019. The elections lead to another landslide victory (37.5%) of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) who formed a coalition-government with the reinvigorated (13.9%) Greens, which was sworn in with Kurz as chancellor on January 7, 2020.The 1955 Austrian State Treaty ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognised Austria as an independent and sovereign state. On 26 October 1955, the Federal Assembly passed a constitutional article in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality." The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory." Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality, but rather different from the neutrality of Switzerland.Austria began to reassess its definition of neutrality following the fall of the Soviet Union, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against Iraq in 1991, and since 1995, it has developed participation in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy. Also in 1995, it joined NATO's Partnership for Peace (although it was careful to do so only after Russia joined) and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Meanwhile, the only part of the Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 1955 still fully valid is to not allow foreign military bases in Austria. Austria signed the UN's Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, which was opposed by all NATO members.Austria attaches great importance to participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and other international economic organisations, and it has played an active role in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE-participating State, Austria's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission.The manpower of the Austrian Armed Forces () mainly relies on conscription. All males who have reached the age of eighteen and are found fit have to serve a six months compulsory military service, followed by an eight-year reserve obligation. Both males and females at the age of sixteen are eligible for voluntary service. Conscientious objection is legally acceptable and those who claim this right are obliged to serve an institutionalised nine months civilian service instead. Since 1998, women volunteers have been allowed to become professional soldiers.The main sectors of the Bundesheer are Joint Forces (Streitkräfteführungskommando, SKFüKdo) which consist of Land Forces (Landstreitkräfte), Air Forces (Luftstreitkräfte), International Missions (Internationale Einsätze) and Special Forces (Spezialeinsatzkräfte), next to Joint Mission Support Command (Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU) and Joint Command Support Centre (Führungsunterstützungszentrum; FüUZ). Austria is a landlocked country and has no navy.In 2012, Austria's defence expenditures corresponded to approximately 0.8% of its GDP. The Army currently has about 26,000 soldiers, of whom about 12,000 are conscripts. As head of state, Austrian President is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the Bundesheer. Command of the Austrian Armed Forces is exercised by the Minister of Defence, : Klaudia Tanner.Since the end of the Cold War, and more importantly the removal of the former heavily guarded "Iron Curtain" separating Austria and its Eastern Bloc neighbours (Hungary and former Czechoslovakia), the Austrian military has been assisting Austrian border guards in trying to prevent border crossings by illegal immigrants. This assistance came to an end when Hungary and Slovakia joined the EU Schengen Area in 2008, for all intents and purposes abolishing "internal" border controls between treaty states. Some politicians have called for a prolongation of this mission, but the legality of this is heavily disputed. In accordance with the Austrian constitution, armed forces may only be deployed in a limited number of cases, mainly to defend the country and aid in cases of national emergency, such as in the wake of natural disasters. They may generally not be used as auxiliary police forces.Within its self-declared status of permanent neutrality, Austria has a long and proud tradition of engaging in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. The Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit (AFDRU), in particular, an all-volunteer unit with close ties to civilian specialists (e.g. rescue dog handlers) enjoys a reputation as a quick (standard deployment time is 10 hours) and efficient SAR unit. Currently, larger contingents of Austrian forces are deployed in Bosnia and Kosovo.Austria is a federal republic consisting of nine states (). The states are sub-divided into districts () and statutory cities (). Districts are subdivided into municipalities (). Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. Vienna is unique in that it is both a city and a state.Austria's constituent states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g. in matters of culture, social welfare, youth and nature protection, hunting, building, and zoning ordinances. In recent years, it has been questioned whether a small country should maintain ten subnational legislatures. Consolidation of local governments has already been undertaken at the "Gemeinde" level for purposes of administrative efficiency and cost savings (")."The Ministry in charge of the Austrian corrections system is the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Justice is based out of Vienna. The head of the prison administration falls under the title of Director General. The total prison population rate as of July 2017 is 8,290 people. Pre-trial detainees make up 23.6%, female prisoners make up 5.7%, juveniles make up 1.4%, and foreign prisoners make up 54.2% of the prison system. Since 2000 the population has risen over 2,000 and has stabilized at over 8,000.Austria is a largely mountainous country because of its location in the Alps. The Central Eastern Alps, Northern Limestone Alps and Southern Limestone Alps are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (), only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below . The Alps of western Austria give way somewhat into low lands and plains in the eastern part of the country.Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E.It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the Carpathians account for around 12% and the foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian granite plateau, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the Vienna basin makes up the remaining 4%.Phytogeographically, Austria belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests, and Western European broadleaf forests. Austria had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.55/10, ranking it 149th globally out of 172 countries.The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate climate zone, where humid westerly winds predominate. With nearly three-quarters of the country dominated by the Alps, the alpine climate is predominant. In the east—in the Pannonian Plain and along the Danube valley—the climate shows continental features with less rain than the alpine areas. Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of in August 2013.According to the Köppen Climate Classification Austria has the following climate types: Oceanic (Cfb), Cool/Warm-summer humid continental (Dfb), Subarctic/Subalpine (Dfc), Tundra/Alpine (ET) and Ice-Cap (EF). It is important to note though that Austria may experience very cold, severe winters, but most of the time they are only around as cold as those in somewhat comparable climate zones, for example Southern Scandinavia or Eastern Europe. As well, at higher altitudes, summers are usually considerably cooler than in the valleys/lower altitudes. The subarctic and tundra climates seen around the Alps are much warmer in winter than what is normal elsewhere due in part to the Oceanic influence on this part of Europe.Austria consistently ranks high in terms of GDP per capita, due to its highly industrialized economy, and well-developed social market economy. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Labour movements are particularly influential, exercising large influence on labour politics and decisions related to the expansion of the economy. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the economy of Austria.Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the German economy. Since Austria became a member state of the European Union, it has gained closer ties to other EU economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership of the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP reached 3.3% in 2006. At least 67% of Austria's imports come from other European Union member states.Austria indicated on 16 November 2010 that it would withhold the December installment of its contribution to the EU bailout of Greece, citing the material worsening of the Greek debt situation and the apparent inability of Greece to collect the level of tax receipts it had previously promised.The Financial crisis of 2007–2008 dented the economy of Austria in other ways as well. It caused, for example, the Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International to be purchased in December 2009 by the government for 1 euro owing to credit difficulties, thus wiping out the €1.63bn of BayernLB. , the HGAA situation was unresolved, causing Chancellor Werner Faymann to warn that its failure would be comparable to the 1931 Creditanstalt event.Since the fall of communism, Austrian companies have been quite active players and consolidators in Eastern Europe. Between 1995 and 2010, 4,868 mergers and acquisitions with a total known value of 163 bil. EUR with the involvement of Austrian firms have been announced. The largest transactions with involvement of Austrian companies have been: the acquisition of Bank Austria by Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank for 7.8 billion EUR in 2000, the acquisition of Porsche Holding Salzburg by Volkswagen Group for 3.6 billion EUR in 2009, and the acquisition of Banca Comercială Română by Erste Group for 3.7 bil. EUR in 2005.Tourism in Austria accounts for almost 9% of its gross domestic product.In 2007, Austria ranked 9th worldwide in international tourism receipts, with 18.9 billion US$. In international tourist arrivals, Austria ranked 12th with 20.8 million tourists.In 1972, the country began construction of a nuclear-powered electricity-generation station at Zwentendorf on the River Danube, following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978, a referendum voted approximately 50.5% against nuclear power, 49.5% for, and parliament subsequently unanimously passed a law forbidding the use of nuclear power to generate electricity although the nuclear power plant was already finished.Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity by hydropower. Together with other renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass powerplants, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to 62.89% of total use in Austria, with the rest being produced by gas and oil power plants.Compared to most European countries, Austria is ecologically well endowed. Its biocapacity (or biological natural capital) is more than double of the world average: In 2016, Austria had 3.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, compared to the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In contrast, in 2016, they used 6.0 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means that Austrians use about 60 percent more biocapacity than Austria contains. As a result, Austria is running a biocapacity deficit.Austria's population was estimated to be nearly 9 million (8.9) in 2020 by the Statistik Austria. The population of the capital, Vienna, exceeds 1.9 million (2.6 million, including the suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population. It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living.Vienna is by far the country's largest city. Graz is second in size, with 291,007 inhabitants, followed by Linz (206,604), Salzburg (155,031), Innsbruck (131,989), and Klagenfurt (101,303). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.According to Eurostat, in 2018 there were 1.69 million foreign-born residents in Austria, corresponding to 19.2% of the total population. Of these, 928,700 (10.5%) were born outside the EU and 762,000 (8.6%) were born in another EU Member State. There are more than 483,100 descendants of foreign-born immigrants.Turks form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 350,000. 13,000 Turks were naturalised in 2003 and an unknown number have arrived in Austria at the same time. While 2,000 Turks left Austria in the same year, 10,000 immigrated to the country, confirming a strong trend of growth. Together, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, and Slovenes make up about 5.1% of Austria's total population.The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2017 was estimated at 1.52 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.83 children born per woman in 1873. In 2015, 42.1% of births were to unmarried women. Austria subsequently has the 12th oldest population in the world, with the average age of 44.2 years. The life expectancy in 2016 was estimated at 81.5 years (78.9 years male, 84.3 years female).Statistics Austria estimates that nearly 10 million people will live in the country by 2080.Standard Austrian German is spoken in Austria, though used primarily just in education, publications, announcements and websites. It is mostly identical to the Standard German of Germany but with some vocabulary differences. This Standard German language is used in formal contexts across Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as well as among those with significant German-speaking minorities: Italy, Belgium and Denmark. However, the common spoken language of Austria is not the Standard German taught in schools but Austro-Bavarian: a group of Upper German local dialects with varying degrees of difficulty being understood by each other as well as by speakers of non-Austrian German dialects. Taken as a collective whole, German languages or dialects are thus spoken natively by 88.6% of the population, which includes the 2.5% German-born citizens who reside in Austria, followed by Turkish (2.28%), Serbian (2.21%), Croatian (1.63%), English (0.73%), Hungarian (0.51%), Bosnian (0.43%), Polish (0.35%), Albanian (0.35%), Slovenian (0.31%), Czech (0.22%), Arabic (0.22%), and Romanian (0.21%).The Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Styria are home to a significant indigenous Slovene-speaking minority while in the easternmost state, Burgenland (formerly part of the Hungarian portion of Austria-Hungary), there are significant Hungarian- and Croatian-speaking minorities. Of the remaining number of Austria's people who are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former East Bloc nations. Guest workers "(Gastarbeiter)" and their descendants, as well as refugees from the Yugoslav wars and other conflicts, also form an important minority group in Austria. Since 1994 the Roma–Sinti (gypsies) have been an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria.According to census information published by Statistik Austria for 2001 there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, the largest by far are 283,334 foreign nationals from the former Yugoslavia (of whom 135,336 speak Serbian; 105,487 Croatian; 31,591 Bosnian – i.e. 272,414 Austrian resident native speakers in total, plus 6,902 Slovenian and 4,018 Macedonian speakers).The second largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the Turks (including minority of Kurds) with a number of 200,000 to 300,000 who currently live in Austria.The next largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the 124,392 who speak German as their mother tongue even though they hail from outside of Austria (mainly immigrants from Germany, some from Switzerland, South Tyrol in Italy, Romania, or the former Soviet Union); 123,417 English; 24,446 Albanian; 17,899 Polish; 14,699 Hungarian; 12,216 Romanian; 10,000 Malayali; 7,982 Arabic; 6,891 Slovak; 6,707 Czech; 5,916 Persian; 5,677 Italian; 5,466 Russian; 5,213 French; 4,938 Chinese; 4,264 Spanish; 3,503 Bulgarian. The numbers for other languages fall off sharply below 3,000.In 2006, some of the Austrian states introduced standardised tests for new citizens, to assure their language ability, cultural knowledge and accordingly their ability to integrate into the Austrian society. For the national rules, see Austrian nationality law – Naturalisation.Historically Austrians were regarded as ethnic Germans and viewed themselves as such, although this national identity was challenged by Austrian nationalism in the decades after the end of World War I and even more so after World War II. Austria was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until its ending in 1806 and had been part of the German Confederation, a loose association of 39 separate German-speaking countries, until the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, which resulted in the exclusion of Austria from the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation led by Prussia. In 1871, Germany was founded as a nation-state, Austria was not a part of it. After World War I and the breakup of the Austrian monarchy, politicians of the new republic declared its name to be "Deutschösterreich" (Republic of German-Austria) and that it was part of the German Republic. A unification of the two countries was forbidden by the treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye as one of the conditions imposed by the victorious Allies of World War I upon the vanquished nation, to prevent the creation of a territorially extensive German state. After the events of World War II and Nazism, Austria as a country has made efforts to develop an Austrian national identity among its populace, and nowadays most do not consider themselves Germans. However, a minority of Austrians still consider themselves to be Germans and advocate for a "Greater Germany", arguing that the historic boundaries of the German people goes beyond the boundaries of modern-day countries, especially Austria and Germany.Austrians may be described either as a nationality or as a homogeneous Germanic ethnic group, that is closely related to neighboring Germans, Liechtensteiners and German-speaking Swiss. Today 91.1% of the population are regarded as ethnic Austrians.The Turks are the largest single immigrant group in Austria, closely followed by the Serbs. Serbs form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 300,000 people. Historically, Serbian immigrants moved to Austria during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when Vojvodina was under Imperial control. Following World War II the number of Serbs expanded again, and today the community is very large. The Austrian Serbian Society was founded in 1936. Today, Serbs in Austria are mainly found in Vienna, Salzburg, and Graz.An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 Slovenes in the Austrian state of Carinthia (the Carinthian Slovenes) as well as Croats (around 30,000) and Hungarians in Burgenland were recognised as a minority and have had special rights following the Austrian State Treaty () of 1955. The Slovenes in the Austrian state of Styria (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognised as a minority and do not have special rights, although the State Treaty of 27 July 1955 states otherwise.The right for bilingual topographic signs for the regions where Slovene and Croat Austrians live alongside the German-speaking population (as required by the 1955 State Treaty) is still to be fully implemented in the view of some, while others believe that the treaty-derived obligations have been met (see below). Many Carinthians are afraid of Slovenian territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two World Wars and considering that some official Slovenian atlases show parts of Carinthia as Slovene cultural territory. The former governor of Carinthia Jörg Haider has made this fact a matter of public argument in autumn 2005 by refusing to increase the number of bilingual topographic signs in Carinthia. A poll by the Kärntner Humaninstitut conducted in January 2006 stated that 65% of Carinthians were not against an increase of bilingual topographic signs, since the original requirements set by the State Treaty of 1955 had already been fulfilled according to their point of view.Another interesting phenomenon is the so-called "" stating that the Slovenes can be split in two groups: actual Slovenes and "Windische" (a traditional German name for Slavs), based on differences in language between Austrian Slovenes, who were taught Slovene standard language in school and those Slovenes who spoke their local Slovene dialect but went to German schools. The term "Windische" was applied to the latter group as a means of distinction. This politically influenced theory, dividing Slovene Austrians into the "loyal Windische" and the "national Slovenes", was never generally accepted and fell out of use some decades ago.In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called "Kirchenbeitrag" ("Ecclesiastical/Church contribution"). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2018 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,050,000 members, or 56.9% of the total Austrian population. Sunday church attendance was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.The 2001 census report indicated that about 12% of the population declared that they have no religion; according to ecclesiastical information this share had grown to 20% by 2015. Of the remaining people, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, mainly due to the influx from Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. The number of Muslims has doubled in 15 years to 700,000 in 2016. About 180,000 are members of Orthodox Churches (mostly Serbs), about 21,000 people are active Jehovah's Witnesses and about 8,100 are Jewish.According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2010,Education in Austria is entrusted partly to the Austrian states (Bundesländer) and partly to the federal government. School attendance is compulsory for nine years, i.e. usually to the age of fifteen.Pre-school education (called "Kindergarten" in German), free in most states, is provided for all children between the ages of three and six years and, whilst optional, is considered a normal part of a child's education due to its high takeup rate. Maximum class size is around 30, each class normally being cared for by one qualified teacher and one assistant.Primary education, or Volksschule, lasts for four years, starting at age six. The maximum class size is 30, but may be as low as 15. It is generally expected that a class will be taught by one teacher for the entire four years and the stable bond between teacher and pupil is considered important for a child's well-being. The 3Rs (Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic) dominate lesson time, with less time allotted to project work than in the UK. Children work individually and all members of a class follow the same plan of work. There is no streaming.Standard attendance times are 8 am to 12 pm or 1 pm, with hourly five- or ten-minute breaks. Children are given homework daily from the first year. Historically there has been no lunch hour, with children returning home to eat. However, due to a rise in the number of mothers in work, primary schools are increasingly offering pre-lesson and afternoon care.As in Germany, secondary education consists of two main types of schools, attendance at which is based on a pupil's ability as determined by grades from the primary school. The Gymnasium caters for the more able children, in the final year of which the Matura examination is taken, which is a requirement for access to university. The Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education but also for various types of further education (Höhere Technische Lehranstalt HTL = institution of higher technical education; HAK = commercial academy; HBLA = institution of higher education for economic business; etc.). Attendance at one of these further education institutes also leads to the Matura. Some schools aim to combine the education available at the Gymnasium and the Hauptschule, and are known as Gesamtschulen. In addition, a recognition of the importance of learning English has led some Gymnasiums to offer a bilingual stream, in which pupils deemed able in languages follow a modified curriculum, a portion of the lesson time being conducted in English.As at primary school, lessons at Gymnasium begin at 8 am and continue with short intervals until lunchtime or early afternoon, with children returning home to a late lunch. Older pupils often attend further lessons after a break for lunch, generally eaten at school. As at primary level, all pupils follow the same plan of work. Great emphasis is placed on homework and frequent testing. Satisfactory marks in the end-of-the-year report ("Zeugnis") are a prerequisite for moving up ("aufsteigen") to the next class. Pupils who do not meet the required standard re-sit their tests at the end of the summer holidays; those whose marks are still not satisfactory are required to re-sit the year ("sitzenbleiben").It is not uncommon for a pupil to re-sit more than one year of school. After completing the first two years, pupils choose between one of two strands, known as "Gymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on arts) or "Realgymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on science). Whilst many schools offer both strands, some do not, and as a result, some children move schools for a second time at age 12. At age 14, pupils may choose to remain in one of these two strands, or to change to a vocational course, possibly with a further change of school.The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the Matura examination until recently. A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as Medicine. In 2001, an obligatory tuition fee (""Studienbeitrag"") of €363.36 per term was introduced for all public universities. Since 2008, for all EU students the studies have been free of charge, as long as a certain time-limit is not exceeded (the expected duration of the study plus usually two terms tolerance). When the time-limit is exceeded, the fee of around €363.36 per term is charged. Some further exceptions to the fee apply, e.g. for students with a year's salary of more than about €5000. In all cases, an obligatory fee of €20.20 is charged for the student union and insurance.Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music. Austria was the birthplace of many famous composers such as Joseph Haydn, Michael Haydn, Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr. and Johann Strauss, Jr. as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, then an independent Church Principality of the Holy Roman Empire, which later became part of Austria, and much of Mozart's career was spent in Vienna.Vienna was for a long time an important centre of musical innovation. 18th- and 19th-century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music.Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural centre in the early 16th century, and was focused around instruments, including the lute. Ludwig van Beethoven spent the better part of his life in Vienna. Austria's current national anthem, attributed to Mozart, was chosen after World War II to replace the traditional Austrian anthem by Joseph Haydn.Austrian Herbert von Karajan was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 35 years. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death.International pop super star Johann Hölzel, also known by his stage name Falco was born in Vienna, Austria 19 February 1957.Conchita Wurst is also a renowned singer from the Austrian stock.Among Austrian Artists and architects one can find the painters Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Rudolf von Alt, Hans Makart, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele, Carl Moll, and Friedensreich Hundertwasser, the photographers Inge Morath and Ernst Haas, and architects like Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and Hans Hollein (recipient of the 1985 Pritzker Architecture Prize). Contemporary artist Herbert Brandl.Sascha Kolowrat was an Austrian pioneer of filmmaking. Billy Wilder, Fritz Lang, Josef von Sternberg, and Fred Zinnemann originally came from the Austrian Empire before establishing themselves as internationally relevant filmmakers. Willi Forst, Ernst Marischka, and Franz Antel enriched the popular cinema in German-speaking countries. Michael Haneke became internationally known for his disturbing cinematic studies, receiving a Golden Globe for his critically acclaimed film "The White Ribbon" (2010).The first Austrian director to receive an Academy Award was Stefan Ruzowitzky. A number of Austrian actors also pursued international careers, among them Peter Lorre, Helmut Berger, Curd Jürgens, Senta Berger, Oskar Werner, and Klaus Maria Brandauer. Most notably, Hedy Lamarr and Arnold Schwarzenegger became international movie stars in Hollywood. Christoph Waltz rose to fame with his performances in "Inglourious Basterds" and "Django Unchained", earning him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2010 and 2012. Max Reinhardt was a master of spectacular and astute theatre productions. Otto Schenk not only excelled as a stage actor, but also as an opera director.Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation. Among them are Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, Victor Franz Hess and Christian Doppler, prominent scientists in the 19th century. In the 20th century, contributions by Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger and Wolfgang Pauli to nuclear research and quantum mechanics were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day quantum physicist is Anton Zeilinger, noted as the first scientist to demonstrate quantum teleportation.In addition to physicists, Austria was the birthplace of two of the most noteworthy philosophers of the 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper. In addition to them, biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus were Austrians.A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in medieval times with Paracelsus. Eminent physicians like Theodore Billroth, Clemens von Pirquet, and Anton von Eiselsberg have built upon the achievements of the 19th-century Vienna School of Medicine. Austria was home to Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, Alfred Adler, founder of Individual psychology, psychologists Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger, and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl.The Austrian School of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists Carl Menger, Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek. Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker Peter Drucker, sociologist Paul Felix Lazarsfeld and scientist Sir Gustav Nossal.Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers, and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard, and Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke, Adalbert Stifter, Karl Kraus and children's author Eva Ibbotson.Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Nobel prize winner Elfriede Jelinek, Peter Handke and Daniel Kehlmann.Austria's cuisine is derived from that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austrian cuisine is mainly the tradition of Royal-Cuisine ("Hofküche") delivered over centuries. It is famous for its well-balanced variations of beef and pork and countless variations of vegetables. There is also the "Mehlspeisen" Bakery, which created particular delicacies such as Sachertorte, "Krapfen" which are doughnuts usually filled with apricot jam or custard, and "Strudel" such as "Apfelstrudel" filled with apple, "Topfenstrudel" filled with a type of cheese curd called "topfen", and "Millirahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel).In addition to native regional traditions, the cuisine has been influenced by Hungarian, Czech, Polish, Jewish, Italian, Balkan and French cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian cuisine is therefore one of the most multicultural and transcultural in Europe.Typical Austrian dishes include Wiener Schnitzel, Schweinsbraten, Kaiserschmarren, Knödel, Sachertorte and Tafelspitz. There are also Kärntner Kasnudeln, which are pockets of dough filled with Topfen, potatoes, herbs and peppermint which are boiled and served with a butter sauce. Kasnudeln are traditionally served with a salad. Eierschwammerl dishes are also popular. The sugar block dispenser Pez was invented in Austria, as well as Mannerschnitten. Austria is also famous for its Mozartkugeln and its coffee tradition. With over 8 kg per year it has the sixth highest per capita coffee consumption worldwide.Beer is sold in 0.2 litre (a "Pfiff"), 0.3 litre (a "Seidel", "kleines Bier" or "Glas Bier") and 0.5 litre (a "Krügerl" or "großes Bier" or "Halbe") measures. At festivals one litre "Maß" and two litre "Doppelmaß" in the Bavarian style are also dispensed. The most popular types of beer are lager (known as "Märzen" in Austria), naturally cloudy "Zwicklbier" and wheat beer. At holidays like Christmas and Easter bock beer is also available.The most important wine-producing areas are in Lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria and Vienna. The Grüner Veltliner grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines and Zweigelt is the most widely planted red wine grape.In Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, "Most", a type of cider or perry, is widely produced.A Schnapps of typically up to 60% alcohol or fruit brandy is drunk, which in Austria is made from a variety of fruits, for example apricots and rowanberries. The produce of small private schnapps distilleries, of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as "Selbstgebrannter" or "Hausbrand".Local soft drinks such as Almdudler are very popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade. Red Bull, the highest-selling energy drink in the world, was introduced by Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur.Due to the mountainous terrain, alpine skiing is a prominent sport in Austria and is extremely valuable in the promotion and economic growth of the country. Similar sports such as snowboarding or ski-jumping are also widely popular. Austrian athletes such as Annemarie Moser-Pröll, Franz Klammer, Hermann Maier, Toni Sailer, Benjamin Raich, Marlies Schild & Marcel Hirscher are widely regarded as some of the greatest alpine skiers of all time, Armin Kogler, Andreas Felder, Ernst Vettori, Andreas Goldberger, Andreas Widhölzl, Thomas Morgenstern & Gregor Schlierenzauer as some of the greatest ski jumpers of all time. Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton are also popular events with a permanent track located in Igls, which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck. The first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012 were held in Innsbruck as well.A popular team sport in Austria is football, which is governed by the Austrian Football Association. Austria was among the most successful football playing nations on the European continent placing 4th at the 1934 FIFA World Cup, 3rd at the 1954 FIFA World Cup and 7th at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. However, recently Austrian football has not been internationally successful. It also co-hosted the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship with Switzerland. The national Austrian football league is the Austrian Bundesliga, which includes teams such as record-champions SK Rapid Wien, FK Austria Wien, Red Bull Salzburg and Sturm Graz.Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports, including the Austrian Hockey League for ice hockey, and the Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga for basketball. Horseback riding is also popular; the famed Spanish Riding School of Vienna is located in Vienna.Niki Lauda is a former Formula One driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. Other known Austrian F1 drivers are for example Gerhard Berger and Jochen Rindt. Austria also hosts F1 races (Austrian Grand Prix); now held at Red Bull Ring, in the past also at Österreichring and Zeltweg Airfield.Thomas Muster is a former tennis player and one of the greatest clay courters of all time. He won the 1995 French Open and in 1996 he was ranked number 1 in the ATP Ranking. Other well known Austrian tennis players include the 2020 US Open winner Dominic Thiem, Horst Skoff and Jürgen Melzer.Sport played a significant role in developing national consciousness and boosting national self-confidence in the early years of the Second Republic after World War II, through events such as the Tour of Austria cycle race and through sporting successes such as the national football team's run to third at the 1954 World Cup and the performances of Toni Sailer and the rest of the "Kitzbühel Miracle Team" in the 1950s.	[ "Karl Renner", "Rudolf Kirchschläger", "Adolf Schärf", "Theodor Körner", "Kurt Waldheim", "Franz Jonas", "Michael Hainisch", "Heinz Fischer", "Alexander Van der Bellen", "Thomas Klestil" ]
Who was the head of state of Austria in May 28, 1935?	May 28, 1935	{ "text": [ "Wilhelm Miklas" ] }	L2_Q40_P35_1	Thomas Klestil is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1992 to Jul, 2004. Michael Hainisch is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1920 to Dec, 1928. Adolf Schärf is the head of the state of Austria from May, 1957 to Feb, 1965. Franz Jonas is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1965 to Apr, 1974. Kurt Waldheim is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1986 to Jul, 1992. Heinz Fischer is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2016. Alexander Van der Bellen is the head of the state of Austria from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Rudolf Kirchschläger is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1974 to Jul, 1986. Karl Renner is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1945 to Dec, 1950. Theodor Körner is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1951 to Jan, 1957. Wilhelm Miklas is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1928 to May, 1938.	AustriaAustria (, ; ), officially the Republic of Austria (, ), is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states ("Bundesländer"), one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy. In the 16th century, Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg – one of the most influential royal dynasties in history. As an archduchy, it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire. Early in the 19th century, Austria established its own empire, which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation, but pursued its own course independently of the other German states following its defeat in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. In 1867, in compromise with Hungary, the Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy was established.Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne. After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of union with Germany, but the Allied Powers did not support the new state and it remained unrecognized. In 1919 the First Austrian Republic became the legal successor of Austria. In 1938, the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler, who became the Chancellor of the German Reich, achieved the annexation of Austria by the Anschluss. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and an extended period of Allied occupation, Austria was re-established as a sovereign and self-governing democratic nation known as the Second Republic.Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy with a directly elected Federal President as head of state and a Chancellor as head of the federal government. Major urban areas of Austria include Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is consistently ranked in the top 20 richest countries in the world by GDP per capita terms. The country has achieved a high standard of living and in 2018 was ranked 20th in the world for its Human Development Index. Vienna consistently ranks in the top internationally on quality-of-life indicators.The Second Republic declared its perpetual neutrality in foreign political affairs in 1955. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995. It plays host to the OSCE and OPEC and is a founding member of the OECD and Interpol. Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999.The German name for Austria, , derives from the Old High German , which meant "eastern realm" and which first appeared in the "Ostarrîchi document" of 996. This word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin into a local (Bavarian) dialect.Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976. The word "Austria" is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century.At the time, the Danube basin of Austria (Upper and Lower Austria) was the easternmost extent of Bavaria.The Central European land that is now Austria was settled in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes. The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province. Present-day Petronell-Carnuntum in eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province. Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years.After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by Bavarians, Slavs and Avars. Charlemagne, King of the Franks, conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonization, and introduced Christianity. As part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg. The area was known as the "marchia Orientalis" and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976.The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as "Ostarrîchi", referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria. With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished.As a result, Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia. His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278. Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.The Habsburgs began also to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. In 1477, Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family. In 1496, his son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, thus acquiring Spain and its Italian, African, Asian and New World appendages for the Habsburgs.In 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the Long War of 1593 to 1606. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly 20 times, of which some are cited as "burning, pillaging, and taking thousands of slaves". In late September 1529 Suleiman the Magnificent launched the first Siege of Vienna, which unsuccessfully ended, according to Ottoman historians, with the snowfalls of an early beginning winter.During the long reign of Leopold I (1657–1705) and following the successful defence of Vienna against the Turks in 1683 (under the command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski), a series of campaigns resulted in bringing most of Hungary to Austrian control by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.Emperor Charles VI relinquished many of the gains the empire made in the previous years, largely due to his apprehensions at the imminent extinction of the House of Habsburg. Charles was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction that made his daughter Maria Theresa his heir. With the rise of Prussia, the Austrian–Prussian dualism began in Germany. Austria participated, together with Prussia and Russia, in the first and the third of the three Partitions of Poland (in 1772 and 1795).Austria later became engaged in a war with Revolutionary France, at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon, meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier, the Empire of Austria was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties. In 1814, Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the Napoleonic Wars.It emerged from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised great power. The same year, the German Confederation () was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political, and national conflicts, the German lands were shaken by the 1848 revolutions aiming to create a unified Germany.The various different possibilities for a united Germany were: a Greater Germany, or a Greater Austria or just the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the German Empire of 1848, the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against Denmark and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though, they fought the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Defeated by Prussia in the Battle of Königgrätz, Austria had to leave the German Confederation and no longer took part in German politics.The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the "Ausgleich", provided for a dual sovereignty, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, under Franz Joseph I. The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various Slavic groups, including Croats, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities.As a result, ruling Austria-Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements, requiring considerable reliance on an expanded secret police. Yet, the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: for example, the "Reichsgesetzblatt", publishing the laws and ordinances of Cisleithania, was issued in eight languages; and all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mother tongue at state offices.Many Austrians of all different social circles such as Georg Ritter von Schönerer promoted strong pan-Germanism in hope of reinforcing an ethnic German identity and the annexation of Austria to Germany. Some Austrians such as Karl Lueger also used pan-Germanism as a form of populism to further their own political goals. Although Bismarck's policies excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany, many Austrian pan-Germans idolized him and wore blue cornflowers, known to be the favourite flower of German Emperor William I, in their buttonholes, along with cockades in the German national colours (black, red, and yellow), although they were both temporarily banned in Austrian schools, as a way to show discontent towards the multi-ethnic empire.Austria's exclusion from Germany caused many Austrians a problem with their national identity and prompted the Social Democratic Leader Otto Bauer to state that it was "the conflict between our Austrian and German character". The Austro-Hungarian Empire caused ethnic tension between the German Austrians and the other ethnic groups. Many Austrians, especially those involved with the pan-German movements, desired a reinforcement of an ethnic German identity and hoped that the empire would collapse, which would allow an annexation of Austria with Germany.A lot of Austrian pan-German nationalists protested passionately against minister-president Kasimir Count Badeni's language decree of 1897, which made German and Czech co-official languages in Bohemia and required new government officials to be fluent in both languages. This meant in practice that the civil service would almost exclusively hire Czechs, because most middle-class Czechs spoke German but not the other way around. The support of ultramontane Catholic politicians and clergy for this reform triggered the launch of the "Away from Rome" () movement, which was initiated by supporters of Schönerer and called on "German" Christians to leave the Roman Catholic Church.As the Second Constitutional Era began in the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary took the opportunity to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. Theassassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip was used by leading Austrian politicians and generals to persuade the emperor to declare war on Serbia, thereby risking and prompting the outbreak of World War I, which eventually led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Over one million Austro-Hungarian soldiers died in World War I.On 21 October 1918, the elected German members of the "Reichsrat" (parliament of Imperial Austria) met in Vienna as the Provisional National Assembly for German Austria ("Provisorische Nationalversammlung für Deutschösterreich"). On 30 October the assembly founded the Republic of German Austria by appointing a government, called "Staatsrat". This new government was invited by the Emperor to take part in the decision on the planned armistice with Italy, but refrained from this business.This left the responsibility for the end of the war, on 3 November 1918, solely to the emperor and his government. On 11 November, the emperor, advised by ministers of the old and the new governments, declared he would not take part in state business any more; on 12 November, German Austria, by law, declared itself to be a democratic republic and part of the new German republic. The constitution, renaming the "Staatsrat" as "Bundesregierung" (federal government) and "Nationalversammlung" as "Nationalrat" (national council) was passed on 10 November 1920.The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 (for Hungary the Treaty of Trianon of 1920) confirmed and consolidated the new order of Central Europe which to a great extent had been established in November 1918, creating new states and altering others. The German-speaking parts of Austria which had been part of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state named The Republic of German-Austria (German: "Republik Deutschösterreich"), though excluding the predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol. The desire for "Anschluss" (annexation of Austria to Germany) was a popular opinion shared by all social circles in both Austria and Germany. On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat Karl Renner as provisional chancellor. On the same day it drafted a provisional constitution that stated that "German-Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich" (Article 2). The Treaty of Saint Germain and the Treaty of Versailles explicitly forbid union between Austria and Germany. The treaties also forced German-Austria to rename itself as "Republic of Austria" which consequently led to the first Austrian Republic.Over 3 million German-speaking Austrians found themselves living outside the new Austrian Republic as minorities in the newly formed or enlarged states of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Italy. These included the provinces of South Tyrol (which became part of Italy) and German Bohemia (Czechoslovakia). The status of German Bohemia (Sudetenland) later played a role in sparking the Second World War.The status of South Tyrol was a lingering problem between Austria and Italy until it was officially settled by the 1980s with a great degree of autonomy being granted to it by the Italian national government. The border between Austria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) was settled with the Carinthian Plebiscite in October 1920 and allocated the major part of the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Crownland of Carinthia to Austria. This set the border on the Karawanken mountain range, with many Slovenes remaining in Austria.After the war, inflation began to devalue the Krone, which was still Austria's currency. In autumn 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the League of Nations. The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve Austria's general economic condition. The loan meant that Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. In 1925, the "Schilling" was introduced, replacing the Krone at a rate of 10,000:1. Later, it was nicknamed the "Alpine dollar" due to its stability. From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing after Black Tuesday.The First Austrian Republic lasted until 1933, when Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, using what he called "self-switch-off of Parliament", established an autocratic regime tending towards Italian fascism. The two big parties at this time, the Social Democrats and the Conservatives, had paramilitary armies; the Social Democrats' "Schutzbund" was now declared illegal, but was still operative as civil war broke out.In February 1934, several members of the "Schutzbund" were executed, the Social Democratic party was outlawed, and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated. On 1 May 1934, the Austrofascists imposed a new constitution ("Maiverfassung") which cemented Dollfuss's power, but on 25 July he was assassinated in a Nazi coup attempt.His successor Kurt Schuschnigg acknowledged Austria as a "German state" and that Austrians were "better Germans" but wished for Austria to remain independent. He announced a referendum on 9 March 1938, to be held on 13 March, concerning Austria's independence from Germany. On 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over government, while German troops occupied the country, which prevented Schuschnigg's referendum from taking place. On 13 March 1938, the "Anschluss" of Austria was officially declared. Two days later, Austrian-born Hitler announced what he called the "reunification" of his home country with the "rest of the German Reich" on Vienna's Heldenplatz. He established a plebiscite confirming the union with Germany in April 1938.Parliamentary elections were held in Germany (including recently annexed Austria) on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule, and took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single Nazi-party list for the 813-member Reichstag, as well as the recent annexation of Austria (the Anschluss). Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote. Turnout in the election was officially 99.5%, with 98.9% voting "yes". In the case of Austria, Adolf Hitler's native soil, 99.71% of an electorate of 4,484,475 officially went to the ballots, with a positive tally of 99.73%. Although most Austrians favoured the "Anschluss", in certain parts of Austria the German soldiers were not always welcomed with flowers and joy, especially in Vienna which had Austria's largest Jewish population. Nevertheless, despite the propaganda and the manipulation and rigging which surrounded the ballot box result, there was massive genuine support for Hitler for fulfilling the "Anschluss", since many Germans from both Austria and Germany saw it as completing the long overdue unification of all Germans into one state.On 12 March 1938, Austria was annexed to the Third Reich and ceased to exist as an independent country. The Aryanisation of the wealth of Jewish Austrians started immediately in mid-March, with a so-called "wild" (i.e. extra-legal) phase, but was soon structured legally and bureaucratically to strip Jewish citizens of any assets they possessed. At that time Adolf Eichmann, who grew up in Austria, was transferred to Vienna to persecute the Jews. During the November pogrom in 1938 ("Reichskristallnacht"), Jews and Jewish institutions such as synagogues were victims of severe violent attacks in Vienna, Klagenfurt, Linz, Graz, Salzburg, Innsbruck and several cities in Lower Austria. Otto von Habsburg, a vehement opponent of the Nazis, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, an honorary citizen of hundreds of places in Austria and partly envisaged by Schuschnigg as a monarchical option, was in Belgium at the time. He spoke out against the Anschluss and was then wanted by the Nazi regime and expropriated and should be shot immediately if he is caught. The Nazis renamed Austria in 1938 as "Ostmark" until 1942, when it was again renamed and called "Alpine and Danubian Gaue" (Alpen-und Donau-Reichsgaue).Though Austrians made up only 8% of the population of the Third Reich, some of the most prominent Nazis were native Austrians, including Adolf Hitler, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Franz Stangl, Alois Brunner, Friedrich Rainer and Odilo Globocnik, as were over 13% of the SS and 40% of the staff at the Nazi extermination camps. In the Reichsgau, besides the main camp KZ-Mauthausen, there were numerous sub-camps in all federal states where Jews and prisoners were killed, tortured and exploited. At this time, because the territory was outside the operational radius of the Allied aircraft, the armaments industry was greatly expanded through the use of concentration camp prisoners and forced labor, especially for fighter planes, tanks and missiles.Most of the resistance groups were soon crushed by the Gestapo. While the plans of the group around Karl Burian to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in Vienna were uncovered, the important group around the later executed priest Heinrich Maier managed to contact the Allies. This so-called Maier-Messner group was able to send the Allies information about armaments factories for V-1, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft (Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, etc.), which was important for Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. This resistance group, which was in contact with the American secret service OSS, soon provided information about mass executions and concentration camps such as Auschwitz. The aim of the group was to let Nazi Germany lose the war as quickly as possible and to re-establish an independent Austria.Vienna fell on 13 April 1945, during the Soviet Vienna Offensive, just before the total collapse of the Third Reich. The invading Allied powers, in particular the Americans, planned for the supposed "Alpine Fortress Operation" of a national redoubt, that was largely to have taken place on Austrian soil in the mountains of the Eastern Alps. However, it never materialised because of the rapid collapse of the Reich.Karl Renner and Adolf Schärf (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a provisional government in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious Red Army and backed by Joseph Stalin. (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. Total military deaths from 1939 to 1945 are estimated at 260,000. Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 65,000. About 140,000 Jewish Austrians had fled the country in 1938–39. Thousands of Austrians had taken part in serious Nazi crimes (hundreds of thousands died in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp alone), a fact officially recognised by Chancellor Franz Vranitzky in 1992.Much like Germany, Austria was divided into American, British, French, and Soviet zones and governed by the Allied Commission for Austria. As forecast in the Moscow Declaration in 1943, a subtle difference was seen in the treatment of Austria by the Allies. The Austrian government, consisting of Social Democrats, Conservatives, and Communists (until 1947), and residing in Vienna, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone, was recognised by the Western Allies in October 1945 after some doubts that Renner could be Stalin's puppet. Thus, the creation of a separate Western Austrian government and the division of the country was avoided. Austria, in general, was treated as though it had been originally invaded by Germany and liberated by the Allies.On 15 May 1955, after talks which lasted for years and were influenced by the Cold War, Austria regained full independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers. On 26 October 1955, after all occupation troops had left, Austria declared its "permanent neutrality" by an act of parliament. This day is now Austria's National Day, a public holiday.The political system of the Second Republic is based on the constitution of 1920 and 1929, which was reintroduced in 1945. The system came to be characterised by "Proporz", meaning that most posts of political importance were split evenly between members of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). Interest group "chambers" with mandatory membership (e.g. for workers, business people, farmers) grew to considerable importance and were usually consulted in the legislative process, so hardly any legislation was passed that did not reflect widespread consensus.Since 1945, governing via a single-party government has occurred twice: 1966–1970 (ÖVP) and 1970–1983 (SPÖ). During all other legislative periods, either a grand coalition of SPÖ and ÖVP or a "small coalition" (one of these two and a smaller party) ruled the country.Kurt Waldheim, a Wehrmacht officer in the Second World War accused of war crimes, was elected President of Austria from 1986 to 1992.Following a referendum in 1994, at which consent reached a majority of two-thirds, the country became a member of the European Union on 1 January 1995.The major parties SPÖ and ÖVP have contrary opinions about the future status of Austria's military nonalignment: While the SPÖ in public supports a neutral role, the ÖVP argues for stronger integration into the EU's security policy; even a future NATO membership is not ruled out by some ÖVP politicians (ex. Dr Werner Fasslabend (ÖVP) in 1997). In reality, Austria is taking part in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, participates in peacekeeping and peace creating tasks, and has become a member of NATO's "Partnership for Peace"; the constitution has been amended accordingly. Since Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area in 2011, none of Austria's neighbouring countries performs border controls towards it anymore.The Parliament of Austria is located in Vienna, the country's capital and most populous city. Austria became a federal, representative democratic republic through the Federal Constitution of 1920. The political system of the Second Republic with its nine states is based on the constitution of 1920, amended in 1929, which was reenacted on 1 May 1945.The head of state is the Federal President ("Bundespräsident"), who is directly elected by popular majority vote, with a run-off between the top-scoring candidates if necessary. The head of the Federal Government is the Federal Chancellor ("Bundeskanzler"), who is selected by the President and tasked with forming a government based on the partisan composition of the lower house of parliament.The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by vote of no confidence in the lower chamber of parliament, the Nationalrat. Voting for the Federal President and for the Parliament used to be compulsory in Austria, but this was abolished in steps from 1982 to 2004.Austria's parliament consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat (183 seats) is determined every five years (or whenever the Nationalrat has been dissolved by the federal president on a motion by the federal chancellor, or by Nationalrat itself) by a general election in which every citizen over the age of 16 has the right to vote. The voting age was lowered from 18 in 2007.While there is a general threshold of 4% of the vote for all parties in federal elections ("Nationalratswahlen") to participate in the proportional allocation of seats, there remains the possibility of being elected to a seat directly in one of the 43 regional electoral districts ().The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the legislative process in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the Bundesrat, has a limited right of veto (the Nationalrat canin almost all casesultimately pass the respective bill by voting a second time; this is referred to as a "Beharrungsbeschluss", lit. "vote of persistence"). A constitutional convention, called the was convened on 30 June 2003 to consider reforms to the constitution, but failed to produce a proposal that would command a two-thirds majority in the Nationalrat, the margin necessary for constitutional amendments and/or reform.While the bicameral Parliament and the Government constitute the legislative and executive branches, respectively, the courts are the third branch of Austrian state powers. The Constitutional Court ("Verfassungsgerichtshof") exerts considerable influence on the political system because of its power to invalidate legislation and ordinances that are not in compliance with the constitution. Since 1995, the European Court of Justice may overrule Austrian decisions in all matters defined in laws of the European Union. Austria also implements the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, since the European Convention on Human Rights is part of the Austrian constitution.After general elections held in October 2006, the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) emerged as the strongest party, and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) came in second, having lost about 8% of its previous polling. Political realities prohibited any of the two major parties from forming a coalition with smaller parties. In January 2007 the People's Party and SPÖ formed a grand coalition with the social democrat Alfred Gusenbauer as Chancellor. This coalition broke up in June 2008.Elections in September 2008 further weakened both major parties (SPÖ and ÖVP) but together they still held 70% of the votes, with the Social Democrats holding slightly more than the other party. They formed a coalition with Werner Faymann from the Social Democrats as Chancellor. The Green Party came in third with 11% of the vote. The FPÖ and the deceased Jörg Haider's new party Alliance for the Future of Austria, both on the political right, were strengthened during the election but taken together received less than 20% of the vote.In the legislative elections of 2013, the Social Democratic Party received 27% of the vote and 52 seats; People's Party 24% and 47 seats, thus controlling together the majority of the seats. The Freedom Party received 40 seats and 21% of the votes, while the Greens received 12% and 24 seats. Two new parties, Stronach and the NEOS, received less than 10% of the vote, and 11 and nine seats respectively.After the Grand Coalition broke in Spring 2017 a snap election was proclaimed for October 2017. The Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) with its new young leader Sebastian Kurz emerged as the largest party in the National Council, winning 31.5% of votes and 62 of the 183 seats. The Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) finished second with 52 seats and 26.9% votes, slightly ahead of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which received 51 seats and 26%. NEOS finished fourth with 10 seats (5.3 percent of votes), and PILZ (which split from the Green Party at the start of the campaign) entered parliament for the first time and came in fifth place with 8 seats and 4.4% The Green Party failed with 3.8% to cross the 4% threshold and was ejected from parliament, losing all of its 24 seats. The ÖVP decided to form a coalition with the FPÖ. The new government between the centre-right wing and the right-wing populist party under the new chancellor Sebastian Kurz was sworn in on 18 December 2017, but the coalition government later collapsed and new elections were called for 29 September 2019. The elections lead to another landslide victory (37.5%) of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) who formed a coalition-government with the reinvigorated (13.9%) Greens, which was sworn in with Kurz as chancellor on January 7, 2020.The 1955 Austrian State Treaty ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognised Austria as an independent and sovereign state. On 26 October 1955, the Federal Assembly passed a constitutional article in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality." The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory." Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality, but rather different from the neutrality of Switzerland.Austria began to reassess its definition of neutrality following the fall of the Soviet Union, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against Iraq in 1991, and since 1995, it has developed participation in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy. Also in 1995, it joined NATO's Partnership for Peace (although it was careful to do so only after Russia joined) and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Meanwhile, the only part of the Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 1955 still fully valid is to not allow foreign military bases in Austria. Austria signed the UN's Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, which was opposed by all NATO members.Austria attaches great importance to participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and other international economic organisations, and it has played an active role in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE-participating State, Austria's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission.The manpower of the Austrian Armed Forces () mainly relies on conscription. All males who have reached the age of eighteen and are found fit have to serve a six months compulsory military service, followed by an eight-year reserve obligation. Both males and females at the age of sixteen are eligible for voluntary service. Conscientious objection is legally acceptable and those who claim this right are obliged to serve an institutionalised nine months civilian service instead. Since 1998, women volunteers have been allowed to become professional soldiers.The main sectors of the Bundesheer are Joint Forces (Streitkräfteführungskommando, SKFüKdo) which consist of Land Forces (Landstreitkräfte), Air Forces (Luftstreitkräfte), International Missions (Internationale Einsätze) and Special Forces (Spezialeinsatzkräfte), next to Joint Mission Support Command (Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU) and Joint Command Support Centre (Führungsunterstützungszentrum; FüUZ). Austria is a landlocked country and has no navy.In 2012, Austria's defence expenditures corresponded to approximately 0.8% of its GDP. The Army currently has about 26,000 soldiers, of whom about 12,000 are conscripts. As head of state, Austrian President is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the Bundesheer. Command of the Austrian Armed Forces is exercised by the Minister of Defence, : Klaudia Tanner.Since the end of the Cold War, and more importantly the removal of the former heavily guarded "Iron Curtain" separating Austria and its Eastern Bloc neighbours (Hungary and former Czechoslovakia), the Austrian military has been assisting Austrian border guards in trying to prevent border crossings by illegal immigrants. This assistance came to an end when Hungary and Slovakia joined the EU Schengen Area in 2008, for all intents and purposes abolishing "internal" border controls between treaty states. Some politicians have called for a prolongation of this mission, but the legality of this is heavily disputed. In accordance with the Austrian constitution, armed forces may only be deployed in a limited number of cases, mainly to defend the country and aid in cases of national emergency, such as in the wake of natural disasters. They may generally not be used as auxiliary police forces.Within its self-declared status of permanent neutrality, Austria has a long and proud tradition of engaging in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. The Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit (AFDRU), in particular, an all-volunteer unit with close ties to civilian specialists (e.g. rescue dog handlers) enjoys a reputation as a quick (standard deployment time is 10 hours) and efficient SAR unit. Currently, larger contingents of Austrian forces are deployed in Bosnia and Kosovo.Austria is a federal republic consisting of nine states (). The states are sub-divided into districts () and statutory cities (). Districts are subdivided into municipalities (). Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. Vienna is unique in that it is both a city and a state.Austria's constituent states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g. in matters of culture, social welfare, youth and nature protection, hunting, building, and zoning ordinances. In recent years, it has been questioned whether a small country should maintain ten subnational legislatures. Consolidation of local governments has already been undertaken at the "Gemeinde" level for purposes of administrative efficiency and cost savings (")."The Ministry in charge of the Austrian corrections system is the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Justice is based out of Vienna. The head of the prison administration falls under the title of Director General. The total prison population rate as of July 2017 is 8,290 people. Pre-trial detainees make up 23.6%, female prisoners make up 5.7%, juveniles make up 1.4%, and foreign prisoners make up 54.2% of the prison system. Since 2000 the population has risen over 2,000 and has stabilized at over 8,000.Austria is a largely mountainous country because of its location in the Alps. The Central Eastern Alps, Northern Limestone Alps and Southern Limestone Alps are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (), only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below . The Alps of western Austria give way somewhat into low lands and plains in the eastern part of the country.Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E.It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the Carpathians account for around 12% and the foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian granite plateau, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the Vienna basin makes up the remaining 4%.Phytogeographically, Austria belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests, and Western European broadleaf forests. Austria had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.55/10, ranking it 149th globally out of 172 countries.The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate climate zone, where humid westerly winds predominate. With nearly three-quarters of the country dominated by the Alps, the alpine climate is predominant. In the east—in the Pannonian Plain and along the Danube valley—the climate shows continental features with less rain than the alpine areas. Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of in August 2013.According to the Köppen Climate Classification Austria has the following climate types: Oceanic (Cfb), Cool/Warm-summer humid continental (Dfb), Subarctic/Subalpine (Dfc), Tundra/Alpine (ET) and Ice-Cap (EF). It is important to note though that Austria may experience very cold, severe winters, but most of the time they are only around as cold as those in somewhat comparable climate zones, for example Southern Scandinavia or Eastern Europe. As well, at higher altitudes, summers are usually considerably cooler than in the valleys/lower altitudes. The subarctic and tundra climates seen around the Alps are much warmer in winter than what is normal elsewhere due in part to the Oceanic influence on this part of Europe.Austria consistently ranks high in terms of GDP per capita, due to its highly industrialized economy, and well-developed social market economy. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Labour movements are particularly influential, exercising large influence on labour politics and decisions related to the expansion of the economy. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the economy of Austria.Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the German economy. Since Austria became a member state of the European Union, it has gained closer ties to other EU economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership of the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP reached 3.3% in 2006. At least 67% of Austria's imports come from other European Union member states.Austria indicated on 16 November 2010 that it would withhold the December installment of its contribution to the EU bailout of Greece, citing the material worsening of the Greek debt situation and the apparent inability of Greece to collect the level of tax receipts it had previously promised.The Financial crisis of 2007–2008 dented the economy of Austria in other ways as well. It caused, for example, the Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International to be purchased in December 2009 by the government for 1 euro owing to credit difficulties, thus wiping out the €1.63bn of BayernLB. , the HGAA situation was unresolved, causing Chancellor Werner Faymann to warn that its failure would be comparable to the 1931 Creditanstalt event.Since the fall of communism, Austrian companies have been quite active players and consolidators in Eastern Europe. Between 1995 and 2010, 4,868 mergers and acquisitions with a total known value of 163 bil. EUR with the involvement of Austrian firms have been announced. The largest transactions with involvement of Austrian companies have been: the acquisition of Bank Austria by Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank for 7.8 billion EUR in 2000, the acquisition of Porsche Holding Salzburg by Volkswagen Group for 3.6 billion EUR in 2009, and the acquisition of Banca Comercială Română by Erste Group for 3.7 bil. EUR in 2005.Tourism in Austria accounts for almost 9% of its gross domestic product.In 2007, Austria ranked 9th worldwide in international tourism receipts, with 18.9 billion US$. In international tourist arrivals, Austria ranked 12th with 20.8 million tourists.In 1972, the country began construction of a nuclear-powered electricity-generation station at Zwentendorf on the River Danube, following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978, a referendum voted approximately 50.5% against nuclear power, 49.5% for, and parliament subsequently unanimously passed a law forbidding the use of nuclear power to generate electricity although the nuclear power plant was already finished.Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity by hydropower. Together with other renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass powerplants, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to 62.89% of total use in Austria, with the rest being produced by gas and oil power plants.Compared to most European countries, Austria is ecologically well endowed. Its biocapacity (or biological natural capital) is more than double of the world average: In 2016, Austria had 3.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, compared to the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In contrast, in 2016, they used 6.0 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means that Austrians use about 60 percent more biocapacity than Austria contains. As a result, Austria is running a biocapacity deficit.Austria's population was estimated to be nearly 9 million (8.9) in 2020 by the Statistik Austria. The population of the capital, Vienna, exceeds 1.9 million (2.6 million, including the suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population. It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living.Vienna is by far the country's largest city. Graz is second in size, with 291,007 inhabitants, followed by Linz (206,604), Salzburg (155,031), Innsbruck (131,989), and Klagenfurt (101,303). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.According to Eurostat, in 2018 there were 1.69 million foreign-born residents in Austria, corresponding to 19.2% of the total population. Of these, 928,700 (10.5%) were born outside the EU and 762,000 (8.6%) were born in another EU Member State. There are more than 483,100 descendants of foreign-born immigrants.Turks form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 350,000. 13,000 Turks were naturalised in 2003 and an unknown number have arrived in Austria at the same time. While 2,000 Turks left Austria in the same year, 10,000 immigrated to the country, confirming a strong trend of growth. Together, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, and Slovenes make up about 5.1% of Austria's total population.The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2017 was estimated at 1.52 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.83 children born per woman in 1873. In 2015, 42.1% of births were to unmarried women. Austria subsequently has the 12th oldest population in the world, with the average age of 44.2 years. The life expectancy in 2016 was estimated at 81.5 years (78.9 years male, 84.3 years female).Statistics Austria estimates that nearly 10 million people will live in the country by 2080.Standard Austrian German is spoken in Austria, though used primarily just in education, publications, announcements and websites. It is mostly identical to the Standard German of Germany but with some vocabulary differences. This Standard German language is used in formal contexts across Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as well as among those with significant German-speaking minorities: Italy, Belgium and Denmark. However, the common spoken language of Austria is not the Standard German taught in schools but Austro-Bavarian: a group of Upper German local dialects with varying degrees of difficulty being understood by each other as well as by speakers of non-Austrian German dialects. Taken as a collective whole, German languages or dialects are thus spoken natively by 88.6% of the population, which includes the 2.5% German-born citizens who reside in Austria, followed by Turkish (2.28%), Serbian (2.21%), Croatian (1.63%), English (0.73%), Hungarian (0.51%), Bosnian (0.43%), Polish (0.35%), Albanian (0.35%), Slovenian (0.31%), Czech (0.22%), Arabic (0.22%), and Romanian (0.21%).The Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Styria are home to a significant indigenous Slovene-speaking minority while in the easternmost state, Burgenland (formerly part of the Hungarian portion of Austria-Hungary), there are significant Hungarian- and Croatian-speaking minorities. Of the remaining number of Austria's people who are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former East Bloc nations. Guest workers "(Gastarbeiter)" and their descendants, as well as refugees from the Yugoslav wars and other conflicts, also form an important minority group in Austria. Since 1994 the Roma–Sinti (gypsies) have been an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria.According to census information published by Statistik Austria for 2001 there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, the largest by far are 283,334 foreign nationals from the former Yugoslavia (of whom 135,336 speak Serbian; 105,487 Croatian; 31,591 Bosnian – i.e. 272,414 Austrian resident native speakers in total, plus 6,902 Slovenian and 4,018 Macedonian speakers).The second largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the Turks (including minority of Kurds) with a number of 200,000 to 300,000 who currently live in Austria.The next largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the 124,392 who speak German as their mother tongue even though they hail from outside of Austria (mainly immigrants from Germany, some from Switzerland, South Tyrol in Italy, Romania, or the former Soviet Union); 123,417 English; 24,446 Albanian; 17,899 Polish; 14,699 Hungarian; 12,216 Romanian; 10,000 Malayali; 7,982 Arabic; 6,891 Slovak; 6,707 Czech; 5,916 Persian; 5,677 Italian; 5,466 Russian; 5,213 French; 4,938 Chinese; 4,264 Spanish; 3,503 Bulgarian. The numbers for other languages fall off sharply below 3,000.In 2006, some of the Austrian states introduced standardised tests for new citizens, to assure their language ability, cultural knowledge and accordingly their ability to integrate into the Austrian society. For the national rules, see Austrian nationality law – Naturalisation.Historically Austrians were regarded as ethnic Germans and viewed themselves as such, although this national identity was challenged by Austrian nationalism in the decades after the end of World War I and even more so after World War II. Austria was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until its ending in 1806 and had been part of the German Confederation, a loose association of 39 separate German-speaking countries, until the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, which resulted in the exclusion of Austria from the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation led by Prussia. In 1871, Germany was founded as a nation-state, Austria was not a part of it. After World War I and the breakup of the Austrian monarchy, politicians of the new republic declared its name to be "Deutschösterreich" (Republic of German-Austria) and that it was part of the German Republic. A unification of the two countries was forbidden by the treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye as one of the conditions imposed by the victorious Allies of World War I upon the vanquished nation, to prevent the creation of a territorially extensive German state. After the events of World War II and Nazism, Austria as a country has made efforts to develop an Austrian national identity among its populace, and nowadays most do not consider themselves Germans. However, a minority of Austrians still consider themselves to be Germans and advocate for a "Greater Germany", arguing that the historic boundaries of the German people goes beyond the boundaries of modern-day countries, especially Austria and Germany.Austrians may be described either as a nationality or as a homogeneous Germanic ethnic group, that is closely related to neighboring Germans, Liechtensteiners and German-speaking Swiss. Today 91.1% of the population are regarded as ethnic Austrians.The Turks are the largest single immigrant group in Austria, closely followed by the Serbs. Serbs form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 300,000 people. Historically, Serbian immigrants moved to Austria during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when Vojvodina was under Imperial control. Following World War II the number of Serbs expanded again, and today the community is very large. The Austrian Serbian Society was founded in 1936. Today, Serbs in Austria are mainly found in Vienna, Salzburg, and Graz.An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 Slovenes in the Austrian state of Carinthia (the Carinthian Slovenes) as well as Croats (around 30,000) and Hungarians in Burgenland were recognised as a minority and have had special rights following the Austrian State Treaty () of 1955. The Slovenes in the Austrian state of Styria (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognised as a minority and do not have special rights, although the State Treaty of 27 July 1955 states otherwise.The right for bilingual topographic signs for the regions where Slovene and Croat Austrians live alongside the German-speaking population (as required by the 1955 State Treaty) is still to be fully implemented in the view of some, while others believe that the treaty-derived obligations have been met (see below). Many Carinthians are afraid of Slovenian territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two World Wars and considering that some official Slovenian atlases show parts of Carinthia as Slovene cultural territory. The former governor of Carinthia Jörg Haider has made this fact a matter of public argument in autumn 2005 by refusing to increase the number of bilingual topographic signs in Carinthia. A poll by the Kärntner Humaninstitut conducted in January 2006 stated that 65% of Carinthians were not against an increase of bilingual topographic signs, since the original requirements set by the State Treaty of 1955 had already been fulfilled according to their point of view.Another interesting phenomenon is the so-called "" stating that the Slovenes can be split in two groups: actual Slovenes and "Windische" (a traditional German name for Slavs), based on differences in language between Austrian Slovenes, who were taught Slovene standard language in school and those Slovenes who spoke their local Slovene dialect but went to German schools. The term "Windische" was applied to the latter group as a means of distinction. This politically influenced theory, dividing Slovene Austrians into the "loyal Windische" and the "national Slovenes", was never generally accepted and fell out of use some decades ago.In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called "Kirchenbeitrag" ("Ecclesiastical/Church contribution"). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2018 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,050,000 members, or 56.9% of the total Austrian population. Sunday church attendance was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.The 2001 census report indicated that about 12% of the population declared that they have no religion; according to ecclesiastical information this share had grown to 20% by 2015. Of the remaining people, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, mainly due to the influx from Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. The number of Muslims has doubled in 15 years to 700,000 in 2016. About 180,000 are members of Orthodox Churches (mostly Serbs), about 21,000 people are active Jehovah's Witnesses and about 8,100 are Jewish.According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2010,Education in Austria is entrusted partly to the Austrian states (Bundesländer) and partly to the federal government. School attendance is compulsory for nine years, i.e. usually to the age of fifteen.Pre-school education (called "Kindergarten" in German), free in most states, is provided for all children between the ages of three and six years and, whilst optional, is considered a normal part of a child's education due to its high takeup rate. Maximum class size is around 30, each class normally being cared for by one qualified teacher and one assistant.Primary education, or Volksschule, lasts for four years, starting at age six. The maximum class size is 30, but may be as low as 15. It is generally expected that a class will be taught by one teacher for the entire four years and the stable bond between teacher and pupil is considered important for a child's well-being. The 3Rs (Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic) dominate lesson time, with less time allotted to project work than in the UK. Children work individually and all members of a class follow the same plan of work. There is no streaming.Standard attendance times are 8 am to 12 pm or 1 pm, with hourly five- or ten-minute breaks. Children are given homework daily from the first year. Historically there has been no lunch hour, with children returning home to eat. However, due to a rise in the number of mothers in work, primary schools are increasingly offering pre-lesson and afternoon care.As in Germany, secondary education consists of two main types of schools, attendance at which is based on a pupil's ability as determined by grades from the primary school. The Gymnasium caters for the more able children, in the final year of which the Matura examination is taken, which is a requirement for access to university. The Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education but also for various types of further education (Höhere Technische Lehranstalt HTL = institution of higher technical education; HAK = commercial academy; HBLA = institution of higher education for economic business; etc.). Attendance at one of these further education institutes also leads to the Matura. Some schools aim to combine the education available at the Gymnasium and the Hauptschule, and are known as Gesamtschulen. In addition, a recognition of the importance of learning English has led some Gymnasiums to offer a bilingual stream, in which pupils deemed able in languages follow a modified curriculum, a portion of the lesson time being conducted in English.As at primary school, lessons at Gymnasium begin at 8 am and continue with short intervals until lunchtime or early afternoon, with children returning home to a late lunch. Older pupils often attend further lessons after a break for lunch, generally eaten at school. As at primary level, all pupils follow the same plan of work. Great emphasis is placed on homework and frequent testing. Satisfactory marks in the end-of-the-year report ("Zeugnis") are a prerequisite for moving up ("aufsteigen") to the next class. Pupils who do not meet the required standard re-sit their tests at the end of the summer holidays; those whose marks are still not satisfactory are required to re-sit the year ("sitzenbleiben").It is not uncommon for a pupil to re-sit more than one year of school. After completing the first two years, pupils choose between one of two strands, known as "Gymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on arts) or "Realgymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on science). Whilst many schools offer both strands, some do not, and as a result, some children move schools for a second time at age 12. At age 14, pupils may choose to remain in one of these two strands, or to change to a vocational course, possibly with a further change of school.The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the Matura examination until recently. A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as Medicine. In 2001, an obligatory tuition fee (""Studienbeitrag"") of €363.36 per term was introduced for all public universities. Since 2008, for all EU students the studies have been free of charge, as long as a certain time-limit is not exceeded (the expected duration of the study plus usually two terms tolerance). When the time-limit is exceeded, the fee of around €363.36 per term is charged. Some further exceptions to the fee apply, e.g. for students with a year's salary of more than about €5000. In all cases, an obligatory fee of €20.20 is charged for the student union and insurance.Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music. Austria was the birthplace of many famous composers such as Joseph Haydn, Michael Haydn, Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr. and Johann Strauss, Jr. as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, then an independent Church Principality of the Holy Roman Empire, which later became part of Austria, and much of Mozart's career was spent in Vienna.Vienna was for a long time an important centre of musical innovation. 18th- and 19th-century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music.Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural centre in the early 16th century, and was focused around instruments, including the lute. Ludwig van Beethoven spent the better part of his life in Vienna. Austria's current national anthem, attributed to Mozart, was chosen after World War II to replace the traditional Austrian anthem by Joseph Haydn.Austrian Herbert von Karajan was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 35 years. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death.International pop super star Johann Hölzel, also known by his stage name Falco was born in Vienna, Austria 19 February 1957.Conchita Wurst is also a renowned singer from the Austrian stock.Among Austrian Artists and architects one can find the painters Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Rudolf von Alt, Hans Makart, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele, Carl Moll, and Friedensreich Hundertwasser, the photographers Inge Morath and Ernst Haas, and architects like Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and Hans Hollein (recipient of the 1985 Pritzker Architecture Prize). Contemporary artist Herbert Brandl.Sascha Kolowrat was an Austrian pioneer of filmmaking. Billy Wilder, Fritz Lang, Josef von Sternberg, and Fred Zinnemann originally came from the Austrian Empire before establishing themselves as internationally relevant filmmakers. Willi Forst, Ernst Marischka, and Franz Antel enriched the popular cinema in German-speaking countries. Michael Haneke became internationally known for his disturbing cinematic studies, receiving a Golden Globe for his critically acclaimed film "The White Ribbon" (2010).The first Austrian director to receive an Academy Award was Stefan Ruzowitzky. A number of Austrian actors also pursued international careers, among them Peter Lorre, Helmut Berger, Curd Jürgens, Senta Berger, Oskar Werner, and Klaus Maria Brandauer. Most notably, Hedy Lamarr and Arnold Schwarzenegger became international movie stars in Hollywood. Christoph Waltz rose to fame with his performances in "Inglourious Basterds" and "Django Unchained", earning him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2010 and 2012. Max Reinhardt was a master of spectacular and astute theatre productions. Otto Schenk not only excelled as a stage actor, but also as an opera director.Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation. Among them are Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, Victor Franz Hess and Christian Doppler, prominent scientists in the 19th century. In the 20th century, contributions by Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger and Wolfgang Pauli to nuclear research and quantum mechanics were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day quantum physicist is Anton Zeilinger, noted as the first scientist to demonstrate quantum teleportation.In addition to physicists, Austria was the birthplace of two of the most noteworthy philosophers of the 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper. In addition to them, biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus were Austrians.A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in medieval times with Paracelsus. Eminent physicians like Theodore Billroth, Clemens von Pirquet, and Anton von Eiselsberg have built upon the achievements of the 19th-century Vienna School of Medicine. Austria was home to Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, Alfred Adler, founder of Individual psychology, psychologists Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger, and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl.The Austrian School of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists Carl Menger, Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek. Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker Peter Drucker, sociologist Paul Felix Lazarsfeld and scientist Sir Gustav Nossal.Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers, and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard, and Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke, Adalbert Stifter, Karl Kraus and children's author Eva Ibbotson.Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Nobel prize winner Elfriede Jelinek, Peter Handke and Daniel Kehlmann.Austria's cuisine is derived from that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austrian cuisine is mainly the tradition of Royal-Cuisine ("Hofküche") delivered over centuries. It is famous for its well-balanced variations of beef and pork and countless variations of vegetables. There is also the "Mehlspeisen" Bakery, which created particular delicacies such as Sachertorte, "Krapfen" which are doughnuts usually filled with apricot jam or custard, and "Strudel" such as "Apfelstrudel" filled with apple, "Topfenstrudel" filled with a type of cheese curd called "topfen", and "Millirahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel).In addition to native regional traditions, the cuisine has been influenced by Hungarian, Czech, Polish, Jewish, Italian, Balkan and French cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian cuisine is therefore one of the most multicultural and transcultural in Europe.Typical Austrian dishes include Wiener Schnitzel, Schweinsbraten, Kaiserschmarren, Knödel, Sachertorte and Tafelspitz. There are also Kärntner Kasnudeln, which are pockets of dough filled with Topfen, potatoes, herbs and peppermint which are boiled and served with a butter sauce. Kasnudeln are traditionally served with a salad. Eierschwammerl dishes are also popular. The sugar block dispenser Pez was invented in Austria, as well as Mannerschnitten. Austria is also famous for its Mozartkugeln and its coffee tradition. With over 8 kg per year it has the sixth highest per capita coffee consumption worldwide.Beer is sold in 0.2 litre (a "Pfiff"), 0.3 litre (a "Seidel", "kleines Bier" or "Glas Bier") and 0.5 litre (a "Krügerl" or "großes Bier" or "Halbe") measures. At festivals one litre "Maß" and two litre "Doppelmaß" in the Bavarian style are also dispensed. The most popular types of beer are lager (known as "Märzen" in Austria), naturally cloudy "Zwicklbier" and wheat beer. At holidays like Christmas and Easter bock beer is also available.The most important wine-producing areas are in Lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria and Vienna. The Grüner Veltliner grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines and Zweigelt is the most widely planted red wine grape.In Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, "Most", a type of cider or perry, is widely produced.A Schnapps of typically up to 60% alcohol or fruit brandy is drunk, which in Austria is made from a variety of fruits, for example apricots and rowanberries. The produce of small private schnapps distilleries, of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as "Selbstgebrannter" or "Hausbrand".Local soft drinks such as Almdudler are very popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade. Red Bull, the highest-selling energy drink in the world, was introduced by Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur.Due to the mountainous terrain, alpine skiing is a prominent sport in Austria and is extremely valuable in the promotion and economic growth of the country. Similar sports such as snowboarding or ski-jumping are also widely popular. Austrian athletes such as Annemarie Moser-Pröll, Franz Klammer, Hermann Maier, Toni Sailer, Benjamin Raich, Marlies Schild & Marcel Hirscher are widely regarded as some of the greatest alpine skiers of all time, Armin Kogler, Andreas Felder, Ernst Vettori, Andreas Goldberger, Andreas Widhölzl, Thomas Morgenstern & Gregor Schlierenzauer as some of the greatest ski jumpers of all time. Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton are also popular events with a permanent track located in Igls, which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck. The first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012 were held in Innsbruck as well.A popular team sport in Austria is football, which is governed by the Austrian Football Association. Austria was among the most successful football playing nations on the European continent placing 4th at the 1934 FIFA World Cup, 3rd at the 1954 FIFA World Cup and 7th at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. However, recently Austrian football has not been internationally successful. It also co-hosted the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship with Switzerland. The national Austrian football league is the Austrian Bundesliga, which includes teams such as record-champions SK Rapid Wien, FK Austria Wien, Red Bull Salzburg and Sturm Graz.Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports, including the Austrian Hockey League for ice hockey, and the Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga for basketball. Horseback riding is also popular; the famed Spanish Riding School of Vienna is located in Vienna.Niki Lauda is a former Formula One driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. Other known Austrian F1 drivers are for example Gerhard Berger and Jochen Rindt. Austria also hosts F1 races (Austrian Grand Prix); now held at Red Bull Ring, in the past also at Österreichring and Zeltweg Airfield.Thomas Muster is a former tennis player and one of the greatest clay courters of all time. He won the 1995 French Open and in 1996 he was ranked number 1 in the ATP Ranking. Other well known Austrian tennis players include the 2020 US Open winner Dominic Thiem, Horst Skoff and Jürgen Melzer.Sport played a significant role in developing national consciousness and boosting national self-confidence in the early years of the Second Republic after World War II, through events such as the Tour of Austria cycle race and through sporting successes such as the national football team's run to third at the 1954 World Cup and the performances of Toni Sailer and the rest of the "Kitzbühel Miracle Team" in the 1950s.	[ "Karl Renner", "Rudolf Kirchschläger", "Adolf Schärf", "Theodor Körner", "Kurt Waldheim", "Franz Jonas", "Michael Hainisch", "Heinz Fischer", "Alexander Van der Bellen", "Thomas Klestil" ]
Who was the head of state of Austria in 05/28/1935?	May 28, 1935	{ "text": [ "Wilhelm Miklas" ] }	L2_Q40_P35_1	Thomas Klestil is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1992 to Jul, 2004. Michael Hainisch is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1920 to Dec, 1928. Adolf Schärf is the head of the state of Austria from May, 1957 to Feb, 1965. Franz Jonas is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1965 to Apr, 1974. Kurt Waldheim is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1986 to Jul, 1992. Heinz Fischer is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2016. Alexander Van der Bellen is the head of the state of Austria from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Rudolf Kirchschläger is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1974 to Jul, 1986. Karl Renner is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1945 to Dec, 1950. Theodor Körner is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1951 to Jan, 1957. Wilhelm Miklas is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1928 to May, 1938.	AustriaAustria (, ; ), officially the Republic of Austria (, ), is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states ("Bundesländer"), one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy. In the 16th century, Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg – one of the most influential royal dynasties in history. As an archduchy, it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire. Early in the 19th century, Austria established its own empire, which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation, but pursued its own course independently of the other German states following its defeat in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. In 1867, in compromise with Hungary, the Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy was established.Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne. After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of union with Germany, but the Allied Powers did not support the new state and it remained unrecognized. In 1919 the First Austrian Republic became the legal successor of Austria. In 1938, the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler, who became the Chancellor of the German Reich, achieved the annexation of Austria by the Anschluss. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and an extended period of Allied occupation, Austria was re-established as a sovereign and self-governing democratic nation known as the Second Republic.Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy with a directly elected Federal President as head of state and a Chancellor as head of the federal government. Major urban areas of Austria include Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is consistently ranked in the top 20 richest countries in the world by GDP per capita terms. The country has achieved a high standard of living and in 2018 was ranked 20th in the world for its Human Development Index. Vienna consistently ranks in the top internationally on quality-of-life indicators.The Second Republic declared its perpetual neutrality in foreign political affairs in 1955. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995. It plays host to the OSCE and OPEC and is a founding member of the OECD and Interpol. Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999.The German name for Austria, , derives from the Old High German , which meant "eastern realm" and which first appeared in the "Ostarrîchi document" of 996. This word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin into a local (Bavarian) dialect.Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976. The word "Austria" is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century.At the time, the Danube basin of Austria (Upper and Lower Austria) was the easternmost extent of Bavaria.The Central European land that is now Austria was settled in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes. The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province. Present-day Petronell-Carnuntum in eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province. Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years.After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by Bavarians, Slavs and Avars. Charlemagne, King of the Franks, conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonization, and introduced Christianity. As part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg. The area was known as the "marchia Orientalis" and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976.The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as "Ostarrîchi", referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria. With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished.As a result, Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia. His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278. Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.The Habsburgs began also to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. In 1477, Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family. In 1496, his son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, thus acquiring Spain and its Italian, African, Asian and New World appendages for the Habsburgs.In 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the Long War of 1593 to 1606. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly 20 times, of which some are cited as "burning, pillaging, and taking thousands of slaves". In late September 1529 Suleiman the Magnificent launched the first Siege of Vienna, which unsuccessfully ended, according to Ottoman historians, with the snowfalls of an early beginning winter.During the long reign of Leopold I (1657–1705) and following the successful defence of Vienna against the Turks in 1683 (under the command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski), a series of campaigns resulted in bringing most of Hungary to Austrian control by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.Emperor Charles VI relinquished many of the gains the empire made in the previous years, largely due to his apprehensions at the imminent extinction of the House of Habsburg. Charles was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction that made his daughter Maria Theresa his heir. With the rise of Prussia, the Austrian–Prussian dualism began in Germany. Austria participated, together with Prussia and Russia, in the first and the third of the three Partitions of Poland (in 1772 and 1795).Austria later became engaged in a war with Revolutionary France, at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon, meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier, the Empire of Austria was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties. In 1814, Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the Napoleonic Wars.It emerged from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised great power. The same year, the German Confederation () was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political, and national conflicts, the German lands were shaken by the 1848 revolutions aiming to create a unified Germany.The various different possibilities for a united Germany were: a Greater Germany, or a Greater Austria or just the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the German Empire of 1848, the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against Denmark and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though, they fought the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Defeated by Prussia in the Battle of Königgrätz, Austria had to leave the German Confederation and no longer took part in German politics.The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the "Ausgleich", provided for a dual sovereignty, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, under Franz Joseph I. The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various Slavic groups, including Croats, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities.As a result, ruling Austria-Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements, requiring considerable reliance on an expanded secret police. Yet, the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: for example, the "Reichsgesetzblatt", publishing the laws and ordinances of Cisleithania, was issued in eight languages; and all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mother tongue at state offices.Many Austrians of all different social circles such as Georg Ritter von Schönerer promoted strong pan-Germanism in hope of reinforcing an ethnic German identity and the annexation of Austria to Germany. Some Austrians such as Karl Lueger also used pan-Germanism as a form of populism to further their own political goals. Although Bismarck's policies excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany, many Austrian pan-Germans idolized him and wore blue cornflowers, known to be the favourite flower of German Emperor William I, in their buttonholes, along with cockades in the German national colours (black, red, and yellow), although they were both temporarily banned in Austrian schools, as a way to show discontent towards the multi-ethnic empire.Austria's exclusion from Germany caused many Austrians a problem with their national identity and prompted the Social Democratic Leader Otto Bauer to state that it was "the conflict between our Austrian and German character". The Austro-Hungarian Empire caused ethnic tension between the German Austrians and the other ethnic groups. Many Austrians, especially those involved with the pan-German movements, desired a reinforcement of an ethnic German identity and hoped that the empire would collapse, which would allow an annexation of Austria with Germany.A lot of Austrian pan-German nationalists protested passionately against minister-president Kasimir Count Badeni's language decree of 1897, which made German and Czech co-official languages in Bohemia and required new government officials to be fluent in both languages. This meant in practice that the civil service would almost exclusively hire Czechs, because most middle-class Czechs spoke German but not the other way around. The support of ultramontane Catholic politicians and clergy for this reform triggered the launch of the "Away from Rome" () movement, which was initiated by supporters of Schönerer and called on "German" Christians to leave the Roman Catholic Church.As the Second Constitutional Era began in the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary took the opportunity to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. Theassassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip was used by leading Austrian politicians and generals to persuade the emperor to declare war on Serbia, thereby risking and prompting the outbreak of World War I, which eventually led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Over one million Austro-Hungarian soldiers died in World War I.On 21 October 1918, the elected German members of the "Reichsrat" (parliament of Imperial Austria) met in Vienna as the Provisional National Assembly for German Austria ("Provisorische Nationalversammlung für Deutschösterreich"). On 30 October the assembly founded the Republic of German Austria by appointing a government, called "Staatsrat". This new government was invited by the Emperor to take part in the decision on the planned armistice with Italy, but refrained from this business.This left the responsibility for the end of the war, on 3 November 1918, solely to the emperor and his government. On 11 November, the emperor, advised by ministers of the old and the new governments, declared he would not take part in state business any more; on 12 November, German Austria, by law, declared itself to be a democratic republic and part of the new German republic. The constitution, renaming the "Staatsrat" as "Bundesregierung" (federal government) and "Nationalversammlung" as "Nationalrat" (national council) was passed on 10 November 1920.The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 (for Hungary the Treaty of Trianon of 1920) confirmed and consolidated the new order of Central Europe which to a great extent had been established in November 1918, creating new states and altering others. The German-speaking parts of Austria which had been part of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state named The Republic of German-Austria (German: "Republik Deutschösterreich"), though excluding the predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol. The desire for "Anschluss" (annexation of Austria to Germany) was a popular opinion shared by all social circles in both Austria and Germany. On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat Karl Renner as provisional chancellor. On the same day it drafted a provisional constitution that stated that "German-Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich" (Article 2). The Treaty of Saint Germain and the Treaty of Versailles explicitly forbid union between Austria and Germany. The treaties also forced German-Austria to rename itself as "Republic of Austria" which consequently led to the first Austrian Republic.Over 3 million German-speaking Austrians found themselves living outside the new Austrian Republic as minorities in the newly formed or enlarged states of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Italy. These included the provinces of South Tyrol (which became part of Italy) and German Bohemia (Czechoslovakia). The status of German Bohemia (Sudetenland) later played a role in sparking the Second World War.The status of South Tyrol was a lingering problem between Austria and Italy until it was officially settled by the 1980s with a great degree of autonomy being granted to it by the Italian national government. The border between Austria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) was settled with the Carinthian Plebiscite in October 1920 and allocated the major part of the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Crownland of Carinthia to Austria. This set the border on the Karawanken mountain range, with many Slovenes remaining in Austria.After the war, inflation began to devalue the Krone, which was still Austria's currency. In autumn 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the League of Nations. The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve Austria's general economic condition. The loan meant that Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. In 1925, the "Schilling" was introduced, replacing the Krone at a rate of 10,000:1. Later, it was nicknamed the "Alpine dollar" due to its stability. From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing after Black Tuesday.The First Austrian Republic lasted until 1933, when Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, using what he called "self-switch-off of Parliament", established an autocratic regime tending towards Italian fascism. The two big parties at this time, the Social Democrats and the Conservatives, had paramilitary armies; the Social Democrats' "Schutzbund" was now declared illegal, but was still operative as civil war broke out.In February 1934, several members of the "Schutzbund" were executed, the Social Democratic party was outlawed, and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated. On 1 May 1934, the Austrofascists imposed a new constitution ("Maiverfassung") which cemented Dollfuss's power, but on 25 July he was assassinated in a Nazi coup attempt.His successor Kurt Schuschnigg acknowledged Austria as a "German state" and that Austrians were "better Germans" but wished for Austria to remain independent. He announced a referendum on 9 March 1938, to be held on 13 March, concerning Austria's independence from Germany. On 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over government, while German troops occupied the country, which prevented Schuschnigg's referendum from taking place. On 13 March 1938, the "Anschluss" of Austria was officially declared. Two days later, Austrian-born Hitler announced what he called the "reunification" of his home country with the "rest of the German Reich" on Vienna's Heldenplatz. He established a plebiscite confirming the union with Germany in April 1938.Parliamentary elections were held in Germany (including recently annexed Austria) on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule, and took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single Nazi-party list for the 813-member Reichstag, as well as the recent annexation of Austria (the Anschluss). Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote. Turnout in the election was officially 99.5%, with 98.9% voting "yes". In the case of Austria, Adolf Hitler's native soil, 99.71% of an electorate of 4,484,475 officially went to the ballots, with a positive tally of 99.73%. Although most Austrians favoured the "Anschluss", in certain parts of Austria the German soldiers were not always welcomed with flowers and joy, especially in Vienna which had Austria's largest Jewish population. Nevertheless, despite the propaganda and the manipulation and rigging which surrounded the ballot box result, there was massive genuine support for Hitler for fulfilling the "Anschluss", since many Germans from both Austria and Germany saw it as completing the long overdue unification of all Germans into one state.On 12 March 1938, Austria was annexed to the Third Reich and ceased to exist as an independent country. The Aryanisation of the wealth of Jewish Austrians started immediately in mid-March, with a so-called "wild" (i.e. extra-legal) phase, but was soon structured legally and bureaucratically to strip Jewish citizens of any assets they possessed. At that time Adolf Eichmann, who grew up in Austria, was transferred to Vienna to persecute the Jews. During the November pogrom in 1938 ("Reichskristallnacht"), Jews and Jewish institutions such as synagogues were victims of severe violent attacks in Vienna, Klagenfurt, Linz, Graz, Salzburg, Innsbruck and several cities in Lower Austria. Otto von Habsburg, a vehement opponent of the Nazis, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, an honorary citizen of hundreds of places in Austria and partly envisaged by Schuschnigg as a monarchical option, was in Belgium at the time. He spoke out against the Anschluss and was then wanted by the Nazi regime and expropriated and should be shot immediately if he is caught. The Nazis renamed Austria in 1938 as "Ostmark" until 1942, when it was again renamed and called "Alpine and Danubian Gaue" (Alpen-und Donau-Reichsgaue).Though Austrians made up only 8% of the population of the Third Reich, some of the most prominent Nazis were native Austrians, including Adolf Hitler, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Franz Stangl, Alois Brunner, Friedrich Rainer and Odilo Globocnik, as were over 13% of the SS and 40% of the staff at the Nazi extermination camps. In the Reichsgau, besides the main camp KZ-Mauthausen, there were numerous sub-camps in all federal states where Jews and prisoners were killed, tortured and exploited. At this time, because the territory was outside the operational radius of the Allied aircraft, the armaments industry was greatly expanded through the use of concentration camp prisoners and forced labor, especially for fighter planes, tanks and missiles.Most of the resistance groups were soon crushed by the Gestapo. While the plans of the group around Karl Burian to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in Vienna were uncovered, the important group around the later executed priest Heinrich Maier managed to contact the Allies. This so-called Maier-Messner group was able to send the Allies information about armaments factories for V-1, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft (Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, etc.), which was important for Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. This resistance group, which was in contact with the American secret service OSS, soon provided information about mass executions and concentration camps such as Auschwitz. The aim of the group was to let Nazi Germany lose the war as quickly as possible and to re-establish an independent Austria.Vienna fell on 13 April 1945, during the Soviet Vienna Offensive, just before the total collapse of the Third Reich. The invading Allied powers, in particular the Americans, planned for the supposed "Alpine Fortress Operation" of a national redoubt, that was largely to have taken place on Austrian soil in the mountains of the Eastern Alps. However, it never materialised because of the rapid collapse of the Reich.Karl Renner and Adolf Schärf (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a provisional government in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious Red Army and backed by Joseph Stalin. (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. Total military deaths from 1939 to 1945 are estimated at 260,000. Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 65,000. About 140,000 Jewish Austrians had fled the country in 1938–39. Thousands of Austrians had taken part in serious Nazi crimes (hundreds of thousands died in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp alone), a fact officially recognised by Chancellor Franz Vranitzky in 1992.Much like Germany, Austria was divided into American, British, French, and Soviet zones and governed by the Allied Commission for Austria. As forecast in the Moscow Declaration in 1943, a subtle difference was seen in the treatment of Austria by the Allies. The Austrian government, consisting of Social Democrats, Conservatives, and Communists (until 1947), and residing in Vienna, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone, was recognised by the Western Allies in October 1945 after some doubts that Renner could be Stalin's puppet. Thus, the creation of a separate Western Austrian government and the division of the country was avoided. Austria, in general, was treated as though it had been originally invaded by Germany and liberated by the Allies.On 15 May 1955, after talks which lasted for years and were influenced by the Cold War, Austria regained full independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers. On 26 October 1955, after all occupation troops had left, Austria declared its "permanent neutrality" by an act of parliament. This day is now Austria's National Day, a public holiday.The political system of the Second Republic is based on the constitution of 1920 and 1929, which was reintroduced in 1945. The system came to be characterised by "Proporz", meaning that most posts of political importance were split evenly between members of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). Interest group "chambers" with mandatory membership (e.g. for workers, business people, farmers) grew to considerable importance and were usually consulted in the legislative process, so hardly any legislation was passed that did not reflect widespread consensus.Since 1945, governing via a single-party government has occurred twice: 1966–1970 (ÖVP) and 1970–1983 (SPÖ). During all other legislative periods, either a grand coalition of SPÖ and ÖVP or a "small coalition" (one of these two and a smaller party) ruled the country.Kurt Waldheim, a Wehrmacht officer in the Second World War accused of war crimes, was elected President of Austria from 1986 to 1992.Following a referendum in 1994, at which consent reached a majority of two-thirds, the country became a member of the European Union on 1 January 1995.The major parties SPÖ and ÖVP have contrary opinions about the future status of Austria's military nonalignment: While the SPÖ in public supports a neutral role, the ÖVP argues for stronger integration into the EU's security policy; even a future NATO membership is not ruled out by some ÖVP politicians (ex. Dr Werner Fasslabend (ÖVP) in 1997). In reality, Austria is taking part in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, participates in peacekeeping and peace creating tasks, and has become a member of NATO's "Partnership for Peace"; the constitution has been amended accordingly. Since Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area in 2011, none of Austria's neighbouring countries performs border controls towards it anymore.The Parliament of Austria is located in Vienna, the country's capital and most populous city. Austria became a federal, representative democratic republic through the Federal Constitution of 1920. The political system of the Second Republic with its nine states is based on the constitution of 1920, amended in 1929, which was reenacted on 1 May 1945.The head of state is the Federal President ("Bundespräsident"), who is directly elected by popular majority vote, with a run-off between the top-scoring candidates if necessary. The head of the Federal Government is the Federal Chancellor ("Bundeskanzler"), who is selected by the President and tasked with forming a government based on the partisan composition of the lower house of parliament.The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by vote of no confidence in the lower chamber of parliament, the Nationalrat. Voting for the Federal President and for the Parliament used to be compulsory in Austria, but this was abolished in steps from 1982 to 2004.Austria's parliament consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat (183 seats) is determined every five years (or whenever the Nationalrat has been dissolved by the federal president on a motion by the federal chancellor, or by Nationalrat itself) by a general election in which every citizen over the age of 16 has the right to vote. The voting age was lowered from 18 in 2007.While there is a general threshold of 4% of the vote for all parties in federal elections ("Nationalratswahlen") to participate in the proportional allocation of seats, there remains the possibility of being elected to a seat directly in one of the 43 regional electoral districts ().The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the legislative process in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the Bundesrat, has a limited right of veto (the Nationalrat canin almost all casesultimately pass the respective bill by voting a second time; this is referred to as a "Beharrungsbeschluss", lit. "vote of persistence"). A constitutional convention, called the was convened on 30 June 2003 to consider reforms to the constitution, but failed to produce a proposal that would command a two-thirds majority in the Nationalrat, the margin necessary for constitutional amendments and/or reform.While the bicameral Parliament and the Government constitute the legislative and executive branches, respectively, the courts are the third branch of Austrian state powers. The Constitutional Court ("Verfassungsgerichtshof") exerts considerable influence on the political system because of its power to invalidate legislation and ordinances that are not in compliance with the constitution. Since 1995, the European Court of Justice may overrule Austrian decisions in all matters defined in laws of the European Union. Austria also implements the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, since the European Convention on Human Rights is part of the Austrian constitution.After general elections held in October 2006, the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) emerged as the strongest party, and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) came in second, having lost about 8% of its previous polling. Political realities prohibited any of the two major parties from forming a coalition with smaller parties. In January 2007 the People's Party and SPÖ formed a grand coalition with the social democrat Alfred Gusenbauer as Chancellor. This coalition broke up in June 2008.Elections in September 2008 further weakened both major parties (SPÖ and ÖVP) but together they still held 70% of the votes, with the Social Democrats holding slightly more than the other party. They formed a coalition with Werner Faymann from the Social Democrats as Chancellor. The Green Party came in third with 11% of the vote. The FPÖ and the deceased Jörg Haider's new party Alliance for the Future of Austria, both on the political right, were strengthened during the election but taken together received less than 20% of the vote.In the legislative elections of 2013, the Social Democratic Party received 27% of the vote and 52 seats; People's Party 24% and 47 seats, thus controlling together the majority of the seats. The Freedom Party received 40 seats and 21% of the votes, while the Greens received 12% and 24 seats. Two new parties, Stronach and the NEOS, received less than 10% of the vote, and 11 and nine seats respectively.After the Grand Coalition broke in Spring 2017 a snap election was proclaimed for October 2017. The Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) with its new young leader Sebastian Kurz emerged as the largest party in the National Council, winning 31.5% of votes and 62 of the 183 seats. The Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) finished second with 52 seats and 26.9% votes, slightly ahead of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which received 51 seats and 26%. NEOS finished fourth with 10 seats (5.3 percent of votes), and PILZ (which split from the Green Party at the start of the campaign) entered parliament for the first time and came in fifth place with 8 seats and 4.4% The Green Party failed with 3.8% to cross the 4% threshold and was ejected from parliament, losing all of its 24 seats. The ÖVP decided to form a coalition with the FPÖ. The new government between the centre-right wing and the right-wing populist party under the new chancellor Sebastian Kurz was sworn in on 18 December 2017, but the coalition government later collapsed and new elections were called for 29 September 2019. The elections lead to another landslide victory (37.5%) of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) who formed a coalition-government with the reinvigorated (13.9%) Greens, which was sworn in with Kurz as chancellor on January 7, 2020.The 1955 Austrian State Treaty ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognised Austria as an independent and sovereign state. On 26 October 1955, the Federal Assembly passed a constitutional article in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality." The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory." Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality, but rather different from the neutrality of Switzerland.Austria began to reassess its definition of neutrality following the fall of the Soviet Union, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against Iraq in 1991, and since 1995, it has developed participation in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy. Also in 1995, it joined NATO's Partnership for Peace (although it was careful to do so only after Russia joined) and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Meanwhile, the only part of the Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 1955 still fully valid is to not allow foreign military bases in Austria. Austria signed the UN's Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, which was opposed by all NATO members.Austria attaches great importance to participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and other international economic organisations, and it has played an active role in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE-participating State, Austria's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission.The manpower of the Austrian Armed Forces () mainly relies on conscription. All males who have reached the age of eighteen and are found fit have to serve a six months compulsory military service, followed by an eight-year reserve obligation. Both males and females at the age of sixteen are eligible for voluntary service. Conscientious objection is legally acceptable and those who claim this right are obliged to serve an institutionalised nine months civilian service instead. Since 1998, women volunteers have been allowed to become professional soldiers.The main sectors of the Bundesheer are Joint Forces (Streitkräfteführungskommando, SKFüKdo) which consist of Land Forces (Landstreitkräfte), Air Forces (Luftstreitkräfte), International Missions (Internationale Einsätze) and Special Forces (Spezialeinsatzkräfte), next to Joint Mission Support Command (Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU) and Joint Command Support Centre (Führungsunterstützungszentrum; FüUZ). Austria is a landlocked country and has no navy.In 2012, Austria's defence expenditures corresponded to approximately 0.8% of its GDP. The Army currently has about 26,000 soldiers, of whom about 12,000 are conscripts. As head of state, Austrian President is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the Bundesheer. Command of the Austrian Armed Forces is exercised by the Minister of Defence, : Klaudia Tanner.Since the end of the Cold War, and more importantly the removal of the former heavily guarded "Iron Curtain" separating Austria and its Eastern Bloc neighbours (Hungary and former Czechoslovakia), the Austrian military has been assisting Austrian border guards in trying to prevent border crossings by illegal immigrants. This assistance came to an end when Hungary and Slovakia joined the EU Schengen Area in 2008, for all intents and purposes abolishing "internal" border controls between treaty states. Some politicians have called for a prolongation of this mission, but the legality of this is heavily disputed. In accordance with the Austrian constitution, armed forces may only be deployed in a limited number of cases, mainly to defend the country and aid in cases of national emergency, such as in the wake of natural disasters. They may generally not be used as auxiliary police forces.Within its self-declared status of permanent neutrality, Austria has a long and proud tradition of engaging in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. The Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit (AFDRU), in particular, an all-volunteer unit with close ties to civilian specialists (e.g. rescue dog handlers) enjoys a reputation as a quick (standard deployment time is 10 hours) and efficient SAR unit. Currently, larger contingents of Austrian forces are deployed in Bosnia and Kosovo.Austria is a federal republic consisting of nine states (). The states are sub-divided into districts () and statutory cities (). Districts are subdivided into municipalities (). Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. Vienna is unique in that it is both a city and a state.Austria's constituent states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g. in matters of culture, social welfare, youth and nature protection, hunting, building, and zoning ordinances. In recent years, it has been questioned whether a small country should maintain ten subnational legislatures. Consolidation of local governments has already been undertaken at the "Gemeinde" level for purposes of administrative efficiency and cost savings (")."The Ministry in charge of the Austrian corrections system is the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Justice is based out of Vienna. The head of the prison administration falls under the title of Director General. The total prison population rate as of July 2017 is 8,290 people. Pre-trial detainees make up 23.6%, female prisoners make up 5.7%, juveniles make up 1.4%, and foreign prisoners make up 54.2% of the prison system. Since 2000 the population has risen over 2,000 and has stabilized at over 8,000.Austria is a largely mountainous country because of its location in the Alps. The Central Eastern Alps, Northern Limestone Alps and Southern Limestone Alps are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (), only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below . The Alps of western Austria give way somewhat into low lands and plains in the eastern part of the country.Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E.It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the Carpathians account for around 12% and the foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian granite plateau, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the Vienna basin makes up the remaining 4%.Phytogeographically, Austria belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests, and Western European broadleaf forests. Austria had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.55/10, ranking it 149th globally out of 172 countries.The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate climate zone, where humid westerly winds predominate. With nearly three-quarters of the country dominated by the Alps, the alpine climate is predominant. In the east—in the Pannonian Plain and along the Danube valley—the climate shows continental features with less rain than the alpine areas. Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of in August 2013.According to the Köppen Climate Classification Austria has the following climate types: Oceanic (Cfb), Cool/Warm-summer humid continental (Dfb), Subarctic/Subalpine (Dfc), Tundra/Alpine (ET) and Ice-Cap (EF). It is important to note though that Austria may experience very cold, severe winters, but most of the time they are only around as cold as those in somewhat comparable climate zones, for example Southern Scandinavia or Eastern Europe. As well, at higher altitudes, summers are usually considerably cooler than in the valleys/lower altitudes. The subarctic and tundra climates seen around the Alps are much warmer in winter than what is normal elsewhere due in part to the Oceanic influence on this part of Europe.Austria consistently ranks high in terms of GDP per capita, due to its highly industrialized economy, and well-developed social market economy. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Labour movements are particularly influential, exercising large influence on labour politics and decisions related to the expansion of the economy. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the economy of Austria.Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the German economy. Since Austria became a member state of the European Union, it has gained closer ties to other EU economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership of the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP reached 3.3% in 2006. At least 67% of Austria's imports come from other European Union member states.Austria indicated on 16 November 2010 that it would withhold the December installment of its contribution to the EU bailout of Greece, citing the material worsening of the Greek debt situation and the apparent inability of Greece to collect the level of tax receipts it had previously promised.The Financial crisis of 2007–2008 dented the economy of Austria in other ways as well. It caused, for example, the Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International to be purchased in December 2009 by the government for 1 euro owing to credit difficulties, thus wiping out the €1.63bn of BayernLB. , the HGAA situation was unresolved, causing Chancellor Werner Faymann to warn that its failure would be comparable to the 1931 Creditanstalt event.Since the fall of communism, Austrian companies have been quite active players and consolidators in Eastern Europe. Between 1995 and 2010, 4,868 mergers and acquisitions with a total known value of 163 bil. EUR with the involvement of Austrian firms have been announced. The largest transactions with involvement of Austrian companies have been: the acquisition of Bank Austria by Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank for 7.8 billion EUR in 2000, the acquisition of Porsche Holding Salzburg by Volkswagen Group for 3.6 billion EUR in 2009, and the acquisition of Banca Comercială Română by Erste Group for 3.7 bil. EUR in 2005.Tourism in Austria accounts for almost 9% of its gross domestic product.In 2007, Austria ranked 9th worldwide in international tourism receipts, with 18.9 billion US$. In international tourist arrivals, Austria ranked 12th with 20.8 million tourists.In 1972, the country began construction of a nuclear-powered electricity-generation station at Zwentendorf on the River Danube, following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978, a referendum voted approximately 50.5% against nuclear power, 49.5% for, and parliament subsequently unanimously passed a law forbidding the use of nuclear power to generate electricity although the nuclear power plant was already finished.Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity by hydropower. Together with other renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass powerplants, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to 62.89% of total use in Austria, with the rest being produced by gas and oil power plants.Compared to most European countries, Austria is ecologically well endowed. Its biocapacity (or biological natural capital) is more than double of the world average: In 2016, Austria had 3.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, compared to the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In contrast, in 2016, they used 6.0 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means that Austrians use about 60 percent more biocapacity than Austria contains. As a result, Austria is running a biocapacity deficit.Austria's population was estimated to be nearly 9 million (8.9) in 2020 by the Statistik Austria. The population of the capital, Vienna, exceeds 1.9 million (2.6 million, including the suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population. It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living.Vienna is by far the country's largest city. Graz is second in size, with 291,007 inhabitants, followed by Linz (206,604), Salzburg (155,031), Innsbruck (131,989), and Klagenfurt (101,303). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.According to Eurostat, in 2018 there were 1.69 million foreign-born residents in Austria, corresponding to 19.2% of the total population. Of these, 928,700 (10.5%) were born outside the EU and 762,000 (8.6%) were born in another EU Member State. There are more than 483,100 descendants of foreign-born immigrants.Turks form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 350,000. 13,000 Turks were naturalised in 2003 and an unknown number have arrived in Austria at the same time. While 2,000 Turks left Austria in the same year, 10,000 immigrated to the country, confirming a strong trend of growth. Together, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, and Slovenes make up about 5.1% of Austria's total population.The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2017 was estimated at 1.52 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.83 children born per woman in 1873. In 2015, 42.1% of births were to unmarried women. Austria subsequently has the 12th oldest population in the world, with the average age of 44.2 years. The life expectancy in 2016 was estimated at 81.5 years (78.9 years male, 84.3 years female).Statistics Austria estimates that nearly 10 million people will live in the country by 2080.Standard Austrian German is spoken in Austria, though used primarily just in education, publications, announcements and websites. It is mostly identical to the Standard German of Germany but with some vocabulary differences. This Standard German language is used in formal contexts across Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as well as among those with significant German-speaking minorities: Italy, Belgium and Denmark. However, the common spoken language of Austria is not the Standard German taught in schools but Austro-Bavarian: a group of Upper German local dialects with varying degrees of difficulty being understood by each other as well as by speakers of non-Austrian German dialects. Taken as a collective whole, German languages or dialects are thus spoken natively by 88.6% of the population, which includes the 2.5% German-born citizens who reside in Austria, followed by Turkish (2.28%), Serbian (2.21%), Croatian (1.63%), English (0.73%), Hungarian (0.51%), Bosnian (0.43%), Polish (0.35%), Albanian (0.35%), Slovenian (0.31%), Czech (0.22%), Arabic (0.22%), and Romanian (0.21%).The Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Styria are home to a significant indigenous Slovene-speaking minority while in the easternmost state, Burgenland (formerly part of the Hungarian portion of Austria-Hungary), there are significant Hungarian- and Croatian-speaking minorities. Of the remaining number of Austria's people who are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former East Bloc nations. Guest workers "(Gastarbeiter)" and their descendants, as well as refugees from the Yugoslav wars and other conflicts, also form an important minority group in Austria. Since 1994 the Roma–Sinti (gypsies) have been an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria.According to census information published by Statistik Austria for 2001 there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, the largest by far are 283,334 foreign nationals from the former Yugoslavia (of whom 135,336 speak Serbian; 105,487 Croatian; 31,591 Bosnian – i.e. 272,414 Austrian resident native speakers in total, plus 6,902 Slovenian and 4,018 Macedonian speakers).The second largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the Turks (including minority of Kurds) with a number of 200,000 to 300,000 who currently live in Austria.The next largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the 124,392 who speak German as their mother tongue even though they hail from outside of Austria (mainly immigrants from Germany, some from Switzerland, South Tyrol in Italy, Romania, or the former Soviet Union); 123,417 English; 24,446 Albanian; 17,899 Polish; 14,699 Hungarian; 12,216 Romanian; 10,000 Malayali; 7,982 Arabic; 6,891 Slovak; 6,707 Czech; 5,916 Persian; 5,677 Italian; 5,466 Russian; 5,213 French; 4,938 Chinese; 4,264 Spanish; 3,503 Bulgarian. The numbers for other languages fall off sharply below 3,000.In 2006, some of the Austrian states introduced standardised tests for new citizens, to assure their language ability, cultural knowledge and accordingly their ability to integrate into the Austrian society. For the national rules, see Austrian nationality law – Naturalisation.Historically Austrians were regarded as ethnic Germans and viewed themselves as such, although this national identity was challenged by Austrian nationalism in the decades after the end of World War I and even more so after World War II. Austria was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until its ending in 1806 and had been part of the German Confederation, a loose association of 39 separate German-speaking countries, until the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, which resulted in the exclusion of Austria from the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation led by Prussia. In 1871, Germany was founded as a nation-state, Austria was not a part of it. After World War I and the breakup of the Austrian monarchy, politicians of the new republic declared its name to be "Deutschösterreich" (Republic of German-Austria) and that it was part of the German Republic. A unification of the two countries was forbidden by the treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye as one of the conditions imposed by the victorious Allies of World War I upon the vanquished nation, to prevent the creation of a territorially extensive German state. After the events of World War II and Nazism, Austria as a country has made efforts to develop an Austrian national identity among its populace, and nowadays most do not consider themselves Germans. However, a minority of Austrians still consider themselves to be Germans and advocate for a "Greater Germany", arguing that the historic boundaries of the German people goes beyond the boundaries of modern-day countries, especially Austria and Germany.Austrians may be described either as a nationality or as a homogeneous Germanic ethnic group, that is closely related to neighboring Germans, Liechtensteiners and German-speaking Swiss. Today 91.1% of the population are regarded as ethnic Austrians.The Turks are the largest single immigrant group in Austria, closely followed by the Serbs. Serbs form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 300,000 people. Historically, Serbian immigrants moved to Austria during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when Vojvodina was under Imperial control. Following World War II the number of Serbs expanded again, and today the community is very large. The Austrian Serbian Society was founded in 1936. Today, Serbs in Austria are mainly found in Vienna, Salzburg, and Graz.An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 Slovenes in the Austrian state of Carinthia (the Carinthian Slovenes) as well as Croats (around 30,000) and Hungarians in Burgenland were recognised as a minority and have had special rights following the Austrian State Treaty () of 1955. The Slovenes in the Austrian state of Styria (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognised as a minority and do not have special rights, although the State Treaty of 27 July 1955 states otherwise.The right for bilingual topographic signs for the regions where Slovene and Croat Austrians live alongside the German-speaking population (as required by the 1955 State Treaty) is still to be fully implemented in the view of some, while others believe that the treaty-derived obligations have been met (see below). Many Carinthians are afraid of Slovenian territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two World Wars and considering that some official Slovenian atlases show parts of Carinthia as Slovene cultural territory. The former governor of Carinthia Jörg Haider has made this fact a matter of public argument in autumn 2005 by refusing to increase the number of bilingual topographic signs in Carinthia. A poll by the Kärntner Humaninstitut conducted in January 2006 stated that 65% of Carinthians were not against an increase of bilingual topographic signs, since the original requirements set by the State Treaty of 1955 had already been fulfilled according to their point of view.Another interesting phenomenon is the so-called "" stating that the Slovenes can be split in two groups: actual Slovenes and "Windische" (a traditional German name for Slavs), based on differences in language between Austrian Slovenes, who were taught Slovene standard language in school and those Slovenes who spoke their local Slovene dialect but went to German schools. The term "Windische" was applied to the latter group as a means of distinction. This politically influenced theory, dividing Slovene Austrians into the "loyal Windische" and the "national Slovenes", was never generally accepted and fell out of use some decades ago.In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called "Kirchenbeitrag" ("Ecclesiastical/Church contribution"). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2018 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,050,000 members, or 56.9% of the total Austrian population. Sunday church attendance was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.The 2001 census report indicated that about 12% of the population declared that they have no religion; according to ecclesiastical information this share had grown to 20% by 2015. Of the remaining people, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, mainly due to the influx from Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. The number of Muslims has doubled in 15 years to 700,000 in 2016. About 180,000 are members of Orthodox Churches (mostly Serbs), about 21,000 people are active Jehovah's Witnesses and about 8,100 are Jewish.According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2010,Education in Austria is entrusted partly to the Austrian states (Bundesländer) and partly to the federal government. School attendance is compulsory for nine years, i.e. usually to the age of fifteen.Pre-school education (called "Kindergarten" in German), free in most states, is provided for all children between the ages of three and six years and, whilst optional, is considered a normal part of a child's education due to its high takeup rate. Maximum class size is around 30, each class normally being cared for by one qualified teacher and one assistant.Primary education, or Volksschule, lasts for four years, starting at age six. The maximum class size is 30, but may be as low as 15. It is generally expected that a class will be taught by one teacher for the entire four years and the stable bond between teacher and pupil is considered important for a child's well-being. The 3Rs (Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic) dominate lesson time, with less time allotted to project work than in the UK. Children work individually and all members of a class follow the same plan of work. There is no streaming.Standard attendance times are 8 am to 12 pm or 1 pm, with hourly five- or ten-minute breaks. Children are given homework daily from the first year. Historically there has been no lunch hour, with children returning home to eat. However, due to a rise in the number of mothers in work, primary schools are increasingly offering pre-lesson and afternoon care.As in Germany, secondary education consists of two main types of schools, attendance at which is based on a pupil's ability as determined by grades from the primary school. The Gymnasium caters for the more able children, in the final year of which the Matura examination is taken, which is a requirement for access to university. The Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education but also for various types of further education (Höhere Technische Lehranstalt HTL = institution of higher technical education; HAK = commercial academy; HBLA = institution of higher education for economic business; etc.). Attendance at one of these further education institutes also leads to the Matura. Some schools aim to combine the education available at the Gymnasium and the Hauptschule, and are known as Gesamtschulen. In addition, a recognition of the importance of learning English has led some Gymnasiums to offer a bilingual stream, in which pupils deemed able in languages follow a modified curriculum, a portion of the lesson time being conducted in English.As at primary school, lessons at Gymnasium begin at 8 am and continue with short intervals until lunchtime or early afternoon, with children returning home to a late lunch. Older pupils often attend further lessons after a break for lunch, generally eaten at school. As at primary level, all pupils follow the same plan of work. Great emphasis is placed on homework and frequent testing. Satisfactory marks in the end-of-the-year report ("Zeugnis") are a prerequisite for moving up ("aufsteigen") to the next class. Pupils who do not meet the required standard re-sit their tests at the end of the summer holidays; those whose marks are still not satisfactory are required to re-sit the year ("sitzenbleiben").It is not uncommon for a pupil to re-sit more than one year of school. After completing the first two years, pupils choose between one of two strands, known as "Gymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on arts) or "Realgymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on science). Whilst many schools offer both strands, some do not, and as a result, some children move schools for a second time at age 12. At age 14, pupils may choose to remain in one of these two strands, or to change to a vocational course, possibly with a further change of school.The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the Matura examination until recently. A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as Medicine. In 2001, an obligatory tuition fee (""Studienbeitrag"") of €363.36 per term was introduced for all public universities. Since 2008, for all EU students the studies have been free of charge, as long as a certain time-limit is not exceeded (the expected duration of the study plus usually two terms tolerance). When the time-limit is exceeded, the fee of around €363.36 per term is charged. Some further exceptions to the fee apply, e.g. for students with a year's salary of more than about €5000. In all cases, an obligatory fee of €20.20 is charged for the student union and insurance.Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music. Austria was the birthplace of many famous composers such as Joseph Haydn, Michael Haydn, Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr. and Johann Strauss, Jr. as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, then an independent Church Principality of the Holy Roman Empire, which later became part of Austria, and much of Mozart's career was spent in Vienna.Vienna was for a long time an important centre of musical innovation. 18th- and 19th-century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music.Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural centre in the early 16th century, and was focused around instruments, including the lute. Ludwig van Beethoven spent the better part of his life in Vienna. Austria's current national anthem, attributed to Mozart, was chosen after World War II to replace the traditional Austrian anthem by Joseph Haydn.Austrian Herbert von Karajan was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 35 years. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death.International pop super star Johann Hölzel, also known by his stage name Falco was born in Vienna, Austria 19 February 1957.Conchita Wurst is also a renowned singer from the Austrian stock.Among Austrian Artists and architects one can find the painters Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Rudolf von Alt, Hans Makart, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele, Carl Moll, and Friedensreich Hundertwasser, the photographers Inge Morath and Ernst Haas, and architects like Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and Hans Hollein (recipient of the 1985 Pritzker Architecture Prize). Contemporary artist Herbert Brandl.Sascha Kolowrat was an Austrian pioneer of filmmaking. Billy Wilder, Fritz Lang, Josef von Sternberg, and Fred Zinnemann originally came from the Austrian Empire before establishing themselves as internationally relevant filmmakers. Willi Forst, Ernst Marischka, and Franz Antel enriched the popular cinema in German-speaking countries. Michael Haneke became internationally known for his disturbing cinematic studies, receiving a Golden Globe for his critically acclaimed film "The White Ribbon" (2010).The first Austrian director to receive an Academy Award was Stefan Ruzowitzky. A number of Austrian actors also pursued international careers, among them Peter Lorre, Helmut Berger, Curd Jürgens, Senta Berger, Oskar Werner, and Klaus Maria Brandauer. Most notably, Hedy Lamarr and Arnold Schwarzenegger became international movie stars in Hollywood. Christoph Waltz rose to fame with his performances in "Inglourious Basterds" and "Django Unchained", earning him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2010 and 2012. Max Reinhardt was a master of spectacular and astute theatre productions. Otto Schenk not only excelled as a stage actor, but also as an opera director.Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation. Among them are Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, Victor Franz Hess and Christian Doppler, prominent scientists in the 19th century. In the 20th century, contributions by Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger and Wolfgang Pauli to nuclear research and quantum mechanics were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day quantum physicist is Anton Zeilinger, noted as the first scientist to demonstrate quantum teleportation.In addition to physicists, Austria was the birthplace of two of the most noteworthy philosophers of the 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper. In addition to them, biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus were Austrians.A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in medieval times with Paracelsus. Eminent physicians like Theodore Billroth, Clemens von Pirquet, and Anton von Eiselsberg have built upon the achievements of the 19th-century Vienna School of Medicine. Austria was home to Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, Alfred Adler, founder of Individual psychology, psychologists Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger, and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl.The Austrian School of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists Carl Menger, Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek. Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker Peter Drucker, sociologist Paul Felix Lazarsfeld and scientist Sir Gustav Nossal.Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers, and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard, and Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke, Adalbert Stifter, Karl Kraus and children's author Eva Ibbotson.Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Nobel prize winner Elfriede Jelinek, Peter Handke and Daniel Kehlmann.Austria's cuisine is derived from that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austrian cuisine is mainly the tradition of Royal-Cuisine ("Hofküche") delivered over centuries. It is famous for its well-balanced variations of beef and pork and countless variations of vegetables. There is also the "Mehlspeisen" Bakery, which created particular delicacies such as Sachertorte, "Krapfen" which are doughnuts usually filled with apricot jam or custard, and "Strudel" such as "Apfelstrudel" filled with apple, "Topfenstrudel" filled with a type of cheese curd called "topfen", and "Millirahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel).In addition to native regional traditions, the cuisine has been influenced by Hungarian, Czech, Polish, Jewish, Italian, Balkan and French cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian cuisine is therefore one of the most multicultural and transcultural in Europe.Typical Austrian dishes include Wiener Schnitzel, Schweinsbraten, Kaiserschmarren, Knödel, Sachertorte and Tafelspitz. There are also Kärntner Kasnudeln, which are pockets of dough filled with Topfen, potatoes, herbs and peppermint which are boiled and served with a butter sauce. Kasnudeln are traditionally served with a salad. Eierschwammerl dishes are also popular. The sugar block dispenser Pez was invented in Austria, as well as Mannerschnitten. Austria is also famous for its Mozartkugeln and its coffee tradition. With over 8 kg per year it has the sixth highest per capita coffee consumption worldwide.Beer is sold in 0.2 litre (a "Pfiff"), 0.3 litre (a "Seidel", "kleines Bier" or "Glas Bier") and 0.5 litre (a "Krügerl" or "großes Bier" or "Halbe") measures. At festivals one litre "Maß" and two litre "Doppelmaß" in the Bavarian style are also dispensed. The most popular types of beer are lager (known as "Märzen" in Austria), naturally cloudy "Zwicklbier" and wheat beer. At holidays like Christmas and Easter bock beer is also available.The most important wine-producing areas are in Lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria and Vienna. The Grüner Veltliner grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines and Zweigelt is the most widely planted red wine grape.In Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, "Most", a type of cider or perry, is widely produced.A Schnapps of typically up to 60% alcohol or fruit brandy is drunk, which in Austria is made from a variety of fruits, for example apricots and rowanberries. The produce of small private schnapps distilleries, of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as "Selbstgebrannter" or "Hausbrand".Local soft drinks such as Almdudler are very popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade. Red Bull, the highest-selling energy drink in the world, was introduced by Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur.Due to the mountainous terrain, alpine skiing is a prominent sport in Austria and is extremely valuable in the promotion and economic growth of the country. Similar sports such as snowboarding or ski-jumping are also widely popular. Austrian athletes such as Annemarie Moser-Pröll, Franz Klammer, Hermann Maier, Toni Sailer, Benjamin Raich, Marlies Schild & Marcel Hirscher are widely regarded as some of the greatest alpine skiers of all time, Armin Kogler, Andreas Felder, Ernst Vettori, Andreas Goldberger, Andreas Widhölzl, Thomas Morgenstern & Gregor Schlierenzauer as some of the greatest ski jumpers of all time. Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton are also popular events with a permanent track located in Igls, which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck. The first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012 were held in Innsbruck as well.A popular team sport in Austria is football, which is governed by the Austrian Football Association. Austria was among the most successful football playing nations on the European continent placing 4th at the 1934 FIFA World Cup, 3rd at the 1954 FIFA World Cup and 7th at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. However, recently Austrian football has not been internationally successful. It also co-hosted the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship with Switzerland. The national Austrian football league is the Austrian Bundesliga, which includes teams such as record-champions SK Rapid Wien, FK Austria Wien, Red Bull Salzburg and Sturm Graz.Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports, including the Austrian Hockey League for ice hockey, and the Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga for basketball. Horseback riding is also popular; the famed Spanish Riding School of Vienna is located in Vienna.Niki Lauda is a former Formula One driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. Other known Austrian F1 drivers are for example Gerhard Berger and Jochen Rindt. Austria also hosts F1 races (Austrian Grand Prix); now held at Red Bull Ring, in the past also at Österreichring and Zeltweg Airfield.Thomas Muster is a former tennis player and one of the greatest clay courters of all time. He won the 1995 French Open and in 1996 he was ranked number 1 in the ATP Ranking. Other well known Austrian tennis players include the 2020 US Open winner Dominic Thiem, Horst Skoff and Jürgen Melzer.Sport played a significant role in developing national consciousness and boosting national self-confidence in the early years of the Second Republic after World War II, through events such as the Tour of Austria cycle race and through sporting successes such as the national football team's run to third at the 1954 World Cup and the performances of Toni Sailer and the rest of the "Kitzbühel Miracle Team" in the 1950s.	[ "Karl Renner", "Rudolf Kirchschläger", "Adolf Schärf", "Theodor Körner", "Kurt Waldheim", "Franz Jonas", "Michael Hainisch", "Heinz Fischer", "Alexander Van der Bellen", "Thomas Klestil" ]
Who was the head of state of Austria in 28-May-193528-May-1935?	May 28, 1935	{ "text": [ "Wilhelm Miklas" ] }	L2_Q40_P35_1	Thomas Klestil is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1992 to Jul, 2004. Michael Hainisch is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1920 to Dec, 1928. Adolf Schärf is the head of the state of Austria from May, 1957 to Feb, 1965. Franz Jonas is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1965 to Apr, 1974. Kurt Waldheim is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1986 to Jul, 1992. Heinz Fischer is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2016. Alexander Van der Bellen is the head of the state of Austria from Jan, 2017 to Dec, 2022. Rudolf Kirchschläger is the head of the state of Austria from Jul, 1974 to Jul, 1986. Karl Renner is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1945 to Dec, 1950. Theodor Körner is the head of the state of Austria from Jun, 1951 to Jan, 1957. Wilhelm Miklas is the head of the state of Austria from Dec, 1928 to May, 1938.	AustriaAustria (, ; ), officially the Republic of Austria (, ), is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states ("Bundesländer"), one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy. In the 16th century, Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg – one of the most influential royal dynasties in history. As an archduchy, it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire. Early in the 19th century, Austria established its own empire, which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation, but pursued its own course independently of the other German states following its defeat in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. In 1867, in compromise with Hungary, the Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy was established.Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne. After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of union with Germany, but the Allied Powers did not support the new state and it remained unrecognized. In 1919 the First Austrian Republic became the legal successor of Austria. In 1938, the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler, who became the Chancellor of the German Reich, achieved the annexation of Austria by the Anschluss. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and an extended period of Allied occupation, Austria was re-established as a sovereign and self-governing democratic nation known as the Second Republic.Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy with a directly elected Federal President as head of state and a Chancellor as head of the federal government. Major urban areas of Austria include Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is consistently ranked in the top 20 richest countries in the world by GDP per capita terms. The country has achieved a high standard of living and in 2018 was ranked 20th in the world for its Human Development Index. Vienna consistently ranks in the top internationally on quality-of-life indicators.The Second Republic declared its perpetual neutrality in foreign political affairs in 1955. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995. It plays host to the OSCE and OPEC and is a founding member of the OECD and Interpol. Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999.The German name for Austria, , derives from the Old High German , which meant "eastern realm" and which first appeared in the "Ostarrîchi document" of 996. This word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin into a local (Bavarian) dialect.Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976. The word "Austria" is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century.At the time, the Danube basin of Austria (Upper and Lower Austria) was the easternmost extent of Bavaria.The Central European land that is now Austria was settled in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes. The Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province. Present-day Petronell-Carnuntum in eastern Austria was an important army camp turned capital city in what became known as the Upper Pannonia province. Carnuntum was home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years.After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by Bavarians, Slavs and Avars. Charlemagne, King of the Franks, conquered the area in AD 788, encouraged colonization, and introduced Christianity. As part of Eastern Francia, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of Babenberg. The area was known as the "marchia Orientalis" and was given to Leopold of Babenberg in 976.The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as "Ostarrîchi", referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria. With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished.As a result, Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia. His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278. Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs.In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.The Habsburgs began also to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. In 1477, Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family. In 1496, his son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, thus acquiring Spain and its Italian, African, Asian and New World appendages for the Habsburgs.In 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the Long War of 1593 to 1606. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly 20 times, of which some are cited as "burning, pillaging, and taking thousands of slaves". In late September 1529 Suleiman the Magnificent launched the first Siege of Vienna, which unsuccessfully ended, according to Ottoman historians, with the snowfalls of an early beginning winter.During the long reign of Leopold I (1657–1705) and following the successful defence of Vienna against the Turks in 1683 (under the command of the King of Poland, John III Sobieski), a series of campaigns resulted in bringing most of Hungary to Austrian control by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.Emperor Charles VI relinquished many of the gains the empire made in the previous years, largely due to his apprehensions at the imminent extinction of the House of Habsburg. Charles was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction that made his daughter Maria Theresa his heir. With the rise of Prussia, the Austrian–Prussian dualism began in Germany. Austria participated, together with Prussia and Russia, in the first and the third of the three Partitions of Poland (in 1772 and 1795).Austria later became engaged in a war with Revolutionary France, at the beginning highly unsuccessfully, with successive defeats at the hands of Napoleon, meaning the end of the old Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Two years earlier, the Empire of Austria was founded. From 1792 to 1801, the Austrians had suffered 754,700 casualties. In 1814, Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the Napoleonic Wars.It emerged from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as one of the continent's four dominant powers and a recognised great power. The same year, the German Confederation () was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political, and national conflicts, the German lands were shaken by the 1848 revolutions aiming to create a unified Germany.The various different possibilities for a united Germany were: a Greater Germany, or a Greater Austria or just the German Confederation without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the German Empire of 1848, the crown of the newly formed empire was offered to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against Denmark and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. As they could not agree on how the two duchies should be administered, though, they fought the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Defeated by Prussia in the Battle of Königgrätz, Austria had to leave the German Confederation and no longer took part in German politics.The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the "Ausgleich", provided for a dual sovereignty, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, under Franz Joseph I. The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various Slavic groups, including Croats, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as large Italian and Romanian communities.As a result, ruling Austria-Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements, requiring considerable reliance on an expanded secret police. Yet, the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: for example, the "Reichsgesetzblatt", publishing the laws and ordinances of Cisleithania, was issued in eight languages; and all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mother tongue at state offices.Many Austrians of all different social circles such as Georg Ritter von Schönerer promoted strong pan-Germanism in hope of reinforcing an ethnic German identity and the annexation of Austria to Germany. Some Austrians such as Karl Lueger also used pan-Germanism as a form of populism to further their own political goals. Although Bismarck's policies excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany, many Austrian pan-Germans idolized him and wore blue cornflowers, known to be the favourite flower of German Emperor William I, in their buttonholes, along with cockades in the German national colours (black, red, and yellow), although they were both temporarily banned in Austrian schools, as a way to show discontent towards the multi-ethnic empire.Austria's exclusion from Germany caused many Austrians a problem with their national identity and prompted the Social Democratic Leader Otto Bauer to state that it was "the conflict between our Austrian and German character". The Austro-Hungarian Empire caused ethnic tension between the German Austrians and the other ethnic groups. Many Austrians, especially those involved with the pan-German movements, desired a reinforcement of an ethnic German identity and hoped that the empire would collapse, which would allow an annexation of Austria with Germany.A lot of Austrian pan-German nationalists protested passionately against minister-president Kasimir Count Badeni's language decree of 1897, which made German and Czech co-official languages in Bohemia and required new government officials to be fluent in both languages. This meant in practice that the civil service would almost exclusively hire Czechs, because most middle-class Czechs spoke German but not the other way around. The support of ultramontane Catholic politicians and clergy for this reform triggered the launch of the "Away from Rome" () movement, which was initiated by supporters of Schönerer and called on "German" Christians to leave the Roman Catholic Church.As the Second Constitutional Era began in the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary took the opportunity to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. Theassassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip was used by leading Austrian politicians and generals to persuade the emperor to declare war on Serbia, thereby risking and prompting the outbreak of World War I, which eventually led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Over one million Austro-Hungarian soldiers died in World War I.On 21 October 1918, the elected German members of the "Reichsrat" (parliament of Imperial Austria) met in Vienna as the Provisional National Assembly for German Austria ("Provisorische Nationalversammlung für Deutschösterreich"). On 30 October the assembly founded the Republic of German Austria by appointing a government, called "Staatsrat". This new government was invited by the Emperor to take part in the decision on the planned armistice with Italy, but refrained from this business.This left the responsibility for the end of the war, on 3 November 1918, solely to the emperor and his government. On 11 November, the emperor, advised by ministers of the old and the new governments, declared he would not take part in state business any more; on 12 November, German Austria, by law, declared itself to be a democratic republic and part of the new German republic. The constitution, renaming the "Staatsrat" as "Bundesregierung" (federal government) and "Nationalversammlung" as "Nationalrat" (national council) was passed on 10 November 1920.The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1919 (for Hungary the Treaty of Trianon of 1920) confirmed and consolidated the new order of Central Europe which to a great extent had been established in November 1918, creating new states and altering others. The German-speaking parts of Austria which had been part of Austria-Hungary were reduced to a rump state named The Republic of German-Austria (German: "Republik Deutschösterreich"), though excluding the predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol. The desire for "Anschluss" (annexation of Austria to Germany) was a popular opinion shared by all social circles in both Austria and Germany. On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat Karl Renner as provisional chancellor. On the same day it drafted a provisional constitution that stated that "German-Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich" (Article 2). The Treaty of Saint Germain and the Treaty of Versailles explicitly forbid union between Austria and Germany. The treaties also forced German-Austria to rename itself as "Republic of Austria" which consequently led to the first Austrian Republic.Over 3 million German-speaking Austrians found themselves living outside the new Austrian Republic as minorities in the newly formed or enlarged states of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Italy. These included the provinces of South Tyrol (which became part of Italy) and German Bohemia (Czechoslovakia). The status of German Bohemia (Sudetenland) later played a role in sparking the Second World War.The status of South Tyrol was a lingering problem between Austria and Italy until it was officially settled by the 1980s with a great degree of autonomy being granted to it by the Italian national government. The border between Austria and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) was settled with the Carinthian Plebiscite in October 1920 and allocated the major part of the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Crownland of Carinthia to Austria. This set the border on the Karawanken mountain range, with many Slovenes remaining in Austria.After the war, inflation began to devalue the Krone, which was still Austria's currency. In autumn 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the League of Nations. The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve Austria's general economic condition. The loan meant that Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. In 1925, the "Schilling" was introduced, replacing the Krone at a rate of 10,000:1. Later, it was nicknamed the "Alpine dollar" due to its stability. From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing after Black Tuesday.The First Austrian Republic lasted until 1933, when Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, using what he called "self-switch-off of Parliament", established an autocratic regime tending towards Italian fascism. The two big parties at this time, the Social Democrats and the Conservatives, had paramilitary armies; the Social Democrats' "Schutzbund" was now declared illegal, but was still operative as civil war broke out.In February 1934, several members of the "Schutzbund" were executed, the Social Democratic party was outlawed, and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated. On 1 May 1934, the Austrofascists imposed a new constitution ("Maiverfassung") which cemented Dollfuss's power, but on 25 July he was assassinated in a Nazi coup attempt.His successor Kurt Schuschnigg acknowledged Austria as a "German state" and that Austrians were "better Germans" but wished for Austria to remain independent. He announced a referendum on 9 March 1938, to be held on 13 March, concerning Austria's independence from Germany. On 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over government, while German troops occupied the country, which prevented Schuschnigg's referendum from taking place. On 13 March 1938, the "Anschluss" of Austria was officially declared. Two days later, Austrian-born Hitler announced what he called the "reunification" of his home country with the "rest of the German Reich" on Vienna's Heldenplatz. He established a plebiscite confirming the union with Germany in April 1938.Parliamentary elections were held in Germany (including recently annexed Austria) on 10 April 1938. They were the final elections to the Reichstag during Nazi rule, and took the form of a single-question referendum asking whether voters approved of a single Nazi-party list for the 813-member Reichstag, as well as the recent annexation of Austria (the Anschluss). Jews and Gypsies were not allowed to vote. Turnout in the election was officially 99.5%, with 98.9% voting "yes". In the case of Austria, Adolf Hitler's native soil, 99.71% of an electorate of 4,484,475 officially went to the ballots, with a positive tally of 99.73%. Although most Austrians favoured the "Anschluss", in certain parts of Austria the German soldiers were not always welcomed with flowers and joy, especially in Vienna which had Austria's largest Jewish population. Nevertheless, despite the propaganda and the manipulation and rigging which surrounded the ballot box result, there was massive genuine support for Hitler for fulfilling the "Anschluss", since many Germans from both Austria and Germany saw it as completing the long overdue unification of all Germans into one state.On 12 March 1938, Austria was annexed to the Third Reich and ceased to exist as an independent country. The Aryanisation of the wealth of Jewish Austrians started immediately in mid-March, with a so-called "wild" (i.e. extra-legal) phase, but was soon structured legally and bureaucratically to strip Jewish citizens of any assets they possessed. At that time Adolf Eichmann, who grew up in Austria, was transferred to Vienna to persecute the Jews. During the November pogrom in 1938 ("Reichskristallnacht"), Jews and Jewish institutions such as synagogues were victims of severe violent attacks in Vienna, Klagenfurt, Linz, Graz, Salzburg, Innsbruck and several cities in Lower Austria. Otto von Habsburg, a vehement opponent of the Nazis, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, an honorary citizen of hundreds of places in Austria and partly envisaged by Schuschnigg as a monarchical option, was in Belgium at the time. He spoke out against the Anschluss and was then wanted by the Nazi regime and expropriated and should be shot immediately if he is caught. The Nazis renamed Austria in 1938 as "Ostmark" until 1942, when it was again renamed and called "Alpine and Danubian Gaue" (Alpen-und Donau-Reichsgaue).Though Austrians made up only 8% of the population of the Third Reich, some of the most prominent Nazis were native Austrians, including Adolf Hitler, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Franz Stangl, Alois Brunner, Friedrich Rainer and Odilo Globocnik, as were over 13% of the SS and 40% of the staff at the Nazi extermination camps. In the Reichsgau, besides the main camp KZ-Mauthausen, there were numerous sub-camps in all federal states where Jews and prisoners were killed, tortured and exploited. At this time, because the territory was outside the operational radius of the Allied aircraft, the armaments industry was greatly expanded through the use of concentration camp prisoners and forced labor, especially for fighter planes, tanks and missiles.Most of the resistance groups were soon crushed by the Gestapo. While the plans of the group around Karl Burian to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in Vienna were uncovered, the important group around the later executed priest Heinrich Maier managed to contact the Allies. This so-called Maier-Messner group was able to send the Allies information about armaments factories for V-1, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft (Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, etc.), which was important for Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra, both preliminary missions for Operation Overlord. This resistance group, which was in contact with the American secret service OSS, soon provided information about mass executions and concentration camps such as Auschwitz. The aim of the group was to let Nazi Germany lose the war as quickly as possible and to re-establish an independent Austria.Vienna fell on 13 April 1945, during the Soviet Vienna Offensive, just before the total collapse of the Third Reich. The invading Allied powers, in particular the Americans, planned for the supposed "Alpine Fortress Operation" of a national redoubt, that was largely to have taken place on Austrian soil in the mountains of the Eastern Alps. However, it never materialised because of the rapid collapse of the Reich.Karl Renner and Adolf Schärf (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a provisional government in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious Red Army and backed by Joseph Stalin. (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. Total military deaths from 1939 to 1945 are estimated at 260,000. Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 65,000. About 140,000 Jewish Austrians had fled the country in 1938–39. Thousands of Austrians had taken part in serious Nazi crimes (hundreds of thousands died in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp alone), a fact officially recognised by Chancellor Franz Vranitzky in 1992.Much like Germany, Austria was divided into American, British, French, and Soviet zones and governed by the Allied Commission for Austria. As forecast in the Moscow Declaration in 1943, a subtle difference was seen in the treatment of Austria by the Allies. The Austrian government, consisting of Social Democrats, Conservatives, and Communists (until 1947), and residing in Vienna, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone, was recognised by the Western Allies in October 1945 after some doubts that Renner could be Stalin's puppet. Thus, the creation of a separate Western Austrian government and the division of the country was avoided. Austria, in general, was treated as though it had been originally invaded by Germany and liberated by the Allies.On 15 May 1955, after talks which lasted for years and were influenced by the Cold War, Austria regained full independence by concluding the Austrian State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers. On 26 October 1955, after all occupation troops had left, Austria declared its "permanent neutrality" by an act of parliament. This day is now Austria's National Day, a public holiday.The political system of the Second Republic is based on the constitution of 1920 and 1929, which was reintroduced in 1945. The system came to be characterised by "Proporz", meaning that most posts of political importance were split evenly between members of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). Interest group "chambers" with mandatory membership (e.g. for workers, business people, farmers) grew to considerable importance and were usually consulted in the legislative process, so hardly any legislation was passed that did not reflect widespread consensus.Since 1945, governing via a single-party government has occurred twice: 1966–1970 (ÖVP) and 1970–1983 (SPÖ). During all other legislative periods, either a grand coalition of SPÖ and ÖVP or a "small coalition" (one of these two and a smaller party) ruled the country.Kurt Waldheim, a Wehrmacht officer in the Second World War accused of war crimes, was elected President of Austria from 1986 to 1992.Following a referendum in 1994, at which consent reached a majority of two-thirds, the country became a member of the European Union on 1 January 1995.The major parties SPÖ and ÖVP have contrary opinions about the future status of Austria's military nonalignment: While the SPÖ in public supports a neutral role, the ÖVP argues for stronger integration into the EU's security policy; even a future NATO membership is not ruled out by some ÖVP politicians (ex. Dr Werner Fasslabend (ÖVP) in 1997). In reality, Austria is taking part in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, participates in peacekeeping and peace creating tasks, and has become a member of NATO's "Partnership for Peace"; the constitution has been amended accordingly. Since Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area in 2011, none of Austria's neighbouring countries performs border controls towards it anymore.The Parliament of Austria is located in Vienna, the country's capital and most populous city. Austria became a federal, representative democratic republic through the Federal Constitution of 1920. The political system of the Second Republic with its nine states is based on the constitution of 1920, amended in 1929, which was reenacted on 1 May 1945.The head of state is the Federal President ("Bundespräsident"), who is directly elected by popular majority vote, with a run-off between the top-scoring candidates if necessary. The head of the Federal Government is the Federal Chancellor ("Bundeskanzler"), who is selected by the President and tasked with forming a government based on the partisan composition of the lower house of parliament.The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by vote of no confidence in the lower chamber of parliament, the Nationalrat. Voting for the Federal President and for the Parliament used to be compulsory in Austria, but this was abolished in steps from 1982 to 2004.Austria's parliament consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat (183 seats) is determined every five years (or whenever the Nationalrat has been dissolved by the federal president on a motion by the federal chancellor, or by Nationalrat itself) by a general election in which every citizen over the age of 16 has the right to vote. The voting age was lowered from 18 in 2007.While there is a general threshold of 4% of the vote for all parties in federal elections ("Nationalratswahlen") to participate in the proportional allocation of seats, there remains the possibility of being elected to a seat directly in one of the 43 regional electoral districts ().The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the legislative process in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the Bundesrat, has a limited right of veto (the Nationalrat canin almost all casesultimately pass the respective bill by voting a second time; this is referred to as a "Beharrungsbeschluss", lit. "vote of persistence"). A constitutional convention, called the was convened on 30 June 2003 to consider reforms to the constitution, but failed to produce a proposal that would command a two-thirds majority in the Nationalrat, the margin necessary for constitutional amendments and/or reform.While the bicameral Parliament and the Government constitute the legislative and executive branches, respectively, the courts are the third branch of Austrian state powers. The Constitutional Court ("Verfassungsgerichtshof") exerts considerable influence on the political system because of its power to invalidate legislation and ordinances that are not in compliance with the constitution. Since 1995, the European Court of Justice may overrule Austrian decisions in all matters defined in laws of the European Union. Austria also implements the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, since the European Convention on Human Rights is part of the Austrian constitution.After general elections held in October 2006, the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) emerged as the strongest party, and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) came in second, having lost about 8% of its previous polling. Political realities prohibited any of the two major parties from forming a coalition with smaller parties. In January 2007 the People's Party and SPÖ formed a grand coalition with the social democrat Alfred Gusenbauer as Chancellor. This coalition broke up in June 2008.Elections in September 2008 further weakened both major parties (SPÖ and ÖVP) but together they still held 70% of the votes, with the Social Democrats holding slightly more than the other party. They formed a coalition with Werner Faymann from the Social Democrats as Chancellor. The Green Party came in third with 11% of the vote. The FPÖ and the deceased Jörg Haider's new party Alliance for the Future of Austria, both on the political right, were strengthened during the election but taken together received less than 20% of the vote.In the legislative elections of 2013, the Social Democratic Party received 27% of the vote and 52 seats; People's Party 24% and 47 seats, thus controlling together the majority of the seats. The Freedom Party received 40 seats and 21% of the votes, while the Greens received 12% and 24 seats. Two new parties, Stronach and the NEOS, received less than 10% of the vote, and 11 and nine seats respectively.After the Grand Coalition broke in Spring 2017 a snap election was proclaimed for October 2017. The Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) with its new young leader Sebastian Kurz emerged as the largest party in the National Council, winning 31.5% of votes and 62 of the 183 seats. The Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) finished second with 52 seats and 26.9% votes, slightly ahead of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which received 51 seats and 26%. NEOS finished fourth with 10 seats (5.3 percent of votes), and PILZ (which split from the Green Party at the start of the campaign) entered parliament for the first time and came in fifth place with 8 seats and 4.4% The Green Party failed with 3.8% to cross the 4% threshold and was ejected from parliament, losing all of its 24 seats. The ÖVP decided to form a coalition with the FPÖ. The new government between the centre-right wing and the right-wing populist party under the new chancellor Sebastian Kurz was sworn in on 18 December 2017, but the coalition government later collapsed and new elections were called for 29 September 2019. The elections lead to another landslide victory (37.5%) of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) who formed a coalition-government with the reinvigorated (13.9%) Greens, which was sworn in with Kurz as chancellor on January 7, 2020.The 1955 Austrian State Treaty ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognised Austria as an independent and sovereign state. On 26 October 1955, the Federal Assembly passed a constitutional article in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality." The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory." Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality, but rather different from the neutrality of Switzerland.Austria began to reassess its definition of neutrality following the fall of the Soviet Union, granting overflight rights for the UN-sanctioned action against Iraq in 1991, and since 1995, it has developed participation in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy. Also in 1995, it joined NATO's Partnership for Peace (although it was careful to do so only after Russia joined) and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Meanwhile, the only part of the Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 1955 still fully valid is to not allow foreign military bases in Austria. Austria signed the UN's Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, which was opposed by all NATO members.Austria attaches great importance to participation in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and other international economic organisations, and it has played an active role in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE-participating State, Austria's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission.The manpower of the Austrian Armed Forces () mainly relies on conscription. All males who have reached the age of eighteen and are found fit have to serve a six months compulsory military service, followed by an eight-year reserve obligation. Both males and females at the age of sixteen are eligible for voluntary service. Conscientious objection is legally acceptable and those who claim this right are obliged to serve an institutionalised nine months civilian service instead. Since 1998, women volunteers have been allowed to become professional soldiers.The main sectors of the Bundesheer are Joint Forces (Streitkräfteführungskommando, SKFüKdo) which consist of Land Forces (Landstreitkräfte), Air Forces (Luftstreitkräfte), International Missions (Internationale Einsätze) and Special Forces (Spezialeinsatzkräfte), next to Joint Mission Support Command (Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU) and Joint Command Support Centre (Führungsunterstützungszentrum; FüUZ). Austria is a landlocked country and has no navy.In 2012, Austria's defence expenditures corresponded to approximately 0.8% of its GDP. The Army currently has about 26,000 soldiers, of whom about 12,000 are conscripts. As head of state, Austrian President is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the Bundesheer. Command of the Austrian Armed Forces is exercised by the Minister of Defence, : Klaudia Tanner.Since the end of the Cold War, and more importantly the removal of the former heavily guarded "Iron Curtain" separating Austria and its Eastern Bloc neighbours (Hungary and former Czechoslovakia), the Austrian military has been assisting Austrian border guards in trying to prevent border crossings by illegal immigrants. This assistance came to an end when Hungary and Slovakia joined the EU Schengen Area in 2008, for all intents and purposes abolishing "internal" border controls between treaty states. Some politicians have called for a prolongation of this mission, but the legality of this is heavily disputed. In accordance with the Austrian constitution, armed forces may only be deployed in a limited number of cases, mainly to defend the country and aid in cases of national emergency, such as in the wake of natural disasters. They may generally not be used as auxiliary police forces.Within its self-declared status of permanent neutrality, Austria has a long and proud tradition of engaging in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. The Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit (AFDRU), in particular, an all-volunteer unit with close ties to civilian specialists (e.g. rescue dog handlers) enjoys a reputation as a quick (standard deployment time is 10 hours) and efficient SAR unit. Currently, larger contingents of Austrian forces are deployed in Bosnia and Kosovo.Austria is a federal republic consisting of nine states (). The states are sub-divided into districts () and statutory cities (). Districts are subdivided into municipalities (). Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. Vienna is unique in that it is both a city and a state.Austria's constituent states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g. in matters of culture, social welfare, youth and nature protection, hunting, building, and zoning ordinances. In recent years, it has been questioned whether a small country should maintain ten subnational legislatures. Consolidation of local governments has already been undertaken at the "Gemeinde" level for purposes of administrative efficiency and cost savings (")."The Ministry in charge of the Austrian corrections system is the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Justice is based out of Vienna. The head of the prison administration falls under the title of Director General. The total prison population rate as of July 2017 is 8,290 people. Pre-trial detainees make up 23.6%, female prisoners make up 5.7%, juveniles make up 1.4%, and foreign prisoners make up 54.2% of the prison system. Since 2000 the population has risen over 2,000 and has stabilized at over 8,000.Austria is a largely mountainous country because of its location in the Alps. The Central Eastern Alps, Northern Limestone Alps and Southern Limestone Alps are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (), only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below . The Alps of western Austria give way somewhat into low lands and plains in the eastern part of the country.Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E.It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the Carpathians account for around 12% and the foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian granite plateau, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the Vienna basin makes up the remaining 4%.Phytogeographically, Austria belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests, and Western European broadleaf forests. Austria had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.55/10, ranking it 149th globally out of 172 countries.The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate climate zone, where humid westerly winds predominate. With nearly three-quarters of the country dominated by the Alps, the alpine climate is predominant. In the east—in the Pannonian Plain and along the Danube valley—the climate shows continental features with less rain than the alpine areas. Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of in August 2013.According to the Köppen Climate Classification Austria has the following climate types: Oceanic (Cfb), Cool/Warm-summer humid continental (Dfb), Subarctic/Subalpine (Dfc), Tundra/Alpine (ET) and Ice-Cap (EF). It is important to note though that Austria may experience very cold, severe winters, but most of the time they are only around as cold as those in somewhat comparable climate zones, for example Southern Scandinavia or Eastern Europe. As well, at higher altitudes, summers are usually considerably cooler than in the valleys/lower altitudes. The subarctic and tundra climates seen around the Alps are much warmer in winter than what is normal elsewhere due in part to the Oceanic influence on this part of Europe.Austria consistently ranks high in terms of GDP per capita, due to its highly industrialized economy, and well-developed social market economy. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Labour movements are particularly influential, exercising large influence on labour politics and decisions related to the expansion of the economy. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the economy of Austria.Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the German economy. Since Austria became a member state of the European Union, it has gained closer ties to other EU economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership of the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP reached 3.3% in 2006. At least 67% of Austria's imports come from other European Union member states.Austria indicated on 16 November 2010 that it would withhold the December installment of its contribution to the EU bailout of Greece, citing the material worsening of the Greek debt situation and the apparent inability of Greece to collect the level of tax receipts it had previously promised.The Financial crisis of 2007–2008 dented the economy of Austria in other ways as well. It caused, for example, the Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International to be purchased in December 2009 by the government for 1 euro owing to credit difficulties, thus wiping out the €1.63bn of BayernLB. , the HGAA situation was unresolved, causing Chancellor Werner Faymann to warn that its failure would be comparable to the 1931 Creditanstalt event.Since the fall of communism, Austrian companies have been quite active players and consolidators in Eastern Europe. Between 1995 and 2010, 4,868 mergers and acquisitions with a total known value of 163 bil. EUR with the involvement of Austrian firms have been announced. The largest transactions with involvement of Austrian companies have been: the acquisition of Bank Austria by Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank for 7.8 billion EUR in 2000, the acquisition of Porsche Holding Salzburg by Volkswagen Group for 3.6 billion EUR in 2009, and the acquisition of Banca Comercială Română by Erste Group for 3.7 bil. EUR in 2005.Tourism in Austria accounts for almost 9% of its gross domestic product.In 2007, Austria ranked 9th worldwide in international tourism receipts, with 18.9 billion US$. In international tourist arrivals, Austria ranked 12th with 20.8 million tourists.In 1972, the country began construction of a nuclear-powered electricity-generation station at Zwentendorf on the River Danube, following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978, a referendum voted approximately 50.5% against nuclear power, 49.5% for, and parliament subsequently unanimously passed a law forbidding the use of nuclear power to generate electricity although the nuclear power plant was already finished.Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity by hydropower. Together with other renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass powerplants, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to 62.89% of total use in Austria, with the rest being produced by gas and oil power plants.Compared to most European countries, Austria is ecologically well endowed. Its biocapacity (or biological natural capital) is more than double of the world average: In 2016, Austria had 3.8 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, compared to the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In contrast, in 2016, they used 6.0 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means that Austrians use about 60 percent more biocapacity than Austria contains. As a result, Austria is running a biocapacity deficit.Austria's population was estimated to be nearly 9 million (8.9) in 2020 by the Statistik Austria. The population of the capital, Vienna, exceeds 1.9 million (2.6 million, including the suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population. It is known for its cultural offerings and high standard of living.Vienna is by far the country's largest city. Graz is second in size, with 291,007 inhabitants, followed by Linz (206,604), Salzburg (155,031), Innsbruck (131,989), and Klagenfurt (101,303). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.According to Eurostat, in 2018 there were 1.69 million foreign-born residents in Austria, corresponding to 19.2% of the total population. Of these, 928,700 (10.5%) were born outside the EU and 762,000 (8.6%) were born in another EU Member State. There are more than 483,100 descendants of foreign-born immigrants.Turks form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 350,000. 13,000 Turks were naturalised in 2003 and an unknown number have arrived in Austria at the same time. While 2,000 Turks left Austria in the same year, 10,000 immigrated to the country, confirming a strong trend of growth. Together, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, and Slovenes make up about 5.1% of Austria's total population.The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2017 was estimated at 1.52 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.83 children born per woman in 1873. In 2015, 42.1% of births were to unmarried women. Austria subsequently has the 12th oldest population in the world, with the average age of 44.2 years. The life expectancy in 2016 was estimated at 81.5 years (78.9 years male, 84.3 years female).Statistics Austria estimates that nearly 10 million people will live in the country by 2080.Standard Austrian German is spoken in Austria, though used primarily just in education, publications, announcements and websites. It is mostly identical to the Standard German of Germany but with some vocabulary differences. This Standard German language is used in formal contexts across Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as well as among those with significant German-speaking minorities: Italy, Belgium and Denmark. However, the common spoken language of Austria is not the Standard German taught in schools but Austro-Bavarian: a group of Upper German local dialects with varying degrees of difficulty being understood by each other as well as by speakers of non-Austrian German dialects. Taken as a collective whole, German languages or dialects are thus spoken natively by 88.6% of the population, which includes the 2.5% German-born citizens who reside in Austria, followed by Turkish (2.28%), Serbian (2.21%), Croatian (1.63%), English (0.73%), Hungarian (0.51%), Bosnian (0.43%), Polish (0.35%), Albanian (0.35%), Slovenian (0.31%), Czech (0.22%), Arabic (0.22%), and Romanian (0.21%).The Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Styria are home to a significant indigenous Slovene-speaking minority while in the easternmost state, Burgenland (formerly part of the Hungarian portion of Austria-Hungary), there are significant Hungarian- and Croatian-speaking minorities. Of the remaining number of Austria's people who are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former East Bloc nations. Guest workers "(Gastarbeiter)" and their descendants, as well as refugees from the Yugoslav wars and other conflicts, also form an important minority group in Austria. Since 1994 the Roma–Sinti (gypsies) have been an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria.According to census information published by Statistik Austria for 2001 there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, the largest by far are 283,334 foreign nationals from the former Yugoslavia (of whom 135,336 speak Serbian; 105,487 Croatian; 31,591 Bosnian – i.e. 272,414 Austrian resident native speakers in total, plus 6,902 Slovenian and 4,018 Macedonian speakers).The second largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the Turks (including minority of Kurds) with a number of 200,000 to 300,000 who currently live in Austria.The next largest population of linguistic and ethnic groups are the 124,392 who speak German as their mother tongue even though they hail from outside of Austria (mainly immigrants from Germany, some from Switzerland, South Tyrol in Italy, Romania, or the former Soviet Union); 123,417 English; 24,446 Albanian; 17,899 Polish; 14,699 Hungarian; 12,216 Romanian; 10,000 Malayali; 7,982 Arabic; 6,891 Slovak; 6,707 Czech; 5,916 Persian; 5,677 Italian; 5,466 Russian; 5,213 French; 4,938 Chinese; 4,264 Spanish; 3,503 Bulgarian. The numbers for other languages fall off sharply below 3,000.In 2006, some of the Austrian states introduced standardised tests for new citizens, to assure their language ability, cultural knowledge and accordingly their ability to integrate into the Austrian society. For the national rules, see Austrian nationality law – Naturalisation.Historically Austrians were regarded as ethnic Germans and viewed themselves as such, although this national identity was challenged by Austrian nationalism in the decades after the end of World War I and even more so after World War II. Austria was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until its ending in 1806 and had been part of the German Confederation, a loose association of 39 separate German-speaking countries, until the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, which resulted in the exclusion of Austria from the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation led by Prussia. In 1871, Germany was founded as a nation-state, Austria was not a part of it. After World War I and the breakup of the Austrian monarchy, politicians of the new republic declared its name to be "Deutschösterreich" (Republic of German-Austria) and that it was part of the German Republic. A unification of the two countries was forbidden by the treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye as one of the conditions imposed by the victorious Allies of World War I upon the vanquished nation, to prevent the creation of a territorially extensive German state. After the events of World War II and Nazism, Austria as a country has made efforts to develop an Austrian national identity among its populace, and nowadays most do not consider themselves Germans. However, a minority of Austrians still consider themselves to be Germans and advocate for a "Greater Germany", arguing that the historic boundaries of the German people goes beyond the boundaries of modern-day countries, especially Austria and Germany.Austrians may be described either as a nationality or as a homogeneous Germanic ethnic group, that is closely related to neighboring Germans, Liechtensteiners and German-speaking Swiss. Today 91.1% of the population are regarded as ethnic Austrians.The Turks are the largest single immigrant group in Austria, closely followed by the Serbs. Serbs form one of the largest ethnic groups in Austria, numbering around 300,000 people. Historically, Serbian immigrants moved to Austria during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, when Vojvodina was under Imperial control. Following World War II the number of Serbs expanded again, and today the community is very large. The Austrian Serbian Society was founded in 1936. Today, Serbs in Austria are mainly found in Vienna, Salzburg, and Graz.An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 Slovenes in the Austrian state of Carinthia (the Carinthian Slovenes) as well as Croats (around 30,000) and Hungarians in Burgenland were recognised as a minority and have had special rights following the Austrian State Treaty () of 1955. The Slovenes in the Austrian state of Styria (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognised as a minority and do not have special rights, although the State Treaty of 27 July 1955 states otherwise.The right for bilingual topographic signs for the regions where Slovene and Croat Austrians live alongside the German-speaking population (as required by the 1955 State Treaty) is still to be fully implemented in the view of some, while others believe that the treaty-derived obligations have been met (see below). Many Carinthians are afraid of Slovenian territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two World Wars and considering that some official Slovenian atlases show parts of Carinthia as Slovene cultural territory. The former governor of Carinthia Jörg Haider has made this fact a matter of public argument in autumn 2005 by refusing to increase the number of bilingual topographic signs in Carinthia. A poll by the Kärntner Humaninstitut conducted in January 2006 stated that 65% of Carinthians were not against an increase of bilingual topographic signs, since the original requirements set by the State Treaty of 1955 had already been fulfilled according to their point of view.Another interesting phenomenon is the so-called "" stating that the Slovenes can be split in two groups: actual Slovenes and "Windische" (a traditional German name for Slavs), based on differences in language between Austrian Slovenes, who were taught Slovene standard language in school and those Slovenes who spoke their local Slovene dialect but went to German schools. The term "Windische" was applied to the latter group as a means of distinction. This politically influenced theory, dividing Slovene Austrians into the "loyal Windische" and the "national Slovenes", was never generally accepted and fell out of use some decades ago.In 2001, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Austrian Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called "Kirchenbeitrag" ("Ecclesiastical/Church contribution"). Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of adherents and churchgoers has declined. Data for 2018 from the Austrian Roman Catholic Church list 5,050,000 members, or 56.9% of the total Austrian population. Sunday church attendance was 605,828 or 7% of the total Austrian population in 2015. The Lutheran church also recorded a loss of 74,421 adherents between 2001 and 2016.The 2001 census report indicated that about 12% of the population declared that they have no religion; according to ecclesiastical information this share had grown to 20% by 2015. Of the remaining people, around 340,000 were registered as members of various Muslim communities in 2001, mainly due to the influx from Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. The number of Muslims has doubled in 15 years to 700,000 in 2016. About 180,000 are members of Orthodox Churches (mostly Serbs), about 21,000 people are active Jehovah's Witnesses and about 8,100 are Jewish.According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2010,Education in Austria is entrusted partly to the Austrian states (Bundesländer) and partly to the federal government. School attendance is compulsory for nine years, i.e. usually to the age of fifteen.Pre-school education (called "Kindergarten" in German), free in most states, is provided for all children between the ages of three and six years and, whilst optional, is considered a normal part of a child's education due to its high takeup rate. Maximum class size is around 30, each class normally being cared for by one qualified teacher and one assistant.Primary education, or Volksschule, lasts for four years, starting at age six. The maximum class size is 30, but may be as low as 15. It is generally expected that a class will be taught by one teacher for the entire four years and the stable bond between teacher and pupil is considered important for a child's well-being. The 3Rs (Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic) dominate lesson time, with less time allotted to project work than in the UK. Children work individually and all members of a class follow the same plan of work. There is no streaming.Standard attendance times are 8 am to 12 pm or 1 pm, with hourly five- or ten-minute breaks. Children are given homework daily from the first year. Historically there has been no lunch hour, with children returning home to eat. However, due to a rise in the number of mothers in work, primary schools are increasingly offering pre-lesson and afternoon care.As in Germany, secondary education consists of two main types of schools, attendance at which is based on a pupil's ability as determined by grades from the primary school. The Gymnasium caters for the more able children, in the final year of which the Matura examination is taken, which is a requirement for access to university. The Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education but also for various types of further education (Höhere Technische Lehranstalt HTL = institution of higher technical education; HAK = commercial academy; HBLA = institution of higher education for economic business; etc.). Attendance at one of these further education institutes also leads to the Matura. Some schools aim to combine the education available at the Gymnasium and the Hauptschule, and are known as Gesamtschulen. In addition, a recognition of the importance of learning English has led some Gymnasiums to offer a bilingual stream, in which pupils deemed able in languages follow a modified curriculum, a portion of the lesson time being conducted in English.As at primary school, lessons at Gymnasium begin at 8 am and continue with short intervals until lunchtime or early afternoon, with children returning home to a late lunch. Older pupils often attend further lessons after a break for lunch, generally eaten at school. As at primary level, all pupils follow the same plan of work. Great emphasis is placed on homework and frequent testing. Satisfactory marks in the end-of-the-year report ("Zeugnis") are a prerequisite for moving up ("aufsteigen") to the next class. Pupils who do not meet the required standard re-sit their tests at the end of the summer holidays; those whose marks are still not satisfactory are required to re-sit the year ("sitzenbleiben").It is not uncommon for a pupil to re-sit more than one year of school. After completing the first two years, pupils choose between one of two strands, known as "Gymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on arts) or "Realgymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on science). Whilst many schools offer both strands, some do not, and as a result, some children move schools for a second time at age 12. At age 14, pupils may choose to remain in one of these two strands, or to change to a vocational course, possibly with a further change of school.The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the Matura examination until recently. A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as Medicine. In 2001, an obligatory tuition fee (""Studienbeitrag"") of €363.36 per term was introduced for all public universities. Since 2008, for all EU students the studies have been free of charge, as long as a certain time-limit is not exceeded (the expected duration of the study plus usually two terms tolerance). When the time-limit is exceeded, the fee of around €363.36 per term is charged. Some further exceptions to the fee apply, e.g. for students with a year's salary of more than about €5000. In all cases, an obligatory fee of €20.20 is charged for the student union and insurance.Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music. Austria was the birthplace of many famous composers such as Joseph Haydn, Michael Haydn, Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr. and Johann Strauss, Jr. as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, then an independent Church Principality of the Holy Roman Empire, which later became part of Austria, and much of Mozart's career was spent in Vienna.Vienna was for a long time an important centre of musical innovation. 18th- and 19th-century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of classical music. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music.Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural centre in the early 16th century, and was focused around instruments, including the lute. Ludwig van Beethoven spent the better part of his life in Vienna. Austria's current national anthem, attributed to Mozart, was chosen after World War II to replace the traditional Austrian anthem by Joseph Haydn.Austrian Herbert von Karajan was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 35 years. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death.International pop super star Johann Hölzel, also known by his stage name Falco was born in Vienna, Austria 19 February 1957.Conchita Wurst is also a renowned singer from the Austrian stock.Among Austrian Artists and architects one can find the painters Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Rudolf von Alt, Hans Makart, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele, Carl Moll, and Friedensreich Hundertwasser, the photographers Inge Morath and Ernst Haas, and architects like Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and Hans Hollein (recipient of the 1985 Pritzker Architecture Prize). Contemporary artist Herbert Brandl.Sascha Kolowrat was an Austrian pioneer of filmmaking. Billy Wilder, Fritz Lang, Josef von Sternberg, and Fred Zinnemann originally came from the Austrian Empire before establishing themselves as internationally relevant filmmakers. Willi Forst, Ernst Marischka, and Franz Antel enriched the popular cinema in German-speaking countries. Michael Haneke became internationally known for his disturbing cinematic studies, receiving a Golden Globe for his critically acclaimed film "The White Ribbon" (2010).The first Austrian director to receive an Academy Award was Stefan Ruzowitzky. A number of Austrian actors also pursued international careers, among them Peter Lorre, Helmut Berger, Curd Jürgens, Senta Berger, Oskar Werner, and Klaus Maria Brandauer. Most notably, Hedy Lamarr and Arnold Schwarzenegger became international movie stars in Hollywood. Christoph Waltz rose to fame with his performances in "Inglourious Basterds" and "Django Unchained", earning him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2010 and 2012. Max Reinhardt was a master of spectacular and astute theatre productions. Otto Schenk not only excelled as a stage actor, but also as an opera director.Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation. Among them are Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, Victor Franz Hess and Christian Doppler, prominent scientists in the 19th century. In the 20th century, contributions by Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger and Wolfgang Pauli to nuclear research and quantum mechanics were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day quantum physicist is Anton Zeilinger, noted as the first scientist to demonstrate quantum teleportation.In addition to physicists, Austria was the birthplace of two of the most noteworthy philosophers of the 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper. In addition to them, biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus were Austrians.A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in medieval times with Paracelsus. Eminent physicians like Theodore Billroth, Clemens von Pirquet, and Anton von Eiselsberg have built upon the achievements of the 19th-century Vienna School of Medicine. Austria was home to Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, Alfred Adler, founder of Individual psychology, psychologists Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger, and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl.The Austrian School of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists Carl Menger, Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek. Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker Peter Drucker, sociologist Paul Felix Lazarsfeld and scientist Sir Gustav Nossal.Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers, and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard, and Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke, Adalbert Stifter, Karl Kraus and children's author Eva Ibbotson.Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Nobel prize winner Elfriede Jelinek, Peter Handke and Daniel Kehlmann.Austria's cuisine is derived from that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austrian cuisine is mainly the tradition of Royal-Cuisine ("Hofküche") delivered over centuries. It is famous for its well-balanced variations of beef and pork and countless variations of vegetables. There is also the "Mehlspeisen" Bakery, which created particular delicacies such as Sachertorte, "Krapfen" which are doughnuts usually filled with apricot jam or custard, and "Strudel" such as "Apfelstrudel" filled with apple, "Topfenstrudel" filled with a type of cheese curd called "topfen", and "Millirahmstrudel" (milk-cream strudel).In addition to native regional traditions, the cuisine has been influenced by Hungarian, Czech, Polish, Jewish, Italian, Balkan and French cuisines, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian cuisine is therefore one of the most multicultural and transcultural in Europe.Typical Austrian dishes include Wiener Schnitzel, Schweinsbraten, Kaiserschmarren, Knödel, Sachertorte and Tafelspitz. There are also Kärntner Kasnudeln, which are pockets of dough filled with Topfen, potatoes, herbs and peppermint which are boiled and served with a butter sauce. Kasnudeln are traditionally served with a salad. Eierschwammerl dishes are also popular. The sugar block dispenser Pez was invented in Austria, as well as Mannerschnitten. Austria is also famous for its Mozartkugeln and its coffee tradition. With over 8 kg per year it has the sixth highest per capita coffee consumption worldwide.Beer is sold in 0.2 litre (a "Pfiff"), 0.3 litre (a "Seidel", "kleines Bier" or "Glas Bier") and 0.5 litre (a "Krügerl" or "großes Bier" or "Halbe") measures. At festivals one litre "Maß" and two litre "Doppelmaß" in the Bavarian style are also dispensed. The most popular types of beer are lager (known as "Märzen" in Austria), naturally cloudy "Zwicklbier" and wheat beer. At holidays like Christmas and Easter bock beer is also available.The most important wine-producing areas are in Lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria and Vienna. The Grüner Veltliner grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines and Zweigelt is the most widely planted red wine grape.In Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, "Most", a type of cider or perry, is widely produced.A Schnapps of typically up to 60% alcohol or fruit brandy is drunk, which in Austria is made from a variety of fruits, for example apricots and rowanberries. The produce of small private schnapps distilleries, of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as "Selbstgebrannter" or "Hausbrand".Local soft drinks such as Almdudler are very popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages. Another popular drink is the so-called "Spezi", a mix between Coca-Cola and the original formula of Orange Fanta or the more locally renowned Frucade. Red Bull, the highest-selling energy drink in the world, was introduced by Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur.Due to the mountainous terrain, alpine skiing is a prominent sport in Austria and is extremely valuable in the promotion and economic growth of the country. Similar sports such as snowboarding or ski-jumping are also widely popular. Austrian athletes such as Annemarie Moser-Pröll, Franz Klammer, Hermann Maier, Toni Sailer, Benjamin Raich, Marlies Schild & Marcel Hirscher are widely regarded as some of the greatest alpine skiers of all time, Armin Kogler, Andreas Felder, Ernst Vettori, Andreas Goldberger, Andreas Widhölzl, Thomas Morgenstern & Gregor Schlierenzauer as some of the greatest ski jumpers of all time. Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton are also popular events with a permanent track located in Igls, which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck. The first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012 were held in Innsbruck as well.A popular team sport in Austria is football, which is governed by the Austrian Football Association. Austria was among the most successful football playing nations on the European continent placing 4th at the 1934 FIFA World Cup, 3rd at the 1954 FIFA World Cup and 7th at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. However, recently Austrian football has not been internationally successful. It also co-hosted the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship with Switzerland. The national Austrian football league is the Austrian Bundesliga, which includes teams such as record-champions SK Rapid Wien, FK Austria Wien, Red Bull Salzburg and Sturm Graz.Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports, including the Austrian Hockey League for ice hockey, and the Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga for basketball. Horseback riding is also popular; the famed Spanish Riding School of Vienna is located in Vienna.Niki Lauda is a former Formula One driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. Other known Austrian F1 drivers are for example Gerhard Berger and Jochen Rindt. Austria also hosts F1 races (Austrian Grand Prix); now held at Red Bull Ring, in the past also at Österreichring and Zeltweg Airfield.Thomas Muster is a former tennis player and one of the greatest clay courters of all time. He won the 1995 French Open and in 1996 he was ranked number 1 in the ATP Ranking. Other well known Austrian tennis players include the 2020 US Open winner Dominic Thiem, Horst Skoff and Jürgen Melzer.Sport played a significant role in developing national consciousness and boosting national self-confidence in the early years of the Second Republic after World War II, through events such as the Tour of Austria cycle race and through sporting successes such as the national football team's run to third at the 1954 World Cup and the performances of Toni Sailer and the rest of the "Kitzbühel Miracle Team" in the 1950s.	[ "Karl Renner", "Rudolf Kirchschläger", "Adolf Schärf", "Theodor Körner", "Kurt Waldheim", "Franz Jonas", "Michael Hainisch", "Heinz Fischer", "Alexander Van der Bellen", "Thomas Klestil" ]
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia in Mar, 1998?	March 10, 1998	{ "text": [ "Andreas Michaelides" ] }	L2_Q240783_P286_0	Andreas Michaelides is the head coach of AC Omonia from Feb, 1997 to Jun, 1999. Henning Berg is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2019 to Feb, 2022. Neil Lennon is the head coach of AC Omonia from Mar, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of AC Omonia from Nov, 2018 to May, 2019. Pambos Christodoulou is the head coach of AC Omonia from May, 2017 to Dec, 2017. John Carver is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2016 to Feb, 2017. Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2018 to Oct, 2018.	AC OmoniaAthletic Club Omonoia Nicosia (, ΑΣΟΛ; "Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias", "ASOL"; "Omonia" is Greek for "amity") is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia. The club was established on 4 June 1948. The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953. On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company.Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus, having won 21 national championships, 14 cups and 16 super cups. Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades (between 1970–1989), a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship (between 1973-1986), and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row (between 1980 and 1983).The AC Omonia also operates basketball, volleyball, cycling and futsal. The latter one is being particularly successful, having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011.On 23 May 1948, the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics (Greek: Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ.), with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition. In its telegram, the board stated its wish for what it described as the "communist mutiny" to be ended. Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL.On 4 June 1948, Dr. Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia. Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club. Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina, Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia, Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation. Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953, having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups. Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First DivisionAfter joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953, Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season, barely avoiding relegation. During that decade, the club's best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position.The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second, one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta. The following year, after seven seasons in the First Division, the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season. Omonia, in that season, would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title. Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season.Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972, when the club won both the league and the cup. Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas, Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s, six of them were consecutive (1974–1979). At the end of the decade, Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups. At the end of the 1979 season, Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships. In 1976, Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance. In 2003, he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century.The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and in 1987 and in 1989. As the 1980s came to an end, Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles, becoming the most successful team on the island at the time.The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades. During this time, Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season. It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title. In 1997, Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann, who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club. With the help of other Omonia great and then captain, Costas Malekkos, and a young Costas Kaiafas (the son of Sotiris Kaiafas), Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles.After a disappointing eight seasons, the 2000s decade began with a trophy. Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001. Now captained by Costas Kaiafas, Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003. Since 2003, however, the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years. After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving, Omonia's reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president, Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008.The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006, beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides. Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad, such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis. Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus, Michalis Konstantinou. In 2009, Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star, Konstantinos Makrides. En route, Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls, 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem. Efrem, who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers, would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship. After putting the proper pieces in place, Omonia did just that. During the 2009–10 season, led by the new captain, Elias Charalambous, Omonia would not lose a single derby, including play-offs matches against either, APOEL, Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon.Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010, but was fired in April 2011. He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou. Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season, and instead had to settle with finishing second, despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star, Andreas Avraam. The club, however, was to end on a positive note: under interim coach Neophytos Larkou, Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title.Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves, who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol. Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou, Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds, all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach. The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games. A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup. The team managed better results in the second round, finishing the season in third place. Thousands of fans answered the president's call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved. Omonia's final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca. Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol.In 2013, Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager, but he was sacked halfway beside positive results. Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later. Kostas Kaiafas, ex-player was then appointed as the new coach. The club's financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season. Omonia ended fifth in the league, finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58.In August 2014, Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow. The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor. In early September, the club stopped supplying the fans' group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the group's abstention from matches. Two weeks later, after a meeting between the president and the coach, it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9. Omonia finished fourth in the league. The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL.The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place. During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol. The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th. This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches.Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president.While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place. The season was the worst in the club's history in terms of defeats and goals conceded. Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season, more than any other team in the league.The decline of the club's football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed. In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou, an American-based Cypriot businessman. Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge. He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the club's academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered.The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round. Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019.The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points, but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season. The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season."Omonia" is the Greek word for "amity", showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption.Omonia's club colours are green, white and red. Their current alternate kit is red. Omonia's badge has a green shamrock in a white circle. Green colour symbolises hope and white colour 'happiness'Since 23 October 1999, Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium, the largest stadium in Cyprus. They share the stadium with local rival APOEL. Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978. When the club was first created, it used the Goal Stadium (1948–1953).Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning, socialist character, expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People. However, its followers recognize their nation which is Greek. They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it. In addition, they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality, religion and language. Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cyprus's working-class. Many of Omonia's supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevara's image. Gate-9, the team's ultras group, was established in 1992. The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games. Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège.Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season (162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign). The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season (11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign).By the end of February 2013, Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club. The club's president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could. Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto; "ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ" meaning, "I'M WITH OMONIA, I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT. " Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise. Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim, money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States. In about a month-and-a-half, €3.5 million was collected from the club's supporters.Last update: 15 May 2020For details of former players, see 12 – The club supporters (the 12th man)Source: Source: omonoiafc.com.cySource: trifylli.netHere is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia:	[ "Pambos Christodoulou", "Yannis Anastasiou", "John Carver", "Henning Berg", "Neil Lennon", "Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos" ]
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia in 1998-03-10?	March 10, 1998	{ "text": [ "Andreas Michaelides" ] }	L2_Q240783_P286_0	Andreas Michaelides is the head coach of AC Omonia from Feb, 1997 to Jun, 1999. Henning Berg is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2019 to Feb, 2022. Neil Lennon is the head coach of AC Omonia from Mar, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of AC Omonia from Nov, 2018 to May, 2019. Pambos Christodoulou is the head coach of AC Omonia from May, 2017 to Dec, 2017. John Carver is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2016 to Feb, 2017. Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2018 to Oct, 2018.	AC OmoniaAthletic Club Omonoia Nicosia (, ΑΣΟΛ; "Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias", "ASOL"; "Omonia" is Greek for "amity") is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia. The club was established on 4 June 1948. The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953. On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company.Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus, having won 21 national championships, 14 cups and 16 super cups. Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades (between 1970–1989), a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship (between 1973-1986), and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row (between 1980 and 1983).The AC Omonia also operates basketball, volleyball, cycling and futsal. The latter one is being particularly successful, having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011.On 23 May 1948, the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics (Greek: Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ.), with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition. In its telegram, the board stated its wish for what it described as the "communist mutiny" to be ended. Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL.On 4 June 1948, Dr. Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia. Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club. Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina, Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia, Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation. Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953, having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups. Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First DivisionAfter joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953, Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season, barely avoiding relegation. During that decade, the club's best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position.The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second, one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta. The following year, after seven seasons in the First Division, the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season. Omonia, in that season, would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title. Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season.Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972, when the club won both the league and the cup. Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas, Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s, six of them were consecutive (1974–1979). At the end of the decade, Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups. At the end of the 1979 season, Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships. In 1976, Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance. In 2003, he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century.The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and in 1987 and in 1989. As the 1980s came to an end, Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles, becoming the most successful team on the island at the time.The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades. During this time, Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season. It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title. In 1997, Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann, who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club. With the help of other Omonia great and then captain, Costas Malekkos, and a young Costas Kaiafas (the son of Sotiris Kaiafas), Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles.After a disappointing eight seasons, the 2000s decade began with a trophy. Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001. Now captained by Costas Kaiafas, Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003. Since 2003, however, the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years. After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving, Omonia's reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president, Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008.The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006, beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides. Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad, such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis. Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus, Michalis Konstantinou. In 2009, Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star, Konstantinos Makrides. En route, Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls, 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem. Efrem, who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers, would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship. After putting the proper pieces in place, Omonia did just that. During the 2009–10 season, led by the new captain, Elias Charalambous, Omonia would not lose a single derby, including play-offs matches against either, APOEL, Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon.Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010, but was fired in April 2011. He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou. Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season, and instead had to settle with finishing second, despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star, Andreas Avraam. The club, however, was to end on a positive note: under interim coach Neophytos Larkou, Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title.Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves, who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol. Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou, Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds, all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach. The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games. A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup. The team managed better results in the second round, finishing the season in third place. Thousands of fans answered the president's call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved. Omonia's final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca. Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol.In 2013, Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager, but he was sacked halfway beside positive results. Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later. Kostas Kaiafas, ex-player was then appointed as the new coach. The club's financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season. Omonia ended fifth in the league, finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58.In August 2014, Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow. The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor. In early September, the club stopped supplying the fans' group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the group's abstention from matches. Two weeks later, after a meeting between the president and the coach, it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9. Omonia finished fourth in the league. The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL.The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place. During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol. The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th. This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches.Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president.While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place. The season was the worst in the club's history in terms of defeats and goals conceded. Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season, more than any other team in the league.The decline of the club's football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed. In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou, an American-based Cypriot businessman. Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge. He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the club's academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered.The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round. Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019.The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points, but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season. The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season."Omonia" is the Greek word for "amity", showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption.Omonia's club colours are green, white and red. Their current alternate kit is red. Omonia's badge has a green shamrock in a white circle. Green colour symbolises hope and white colour 'happiness'Since 23 October 1999, Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium, the largest stadium in Cyprus. They share the stadium with local rival APOEL. Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978. When the club was first created, it used the Goal Stadium (1948–1953).Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning, socialist character, expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People. However, its followers recognize their nation which is Greek. They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it. In addition, they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality, religion and language. Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cyprus's working-class. Many of Omonia's supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevara's image. Gate-9, the team's ultras group, was established in 1992. The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games. Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège.Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season (162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign). The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season (11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign).By the end of February 2013, Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club. The club's president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could. Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto; "ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ" meaning, "I'M WITH OMONIA, I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT. " Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise. Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim, money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States. In about a month-and-a-half, €3.5 million was collected from the club's supporters.Last update: 15 May 2020For details of former players, see 12 – The club supporters (the 12th man)Source: Source: omonoiafc.com.cySource: trifylli.netHere is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia:	[ "Pambos Christodoulou", "Yannis Anastasiou", "John Carver", "Henning Berg", "Neil Lennon", "Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos" ]
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia in 10/03/1998?	March 10, 1998	{ "text": [ "Andreas Michaelides" ] }	L2_Q240783_P286_0	Andreas Michaelides is the head coach of AC Omonia from Feb, 1997 to Jun, 1999. Henning Berg is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2019 to Feb, 2022. Neil Lennon is the head coach of AC Omonia from Mar, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of AC Omonia from Nov, 2018 to May, 2019. Pambos Christodoulou is the head coach of AC Omonia from May, 2017 to Dec, 2017. John Carver is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2016 to Feb, 2017. Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2018 to Oct, 2018.	AC OmoniaAthletic Club Omonoia Nicosia (, ΑΣΟΛ; "Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias", "ASOL"; "Omonia" is Greek for "amity") is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia. The club was established on 4 June 1948. The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953. On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company.Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus, having won 21 national championships, 14 cups and 16 super cups. Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades (between 1970–1989), a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship (between 1973-1986), and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row (between 1980 and 1983).The AC Omonia also operates basketball, volleyball, cycling and futsal. The latter one is being particularly successful, having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011.On 23 May 1948, the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics (Greek: Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ.), with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition. In its telegram, the board stated its wish for what it described as the "communist mutiny" to be ended. Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL.On 4 June 1948, Dr. Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia. Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club. Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina, Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia, Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation. Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953, having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups. Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First DivisionAfter joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953, Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season, barely avoiding relegation. During that decade, the club's best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position.The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second, one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta. The following year, after seven seasons in the First Division, the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season. Omonia, in that season, would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title. Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season.Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972, when the club won both the league and the cup. Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas, Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s, six of them were consecutive (1974–1979). At the end of the decade, Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups. At the end of the 1979 season, Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships. In 1976, Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance. In 2003, he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century.The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and in 1987 and in 1989. As the 1980s came to an end, Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles, becoming the most successful team on the island at the time.The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades. During this time, Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season. It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title. In 1997, Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann, who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club. With the help of other Omonia great and then captain, Costas Malekkos, and a young Costas Kaiafas (the son of Sotiris Kaiafas), Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles.After a disappointing eight seasons, the 2000s decade began with a trophy. Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001. Now captained by Costas Kaiafas, Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003. Since 2003, however, the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years. After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving, Omonia's reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president, Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008.The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006, beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides. Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad, such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis. Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus, Michalis Konstantinou. In 2009, Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star, Konstantinos Makrides. En route, Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls, 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem. Efrem, who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers, would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship. After putting the proper pieces in place, Omonia did just that. During the 2009–10 season, led by the new captain, Elias Charalambous, Omonia would not lose a single derby, including play-offs matches against either, APOEL, Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon.Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010, but was fired in April 2011. He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou. Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season, and instead had to settle with finishing second, despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star, Andreas Avraam. The club, however, was to end on a positive note: under interim coach Neophytos Larkou, Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title.Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves, who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol. Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou, Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds, all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach. The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games. A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup. The team managed better results in the second round, finishing the season in third place. Thousands of fans answered the president's call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved. Omonia's final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca. Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol.In 2013, Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager, but he was sacked halfway beside positive results. Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later. Kostas Kaiafas, ex-player was then appointed as the new coach. The club's financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season. Omonia ended fifth in the league, finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58.In August 2014, Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow. The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor. In early September, the club stopped supplying the fans' group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the group's abstention from matches. Two weeks later, after a meeting between the president and the coach, it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9. Omonia finished fourth in the league. The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL.The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place. During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol. The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th. This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches.Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president.While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place. The season was the worst in the club's history in terms of defeats and goals conceded. Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season, more than any other team in the league.The decline of the club's football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed. In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou, an American-based Cypriot businessman. Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge. He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the club's academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered.The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round. Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019.The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points, but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season. The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season."Omonia" is the Greek word for "amity", showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption.Omonia's club colours are green, white and red. Their current alternate kit is red. Omonia's badge has a green shamrock in a white circle. Green colour symbolises hope and white colour 'happiness'Since 23 October 1999, Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium, the largest stadium in Cyprus. They share the stadium with local rival APOEL. Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978. When the club was first created, it used the Goal Stadium (1948–1953).Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning, socialist character, expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People. However, its followers recognize their nation which is Greek. They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it. In addition, they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality, religion and language. Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cyprus's working-class. Many of Omonia's supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevara's image. Gate-9, the team's ultras group, was established in 1992. The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games. Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège.Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season (162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign). The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season (11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign).By the end of February 2013, Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club. The club's president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could. Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto; "ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ" meaning, "I'M WITH OMONIA, I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT. " Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise. Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim, money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States. In about a month-and-a-half, €3.5 million was collected from the club's supporters.Last update: 15 May 2020For details of former players, see 12 – The club supporters (the 12th man)Source: Source: omonoiafc.com.cySource: trifylli.netHere is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia:	[ "Pambos Christodoulou", "Yannis Anastasiou", "John Carver", "Henning Berg", "Neil Lennon", "Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos" ]
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia in Mar 10, 1998?	March 10, 1998	{ "text": [ "Andreas Michaelides" ] }	L2_Q240783_P286_0	Andreas Michaelides is the head coach of AC Omonia from Feb, 1997 to Jun, 1999. Henning Berg is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2019 to Feb, 2022. Neil Lennon is the head coach of AC Omonia from Mar, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of AC Omonia from Nov, 2018 to May, 2019. Pambos Christodoulou is the head coach of AC Omonia from May, 2017 to Dec, 2017. John Carver is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2016 to Feb, 2017. Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2018 to Oct, 2018.	AC OmoniaAthletic Club Omonoia Nicosia (, ΑΣΟΛ; "Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias", "ASOL"; "Omonia" is Greek for "amity") is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia. The club was established on 4 June 1948. The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953. On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company.Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus, having won 21 national championships, 14 cups and 16 super cups. Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades (between 1970–1989), a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship (between 1973-1986), and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row (between 1980 and 1983).The AC Omonia also operates basketball, volleyball, cycling and futsal. The latter one is being particularly successful, having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011.On 23 May 1948, the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics (Greek: Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ.), with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition. In its telegram, the board stated its wish for what it described as the "communist mutiny" to be ended. Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL.On 4 June 1948, Dr. Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia. Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club. Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina, Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia, Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation. Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953, having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups. Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First DivisionAfter joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953, Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season, barely avoiding relegation. During that decade, the club's best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position.The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second, one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta. The following year, after seven seasons in the First Division, the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season. Omonia, in that season, would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title. Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season.Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972, when the club won both the league and the cup. Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas, Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s, six of them were consecutive (1974–1979). At the end of the decade, Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups. At the end of the 1979 season, Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships. In 1976, Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance. In 2003, he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century.The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and in 1987 and in 1989. As the 1980s came to an end, Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles, becoming the most successful team on the island at the time.The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades. During this time, Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season. It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title. In 1997, Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann, who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club. With the help of other Omonia great and then captain, Costas Malekkos, and a young Costas Kaiafas (the son of Sotiris Kaiafas), Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles.After a disappointing eight seasons, the 2000s decade began with a trophy. Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001. Now captained by Costas Kaiafas, Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003. Since 2003, however, the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years. After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving, Omonia's reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president, Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008.The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006, beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides. Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad, such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis. Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus, Michalis Konstantinou. In 2009, Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star, Konstantinos Makrides. En route, Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls, 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem. Efrem, who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers, would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship. After putting the proper pieces in place, Omonia did just that. During the 2009–10 season, led by the new captain, Elias Charalambous, Omonia would not lose a single derby, including play-offs matches against either, APOEL, Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon.Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010, but was fired in April 2011. He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou. Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season, and instead had to settle with finishing second, despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star, Andreas Avraam. The club, however, was to end on a positive note: under interim coach Neophytos Larkou, Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title.Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves, who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol. Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou, Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds, all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach. The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games. A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup. The team managed better results in the second round, finishing the season in third place. Thousands of fans answered the president's call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved. Omonia's final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca. Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol.In 2013, Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager, but he was sacked halfway beside positive results. Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later. Kostas Kaiafas, ex-player was then appointed as the new coach. The club's financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season. Omonia ended fifth in the league, finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58.In August 2014, Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow. The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor. In early September, the club stopped supplying the fans' group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the group's abstention from matches. Two weeks later, after a meeting between the president and the coach, it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9. Omonia finished fourth in the league. The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL.The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place. During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol. The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th. This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches.Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president.While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place. The season was the worst in the club's history in terms of defeats and goals conceded. Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season, more than any other team in the league.The decline of the club's football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed. In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou, an American-based Cypriot businessman. Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge. He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the club's academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered.The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round. Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019.The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points, but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season. The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season."Omonia" is the Greek word for "amity", showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption.Omonia's club colours are green, white and red. Their current alternate kit is red. Omonia's badge has a green shamrock in a white circle. Green colour symbolises hope and white colour 'happiness'Since 23 October 1999, Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium, the largest stadium in Cyprus. They share the stadium with local rival APOEL. Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978. When the club was first created, it used the Goal Stadium (1948–1953).Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning, socialist character, expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People. However, its followers recognize their nation which is Greek. They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it. In addition, they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality, religion and language. Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cyprus's working-class. Many of Omonia's supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevara's image. Gate-9, the team's ultras group, was established in 1992. The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games. Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège.Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season (162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign). The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season (11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign).By the end of February 2013, Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club. The club's president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could. Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto; "ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ" meaning, "I'M WITH OMONIA, I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT. " Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise. Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim, money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States. In about a month-and-a-half, €3.5 million was collected from the club's supporters.Last update: 15 May 2020For details of former players, see 12 – The club supporters (the 12th man)Source: Source: omonoiafc.com.cySource: trifylli.netHere is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia:	[ "Pambos Christodoulou", "Yannis Anastasiou", "John Carver", "Henning Berg", "Neil Lennon", "Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos" ]
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia in 03/10/1998?	March 10, 1998	{ "text": [ "Andreas Michaelides" ] }	L2_Q240783_P286_0	Andreas Michaelides is the head coach of AC Omonia from Feb, 1997 to Jun, 1999. Henning Berg is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2019 to Feb, 2022. Neil Lennon is the head coach of AC Omonia from Mar, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of AC Omonia from Nov, 2018 to May, 2019. Pambos Christodoulou is the head coach of AC Omonia from May, 2017 to Dec, 2017. John Carver is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2016 to Feb, 2017. Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2018 to Oct, 2018.	AC OmoniaAthletic Club Omonoia Nicosia (, ΑΣΟΛ; "Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias", "ASOL"; "Omonia" is Greek for "amity") is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia. The club was established on 4 June 1948. The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953. On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company.Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus, having won 21 national championships, 14 cups and 16 super cups. Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades (between 1970–1989), a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship (between 1973-1986), and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row (between 1980 and 1983).The AC Omonia also operates basketball, volleyball, cycling and futsal. The latter one is being particularly successful, having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011.On 23 May 1948, the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics (Greek: Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ.), with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition. In its telegram, the board stated its wish for what it described as the "communist mutiny" to be ended. Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL.On 4 June 1948, Dr. Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia. Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club. Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina, Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia, Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation. Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953, having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups. Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First DivisionAfter joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953, Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season, barely avoiding relegation. During that decade, the club's best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position.The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second, one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta. The following year, after seven seasons in the First Division, the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season. Omonia, in that season, would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title. Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season.Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972, when the club won both the league and the cup. Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas, Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s, six of them were consecutive (1974–1979). At the end of the decade, Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups. At the end of the 1979 season, Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships. In 1976, Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance. In 2003, he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century.The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and in 1987 and in 1989. As the 1980s came to an end, Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles, becoming the most successful team on the island at the time.The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades. During this time, Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season. It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title. In 1997, Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann, who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club. With the help of other Omonia great and then captain, Costas Malekkos, and a young Costas Kaiafas (the son of Sotiris Kaiafas), Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles.After a disappointing eight seasons, the 2000s decade began with a trophy. Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001. Now captained by Costas Kaiafas, Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003. Since 2003, however, the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years. After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving, Omonia's reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president, Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008.The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006, beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides. Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad, such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis. Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus, Michalis Konstantinou. In 2009, Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star, Konstantinos Makrides. En route, Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls, 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem. Efrem, who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers, would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship. After putting the proper pieces in place, Omonia did just that. During the 2009–10 season, led by the new captain, Elias Charalambous, Omonia would not lose a single derby, including play-offs matches against either, APOEL, Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon.Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010, but was fired in April 2011. He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou. Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season, and instead had to settle with finishing second, despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star, Andreas Avraam. The club, however, was to end on a positive note: under interim coach Neophytos Larkou, Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title.Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves, who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol. Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou, Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds, all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach. The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games. A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup. The team managed better results in the second round, finishing the season in third place. Thousands of fans answered the president's call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved. Omonia's final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca. Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol.In 2013, Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager, but he was sacked halfway beside positive results. Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later. Kostas Kaiafas, ex-player was then appointed as the new coach. The club's financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season. Omonia ended fifth in the league, finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58.In August 2014, Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow. The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor. In early September, the club stopped supplying the fans' group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the group's abstention from matches. Two weeks later, after a meeting between the president and the coach, it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9. Omonia finished fourth in the league. The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL.The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place. During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol. The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th. This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches.Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president.While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place. The season was the worst in the club's history in terms of defeats and goals conceded. Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season, more than any other team in the league.The decline of the club's football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed. In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou, an American-based Cypriot businessman. Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge. He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the club's academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered.The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round. Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019.The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points, but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season. The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season."Omonia" is the Greek word for "amity", showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption.Omonia's club colours are green, white and red. Their current alternate kit is red. Omonia's badge has a green shamrock in a white circle. Green colour symbolises hope and white colour 'happiness'Since 23 October 1999, Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium, the largest stadium in Cyprus. They share the stadium with local rival APOEL. Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978. When the club was first created, it used the Goal Stadium (1948–1953).Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning, socialist character, expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People. However, its followers recognize their nation which is Greek. They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it. In addition, they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality, religion and language. Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cyprus's working-class. Many of Omonia's supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevara's image. Gate-9, the team's ultras group, was established in 1992. The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games. Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège.Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season (162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign). The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season (11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign).By the end of February 2013, Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club. The club's president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could. Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto; "ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ" meaning, "I'M WITH OMONIA, I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT. " Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise. Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim, money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States. In about a month-and-a-half, €3.5 million was collected from the club's supporters.Last update: 15 May 2020For details of former players, see 12 – The club supporters (the 12th man)Source: Source: omonoiafc.com.cySource: trifylli.netHere is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia:	[ "Pambos Christodoulou", "Yannis Anastasiou", "John Carver", "Henning Berg", "Neil Lennon", "Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos" ]
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia in 10-Mar-199810-March-1998?	March 10, 1998	{ "text": [ "Andreas Michaelides" ] }	L2_Q240783_P286_0	Andreas Michaelides is the head coach of AC Omonia from Feb, 1997 to Jun, 1999. Henning Berg is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2019 to Feb, 2022. Neil Lennon is the head coach of AC Omonia from Mar, 2022 to Dec, 2022. Yannis Anastasiou is the head coach of AC Omonia from Nov, 2018 to May, 2019. Pambos Christodoulou is the head coach of AC Omonia from May, 2017 to Dec, 2017. John Carver is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2016 to Feb, 2017. Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos is the head coach of AC Omonia from Jun, 2018 to Oct, 2018.	AC OmoniaAthletic Club Omonoia Nicosia (, ΑΣΟΛ; "Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias", "ASOL"; "Omonia" is Greek for "amity") is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia. The club was established on 4 June 1948. The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953. On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company.Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus, having won 21 national championships, 14 cups and 16 super cups. Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades (between 1970–1989), a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship (between 1973-1986), and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row (between 1980 and 1983).The AC Omonia also operates basketball, volleyball, cycling and futsal. The latter one is being particularly successful, having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011.On 23 May 1948, the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics (Greek: Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ.), with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition. In its telegram, the board stated its wish for what it described as the "communist mutiny" to be ended. Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL.On 4 June 1948, Dr. Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia. Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club. Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina, Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia, Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation. Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953, having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups. Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First DivisionAfter joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953, Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season, barely avoiding relegation. During that decade, the club's best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position.The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second, one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta. The following year, after seven seasons in the First Division, the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season. Omonia, in that season, would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title. Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season.Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972, when the club won both the league and the cup. Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas, Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s, six of them were consecutive (1974–1979). At the end of the decade, Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups. At the end of the 1979 season, Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships. In 1976, Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance. In 2003, he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century.The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and in 1987 and in 1989. As the 1980s came to an end, Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles, becoming the most successful team on the island at the time.The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades. During this time, Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season. It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title. In 1997, Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann, who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club. With the help of other Omonia great and then captain, Costas Malekkos, and a young Costas Kaiafas (the son of Sotiris Kaiafas), Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles.After a disappointing eight seasons, the 2000s decade began with a trophy. Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001. Now captained by Costas Kaiafas, Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003. Since 2003, however, the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years. After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving, Omonia's reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president, Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008.The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006, beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides. Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad, such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis. Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus, Michalis Konstantinou. In 2009, Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star, Konstantinos Makrides. En route, Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls, 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem. Efrem, who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers, would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship. After putting the proper pieces in place, Omonia did just that. During the 2009–10 season, led by the new captain, Elias Charalambous, Omonia would not lose a single derby, including play-offs matches against either, APOEL, Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon.Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010, but was fired in April 2011. He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou. Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season, and instead had to settle with finishing second, despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star, Andreas Avraam. The club, however, was to end on a positive note: under interim coach Neophytos Larkou, Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title.Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves, who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol. Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou, Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds, all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach. The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games. A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup. The team managed better results in the second round, finishing the season in third place. Thousands of fans answered the president's call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved. Omonia's final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca. Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol.In 2013, Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager, but he was sacked halfway beside positive results. Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later. Kostas Kaiafas, ex-player was then appointed as the new coach. The club's financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season. Omonia ended fifth in the league, finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58.In August 2014, Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow. The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor. In early September, the club stopped supplying the fans' group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the group's abstention from matches. Two weeks later, after a meeting between the president and the coach, it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9. Omonia finished fourth in the league. The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL.The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place. During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol. The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th. This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches.Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president.While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place. The season was the worst in the club's history in terms of defeats and goals conceded. Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season, more than any other team in the league.The decline of the club's football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed. In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou, an American-based Cypriot businessman. Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge. He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the club's academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered.The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round. Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019.The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points, but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season. The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season."Omonia" is the Greek word for "amity", showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption.Omonia's club colours are green, white and red. Their current alternate kit is red. Omonia's badge has a green shamrock in a white circle. Green colour symbolises hope and white colour 'happiness'Since 23 October 1999, Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium, the largest stadium in Cyprus. They share the stadium with local rival APOEL. Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978. When the club was first created, it used the Goal Stadium (1948–1953).Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning, socialist character, expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People. However, its followers recognize their nation which is Greek. They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it. In addition, they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality, religion and language. Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cyprus's working-class. Many of Omonia's supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevara's image. Gate-9, the team's ultras group, was established in 1992. The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games. Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège.Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season (162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign). The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season (11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign).By the end of February 2013, Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club. The club's president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could. Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto; "ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ" meaning, "I'M WITH OMONIA, I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT. " Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise. Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim, money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States. In about a month-and-a-half, €3.5 million was collected from the club's supporters.Last update: 15 May 2020For details of former players, see 12 – The club supporters (the 12th man)Source: Source: omonoiafc.com.cySource: trifylli.netHere is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia:	[ "Pambos Christodoulou", "Yannis Anastasiou", "John Carver", "Henning Berg", "Neil Lennon", "Juan Carlos Oliva Fornos" ]
Who was the chair of Chamber of Deputies in Jul, 2004?	July 26, 2004	{ "text": [ "Jean Asselborn", "Lucien Weiler" ] }	L2_Q517449_P488_26	Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1842 to Jan, 1848. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995. Fernand Etgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1940. Auguste Laval is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1915. François Altwies is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1925. René Van Den Bulcke is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1979. Victor de Tornaco is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1855 to Jan, 1856. Charles-Jean Simons is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1905. Théodore de Wacquant is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1896. Jean Spautz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004. Jean Asselborn is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2004. Edouard Hemmer is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1917. Michel Witry is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1867. Joseph Bech is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1964. Jean-Pierre Urwald is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jul, 1979. Laurent Mosar is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2009 to Nov, 2013. Jacques-Gustave Lessel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1886. Romain Fandel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Lucien Weiler is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jun, 2009. Zénon de Muyser is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887. Nicolas Wirtgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 1944 to Dec, 1944. Jean-Pierre Toutsch is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1859. Norbert Metz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1861. Victor Bodson is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967. Jean-Mathias Wellenstein is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1858. Paul de Scherff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872. Félix de Blochausen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1873. Mars Di Bartolomeo is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2013 to Dec, 2018. Mathias Ulrich is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858. Léon Bollendorff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jun, 1984.	Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)The Chamber of Deputies (, , ), abbreviated to the Chamber, is the unicameral national legislature of Luxembourg. "Krautmaart" (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: "Herb Market") is sometimes used as a metonym for the Chamber, after the square on which the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: "Hall of the Chamber of Deputies") is located.The Chamber is made up of 60 seats. Deputies are elected to serve five-year terms by proportional representation in four multi-seat constituencies. Voters may vote for as many candidates as the constituency elects deputies.The constitution of 1841 created the Assembly of Estates ("Assemblée des États"), consisting of 34 members. Under the absolute monarchy of William II, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the legislature's powers were very restricted: it could not take decisions and had a purely advisory role with respect to the monarch. Its consent was necessary in very few matters. Only the sovereign could propose laws. The assembly was only in session 15 days a year, and these sessions were held in secret.In a climate marked by the democratic revolutionary movements in France and elsewhere, a new constitution was drafted in 1848 by a Constituent Assembly. This introduced a constitutional monarchy: the King-Grand Duke only retained those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution. The parliament, now called the "Chambre des Députés", had the legislative power: it had the right to propose and amend laws. It would decide the budget, and received the power to investigate. The government became accountable to the Chamber. In addition, its sessions were now public.In 1853, William III called on the government to write a new constitution to limit the powers of the Chamber. The latter refused to approve the government's revisions, and the Grand Duke dissolved the legislature. There was then a brief return to absolutist monarchy, in what became known as the Putsch of 1856. The parliament, now renamed the "Assemblée des Etats", retained its legislative powers, but the Grand Duke was no longer required to approve and promulgate its laws within a certain period. Taxes no longer had to be voted on annually, and the permanent budget was re-introduced. The Council of State was created in 1856 as a check on the Chamber. Its role was to render opinions on proposed bills and regulations.After Luxembourg's neutrality and independence had been affirmed in the Second Treaty of London, in 1868, the constitution was revised to obtain a compromise between the liberties of 1848 and the authoritarian charter of 1856. The parliament was renamed the "Chambre des Députés" and regained most of the rights it lost in 1856, such as the annual vote on the budget and taxes. However, the King Grand-Duke still kept wide-ranging powers: he exercised executive power, and wielded legislative power alongside the Chamber.The constitutional changes of 1919 brought in universal suffrage and affirmed the principle of national sovereignty. These steps on a pathway of democratisation took place in a period of crisis of the monarchy, famine, and difficulties in supplying food. Grand Duchess Charlotte remained the head of state, and the co-wielder of legislative power.Most elections between 1922 and 1951 were "partial elections". The four constituencies were paired up, North with Centre and South with East, and elections were staggered so that only deputies from one pair of constituencies were up for election at any given time.During World War II, from 1940 to 1944 under German occupation of Luxembourg, the Chamber was dissolved by the Nazis and the country annexed into the "Gau Moselland". The Grand Ducal family and the Luxembourgish government went into exile, first in the United Kingdom, and later in Canada and the United States.The first post-war session was opened on 6 December 1944 and was limited to one public sitting, as there was no quorum. A consultative assembly sat from March to August 1945, and new elections were held in October 1945. The post-war Chamber proceeded to revise the constitution again, which abolished the country's state of neutrality.1965 saw the introduction of parliamentary commissions. The establishment of specialised and permanent commissions would facilitate the work of the legislature. The previous organisation of the Chamber into sections, un-specialised and with members chosen at random, had not been effective. Another innovation concerned political groups. They were now officially recognised, and received premises, and subsidies based on their proportion of seat. These material means were dwarfed by those established in 1990.Changes to the Chamber's rules in 1990 and 1991 substantially increased the material means available to political groups, and contributed to a professionalisation of politics. In addition, every Deputy had the right to an office close to the Chamber building. The Chamber reimbursed the Deputies' staff expenses. Funds were now also available to "technical groups", following the protests of the small parties at the start of the new session in 1989.In 2003, a new law established the office of the mediator and ombudsman. This was attached to the Chamber, but would not receive instructions from any authority in exercising his or her functions. They would deal with citizens' complaints concerning the central or local government administration, and other public entities. They would attempt to resolve disputes between parties, acting as a mediator. Every year, they would present a report to the Chamber.Since January 2008, the political parties have been directly funded by the state. Their accounts were to be strictly separate from those of the parliamentary political groups. There were to be two different structures, each with their own staff. In order to receive public funds, a party must provide evidence of regular political activity, present complete lists of candidates at the legislative and European elections, and have received at least 2% of the vote.The function of the Chamber of Deputies is covered under Chapter IV of the Constitution of Luxembourg, the first article of which states that the purpose of the Chamber is to represent the country. Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy, in which the Chamber is elected by universal suffrage under the d'Hondt method of Party-list proportional representation.All laws must be passed by the Chamber. Each bill must be submitted to two votes in the Chamber, with an interval of at least three months between the votes, for it to become law. Laws are passed by absolute majority, provided that a quorum of half of the deputies is present.The Chamber is composed of sixty members, called Deputies (Luxembourgish: "Deputéiert" ; French: "Députés"). They each represent one of four constituencies, which are each a combination of at least two cantons. Each constituency elects a number of deputies proportionate to its population, with the largest electing 23 and the smallest electing 7.Deputies are elected by universal suffrage every five years, with the last election having been held on 14 October 2018. Deputies are elected by open list proportional representation, whereby all electors may vote for as many candidates as their constituency has seats. Each party is allocated a number of seats in proportion to the total number of votes cast for its candidates in that constituency. These seats are then allocated to that party's candidates in descending order of votes that each candidate received.The Chamber of Deputies holds session in the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: Hall of the Chamber of Deputies), located on Krautmaart (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: Herb Market), in the Uewerstad quarter (French: Ville Haute, English: Upper City), the oldest part of Luxembourg City. It was originally built between 1858 and 1860 as an annex to the Grand Ducal Palace, which had, until then, been used as one of many venues for the Chamber's convocations.The building was designed by Antoine Hartmann in a unified historicist style, combining elements of neo-Gothic, neo-Renaissance, and neo-classical architectural styles. The Grand Ducal Palace, by contrast, was built over time in several architectural styles (primarily Renaissance and Baroque), but renovated in 1891 in a historicist neo-Renaissance manner.Government parties are denoted with the letter G, with the Democratic Party holding the office of Prime Minister (Xavier Bettel). "O" stands for opposition.	[ "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser", "Lucien Weiler", "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser" ]
Who was the chair of Chamber of Deputies in 2004-07-26?	July 26, 2004	{ "text": [ "Jean Asselborn", "Lucien Weiler" ] }	L2_Q517449_P488_26	Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1842 to Jan, 1848. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995. Fernand Etgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1940. Auguste Laval is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1915. François Altwies is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1925. René Van Den Bulcke is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1979. Victor de Tornaco is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1855 to Jan, 1856. Charles-Jean Simons is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1905. Théodore de Wacquant is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1896. Jean Spautz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004. Jean Asselborn is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2004. Edouard Hemmer is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1917. Michel Witry is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1867. Joseph Bech is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1964. Jean-Pierre Urwald is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jul, 1979. Laurent Mosar is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2009 to Nov, 2013. Jacques-Gustave Lessel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1886. Romain Fandel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Lucien Weiler is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jun, 2009. Zénon de Muyser is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887. Nicolas Wirtgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 1944 to Dec, 1944. Jean-Pierre Toutsch is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1859. Norbert Metz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1861. Victor Bodson is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967. Jean-Mathias Wellenstein is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1858. Paul de Scherff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872. Félix de Blochausen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1873. Mars Di Bartolomeo is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2013 to Dec, 2018. Mathias Ulrich is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858. Léon Bollendorff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jun, 1984.	Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)The Chamber of Deputies (, , ), abbreviated to the Chamber, is the unicameral national legislature of Luxembourg. "Krautmaart" (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: "Herb Market") is sometimes used as a metonym for the Chamber, after the square on which the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: "Hall of the Chamber of Deputies") is located.The Chamber is made up of 60 seats. Deputies are elected to serve five-year terms by proportional representation in four multi-seat constituencies. Voters may vote for as many candidates as the constituency elects deputies.The constitution of 1841 created the Assembly of Estates ("Assemblée des États"), consisting of 34 members. Under the absolute monarchy of William II, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the legislature's powers were very restricted: it could not take decisions and had a purely advisory role with respect to the monarch. Its consent was necessary in very few matters. Only the sovereign could propose laws. The assembly was only in session 15 days a year, and these sessions were held in secret.In a climate marked by the democratic revolutionary movements in France and elsewhere, a new constitution was drafted in 1848 by a Constituent Assembly. This introduced a constitutional monarchy: the King-Grand Duke only retained those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution. The parliament, now called the "Chambre des Députés", had the legislative power: it had the right to propose and amend laws. It would decide the budget, and received the power to investigate. The government became accountable to the Chamber. In addition, its sessions were now public.In 1853, William III called on the government to write a new constitution to limit the powers of the Chamber. The latter refused to approve the government's revisions, and the Grand Duke dissolved the legislature. There was then a brief return to absolutist monarchy, in what became known as the Putsch of 1856. The parliament, now renamed the "Assemblée des Etats", retained its legislative powers, but the Grand Duke was no longer required to approve and promulgate its laws within a certain period. Taxes no longer had to be voted on annually, and the permanent budget was re-introduced. The Council of State was created in 1856 as a check on the Chamber. Its role was to render opinions on proposed bills and regulations.After Luxembourg's neutrality and independence had been affirmed in the Second Treaty of London, in 1868, the constitution was revised to obtain a compromise between the liberties of 1848 and the authoritarian charter of 1856. The parliament was renamed the "Chambre des Députés" and regained most of the rights it lost in 1856, such as the annual vote on the budget and taxes. However, the King Grand-Duke still kept wide-ranging powers: he exercised executive power, and wielded legislative power alongside the Chamber.The constitutional changes of 1919 brought in universal suffrage and affirmed the principle of national sovereignty. These steps on a pathway of democratisation took place in a period of crisis of the monarchy, famine, and difficulties in supplying food. Grand Duchess Charlotte remained the head of state, and the co-wielder of legislative power.Most elections between 1922 and 1951 were "partial elections". The four constituencies were paired up, North with Centre and South with East, and elections were staggered so that only deputies from one pair of constituencies were up for election at any given time.During World War II, from 1940 to 1944 under German occupation of Luxembourg, the Chamber was dissolved by the Nazis and the country annexed into the "Gau Moselland". The Grand Ducal family and the Luxembourgish government went into exile, first in the United Kingdom, and later in Canada and the United States.The first post-war session was opened on 6 December 1944 and was limited to one public sitting, as there was no quorum. A consultative assembly sat from March to August 1945, and new elections were held in October 1945. The post-war Chamber proceeded to revise the constitution again, which abolished the country's state of neutrality.1965 saw the introduction of parliamentary commissions. The establishment of specialised and permanent commissions would facilitate the work of the legislature. The previous organisation of the Chamber into sections, un-specialised and with members chosen at random, had not been effective. Another innovation concerned political groups. They were now officially recognised, and received premises, and subsidies based on their proportion of seat. These material means were dwarfed by those established in 1990.Changes to the Chamber's rules in 1990 and 1991 substantially increased the material means available to political groups, and contributed to a professionalisation of politics. In addition, every Deputy had the right to an office close to the Chamber building. The Chamber reimbursed the Deputies' staff expenses. Funds were now also available to "technical groups", following the protests of the small parties at the start of the new session in 1989.In 2003, a new law established the office of the mediator and ombudsman. This was attached to the Chamber, but would not receive instructions from any authority in exercising his or her functions. They would deal with citizens' complaints concerning the central or local government administration, and other public entities. They would attempt to resolve disputes between parties, acting as a mediator. Every year, they would present a report to the Chamber.Since January 2008, the political parties have been directly funded by the state. Their accounts were to be strictly separate from those of the parliamentary political groups. There were to be two different structures, each with their own staff. In order to receive public funds, a party must provide evidence of regular political activity, present complete lists of candidates at the legislative and European elections, and have received at least 2% of the vote.The function of the Chamber of Deputies is covered under Chapter IV of the Constitution of Luxembourg, the first article of which states that the purpose of the Chamber is to represent the country. Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy, in which the Chamber is elected by universal suffrage under the d'Hondt method of Party-list proportional representation.All laws must be passed by the Chamber. Each bill must be submitted to two votes in the Chamber, with an interval of at least three months between the votes, for it to become law. Laws are passed by absolute majority, provided that a quorum of half of the deputies is present.The Chamber is composed of sixty members, called Deputies (Luxembourgish: "Deputéiert" ; French: "Députés"). They each represent one of four constituencies, which are each a combination of at least two cantons. Each constituency elects a number of deputies proportionate to its population, with the largest electing 23 and the smallest electing 7.Deputies are elected by universal suffrage every five years, with the last election having been held on 14 October 2018. Deputies are elected by open list proportional representation, whereby all electors may vote for as many candidates as their constituency has seats. Each party is allocated a number of seats in proportion to the total number of votes cast for its candidates in that constituency. These seats are then allocated to that party's candidates in descending order of votes that each candidate received.The Chamber of Deputies holds session in the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: Hall of the Chamber of Deputies), located on Krautmaart (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: Herb Market), in the Uewerstad quarter (French: Ville Haute, English: Upper City), the oldest part of Luxembourg City. It was originally built between 1858 and 1860 as an annex to the Grand Ducal Palace, which had, until then, been used as one of many venues for the Chamber's convocations.The building was designed by Antoine Hartmann in a unified historicist style, combining elements of neo-Gothic, neo-Renaissance, and neo-classical architectural styles. The Grand Ducal Palace, by contrast, was built over time in several architectural styles (primarily Renaissance and Baroque), but renovated in 1891 in a historicist neo-Renaissance manner.Government parties are denoted with the letter G, with the Democratic Party holding the office of Prime Minister (Xavier Bettel). "O" stands for opposition.	[ "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser", "Lucien Weiler", "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser" ]
Who was the chair of Chamber of Deputies in 26/07/2004?	July 26, 2004	{ "text": [ "Jean Asselborn", "Lucien Weiler" ] }	L2_Q517449_P488_26	Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1842 to Jan, 1848. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995. Fernand Etgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1940. Auguste Laval is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1915. François Altwies is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1925. René Van Den Bulcke is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1979. Victor de Tornaco is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1855 to Jan, 1856. Charles-Jean Simons is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1905. Théodore de Wacquant is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1896. Jean Spautz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004. Jean Asselborn is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2004. Edouard Hemmer is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1917. Michel Witry is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1867. Joseph Bech is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1964. Jean-Pierre Urwald is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jul, 1979. Laurent Mosar is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2009 to Nov, 2013. Jacques-Gustave Lessel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1886. Romain Fandel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Lucien Weiler is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jun, 2009. Zénon de Muyser is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887. Nicolas Wirtgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 1944 to Dec, 1944. Jean-Pierre Toutsch is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1859. Norbert Metz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1861. Victor Bodson is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967. Jean-Mathias Wellenstein is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1858. Paul de Scherff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872. Félix de Blochausen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1873. Mars Di Bartolomeo is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2013 to Dec, 2018. Mathias Ulrich is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858. Léon Bollendorff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jun, 1984.	Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)The Chamber of Deputies (, , ), abbreviated to the Chamber, is the unicameral national legislature of Luxembourg. "Krautmaart" (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: "Herb Market") is sometimes used as a metonym for the Chamber, after the square on which the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: "Hall of the Chamber of Deputies") is located.The Chamber is made up of 60 seats. Deputies are elected to serve five-year terms by proportional representation in four multi-seat constituencies. Voters may vote for as many candidates as the constituency elects deputies.The constitution of 1841 created the Assembly of Estates ("Assemblée des États"), consisting of 34 members. Under the absolute monarchy of William II, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the legislature's powers were very restricted: it could not take decisions and had a purely advisory role with respect to the monarch. Its consent was necessary in very few matters. Only the sovereign could propose laws. The assembly was only in session 15 days a year, and these sessions were held in secret.In a climate marked by the democratic revolutionary movements in France and elsewhere, a new constitution was drafted in 1848 by a Constituent Assembly. This introduced a constitutional monarchy: the King-Grand Duke only retained those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution. The parliament, now called the "Chambre des Députés", had the legislative power: it had the right to propose and amend laws. It would decide the budget, and received the power to investigate. The government became accountable to the Chamber. In addition, its sessions were now public.In 1853, William III called on the government to write a new constitution to limit the powers of the Chamber. The latter refused to approve the government's revisions, and the Grand Duke dissolved the legislature. There was then a brief return to absolutist monarchy, in what became known as the Putsch of 1856. The parliament, now renamed the "Assemblée des Etats", retained its legislative powers, but the Grand Duke was no longer required to approve and promulgate its laws within a certain period. Taxes no longer had to be voted on annually, and the permanent budget was re-introduced. The Council of State was created in 1856 as a check on the Chamber. Its role was to render opinions on proposed bills and regulations.After Luxembourg's neutrality and independence had been affirmed in the Second Treaty of London, in 1868, the constitution was revised to obtain a compromise between the liberties of 1848 and the authoritarian charter of 1856. The parliament was renamed the "Chambre des Députés" and regained most of the rights it lost in 1856, such as the annual vote on the budget and taxes. However, the King Grand-Duke still kept wide-ranging powers: he exercised executive power, and wielded legislative power alongside the Chamber.The constitutional changes of 1919 brought in universal suffrage and affirmed the principle of national sovereignty. These steps on a pathway of democratisation took place in a period of crisis of the monarchy, famine, and difficulties in supplying food. Grand Duchess Charlotte remained the head of state, and the co-wielder of legislative power.Most elections between 1922 and 1951 were "partial elections". The four constituencies were paired up, North with Centre and South with East, and elections were staggered so that only deputies from one pair of constituencies were up for election at any given time.During World War II, from 1940 to 1944 under German occupation of Luxembourg, the Chamber was dissolved by the Nazis and the country annexed into the "Gau Moselland". The Grand Ducal family and the Luxembourgish government went into exile, first in the United Kingdom, and later in Canada and the United States.The first post-war session was opened on 6 December 1944 and was limited to one public sitting, as there was no quorum. A consultative assembly sat from March to August 1945, and new elections were held in October 1945. The post-war Chamber proceeded to revise the constitution again, which abolished the country's state of neutrality.1965 saw the introduction of parliamentary commissions. The establishment of specialised and permanent commissions would facilitate the work of the legislature. The previous organisation of the Chamber into sections, un-specialised and with members chosen at random, had not been effective. Another innovation concerned political groups. They were now officially recognised, and received premises, and subsidies based on their proportion of seat. These material means were dwarfed by those established in 1990.Changes to the Chamber's rules in 1990 and 1991 substantially increased the material means available to political groups, and contributed to a professionalisation of politics. In addition, every Deputy had the right to an office close to the Chamber building. The Chamber reimbursed the Deputies' staff expenses. Funds were now also available to "technical groups", following the protests of the small parties at the start of the new session in 1989.In 2003, a new law established the office of the mediator and ombudsman. This was attached to the Chamber, but would not receive instructions from any authority in exercising his or her functions. They would deal with citizens' complaints concerning the central or local government administration, and other public entities. They would attempt to resolve disputes between parties, acting as a mediator. Every year, they would present a report to the Chamber.Since January 2008, the political parties have been directly funded by the state. Their accounts were to be strictly separate from those of the parliamentary political groups. There were to be two different structures, each with their own staff. In order to receive public funds, a party must provide evidence of regular political activity, present complete lists of candidates at the legislative and European elections, and have received at least 2% of the vote.The function of the Chamber of Deputies is covered under Chapter IV of the Constitution of Luxembourg, the first article of which states that the purpose of the Chamber is to represent the country. Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy, in which the Chamber is elected by universal suffrage under the d'Hondt method of Party-list proportional representation.All laws must be passed by the Chamber. Each bill must be submitted to two votes in the Chamber, with an interval of at least three months between the votes, for it to become law. Laws are passed by absolute majority, provided that a quorum of half of the deputies is present.The Chamber is composed of sixty members, called Deputies (Luxembourgish: "Deputéiert" ; French: "Députés"). They each represent one of four constituencies, which are each a combination of at least two cantons. Each constituency elects a number of deputies proportionate to its population, with the largest electing 23 and the smallest electing 7.Deputies are elected by universal suffrage every five years, with the last election having been held on 14 October 2018. Deputies are elected by open list proportional representation, whereby all electors may vote for as many candidates as their constituency has seats. Each party is allocated a number of seats in proportion to the total number of votes cast for its candidates in that constituency. These seats are then allocated to that party's candidates in descending order of votes that each candidate received.The Chamber of Deputies holds session in the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: Hall of the Chamber of Deputies), located on Krautmaart (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: Herb Market), in the Uewerstad quarter (French: Ville Haute, English: Upper City), the oldest part of Luxembourg City. It was originally built between 1858 and 1860 as an annex to the Grand Ducal Palace, which had, until then, been used as one of many venues for the Chamber's convocations.The building was designed by Antoine Hartmann in a unified historicist style, combining elements of neo-Gothic, neo-Renaissance, and neo-classical architectural styles. The Grand Ducal Palace, by contrast, was built over time in several architectural styles (primarily Renaissance and Baroque), but renovated in 1891 in a historicist neo-Renaissance manner.Government parties are denoted with the letter G, with the Democratic Party holding the office of Prime Minister (Xavier Bettel). "O" stands for opposition.	[ "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser", "Lucien Weiler", "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser" ]
Who was the chair of Chamber of Deputies in Jul 26, 2004?	July 26, 2004	{ "text": [ "Jean Asselborn", "Lucien Weiler" ] }	L2_Q517449_P488_26	Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1842 to Jan, 1848. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995. Fernand Etgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1940. Auguste Laval is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1915. François Altwies is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1925. René Van Den Bulcke is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1979. Victor de Tornaco is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1855 to Jan, 1856. Charles-Jean Simons is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1905. Théodore de Wacquant is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1896. Jean Spautz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004. Jean Asselborn is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2004. Edouard Hemmer is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1917. Michel Witry is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1867. Joseph Bech is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1964. Jean-Pierre Urwald is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jul, 1979. Laurent Mosar is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2009 to Nov, 2013. Jacques-Gustave Lessel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1886. Romain Fandel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Lucien Weiler is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jun, 2009. Zénon de Muyser is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887. Nicolas Wirtgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 1944 to Dec, 1944. Jean-Pierre Toutsch is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1859. Norbert Metz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1861. Victor Bodson is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967. Jean-Mathias Wellenstein is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1858. Paul de Scherff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872. Félix de Blochausen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1873. Mars Di Bartolomeo is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2013 to Dec, 2018. Mathias Ulrich is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858. Léon Bollendorff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jun, 1984.	Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)The Chamber of Deputies (, , ), abbreviated to the Chamber, is the unicameral national legislature of Luxembourg. "Krautmaart" (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: "Herb Market") is sometimes used as a metonym for the Chamber, after the square on which the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: "Hall of the Chamber of Deputies") is located.The Chamber is made up of 60 seats. Deputies are elected to serve five-year terms by proportional representation in four multi-seat constituencies. Voters may vote for as many candidates as the constituency elects deputies.The constitution of 1841 created the Assembly of Estates ("Assemblée des États"), consisting of 34 members. Under the absolute monarchy of William II, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the legislature's powers were very restricted: it could not take decisions and had a purely advisory role with respect to the monarch. Its consent was necessary in very few matters. Only the sovereign could propose laws. The assembly was only in session 15 days a year, and these sessions were held in secret.In a climate marked by the democratic revolutionary movements in France and elsewhere, a new constitution was drafted in 1848 by a Constituent Assembly. This introduced a constitutional monarchy: the King-Grand Duke only retained those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution. The parliament, now called the "Chambre des Députés", had the legislative power: it had the right to propose and amend laws. It would decide the budget, and received the power to investigate. The government became accountable to the Chamber. In addition, its sessions were now public.In 1853, William III called on the government to write a new constitution to limit the powers of the Chamber. The latter refused to approve the government's revisions, and the Grand Duke dissolved the legislature. There was then a brief return to absolutist monarchy, in what became known as the Putsch of 1856. The parliament, now renamed the "Assemblée des Etats", retained its legislative powers, but the Grand Duke was no longer required to approve and promulgate its laws within a certain period. Taxes no longer had to be voted on annually, and the permanent budget was re-introduced. The Council of State was created in 1856 as a check on the Chamber. Its role was to render opinions on proposed bills and regulations.After Luxembourg's neutrality and independence had been affirmed in the Second Treaty of London, in 1868, the constitution was revised to obtain a compromise between the liberties of 1848 and the authoritarian charter of 1856. The parliament was renamed the "Chambre des Députés" and regained most of the rights it lost in 1856, such as the annual vote on the budget and taxes. However, the King Grand-Duke still kept wide-ranging powers: he exercised executive power, and wielded legislative power alongside the Chamber.The constitutional changes of 1919 brought in universal suffrage and affirmed the principle of national sovereignty. These steps on a pathway of democratisation took place in a period of crisis of the monarchy, famine, and difficulties in supplying food. Grand Duchess Charlotte remained the head of state, and the co-wielder of legislative power.Most elections between 1922 and 1951 were "partial elections". The four constituencies were paired up, North with Centre and South with East, and elections were staggered so that only deputies from one pair of constituencies were up for election at any given time.During World War II, from 1940 to 1944 under German occupation of Luxembourg, the Chamber was dissolved by the Nazis and the country annexed into the "Gau Moselland". The Grand Ducal family and the Luxembourgish government went into exile, first in the United Kingdom, and later in Canada and the United States.The first post-war session was opened on 6 December 1944 and was limited to one public sitting, as there was no quorum. A consultative assembly sat from March to August 1945, and new elections were held in October 1945. The post-war Chamber proceeded to revise the constitution again, which abolished the country's state of neutrality.1965 saw the introduction of parliamentary commissions. The establishment of specialised and permanent commissions would facilitate the work of the legislature. The previous organisation of the Chamber into sections, un-specialised and with members chosen at random, had not been effective. Another innovation concerned political groups. They were now officially recognised, and received premises, and subsidies based on their proportion of seat. These material means were dwarfed by those established in 1990.Changes to the Chamber's rules in 1990 and 1991 substantially increased the material means available to political groups, and contributed to a professionalisation of politics. In addition, every Deputy had the right to an office close to the Chamber building. The Chamber reimbursed the Deputies' staff expenses. Funds were now also available to "technical groups", following the protests of the small parties at the start of the new session in 1989.In 2003, a new law established the office of the mediator and ombudsman. This was attached to the Chamber, but would not receive instructions from any authority in exercising his or her functions. They would deal with citizens' complaints concerning the central or local government administration, and other public entities. They would attempt to resolve disputes between parties, acting as a mediator. Every year, they would present a report to the Chamber.Since January 2008, the political parties have been directly funded by the state. Their accounts were to be strictly separate from those of the parliamentary political groups. There were to be two different structures, each with their own staff. In order to receive public funds, a party must provide evidence of regular political activity, present complete lists of candidates at the legislative and European elections, and have received at least 2% of the vote.The function of the Chamber of Deputies is covered under Chapter IV of the Constitution of Luxembourg, the first article of which states that the purpose of the Chamber is to represent the country. Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy, in which the Chamber is elected by universal suffrage under the d'Hondt method of Party-list proportional representation.All laws must be passed by the Chamber. Each bill must be submitted to two votes in the Chamber, with an interval of at least three months between the votes, for it to become law. Laws are passed by absolute majority, provided that a quorum of half of the deputies is present.The Chamber is composed of sixty members, called Deputies (Luxembourgish: "Deputéiert" ; French: "Députés"). They each represent one of four constituencies, which are each a combination of at least two cantons. Each constituency elects a number of deputies proportionate to its population, with the largest electing 23 and the smallest electing 7.Deputies are elected by universal suffrage every five years, with the last election having been held on 14 October 2018. Deputies are elected by open list proportional representation, whereby all electors may vote for as many candidates as their constituency has seats. Each party is allocated a number of seats in proportion to the total number of votes cast for its candidates in that constituency. These seats are then allocated to that party's candidates in descending order of votes that each candidate received.The Chamber of Deputies holds session in the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: Hall of the Chamber of Deputies), located on Krautmaart (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: Herb Market), in the Uewerstad quarter (French: Ville Haute, English: Upper City), the oldest part of Luxembourg City. It was originally built between 1858 and 1860 as an annex to the Grand Ducal Palace, which had, until then, been used as one of many venues for the Chamber's convocations.The building was designed by Antoine Hartmann in a unified historicist style, combining elements of neo-Gothic, neo-Renaissance, and neo-classical architectural styles. The Grand Ducal Palace, by contrast, was built over time in several architectural styles (primarily Renaissance and Baroque), but renovated in 1891 in a historicist neo-Renaissance manner.Government parties are denoted with the letter G, with the Democratic Party holding the office of Prime Minister (Xavier Bettel). "O" stands for opposition.	[ "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser", "Lucien Weiler", "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser" ]
Who was the chair of Chamber of Deputies in 07/26/2004?	July 26, 2004	{ "text": [ "Jean Asselborn", "Lucien Weiler" ] }	L2_Q517449_P488_26	Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1842 to Jan, 1848. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995. Fernand Etgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1940. Auguste Laval is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1915. François Altwies is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1925. René Van Den Bulcke is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1979. Victor de Tornaco is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1855 to Jan, 1856. Charles-Jean Simons is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1905. Théodore de Wacquant is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1896. Jean Spautz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004. Jean Asselborn is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2004. Edouard Hemmer is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1917. Michel Witry is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1867. Joseph Bech is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1964. Jean-Pierre Urwald is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jul, 1979. Laurent Mosar is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2009 to Nov, 2013. Jacques-Gustave Lessel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1886. Romain Fandel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Lucien Weiler is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jun, 2009. Zénon de Muyser is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887. Nicolas Wirtgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 1944 to Dec, 1944. Jean-Pierre Toutsch is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1859. Norbert Metz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1861. Victor Bodson is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967. Jean-Mathias Wellenstein is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1858. Paul de Scherff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872. Félix de Blochausen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1873. Mars Di Bartolomeo is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2013 to Dec, 2018. Mathias Ulrich is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858. Léon Bollendorff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jun, 1984.	Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)The Chamber of Deputies (, , ), abbreviated to the Chamber, is the unicameral national legislature of Luxembourg. "Krautmaart" (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: "Herb Market") is sometimes used as a metonym for the Chamber, after the square on which the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: "Hall of the Chamber of Deputies") is located.The Chamber is made up of 60 seats. Deputies are elected to serve five-year terms by proportional representation in four multi-seat constituencies. Voters may vote for as many candidates as the constituency elects deputies.The constitution of 1841 created the Assembly of Estates ("Assemblée des États"), consisting of 34 members. Under the absolute monarchy of William II, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the legislature's powers were very restricted: it could not take decisions and had a purely advisory role with respect to the monarch. Its consent was necessary in very few matters. Only the sovereign could propose laws. The assembly was only in session 15 days a year, and these sessions were held in secret.In a climate marked by the democratic revolutionary movements in France and elsewhere, a new constitution was drafted in 1848 by a Constituent Assembly. This introduced a constitutional monarchy: the King-Grand Duke only retained those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution. The parliament, now called the "Chambre des Députés", had the legislative power: it had the right to propose and amend laws. It would decide the budget, and received the power to investigate. The government became accountable to the Chamber. In addition, its sessions were now public.In 1853, William III called on the government to write a new constitution to limit the powers of the Chamber. The latter refused to approve the government's revisions, and the Grand Duke dissolved the legislature. There was then a brief return to absolutist monarchy, in what became known as the Putsch of 1856. The parliament, now renamed the "Assemblée des Etats", retained its legislative powers, but the Grand Duke was no longer required to approve and promulgate its laws within a certain period. Taxes no longer had to be voted on annually, and the permanent budget was re-introduced. The Council of State was created in 1856 as a check on the Chamber. Its role was to render opinions on proposed bills and regulations.After Luxembourg's neutrality and independence had been affirmed in the Second Treaty of London, in 1868, the constitution was revised to obtain a compromise between the liberties of 1848 and the authoritarian charter of 1856. The parliament was renamed the "Chambre des Députés" and regained most of the rights it lost in 1856, such as the annual vote on the budget and taxes. However, the King Grand-Duke still kept wide-ranging powers: he exercised executive power, and wielded legislative power alongside the Chamber.The constitutional changes of 1919 brought in universal suffrage and affirmed the principle of national sovereignty. These steps on a pathway of democratisation took place in a period of crisis of the monarchy, famine, and difficulties in supplying food. Grand Duchess Charlotte remained the head of state, and the co-wielder of legislative power.Most elections between 1922 and 1951 were "partial elections". The four constituencies were paired up, North with Centre and South with East, and elections were staggered so that only deputies from one pair of constituencies were up for election at any given time.During World War II, from 1940 to 1944 under German occupation of Luxembourg, the Chamber was dissolved by the Nazis and the country annexed into the "Gau Moselland". The Grand Ducal family and the Luxembourgish government went into exile, first in the United Kingdom, and later in Canada and the United States.The first post-war session was opened on 6 December 1944 and was limited to one public sitting, as there was no quorum. A consultative assembly sat from March to August 1945, and new elections were held in October 1945. The post-war Chamber proceeded to revise the constitution again, which abolished the country's state of neutrality.1965 saw the introduction of parliamentary commissions. The establishment of specialised and permanent commissions would facilitate the work of the legislature. The previous organisation of the Chamber into sections, un-specialised and with members chosen at random, had not been effective. Another innovation concerned political groups. They were now officially recognised, and received premises, and subsidies based on their proportion of seat. These material means were dwarfed by those established in 1990.Changes to the Chamber's rules in 1990 and 1991 substantially increased the material means available to political groups, and contributed to a professionalisation of politics. In addition, every Deputy had the right to an office close to the Chamber building. The Chamber reimbursed the Deputies' staff expenses. Funds were now also available to "technical groups", following the protests of the small parties at the start of the new session in 1989.In 2003, a new law established the office of the mediator and ombudsman. This was attached to the Chamber, but would not receive instructions from any authority in exercising his or her functions. They would deal with citizens' complaints concerning the central or local government administration, and other public entities. They would attempt to resolve disputes between parties, acting as a mediator. Every year, they would present a report to the Chamber.Since January 2008, the political parties have been directly funded by the state. Their accounts were to be strictly separate from those of the parliamentary political groups. There were to be two different structures, each with their own staff. In order to receive public funds, a party must provide evidence of regular political activity, present complete lists of candidates at the legislative and European elections, and have received at least 2% of the vote.The function of the Chamber of Deputies is covered under Chapter IV of the Constitution of Luxembourg, the first article of which states that the purpose of the Chamber is to represent the country. Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy, in which the Chamber is elected by universal suffrage under the d'Hondt method of Party-list proportional representation.All laws must be passed by the Chamber. Each bill must be submitted to two votes in the Chamber, with an interval of at least three months between the votes, for it to become law. Laws are passed by absolute majority, provided that a quorum of half of the deputies is present.The Chamber is composed of sixty members, called Deputies (Luxembourgish: "Deputéiert" ; French: "Députés"). They each represent one of four constituencies, which are each a combination of at least two cantons. Each constituency elects a number of deputies proportionate to its population, with the largest electing 23 and the smallest electing 7.Deputies are elected by universal suffrage every five years, with the last election having been held on 14 October 2018. Deputies are elected by open list proportional representation, whereby all electors may vote for as many candidates as their constituency has seats. Each party is allocated a number of seats in proportion to the total number of votes cast for its candidates in that constituency. These seats are then allocated to that party's candidates in descending order of votes that each candidate received.The Chamber of Deputies holds session in the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: Hall of the Chamber of Deputies), located on Krautmaart (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: Herb Market), in the Uewerstad quarter (French: Ville Haute, English: Upper City), the oldest part of Luxembourg City. It was originally built between 1858 and 1860 as an annex to the Grand Ducal Palace, which had, until then, been used as one of many venues for the Chamber's convocations.The building was designed by Antoine Hartmann in a unified historicist style, combining elements of neo-Gothic, neo-Renaissance, and neo-classical architectural styles. The Grand Ducal Palace, by contrast, was built over time in several architectural styles (primarily Renaissance and Baroque), but renovated in 1891 in a historicist neo-Renaissance manner.Government parties are denoted with the letter G, with the Democratic Party holding the office of Prime Minister (Xavier Bettel). "O" stands for opposition.	[ "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser", "Lucien Weiler", "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser" ]
Who was the chair of Chamber of Deputies in 26-Jul-200426-July-2004?	July 26, 2004	{ "text": [ "Jean Asselborn", "Lucien Weiler" ] }	L2_Q517449_P488_26	Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1842 to Jan, 1848. Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1989 to Jan, 1995. Fernand Etgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2018 to Dec, 2022. Émile Reuter is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1926 to Jan, 1940. Auguste Laval is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1905 to Jan, 1915. François Altwies is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1917 to Jan, 1925. René Van Den Bulcke is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1975 to Jan, 1979. Victor de Tornaco is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1855 to Jan, 1856. Charles-Jean Simons is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1896 to Jan, 1905. Théodore de Wacquant is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1896. Jean Spautz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2004. Jean Asselborn is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jul, 2004. Edouard Hemmer is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1915 to Jan, 1917. Michel Witry is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1866 to Jan, 1867. Joseph Bech is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1964. Jean-Pierre Urwald is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jul, 1979. Laurent Mosar is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2009 to Nov, 2013. Jacques-Gustave Lessel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1875 to Jan, 1886. Romain Fandel is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1967 to Jan, 1969. Lucien Weiler is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 2004 to Jun, 2009. Zénon de Muyser is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1886 to Jan, 1887. Nicolas Wirtgen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 1944 to Dec, 1944. Jean-Pierre Toutsch is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1859. Norbert Metz is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1860 to Jan, 1861. Victor Bodson is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1964 to Jan, 1967. Jean-Mathias Wellenstein is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1857 to Jan, 1858. Paul de Scherff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1869 to Jan, 1872. Félix de Blochausen is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1872 to Jan, 1873. Mars Di Bartolomeo is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Dec, 2013 to Dec, 2018. Mathias Ulrich is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jan, 1858 to Jan, 1858. Léon Bollendorff is the chair of Chamber of Deputies from Jul, 1979 to Jun, 1984.	Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)The Chamber of Deputies (, , ), abbreviated to the Chamber, is the unicameral national legislature of Luxembourg. "Krautmaart" (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: "Herb Market") is sometimes used as a metonym for the Chamber, after the square on which the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: "Hall of the Chamber of Deputies") is located.The Chamber is made up of 60 seats. Deputies are elected to serve five-year terms by proportional representation in four multi-seat constituencies. Voters may vote for as many candidates as the constituency elects deputies.The constitution of 1841 created the Assembly of Estates ("Assemblée des États"), consisting of 34 members. Under the absolute monarchy of William II, King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the legislature's powers were very restricted: it could not take decisions and had a purely advisory role with respect to the monarch. Its consent was necessary in very few matters. Only the sovereign could propose laws. The assembly was only in session 15 days a year, and these sessions were held in secret.In a climate marked by the democratic revolutionary movements in France and elsewhere, a new constitution was drafted in 1848 by a Constituent Assembly. This introduced a constitutional monarchy: the King-Grand Duke only retained those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution. The parliament, now called the "Chambre des Députés", had the legislative power: it had the right to propose and amend laws. It would decide the budget, and received the power to investigate. The government became accountable to the Chamber. In addition, its sessions were now public.In 1853, William III called on the government to write a new constitution to limit the powers of the Chamber. The latter refused to approve the government's revisions, and the Grand Duke dissolved the legislature. There was then a brief return to absolutist monarchy, in what became known as the Putsch of 1856. The parliament, now renamed the "Assemblée des Etats", retained its legislative powers, but the Grand Duke was no longer required to approve and promulgate its laws within a certain period. Taxes no longer had to be voted on annually, and the permanent budget was re-introduced. The Council of State was created in 1856 as a check on the Chamber. Its role was to render opinions on proposed bills and regulations.After Luxembourg's neutrality and independence had been affirmed in the Second Treaty of London, in 1868, the constitution was revised to obtain a compromise between the liberties of 1848 and the authoritarian charter of 1856. The parliament was renamed the "Chambre des Députés" and regained most of the rights it lost in 1856, such as the annual vote on the budget and taxes. However, the King Grand-Duke still kept wide-ranging powers: he exercised executive power, and wielded legislative power alongside the Chamber.The constitutional changes of 1919 brought in universal suffrage and affirmed the principle of national sovereignty. These steps on a pathway of democratisation took place in a period of crisis of the monarchy, famine, and difficulties in supplying food. Grand Duchess Charlotte remained the head of state, and the co-wielder of legislative power.Most elections between 1922 and 1951 were "partial elections". The four constituencies were paired up, North with Centre and South with East, and elections were staggered so that only deputies from one pair of constituencies were up for election at any given time.During World War II, from 1940 to 1944 under German occupation of Luxembourg, the Chamber was dissolved by the Nazis and the country annexed into the "Gau Moselland". The Grand Ducal family and the Luxembourgish government went into exile, first in the United Kingdom, and later in Canada and the United States.The first post-war session was opened on 6 December 1944 and was limited to one public sitting, as there was no quorum. A consultative assembly sat from March to August 1945, and new elections were held in October 1945. The post-war Chamber proceeded to revise the constitution again, which abolished the country's state of neutrality.1965 saw the introduction of parliamentary commissions. The establishment of specialised and permanent commissions would facilitate the work of the legislature. The previous organisation of the Chamber into sections, un-specialised and with members chosen at random, had not been effective. Another innovation concerned political groups. They were now officially recognised, and received premises, and subsidies based on their proportion of seat. These material means were dwarfed by those established in 1990.Changes to the Chamber's rules in 1990 and 1991 substantially increased the material means available to political groups, and contributed to a professionalisation of politics. In addition, every Deputy had the right to an office close to the Chamber building. The Chamber reimbursed the Deputies' staff expenses. Funds were now also available to "technical groups", following the protests of the small parties at the start of the new session in 1989.In 2003, a new law established the office of the mediator and ombudsman. This was attached to the Chamber, but would not receive instructions from any authority in exercising his or her functions. They would deal with citizens' complaints concerning the central or local government administration, and other public entities. They would attempt to resolve disputes between parties, acting as a mediator. Every year, they would present a report to the Chamber.Since January 2008, the political parties have been directly funded by the state. Their accounts were to be strictly separate from those of the parliamentary political groups. There were to be two different structures, each with their own staff. In order to receive public funds, a party must provide evidence of regular political activity, present complete lists of candidates at the legislative and European elections, and have received at least 2% of the vote.The function of the Chamber of Deputies is covered under Chapter IV of the Constitution of Luxembourg, the first article of which states that the purpose of the Chamber is to represent the country. Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy, in which the Chamber is elected by universal suffrage under the d'Hondt method of Party-list proportional representation.All laws must be passed by the Chamber. Each bill must be submitted to two votes in the Chamber, with an interval of at least three months between the votes, for it to become law. Laws are passed by absolute majority, provided that a quorum of half of the deputies is present.The Chamber is composed of sixty members, called Deputies (Luxembourgish: "Deputéiert" ; French: "Députés"). They each represent one of four constituencies, which are each a combination of at least two cantons. Each constituency elects a number of deputies proportionate to its population, with the largest electing 23 and the smallest electing 7.Deputies are elected by universal suffrage every five years, with the last election having been held on 14 October 2018. Deputies are elected by open list proportional representation, whereby all electors may vote for as many candidates as their constituency has seats. Each party is allocated a number of seats in proportion to the total number of votes cast for its candidates in that constituency. These seats are then allocated to that party's candidates in descending order of votes that each candidate received.The Chamber of Deputies holds session in the Hôtel de la Chambre (Luxembourgish: "Chambergebai", English: Hall of the Chamber of Deputies), located on Krautmaart (French: "Marché aux herbes", English: Herb Market), in the Uewerstad quarter (French: Ville Haute, English: Upper City), the oldest part of Luxembourg City. It was originally built between 1858 and 1860 as an annex to the Grand Ducal Palace, which had, until then, been used as one of many venues for the Chamber's convocations.The building was designed by Antoine Hartmann in a unified historicist style, combining elements of neo-Gothic, neo-Renaissance, and neo-classical architectural styles. The Grand Ducal Palace, by contrast, was built over time in several architectural styles (primarily Renaissance and Baroque), but renovated in 1891 in a historicist neo-Renaissance manner.Government parties are denoted with the letter G, with the Democratic Party holding the office of Prime Minister (Xavier Bettel). "O" stands for opposition.	[ "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser", "Lucien Weiler", "Jean-Pierre Urwald", "Émile Reuter", "Nicolas Wirtgen", "Charles-Jean Simons", "François Altwies", "Edouard Hemmer", "Joseph Bech", "Victor Bodson", "Mars Di Bartolomeo", "Victor de Tornaco", "Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine", "Théodore de Wacquant", "Jean-Pierre Toutsch", "Mathias Ulrich", "Paul de Scherff", "Michel Witry", "Auguste Laval", "Laurent Mosar", "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges", "Jacques-Gustave Lessel", "Fernand Etgen", "Jean-Mathias Wellenstein", "Félix de Blochausen", "Romain Fandel", "Norbert Metz", "René Van Den Bulcke", "Léon Bollendorff", "Jean Spautz", "Zénon de Muyser" ]
Which employer did Lisa Robinson work for in May, 1995?	May 26, 1995	{ "text": [ "Duke University Medical Center" ] }	L2_Q56811155_P108_1	Lisa Robinson works for University of Toronto from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022. Lisa Robinson works for Children's Hospital of Western Ontario from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Lisa Robinson works for Duke University Medical Center from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2002.	Lisa Robinson (scientist)Lisa Robinson is a clinician-scientist. She is a University of Toronto professor in the Department of Paediatrics and the Vice Dean Strategy and Operations at the Faculty of Medicine, former Head of the Division of Nephrology at The Hospital for Sick Children, a Senior Scientist at the SickKids Research Institute, and the first-ever Chief Diversity officer for the Faculty of Medicine at University of Toronto.Robinson is originally from Toronto, Canada. She completed her undergraduate and medical education (1991) at the University of Toronto, where she was one of two black medical students in her class.She completed an internal medicine internship at the Toronto General Hospital (1991-1992), and then a pediatrics residency at the University of Western Ontario (1992-1995). In 1995, she became a fellow of The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. She held a fellowship in pediatric nephrology at Duke University, in North Carolina (1995-1999). She completed research training in the Departments of Immunology and Medicine at Duke University, as a part of the Pediatric Scientist Development Program.From 1999 to 2002, she was a clinician-scientist at the Duke University Medical Center. She returned to Toronto in 2002, joining the Hospital for Sick Children as a staff nephrologist and a scientist-track investigator in inflammation, immunity, injury and repair.Robinson's research interests lies in inflammation, with a focus on the pathways underlying white blood cell migration. As a pediatric nephrologist, her clinical interests lie in kidney transplantation and acute kidney injury. She is a Canada Research Chair for leukocyte migration in inflammation and injury.In 2006, she founded the Manulife Kids Science program at the Hospital for Sick Children, which provides interactive science outreach to at-risk middle and high school youth (including patients who receive care at the hospital, and youth in remote and/or disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Greater Toronto Area). 16,000 children have participated in the program In 2008, she received the Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Synapse Award ($5,000) in recognition of her outreach efforts through the Kids Science Program. In 2014, she founded the Student Advancement Research (StAR) Program, a SickKids summer research program that provides a six-week paid internship (in research and clinical shadowing) for under-represented minority high school students, particularly, black and aboriginal students. In 2016, Robinson was appointed the first-ever Chief Diversity Officer at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Medicine. In this role, she promotes diversity and inclusion of faculty and staff across the Faculty of Medicine. She is a faculty mentor in the University of Toronto's Diversity Mentorship Program, and a member of the Black Canadians Admissions Subcommittee.	[ "Children's Hospital of Western Ontario", "University of Toronto" ]
Which employer did Lisa Robinson work for in 1995-05-26?	May 26, 1995	{ "text": [ "Duke University Medical Center" ] }	L2_Q56811155_P108_1	Lisa Robinson works for University of Toronto from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022. Lisa Robinson works for Children's Hospital of Western Ontario from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Lisa Robinson works for Duke University Medical Center from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2002.	Lisa Robinson (scientist)Lisa Robinson is a clinician-scientist. She is a University of Toronto professor in the Department of Paediatrics and the Vice Dean Strategy and Operations at the Faculty of Medicine, former Head of the Division of Nephrology at The Hospital for Sick Children, a Senior Scientist at the SickKids Research Institute, and the first-ever Chief Diversity officer for the Faculty of Medicine at University of Toronto.Robinson is originally from Toronto, Canada. She completed her undergraduate and medical education (1991) at the University of Toronto, where she was one of two black medical students in her class.She completed an internal medicine internship at the Toronto General Hospital (1991-1992), and then a pediatrics residency at the University of Western Ontario (1992-1995). In 1995, she became a fellow of The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. She held a fellowship in pediatric nephrology at Duke University, in North Carolina (1995-1999). She completed research training in the Departments of Immunology and Medicine at Duke University, as a part of the Pediatric Scientist Development Program.From 1999 to 2002, she was a clinician-scientist at the Duke University Medical Center. She returned to Toronto in 2002, joining the Hospital for Sick Children as a staff nephrologist and a scientist-track investigator in inflammation, immunity, injury and repair.Robinson's research interests lies in inflammation, with a focus on the pathways underlying white blood cell migration. As a pediatric nephrologist, her clinical interests lie in kidney transplantation and acute kidney injury. She is a Canada Research Chair for leukocyte migration in inflammation and injury.In 2006, she founded the Manulife Kids Science program at the Hospital for Sick Children, which provides interactive science outreach to at-risk middle and high school youth (including patients who receive care at the hospital, and youth in remote and/or disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Greater Toronto Area). 16,000 children have participated in the program In 2008, she received the Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Synapse Award ($5,000) in recognition of her outreach efforts through the Kids Science Program. In 2014, she founded the Student Advancement Research (StAR) Program, a SickKids summer research program that provides a six-week paid internship (in research and clinical shadowing) for under-represented minority high school students, particularly, black and aboriginal students. In 2016, Robinson was appointed the first-ever Chief Diversity Officer at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Medicine. In this role, she promotes diversity and inclusion of faculty and staff across the Faculty of Medicine. She is a faculty mentor in the University of Toronto's Diversity Mentorship Program, and a member of the Black Canadians Admissions Subcommittee.	[ "Children's Hospital of Western Ontario", "University of Toronto" ]
Which employer did Lisa Robinson work for in 26/05/1995?	May 26, 1995	{ "text": [ "Duke University Medical Center" ] }	L2_Q56811155_P108_1	Lisa Robinson works for University of Toronto from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022. Lisa Robinson works for Children's Hospital of Western Ontario from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Lisa Robinson works for Duke University Medical Center from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2002.	Lisa Robinson (scientist)Lisa Robinson is a clinician-scientist. She is a University of Toronto professor in the Department of Paediatrics and the Vice Dean Strategy and Operations at the Faculty of Medicine, former Head of the Division of Nephrology at The Hospital for Sick Children, a Senior Scientist at the SickKids Research Institute, and the first-ever Chief Diversity officer for the Faculty of Medicine at University of Toronto.Robinson is originally from Toronto, Canada. She completed her undergraduate and medical education (1991) at the University of Toronto, where she was one of two black medical students in her class.She completed an internal medicine internship at the Toronto General Hospital (1991-1992), and then a pediatrics residency at the University of Western Ontario (1992-1995). In 1995, she became a fellow of The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. She held a fellowship in pediatric nephrology at Duke University, in North Carolina (1995-1999). She completed research training in the Departments of Immunology and Medicine at Duke University, as a part of the Pediatric Scientist Development Program.From 1999 to 2002, she was a clinician-scientist at the Duke University Medical Center. She returned to Toronto in 2002, joining the Hospital for Sick Children as a staff nephrologist and a scientist-track investigator in inflammation, immunity, injury and repair.Robinson's research interests lies in inflammation, with a focus on the pathways underlying white blood cell migration. As a pediatric nephrologist, her clinical interests lie in kidney transplantation and acute kidney injury. She is a Canada Research Chair for leukocyte migration in inflammation and injury.In 2006, she founded the Manulife Kids Science program at the Hospital for Sick Children, which provides interactive science outreach to at-risk middle and high school youth (including patients who receive care at the hospital, and youth in remote and/or disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Greater Toronto Area). 16,000 children have participated in the program In 2008, she received the Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Synapse Award ($5,000) in recognition of her outreach efforts through the Kids Science Program. In 2014, she founded the Student Advancement Research (StAR) Program, a SickKids summer research program that provides a six-week paid internship (in research and clinical shadowing) for under-represented minority high school students, particularly, black and aboriginal students. In 2016, Robinson was appointed the first-ever Chief Diversity Officer at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Medicine. In this role, she promotes diversity and inclusion of faculty and staff across the Faculty of Medicine. She is a faculty mentor in the University of Toronto's Diversity Mentorship Program, and a member of the Black Canadians Admissions Subcommittee.	[ "Children's Hospital of Western Ontario", "University of Toronto" ]
Which employer did Lisa Robinson work for in May 26, 1995?	May 26, 1995	{ "text": [ "Duke University Medical Center" ] }	L2_Q56811155_P108_1	Lisa Robinson works for University of Toronto from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022. Lisa Robinson works for Children's Hospital of Western Ontario from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Lisa Robinson works for Duke University Medical Center from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2002.	Lisa Robinson (scientist)Lisa Robinson is a clinician-scientist. She is a University of Toronto professor in the Department of Paediatrics and the Vice Dean Strategy and Operations at the Faculty of Medicine, former Head of the Division of Nephrology at The Hospital for Sick Children, a Senior Scientist at the SickKids Research Institute, and the first-ever Chief Diversity officer for the Faculty of Medicine at University of Toronto.Robinson is originally from Toronto, Canada. She completed her undergraduate and medical education (1991) at the University of Toronto, where she was one of two black medical students in her class.She completed an internal medicine internship at the Toronto General Hospital (1991-1992), and then a pediatrics residency at the University of Western Ontario (1992-1995). In 1995, she became a fellow of The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. She held a fellowship in pediatric nephrology at Duke University, in North Carolina (1995-1999). She completed research training in the Departments of Immunology and Medicine at Duke University, as a part of the Pediatric Scientist Development Program.From 1999 to 2002, she was a clinician-scientist at the Duke University Medical Center. She returned to Toronto in 2002, joining the Hospital for Sick Children as a staff nephrologist and a scientist-track investigator in inflammation, immunity, injury and repair.Robinson's research interests lies in inflammation, with a focus on the pathways underlying white blood cell migration. As a pediatric nephrologist, her clinical interests lie in kidney transplantation and acute kidney injury. She is a Canada Research Chair for leukocyte migration in inflammation and injury.In 2006, she founded the Manulife Kids Science program at the Hospital for Sick Children, which provides interactive science outreach to at-risk middle and high school youth (including patients who receive care at the hospital, and youth in remote and/or disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Greater Toronto Area). 16,000 children have participated in the program In 2008, she received the Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Synapse Award ($5,000) in recognition of her outreach efforts through the Kids Science Program. In 2014, she founded the Student Advancement Research (StAR) Program, a SickKids summer research program that provides a six-week paid internship (in research and clinical shadowing) for under-represented minority high school students, particularly, black and aboriginal students. In 2016, Robinson was appointed the first-ever Chief Diversity Officer at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Medicine. In this role, she promotes diversity and inclusion of faculty and staff across the Faculty of Medicine. She is a faculty mentor in the University of Toronto's Diversity Mentorship Program, and a member of the Black Canadians Admissions Subcommittee.	[ "Children's Hospital of Western Ontario", "University of Toronto" ]
Which employer did Lisa Robinson work for in 05/26/1995?	May 26, 1995	{ "text": [ "Duke University Medical Center" ] }	L2_Q56811155_P108_1	Lisa Robinson works for University of Toronto from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022. Lisa Robinson works for Children's Hospital of Western Ontario from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Lisa Robinson works for Duke University Medical Center from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2002.	Lisa Robinson (scientist)Lisa Robinson is a clinician-scientist. She is a University of Toronto professor in the Department of Paediatrics and the Vice Dean Strategy and Operations at the Faculty of Medicine, former Head of the Division of Nephrology at The Hospital for Sick Children, a Senior Scientist at the SickKids Research Institute, and the first-ever Chief Diversity officer for the Faculty of Medicine at University of Toronto.Robinson is originally from Toronto, Canada. She completed her undergraduate and medical education (1991) at the University of Toronto, where she was one of two black medical students in her class.She completed an internal medicine internship at the Toronto General Hospital (1991-1992), and then a pediatrics residency at the University of Western Ontario (1992-1995). In 1995, she became a fellow of The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. She held a fellowship in pediatric nephrology at Duke University, in North Carolina (1995-1999). She completed research training in the Departments of Immunology and Medicine at Duke University, as a part of the Pediatric Scientist Development Program.From 1999 to 2002, she was a clinician-scientist at the Duke University Medical Center. She returned to Toronto in 2002, joining the Hospital for Sick Children as a staff nephrologist and a scientist-track investigator in inflammation, immunity, injury and repair.Robinson's research interests lies in inflammation, with a focus on the pathways underlying white blood cell migration. As a pediatric nephrologist, her clinical interests lie in kidney transplantation and acute kidney injury. She is a Canada Research Chair for leukocyte migration in inflammation and injury.In 2006, she founded the Manulife Kids Science program at the Hospital for Sick Children, which provides interactive science outreach to at-risk middle and high school youth (including patients who receive care at the hospital, and youth in remote and/or disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Greater Toronto Area). 16,000 children have participated in the program In 2008, she received the Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Synapse Award ($5,000) in recognition of her outreach efforts through the Kids Science Program. In 2014, she founded the Student Advancement Research (StAR) Program, a SickKids summer research program that provides a six-week paid internship (in research and clinical shadowing) for under-represented minority high school students, particularly, black and aboriginal students. In 2016, Robinson was appointed the first-ever Chief Diversity Officer at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Medicine. In this role, she promotes diversity and inclusion of faculty and staff across the Faculty of Medicine. She is a faculty mentor in the University of Toronto's Diversity Mentorship Program, and a member of the Black Canadians Admissions Subcommittee.	[ "Children's Hospital of Western Ontario", "University of Toronto" ]
Which employer did Lisa Robinson work for in 26-May-199526-May-1995?	May 26, 1995	{ "text": [ "Duke University Medical Center" ] }	L2_Q56811155_P108_1	Lisa Robinson works for University of Toronto from Jan, 2002 to Dec, 2022. Lisa Robinson works for Children's Hospital of Western Ontario from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1995. Lisa Robinson works for Duke University Medical Center from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 2002.	Lisa Robinson (scientist)Lisa Robinson is a clinician-scientist. She is a University of Toronto professor in the Department of Paediatrics and the Vice Dean Strategy and Operations at the Faculty of Medicine, former Head of the Division of Nephrology at The Hospital for Sick Children, a Senior Scientist at the SickKids Research Institute, and the first-ever Chief Diversity officer for the Faculty of Medicine at University of Toronto.Robinson is originally from Toronto, Canada. She completed her undergraduate and medical education (1991) at the University of Toronto, where she was one of two black medical students in her class.She completed an internal medicine internship at the Toronto General Hospital (1991-1992), and then a pediatrics residency at the University of Western Ontario (1992-1995). In 1995, she became a fellow of The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. She held a fellowship in pediatric nephrology at Duke University, in North Carolina (1995-1999). She completed research training in the Departments of Immunology and Medicine at Duke University, as a part of the Pediatric Scientist Development Program.From 1999 to 2002, she was a clinician-scientist at the Duke University Medical Center. She returned to Toronto in 2002, joining the Hospital for Sick Children as a staff nephrologist and a scientist-track investigator in inflammation, immunity, injury and repair.Robinson's research interests lies in inflammation, with a focus on the pathways underlying white blood cell migration. As a pediatric nephrologist, her clinical interests lie in kidney transplantation and acute kidney injury. She is a Canada Research Chair for leukocyte migration in inflammation and injury.In 2006, she founded the Manulife Kids Science program at the Hospital for Sick Children, which provides interactive science outreach to at-risk middle and high school youth (including patients who receive care at the hospital, and youth in remote and/or disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Greater Toronto Area). 16,000 children have participated in the program In 2008, she received the Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Synapse Award ($5,000) in recognition of her outreach efforts through the Kids Science Program. In 2014, she founded the Student Advancement Research (StAR) Program, a SickKids summer research program that provides a six-week paid internship (in research and clinical shadowing) for under-represented minority high school students, particularly, black and aboriginal students. In 2016, Robinson was appointed the first-ever Chief Diversity Officer at the University of Toronto's Faculty of Medicine. In this role, she promotes diversity and inclusion of faculty and staff across the Faculty of Medicine. She is a faculty mentor in the University of Toronto's Diversity Mentorship Program, and a member of the Black Canadians Admissions Subcommittee.	[ "Children's Hospital of Western Ontario", "University of Toronto" ]
Which team did Sead Ramović play for in Dec, 2004?	December 06, 2004	{ "text": [ "Borussia Mönchengladbach" ] }	L2_Q694446_P54_2	Sead Ramović plays for Lillestrøm SK from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Sead Ramović plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Sead Ramović plays for Vendsyssel FF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. Sead Ramović plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004. Sead Ramović plays for Strømsgodset IF from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Sead Ramović plays for Kickers Offenbach from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Sead Ramović plays for Stuttgarter Kickers from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Sead Ramović plays for Sivasspor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Sead Ramović plays for Tromsø IL from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FK Novi Pazar from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.	Sead RamovićSead Ramović (born 14 March 1979 in Stuttgart, West Germany) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football goalkeeper.Ramović started his career with FC Feuerbach. Since then, he has played for SpVgg Feuerbach, Stuttgarter Kickers, VfL Wolfsburg, Borussia Mönchengladbach, and Kickers Offenbach, all of which are German clubs. In July 2006, he signed with the Norwegian Tippeligaen club Tromsø IL. In 2010, he signed for Sivasspor. In 2011, he moved to FK Novi Pazar and played in the Serbian Superliga. On 17 November 2011, it was announced that he is to join Lillestrøm SK for the 2012 season.Following limited use with Vendsyssel in the 2013 season, Ramović joined Strømsgodset before the 2014 season, but retired from the team early in the season, on 21 May.Ramović received his first call up for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team in 2004. Although he was included in the squad on several occasions, he never earned a cap.	[ "FK Novi Pazar", "Lillestrøm SK", "Tromsø IL", "Kickers Offenbach", "VfL Wolfsburg", "Sivasspor", "Vendsyssel FF", "FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia", "Strømsgodset IF", "Stuttgarter Kickers" ]
Which team did Sead Ramović play for in 2004-12-06?	December 06, 2004	{ "text": [ "Borussia Mönchengladbach" ] }	L2_Q694446_P54_2	Sead Ramović plays for Lillestrøm SK from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Sead Ramović plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Sead Ramović plays for Vendsyssel FF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. Sead Ramović plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004. Sead Ramović plays for Strømsgodset IF from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Sead Ramović plays for Kickers Offenbach from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Sead Ramović plays for Stuttgarter Kickers from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Sead Ramović plays for Sivasspor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Sead Ramović plays for Tromsø IL from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FK Novi Pazar from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.	Sead RamovićSead Ramović (born 14 March 1979 in Stuttgart, West Germany) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football goalkeeper.Ramović started his career with FC Feuerbach. Since then, he has played for SpVgg Feuerbach, Stuttgarter Kickers, VfL Wolfsburg, Borussia Mönchengladbach, and Kickers Offenbach, all of which are German clubs. In July 2006, he signed with the Norwegian Tippeligaen club Tromsø IL. In 2010, he signed for Sivasspor. In 2011, he moved to FK Novi Pazar and played in the Serbian Superliga. On 17 November 2011, it was announced that he is to join Lillestrøm SK for the 2012 season.Following limited use with Vendsyssel in the 2013 season, Ramović joined Strømsgodset before the 2014 season, but retired from the team early in the season, on 21 May.Ramović received his first call up for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team in 2004. Although he was included in the squad on several occasions, he never earned a cap.	[ "FK Novi Pazar", "Lillestrøm SK", "Tromsø IL", "Kickers Offenbach", "VfL Wolfsburg", "Sivasspor", "Vendsyssel FF", "FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia", "Strømsgodset IF", "Stuttgarter Kickers" ]
Which team did Sead Ramović play for in 06/12/2004?	December 06, 2004	{ "text": [ "Borussia Mönchengladbach" ] }	L2_Q694446_P54_2	Sead Ramović plays for Lillestrøm SK from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Sead Ramović plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Sead Ramović plays for Vendsyssel FF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. Sead Ramović plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004. Sead Ramović plays for Strømsgodset IF from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Sead Ramović plays for Kickers Offenbach from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Sead Ramović plays for Stuttgarter Kickers from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Sead Ramović plays for Sivasspor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Sead Ramović plays for Tromsø IL from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FK Novi Pazar from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.	Sead RamovićSead Ramović (born 14 March 1979 in Stuttgart, West Germany) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football goalkeeper.Ramović started his career with FC Feuerbach. Since then, he has played for SpVgg Feuerbach, Stuttgarter Kickers, VfL Wolfsburg, Borussia Mönchengladbach, and Kickers Offenbach, all of which are German clubs. In July 2006, he signed with the Norwegian Tippeligaen club Tromsø IL. In 2010, he signed for Sivasspor. In 2011, he moved to FK Novi Pazar and played in the Serbian Superliga. On 17 November 2011, it was announced that he is to join Lillestrøm SK for the 2012 season.Following limited use with Vendsyssel in the 2013 season, Ramović joined Strømsgodset before the 2014 season, but retired from the team early in the season, on 21 May.Ramović received his first call up for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team in 2004. Although he was included in the squad on several occasions, he never earned a cap.	[ "FK Novi Pazar", "Lillestrøm SK", "Tromsø IL", "Kickers Offenbach", "VfL Wolfsburg", "Sivasspor", "Vendsyssel FF", "FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia", "Strømsgodset IF", "Stuttgarter Kickers" ]
Which team did Sead Ramović play for in Dec 06, 2004?	December 06, 2004	{ "text": [ "Borussia Mönchengladbach" ] }	L2_Q694446_P54_2	Sead Ramović plays for Lillestrøm SK from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Sead Ramović plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Sead Ramović plays for Vendsyssel FF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. Sead Ramović plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004. Sead Ramović plays for Strømsgodset IF from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Sead Ramović plays for Kickers Offenbach from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Sead Ramović plays for Stuttgarter Kickers from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Sead Ramović plays for Sivasspor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Sead Ramović plays for Tromsø IL from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FK Novi Pazar from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.	Sead RamovićSead Ramović (born 14 March 1979 in Stuttgart, West Germany) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football goalkeeper.Ramović started his career with FC Feuerbach. Since then, he has played for SpVgg Feuerbach, Stuttgarter Kickers, VfL Wolfsburg, Borussia Mönchengladbach, and Kickers Offenbach, all of which are German clubs. In July 2006, he signed with the Norwegian Tippeligaen club Tromsø IL. In 2010, he signed for Sivasspor. In 2011, he moved to FK Novi Pazar and played in the Serbian Superliga. On 17 November 2011, it was announced that he is to join Lillestrøm SK for the 2012 season.Following limited use with Vendsyssel in the 2013 season, Ramović joined Strømsgodset before the 2014 season, but retired from the team early in the season, on 21 May.Ramović received his first call up for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team in 2004. Although he was included in the squad on several occasions, he never earned a cap.	[ "FK Novi Pazar", "Lillestrøm SK", "Tromsø IL", "Kickers Offenbach", "VfL Wolfsburg", "Sivasspor", "Vendsyssel FF", "FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia", "Strømsgodset IF", "Stuttgarter Kickers" ]
Which team did Sead Ramović play for in 12/06/2004?	December 06, 2004	{ "text": [ "Borussia Mönchengladbach" ] }	L2_Q694446_P54_2	Sead Ramović plays for Lillestrøm SK from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Sead Ramović plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Sead Ramović plays for Vendsyssel FF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. Sead Ramović plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004. Sead Ramović plays for Strømsgodset IF from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Sead Ramović plays for Kickers Offenbach from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Sead Ramović plays for Stuttgarter Kickers from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Sead Ramović plays for Sivasspor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Sead Ramović plays for Tromsø IL from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FK Novi Pazar from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.	Sead RamovićSead Ramović (born 14 March 1979 in Stuttgart, West Germany) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football goalkeeper.Ramović started his career with FC Feuerbach. Since then, he has played for SpVgg Feuerbach, Stuttgarter Kickers, VfL Wolfsburg, Borussia Mönchengladbach, and Kickers Offenbach, all of which are German clubs. In July 2006, he signed with the Norwegian Tippeligaen club Tromsø IL. In 2010, he signed for Sivasspor. In 2011, he moved to FK Novi Pazar and played in the Serbian Superliga. On 17 November 2011, it was announced that he is to join Lillestrøm SK for the 2012 season.Following limited use with Vendsyssel in the 2013 season, Ramović joined Strømsgodset before the 2014 season, but retired from the team early in the season, on 21 May.Ramović received his first call up for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team in 2004. Although he was included in the squad on several occasions, he never earned a cap.	[ "FK Novi Pazar", "Lillestrøm SK", "Tromsø IL", "Kickers Offenbach", "VfL Wolfsburg", "Sivasspor", "Vendsyssel FF", "FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia", "Strømsgodset IF", "Stuttgarter Kickers" ]
Which team did Sead Ramović play for in 06-Dec-200406-December-2004?	December 06, 2004	{ "text": [ "Borussia Mönchengladbach" ] }	L2_Q694446_P54_2	Sead Ramović plays for Lillestrøm SK from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Sead Ramović plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005. Sead Ramović plays for Vendsyssel FF from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013. Sead Ramović plays for VfL Wolfsburg from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2004. Sead Ramović plays for Strømsgodset IF from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014. Sead Ramović plays for Kickers Offenbach from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Sead Ramović plays for Stuttgarter Kickers from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2001. Sead Ramović plays for Sivasspor from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2011. Sead Ramović plays for Tromsø IL from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2010. Sead Ramović plays for FK Novi Pazar from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.	Sead RamovićSead Ramović (born 14 March 1979 in Stuttgart, West Germany) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian retired football goalkeeper.Ramović started his career with FC Feuerbach. Since then, he has played for SpVgg Feuerbach, Stuttgarter Kickers, VfL Wolfsburg, Borussia Mönchengladbach, and Kickers Offenbach, all of which are German clubs. In July 2006, he signed with the Norwegian Tippeligaen club Tromsø IL. In 2010, he signed for Sivasspor. In 2011, he moved to FK Novi Pazar and played in the Serbian Superliga. On 17 November 2011, it was announced that he is to join Lillestrøm SK for the 2012 season.Following limited use with Vendsyssel in the 2013 season, Ramović joined Strømsgodset before the 2014 season, but retired from the team early in the season, on 21 May.Ramović received his first call up for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team in 2004. Although he was included in the squad on several occasions, he never earned a cap.	[ "FK Novi Pazar", "Lillestrøm SK", "Tromsø IL", "Kickers Offenbach", "VfL Wolfsburg", "Sivasspor", "Vendsyssel FF", "FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia", "Strømsgodset IF", "Stuttgarter Kickers" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in Sep, 2012?	September 27, 2012	{ "text": [ "FC Bayern Munich", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_5	Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "Germany national under-15 football team", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Borussia Dortmund", "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-17 football team" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in 2012-09-27?	September 27, 2012	{ "text": [ "FC Bayern Munich", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_5	Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "Germany national under-15 football team", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Borussia Dortmund", "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-17 football team" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in 27/09/2012?	September 27, 2012	{ "text": [ "FC Bayern Munich", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_5	Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "Germany national under-15 football team", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Borussia Dortmund", "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-17 football team" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in Sep 27, 2012?	September 27, 2012	{ "text": [ "FC Bayern Munich", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_5	Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "Germany national under-15 football team", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Borussia Dortmund", "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-17 football team" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in 09/27/2012?	September 27, 2012	{ "text": [ "FC Bayern Munich", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_5	Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "Germany national under-15 football team", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Borussia Dortmund", "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-17 football team" ]
Which team did Emre Can play for in 27-Sep-201227-September-2012?	September 27, 2012	{ "text": [ "FC Bayern Munich", "FC Bayern Munich II", "Germany national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q27694_P54_5	Emre Can plays for Germany national under-15 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2009. Emre Can plays for Borussia Dortmund from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2020. Emre Can plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014. Emre Can plays for Germany national association football team from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Emre Can plays for Juventus FC from Jan, 2018 to Jan, 2020. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-17 football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for FC Bayern Munich II from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-21 football team from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-19 football team from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013. Emre Can plays for Germany national under-16 football team from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Emre Can plays for Liverpool F.C from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2018.	Emre CanEmre Can (; born 12 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team. A versatile player, Can has also played as a defensive midfielder, centre-back and full-back.He began his senior career at Bayern Munich, playing mostly in the club's reserve side before transferring to Bayer Leverkusen in 2013. A season later, he was signed by Liverpool for £9.75 million where he made over 150 appearances across all competitions before joining Juventus in 2018. In 2020 he joined Borussia Dortmund, initially on a loan before moving on a permanent deal a few weeks later.Can represented Germany from Under-15 to Under-21 level, and featured at the 2015 Under-21 European Championship. He made his senior debut in September 2015 and was selected for the 2016 European Championship. The following year, he was part of the German squad which won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, and also scored his first senior international goal.Born in 1994 in Frankfurt, Can joined local side SV Blau-Gelb Frankfurt at the age of six and remained at the club until 2006, when he joined the youth academy of Eintracht Frankfurt. During his time with both Frankfurt clubs, he predominantly played in midfield where he assumed an attacking role. In 2009, at the age of 15, he relocated to Bavaria after being signed by Bayern Munich.During his first year in Bayern's academy, Can was used in the centre-back position before returning to midfield when he began playing for Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga Bayern. He made his first team debut in the 2012 DFL-Supercup and his Bundesliga debut against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April 2013. His first and only league goal for the club came on 27 April 2013 in a 1–0 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luiz Gustavo and Javi Martínez for a spot in Bayern's midfield, he ultimately made only seven senior appearances before signing for fellow Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen in 2013 in seek of regular game-time.On 2 August 2013, Can signed a four-year deal with Bayer 04 Leverkusen. A buy-back clause was included in the agreement which would have allowed Bayern to re-sign Can for a set-fee in 2015, an option they later declined to exercise.Can made his debut for "die Werkself" on 31 August 2013, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for Stefan Reinartz in a 2–0 defeat at FC Schalke 04. His first goal for the club came on 26 October when he scored the winner against FC Augsburg in a 2–1 victory. Can made his UEFA Champions League debut against Manchester United at Old Trafford later that month in a match which ended 4–2 in the favour of the English side.In his only season at Leverkusen, Can scored four goals and made four assists in 39 appearances, while largely operating in a defensive capacity. His performances while at Leverkusen sparked interest from English club Liverpool, who noted Can's performances in both the Bundesliga and Champions League.On 5 June 2014, Bayer Leverkusen confirmed that Can would join Liverpool after the Merseyside club activated his £9.75 million (€12 million) release clause. Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers described Can in a press conference later in the week as an "inspirational young talent". The transfer was completed on 3 July 2014.Can made his competitive debut for the club on 25 August 2014, coming on as a substitute for Joe Allen in a 3–1 away defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he picked up an ankle injury while on duty with the German under-21 side and was sidelined for six weeks. On 19 October, following his return from injury, Can made his first start for Liverpool in a 3–2 win against Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first Liverpool goal on 8 November with a long-range shot past Thibaut Courtois, opening the scoring in an eventual 2–1 defeat to Chelsea. Against the same opponent in a League Cup semi-final defeat on 27 January 2015, Can was stamped on by Chelsea forward Diego Costa; referee Michael Oliver did not penalize the incident, but Costa was retrospectively banned for three matches by the FA. In April, Can received his first red card for Liverpool in 4–1 loss to Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Though naturally a midfielder, Can spent much of his debut season playing in defence, and ultimately featured 40 times for the campaign across all competitions.On 22 October 2015, in Liverpool's UEFA Europa League match against Rubin Kazan at Anfield, Can scored his first goal of the 2015–16 season. It was the club's first goal under the management of Can's compatriot and new manager Jürgen Klopp. On 14 February 2016, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 6–0 win over Aston Villa. While Can was often used at centre-back or full-back under Rodgers, with Klopp's arrival he was moved to his preferred position of central midfielder. He was praised by Klopp for his improvement and became a key cog in Liverpool's midfield. On 14 April 2016, Can ruptured his ankle ligaments in the Europa League quarter-final against Borussia Dortmund. Initially, he was ruled out for the rest of the domestic season. However, he returned ahead of schedule and played in the second leg of the semi-final against Villarreal. Can later revealed that he trained for 8 hours a day for 3 weeks to get fit for the Villarreal game.On 29 October 2016, Can scored his first goal of the season, scoring the opening goal in Liverpool's 4–2 win over Crystal Palace. On 6 November, Can scored Liverpool's third goal in their 6–1 win over Watford, which took Liverpool to 1st position in the Premier League for the first time under Jürgen Klopp. On 4 December, Can scored in Liverpool's 4–3 defeat to Bournemouth. On 12 March 2017, Can scored the winning goal in Liverpool's 2–1 win over Burnley, in what was called by Klopp an "ugly win". On 1 May 2017, Can scored an overhead kick in a 1–0 win over Watford, with the strike later earning him the BBC Goal of the Season and Carling Goal of the Season awards.On 23 August 2017, Can scored twice against Hoffenheim in the second leg of the Champions League play-off round in a 4–2 win for Liverpool on the night, and a 6–3 win on aggregate. These were his first goals for Liverpool in the new season. Can received praise for his performance during Liverpool's 4–0 win over Arsenal on 27 August. On 1 November, Can scored in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Slovenian side Maribor. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–1 away win over Brighton & Hove Albion, where he played at centre-back. On 30 January 2018, Can scored the opening goal in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Kirklees Stadium. On 24 February, he scored the opener in Liverpool's 4–1 win over West Ham United. On 17 March, during a game against Watford, Can suffered a muscle injury in his back, and it was reported that he could potentially miss the rest of the season out injured. Can returned in time for the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, but was only named on the bench. He came on as a substitute for James Milner in the 83rd minute. Liverpool lost the match by a scoreline of 3–1.On 8 June 2018, it was confirmed by Liverpool via their official website that Can, along with Jon Flanagan and several youth players, would leave the club upon the expiry of their contracts, on 1 July 2018.On 21 June 2018, Can signed a four-year deal with Serie A side Juventus following the expiration of his contract with Liverpool; the Italian club paid €16 million in additional costs for his services. Can became the tenth German player, after Hans Mayer Heuberger, Josef Edmund Heß, Helmut Haller, Thomas Häßler, Stefan Reuter, Jürgen Kohler, Andreas Möller, Sami Khedira, and Benedikt Höwedes, to join Juventus. A €50 million release clause was also included in Can's contract, only valid for clubs outside of Italy and starting from his third year of contract; this was the first time that Juventus had added a release clause to one of its player's contracts. He made his Serie A debut on 18 August, coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away win against Chievo Verona. On 21 January 2019, Can scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 home victory over the same opponents.At the beginning of the 2019–20 season, Juventus's new manager Maurizio Sarri left Can and Mario Mandžukić out of the club's Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition.On 31 January 2020, Borussia Dortmund announced Can's signing on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season, with an obligation to buy. On 8 February, Can made his debut for Dortmund, also scoring a goal in a 4–3 away loss to Bayer Leverkusen. On 18 February 2020, the deal was made permanent on a four-year contract for €25 million, with the loan still expiring at the end of the 2019–20 season.Due to his Turkish ancestry, Can was eligible to play for the Turkey national football team, but he stated he "likes playing for Germany very much, and wants to make it in the DFB".Can received call-ups for the German U15, U16 and U17 youth football teams. In 2011, he was a part of U17 team that finished as runners-up at the European Championships. He was also named in the team of the tournament. Later that year, he captained the squad in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup and led his team to the semi-finals. During the semi-final, he netted a solo goal against Mexico: he received the ball with three markers closing in on him, skipped past one and paced forward before escaping two other opponents and evading the goalkeeper, but Germany were defeated 3–2.He represented the under-21 team at the 2015 European Championship in the Czech Republic, starting all four matches. In their opening game at the Letná Stadium in Prague on 17 June, Can scored with a 17th-minute equaliser from the edge of the penalty area in a 1–1 draw against Serbia. In their second group match at the Eden Arena in Prague against Denmark on 20 June, Can hit a slide-rule pass to assist Kevin Volland's smart finish in the 32nd minute. In the 47th minute Can was awarded a free-kick, from which Volland doubled the lead thanks to a delightfully weighted free-kick from 25 metres out. Matthias Ginter rounded off the scoring to head in Amin Younes' cross just five minutes later leading to a 3–0 victory. Germany were eliminated in the semi-finals following a 5–0 defeat to Portugal on 27 June, in which Can started.On 28 August 2015, Can received his first senior call-up from manager Joachim Löw, ahead of the following month's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Poland and Scotland. He made his debut on 4 September in the first game, playing the full 90 minutes of a 3–1 win at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt.On 31 May 2016, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. His sole appearance in the tournament came in the 2–0 semi-final loss to France, a match that Can started.On 17 May 2017, Can was named in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Can made an appearance as a substitute in Germany's first game, a 3–2 win over Australia. He would appear in all 5 of his team's matches in the competition as Germany ran out winners in the final against Chile.He scored his first senior international goal on 8 October, in a 5–1 home win in a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Azerbaijan.In May 2018, he was left out of Germany's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.Can's ability to attack and defend from midfield has seen him compared to fellow German midfielders Michael Ballack and Bastian Schweinsteiger. Prior to calling Can up to the senior squad, German national team coach Joachim Löw reserved praise for the midfielder, stating that he has a good, all-round game and that they were following his progress.Can has also been praised for his versatility which was showcased in his debut season at Liverpool where he showed his ability to play in several roles in both defence and midfield. Throughout his career, he has been deployed as a central midfielder, as a defensive midfielder, as an attacking midfielder, as a winger, in a box-to-box role, or even as a right-sided full-back, wing-back, or centre-back. He has also been singled out for his composure in possession, energy, positioning, and sense of timing, while former Liverpool midfielder and German international Dietmar Hamann described him as being "physically strong, a good passer and technically gifted". Pundit Jack Watson has labelled Can as a complete and versatile player, with excellent awareness, who is also "strong, quick, smart and can tackle, pass and shoot." Football writer Andrew Beasley has also noted that Can is strong in the air, while Matt Jones of Bleacher Report has described Can as an intelligent player, with good passing ability, who "...is powerful in possession and difficult to barge off the ball when he does march up the pitch." However, Jones has also described Can as being inconsistent at times.Can is a practising Muslim.In October 2019, Turkish international footballer Cenk Tosun published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. The post was initially liked by Can and İlkay Gündoğan, who are both German internationals of Turkish descent; however, they both later removed their likes. Regarding the incident, Can told the German newspaper "daily Bild": "I am an absolute pacifist and against all forms of war," also stating that he unintentionally liked the post while scrolling through his timeline.Bayern MunichLiverpoolJuventusBorussia DortmundGermany U-17Germany	[ "Germany national association football team", "Germany national under-21 football team", "Liverpool F.C", "Germany national under-15 football team", "Bayer 04 Leverkusen", "Juventus FC", "Borussia Dortmund", "Germany national under-16 football team", "Germany national under-17 football team" ]
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in Jan, 2009?	January 26, 2009	{ "text": [ "Berde József" ] }	L2_Q5064436_P6_0	Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016. Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020. Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.	[ "Jozsef Berde", "Ernő Jancsó" ]
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in 2009-01-26?	January 26, 2009	{ "text": [ "Berde József" ] }	L2_Q5064436_P6_0	Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016. Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020. Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.	[ "Jozsef Berde", "Ernő Jancsó" ]
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in 26/01/2009?	January 26, 2009	{ "text": [ "Berde József" ] }	L2_Q5064436_P6_0	Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016. Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020. Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.	[ "Jozsef Berde", "Ernő Jancsó" ]
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in Jan 26, 2009?	January 26, 2009	{ "text": [ "Berde József" ] }	L2_Q5064436_P6_0	Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016. Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020. Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.	[ "Jozsef Berde", "Ernő Jancsó" ]
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in 01/26/2009?	January 26, 2009	{ "text": [ "Berde József" ] }	L2_Q5064436_P6_0	Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016. Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020. Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.	[ "Jozsef Berde", "Ernő Jancsó" ]
Who was the head of Ghidfalău in 26-Jan-200926-January-2009?	January 26, 2009	{ "text": [ "Berde József" ] }	L2_Q5064436_P6_0	Berde József is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2016. Jozsef Berde is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Jan, 2016 to Oct, 2020. Ernő Jancsó is the head of the government of Ghidfalău from Oct, 2020 to Dec, 2022.	GhidfalăuGhidfalău (, : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania composed of four villages:It formed part of the Székely Land region of the historical Transylvania province. Until 1918, the village belonged to the Háromszék County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania.The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 Census it has a population of 2,596 of which 98.42% or 2,555 are Hungarian.	[ "Jozsef Berde", "Ernő Jancsó" ]
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in Sep, 2006?	September 13, 2006	{ "text": [ "Karşıyaka S.K.", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q1372826_P54_3	Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014. Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.	Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016.	[ "Trabzonspor", "Turkey national under-21 football team", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national association football team" ]
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in 2006-09-13?	September 13, 2006	{ "text": [ "Karşıyaka S.K.", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q1372826_P54_3	Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014. Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.	Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016.	[ "Trabzonspor", "Turkey national under-21 football team", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national association football team" ]
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in 13/09/2006?	September 13, 2006	{ "text": [ "Karşıyaka S.K.", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q1372826_P54_3	Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014. Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.	Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016.	[ "Trabzonspor", "Turkey national under-21 football team", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national association football team" ]
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in Sep 13, 2006?	September 13, 2006	{ "text": [ "Karşıyaka S.K.", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q1372826_P54_3	Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014. Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.	Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016.	[ "Trabzonspor", "Turkey national under-21 football team", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national association football team" ]
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in 09/13/2006?	September 13, 2006	{ "text": [ "Karşıyaka S.K.", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q1372826_P54_3	Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014. Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.	Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016.	[ "Trabzonspor", "Turkey national under-21 football team", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national association football team" ]
Which team did Onur Kıvrak play for in 13-Sep-200613-September-2006?	September 13, 2006	{ "text": [ "Karşıyaka S.K.", "Turkey national under-19 football team" ] }	L2_Q1372826_P54_3	Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-18 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national association football team from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2014. Onur Kıvrak plays for Trabzonspor from Jan, 2008 to Dec, 2022. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-21 football team from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2009. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2005. Onur Kıvrak plays for Karşıyaka S.K. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2008. Onur Kıvrak plays for Turkey national under-19 football team from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2007.	Onur KıvrakOnur Recep Kıvrak (born 1 January 1988) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for Trabzonspor before his announcement of retirement from professional football in January 2019.Although he does not necessarily claim, he is known in Turkish football environment as "Kelebek" ().Kıvrak signed for Trabzonspor on 15 January 2008. On 6 December 2013, Kıvrak renewed his contract on 2.5€m annual salary, keeping him at the club until the end of 2017–18 season.On 2 October 2014, during Europa League match against Legia Warsaw Kıvrak tore cruciate ligaments in his left knee and was subbed off. 15 days after the injury, Kıvrak underwent knee surgery and was ruled out for the rest of 2014–15 season. He could return to trainings on 8 May 2015.Contract between Trabzonspor and Kıvrak was mutually terminated on 7 January 2019. Kıvrak announced to local media in Trabzon that he will retire from professional football on 9 January 2019. He mentioned that he will move to Izmir and that he will never return to Trabzon, in an interview to local newspaper. He was linked with local Izmir clubs Altay S.K. and Karşıyaka S.K. during 2019 winter transfer window.Onur made his debut in the 2–0 friendly win against Northern Ireland on 26 May 2010, having worked his way through the youth teams at U-16, U-17, U-18, U-19, and U-21 level.He is part of the Turkish national team for Euro 2016.	[ "Trabzonspor", "Turkey national under-21 football team", "Turkey national under-18 football team", "Turkey national under-17 football team", "Turkey national association football team" ]
Which position did John Dugdale hold in Jan, 1951?	January 06, 1951	{ "text": [ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6230307_P39_2	John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1941 to Jun, 1945. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Mar, 1963. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.	John Dugdale (Labour politician)John Dugdale (16 March 1905 – 12 March 1963) was a British newspaper journalist and politician. Well-connected with the Labour Party establishment, he worked as Private Secretary to Clement Attlee and was appointed a Minister in his post-war government.Dugdale was from an upper-class family, the only son of Colonel Arthur Dugdale who was Commander of the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars during the First World War. He was also second cousin of Conservative MP Thomas Dugdale, who was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1951 to 1954. He was sent to Wellington College, from where he moved to Christ Church, Oxford. On leaving Oxford, Dugdale joined the Diplomatic Service and was stationed in Peking as an Attaché in the British embassy.This life did not suit him and Dugdale then went into journalism. He was a correspondent for "The Times" on the Yangtze River during troubles there in 1930. In the 1931 general election, Dugdale fought the constituency of Leicester South as a Labour Party candidate. In the new Parliament, he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary by Clement Attlee, who had become Deputy Leader of the Labour Party largely by default of being the only former Minister to survive the election.He was elected to London County Council in 1934 from Islington South. He enjoyed his time on the LCC and local government in general, becoming Vice-President of the Association of Municipal Corporations. At the 1935 general election he tried again to get into Parliament, this time for Cardiff Central, but was again defeated; he fought a byelection in York in 1937. Dugdale married Irene Haverson, granddaughter of George Lansbury, in December 1938.Dugdale resigned as Attlee's Secretary and enlisted in the Army during the Second World War and was an Officer. He had edited a book of Attlee's speeches called "The Road to War" which was published in 1940. However, when the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich Frederick Roberts resigned due to ill health, Dugdale was chosen to follow him, and he was elected unopposed at the by-election in April 1941.In December 1941, Dugdale was an organiser of a Labour rebellion in the House of Commons over National Service. His group put down an amendment insisting that National Service in industry should happen in conjunction with nationalisation of industries involved in the war effort. The Labour whips did not support the amendment. In 1942 he was part of an all-party group which pressed for wider Sunday opening of cinemas and theatres, decrying the campaigning of the Lord's Day Observance Society. He also took up his interest in China, becoming Secretary of the All-Party Group on China when it was formed in 1943.During the last months of the war, Dugdale was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Clement Attlee. When Attlee formed his government after the 1945 general election, Dugdale was made Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty. The job involved a great deal of travelling to visit Royal Navy bases which were scattered across the world. His health was not always good during his time in office. In 1949 he was named to the Privy Council.In a reshuffle in February 1950, Dugdale was moved to be Minister of State at the Colonial Office. He endorsed the fight against communist insurgents in the Federation of Malaya. In the summer of 1950 he went on a tour of East Africa, including the Tanganyika groundnut scheme.When the Labour Party went into opposition in 1951, Dugdale remained a spokesperson on Colonial affairs. He opposed the plan to unite Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. In 1956 he asked Parliamentary questions on the mysterious death of Lionel Crabb, who had disappeared while apparently on an intelligence mission to spy on a visiting Soviet warship. In 1958 Dugdale stood for the Shadow Cabinet, but finished bottom of the poll with only 36 votes. He kept up travelling, including a visit to Uganda in 1959, during which he opposed the government's policy of reserving seats in the Uganda Parliament for the Indian minority after independence, which he blamed for civil unrest in the colony.After the 1959 general election, Dugdale took issue with those who claimed that a pledge of nationalisation had cost votes for the Labour Party. In late 1959 he was one of the first to call for a cricket boycott on South Africa until the policy of apartheid was ended. When he won a place in the ballot for Private Members' Bills in November 1960, he introduced a Bill to make the conditions of farm animals more humane, although it was unsuccessful.Dugdale's deep belief in the Commonwealth led him to oppose the Macmillan government's application to join the European Economic Community. He demanded that Macmillan accept the resignation of the First Lord of the Admiralty over the Vassall spy case. While speaking on the Defence Estimates in the House of Commons on 11 March 1963, Dugdale was taken ill and rushed to hospital; he died during the night.He had some degree of deafness or hearing loss after childhood illness, and in 1959 he co-founded the Commonwealth Society for the Deaf, now Sound Seekers with Lady Edith Templer, wife of Gerald Templer.	[ "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Dugdale hold in 1951-01-06?	January 06, 1951	{ "text": [ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6230307_P39_2	John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1941 to Jun, 1945. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Mar, 1963. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.	John Dugdale (Labour politician)John Dugdale (16 March 1905 – 12 March 1963) was a British newspaper journalist and politician. Well-connected with the Labour Party establishment, he worked as Private Secretary to Clement Attlee and was appointed a Minister in his post-war government.Dugdale was from an upper-class family, the only son of Colonel Arthur Dugdale who was Commander of the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars during the First World War. He was also second cousin of Conservative MP Thomas Dugdale, who was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1951 to 1954. He was sent to Wellington College, from where he moved to Christ Church, Oxford. On leaving Oxford, Dugdale joined the Diplomatic Service and was stationed in Peking as an Attaché in the British embassy.This life did not suit him and Dugdale then went into journalism. He was a correspondent for "The Times" on the Yangtze River during troubles there in 1930. In the 1931 general election, Dugdale fought the constituency of Leicester South as a Labour Party candidate. In the new Parliament, he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary by Clement Attlee, who had become Deputy Leader of the Labour Party largely by default of being the only former Minister to survive the election.He was elected to London County Council in 1934 from Islington South. He enjoyed his time on the LCC and local government in general, becoming Vice-President of the Association of Municipal Corporations. At the 1935 general election he tried again to get into Parliament, this time for Cardiff Central, but was again defeated; he fought a byelection in York in 1937. Dugdale married Irene Haverson, granddaughter of George Lansbury, in December 1938.Dugdale resigned as Attlee's Secretary and enlisted in the Army during the Second World War and was an Officer. He had edited a book of Attlee's speeches called "The Road to War" which was published in 1940. However, when the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich Frederick Roberts resigned due to ill health, Dugdale was chosen to follow him, and he was elected unopposed at the by-election in April 1941.In December 1941, Dugdale was an organiser of a Labour rebellion in the House of Commons over National Service. His group put down an amendment insisting that National Service in industry should happen in conjunction with nationalisation of industries involved in the war effort. The Labour whips did not support the amendment. In 1942 he was part of an all-party group which pressed for wider Sunday opening of cinemas and theatres, decrying the campaigning of the Lord's Day Observance Society. He also took up his interest in China, becoming Secretary of the All-Party Group on China when it was formed in 1943.During the last months of the war, Dugdale was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Clement Attlee. When Attlee formed his government after the 1945 general election, Dugdale was made Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty. The job involved a great deal of travelling to visit Royal Navy bases which were scattered across the world. His health was not always good during his time in office. In 1949 he was named to the Privy Council.In a reshuffle in February 1950, Dugdale was moved to be Minister of State at the Colonial Office. He endorsed the fight against communist insurgents in the Federation of Malaya. In the summer of 1950 he went on a tour of East Africa, including the Tanganyika groundnut scheme.When the Labour Party went into opposition in 1951, Dugdale remained a spokesperson on Colonial affairs. He opposed the plan to unite Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. In 1956 he asked Parliamentary questions on the mysterious death of Lionel Crabb, who had disappeared while apparently on an intelligence mission to spy on a visiting Soviet warship. In 1958 Dugdale stood for the Shadow Cabinet, but finished bottom of the poll with only 36 votes. He kept up travelling, including a visit to Uganda in 1959, during which he opposed the government's policy of reserving seats in the Uganda Parliament for the Indian minority after independence, which he blamed for civil unrest in the colony.After the 1959 general election, Dugdale took issue with those who claimed that a pledge of nationalisation had cost votes for the Labour Party. In late 1959 he was one of the first to call for a cricket boycott on South Africa until the policy of apartheid was ended. When he won a place in the ballot for Private Members' Bills in November 1960, he introduced a Bill to make the conditions of farm animals more humane, although it was unsuccessful.Dugdale's deep belief in the Commonwealth led him to oppose the Macmillan government's application to join the European Economic Community. He demanded that Macmillan accept the resignation of the First Lord of the Admiralty over the Vassall spy case. While speaking on the Defence Estimates in the House of Commons on 11 March 1963, Dugdale was taken ill and rushed to hospital; he died during the night.He had some degree of deafness or hearing loss after childhood illness, and in 1959 he co-founded the Commonwealth Society for the Deaf, now Sound Seekers with Lady Edith Templer, wife of Gerald Templer.	[ "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Dugdale hold in 06/01/1951?	January 06, 1951	{ "text": [ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6230307_P39_2	John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1941 to Jun, 1945. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Mar, 1963. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.	John Dugdale (Labour politician)John Dugdale (16 March 1905 – 12 March 1963) was a British newspaper journalist and politician. Well-connected with the Labour Party establishment, he worked as Private Secretary to Clement Attlee and was appointed a Minister in his post-war government.Dugdale was from an upper-class family, the only son of Colonel Arthur Dugdale who was Commander of the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars during the First World War. He was also second cousin of Conservative MP Thomas Dugdale, who was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1951 to 1954. He was sent to Wellington College, from where he moved to Christ Church, Oxford. On leaving Oxford, Dugdale joined the Diplomatic Service and was stationed in Peking as an Attaché in the British embassy.This life did not suit him and Dugdale then went into journalism. He was a correspondent for "The Times" on the Yangtze River during troubles there in 1930. In the 1931 general election, Dugdale fought the constituency of Leicester South as a Labour Party candidate. In the new Parliament, he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary by Clement Attlee, who had become Deputy Leader of the Labour Party largely by default of being the only former Minister to survive the election.He was elected to London County Council in 1934 from Islington South. He enjoyed his time on the LCC and local government in general, becoming Vice-President of the Association of Municipal Corporations. At the 1935 general election he tried again to get into Parliament, this time for Cardiff Central, but was again defeated; he fought a byelection in York in 1937. Dugdale married Irene Haverson, granddaughter of George Lansbury, in December 1938.Dugdale resigned as Attlee's Secretary and enlisted in the Army during the Second World War and was an Officer. He had edited a book of Attlee's speeches called "The Road to War" which was published in 1940. However, when the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich Frederick Roberts resigned due to ill health, Dugdale was chosen to follow him, and he was elected unopposed at the by-election in April 1941.In December 1941, Dugdale was an organiser of a Labour rebellion in the House of Commons over National Service. His group put down an amendment insisting that National Service in industry should happen in conjunction with nationalisation of industries involved in the war effort. The Labour whips did not support the amendment. In 1942 he was part of an all-party group which pressed for wider Sunday opening of cinemas and theatres, decrying the campaigning of the Lord's Day Observance Society. He also took up his interest in China, becoming Secretary of the All-Party Group on China when it was formed in 1943.During the last months of the war, Dugdale was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Clement Attlee. When Attlee formed his government after the 1945 general election, Dugdale was made Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty. The job involved a great deal of travelling to visit Royal Navy bases which were scattered across the world. His health was not always good during his time in office. In 1949 he was named to the Privy Council.In a reshuffle in February 1950, Dugdale was moved to be Minister of State at the Colonial Office. He endorsed the fight against communist insurgents in the Federation of Malaya. In the summer of 1950 he went on a tour of East Africa, including the Tanganyika groundnut scheme.When the Labour Party went into opposition in 1951, Dugdale remained a spokesperson on Colonial affairs. He opposed the plan to unite Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. In 1956 he asked Parliamentary questions on the mysterious death of Lionel Crabb, who had disappeared while apparently on an intelligence mission to spy on a visiting Soviet warship. In 1958 Dugdale stood for the Shadow Cabinet, but finished bottom of the poll with only 36 votes. He kept up travelling, including a visit to Uganda in 1959, during which he opposed the government's policy of reserving seats in the Uganda Parliament for the Indian minority after independence, which he blamed for civil unrest in the colony.After the 1959 general election, Dugdale took issue with those who claimed that a pledge of nationalisation had cost votes for the Labour Party. In late 1959 he was one of the first to call for a cricket boycott on South Africa until the policy of apartheid was ended. When he won a place in the ballot for Private Members' Bills in November 1960, he introduced a Bill to make the conditions of farm animals more humane, although it was unsuccessful.Dugdale's deep belief in the Commonwealth led him to oppose the Macmillan government's application to join the European Economic Community. He demanded that Macmillan accept the resignation of the First Lord of the Admiralty over the Vassall spy case. While speaking on the Defence Estimates in the House of Commons on 11 March 1963, Dugdale was taken ill and rushed to hospital; he died during the night.He had some degree of deafness or hearing loss after childhood illness, and in 1959 he co-founded the Commonwealth Society for the Deaf, now Sound Seekers with Lady Edith Templer, wife of Gerald Templer.	[ "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Dugdale hold in Jan 06, 1951?	January 06, 1951	{ "text": [ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6230307_P39_2	John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1941 to Jun, 1945. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Mar, 1963. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.	John Dugdale (Labour politician)John Dugdale (16 March 1905 – 12 March 1963) was a British newspaper journalist and politician. Well-connected with the Labour Party establishment, he worked as Private Secretary to Clement Attlee and was appointed a Minister in his post-war government.Dugdale was from an upper-class family, the only son of Colonel Arthur Dugdale who was Commander of the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars during the First World War. He was also second cousin of Conservative MP Thomas Dugdale, who was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1951 to 1954. He was sent to Wellington College, from where he moved to Christ Church, Oxford. On leaving Oxford, Dugdale joined the Diplomatic Service and was stationed in Peking as an Attaché in the British embassy.This life did not suit him and Dugdale then went into journalism. He was a correspondent for "The Times" on the Yangtze River during troubles there in 1930. In the 1931 general election, Dugdale fought the constituency of Leicester South as a Labour Party candidate. In the new Parliament, he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary by Clement Attlee, who had become Deputy Leader of the Labour Party largely by default of being the only former Minister to survive the election.He was elected to London County Council in 1934 from Islington South. He enjoyed his time on the LCC and local government in general, becoming Vice-President of the Association of Municipal Corporations. At the 1935 general election he tried again to get into Parliament, this time for Cardiff Central, but was again defeated; he fought a byelection in York in 1937. Dugdale married Irene Haverson, granddaughter of George Lansbury, in December 1938.Dugdale resigned as Attlee's Secretary and enlisted in the Army during the Second World War and was an Officer. He had edited a book of Attlee's speeches called "The Road to War" which was published in 1940. However, when the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich Frederick Roberts resigned due to ill health, Dugdale was chosen to follow him, and he was elected unopposed at the by-election in April 1941.In December 1941, Dugdale was an organiser of a Labour rebellion in the House of Commons over National Service. His group put down an amendment insisting that National Service in industry should happen in conjunction with nationalisation of industries involved in the war effort. The Labour whips did not support the amendment. In 1942 he was part of an all-party group which pressed for wider Sunday opening of cinemas and theatres, decrying the campaigning of the Lord's Day Observance Society. He also took up his interest in China, becoming Secretary of the All-Party Group on China when it was formed in 1943.During the last months of the war, Dugdale was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Clement Attlee. When Attlee formed his government after the 1945 general election, Dugdale was made Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty. The job involved a great deal of travelling to visit Royal Navy bases which were scattered across the world. His health was not always good during his time in office. In 1949 he was named to the Privy Council.In a reshuffle in February 1950, Dugdale was moved to be Minister of State at the Colonial Office. He endorsed the fight against communist insurgents in the Federation of Malaya. In the summer of 1950 he went on a tour of East Africa, including the Tanganyika groundnut scheme.When the Labour Party went into opposition in 1951, Dugdale remained a spokesperson on Colonial affairs. He opposed the plan to unite Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. In 1956 he asked Parliamentary questions on the mysterious death of Lionel Crabb, who had disappeared while apparently on an intelligence mission to spy on a visiting Soviet warship. In 1958 Dugdale stood for the Shadow Cabinet, but finished bottom of the poll with only 36 votes. He kept up travelling, including a visit to Uganda in 1959, during which he opposed the government's policy of reserving seats in the Uganda Parliament for the Indian minority after independence, which he blamed for civil unrest in the colony.After the 1959 general election, Dugdale took issue with those who claimed that a pledge of nationalisation had cost votes for the Labour Party. In late 1959 he was one of the first to call for a cricket boycott on South Africa until the policy of apartheid was ended. When he won a place in the ballot for Private Members' Bills in November 1960, he introduced a Bill to make the conditions of farm animals more humane, although it was unsuccessful.Dugdale's deep belief in the Commonwealth led him to oppose the Macmillan government's application to join the European Economic Community. He demanded that Macmillan accept the resignation of the First Lord of the Admiralty over the Vassall spy case. While speaking on the Defence Estimates in the House of Commons on 11 March 1963, Dugdale was taken ill and rushed to hospital; he died during the night.He had some degree of deafness or hearing loss after childhood illness, and in 1959 he co-founded the Commonwealth Society for the Deaf, now Sound Seekers with Lady Edith Templer, wife of Gerald Templer.	[ "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Dugdale hold in 01/06/1951?	January 06, 1951	{ "text": [ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6230307_P39_2	John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1941 to Jun, 1945. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Mar, 1963. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.	John Dugdale (Labour politician)John Dugdale (16 March 1905 – 12 March 1963) was a British newspaper journalist and politician. Well-connected with the Labour Party establishment, he worked as Private Secretary to Clement Attlee and was appointed a Minister in his post-war government.Dugdale was from an upper-class family, the only son of Colonel Arthur Dugdale who was Commander of the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars during the First World War. He was also second cousin of Conservative MP Thomas Dugdale, who was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1951 to 1954. He was sent to Wellington College, from where he moved to Christ Church, Oxford. On leaving Oxford, Dugdale joined the Diplomatic Service and was stationed in Peking as an Attaché in the British embassy.This life did not suit him and Dugdale then went into journalism. He was a correspondent for "The Times" on the Yangtze River during troubles there in 1930. In the 1931 general election, Dugdale fought the constituency of Leicester South as a Labour Party candidate. In the new Parliament, he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary by Clement Attlee, who had become Deputy Leader of the Labour Party largely by default of being the only former Minister to survive the election.He was elected to London County Council in 1934 from Islington South. He enjoyed his time on the LCC and local government in general, becoming Vice-President of the Association of Municipal Corporations. At the 1935 general election he tried again to get into Parliament, this time for Cardiff Central, but was again defeated; he fought a byelection in York in 1937. Dugdale married Irene Haverson, granddaughter of George Lansbury, in December 1938.Dugdale resigned as Attlee's Secretary and enlisted in the Army during the Second World War and was an Officer. He had edited a book of Attlee's speeches called "The Road to War" which was published in 1940. However, when the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich Frederick Roberts resigned due to ill health, Dugdale was chosen to follow him, and he was elected unopposed at the by-election in April 1941.In December 1941, Dugdale was an organiser of a Labour rebellion in the House of Commons over National Service. His group put down an amendment insisting that National Service in industry should happen in conjunction with nationalisation of industries involved in the war effort. The Labour whips did not support the amendment. In 1942 he was part of an all-party group which pressed for wider Sunday opening of cinemas and theatres, decrying the campaigning of the Lord's Day Observance Society. He also took up his interest in China, becoming Secretary of the All-Party Group on China when it was formed in 1943.During the last months of the war, Dugdale was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Clement Attlee. When Attlee formed his government after the 1945 general election, Dugdale was made Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty. The job involved a great deal of travelling to visit Royal Navy bases which were scattered across the world. His health was not always good during his time in office. In 1949 he was named to the Privy Council.In a reshuffle in February 1950, Dugdale was moved to be Minister of State at the Colonial Office. He endorsed the fight against communist insurgents in the Federation of Malaya. In the summer of 1950 he went on a tour of East Africa, including the Tanganyika groundnut scheme.When the Labour Party went into opposition in 1951, Dugdale remained a spokesperson on Colonial affairs. He opposed the plan to unite Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. In 1956 he asked Parliamentary questions on the mysterious death of Lionel Crabb, who had disappeared while apparently on an intelligence mission to spy on a visiting Soviet warship. In 1958 Dugdale stood for the Shadow Cabinet, but finished bottom of the poll with only 36 votes. He kept up travelling, including a visit to Uganda in 1959, during which he opposed the government's policy of reserving seats in the Uganda Parliament for the Indian minority after independence, which he blamed for civil unrest in the colony.After the 1959 general election, Dugdale took issue with those who claimed that a pledge of nationalisation had cost votes for the Labour Party. In late 1959 he was one of the first to call for a cricket boycott on South Africa until the policy of apartheid was ended. When he won a place in the ballot for Private Members' Bills in November 1960, he introduced a Bill to make the conditions of farm animals more humane, although it was unsuccessful.Dugdale's deep belief in the Commonwealth led him to oppose the Macmillan government's application to join the European Economic Community. He demanded that Macmillan accept the resignation of the First Lord of the Admiralty over the Vassall spy case. While speaking on the Defence Estimates in the House of Commons on 11 March 1963, Dugdale was taken ill and rushed to hospital; he died during the night.He had some degree of deafness or hearing loss after childhood illness, and in 1959 he co-founded the Commonwealth Society for the Deaf, now Sound Seekers with Lady Edith Templer, wife of Gerald Templer.	[ "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Which position did John Dugdale hold in 06-Jan-195106-January-1951?	January 06, 1951	{ "text": [ "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom" ] }	L2_Q6230307_P39_2	John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1951 to May, 1955. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jul, 1945 to Feb, 1950. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1941 to Jun, 1945. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1955 to Sep, 1959. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1959 to Mar, 1963. John Dugdale holds the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1950 to Oct, 1951.	John Dugdale (Labour politician)John Dugdale (16 March 1905 – 12 March 1963) was a British newspaper journalist and politician. Well-connected with the Labour Party establishment, he worked as Private Secretary to Clement Attlee and was appointed a Minister in his post-war government.Dugdale was from an upper-class family, the only son of Colonel Arthur Dugdale who was Commander of the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars during the First World War. He was also second cousin of Conservative MP Thomas Dugdale, who was Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1951 to 1954. He was sent to Wellington College, from where he moved to Christ Church, Oxford. On leaving Oxford, Dugdale joined the Diplomatic Service and was stationed in Peking as an Attaché in the British embassy.This life did not suit him and Dugdale then went into journalism. He was a correspondent for "The Times" on the Yangtze River during troubles there in 1930. In the 1931 general election, Dugdale fought the constituency of Leicester South as a Labour Party candidate. In the new Parliament, he was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary by Clement Attlee, who had become Deputy Leader of the Labour Party largely by default of being the only former Minister to survive the election.He was elected to London County Council in 1934 from Islington South. He enjoyed his time on the LCC and local government in general, becoming Vice-President of the Association of Municipal Corporations. At the 1935 general election he tried again to get into Parliament, this time for Cardiff Central, but was again defeated; he fought a byelection in York in 1937. Dugdale married Irene Haverson, granddaughter of George Lansbury, in December 1938.Dugdale resigned as Attlee's Secretary and enlisted in the Army during the Second World War and was an Officer. He had edited a book of Attlee's speeches called "The Road to War" which was published in 1940. However, when the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich Frederick Roberts resigned due to ill health, Dugdale was chosen to follow him, and he was elected unopposed at the by-election in April 1941.In December 1941, Dugdale was an organiser of a Labour rebellion in the House of Commons over National Service. His group put down an amendment insisting that National Service in industry should happen in conjunction with nationalisation of industries involved in the war effort. The Labour whips did not support the amendment. In 1942 he was part of an all-party group which pressed for wider Sunday opening of cinemas and theatres, decrying the campaigning of the Lord's Day Observance Society. He also took up his interest in China, becoming Secretary of the All-Party Group on China when it was formed in 1943.During the last months of the war, Dugdale was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Clement Attlee. When Attlee formed his government after the 1945 general election, Dugdale was made Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty. The job involved a great deal of travelling to visit Royal Navy bases which were scattered across the world. His health was not always good during his time in office. In 1949 he was named to the Privy Council.In a reshuffle in February 1950, Dugdale was moved to be Minister of State at the Colonial Office. He endorsed the fight against communist insurgents in the Federation of Malaya. In the summer of 1950 he went on a tour of East Africa, including the Tanganyika groundnut scheme.When the Labour Party went into opposition in 1951, Dugdale remained a spokesperson on Colonial affairs. He opposed the plan to unite Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. In 1956 he asked Parliamentary questions on the mysterious death of Lionel Crabb, who had disappeared while apparently on an intelligence mission to spy on a visiting Soviet warship. In 1958 Dugdale stood for the Shadow Cabinet, but finished bottom of the poll with only 36 votes. He kept up travelling, including a visit to Uganda in 1959, during which he opposed the government's policy of reserving seats in the Uganda Parliament for the Indian minority after independence, which he blamed for civil unrest in the colony.After the 1959 general election, Dugdale took issue with those who claimed that a pledge of nationalisation had cost votes for the Labour Party. In late 1959 he was one of the first to call for a cricket boycott on South Africa until the policy of apartheid was ended. When he won a place in the ballot for Private Members' Bills in November 1960, he introduced a Bill to make the conditions of farm animals more humane, although it was unsuccessful.Dugdale's deep belief in the Commonwealth led him to oppose the Macmillan government's application to join the European Economic Community. He demanded that Macmillan accept the resignation of the First Lord of the Admiralty over the Vassall spy case. While speaking on the Defence Estimates in the House of Commons on 11 March 1963, Dugdale was taken ill and rushed to hospital; he died during the night.He had some degree of deafness or hearing loss after childhood illness, and in 1959 he co-founded the Commonwealth Society for the Deaf, now Sound Seekers with Lady Edith Templer, wife of Gerald Templer.	[ "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 37th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom" ]
Who was the chair of Société Centrale Canine in Feb, 1912?	February 20, 1912	{ "text": [ "Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux" ] }	L2_Q1550348_P488_1	Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1912. Justinien de Clary is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933. Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1919. Camille Michel is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 2000.	Société Centrale CanineThe Société centrale canine (translates to Central Canine Society) or in full Société Centrale Canine pour l'Amélioration des Races de Chiens en France and abbreviated SCC was founded in 1881 and is made up of regional clubs and breed clubs, and coordinates and regulates activities and connections between governmental groups and dog clubs, as well as activities through the Fédération cynologique internationale, where it was one of the original five founding member organizations in 1911.The SCC was founded in 1881, to sponsor dog shows in France as The Kennel Club was doing in England.In 1885, the Book of French Origin ("Livre des origines français", L.O.F.) for the preservation of native dog breeds was begun through the SCC. In 1957, the French Ministry of Agriculture recognised the L.O.F. with other animal records, and it became the official French listing for purebred dogs. Today, all purebred dogs are listed in this register, subject to checking and restrictions. The parent dogs must be certified for breeding, and the puppy certified by inspection of an SCC judge between 10 and 15 months of age. French legal code allows only L.O.F. certified and registered dogs to be sold as purebred. Stud books for specific breeds within the L.O.F. may be either open or closed, and there is a mechanism for recognising dogs with unregistered parents, by visual inspection. After three generations (number of generations set by law) the descendants are registered without additional separate inspections.The SCC has a President with four vice-presidents, a secretary-general and adjunct, and a treasurer and adjunct. There is a 26 member committee, made up of representatives from regional kennel clubs, breed clubs, and dog activity clubs. Reporting to the committee is a general assembly from all of the regional and specialty clubs, with one member for every 50 to 300 members of the club being represented.In addition, there are commissions for education, scientific research, judges' training and the L.O.F., shows, and many other topics of interest to dog fanciers.Société centrale canine dog show titles and terms used in French dog shows:	[ "Justinien de Clary", "Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram", "Camille Michel" ]
Who was the chair of Société Centrale Canine in 1912-02-20?	February 20, 1912	{ "text": [ "Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux" ] }	L2_Q1550348_P488_1	Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1912. Justinien de Clary is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933. Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1919. Camille Michel is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 2000.	Société Centrale CanineThe Société centrale canine (translates to Central Canine Society) or in full Société Centrale Canine pour l'Amélioration des Races de Chiens en France and abbreviated SCC was founded in 1881 and is made up of regional clubs and breed clubs, and coordinates and regulates activities and connections between governmental groups and dog clubs, as well as activities through the Fédération cynologique internationale, where it was one of the original five founding member organizations in 1911.The SCC was founded in 1881, to sponsor dog shows in France as The Kennel Club was doing in England.In 1885, the Book of French Origin ("Livre des origines français", L.O.F.) for the preservation of native dog breeds was begun through the SCC. In 1957, the French Ministry of Agriculture recognised the L.O.F. with other animal records, and it became the official French listing for purebred dogs. Today, all purebred dogs are listed in this register, subject to checking and restrictions. The parent dogs must be certified for breeding, and the puppy certified by inspection of an SCC judge between 10 and 15 months of age. French legal code allows only L.O.F. certified and registered dogs to be sold as purebred. Stud books for specific breeds within the L.O.F. may be either open or closed, and there is a mechanism for recognising dogs with unregistered parents, by visual inspection. After three generations (number of generations set by law) the descendants are registered without additional separate inspections.The SCC has a President with four vice-presidents, a secretary-general and adjunct, and a treasurer and adjunct. There is a 26 member committee, made up of representatives from regional kennel clubs, breed clubs, and dog activity clubs. Reporting to the committee is a general assembly from all of the regional and specialty clubs, with one member for every 50 to 300 members of the club being represented.In addition, there are commissions for education, scientific research, judges' training and the L.O.F., shows, and many other topics of interest to dog fanciers.Société centrale canine dog show titles and terms used in French dog shows:	[ "Justinien de Clary", "Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram", "Camille Michel" ]
Who was the chair of Société Centrale Canine in 20/02/1912?	February 20, 1912	{ "text": [ "Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux" ] }	L2_Q1550348_P488_1	Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1912. Justinien de Clary is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933. Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1919. Camille Michel is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 2000.	Société Centrale CanineThe Société centrale canine (translates to Central Canine Society) or in full Société Centrale Canine pour l'Amélioration des Races de Chiens en France and abbreviated SCC was founded in 1881 and is made up of regional clubs and breed clubs, and coordinates and regulates activities and connections between governmental groups and dog clubs, as well as activities through the Fédération cynologique internationale, where it was one of the original five founding member organizations in 1911.The SCC was founded in 1881, to sponsor dog shows in France as The Kennel Club was doing in England.In 1885, the Book of French Origin ("Livre des origines français", L.O.F.) for the preservation of native dog breeds was begun through the SCC. In 1957, the French Ministry of Agriculture recognised the L.O.F. with other animal records, and it became the official French listing for purebred dogs. Today, all purebred dogs are listed in this register, subject to checking and restrictions. The parent dogs must be certified for breeding, and the puppy certified by inspection of an SCC judge between 10 and 15 months of age. French legal code allows only L.O.F. certified and registered dogs to be sold as purebred. Stud books for specific breeds within the L.O.F. may be either open or closed, and there is a mechanism for recognising dogs with unregistered parents, by visual inspection. After three generations (number of generations set by law) the descendants are registered without additional separate inspections.The SCC has a President with four vice-presidents, a secretary-general and adjunct, and a treasurer and adjunct. There is a 26 member committee, made up of representatives from regional kennel clubs, breed clubs, and dog activity clubs. Reporting to the committee is a general assembly from all of the regional and specialty clubs, with one member for every 50 to 300 members of the club being represented.In addition, there are commissions for education, scientific research, judges' training and the L.O.F., shows, and many other topics of interest to dog fanciers.Société centrale canine dog show titles and terms used in French dog shows:	[ "Justinien de Clary", "Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram", "Camille Michel" ]
Who was the chair of Société Centrale Canine in Feb 20, 1912?	February 20, 1912	{ "text": [ "Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux" ] }	L2_Q1550348_P488_1	Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1912. Justinien de Clary is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933. Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1919. Camille Michel is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 2000.	Société Centrale CanineThe Société centrale canine (translates to Central Canine Society) or in full Société Centrale Canine pour l'Amélioration des Races de Chiens en France and abbreviated SCC was founded in 1881 and is made up of regional clubs and breed clubs, and coordinates and regulates activities and connections between governmental groups and dog clubs, as well as activities through the Fédération cynologique internationale, where it was one of the original five founding member organizations in 1911.The SCC was founded in 1881, to sponsor dog shows in France as The Kennel Club was doing in England.In 1885, the Book of French Origin ("Livre des origines français", L.O.F.) for the preservation of native dog breeds was begun through the SCC. In 1957, the French Ministry of Agriculture recognised the L.O.F. with other animal records, and it became the official French listing for purebred dogs. Today, all purebred dogs are listed in this register, subject to checking and restrictions. The parent dogs must be certified for breeding, and the puppy certified by inspection of an SCC judge between 10 and 15 months of age. French legal code allows only L.O.F. certified and registered dogs to be sold as purebred. Stud books for specific breeds within the L.O.F. may be either open or closed, and there is a mechanism for recognising dogs with unregistered parents, by visual inspection. After three generations (number of generations set by law) the descendants are registered without additional separate inspections.The SCC has a President with four vice-presidents, a secretary-general and adjunct, and a treasurer and adjunct. There is a 26 member committee, made up of representatives from regional kennel clubs, breed clubs, and dog activity clubs. Reporting to the committee is a general assembly from all of the regional and specialty clubs, with one member for every 50 to 300 members of the club being represented.In addition, there are commissions for education, scientific research, judges' training and the L.O.F., shows, and many other topics of interest to dog fanciers.Société centrale canine dog show titles and terms used in French dog shows:	[ "Justinien de Clary", "Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram", "Camille Michel" ]
Who was the chair of Société Centrale Canine in 02/20/1912?	February 20, 1912	{ "text": [ "Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux" ] }	L2_Q1550348_P488_1	Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1912. Justinien de Clary is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933. Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1919. Camille Michel is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 2000.	Société Centrale CanineThe Société centrale canine (translates to Central Canine Society) or in full Société Centrale Canine pour l'Amélioration des Races de Chiens en France and abbreviated SCC was founded in 1881 and is made up of regional clubs and breed clubs, and coordinates and regulates activities and connections between governmental groups and dog clubs, as well as activities through the Fédération cynologique internationale, where it was one of the original five founding member organizations in 1911.The SCC was founded in 1881, to sponsor dog shows in France as The Kennel Club was doing in England.In 1885, the Book of French Origin ("Livre des origines français", L.O.F.) for the preservation of native dog breeds was begun through the SCC. In 1957, the French Ministry of Agriculture recognised the L.O.F. with other animal records, and it became the official French listing for purebred dogs. Today, all purebred dogs are listed in this register, subject to checking and restrictions. The parent dogs must be certified for breeding, and the puppy certified by inspection of an SCC judge between 10 and 15 months of age. French legal code allows only L.O.F. certified and registered dogs to be sold as purebred. Stud books for specific breeds within the L.O.F. may be either open or closed, and there is a mechanism for recognising dogs with unregistered parents, by visual inspection. After three generations (number of generations set by law) the descendants are registered without additional separate inspections.The SCC has a President with four vice-presidents, a secretary-general and adjunct, and a treasurer and adjunct. There is a 26 member committee, made up of representatives from regional kennel clubs, breed clubs, and dog activity clubs. Reporting to the committee is a general assembly from all of the regional and specialty clubs, with one member for every 50 to 300 members of the club being represented.In addition, there are commissions for education, scientific research, judges' training and the L.O.F., shows, and many other topics of interest to dog fanciers.Société centrale canine dog show titles and terms used in French dog shows:	[ "Justinien de Clary", "Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram", "Camille Michel" ]
Who was the chair of Société Centrale Canine in 20-Feb-191220-February-1912?	February 20, 1912	{ "text": [ "Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux" ] }	L2_Q1550348_P488_1	Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1890 to Jan, 1912. Justinien de Clary is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1931 to Jan, 1933. Pierre-Adalbert de Frotier de Bagneux is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1912 to Jan, 1919. Camille Michel is the chair of Société Centrale Canine from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 2000.	Société Centrale CanineThe Société centrale canine (translates to Central Canine Society) or in full Société Centrale Canine pour l'Amélioration des Races de Chiens en France and abbreviated SCC was founded in 1881 and is made up of regional clubs and breed clubs, and coordinates and regulates activities and connections between governmental groups and dog clubs, as well as activities through the Fédération cynologique internationale, where it was one of the original five founding member organizations in 1911.The SCC was founded in 1881, to sponsor dog shows in France as The Kennel Club was doing in England.In 1885, the Book of French Origin ("Livre des origines français", L.O.F.) for the preservation of native dog breeds was begun through the SCC. In 1957, the French Ministry of Agriculture recognised the L.O.F. with other animal records, and it became the official French listing for purebred dogs. Today, all purebred dogs are listed in this register, subject to checking and restrictions. The parent dogs must be certified for breeding, and the puppy certified by inspection of an SCC judge between 10 and 15 months of age. French legal code allows only L.O.F. certified and registered dogs to be sold as purebred. Stud books for specific breeds within the L.O.F. may be either open or closed, and there is a mechanism for recognising dogs with unregistered parents, by visual inspection. After three generations (number of generations set by law) the descendants are registered without additional separate inspections.The SCC has a President with four vice-presidents, a secretary-general and adjunct, and a treasurer and adjunct. There is a 26 member committee, made up of representatives from regional kennel clubs, breed clubs, and dog activity clubs. Reporting to the committee is a general assembly from all of the regional and specialty clubs, with one member for every 50 to 300 members of the club being represented.In addition, there are commissions for education, scientific research, judges' training and the L.O.F., shows, and many other topics of interest to dog fanciers.Société centrale canine dog show titles and terms used in French dog shows:	[ "Justinien de Clary", "Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram", "Camille Michel" ]
Which employer did Bennett Reimer work for in May, 1966?	May 17, 1966	{ "text": [ "Case Western Reserve University" ] }	L2_Q4889730_P108_2	Bennett Reimer works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1965. Bennett Reimer works for College of William & Mary from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957. Bennett Reimer works for Case Western Reserve University from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1978. Bennett Reimer works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1997.	Bennett ReimerBennett Reimer (June 19, 1932 – November 18, 2013) was an American music educator. He held the John W. Beattie Endowed Chair in Music at Northwestern University from 1978 until retirement in 1997, where he was Chair of the Music Education Department, Director of the Ph.D. program in Music Education, and founder and Director of the Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience, a research group of Ph.D. students and faculty. A native of New York City where he was born in 1932, he was on the faculties of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (1965–1978) where he held the Kulas Endowed Chair in Music and was Chair of the Music Education Department; the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1960–1965); Madison College, Harrisonburg, Virginia (1958–1960); and the Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, (1955–1957). He held the bachelor's degree in Music Education from the State University of New York at Fredonia, and master's and doctorate degrees in Music Education from the University of Illinois, where he worked with Charles Leonhard and Harry Broudy. He began his career in music as a clarinetist and then oboist. Reimer then became a specialist in the philosophy of music education, curriculum development, theory of research, and comprehensive arts education programs.Reimer’s book "A Philosophy of Music Education", first published in 1970, a second edition in 1989, and a third edition, "A Philosophy of Music Education: Advancing the Vision", in 2003, (Prentice Hall) has been translated into French, Japanese, and Chinese, with a Greek edition in preparation. He was the author and editor of some two dozen other books and has written over 145 articles and chapters on a variety of topics in music and arts education. Reimer’s textbooks on music for grades one through eight, Silver Burdett Music, were the most widely used throughout the United States and the world for two decades.As a participant in the professional life of his field, Reimer served on the editorial boards of all the major journals; was National Chairman of the National Association for Music Education (MENC) Committee on Aesthetic Education; was MENC liaison for Arts Education Initiatives: represented MENC as a member of the Alliance for Curriculum Reform and the Aesthetic Education Curriculum Program sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a member of the six-person task force that wrote the National Standards for Music Education; and was one of six Commission Authors of position papers for the MENC Vision 2020 Project (the Housewright Symposium/Vision 2020). He was Director of a three-year research project on the general music curriculum sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a research exchange scholar studying music education practices from Kindergarten through Conservatory in China for a three-month period in 1986, sponsored by the Chinese government and Harvard Project Zero; was for six years Co-Director and Principal Consultant for the teacher education project “Education for Aesthetic Awareness: The Cleveland Area Project for the Arts in the Schools”; and for five years was a member of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards Committee for Exemplary School Arts Programs.Reimer presented many keynote addresses and lectures each year throughout the United States and the world, including appearances in England, Japan, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, South Africa, China, and Australia. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from DePaul University, Chicago, in 1997. Also in 1997 he was designated the third “Legend of Teaching” in the history of the Northwestern University School of Music. A special double issue of "The Journal of Aesthetic Education", "Musings: Essays in Honor of Bennett Reimer," was published in Winter 2000. In 2002, Reimer was inducted into the Music Educators Hall of Fame. In 2008 he was the recipient of the MENC Senior Researcher Award.Reimer died in Wilmette, Illinois on November 18, 2013, aged 81.State University of New York, College at Fredonia. B.S. 1954.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. M.S. 1955.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ed.D. 1963.1955–1957 Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, Richmond, VA. Instructor. Band Director; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation.1958–1960 Madison College, Harrisonburg, VA. Assistant Professor. Wind Ensembles; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation. Director of Music, Campus Laboratory School.1960–1965 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Instructor, Assistant Professor. Foundations of Music Education. Music and College Placement Consultant, University of Illinois Educational Placement Office.1965–1978 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Kulas Professor of Music, 1971–78; Director of Music Education.1978–1997 Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. John W. Beattie Professor of Music; Chairman of Music Education; Founder and Director, Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience.Reimer's viewpoint was that only "good music" (music evoking a feeling) should be taught. Teachers will have a firm pedagogical base and sensitivity, all will learn music because it helps us develop self-knowledge.	[ "University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign", "College of William & Mary", "Northwestern University" ]
Which employer did Bennett Reimer work for in 1966-05-17?	May 17, 1966	{ "text": [ "Case Western Reserve University" ] }	L2_Q4889730_P108_2	Bennett Reimer works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1965. Bennett Reimer works for College of William & Mary from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957. Bennett Reimer works for Case Western Reserve University from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1978. Bennett Reimer works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1997.	Bennett ReimerBennett Reimer (June 19, 1932 – November 18, 2013) was an American music educator. He held the John W. Beattie Endowed Chair in Music at Northwestern University from 1978 until retirement in 1997, where he was Chair of the Music Education Department, Director of the Ph.D. program in Music Education, and founder and Director of the Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience, a research group of Ph.D. students and faculty. A native of New York City where he was born in 1932, he was on the faculties of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (1965–1978) where he held the Kulas Endowed Chair in Music and was Chair of the Music Education Department; the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1960–1965); Madison College, Harrisonburg, Virginia (1958–1960); and the Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, (1955–1957). He held the bachelor's degree in Music Education from the State University of New York at Fredonia, and master's and doctorate degrees in Music Education from the University of Illinois, where he worked with Charles Leonhard and Harry Broudy. He began his career in music as a clarinetist and then oboist. Reimer then became a specialist in the philosophy of music education, curriculum development, theory of research, and comprehensive arts education programs.Reimer’s book "A Philosophy of Music Education", first published in 1970, a second edition in 1989, and a third edition, "A Philosophy of Music Education: Advancing the Vision", in 2003, (Prentice Hall) has been translated into French, Japanese, and Chinese, with a Greek edition in preparation. He was the author and editor of some two dozen other books and has written over 145 articles and chapters on a variety of topics in music and arts education. Reimer’s textbooks on music for grades one through eight, Silver Burdett Music, were the most widely used throughout the United States and the world for two decades.As a participant in the professional life of his field, Reimer served on the editorial boards of all the major journals; was National Chairman of the National Association for Music Education (MENC) Committee on Aesthetic Education; was MENC liaison for Arts Education Initiatives: represented MENC as a member of the Alliance for Curriculum Reform and the Aesthetic Education Curriculum Program sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a member of the six-person task force that wrote the National Standards for Music Education; and was one of six Commission Authors of position papers for the MENC Vision 2020 Project (the Housewright Symposium/Vision 2020). He was Director of a three-year research project on the general music curriculum sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a research exchange scholar studying music education practices from Kindergarten through Conservatory in China for a three-month period in 1986, sponsored by the Chinese government and Harvard Project Zero; was for six years Co-Director and Principal Consultant for the teacher education project “Education for Aesthetic Awareness: The Cleveland Area Project for the Arts in the Schools”; and for five years was a member of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards Committee for Exemplary School Arts Programs.Reimer presented many keynote addresses and lectures each year throughout the United States and the world, including appearances in England, Japan, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, South Africa, China, and Australia. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from DePaul University, Chicago, in 1997. Also in 1997 he was designated the third “Legend of Teaching” in the history of the Northwestern University School of Music. A special double issue of "The Journal of Aesthetic Education", "Musings: Essays in Honor of Bennett Reimer," was published in Winter 2000. In 2002, Reimer was inducted into the Music Educators Hall of Fame. In 2008 he was the recipient of the MENC Senior Researcher Award.Reimer died in Wilmette, Illinois on November 18, 2013, aged 81.State University of New York, College at Fredonia. B.S. 1954.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. M.S. 1955.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ed.D. 1963.1955–1957 Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, Richmond, VA. Instructor. Band Director; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation.1958–1960 Madison College, Harrisonburg, VA. Assistant Professor. Wind Ensembles; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation. Director of Music, Campus Laboratory School.1960–1965 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Instructor, Assistant Professor. Foundations of Music Education. Music and College Placement Consultant, University of Illinois Educational Placement Office.1965–1978 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Kulas Professor of Music, 1971–78; Director of Music Education.1978–1997 Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. John W. Beattie Professor of Music; Chairman of Music Education; Founder and Director, Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience.Reimer's viewpoint was that only "good music" (music evoking a feeling) should be taught. Teachers will have a firm pedagogical base and sensitivity, all will learn music because it helps us develop self-knowledge.	[ "University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign", "College of William & Mary", "Northwestern University" ]
Which employer did Bennett Reimer work for in 17/05/1966?	May 17, 1966	{ "text": [ "Case Western Reserve University" ] }	L2_Q4889730_P108_2	Bennett Reimer works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1965. Bennett Reimer works for College of William & Mary from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957. Bennett Reimer works for Case Western Reserve University from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1978. Bennett Reimer works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1997.	Bennett ReimerBennett Reimer (June 19, 1932 – November 18, 2013) was an American music educator. He held the John W. Beattie Endowed Chair in Music at Northwestern University from 1978 until retirement in 1997, where he was Chair of the Music Education Department, Director of the Ph.D. program in Music Education, and founder and Director of the Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience, a research group of Ph.D. students and faculty. A native of New York City where he was born in 1932, he was on the faculties of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (1965–1978) where he held the Kulas Endowed Chair in Music and was Chair of the Music Education Department; the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1960–1965); Madison College, Harrisonburg, Virginia (1958–1960); and the Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, (1955–1957). He held the bachelor's degree in Music Education from the State University of New York at Fredonia, and master's and doctorate degrees in Music Education from the University of Illinois, where he worked with Charles Leonhard and Harry Broudy. He began his career in music as a clarinetist and then oboist. Reimer then became a specialist in the philosophy of music education, curriculum development, theory of research, and comprehensive arts education programs.Reimer’s book "A Philosophy of Music Education", first published in 1970, a second edition in 1989, and a third edition, "A Philosophy of Music Education: Advancing the Vision", in 2003, (Prentice Hall) has been translated into French, Japanese, and Chinese, with a Greek edition in preparation. He was the author and editor of some two dozen other books and has written over 145 articles and chapters on a variety of topics in music and arts education. Reimer’s textbooks on music for grades one through eight, Silver Burdett Music, were the most widely used throughout the United States and the world for two decades.As a participant in the professional life of his field, Reimer served on the editorial boards of all the major journals; was National Chairman of the National Association for Music Education (MENC) Committee on Aesthetic Education; was MENC liaison for Arts Education Initiatives: represented MENC as a member of the Alliance for Curriculum Reform and the Aesthetic Education Curriculum Program sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a member of the six-person task force that wrote the National Standards for Music Education; and was one of six Commission Authors of position papers for the MENC Vision 2020 Project (the Housewright Symposium/Vision 2020). He was Director of a three-year research project on the general music curriculum sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a research exchange scholar studying music education practices from Kindergarten through Conservatory in China for a three-month period in 1986, sponsored by the Chinese government and Harvard Project Zero; was for six years Co-Director and Principal Consultant for the teacher education project “Education for Aesthetic Awareness: The Cleveland Area Project for the Arts in the Schools”; and for five years was a member of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards Committee for Exemplary School Arts Programs.Reimer presented many keynote addresses and lectures each year throughout the United States and the world, including appearances in England, Japan, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, South Africa, China, and Australia. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from DePaul University, Chicago, in 1997. Also in 1997 he was designated the third “Legend of Teaching” in the history of the Northwestern University School of Music. A special double issue of "The Journal of Aesthetic Education", "Musings: Essays in Honor of Bennett Reimer," was published in Winter 2000. In 2002, Reimer was inducted into the Music Educators Hall of Fame. In 2008 he was the recipient of the MENC Senior Researcher Award.Reimer died in Wilmette, Illinois on November 18, 2013, aged 81.State University of New York, College at Fredonia. B.S. 1954.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. M.S. 1955.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ed.D. 1963.1955–1957 Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, Richmond, VA. Instructor. Band Director; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation.1958–1960 Madison College, Harrisonburg, VA. Assistant Professor. Wind Ensembles; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation. Director of Music, Campus Laboratory School.1960–1965 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Instructor, Assistant Professor. Foundations of Music Education. Music and College Placement Consultant, University of Illinois Educational Placement Office.1965–1978 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Kulas Professor of Music, 1971–78; Director of Music Education.1978–1997 Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. John W. Beattie Professor of Music; Chairman of Music Education; Founder and Director, Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience.Reimer's viewpoint was that only "good music" (music evoking a feeling) should be taught. Teachers will have a firm pedagogical base and sensitivity, all will learn music because it helps us develop self-knowledge.	[ "University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign", "College of William & Mary", "Northwestern University" ]
Which employer did Bennett Reimer work for in May 17, 1966?	May 17, 1966	{ "text": [ "Case Western Reserve University" ] }	L2_Q4889730_P108_2	Bennett Reimer works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1965. Bennett Reimer works for College of William & Mary from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957. Bennett Reimer works for Case Western Reserve University from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1978. Bennett Reimer works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1997.	Bennett ReimerBennett Reimer (June 19, 1932 – November 18, 2013) was an American music educator. He held the John W. Beattie Endowed Chair in Music at Northwestern University from 1978 until retirement in 1997, where he was Chair of the Music Education Department, Director of the Ph.D. program in Music Education, and founder and Director of the Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience, a research group of Ph.D. students and faculty. A native of New York City where he was born in 1932, he was on the faculties of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (1965–1978) where he held the Kulas Endowed Chair in Music and was Chair of the Music Education Department; the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1960–1965); Madison College, Harrisonburg, Virginia (1958–1960); and the Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, (1955–1957). He held the bachelor's degree in Music Education from the State University of New York at Fredonia, and master's and doctorate degrees in Music Education from the University of Illinois, where he worked with Charles Leonhard and Harry Broudy. He began his career in music as a clarinetist and then oboist. Reimer then became a specialist in the philosophy of music education, curriculum development, theory of research, and comprehensive arts education programs.Reimer’s book "A Philosophy of Music Education", first published in 1970, a second edition in 1989, and a third edition, "A Philosophy of Music Education: Advancing the Vision", in 2003, (Prentice Hall) has been translated into French, Japanese, and Chinese, with a Greek edition in preparation. He was the author and editor of some two dozen other books and has written over 145 articles and chapters on a variety of topics in music and arts education. Reimer’s textbooks on music for grades one through eight, Silver Burdett Music, were the most widely used throughout the United States and the world for two decades.As a participant in the professional life of his field, Reimer served on the editorial boards of all the major journals; was National Chairman of the National Association for Music Education (MENC) Committee on Aesthetic Education; was MENC liaison for Arts Education Initiatives: represented MENC as a member of the Alliance for Curriculum Reform and the Aesthetic Education Curriculum Program sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a member of the six-person task force that wrote the National Standards for Music Education; and was one of six Commission Authors of position papers for the MENC Vision 2020 Project (the Housewright Symposium/Vision 2020). He was Director of a three-year research project on the general music curriculum sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a research exchange scholar studying music education practices from Kindergarten through Conservatory in China for a three-month period in 1986, sponsored by the Chinese government and Harvard Project Zero; was for six years Co-Director and Principal Consultant for the teacher education project “Education for Aesthetic Awareness: The Cleveland Area Project for the Arts in the Schools”; and for five years was a member of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards Committee for Exemplary School Arts Programs.Reimer presented many keynote addresses and lectures each year throughout the United States and the world, including appearances in England, Japan, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, South Africa, China, and Australia. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from DePaul University, Chicago, in 1997. Also in 1997 he was designated the third “Legend of Teaching” in the history of the Northwestern University School of Music. A special double issue of "The Journal of Aesthetic Education", "Musings: Essays in Honor of Bennett Reimer," was published in Winter 2000. In 2002, Reimer was inducted into the Music Educators Hall of Fame. In 2008 he was the recipient of the MENC Senior Researcher Award.Reimer died in Wilmette, Illinois on November 18, 2013, aged 81.State University of New York, College at Fredonia. B.S. 1954.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. M.S. 1955.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ed.D. 1963.1955–1957 Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, Richmond, VA. Instructor. Band Director; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation.1958–1960 Madison College, Harrisonburg, VA. Assistant Professor. Wind Ensembles; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation. Director of Music, Campus Laboratory School.1960–1965 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Instructor, Assistant Professor. Foundations of Music Education. Music and College Placement Consultant, University of Illinois Educational Placement Office.1965–1978 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Kulas Professor of Music, 1971–78; Director of Music Education.1978–1997 Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. John W. Beattie Professor of Music; Chairman of Music Education; Founder and Director, Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience.Reimer's viewpoint was that only "good music" (music evoking a feeling) should be taught. Teachers will have a firm pedagogical base and sensitivity, all will learn music because it helps us develop self-knowledge.	[ "University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign", "College of William & Mary", "Northwestern University" ]
Which employer did Bennett Reimer work for in 05/17/1966?	May 17, 1966	{ "text": [ "Case Western Reserve University" ] }	L2_Q4889730_P108_2	Bennett Reimer works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1965. Bennett Reimer works for College of William & Mary from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957. Bennett Reimer works for Case Western Reserve University from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1978. Bennett Reimer works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1997.	Bennett ReimerBennett Reimer (June 19, 1932 – November 18, 2013) was an American music educator. He held the John W. Beattie Endowed Chair in Music at Northwestern University from 1978 until retirement in 1997, where he was Chair of the Music Education Department, Director of the Ph.D. program in Music Education, and founder and Director of the Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience, a research group of Ph.D. students and faculty. A native of New York City where he was born in 1932, he was on the faculties of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (1965–1978) where he held the Kulas Endowed Chair in Music and was Chair of the Music Education Department; the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1960–1965); Madison College, Harrisonburg, Virginia (1958–1960); and the Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, (1955–1957). He held the bachelor's degree in Music Education from the State University of New York at Fredonia, and master's and doctorate degrees in Music Education from the University of Illinois, where he worked with Charles Leonhard and Harry Broudy. He began his career in music as a clarinetist and then oboist. Reimer then became a specialist in the philosophy of music education, curriculum development, theory of research, and comprehensive arts education programs.Reimer’s book "A Philosophy of Music Education", first published in 1970, a second edition in 1989, and a third edition, "A Philosophy of Music Education: Advancing the Vision", in 2003, (Prentice Hall) has been translated into French, Japanese, and Chinese, with a Greek edition in preparation. He was the author and editor of some two dozen other books and has written over 145 articles and chapters on a variety of topics in music and arts education. Reimer’s textbooks on music for grades one through eight, Silver Burdett Music, were the most widely used throughout the United States and the world for two decades.As a participant in the professional life of his field, Reimer served on the editorial boards of all the major journals; was National Chairman of the National Association for Music Education (MENC) Committee on Aesthetic Education; was MENC liaison for Arts Education Initiatives: represented MENC as a member of the Alliance for Curriculum Reform and the Aesthetic Education Curriculum Program sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a member of the six-person task force that wrote the National Standards for Music Education; and was one of six Commission Authors of position papers for the MENC Vision 2020 Project (the Housewright Symposium/Vision 2020). He was Director of a three-year research project on the general music curriculum sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a research exchange scholar studying music education practices from Kindergarten through Conservatory in China for a three-month period in 1986, sponsored by the Chinese government and Harvard Project Zero; was for six years Co-Director and Principal Consultant for the teacher education project “Education for Aesthetic Awareness: The Cleveland Area Project for the Arts in the Schools”; and for five years was a member of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards Committee for Exemplary School Arts Programs.Reimer presented many keynote addresses and lectures each year throughout the United States and the world, including appearances in England, Japan, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, South Africa, China, and Australia. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from DePaul University, Chicago, in 1997. Also in 1997 he was designated the third “Legend of Teaching” in the history of the Northwestern University School of Music. A special double issue of "The Journal of Aesthetic Education", "Musings: Essays in Honor of Bennett Reimer," was published in Winter 2000. In 2002, Reimer was inducted into the Music Educators Hall of Fame. In 2008 he was the recipient of the MENC Senior Researcher Award.Reimer died in Wilmette, Illinois on November 18, 2013, aged 81.State University of New York, College at Fredonia. B.S. 1954.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. M.S. 1955.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ed.D. 1963.1955–1957 Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, Richmond, VA. Instructor. Band Director; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation.1958–1960 Madison College, Harrisonburg, VA. Assistant Professor. Wind Ensembles; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation. Director of Music, Campus Laboratory School.1960–1965 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Instructor, Assistant Professor. Foundations of Music Education. Music and College Placement Consultant, University of Illinois Educational Placement Office.1965–1978 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Kulas Professor of Music, 1971–78; Director of Music Education.1978–1997 Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. John W. Beattie Professor of Music; Chairman of Music Education; Founder and Director, Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience.Reimer's viewpoint was that only "good music" (music evoking a feeling) should be taught. Teachers will have a firm pedagogical base and sensitivity, all will learn music because it helps us develop self-knowledge.	[ "University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign", "College of William & Mary", "Northwestern University" ]
Which employer did Bennett Reimer work for in 17-May-196617-May-1966?	May 17, 1966	{ "text": [ "Case Western Reserve University" ] }	L2_Q4889730_P108_2	Bennett Reimer works for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1965. Bennett Reimer works for College of William & Mary from Jan, 1955 to Jan, 1957. Bennett Reimer works for Case Western Reserve University from Jan, 1965 to Jan, 1978. Bennett Reimer works for Northwestern University from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1997.	Bennett ReimerBennett Reimer (June 19, 1932 – November 18, 2013) was an American music educator. He held the John W. Beattie Endowed Chair in Music at Northwestern University from 1978 until retirement in 1997, where he was Chair of the Music Education Department, Director of the Ph.D. program in Music Education, and founder and Director of the Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience, a research group of Ph.D. students and faculty. A native of New York City where he was born in 1932, he was on the faculties of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (1965–1978) where he held the Kulas Endowed Chair in Music and was Chair of the Music Education Department; the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1960–1965); Madison College, Harrisonburg, Virginia (1958–1960); and the Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, (1955–1957). He held the bachelor's degree in Music Education from the State University of New York at Fredonia, and master's and doctorate degrees in Music Education from the University of Illinois, where he worked with Charles Leonhard and Harry Broudy. He began his career in music as a clarinetist and then oboist. Reimer then became a specialist in the philosophy of music education, curriculum development, theory of research, and comprehensive arts education programs.Reimer’s book "A Philosophy of Music Education", first published in 1970, a second edition in 1989, and a third edition, "A Philosophy of Music Education: Advancing the Vision", in 2003, (Prentice Hall) has been translated into French, Japanese, and Chinese, with a Greek edition in preparation. He was the author and editor of some two dozen other books and has written over 145 articles and chapters on a variety of topics in music and arts education. Reimer’s textbooks on music for grades one through eight, Silver Burdett Music, were the most widely used throughout the United States and the world for two decades.As a participant in the professional life of his field, Reimer served on the editorial boards of all the major journals; was National Chairman of the National Association for Music Education (MENC) Committee on Aesthetic Education; was MENC liaison for Arts Education Initiatives: represented MENC as a member of the Alliance for Curriculum Reform and the Aesthetic Education Curriculum Program sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a member of the six-person task force that wrote the National Standards for Music Education; and was one of six Commission Authors of position papers for the MENC Vision 2020 Project (the Housewright Symposium/Vision 2020). He was Director of a three-year research project on the general music curriculum sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education; was a research exchange scholar studying music education practices from Kindergarten through Conservatory in China for a three-month period in 1986, sponsored by the Chinese government and Harvard Project Zero; was for six years Co-Director and Principal Consultant for the teacher education project “Education for Aesthetic Awareness: The Cleveland Area Project for the Arts in the Schools”; and for five years was a member of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards Committee for Exemplary School Arts Programs.Reimer presented many keynote addresses and lectures each year throughout the United States and the world, including appearances in England, Japan, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, South Africa, China, and Australia. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from DePaul University, Chicago, in 1997. Also in 1997 he was designated the third “Legend of Teaching” in the history of the Northwestern University School of Music. A special double issue of "The Journal of Aesthetic Education", "Musings: Essays in Honor of Bennett Reimer," was published in Winter 2000. In 2002, Reimer was inducted into the Music Educators Hall of Fame. In 2008 he was the recipient of the MENC Senior Researcher Award.Reimer died in Wilmette, Illinois on November 18, 2013, aged 81.State University of New York, College at Fredonia. B.S. 1954.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. M.S. 1955.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ed.D. 1963.1955–1957 Richmond Professional Institute of the College of William and Mary, Richmond, VA. Instructor. Band Director; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation.1958–1960 Madison College, Harrisonburg, VA. Assistant Professor. Wind Ensembles; woodwinds; theory; conducting; music appreciation. Director of Music, Campus Laboratory School.1960–1965 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Instructor, Assistant Professor. Foundations of Music Education. Music and College Placement Consultant, University of Illinois Educational Placement Office.1965–1978 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Kulas Professor of Music, 1971–78; Director of Music Education.1978–1997 Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. John W. Beattie Professor of Music; Chairman of Music Education; Founder and Director, Center for the Study of Education and the Musical Experience.Reimer's viewpoint was that only "good music" (music evoking a feeling) should be taught. Teachers will have a firm pedagogical base and sensitivity, all will learn music because it helps us develop self-knowledge.	[ "University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign", "College of William & Mary", "Northwestern University" ]
Which team did Daniel Mustafá play for in Mar, 2007?	March 22, 2007	{ "text": [ "Club Sportivo Ben Hur" ] }	L2_Q5218222_P54_2	Daniel Mustafá plays for Sociedad Deportiva Huesca from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Daniel Mustafá plays for Alumni de Villa María from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Daniel Mustafá plays for Palestine national football team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Atlético Tigre from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Deportivo Ñublense from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Daniel Mustafá plays for Boca Unidos from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for Independiente del Valle from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for C.F. Estrela da Amadora from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Sportivo Ben Hur from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniel Mustafá plays for Racing de Córdoba from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Daniel Mustafá plays for San Marcos de Arica from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Daniel MustafáDaniel Kabir Mustafá (born 2 August 1984) is a Palestinian footballer who plays for Argentine club as a central defender.The son of a father of Palestinian descent and a mother of Italian and Spanish ancestries, Mustafá was born in Bell Ville, Córdoba. He started his playing career in the lower leagues of Argentine football, representing in quick succession Córdoba province clubs Talleres de Córdoba, Racing de Córdoba and Alumni de Villa María.In 2008, Mustafá played for another modest side, Club Sportivo Ben Hur of Rafaela, and had his first abroad experience in the following summer with Portugal's C.F. Estrela da Amadora. With the latter team, he appeared in half of the Primeira Liga matches as they were relegated due to irregularities.Mustafa's next stop was in Spain, with Segunda División club SD Huesca. There, he only featured in one (incomplete) match, and was released in mid-January 2010 after reporting later than expected from the Christmas break, returning to the other country in the Iberian Peninsula as he joined league strugglers C.F. Os Belenenses, also Lisbon-based.On 14 June 2010, after suffering another top flight relegation in Portugal, Mustafá returned to Argentina, moving to Primera División side Club Atlético Tigre. In January 2013, after brief spells with Independiente José Terán and Boca Unidos, he joined San Marcos de Arica in the Chilean Primera División.In spite of his team's relegation, Mustafá continued with the club but, in April 2014, returned to his homeland after the 8.2 earthquake.In 2006, talks between Mustafá and the Palestinian Football Association in order for the former to represent the latter's national team took place, but no agreement was reached. Finally, he was selected for the squad that competed in the 2012 WAFF Championship, gaining his first cap on 8 December in a 1–2 loss against Kuwait.	[ "Palestine national football team", "Alumni de Villa María", "Club Deportivo Ñublense", "Independiente del Valle", "Sociedad Deportiva Huesca", "Club Atlético Tigre", "San Marcos de Arica", "Boca Unidos", "C.F. Estrela da Amadora", "Racing de Córdoba", "Atlético Venezuela" ]
Which team did Daniel Mustafá play for in 2007-03-22?	March 22, 2007	{ "text": [ "Club Sportivo Ben Hur" ] }	L2_Q5218222_P54_2	Daniel Mustafá plays for Sociedad Deportiva Huesca from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Daniel Mustafá plays for Alumni de Villa María from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Daniel Mustafá plays for Palestine national football team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Atlético Tigre from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Deportivo Ñublense from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Daniel Mustafá plays for Boca Unidos from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for Independiente del Valle from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for C.F. Estrela da Amadora from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Sportivo Ben Hur from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniel Mustafá plays for Racing de Córdoba from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Daniel Mustafá plays for San Marcos de Arica from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Daniel MustafáDaniel Kabir Mustafá (born 2 August 1984) is a Palestinian footballer who plays for Argentine club as a central defender.The son of a father of Palestinian descent and a mother of Italian and Spanish ancestries, Mustafá was born in Bell Ville, Córdoba. He started his playing career in the lower leagues of Argentine football, representing in quick succession Córdoba province clubs Talleres de Córdoba, Racing de Córdoba and Alumni de Villa María.In 2008, Mustafá played for another modest side, Club Sportivo Ben Hur of Rafaela, and had his first abroad experience in the following summer with Portugal's C.F. Estrela da Amadora. With the latter team, he appeared in half of the Primeira Liga matches as they were relegated due to irregularities.Mustafa's next stop was in Spain, with Segunda División club SD Huesca. There, he only featured in one (incomplete) match, and was released in mid-January 2010 after reporting later than expected from the Christmas break, returning to the other country in the Iberian Peninsula as he joined league strugglers C.F. Os Belenenses, also Lisbon-based.On 14 June 2010, after suffering another top flight relegation in Portugal, Mustafá returned to Argentina, moving to Primera División side Club Atlético Tigre. In January 2013, after brief spells with Independiente José Terán and Boca Unidos, he joined San Marcos de Arica in the Chilean Primera División.In spite of his team's relegation, Mustafá continued with the club but, in April 2014, returned to his homeland after the 8.2 earthquake.In 2006, talks between Mustafá and the Palestinian Football Association in order for the former to represent the latter's national team took place, but no agreement was reached. Finally, he was selected for the squad that competed in the 2012 WAFF Championship, gaining his first cap on 8 December in a 1–2 loss against Kuwait.	[ "Palestine national football team", "Alumni de Villa María", "Club Deportivo Ñublense", "Independiente del Valle", "Sociedad Deportiva Huesca", "Club Atlético Tigre", "San Marcos de Arica", "Boca Unidos", "C.F. Estrela da Amadora", "Racing de Córdoba", "Atlético Venezuela" ]
Which team did Daniel Mustafá play for in 22/03/2007?	March 22, 2007	{ "text": [ "Club Sportivo Ben Hur" ] }	L2_Q5218222_P54_2	Daniel Mustafá plays for Sociedad Deportiva Huesca from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Daniel Mustafá plays for Alumni de Villa María from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Daniel Mustafá plays for Palestine national football team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Atlético Tigre from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Deportivo Ñublense from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Daniel Mustafá plays for Boca Unidos from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for Independiente del Valle from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for C.F. Estrela da Amadora from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Sportivo Ben Hur from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniel Mustafá plays for Racing de Córdoba from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Daniel Mustafá plays for San Marcos de Arica from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Daniel MustafáDaniel Kabir Mustafá (born 2 August 1984) is a Palestinian footballer who plays for Argentine club as a central defender.The son of a father of Palestinian descent and a mother of Italian and Spanish ancestries, Mustafá was born in Bell Ville, Córdoba. He started his playing career in the lower leagues of Argentine football, representing in quick succession Córdoba province clubs Talleres de Córdoba, Racing de Córdoba and Alumni de Villa María.In 2008, Mustafá played for another modest side, Club Sportivo Ben Hur of Rafaela, and had his first abroad experience in the following summer with Portugal's C.F. Estrela da Amadora. With the latter team, he appeared in half of the Primeira Liga matches as they were relegated due to irregularities.Mustafa's next stop was in Spain, with Segunda División club SD Huesca. There, he only featured in one (incomplete) match, and was released in mid-January 2010 after reporting later than expected from the Christmas break, returning to the other country in the Iberian Peninsula as he joined league strugglers C.F. Os Belenenses, also Lisbon-based.On 14 June 2010, after suffering another top flight relegation in Portugal, Mustafá returned to Argentina, moving to Primera División side Club Atlético Tigre. In January 2013, after brief spells with Independiente José Terán and Boca Unidos, he joined San Marcos de Arica in the Chilean Primera División.In spite of his team's relegation, Mustafá continued with the club but, in April 2014, returned to his homeland after the 8.2 earthquake.In 2006, talks between Mustafá and the Palestinian Football Association in order for the former to represent the latter's national team took place, but no agreement was reached. Finally, he was selected for the squad that competed in the 2012 WAFF Championship, gaining his first cap on 8 December in a 1–2 loss against Kuwait.	[ "Palestine national football team", "Alumni de Villa María", "Club Deportivo Ñublense", "Independiente del Valle", "Sociedad Deportiva Huesca", "Club Atlético Tigre", "San Marcos de Arica", "Boca Unidos", "C.F. Estrela da Amadora", "Racing de Córdoba", "Atlético Venezuela" ]
Which team did Daniel Mustafá play for in Mar 22, 2007?	March 22, 2007	{ "text": [ "Club Sportivo Ben Hur" ] }	L2_Q5218222_P54_2	Daniel Mustafá plays for Sociedad Deportiva Huesca from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Daniel Mustafá plays for Alumni de Villa María from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Daniel Mustafá plays for Palestine national football team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Atlético Tigre from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Deportivo Ñublense from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Daniel Mustafá plays for Boca Unidos from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for Independiente del Valle from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for C.F. Estrela da Amadora from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Sportivo Ben Hur from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniel Mustafá plays for Racing de Córdoba from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Daniel Mustafá plays for San Marcos de Arica from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Daniel MustafáDaniel Kabir Mustafá (born 2 August 1984) is a Palestinian footballer who plays for Argentine club as a central defender.The son of a father of Palestinian descent and a mother of Italian and Spanish ancestries, Mustafá was born in Bell Ville, Córdoba. He started his playing career in the lower leagues of Argentine football, representing in quick succession Córdoba province clubs Talleres de Córdoba, Racing de Córdoba and Alumni de Villa María.In 2008, Mustafá played for another modest side, Club Sportivo Ben Hur of Rafaela, and had his first abroad experience in the following summer with Portugal's C.F. Estrela da Amadora. With the latter team, he appeared in half of the Primeira Liga matches as they were relegated due to irregularities.Mustafa's next stop was in Spain, with Segunda División club SD Huesca. There, he only featured in one (incomplete) match, and was released in mid-January 2010 after reporting later than expected from the Christmas break, returning to the other country in the Iberian Peninsula as he joined league strugglers C.F. Os Belenenses, also Lisbon-based.On 14 June 2010, after suffering another top flight relegation in Portugal, Mustafá returned to Argentina, moving to Primera División side Club Atlético Tigre. In January 2013, after brief spells with Independiente José Terán and Boca Unidos, he joined San Marcos de Arica in the Chilean Primera División.In spite of his team's relegation, Mustafá continued with the club but, in April 2014, returned to his homeland after the 8.2 earthquake.In 2006, talks between Mustafá and the Palestinian Football Association in order for the former to represent the latter's national team took place, but no agreement was reached. Finally, he was selected for the squad that competed in the 2012 WAFF Championship, gaining his first cap on 8 December in a 1–2 loss against Kuwait.	[ "Palestine national football team", "Alumni de Villa María", "Club Deportivo Ñublense", "Independiente del Valle", "Sociedad Deportiva Huesca", "Club Atlético Tigre", "San Marcos de Arica", "Boca Unidos", "C.F. Estrela da Amadora", "Racing de Córdoba", "Atlético Venezuela" ]
Which team did Daniel Mustafá play for in 03/22/2007?	March 22, 2007	{ "text": [ "Club Sportivo Ben Hur" ] }	L2_Q5218222_P54_2	Daniel Mustafá plays for Sociedad Deportiva Huesca from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Daniel Mustafá plays for Alumni de Villa María from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Daniel Mustafá plays for Palestine national football team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Atlético Tigre from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Deportivo Ñublense from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Daniel Mustafá plays for Boca Unidos from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for Independiente del Valle from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for C.F. Estrela da Amadora from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Sportivo Ben Hur from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniel Mustafá plays for Racing de Córdoba from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Daniel Mustafá plays for San Marcos de Arica from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Daniel MustafáDaniel Kabir Mustafá (born 2 August 1984) is a Palestinian footballer who plays for Argentine club as a central defender.The son of a father of Palestinian descent and a mother of Italian and Spanish ancestries, Mustafá was born in Bell Ville, Córdoba. He started his playing career in the lower leagues of Argentine football, representing in quick succession Córdoba province clubs Talleres de Córdoba, Racing de Córdoba and Alumni de Villa María.In 2008, Mustafá played for another modest side, Club Sportivo Ben Hur of Rafaela, and had his first abroad experience in the following summer with Portugal's C.F. Estrela da Amadora. With the latter team, he appeared in half of the Primeira Liga matches as they were relegated due to irregularities.Mustafa's next stop was in Spain, with Segunda División club SD Huesca. There, he only featured in one (incomplete) match, and was released in mid-January 2010 after reporting later than expected from the Christmas break, returning to the other country in the Iberian Peninsula as he joined league strugglers C.F. Os Belenenses, also Lisbon-based.On 14 June 2010, after suffering another top flight relegation in Portugal, Mustafá returned to Argentina, moving to Primera División side Club Atlético Tigre. In January 2013, after brief spells with Independiente José Terán and Boca Unidos, he joined San Marcos de Arica in the Chilean Primera División.In spite of his team's relegation, Mustafá continued with the club but, in April 2014, returned to his homeland after the 8.2 earthquake.In 2006, talks between Mustafá and the Palestinian Football Association in order for the former to represent the latter's national team took place, but no agreement was reached. Finally, he was selected for the squad that competed in the 2012 WAFF Championship, gaining his first cap on 8 December in a 1–2 loss against Kuwait.	[ "Palestine national football team", "Alumni de Villa María", "Club Deportivo Ñublense", "Independiente del Valle", "Sociedad Deportiva Huesca", "Club Atlético Tigre", "San Marcos de Arica", "Boca Unidos", "C.F. Estrela da Amadora", "Racing de Córdoba", "Atlético Venezuela" ]
Which team did Daniel Mustafá play for in 22-Mar-200722-March-2007?	March 22, 2007	{ "text": [ "Club Sportivo Ben Hur" ] }	L2_Q5218222_P54_2	Daniel Mustafá plays for Sociedad Deportiva Huesca from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010. Daniel Mustafá plays for Alumni de Villa María from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2007. Daniel Mustafá plays for Palestine national football team from Jan, 2012 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Atlético Tigre from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Deportivo Ñublense from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. Daniel Mustafá plays for Atlético Venezuela from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015. Daniel Mustafá plays for Boca Unidos from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for Independiente del Valle from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012. Daniel Mustafá plays for C.F. Estrela da Amadora from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009. Daniel Mustafá plays for Club Sportivo Ben Hur from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008. Daniel Mustafá plays for Racing de Córdoba from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006. Daniel Mustafá plays for San Marcos de Arica from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.	Daniel MustafáDaniel Kabir Mustafá (born 2 August 1984) is a Palestinian footballer who plays for Argentine club as a central defender.The son of a father of Palestinian descent and a mother of Italian and Spanish ancestries, Mustafá was born in Bell Ville, Córdoba. He started his playing career in the lower leagues of Argentine football, representing in quick succession Córdoba province clubs Talleres de Córdoba, Racing de Córdoba and Alumni de Villa María.In 2008, Mustafá played for another modest side, Club Sportivo Ben Hur of Rafaela, and had his first abroad experience in the following summer with Portugal's C.F. Estrela da Amadora. With the latter team, he appeared in half of the Primeira Liga matches as they were relegated due to irregularities.Mustafa's next stop was in Spain, with Segunda División club SD Huesca. There, he only featured in one (incomplete) match, and was released in mid-January 2010 after reporting later than expected from the Christmas break, returning to the other country in the Iberian Peninsula as he joined league strugglers C.F. Os Belenenses, also Lisbon-based.On 14 June 2010, after suffering another top flight relegation in Portugal, Mustafá returned to Argentina, moving to Primera División side Club Atlético Tigre. In January 2013, after brief spells with Independiente José Terán and Boca Unidos, he joined San Marcos de Arica in the Chilean Primera División.In spite of his team's relegation, Mustafá continued with the club but, in April 2014, returned to his homeland after the 8.2 earthquake.In 2006, talks between Mustafá and the Palestinian Football Association in order for the former to represent the latter's national team took place, but no agreement was reached. Finally, he was selected for the squad that competed in the 2012 WAFF Championship, gaining his first cap on 8 December in a 1–2 loss against Kuwait.	[ "Palestine national football team", "Alumni de Villa María", "Club Deportivo Ñublense", "Independiente del Valle", "Sociedad Deportiva Huesca", "Club Atlético Tigre", "San Marcos de Arica", "Boca Unidos", "C.F. Estrela da Amadora", "Racing de Córdoba", "Atlético Venezuela" ]

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