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Where was Daniel Pedoe educated in Jul, 1923? | July 20, 1923 | {
"text": [
"Central Foundation Boys' School"
]
} | L2_Q370054_P69_0 | Daniel Pedoe attended Magdalene College from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1935.
Daniel Pedoe attended Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936.
Daniel Pedoe attended Central Foundation Boys' School from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1930.
Daniel Pedoe attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1937. | Daniel PedoeDan Pedoe (29 October 1910, London – 27 October 1998, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) was an English-born mathematician and geometer with a career spanning more than sixty years. In the course of his life he wrote approximately fifty research and expository papers in geometry. He is also the author of various core books on mathematics and geometry some of which have remained in print for decades and been translated into several languages. These books include the three-volume "Methods of Algebraic Geometry" (which he wrote in collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge), "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles: A Mathematical View", "Geometry and the Visual Arts" and most recently "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems: San Gaku" (with Hidetoshi Fukagawa).Daniel Pedoe was born in London in 1910, the youngest of thirteen children of Szmul Abramski, a Jewish immigrant from Poland who found himself in London in the 1890s: he had boarded a cattleboat not knowing whether it was bound for New York or London, so his final destination was one of blind chance. Pedoe's mother, Ryfka Raszka Pedowicz, was the only child of Wolf Pedowicz, a corn merchant and his wife, Sarah Haimnovna Pecheska from Łomża then in Congress Poland (that part of Poland then under Russian control). The family name requires some explanation. The father, Abramski, was one of the Kohanim, a priestly group, and once in Britain, he changed his surname to Cohen. At first, all thirteen children took the surname Cohen, but later, to avoid any potential anti-semitism, some of the Cohen children changed their surname to Pedoe, a contraction of their mother's maiden name; this happened while Daniel was at school, aged 12."Danny" was the youngest child in a family of thirteen children and his childhood was spent in relative poverty in the East End of London, despite their father being a skilled cabinetmaker. He attended the Central Foundation Boys' School where he was first influenced in his love of geometry by the headmaster Norman M. Gibbins and a textbook by Godfrey and Siddons. While still at school, Pedoe published his first paper, "The geometric interpretation of Cagnoli's equation: sin b sin c + cos b cos c cos A = sin B sin C – cos B cos C cos a"; it appeared in the "Mathematical Gazette" in 1929. He was successful at the "ten plus" examination and subsequently won a Scholarship to study mathematics at Cambridge University.During his first three years at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was a scholar, Pedoe was tutored in mathematics by Arthur Stanley Ramsey, the father of Frank P. Ramsey. He attended lectures by Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell, although he was unimpressed by the teaching style of either great man. Geometry became his main interest and, advised by Henry Baker, he started work on his doctorate and published several papers. In 1935 he took a break from Cambridge and went to the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton where he worked with Solomon Lefschetz.On his return to England in 1936, Pedoe was appointed as an assistant lecturer of the mathematics department at the University College, Southampton. More of his papers were published and after(?) 1937, he was awarded his PhD on the strength of his thesis, "The Exceptional Curves on an Algebraic Surface", which was based on Henry Baker's work on the Italian theory of algebraic surfaces; he was examined by W. V. D. Hodge and Baker at Cambridge.In the late 1930s, Pedoe married Mary Tunstall, an English geographer and the couple had a daughter, Naomi, and identical twin sons, Dan and Hugh, born in December 1939.By 1941, Winchester College had lost several teachers to the army and had become unable to meet its teaching commitments. They requested help and Pedoe was asked to assist with the teaching of mathematics. He taught junior and senior classes (the juniors could be unruly) and in the senior class one of the students was Freeman Dyson who showed enormous early talent and was strongly encouraged by Pedoe with extra work and reading. Their friendship lasted more than fifty more years until Pedoe's death in 1998 and Dyson's list of people who have most influenced him begins "Hardy, Pedoe...".In 1941 a collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge started which lasted some twelve years and included the writing of the huge three-volume work, "Methods of Algebraic Geometry". Although the book was originally designed as a geometric counterpart of G. H. Hardy's "A Course of Pure Mathematics" it was never intended as a textbook and contains original material. First published in the 1940s, all three volumes were reprinted by Cambridge University Press in 1995.Pedoe published three more papers in 1942: "A remark on a property of a special pencil of quadrics", "On some geometrical inequalities" and "An inequality for two triangles".In 1942, Pedoe moved to Birmingham for a lectureship at the University of Birmingham, working mainly in engineering mathematics. The family were not happy there, the local air pollution affected his children and Pedoe did not like the working environment. The professor of mathematical physics at Birmingham was Rudolf Peierls, who was working on the British project to develop the atomic bomb; he suggested to Pedoe that he, Pedoe, should do some war-work. He did so, and worked part-time to improve piston rings so as to emulate German dive-bombing tactics.In 1947 he moved to Westfield College, part of the University of London, as a reader in mathematics. Once again, he was unhappy, both from domestic and professional points of view: his salary was insufficient for him to afford to buy a family home and he found the working environment to be "a strain".Encouraged by Mary to look abroad, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Khartoum in the Sudan and took up the role in 1952 on trial basis with leave of absence from Westfield College. When Westfield pressed for firm decision, he resigned and stayed at Khartoum for seven years: the length of his contract. It was during this period that he wrote many of his books including "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles" and a textbook, "An Introduction to projective geometry".Pedoe found the time at Khartoum to his taste; there was a comfortable life-style that allowed him to write and the family joined him each Christmas. Eventually, Mary stayed with him permanently, the children remaining in England.In 1959, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Singapore by Sir Alexander Oppenheim.Unwilling to retire at 55, the statutory retirement age in Singapore, he moved again, to Indiana in 1962, to take up a position at Purdue University, near Lafayette. Although the location was somewhat isolated, there was an active social life and he was kept busy. One of the positions he held there was as Senior Mathematician to the Minnesota College Geometry Project, which was to improve geometry teaching in high schools and colleges by making films and writing accompanying books.After two years at Purdue, he was appointed as a professor at the University of Minnesota where he stayed until he retired in 1980, when he was made Professor Emeritus. He won a Lester R. Ford Award in 1968.Pedoe's interest and work continued after his retirement and in 1984 he was approached by Hidetoshi Fukagawa, a high-school teacher in Aichi, Japan. Fukagawa had tried unsuccessfully to interest Japanese academics in San Gaku – Japanese wooden tablets containing geometric theorems which had hung in temples and shrines for around two centuries as offerings to the gods.A collaboration started which resulted in the publication of the book, "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems" by the Charles Babbage Research Centre in Canada. The book succeeded in arousing interest in this uniquely Japanese form of mathematics.Dan Pedoe died in 1998, aged 88, after a long period with failing health. He was survived by his twin sons, Dan and Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe, and six grandchildren.A collection of Daniel Pedoe's papers and correspondence throughout his life is to be found at the University of Birmingham archive centre. | [
"Magdalene College",
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Cambridge"
] |
|
Where was Daniel Pedoe educated in 1923-07-20? | July 20, 1923 | {
"text": [
"Central Foundation Boys' School"
]
} | L2_Q370054_P69_0 | Daniel Pedoe attended Magdalene College from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1935.
Daniel Pedoe attended Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936.
Daniel Pedoe attended Central Foundation Boys' School from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1930.
Daniel Pedoe attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1937. | Daniel PedoeDan Pedoe (29 October 1910, London – 27 October 1998, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) was an English-born mathematician and geometer with a career spanning more than sixty years. In the course of his life he wrote approximately fifty research and expository papers in geometry. He is also the author of various core books on mathematics and geometry some of which have remained in print for decades and been translated into several languages. These books include the three-volume "Methods of Algebraic Geometry" (which he wrote in collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge), "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles: A Mathematical View", "Geometry and the Visual Arts" and most recently "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems: San Gaku" (with Hidetoshi Fukagawa).Daniel Pedoe was born in London in 1910, the youngest of thirteen children of Szmul Abramski, a Jewish immigrant from Poland who found himself in London in the 1890s: he had boarded a cattleboat not knowing whether it was bound for New York or London, so his final destination was one of blind chance. Pedoe's mother, Ryfka Raszka Pedowicz, was the only child of Wolf Pedowicz, a corn merchant and his wife, Sarah Haimnovna Pecheska from Łomża then in Congress Poland (that part of Poland then under Russian control). The family name requires some explanation. The father, Abramski, was one of the Kohanim, a priestly group, and once in Britain, he changed his surname to Cohen. At first, all thirteen children took the surname Cohen, but later, to avoid any potential anti-semitism, some of the Cohen children changed their surname to Pedoe, a contraction of their mother's maiden name; this happened while Daniel was at school, aged 12."Danny" was the youngest child in a family of thirteen children and his childhood was spent in relative poverty in the East End of London, despite their father being a skilled cabinetmaker. He attended the Central Foundation Boys' School where he was first influenced in his love of geometry by the headmaster Norman M. Gibbins and a textbook by Godfrey and Siddons. While still at school, Pedoe published his first paper, "The geometric interpretation of Cagnoli's equation: sin b sin c + cos b cos c cos A = sin B sin C – cos B cos C cos a"; it appeared in the "Mathematical Gazette" in 1929. He was successful at the "ten plus" examination and subsequently won a Scholarship to study mathematics at Cambridge University.During his first three years at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was a scholar, Pedoe was tutored in mathematics by Arthur Stanley Ramsey, the father of Frank P. Ramsey. He attended lectures by Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell, although he was unimpressed by the teaching style of either great man. Geometry became his main interest and, advised by Henry Baker, he started work on his doctorate and published several papers. In 1935 he took a break from Cambridge and went to the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton where he worked with Solomon Lefschetz.On his return to England in 1936, Pedoe was appointed as an assistant lecturer of the mathematics department at the University College, Southampton. More of his papers were published and after(?) 1937, he was awarded his PhD on the strength of his thesis, "The Exceptional Curves on an Algebraic Surface", which was based on Henry Baker's work on the Italian theory of algebraic surfaces; he was examined by W. V. D. Hodge and Baker at Cambridge.In the late 1930s, Pedoe married Mary Tunstall, an English geographer and the couple had a daughter, Naomi, and identical twin sons, Dan and Hugh, born in December 1939.By 1941, Winchester College had lost several teachers to the army and had become unable to meet its teaching commitments. They requested help and Pedoe was asked to assist with the teaching of mathematics. He taught junior and senior classes (the juniors could be unruly) and in the senior class one of the students was Freeman Dyson who showed enormous early talent and was strongly encouraged by Pedoe with extra work and reading. Their friendship lasted more than fifty more years until Pedoe's death in 1998 and Dyson's list of people who have most influenced him begins "Hardy, Pedoe...".In 1941 a collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge started which lasted some twelve years and included the writing of the huge three-volume work, "Methods of Algebraic Geometry". Although the book was originally designed as a geometric counterpart of G. H. Hardy's "A Course of Pure Mathematics" it was never intended as a textbook and contains original material. First published in the 1940s, all three volumes were reprinted by Cambridge University Press in 1995.Pedoe published three more papers in 1942: "A remark on a property of a special pencil of quadrics", "On some geometrical inequalities" and "An inequality for two triangles".In 1942, Pedoe moved to Birmingham for a lectureship at the University of Birmingham, working mainly in engineering mathematics. The family were not happy there, the local air pollution affected his children and Pedoe did not like the working environment. The professor of mathematical physics at Birmingham was Rudolf Peierls, who was working on the British project to develop the atomic bomb; he suggested to Pedoe that he, Pedoe, should do some war-work. He did so, and worked part-time to improve piston rings so as to emulate German dive-bombing tactics.In 1947 he moved to Westfield College, part of the University of London, as a reader in mathematics. Once again, he was unhappy, both from domestic and professional points of view: his salary was insufficient for him to afford to buy a family home and he found the working environment to be "a strain".Encouraged by Mary to look abroad, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Khartoum in the Sudan and took up the role in 1952 on trial basis with leave of absence from Westfield College. When Westfield pressed for firm decision, he resigned and stayed at Khartoum for seven years: the length of his contract. It was during this period that he wrote many of his books including "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles" and a textbook, "An Introduction to projective geometry".Pedoe found the time at Khartoum to his taste; there was a comfortable life-style that allowed him to write and the family joined him each Christmas. Eventually, Mary stayed with him permanently, the children remaining in England.In 1959, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Singapore by Sir Alexander Oppenheim.Unwilling to retire at 55, the statutory retirement age in Singapore, he moved again, to Indiana in 1962, to take up a position at Purdue University, near Lafayette. Although the location was somewhat isolated, there was an active social life and he was kept busy. One of the positions he held there was as Senior Mathematician to the Minnesota College Geometry Project, which was to improve geometry teaching in high schools and colleges by making films and writing accompanying books.After two years at Purdue, he was appointed as a professor at the University of Minnesota where he stayed until he retired in 1980, when he was made Professor Emeritus. He won a Lester R. Ford Award in 1968.Pedoe's interest and work continued after his retirement and in 1984 he was approached by Hidetoshi Fukagawa, a high-school teacher in Aichi, Japan. Fukagawa had tried unsuccessfully to interest Japanese academics in San Gaku – Japanese wooden tablets containing geometric theorems which had hung in temples and shrines for around two centuries as offerings to the gods.A collaboration started which resulted in the publication of the book, "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems" by the Charles Babbage Research Centre in Canada. The book succeeded in arousing interest in this uniquely Japanese form of mathematics.Dan Pedoe died in 1998, aged 88, after a long period with failing health. He was survived by his twin sons, Dan and Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe, and six grandchildren.A collection of Daniel Pedoe's papers and correspondence throughout his life is to be found at the University of Birmingham archive centre. | [
"Magdalene College",
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Cambridge"
] |
|
Where was Daniel Pedoe educated in 20/07/1923? | July 20, 1923 | {
"text": [
"Central Foundation Boys' School"
]
} | L2_Q370054_P69_0 | Daniel Pedoe attended Magdalene College from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1935.
Daniel Pedoe attended Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936.
Daniel Pedoe attended Central Foundation Boys' School from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1930.
Daniel Pedoe attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1937. | Daniel PedoeDan Pedoe (29 October 1910, London – 27 October 1998, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) was an English-born mathematician and geometer with a career spanning more than sixty years. In the course of his life he wrote approximately fifty research and expository papers in geometry. He is also the author of various core books on mathematics and geometry some of which have remained in print for decades and been translated into several languages. These books include the three-volume "Methods of Algebraic Geometry" (which he wrote in collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge), "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles: A Mathematical View", "Geometry and the Visual Arts" and most recently "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems: San Gaku" (with Hidetoshi Fukagawa).Daniel Pedoe was born in London in 1910, the youngest of thirteen children of Szmul Abramski, a Jewish immigrant from Poland who found himself in London in the 1890s: he had boarded a cattleboat not knowing whether it was bound for New York or London, so his final destination was one of blind chance. Pedoe's mother, Ryfka Raszka Pedowicz, was the only child of Wolf Pedowicz, a corn merchant and his wife, Sarah Haimnovna Pecheska from Łomża then in Congress Poland (that part of Poland then under Russian control). The family name requires some explanation. The father, Abramski, was one of the Kohanim, a priestly group, and once in Britain, he changed his surname to Cohen. At first, all thirteen children took the surname Cohen, but later, to avoid any potential anti-semitism, some of the Cohen children changed their surname to Pedoe, a contraction of their mother's maiden name; this happened while Daniel was at school, aged 12."Danny" was the youngest child in a family of thirteen children and his childhood was spent in relative poverty in the East End of London, despite their father being a skilled cabinetmaker. He attended the Central Foundation Boys' School where he was first influenced in his love of geometry by the headmaster Norman M. Gibbins and a textbook by Godfrey and Siddons. While still at school, Pedoe published his first paper, "The geometric interpretation of Cagnoli's equation: sin b sin c + cos b cos c cos A = sin B sin C – cos B cos C cos a"; it appeared in the "Mathematical Gazette" in 1929. He was successful at the "ten plus" examination and subsequently won a Scholarship to study mathematics at Cambridge University.During his first three years at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was a scholar, Pedoe was tutored in mathematics by Arthur Stanley Ramsey, the father of Frank P. Ramsey. He attended lectures by Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell, although he was unimpressed by the teaching style of either great man. Geometry became his main interest and, advised by Henry Baker, he started work on his doctorate and published several papers. In 1935 he took a break from Cambridge and went to the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton where he worked with Solomon Lefschetz.On his return to England in 1936, Pedoe was appointed as an assistant lecturer of the mathematics department at the University College, Southampton. More of his papers were published and after(?) 1937, he was awarded his PhD on the strength of his thesis, "The Exceptional Curves on an Algebraic Surface", which was based on Henry Baker's work on the Italian theory of algebraic surfaces; he was examined by W. V. D. Hodge and Baker at Cambridge.In the late 1930s, Pedoe married Mary Tunstall, an English geographer and the couple had a daughter, Naomi, and identical twin sons, Dan and Hugh, born in December 1939.By 1941, Winchester College had lost several teachers to the army and had become unable to meet its teaching commitments. They requested help and Pedoe was asked to assist with the teaching of mathematics. He taught junior and senior classes (the juniors could be unruly) and in the senior class one of the students was Freeman Dyson who showed enormous early talent and was strongly encouraged by Pedoe with extra work and reading. Their friendship lasted more than fifty more years until Pedoe's death in 1998 and Dyson's list of people who have most influenced him begins "Hardy, Pedoe...".In 1941 a collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge started which lasted some twelve years and included the writing of the huge three-volume work, "Methods of Algebraic Geometry". Although the book was originally designed as a geometric counterpart of G. H. Hardy's "A Course of Pure Mathematics" it was never intended as a textbook and contains original material. First published in the 1940s, all three volumes were reprinted by Cambridge University Press in 1995.Pedoe published three more papers in 1942: "A remark on a property of a special pencil of quadrics", "On some geometrical inequalities" and "An inequality for two triangles".In 1942, Pedoe moved to Birmingham for a lectureship at the University of Birmingham, working mainly in engineering mathematics. The family were not happy there, the local air pollution affected his children and Pedoe did not like the working environment. The professor of mathematical physics at Birmingham was Rudolf Peierls, who was working on the British project to develop the atomic bomb; he suggested to Pedoe that he, Pedoe, should do some war-work. He did so, and worked part-time to improve piston rings so as to emulate German dive-bombing tactics.In 1947 he moved to Westfield College, part of the University of London, as a reader in mathematics. Once again, he was unhappy, both from domestic and professional points of view: his salary was insufficient for him to afford to buy a family home and he found the working environment to be "a strain".Encouraged by Mary to look abroad, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Khartoum in the Sudan and took up the role in 1952 on trial basis with leave of absence from Westfield College. When Westfield pressed for firm decision, he resigned and stayed at Khartoum for seven years: the length of his contract. It was during this period that he wrote many of his books including "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles" and a textbook, "An Introduction to projective geometry".Pedoe found the time at Khartoum to his taste; there was a comfortable life-style that allowed him to write and the family joined him each Christmas. Eventually, Mary stayed with him permanently, the children remaining in England.In 1959, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Singapore by Sir Alexander Oppenheim.Unwilling to retire at 55, the statutory retirement age in Singapore, he moved again, to Indiana in 1962, to take up a position at Purdue University, near Lafayette. Although the location was somewhat isolated, there was an active social life and he was kept busy. One of the positions he held there was as Senior Mathematician to the Minnesota College Geometry Project, which was to improve geometry teaching in high schools and colleges by making films and writing accompanying books.After two years at Purdue, he was appointed as a professor at the University of Minnesota where he stayed until he retired in 1980, when he was made Professor Emeritus. He won a Lester R. Ford Award in 1968.Pedoe's interest and work continued after his retirement and in 1984 he was approached by Hidetoshi Fukagawa, a high-school teacher in Aichi, Japan. Fukagawa had tried unsuccessfully to interest Japanese academics in San Gaku – Japanese wooden tablets containing geometric theorems which had hung in temples and shrines for around two centuries as offerings to the gods.A collaboration started which resulted in the publication of the book, "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems" by the Charles Babbage Research Centre in Canada. The book succeeded in arousing interest in this uniquely Japanese form of mathematics.Dan Pedoe died in 1998, aged 88, after a long period with failing health. He was survived by his twin sons, Dan and Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe, and six grandchildren.A collection of Daniel Pedoe's papers and correspondence throughout his life is to be found at the University of Birmingham archive centre. | [
"Magdalene College",
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Cambridge"
] |
|
Where was Daniel Pedoe educated in Jul 20, 1923? | July 20, 1923 | {
"text": [
"Central Foundation Boys' School"
]
} | L2_Q370054_P69_0 | Daniel Pedoe attended Magdalene College from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1935.
Daniel Pedoe attended Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936.
Daniel Pedoe attended Central Foundation Boys' School from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1930.
Daniel Pedoe attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1937. | Daniel PedoeDan Pedoe (29 October 1910, London – 27 October 1998, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) was an English-born mathematician and geometer with a career spanning more than sixty years. In the course of his life he wrote approximately fifty research and expository papers in geometry. He is also the author of various core books on mathematics and geometry some of which have remained in print for decades and been translated into several languages. These books include the three-volume "Methods of Algebraic Geometry" (which he wrote in collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge), "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles: A Mathematical View", "Geometry and the Visual Arts" and most recently "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems: San Gaku" (with Hidetoshi Fukagawa).Daniel Pedoe was born in London in 1910, the youngest of thirteen children of Szmul Abramski, a Jewish immigrant from Poland who found himself in London in the 1890s: he had boarded a cattleboat not knowing whether it was bound for New York or London, so his final destination was one of blind chance. Pedoe's mother, Ryfka Raszka Pedowicz, was the only child of Wolf Pedowicz, a corn merchant and his wife, Sarah Haimnovna Pecheska from Łomża then in Congress Poland (that part of Poland then under Russian control). The family name requires some explanation. The father, Abramski, was one of the Kohanim, a priestly group, and once in Britain, he changed his surname to Cohen. At first, all thirteen children took the surname Cohen, but later, to avoid any potential anti-semitism, some of the Cohen children changed their surname to Pedoe, a contraction of their mother's maiden name; this happened while Daniel was at school, aged 12."Danny" was the youngest child in a family of thirteen children and his childhood was spent in relative poverty in the East End of London, despite their father being a skilled cabinetmaker. He attended the Central Foundation Boys' School where he was first influenced in his love of geometry by the headmaster Norman M. Gibbins and a textbook by Godfrey and Siddons. While still at school, Pedoe published his first paper, "The geometric interpretation of Cagnoli's equation: sin b sin c + cos b cos c cos A = sin B sin C – cos B cos C cos a"; it appeared in the "Mathematical Gazette" in 1929. He was successful at the "ten plus" examination and subsequently won a Scholarship to study mathematics at Cambridge University.During his first three years at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was a scholar, Pedoe was tutored in mathematics by Arthur Stanley Ramsey, the father of Frank P. Ramsey. He attended lectures by Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell, although he was unimpressed by the teaching style of either great man. Geometry became his main interest and, advised by Henry Baker, he started work on his doctorate and published several papers. In 1935 he took a break from Cambridge and went to the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton where he worked with Solomon Lefschetz.On his return to England in 1936, Pedoe was appointed as an assistant lecturer of the mathematics department at the University College, Southampton. More of his papers were published and after(?) 1937, he was awarded his PhD on the strength of his thesis, "The Exceptional Curves on an Algebraic Surface", which was based on Henry Baker's work on the Italian theory of algebraic surfaces; he was examined by W. V. D. Hodge and Baker at Cambridge.In the late 1930s, Pedoe married Mary Tunstall, an English geographer and the couple had a daughter, Naomi, and identical twin sons, Dan and Hugh, born in December 1939.By 1941, Winchester College had lost several teachers to the army and had become unable to meet its teaching commitments. They requested help and Pedoe was asked to assist with the teaching of mathematics. He taught junior and senior classes (the juniors could be unruly) and in the senior class one of the students was Freeman Dyson who showed enormous early talent and was strongly encouraged by Pedoe with extra work and reading. Their friendship lasted more than fifty more years until Pedoe's death in 1998 and Dyson's list of people who have most influenced him begins "Hardy, Pedoe...".In 1941 a collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge started which lasted some twelve years and included the writing of the huge three-volume work, "Methods of Algebraic Geometry". Although the book was originally designed as a geometric counterpart of G. H. Hardy's "A Course of Pure Mathematics" it was never intended as a textbook and contains original material. First published in the 1940s, all three volumes were reprinted by Cambridge University Press in 1995.Pedoe published three more papers in 1942: "A remark on a property of a special pencil of quadrics", "On some geometrical inequalities" and "An inequality for two triangles".In 1942, Pedoe moved to Birmingham for a lectureship at the University of Birmingham, working mainly in engineering mathematics. The family were not happy there, the local air pollution affected his children and Pedoe did not like the working environment. The professor of mathematical physics at Birmingham was Rudolf Peierls, who was working on the British project to develop the atomic bomb; he suggested to Pedoe that he, Pedoe, should do some war-work. He did so, and worked part-time to improve piston rings so as to emulate German dive-bombing tactics.In 1947 he moved to Westfield College, part of the University of London, as a reader in mathematics. Once again, he was unhappy, both from domestic and professional points of view: his salary was insufficient for him to afford to buy a family home and he found the working environment to be "a strain".Encouraged by Mary to look abroad, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Khartoum in the Sudan and took up the role in 1952 on trial basis with leave of absence from Westfield College. When Westfield pressed for firm decision, he resigned and stayed at Khartoum for seven years: the length of his contract. It was during this period that he wrote many of his books including "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles" and a textbook, "An Introduction to projective geometry".Pedoe found the time at Khartoum to his taste; there was a comfortable life-style that allowed him to write and the family joined him each Christmas. Eventually, Mary stayed with him permanently, the children remaining in England.In 1959, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Singapore by Sir Alexander Oppenheim.Unwilling to retire at 55, the statutory retirement age in Singapore, he moved again, to Indiana in 1962, to take up a position at Purdue University, near Lafayette. Although the location was somewhat isolated, there was an active social life and he was kept busy. One of the positions he held there was as Senior Mathematician to the Minnesota College Geometry Project, which was to improve geometry teaching in high schools and colleges by making films and writing accompanying books.After two years at Purdue, he was appointed as a professor at the University of Minnesota where he stayed until he retired in 1980, when he was made Professor Emeritus. He won a Lester R. Ford Award in 1968.Pedoe's interest and work continued after his retirement and in 1984 he was approached by Hidetoshi Fukagawa, a high-school teacher in Aichi, Japan. Fukagawa had tried unsuccessfully to interest Japanese academics in San Gaku – Japanese wooden tablets containing geometric theorems which had hung in temples and shrines for around two centuries as offerings to the gods.A collaboration started which resulted in the publication of the book, "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems" by the Charles Babbage Research Centre in Canada. The book succeeded in arousing interest in this uniquely Japanese form of mathematics.Dan Pedoe died in 1998, aged 88, after a long period with failing health. He was survived by his twin sons, Dan and Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe, and six grandchildren.A collection of Daniel Pedoe's papers and correspondence throughout his life is to be found at the University of Birmingham archive centre. | [
"Magdalene College",
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Cambridge"
] |
|
Where was Daniel Pedoe educated in 07/20/1923? | July 20, 1923 | {
"text": [
"Central Foundation Boys' School"
]
} | L2_Q370054_P69_0 | Daniel Pedoe attended Magdalene College from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1935.
Daniel Pedoe attended Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936.
Daniel Pedoe attended Central Foundation Boys' School from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1930.
Daniel Pedoe attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1937. | Daniel PedoeDan Pedoe (29 October 1910, London – 27 October 1998, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) was an English-born mathematician and geometer with a career spanning more than sixty years. In the course of his life he wrote approximately fifty research and expository papers in geometry. He is also the author of various core books on mathematics and geometry some of which have remained in print for decades and been translated into several languages. These books include the three-volume "Methods of Algebraic Geometry" (which he wrote in collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge), "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles: A Mathematical View", "Geometry and the Visual Arts" and most recently "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems: San Gaku" (with Hidetoshi Fukagawa).Daniel Pedoe was born in London in 1910, the youngest of thirteen children of Szmul Abramski, a Jewish immigrant from Poland who found himself in London in the 1890s: he had boarded a cattleboat not knowing whether it was bound for New York or London, so his final destination was one of blind chance. Pedoe's mother, Ryfka Raszka Pedowicz, was the only child of Wolf Pedowicz, a corn merchant and his wife, Sarah Haimnovna Pecheska from Łomża then in Congress Poland (that part of Poland then under Russian control). The family name requires some explanation. The father, Abramski, was one of the Kohanim, a priestly group, and once in Britain, he changed his surname to Cohen. At first, all thirteen children took the surname Cohen, but later, to avoid any potential anti-semitism, some of the Cohen children changed their surname to Pedoe, a contraction of their mother's maiden name; this happened while Daniel was at school, aged 12."Danny" was the youngest child in a family of thirteen children and his childhood was spent in relative poverty in the East End of London, despite their father being a skilled cabinetmaker. He attended the Central Foundation Boys' School where he was first influenced in his love of geometry by the headmaster Norman M. Gibbins and a textbook by Godfrey and Siddons. While still at school, Pedoe published his first paper, "The geometric interpretation of Cagnoli's equation: sin b sin c + cos b cos c cos A = sin B sin C – cos B cos C cos a"; it appeared in the "Mathematical Gazette" in 1929. He was successful at the "ten plus" examination and subsequently won a Scholarship to study mathematics at Cambridge University.During his first three years at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was a scholar, Pedoe was tutored in mathematics by Arthur Stanley Ramsey, the father of Frank P. Ramsey. He attended lectures by Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell, although he was unimpressed by the teaching style of either great man. Geometry became his main interest and, advised by Henry Baker, he started work on his doctorate and published several papers. In 1935 he took a break from Cambridge and went to the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton where he worked with Solomon Lefschetz.On his return to England in 1936, Pedoe was appointed as an assistant lecturer of the mathematics department at the University College, Southampton. More of his papers were published and after(?) 1937, he was awarded his PhD on the strength of his thesis, "The Exceptional Curves on an Algebraic Surface", which was based on Henry Baker's work on the Italian theory of algebraic surfaces; he was examined by W. V. D. Hodge and Baker at Cambridge.In the late 1930s, Pedoe married Mary Tunstall, an English geographer and the couple had a daughter, Naomi, and identical twin sons, Dan and Hugh, born in December 1939.By 1941, Winchester College had lost several teachers to the army and had become unable to meet its teaching commitments. They requested help and Pedoe was asked to assist with the teaching of mathematics. He taught junior and senior classes (the juniors could be unruly) and in the senior class one of the students was Freeman Dyson who showed enormous early talent and was strongly encouraged by Pedoe with extra work and reading. Their friendship lasted more than fifty more years until Pedoe's death in 1998 and Dyson's list of people who have most influenced him begins "Hardy, Pedoe...".In 1941 a collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge started which lasted some twelve years and included the writing of the huge three-volume work, "Methods of Algebraic Geometry". Although the book was originally designed as a geometric counterpart of G. H. Hardy's "A Course of Pure Mathematics" it was never intended as a textbook and contains original material. First published in the 1940s, all three volumes were reprinted by Cambridge University Press in 1995.Pedoe published three more papers in 1942: "A remark on a property of a special pencil of quadrics", "On some geometrical inequalities" and "An inequality for two triangles".In 1942, Pedoe moved to Birmingham for a lectureship at the University of Birmingham, working mainly in engineering mathematics. The family were not happy there, the local air pollution affected his children and Pedoe did not like the working environment. The professor of mathematical physics at Birmingham was Rudolf Peierls, who was working on the British project to develop the atomic bomb; he suggested to Pedoe that he, Pedoe, should do some war-work. He did so, and worked part-time to improve piston rings so as to emulate German dive-bombing tactics.In 1947 he moved to Westfield College, part of the University of London, as a reader in mathematics. Once again, he was unhappy, both from domestic and professional points of view: his salary was insufficient for him to afford to buy a family home and he found the working environment to be "a strain".Encouraged by Mary to look abroad, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Khartoum in the Sudan and took up the role in 1952 on trial basis with leave of absence from Westfield College. When Westfield pressed for firm decision, he resigned and stayed at Khartoum for seven years: the length of his contract. It was during this period that he wrote many of his books including "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles" and a textbook, "An Introduction to projective geometry".Pedoe found the time at Khartoum to his taste; there was a comfortable life-style that allowed him to write and the family joined him each Christmas. Eventually, Mary stayed with him permanently, the children remaining in England.In 1959, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Singapore by Sir Alexander Oppenheim.Unwilling to retire at 55, the statutory retirement age in Singapore, he moved again, to Indiana in 1962, to take up a position at Purdue University, near Lafayette. Although the location was somewhat isolated, there was an active social life and he was kept busy. One of the positions he held there was as Senior Mathematician to the Minnesota College Geometry Project, which was to improve geometry teaching in high schools and colleges by making films and writing accompanying books.After two years at Purdue, he was appointed as a professor at the University of Minnesota where he stayed until he retired in 1980, when he was made Professor Emeritus. He won a Lester R. Ford Award in 1968.Pedoe's interest and work continued after his retirement and in 1984 he was approached by Hidetoshi Fukagawa, a high-school teacher in Aichi, Japan. Fukagawa had tried unsuccessfully to interest Japanese academics in San Gaku – Japanese wooden tablets containing geometric theorems which had hung in temples and shrines for around two centuries as offerings to the gods.A collaboration started which resulted in the publication of the book, "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems" by the Charles Babbage Research Centre in Canada. The book succeeded in arousing interest in this uniquely Japanese form of mathematics.Dan Pedoe died in 1998, aged 88, after a long period with failing health. He was survived by his twin sons, Dan and Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe, and six grandchildren.A collection of Daniel Pedoe's papers and correspondence throughout his life is to be found at the University of Birmingham archive centre. | [
"Magdalene College",
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Cambridge"
] |
|
Where was Daniel Pedoe educated in 20-Jul-192320-July-1923? | July 20, 1923 | {
"text": [
"Central Foundation Boys' School"
]
} | L2_Q370054_P69_0 | Daniel Pedoe attended Magdalene College from Jan, 1930 to Jan, 1935.
Daniel Pedoe attended Institute for Advanced Study from Jan, 1935 to Jan, 1936.
Daniel Pedoe attended Central Foundation Boys' School from Jan, 1922 to Jan, 1930.
Daniel Pedoe attended University of Cambridge from Jan, 1937 to Jan, 1937. | Daniel PedoeDan Pedoe (29 October 1910, London – 27 October 1998, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) was an English-born mathematician and geometer with a career spanning more than sixty years. In the course of his life he wrote approximately fifty research and expository papers in geometry. He is also the author of various core books on mathematics and geometry some of which have remained in print for decades and been translated into several languages. These books include the three-volume "Methods of Algebraic Geometry" (which he wrote in collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge), "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles: A Mathematical View", "Geometry and the Visual Arts" and most recently "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems: San Gaku" (with Hidetoshi Fukagawa).Daniel Pedoe was born in London in 1910, the youngest of thirteen children of Szmul Abramski, a Jewish immigrant from Poland who found himself in London in the 1890s: he had boarded a cattleboat not knowing whether it was bound for New York or London, so his final destination was one of blind chance. Pedoe's mother, Ryfka Raszka Pedowicz, was the only child of Wolf Pedowicz, a corn merchant and his wife, Sarah Haimnovna Pecheska from Łomża then in Congress Poland (that part of Poland then under Russian control). The family name requires some explanation. The father, Abramski, was one of the Kohanim, a priestly group, and once in Britain, he changed his surname to Cohen. At first, all thirteen children took the surname Cohen, but later, to avoid any potential anti-semitism, some of the Cohen children changed their surname to Pedoe, a contraction of their mother's maiden name; this happened while Daniel was at school, aged 12."Danny" was the youngest child in a family of thirteen children and his childhood was spent in relative poverty in the East End of London, despite their father being a skilled cabinetmaker. He attended the Central Foundation Boys' School where he was first influenced in his love of geometry by the headmaster Norman M. Gibbins and a textbook by Godfrey and Siddons. While still at school, Pedoe published his first paper, "The geometric interpretation of Cagnoli's equation: sin b sin c + cos b cos c cos A = sin B sin C – cos B cos C cos a"; it appeared in the "Mathematical Gazette" in 1929. He was successful at the "ten plus" examination and subsequently won a Scholarship to study mathematics at Cambridge University.During his first three years at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was a scholar, Pedoe was tutored in mathematics by Arthur Stanley Ramsey, the father of Frank P. Ramsey. He attended lectures by Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell, although he was unimpressed by the teaching style of either great man. Geometry became his main interest and, advised by Henry Baker, he started work on his doctorate and published several papers. In 1935 he took a break from Cambridge and went to the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton where he worked with Solomon Lefschetz.On his return to England in 1936, Pedoe was appointed as an assistant lecturer of the mathematics department at the University College, Southampton. More of his papers were published and after(?) 1937, he was awarded his PhD on the strength of his thesis, "The Exceptional Curves on an Algebraic Surface", which was based on Henry Baker's work on the Italian theory of algebraic surfaces; he was examined by W. V. D. Hodge and Baker at Cambridge.In the late 1930s, Pedoe married Mary Tunstall, an English geographer and the couple had a daughter, Naomi, and identical twin sons, Dan and Hugh, born in December 1939.By 1941, Winchester College had lost several teachers to the army and had become unable to meet its teaching commitments. They requested help and Pedoe was asked to assist with the teaching of mathematics. He taught junior and senior classes (the juniors could be unruly) and in the senior class one of the students was Freeman Dyson who showed enormous early talent and was strongly encouraged by Pedoe with extra work and reading. Their friendship lasted more than fifty more years until Pedoe's death in 1998 and Dyson's list of people who have most influenced him begins "Hardy, Pedoe...".In 1941 a collaboration with W. V. D. Hodge started which lasted some twelve years and included the writing of the huge three-volume work, "Methods of Algebraic Geometry". Although the book was originally designed as a geometric counterpart of G. H. Hardy's "A Course of Pure Mathematics" it was never intended as a textbook and contains original material. First published in the 1940s, all three volumes were reprinted by Cambridge University Press in 1995.Pedoe published three more papers in 1942: "A remark on a property of a special pencil of quadrics", "On some geometrical inequalities" and "An inequality for two triangles".In 1942, Pedoe moved to Birmingham for a lectureship at the University of Birmingham, working mainly in engineering mathematics. The family were not happy there, the local air pollution affected his children and Pedoe did not like the working environment. The professor of mathematical physics at Birmingham was Rudolf Peierls, who was working on the British project to develop the atomic bomb; he suggested to Pedoe that he, Pedoe, should do some war-work. He did so, and worked part-time to improve piston rings so as to emulate German dive-bombing tactics.In 1947 he moved to Westfield College, part of the University of London, as a reader in mathematics. Once again, he was unhappy, both from domestic and professional points of view: his salary was insufficient for him to afford to buy a family home and he found the working environment to be "a strain".Encouraged by Mary to look abroad, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Khartoum in the Sudan and took up the role in 1952 on trial basis with leave of absence from Westfield College. When Westfield pressed for firm decision, he resigned and stayed at Khartoum for seven years: the length of his contract. It was during this period that he wrote many of his books including "The Gentle Art of Mathematics", "Circles" and a textbook, "An Introduction to projective geometry".Pedoe found the time at Khartoum to his taste; there was a comfortable life-style that allowed him to write and the family joined him each Christmas. Eventually, Mary stayed with him permanently, the children remaining in England.In 1959, he was appointed as head of the mathematics department at the University of Singapore by Sir Alexander Oppenheim.Unwilling to retire at 55, the statutory retirement age in Singapore, he moved again, to Indiana in 1962, to take up a position at Purdue University, near Lafayette. Although the location was somewhat isolated, there was an active social life and he was kept busy. One of the positions he held there was as Senior Mathematician to the Minnesota College Geometry Project, which was to improve geometry teaching in high schools and colleges by making films and writing accompanying books.After two years at Purdue, he was appointed as a professor at the University of Minnesota where he stayed until he retired in 1980, when he was made Professor Emeritus. He won a Lester R. Ford Award in 1968.Pedoe's interest and work continued after his retirement and in 1984 he was approached by Hidetoshi Fukagawa, a high-school teacher in Aichi, Japan. Fukagawa had tried unsuccessfully to interest Japanese academics in San Gaku – Japanese wooden tablets containing geometric theorems which had hung in temples and shrines for around two centuries as offerings to the gods.A collaboration started which resulted in the publication of the book, "Japanese Temple Geometry Problems" by the Charles Babbage Research Centre in Canada. The book succeeded in arousing interest in this uniquely Japanese form of mathematics.Dan Pedoe died in 1998, aged 88, after a long period with failing health. He was survived by his twin sons, Dan and Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe, and six grandchildren.A collection of Daniel Pedoe's papers and correspondence throughout his life is to be found at the University of Birmingham archive centre. | [
"Magdalene College",
"Institute for Advanced Study",
"University of Cambridge"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet hold in Dec, 1922? | December 16, 1922 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7525986_P39_2 | Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922. | Anderson Montague-BarlowSir Clement Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet, KBE (28 February 1868 – 31 May 1951) was an English barrister and Conservative Party politician.He was born Clement Anderson Barlow at St Bartholomew's Vicarage, Clifton, Gloucestershire, and preferred to be known under his second name, Anderson, rather than his first, Clement. He received a Master's degree and an LL.D. from the University of Cambridge and practised at the bar. Between 1910 and 1923 he represented Salford South in the House of Commons. In 1922 he was admitted to the Privy Council upon becoming Minister of Labour, a position he served in until 1924. He was made a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918 and in 1924 he was created a baronet, of Westminster in the County of London.In 1938, Neville Chamberlain's government asked Barlow to chair a royal commission into the urban concentration of population and industry, "The Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population", which became known as the Barlow Commission. Its report, published in 1940, raised the problem of large towns as a public issue for the first time, and concluded that "planned decentralisation" was favourable. The report was largely ignored at the time, as it came shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, but its conclusions were a major factor behind the new towns movement after the war, which led to the creation of 27 new towns.In 1946 Barlow changed his last name to Montague-Barlow.Montague-Barlow died in May 1951, aged 83, when the baronetcy became extinct. | [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet hold in 1922-12-16? | December 16, 1922 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7525986_P39_2 | Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922. | Anderson Montague-BarlowSir Clement Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet, KBE (28 February 1868 – 31 May 1951) was an English barrister and Conservative Party politician.He was born Clement Anderson Barlow at St Bartholomew's Vicarage, Clifton, Gloucestershire, and preferred to be known under his second name, Anderson, rather than his first, Clement. He received a Master's degree and an LL.D. from the University of Cambridge and practised at the bar. Between 1910 and 1923 he represented Salford South in the House of Commons. In 1922 he was admitted to the Privy Council upon becoming Minister of Labour, a position he served in until 1924. He was made a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918 and in 1924 he was created a baronet, of Westminster in the County of London.In 1938, Neville Chamberlain's government asked Barlow to chair a royal commission into the urban concentration of population and industry, "The Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population", which became known as the Barlow Commission. Its report, published in 1940, raised the problem of large towns as a public issue for the first time, and concluded that "planned decentralisation" was favourable. The report was largely ignored at the time, as it came shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, but its conclusions were a major factor behind the new towns movement after the war, which led to the creation of 27 new towns.In 1946 Barlow changed his last name to Montague-Barlow.Montague-Barlow died in May 1951, aged 83, when the baronetcy became extinct. | [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet hold in 16/12/1922? | December 16, 1922 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7525986_P39_2 | Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922. | Anderson Montague-BarlowSir Clement Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet, KBE (28 February 1868 – 31 May 1951) was an English barrister and Conservative Party politician.He was born Clement Anderson Barlow at St Bartholomew's Vicarage, Clifton, Gloucestershire, and preferred to be known under his second name, Anderson, rather than his first, Clement. He received a Master's degree and an LL.D. from the University of Cambridge and practised at the bar. Between 1910 and 1923 he represented Salford South in the House of Commons. In 1922 he was admitted to the Privy Council upon becoming Minister of Labour, a position he served in until 1924. He was made a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918 and in 1924 he was created a baronet, of Westminster in the County of London.In 1938, Neville Chamberlain's government asked Barlow to chair a royal commission into the urban concentration of population and industry, "The Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population", which became known as the Barlow Commission. Its report, published in 1940, raised the problem of large towns as a public issue for the first time, and concluded that "planned decentralisation" was favourable. The report was largely ignored at the time, as it came shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, but its conclusions were a major factor behind the new towns movement after the war, which led to the creation of 27 new towns.In 1946 Barlow changed his last name to Montague-Barlow.Montague-Barlow died in May 1951, aged 83, when the baronetcy became extinct. | [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet hold in Dec 16, 1922? | December 16, 1922 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7525986_P39_2 | Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922. | Anderson Montague-BarlowSir Clement Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet, KBE (28 February 1868 – 31 May 1951) was an English barrister and Conservative Party politician.He was born Clement Anderson Barlow at St Bartholomew's Vicarage, Clifton, Gloucestershire, and preferred to be known under his second name, Anderson, rather than his first, Clement. He received a Master's degree and an LL.D. from the University of Cambridge and practised at the bar. Between 1910 and 1923 he represented Salford South in the House of Commons. In 1922 he was admitted to the Privy Council upon becoming Minister of Labour, a position he served in until 1924. He was made a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918 and in 1924 he was created a baronet, of Westminster in the County of London.In 1938, Neville Chamberlain's government asked Barlow to chair a royal commission into the urban concentration of population and industry, "The Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population", which became known as the Barlow Commission. Its report, published in 1940, raised the problem of large towns as a public issue for the first time, and concluded that "planned decentralisation" was favourable. The report was largely ignored at the time, as it came shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, but its conclusions were a major factor behind the new towns movement after the war, which led to the creation of 27 new towns.In 1946 Barlow changed his last name to Montague-Barlow.Montague-Barlow died in May 1951, aged 83, when the baronetcy became extinct. | [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet hold in 12/16/1922? | December 16, 1922 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7525986_P39_2 | Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922. | Anderson Montague-BarlowSir Clement Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet, KBE (28 February 1868 – 31 May 1951) was an English barrister and Conservative Party politician.He was born Clement Anderson Barlow at St Bartholomew's Vicarage, Clifton, Gloucestershire, and preferred to be known under his second name, Anderson, rather than his first, Clement. He received a Master's degree and an LL.D. from the University of Cambridge and practised at the bar. Between 1910 and 1923 he represented Salford South in the House of Commons. In 1922 he was admitted to the Privy Council upon becoming Minister of Labour, a position he served in until 1924. He was made a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918 and in 1924 he was created a baronet, of Westminster in the County of London.In 1938, Neville Chamberlain's government asked Barlow to chair a royal commission into the urban concentration of population and industry, "The Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population", which became known as the Barlow Commission. Its report, published in 1940, raised the problem of large towns as a public issue for the first time, and concluded that "planned decentralisation" was favourable. The report was largely ignored at the time, as it came shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, but its conclusions were a major factor behind the new towns movement after the war, which led to the creation of 27 new towns.In 1946 Barlow changed his last name to Montague-Barlow.Montague-Barlow died in May 1951, aged 83, when the baronetcy became extinct. | [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet hold in 16-Dec-192216-December-1922? | December 16, 1922 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q7525986_P39_2 | Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 32nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Nov, 1922 to Nov, 1923.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1910 to Nov, 1918.
Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet holds the position of Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec, 1918 to Oct, 1922. | Anderson Montague-BarlowSir Clement Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet, KBE (28 February 1868 – 31 May 1951) was an English barrister and Conservative Party politician.He was born Clement Anderson Barlow at St Bartholomew's Vicarage, Clifton, Gloucestershire, and preferred to be known under his second name, Anderson, rather than his first, Clement. He received a Master's degree and an LL.D. from the University of Cambridge and practised at the bar. Between 1910 and 1923 he represented Salford South in the House of Commons. In 1922 he was admitted to the Privy Council upon becoming Minister of Labour, a position he served in until 1924. He was made a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1918 and in 1924 he was created a baronet, of Westminster in the County of London.In 1938, Neville Chamberlain's government asked Barlow to chair a royal commission into the urban concentration of population and industry, "The Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population", which became known as the Barlow Commission. Its report, published in 1940, raised the problem of large towns as a public issue for the first time, and concluded that "planned decentralisation" was favourable. The report was largely ignored at the time, as it came shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, but its conclusions were a major factor behind the new towns movement after the war, which led to the creation of 27 new towns.In 1946 Barlow changed his last name to Montague-Barlow.Montague-Barlow died in May 1951, aged 83, when the baronetcy became extinct. | [
"Member of the 31st Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 30th Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Where was Owe Wiktorin educated in Nov, 1971? | November 08, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Swedish National Military College"
]
} | L2_Q6241724_P69_1 | Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish National Military College from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1973.
Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Owe Wiktorin attended Air Command and Staff College from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980. | Owe WiktorinGeneral Owe Erik Axel Wiktorin (born 7 May 1940) is a retired Swedish Air Force officer. Wiktorin was Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1994 to 2000. His time as Supreme Commander was marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense.Wiktorin was born on 7 May 1940 in Motala, Sweden, the son of Erik Wiktorin, a chief accountant, and his wife Esther (née Johnson). Wiktorin was dreaming of becoming a pilot at a young age and he built aircraft models during when growing up in Askersund. He passed his "studentexamen" in 1961. 191.5 centimeters tall, Wiktorin was almost too long for the fighter's cockpits, but he was accepted was trained as a pilot at the Swedish Air Force Flying School in Ljungbyhed from 1961 to 1962 eventually becoming an officer in the Swedish Air Force in 1964. Wiktorin was an attack pilot at Skaraborg Air Force Wing (F 7) from 1964 to 1969 and attack squadron commander at Skaraborg Air Force Wing from 1969 to 1971. Wiktorin studied the higher course at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College and served at the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1971 to 1973. He then studied at the Air Command and Staff College in the United States from 1979 to 1980.He was head of the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1980 to 1983 and was deputy wing commander at Jämtland Air Force Wing (F 4) from 1983 to 1984 and head of Section 1 of the Air Staff from 1 October 1984 to 1986. In 1986 he was promoted to major general and was appointed head of the Planning Management in the Defence Staff as well as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff. In 1991 he became lieutenant general and Chief of the Defence Staff and in 1992 he was appointed military commander of the Southern Military District (Milo S), taking command on 1 October. On 1 July 1994, he was promoted to general and became Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces. When Wiktorin became Supreme Commander in 1994, a massive reorganization of the Swedish defense was carried out when 110 defence agencies were coordinated into one with control from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm. The military also underwent one of its greatest transformations ever, from the Cold War defence of invasions and major conscript armies to a more downturned flexible response defence. His time as Supreme Commander was also marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense. Wiktorin stayed in the position of Supreme Commander until 30 June 2000.In 1985 he became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences. On 2 October 1998, Wiktorin became honorary member number 20 of the Lund Academic Officer Society ("Lunds Akademiska Officerssällskap"). On 6 June 2000 he was awarded the H. M. The King's Medal of the 12th size in gold with chain ""for outstanding work for the Swedish defense"." Wiktorin was chairman of the Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management ("Svenska Jägareförbundet") from 2003 to 2007 and then became an honorary member.In 1965, Wiktorin married in Cajs Gårding (born 1943), the daughter of engineer Folke Gårding and Signe (née Domeij). Together they have two sons, Martin and Björn. | [
"Air Command and Staff College",
"Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School"
] |
|
Where was Owe Wiktorin educated in 1971-11-08? | November 08, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Swedish National Military College"
]
} | L2_Q6241724_P69_1 | Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish National Military College from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1973.
Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Owe Wiktorin attended Air Command and Staff College from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980. | Owe WiktorinGeneral Owe Erik Axel Wiktorin (born 7 May 1940) is a retired Swedish Air Force officer. Wiktorin was Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1994 to 2000. His time as Supreme Commander was marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense.Wiktorin was born on 7 May 1940 in Motala, Sweden, the son of Erik Wiktorin, a chief accountant, and his wife Esther (née Johnson). Wiktorin was dreaming of becoming a pilot at a young age and he built aircraft models during when growing up in Askersund. He passed his "studentexamen" in 1961. 191.5 centimeters tall, Wiktorin was almost too long for the fighter's cockpits, but he was accepted was trained as a pilot at the Swedish Air Force Flying School in Ljungbyhed from 1961 to 1962 eventually becoming an officer in the Swedish Air Force in 1964. Wiktorin was an attack pilot at Skaraborg Air Force Wing (F 7) from 1964 to 1969 and attack squadron commander at Skaraborg Air Force Wing from 1969 to 1971. Wiktorin studied the higher course at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College and served at the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1971 to 1973. He then studied at the Air Command and Staff College in the United States from 1979 to 1980.He was head of the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1980 to 1983 and was deputy wing commander at Jämtland Air Force Wing (F 4) from 1983 to 1984 and head of Section 1 of the Air Staff from 1 October 1984 to 1986. In 1986 he was promoted to major general and was appointed head of the Planning Management in the Defence Staff as well as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff. In 1991 he became lieutenant general and Chief of the Defence Staff and in 1992 he was appointed military commander of the Southern Military District (Milo S), taking command on 1 October. On 1 July 1994, he was promoted to general and became Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces. When Wiktorin became Supreme Commander in 1994, a massive reorganization of the Swedish defense was carried out when 110 defence agencies were coordinated into one with control from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm. The military also underwent one of its greatest transformations ever, from the Cold War defence of invasions and major conscript armies to a more downturned flexible response defence. His time as Supreme Commander was also marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense. Wiktorin stayed in the position of Supreme Commander until 30 June 2000.In 1985 he became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences. On 2 October 1998, Wiktorin became honorary member number 20 of the Lund Academic Officer Society ("Lunds Akademiska Officerssällskap"). On 6 June 2000 he was awarded the H. M. The King's Medal of the 12th size in gold with chain ""for outstanding work for the Swedish defense"." Wiktorin was chairman of the Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management ("Svenska Jägareförbundet") from 2003 to 2007 and then became an honorary member.In 1965, Wiktorin married in Cajs Gårding (born 1943), the daughter of engineer Folke Gårding and Signe (née Domeij). Together they have two sons, Martin and Björn. | [
"Air Command and Staff College",
"Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School"
] |
|
Where was Owe Wiktorin educated in 08/11/1971? | November 08, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Swedish National Military College"
]
} | L2_Q6241724_P69_1 | Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish National Military College from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1973.
Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Owe Wiktorin attended Air Command and Staff College from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980. | Owe WiktorinGeneral Owe Erik Axel Wiktorin (born 7 May 1940) is a retired Swedish Air Force officer. Wiktorin was Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1994 to 2000. His time as Supreme Commander was marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense.Wiktorin was born on 7 May 1940 in Motala, Sweden, the son of Erik Wiktorin, a chief accountant, and his wife Esther (née Johnson). Wiktorin was dreaming of becoming a pilot at a young age and he built aircraft models during when growing up in Askersund. He passed his "studentexamen" in 1961. 191.5 centimeters tall, Wiktorin was almost too long for the fighter's cockpits, but he was accepted was trained as a pilot at the Swedish Air Force Flying School in Ljungbyhed from 1961 to 1962 eventually becoming an officer in the Swedish Air Force in 1964. Wiktorin was an attack pilot at Skaraborg Air Force Wing (F 7) from 1964 to 1969 and attack squadron commander at Skaraborg Air Force Wing from 1969 to 1971. Wiktorin studied the higher course at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College and served at the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1971 to 1973. He then studied at the Air Command and Staff College in the United States from 1979 to 1980.He was head of the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1980 to 1983 and was deputy wing commander at Jämtland Air Force Wing (F 4) from 1983 to 1984 and head of Section 1 of the Air Staff from 1 October 1984 to 1986. In 1986 he was promoted to major general and was appointed head of the Planning Management in the Defence Staff as well as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff. In 1991 he became lieutenant general and Chief of the Defence Staff and in 1992 he was appointed military commander of the Southern Military District (Milo S), taking command on 1 October. On 1 July 1994, he was promoted to general and became Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces. When Wiktorin became Supreme Commander in 1994, a massive reorganization of the Swedish defense was carried out when 110 defence agencies were coordinated into one with control from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm. The military also underwent one of its greatest transformations ever, from the Cold War defence of invasions and major conscript armies to a more downturned flexible response defence. His time as Supreme Commander was also marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense. Wiktorin stayed in the position of Supreme Commander until 30 June 2000.In 1985 he became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences. On 2 October 1998, Wiktorin became honorary member number 20 of the Lund Academic Officer Society ("Lunds Akademiska Officerssällskap"). On 6 June 2000 he was awarded the H. M. The King's Medal of the 12th size in gold with chain ""for outstanding work for the Swedish defense"." Wiktorin was chairman of the Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management ("Svenska Jägareförbundet") from 2003 to 2007 and then became an honorary member.In 1965, Wiktorin married in Cajs Gårding (born 1943), the daughter of engineer Folke Gårding and Signe (née Domeij). Together they have two sons, Martin and Björn. | [
"Air Command and Staff College",
"Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School"
] |
|
Where was Owe Wiktorin educated in Nov 08, 1971? | November 08, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Swedish National Military College"
]
} | L2_Q6241724_P69_1 | Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish National Military College from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1973.
Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Owe Wiktorin attended Air Command and Staff College from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980. | Owe WiktorinGeneral Owe Erik Axel Wiktorin (born 7 May 1940) is a retired Swedish Air Force officer. Wiktorin was Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1994 to 2000. His time as Supreme Commander was marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense.Wiktorin was born on 7 May 1940 in Motala, Sweden, the son of Erik Wiktorin, a chief accountant, and his wife Esther (née Johnson). Wiktorin was dreaming of becoming a pilot at a young age and he built aircraft models during when growing up in Askersund. He passed his "studentexamen" in 1961. 191.5 centimeters tall, Wiktorin was almost too long for the fighter's cockpits, but he was accepted was trained as a pilot at the Swedish Air Force Flying School in Ljungbyhed from 1961 to 1962 eventually becoming an officer in the Swedish Air Force in 1964. Wiktorin was an attack pilot at Skaraborg Air Force Wing (F 7) from 1964 to 1969 and attack squadron commander at Skaraborg Air Force Wing from 1969 to 1971. Wiktorin studied the higher course at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College and served at the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1971 to 1973. He then studied at the Air Command and Staff College in the United States from 1979 to 1980.He was head of the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1980 to 1983 and was deputy wing commander at Jämtland Air Force Wing (F 4) from 1983 to 1984 and head of Section 1 of the Air Staff from 1 October 1984 to 1986. In 1986 he was promoted to major general and was appointed head of the Planning Management in the Defence Staff as well as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff. In 1991 he became lieutenant general and Chief of the Defence Staff and in 1992 he was appointed military commander of the Southern Military District (Milo S), taking command on 1 October. On 1 July 1994, he was promoted to general and became Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces. When Wiktorin became Supreme Commander in 1994, a massive reorganization of the Swedish defense was carried out when 110 defence agencies were coordinated into one with control from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm. The military also underwent one of its greatest transformations ever, from the Cold War defence of invasions and major conscript armies to a more downturned flexible response defence. His time as Supreme Commander was also marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense. Wiktorin stayed in the position of Supreme Commander until 30 June 2000.In 1985 he became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences. On 2 October 1998, Wiktorin became honorary member number 20 of the Lund Academic Officer Society ("Lunds Akademiska Officerssällskap"). On 6 June 2000 he was awarded the H. M. The King's Medal of the 12th size in gold with chain ""for outstanding work for the Swedish defense"." Wiktorin was chairman of the Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management ("Svenska Jägareförbundet") from 2003 to 2007 and then became an honorary member.In 1965, Wiktorin married in Cajs Gårding (born 1943), the daughter of engineer Folke Gårding and Signe (née Domeij). Together they have two sons, Martin and Björn. | [
"Air Command and Staff College",
"Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School"
] |
|
Where was Owe Wiktorin educated in 11/08/1971? | November 08, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Swedish National Military College"
]
} | L2_Q6241724_P69_1 | Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish National Military College from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1973.
Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Owe Wiktorin attended Air Command and Staff College from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980. | Owe WiktorinGeneral Owe Erik Axel Wiktorin (born 7 May 1940) is a retired Swedish Air Force officer. Wiktorin was Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1994 to 2000. His time as Supreme Commander was marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense.Wiktorin was born on 7 May 1940 in Motala, Sweden, the son of Erik Wiktorin, a chief accountant, and his wife Esther (née Johnson). Wiktorin was dreaming of becoming a pilot at a young age and he built aircraft models during when growing up in Askersund. He passed his "studentexamen" in 1961. 191.5 centimeters tall, Wiktorin was almost too long for the fighter's cockpits, but he was accepted was trained as a pilot at the Swedish Air Force Flying School in Ljungbyhed from 1961 to 1962 eventually becoming an officer in the Swedish Air Force in 1964. Wiktorin was an attack pilot at Skaraborg Air Force Wing (F 7) from 1964 to 1969 and attack squadron commander at Skaraborg Air Force Wing from 1969 to 1971. Wiktorin studied the higher course at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College and served at the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1971 to 1973. He then studied at the Air Command and Staff College in the United States from 1979 to 1980.He was head of the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1980 to 1983 and was deputy wing commander at Jämtland Air Force Wing (F 4) from 1983 to 1984 and head of Section 1 of the Air Staff from 1 October 1984 to 1986. In 1986 he was promoted to major general and was appointed head of the Planning Management in the Defence Staff as well as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff. In 1991 he became lieutenant general and Chief of the Defence Staff and in 1992 he was appointed military commander of the Southern Military District (Milo S), taking command on 1 October. On 1 July 1994, he was promoted to general and became Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces. When Wiktorin became Supreme Commander in 1994, a massive reorganization of the Swedish defense was carried out when 110 defence agencies were coordinated into one with control from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm. The military also underwent one of its greatest transformations ever, from the Cold War defence of invasions and major conscript armies to a more downturned flexible response defence. His time as Supreme Commander was also marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense. Wiktorin stayed in the position of Supreme Commander until 30 June 2000.In 1985 he became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences. On 2 October 1998, Wiktorin became honorary member number 20 of the Lund Academic Officer Society ("Lunds Akademiska Officerssällskap"). On 6 June 2000 he was awarded the H. M. The King's Medal of the 12th size in gold with chain ""for outstanding work for the Swedish defense"." Wiktorin was chairman of the Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management ("Svenska Jägareförbundet") from 2003 to 2007 and then became an honorary member.In 1965, Wiktorin married in Cajs Gårding (born 1943), the daughter of engineer Folke Gårding and Signe (née Domeij). Together they have two sons, Martin and Björn. | [
"Air Command and Staff College",
"Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School"
] |
|
Where was Owe Wiktorin educated in 08-Nov-197108-November-1971? | November 08, 1971 | {
"text": [
"Swedish National Military College"
]
} | L2_Q6241724_P69_1 | Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish National Military College from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1973.
Owe Wiktorin attended Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School from Jan, 1961 to Jan, 1962.
Owe Wiktorin attended Air Command and Staff College from Jan, 1979 to Jan, 1980. | Owe WiktorinGeneral Owe Erik Axel Wiktorin (born 7 May 1940) is a retired Swedish Air Force officer. Wiktorin was Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1994 to 2000. His time as Supreme Commander was marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense.Wiktorin was born on 7 May 1940 in Motala, Sweden, the son of Erik Wiktorin, a chief accountant, and his wife Esther (née Johnson). Wiktorin was dreaming of becoming a pilot at a young age and he built aircraft models during when growing up in Askersund. He passed his "studentexamen" in 1961. 191.5 centimeters tall, Wiktorin was almost too long for the fighter's cockpits, but he was accepted was trained as a pilot at the Swedish Air Force Flying School in Ljungbyhed from 1961 to 1962 eventually becoming an officer in the Swedish Air Force in 1964. Wiktorin was an attack pilot at Skaraborg Air Force Wing (F 7) from 1964 to 1969 and attack squadron commander at Skaraborg Air Force Wing from 1969 to 1971. Wiktorin studied the higher course at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College and served at the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1971 to 1973. He then studied at the Air Command and Staff College in the United States from 1979 to 1980.He was head of the Planning Department at the Defence Staff from 1980 to 1983 and was deputy wing commander at Jämtland Air Force Wing (F 4) from 1983 to 1984 and head of Section 1 of the Air Staff from 1 October 1984 to 1986. In 1986 he was promoted to major general and was appointed head of the Planning Management in the Defence Staff as well as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff. In 1991 he became lieutenant general and Chief of the Defence Staff and in 1992 he was appointed military commander of the Southern Military District (Milo S), taking command on 1 October. On 1 July 1994, he was promoted to general and became Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces. When Wiktorin became Supreme Commander in 1994, a massive reorganization of the Swedish defense was carried out when 110 defence agencies were coordinated into one with control from the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm. The military also underwent one of its greatest transformations ever, from the Cold War defence of invasions and major conscript armies to a more downturned flexible response defence. His time as Supreme Commander was also marked by major cutbacks of the Swedish defense. Wiktorin stayed in the position of Supreme Commander until 30 June 2000.In 1985 he became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences. On 2 October 1998, Wiktorin became honorary member number 20 of the Lund Academic Officer Society ("Lunds Akademiska Officerssällskap"). On 6 June 2000 he was awarded the H. M. The King's Medal of the 12th size in gold with chain ""for outstanding work for the Swedish defense"." Wiktorin was chairman of the Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management ("Svenska Jägareförbundet") from 2003 to 2007 and then became an honorary member.In 1965, Wiktorin married in Cajs Gårding (born 1943), the daughter of engineer Folke Gårding and Signe (née Domeij). Together they have two sons, Martin and Björn. | [
"Air Command and Staff College",
"Swedish Air Force Military Aviation School"
] |
|
Which employer did Georgina Roberts work for in Oct, 2011? | October 02, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Reckitt"
]
} | L2_Q13422007_P108_0 | Georgina Roberts works for GlaxoSmithKline from Apr, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Georgina Roberts works for Strides Arcolab from Sep, 2013 to Apr, 2015.
Georgina Roberts works for Reckitt from Nov, 2010 to Jun, 2013. | Georgina RobertsGeorgina Elizabeth Anne Roberts (born 9 July 1985 in Bradford, West Yorkshire) is a member of the England women's rugby union squad. Roberts was educated at Beckfoot School, and started playing rugby at the University of Bath after she missed a flight to a skeleton bobsleigh competition in the Netherlands at the age of 19. Her main squad is the Darlington Mowden Park Sharks, her position is centre, her height is 1.62 m, she is 61 kg and has seven caps.Her nickname is Toad. | [
"Strides Arcolab",
"GlaxoSmithKline"
] |
|
Which employer did Georgina Roberts work for in 2011-10-02? | October 02, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Reckitt"
]
} | L2_Q13422007_P108_0 | Georgina Roberts works for GlaxoSmithKline from Apr, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Georgina Roberts works for Strides Arcolab from Sep, 2013 to Apr, 2015.
Georgina Roberts works for Reckitt from Nov, 2010 to Jun, 2013. | Georgina RobertsGeorgina Elizabeth Anne Roberts (born 9 July 1985 in Bradford, West Yorkshire) is a member of the England women's rugby union squad. Roberts was educated at Beckfoot School, and started playing rugby at the University of Bath after she missed a flight to a skeleton bobsleigh competition in the Netherlands at the age of 19. Her main squad is the Darlington Mowden Park Sharks, her position is centre, her height is 1.62 m, she is 61 kg and has seven caps.Her nickname is Toad. | [
"Strides Arcolab",
"GlaxoSmithKline"
] |
|
Which employer did Georgina Roberts work for in 02/10/2011? | October 02, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Reckitt"
]
} | L2_Q13422007_P108_0 | Georgina Roberts works for GlaxoSmithKline from Apr, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Georgina Roberts works for Strides Arcolab from Sep, 2013 to Apr, 2015.
Georgina Roberts works for Reckitt from Nov, 2010 to Jun, 2013. | Georgina RobertsGeorgina Elizabeth Anne Roberts (born 9 July 1985 in Bradford, West Yorkshire) is a member of the England women's rugby union squad. Roberts was educated at Beckfoot School, and started playing rugby at the University of Bath after she missed a flight to a skeleton bobsleigh competition in the Netherlands at the age of 19. Her main squad is the Darlington Mowden Park Sharks, her position is centre, her height is 1.62 m, she is 61 kg and has seven caps.Her nickname is Toad. | [
"Strides Arcolab",
"GlaxoSmithKline"
] |
|
Which employer did Georgina Roberts work for in Oct 02, 2011? | October 02, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Reckitt"
]
} | L2_Q13422007_P108_0 | Georgina Roberts works for GlaxoSmithKline from Apr, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Georgina Roberts works for Strides Arcolab from Sep, 2013 to Apr, 2015.
Georgina Roberts works for Reckitt from Nov, 2010 to Jun, 2013. | Georgina RobertsGeorgina Elizabeth Anne Roberts (born 9 July 1985 in Bradford, West Yorkshire) is a member of the England women's rugby union squad. Roberts was educated at Beckfoot School, and started playing rugby at the University of Bath after she missed a flight to a skeleton bobsleigh competition in the Netherlands at the age of 19. Her main squad is the Darlington Mowden Park Sharks, her position is centre, her height is 1.62 m, she is 61 kg and has seven caps.Her nickname is Toad. | [
"Strides Arcolab",
"GlaxoSmithKline"
] |
|
Which employer did Georgina Roberts work for in 10/02/2011? | October 02, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Reckitt"
]
} | L2_Q13422007_P108_0 | Georgina Roberts works for GlaxoSmithKline from Apr, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Georgina Roberts works for Strides Arcolab from Sep, 2013 to Apr, 2015.
Georgina Roberts works for Reckitt from Nov, 2010 to Jun, 2013. | Georgina RobertsGeorgina Elizabeth Anne Roberts (born 9 July 1985 in Bradford, West Yorkshire) is a member of the England women's rugby union squad. Roberts was educated at Beckfoot School, and started playing rugby at the University of Bath after she missed a flight to a skeleton bobsleigh competition in the Netherlands at the age of 19. Her main squad is the Darlington Mowden Park Sharks, her position is centre, her height is 1.62 m, she is 61 kg and has seven caps.Her nickname is Toad. | [
"Strides Arcolab",
"GlaxoSmithKline"
] |
|
Which employer did Georgina Roberts work for in 02-Oct-201102-October-2011? | October 02, 2011 | {
"text": [
"Reckitt"
]
} | L2_Q13422007_P108_0 | Georgina Roberts works for GlaxoSmithKline from Apr, 2015 to Dec, 2022.
Georgina Roberts works for Strides Arcolab from Sep, 2013 to Apr, 2015.
Georgina Roberts works for Reckitt from Nov, 2010 to Jun, 2013. | Georgina RobertsGeorgina Elizabeth Anne Roberts (born 9 July 1985 in Bradford, West Yorkshire) is a member of the England women's rugby union squad. Roberts was educated at Beckfoot School, and started playing rugby at the University of Bath after she missed a flight to a skeleton bobsleigh competition in the Netherlands at the age of 19. Her main squad is the Darlington Mowden Park Sharks, her position is centre, her height is 1.62 m, she is 61 kg and has seven caps.Her nickname is Toad. | [
"Strides Arcolab",
"GlaxoSmithKline"
] |
|
Which position did Jan Björkman hold in Feb, 1995? | February 05, 1995 | {
"text": [
"Member of the Committee on Education"
]
} | L2_Q4994151_P39_0 | Jan Björkman holds the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from Oct, 2006 to Oct, 2010.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Member of the Committee on Education from Oct, 1994 to Feb, 1995.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Chair of the Committee on Education from Oct, 2002 to Oct, 2006. | Jan BjörkmanJan Björkman, is a Swedish social democratic politician, member of the Riksdag from 1988 to 2010. From 2006 to 2010, he was First Vice Speaker of the Riksdag. | [
"member of the Swedish Riksdag",
"Chair of the Committee on Education"
] |
|
Which position did Jan Björkman hold in 1995-02-05? | February 05, 1995 | {
"text": [
"Member of the Committee on Education"
]
} | L2_Q4994151_P39_0 | Jan Björkman holds the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from Oct, 2006 to Oct, 2010.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Member of the Committee on Education from Oct, 1994 to Feb, 1995.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Chair of the Committee on Education from Oct, 2002 to Oct, 2006. | Jan BjörkmanJan Björkman, is a Swedish social democratic politician, member of the Riksdag from 1988 to 2010. From 2006 to 2010, he was First Vice Speaker of the Riksdag. | [
"member of the Swedish Riksdag",
"Chair of the Committee on Education"
] |
|
Which position did Jan Björkman hold in 05/02/1995? | February 05, 1995 | {
"text": [
"Member of the Committee on Education"
]
} | L2_Q4994151_P39_0 | Jan Björkman holds the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from Oct, 2006 to Oct, 2010.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Member of the Committee on Education from Oct, 1994 to Feb, 1995.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Chair of the Committee on Education from Oct, 2002 to Oct, 2006. | Jan BjörkmanJan Björkman, is a Swedish social democratic politician, member of the Riksdag from 1988 to 2010. From 2006 to 2010, he was First Vice Speaker of the Riksdag. | [
"member of the Swedish Riksdag",
"Chair of the Committee on Education"
] |
|
Which position did Jan Björkman hold in Feb 05, 1995? | February 05, 1995 | {
"text": [
"Member of the Committee on Education"
]
} | L2_Q4994151_P39_0 | Jan Björkman holds the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from Oct, 2006 to Oct, 2010.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Member of the Committee on Education from Oct, 1994 to Feb, 1995.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Chair of the Committee on Education from Oct, 2002 to Oct, 2006. | Jan BjörkmanJan Björkman, is a Swedish social democratic politician, member of the Riksdag from 1988 to 2010. From 2006 to 2010, he was First Vice Speaker of the Riksdag. | [
"member of the Swedish Riksdag",
"Chair of the Committee on Education"
] |
|
Which position did Jan Björkman hold in 02/05/1995? | February 05, 1995 | {
"text": [
"Member of the Committee on Education"
]
} | L2_Q4994151_P39_0 | Jan Björkman holds the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from Oct, 2006 to Oct, 2010.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Member of the Committee on Education from Oct, 1994 to Feb, 1995.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Chair of the Committee on Education from Oct, 2002 to Oct, 2006. | Jan BjörkmanJan Björkman, is a Swedish social democratic politician, member of the Riksdag from 1988 to 2010. From 2006 to 2010, he was First Vice Speaker of the Riksdag. | [
"member of the Swedish Riksdag",
"Chair of the Committee on Education"
] |
|
Which position did Jan Björkman hold in 05-Feb-199505-February-1995? | February 05, 1995 | {
"text": [
"Member of the Committee on Education"
]
} | L2_Q4994151_P39_0 | Jan Björkman holds the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from Oct, 2006 to Oct, 2010.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Member of the Committee on Education from Oct, 1994 to Feb, 1995.
Jan Björkman holds the position of Chair of the Committee on Education from Oct, 2002 to Oct, 2006. | Jan BjörkmanJan Björkman, is a Swedish social democratic politician, member of the Riksdag from 1988 to 2010. From 2006 to 2010, he was First Vice Speaker of the Riksdag. | [
"member of the Swedish Riksdag",
"Chair of the Committee on Education"
] |
|
Which political party did Enric Tarrado Vives belong to in Oct, 2002? | October 31, 2002 | {
"text": [
"Andorran Democratic Centre"
]
} | L2_Q3054594_P102_1 | Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Andorran Democratic Centre from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the National Democratic Group from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2000.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Democrats for Andorra from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. | Enric Tarrado VivesEnric Tarrado Vives is an Andorran politician and former ambassador. From 2005 until 2009 he was a member of the Consell General, the legislative branch of Andorra, where he was chairman of the fraction of the party "Andorran Democratic Centre + Segle XXI". In 2019 he stood again for the Consell Generall as the leader of the "Andorran Democratic Centre and Independents" in the parish Andorra la Vella, but was defeated by the party d'Acord by 12 votes (0.26 % point). From 2012 until his decision to stand in the 2019 elections, he was ambassador of Andorra to Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Switzerland, as well as permanent representative of Andorra to the United Nations Office at Geneva. | [
"Democrats for Andorra",
"National Democratic Group"
] |
|
Which political party did Enric Tarrado Vives belong to in 2002-10-31? | October 31, 2002 | {
"text": [
"Andorran Democratic Centre"
]
} | L2_Q3054594_P102_1 | Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Andorran Democratic Centre from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the National Democratic Group from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2000.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Democrats for Andorra from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. | Enric Tarrado VivesEnric Tarrado Vives is an Andorran politician and former ambassador. From 2005 until 2009 he was a member of the Consell General, the legislative branch of Andorra, where he was chairman of the fraction of the party "Andorran Democratic Centre + Segle XXI". In 2019 he stood again for the Consell Generall as the leader of the "Andorran Democratic Centre and Independents" in the parish Andorra la Vella, but was defeated by the party d'Acord by 12 votes (0.26 % point). From 2012 until his decision to stand in the 2019 elections, he was ambassador of Andorra to Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Switzerland, as well as permanent representative of Andorra to the United Nations Office at Geneva. | [
"Democrats for Andorra",
"National Democratic Group"
] |
|
Which political party did Enric Tarrado Vives belong to in 31/10/2002? | October 31, 2002 | {
"text": [
"Andorran Democratic Centre"
]
} | L2_Q3054594_P102_1 | Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Andorran Democratic Centre from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the National Democratic Group from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2000.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Democrats for Andorra from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. | Enric Tarrado VivesEnric Tarrado Vives is an Andorran politician and former ambassador. From 2005 until 2009 he was a member of the Consell General, the legislative branch of Andorra, where he was chairman of the fraction of the party "Andorran Democratic Centre + Segle XXI". In 2019 he stood again for the Consell Generall as the leader of the "Andorran Democratic Centre and Independents" in the parish Andorra la Vella, but was defeated by the party d'Acord by 12 votes (0.26 % point). From 2012 until his decision to stand in the 2019 elections, he was ambassador of Andorra to Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Switzerland, as well as permanent representative of Andorra to the United Nations Office at Geneva. | [
"Democrats for Andorra",
"National Democratic Group"
] |
|
Which political party did Enric Tarrado Vives belong to in Oct 31, 2002? | October 31, 2002 | {
"text": [
"Andorran Democratic Centre"
]
} | L2_Q3054594_P102_1 | Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Andorran Democratic Centre from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the National Democratic Group from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2000.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Democrats for Andorra from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. | Enric Tarrado VivesEnric Tarrado Vives is an Andorran politician and former ambassador. From 2005 until 2009 he was a member of the Consell General, the legislative branch of Andorra, where he was chairman of the fraction of the party "Andorran Democratic Centre + Segle XXI". In 2019 he stood again for the Consell Generall as the leader of the "Andorran Democratic Centre and Independents" in the parish Andorra la Vella, but was defeated by the party d'Acord by 12 votes (0.26 % point). From 2012 until his decision to stand in the 2019 elections, he was ambassador of Andorra to Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Switzerland, as well as permanent representative of Andorra to the United Nations Office at Geneva. | [
"Democrats for Andorra",
"National Democratic Group"
] |
|
Which political party did Enric Tarrado Vives belong to in 10/31/2002? | October 31, 2002 | {
"text": [
"Andorran Democratic Centre"
]
} | L2_Q3054594_P102_1 | Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Andorran Democratic Centre from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the National Democratic Group from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2000.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Democrats for Andorra from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. | Enric Tarrado VivesEnric Tarrado Vives is an Andorran politician and former ambassador. From 2005 until 2009 he was a member of the Consell General, the legislative branch of Andorra, where he was chairman of the fraction of the party "Andorran Democratic Centre + Segle XXI". In 2019 he stood again for the Consell Generall as the leader of the "Andorran Democratic Centre and Independents" in the parish Andorra la Vella, but was defeated by the party d'Acord by 12 votes (0.26 % point). From 2012 until his decision to stand in the 2019 elections, he was ambassador of Andorra to Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Switzerland, as well as permanent representative of Andorra to the United Nations Office at Geneva. | [
"Democrats for Andorra",
"National Democratic Group"
] |
|
Which political party did Enric Tarrado Vives belong to in 31-Oct-200231-October-2002? | October 31, 2002 | {
"text": [
"Andorran Democratic Centre"
]
} | L2_Q3054594_P102_1 | Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Andorran Democratic Centre from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2005.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the National Democratic Group from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 2000.
Enric Tarrado Vives is a member of the Democrats for Andorra from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022. | Enric Tarrado VivesEnric Tarrado Vives is an Andorran politician and former ambassador. From 2005 until 2009 he was a member of the Consell General, the legislative branch of Andorra, where he was chairman of the fraction of the party "Andorran Democratic Centre + Segle XXI". In 2019 he stood again for the Consell Generall as the leader of the "Andorran Democratic Centre and Independents" in the parish Andorra la Vella, but was defeated by the party d'Acord by 12 votes (0.26 % point). From 2012 until his decision to stand in the 2019 elections, he was ambassador of Andorra to Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Switzerland, as well as permanent representative of Andorra to the United Nations Office at Geneva. | [
"Democrats for Andorra",
"National Democratic Group"
] |
|
Which team did József Dzurják play for in Jan, 1991? | January 01, 1991 | {
"text": [
"AC Omonia",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda"
]
} | L2_Q664405_P54_3 | József Dzurják plays for FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
József Dzurják plays for Chemnitzer FC from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
József Dzurják plays for III. Kerületi TUE from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
József Dzurják plays for AC Omonia from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
József Dzurják plays for Diósgyőri VTK from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
József Dzurják plays for Dunakanyar-Vác FC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995. | József DzurjákJózsef Dzurják (born 2 March 1962) is a Hungarian football manager and former player.His youth career was at Ikladi Vasas, Jászberényi Lehel, Jászárokszállási Vasas, Békéscsaba and L. Szabó Hónved SE.He made his debut in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I in the season 1983–84 playing with Diósgyőri VTK. That season his team ended up relegated and played in Nemzeti Bajnokság II with Dzurják being the league top-scorer two seasons in a raw. In 1986, he moved to Hungarian giants Ferencváros where he played till 1990. He finished his last season with "Fradi" as league top scorer. This meant that for Dzurják was time to move abroad, signing with the East German 1990 vice-champions Chemnitzer FC, being one of the few foreigners to play in the last season of the DDR-Oberliga. After six months during the winter break, he moved to FK Spartak Subotica where he spend the rest of the season playing in the Yugoslav First League. After this, he returned and played half season with Ferencvaros, before moving again, this time to Cyprus, to play with AC Omonia one and a half seasons. He will return to Hungary and play with III. Kerületi TUE, Vác FC and Diósgyőri VTK before moving to the Maldives in 1996 where he ended his career. He played as a striker.On 13 May 1987, Dzurják received a call on behalf of coach József Verebes to be part of the Hungary Olympic team and played in a game against Spain scoring a goal in the game. He then also played against Sweden on 9 September, same year.After retiring, he initially became a sports journalist at Nemzeti Sportnál. Then he started his coaching career, first coaching the youth teams of Dunakeszi, BVSC, REAC and the U-17 and U-19 teams of Ferencvaros. Then he worked as assistant manager, initially in Hungary at Diósgyőri VTK, Videoton and Zalaegerzeg, and then abroad in Albania, Malaysia and the Maldives, where he won the championship.In March 208 he was appointed the main coach of Club Valencia competing in the Dhivehi League, the top league in the Maldives. Since 2012 he has been assistant manager at Diósgyőri VTK. | [
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE"
] |
|
Which team did József Dzurják play for in 1991-01-01? | January 01, 1991 | {
"text": [
"AC Omonia",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda"
]
} | L2_Q664405_P54_3 | József Dzurják plays for FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
József Dzurják plays for Chemnitzer FC from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
József Dzurják plays for III. Kerületi TUE from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
József Dzurják plays for AC Omonia from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
József Dzurják plays for Diósgyőri VTK from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
József Dzurják plays for Dunakanyar-Vác FC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995. | József DzurjákJózsef Dzurják (born 2 March 1962) is a Hungarian football manager and former player.His youth career was at Ikladi Vasas, Jászberényi Lehel, Jászárokszállási Vasas, Békéscsaba and L. Szabó Hónved SE.He made his debut in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I in the season 1983–84 playing with Diósgyőri VTK. That season his team ended up relegated and played in Nemzeti Bajnokság II with Dzurják being the league top-scorer two seasons in a raw. In 1986, he moved to Hungarian giants Ferencváros where he played till 1990. He finished his last season with "Fradi" as league top scorer. This meant that for Dzurják was time to move abroad, signing with the East German 1990 vice-champions Chemnitzer FC, being one of the few foreigners to play in the last season of the DDR-Oberliga. After six months during the winter break, he moved to FK Spartak Subotica where he spend the rest of the season playing in the Yugoslav First League. After this, he returned and played half season with Ferencvaros, before moving again, this time to Cyprus, to play with AC Omonia one and a half seasons. He will return to Hungary and play with III. Kerületi TUE, Vác FC and Diósgyőri VTK before moving to the Maldives in 1996 where he ended his career. He played as a striker.On 13 May 1987, Dzurják received a call on behalf of coach József Verebes to be part of the Hungary Olympic team and played in a game against Spain scoring a goal in the game. He then also played against Sweden on 9 September, same year.After retiring, he initially became a sports journalist at Nemzeti Sportnál. Then he started his coaching career, first coaching the youth teams of Dunakeszi, BVSC, REAC and the U-17 and U-19 teams of Ferencvaros. Then he worked as assistant manager, initially in Hungary at Diósgyőri VTK, Videoton and Zalaegerzeg, and then abroad in Albania, Malaysia and the Maldives, where he won the championship.In March 208 he was appointed the main coach of Club Valencia competing in the Dhivehi League, the top league in the Maldives. Since 2012 he has been assistant manager at Diósgyőri VTK. | [
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE"
] |
|
Which team did József Dzurják play for in 01/01/1991? | January 01, 1991 | {
"text": [
"AC Omonia",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda"
]
} | L2_Q664405_P54_3 | József Dzurják plays for FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
József Dzurják plays for Chemnitzer FC from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
József Dzurják plays for III. Kerületi TUE from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
József Dzurják plays for AC Omonia from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
József Dzurják plays for Diósgyőri VTK from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
József Dzurják plays for Dunakanyar-Vác FC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995. | József DzurjákJózsef Dzurják (born 2 March 1962) is a Hungarian football manager and former player.His youth career was at Ikladi Vasas, Jászberényi Lehel, Jászárokszállási Vasas, Békéscsaba and L. Szabó Hónved SE.He made his debut in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I in the season 1983–84 playing with Diósgyőri VTK. That season his team ended up relegated and played in Nemzeti Bajnokság II with Dzurják being the league top-scorer two seasons in a raw. In 1986, he moved to Hungarian giants Ferencváros where he played till 1990. He finished his last season with "Fradi" as league top scorer. This meant that for Dzurják was time to move abroad, signing with the East German 1990 vice-champions Chemnitzer FC, being one of the few foreigners to play in the last season of the DDR-Oberliga. After six months during the winter break, he moved to FK Spartak Subotica where he spend the rest of the season playing in the Yugoslav First League. After this, he returned and played half season with Ferencvaros, before moving again, this time to Cyprus, to play with AC Omonia one and a half seasons. He will return to Hungary and play with III. Kerületi TUE, Vác FC and Diósgyőri VTK before moving to the Maldives in 1996 where he ended his career. He played as a striker.On 13 May 1987, Dzurják received a call on behalf of coach József Verebes to be part of the Hungary Olympic team and played in a game against Spain scoring a goal in the game. He then also played against Sweden on 9 September, same year.After retiring, he initially became a sports journalist at Nemzeti Sportnál. Then he started his coaching career, first coaching the youth teams of Dunakeszi, BVSC, REAC and the U-17 and U-19 teams of Ferencvaros. Then he worked as assistant manager, initially in Hungary at Diósgyőri VTK, Videoton and Zalaegerzeg, and then abroad in Albania, Malaysia and the Maldives, where he won the championship.In March 208 he was appointed the main coach of Club Valencia competing in the Dhivehi League, the top league in the Maldives. Since 2012 he has been assistant manager at Diósgyőri VTK. | [
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE"
] |
|
Which team did József Dzurják play for in Jan 01, 1991? | January 01, 1991 | {
"text": [
"AC Omonia",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda"
]
} | L2_Q664405_P54_3 | József Dzurják plays for FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
József Dzurják plays for Chemnitzer FC from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
József Dzurják plays for III. Kerületi TUE from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
József Dzurják plays for AC Omonia from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
József Dzurják plays for Diósgyőri VTK from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
József Dzurják plays for Dunakanyar-Vác FC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995. | József DzurjákJózsef Dzurják (born 2 March 1962) is a Hungarian football manager and former player.His youth career was at Ikladi Vasas, Jászberényi Lehel, Jászárokszállási Vasas, Békéscsaba and L. Szabó Hónved SE.He made his debut in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I in the season 1983–84 playing with Diósgyőri VTK. That season his team ended up relegated and played in Nemzeti Bajnokság II with Dzurják being the league top-scorer two seasons in a raw. In 1986, he moved to Hungarian giants Ferencváros where he played till 1990. He finished his last season with "Fradi" as league top scorer. This meant that for Dzurják was time to move abroad, signing with the East German 1990 vice-champions Chemnitzer FC, being one of the few foreigners to play in the last season of the DDR-Oberliga. After six months during the winter break, he moved to FK Spartak Subotica where he spend the rest of the season playing in the Yugoslav First League. After this, he returned and played half season with Ferencvaros, before moving again, this time to Cyprus, to play with AC Omonia one and a half seasons. He will return to Hungary and play with III. Kerületi TUE, Vác FC and Diósgyőri VTK before moving to the Maldives in 1996 where he ended his career. He played as a striker.On 13 May 1987, Dzurják received a call on behalf of coach József Verebes to be part of the Hungary Olympic team and played in a game against Spain scoring a goal in the game. He then also played against Sweden on 9 September, same year.After retiring, he initially became a sports journalist at Nemzeti Sportnál. Then he started his coaching career, first coaching the youth teams of Dunakeszi, BVSC, REAC and the U-17 and U-19 teams of Ferencvaros. Then he worked as assistant manager, initially in Hungary at Diósgyőri VTK, Videoton and Zalaegerzeg, and then abroad in Albania, Malaysia and the Maldives, where he won the championship.In March 208 he was appointed the main coach of Club Valencia competing in the Dhivehi League, the top league in the Maldives. Since 2012 he has been assistant manager at Diósgyőri VTK. | [
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE"
] |
|
Which team did József Dzurják play for in 01/01/1991? | January 01, 1991 | {
"text": [
"AC Omonia",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda"
]
} | L2_Q664405_P54_3 | József Dzurják plays for FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
József Dzurják plays for Chemnitzer FC from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
József Dzurják plays for III. Kerületi TUE from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
József Dzurják plays for AC Omonia from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
József Dzurják plays for Diósgyőri VTK from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
József Dzurják plays for Dunakanyar-Vác FC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995. | József DzurjákJózsef Dzurják (born 2 March 1962) is a Hungarian football manager and former player.His youth career was at Ikladi Vasas, Jászberényi Lehel, Jászárokszállási Vasas, Békéscsaba and L. Szabó Hónved SE.He made his debut in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I in the season 1983–84 playing with Diósgyőri VTK. That season his team ended up relegated and played in Nemzeti Bajnokság II with Dzurják being the league top-scorer two seasons in a raw. In 1986, he moved to Hungarian giants Ferencváros where he played till 1990. He finished his last season with "Fradi" as league top scorer. This meant that for Dzurják was time to move abroad, signing with the East German 1990 vice-champions Chemnitzer FC, being one of the few foreigners to play in the last season of the DDR-Oberliga. After six months during the winter break, he moved to FK Spartak Subotica where he spend the rest of the season playing in the Yugoslav First League. After this, he returned and played half season with Ferencvaros, before moving again, this time to Cyprus, to play with AC Omonia one and a half seasons. He will return to Hungary and play with III. Kerületi TUE, Vác FC and Diósgyőri VTK before moving to the Maldives in 1996 where he ended his career. He played as a striker.On 13 May 1987, Dzurják received a call on behalf of coach József Verebes to be part of the Hungary Olympic team and played in a game against Spain scoring a goal in the game. He then also played against Sweden on 9 September, same year.After retiring, he initially became a sports journalist at Nemzeti Sportnál. Then he started his coaching career, first coaching the youth teams of Dunakeszi, BVSC, REAC and the U-17 and U-19 teams of Ferencvaros. Then he worked as assistant manager, initially in Hungary at Diósgyőri VTK, Videoton and Zalaegerzeg, and then abroad in Albania, Malaysia and the Maldives, where he won the championship.In March 208 he was appointed the main coach of Club Valencia competing in the Dhivehi League, the top league in the Maldives. Since 2012 he has been assistant manager at Diósgyőri VTK. | [
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE"
] |
|
Which team did József Dzurják play for in 01-Jan-199101-January-1991? | January 01, 1991 | {
"text": [
"AC Omonia",
"Ferencvárosi TC",
"FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda"
]
} | L2_Q664405_P54_3 | József Dzurják plays for FK Spartak Zlatibor Voda from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Ferencvárosi TC from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1991.
József Dzurják plays for Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE from Jan, 1982 to Jan, 1983.
József Dzurják plays for Chemnitzer FC from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1990.
József Dzurják plays for III. Kerületi TUE from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994.
József Dzurják plays for AC Omonia from Jan, 1991 to Jan, 1993.
József Dzurják plays for Diósgyőri VTK from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1996.
József Dzurják plays for Dunakanyar-Vác FC from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 1995. | József DzurjákJózsef Dzurják (born 2 March 1962) is a Hungarian football manager and former player.His youth career was at Ikladi Vasas, Jászberényi Lehel, Jászárokszállási Vasas, Békéscsaba and L. Szabó Hónved SE.He made his debut in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I in the season 1983–84 playing with Diósgyőri VTK. That season his team ended up relegated and played in Nemzeti Bajnokság II with Dzurják being the league top-scorer two seasons in a raw. In 1986, he moved to Hungarian giants Ferencváros where he played till 1990. He finished his last season with "Fradi" as league top scorer. This meant that for Dzurják was time to move abroad, signing with the East German 1990 vice-champions Chemnitzer FC, being one of the few foreigners to play in the last season of the DDR-Oberliga. After six months during the winter break, he moved to FK Spartak Subotica where he spend the rest of the season playing in the Yugoslav First League. After this, he returned and played half season with Ferencvaros, before moving again, this time to Cyprus, to play with AC Omonia one and a half seasons. He will return to Hungary and play with III. Kerületi TUE, Vác FC and Diósgyőri VTK before moving to the Maldives in 1996 where he ended his career. He played as a striker.On 13 May 1987, Dzurják received a call on behalf of coach József Verebes to be part of the Hungary Olympic team and played in a game against Spain scoring a goal in the game. He then also played against Sweden on 9 September, same year.After retiring, he initially became a sports journalist at Nemzeti Sportnál. Then he started his coaching career, first coaching the youth teams of Dunakeszi, BVSC, REAC and the U-17 and U-19 teams of Ferencvaros. Then he worked as assistant manager, initially in Hungary at Diósgyőri VTK, Videoton and Zalaegerzeg, and then abroad in Albania, Malaysia and the Maldives, where he won the championship.In March 208 he was appointed the main coach of Club Valencia competing in the Dhivehi League, the top league in the Maldives. Since 2012 he has been assistant manager at Diósgyőri VTK. | [
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE",
"Diósgyőri VTK",
"Békéscsaba 1912 Előre SE",
"Dunakanyar-Vác FC",
"Chemnitzer FC",
"III. Kerületi TUE"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Fallon hold in Dec, 2001? | December 03, 2001 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q304095_P39_3 | Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from Mar, 2013 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Jul, 2014 to Nov, 2017.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister for Portsmouth from Jan, 2014 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017. | Michael FallonSir Michael Cathel Fallon (born 14 May 1952) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Defence from 2014 to 2017. A member of the Conservative Party, Fallon served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sevenoaks from 1997 to 2019, having previously served as the MP for Darlington from 1983 to 1992. Fallon served as Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party from 2010 to 2012 and Minister of State for Business and Enterprise from 2012 to 2014. He served as Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2013 to 2014 and Minister of State for Portsmouth in 2014, before serving as Defence Secretary under David Cameron and Theresa May. He resigned after being implicated in the 2017 Westminster sexual misconduct allegations.Fallon was born in Perth, Scotland. His father was an Irish-born surgeon, Dr Martin Fallon, who was educated in Dublin and became a high-ranking medical officer in the British Army. Dr Fallon received the Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to the wounded including at Arnhem. Michael Fallon was educated at Craigflower Preparatory School near Dunfermline and at Epsom College, an independent boys' school in Surrey. He then read Classics and Ancient History at the University of St Andrews, graduating in 1974 with a Master of Arts (MA Hons) degree, the equivalent of a BA at the oldest Scottish universities.As a student, Fallon was active in the European Movement and the "Yes" youth campaign in the 1975 referendum. After university he joined the Conservative Research Department, working first for Lord Carrington in the House of Lords until 1977 and then as European Desk Officer until 1979. He became Research Assistant to Baroness Elles in 1979, around the time that she became an MEP.He was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Darlington in July 1982, and fought the Darlington by-election on 24 March 1983, which was held after the Labour MP Ted Fletcher had died. Although Fallon lost to Labour's Ossie O'Brien by 2,412 votes, he defeated O'Brien 77 days later by 3,438 votes in the 1983 general election. He remained MP for Darlington until the 1992 general election, when he lost to Labour's Alan Milburn by a margin of 2,798 votes.He re-entered Parliament at the 1997 general election, holding the safe Conservative constituency of Sevenoaks following the retirement of the sitting Tory MP, Mark Wolfson.Fallon was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Energy Cecil Parkinson following the 1987 general election, and in 1988 joined the government of Margaret Thatcher as an Assistant Whip, becoming a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury in 1990. Fallon, alongside Michael Portillo and Michael Forsyth, visited Thatcher on the eve of her resignation in a last-ditch and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to persuade her to reconsider her decision.Thatcher appointed Fallon Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Education and Science in July 1990, a position he continued to hold under the new premiership of John Major. In this office Fallon headed legislation that led to the local management of schools, which among other changes gave schools a greater degree of financial independence, including control of their own bank accounts and cheque books. He remained in that office until his 1992 general election defeat.Following his return to Parliament in 1997, he was appointed Opposition Spokesman for Trade and Industry and then Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury, but he resigned from the frontbench owing to ill health in October 1998, and remained on the backbenches until his promotion as Deputy Chairman of the Party.From 1999 he was a member of the Treasury Select Committee, and chairman of its Sub-Committee (2001–10). He also served as a 1922 Committee executive between 2005–07.In September 2012, he was made Privy Councillor upon his appointment as Minister for Business and Enterprise.Fallon has been a director at Tullett Prebon, a leading brokerage firm in the City of London, and one of the biggest supporters of the privatisation of Royal Mail.In January 2014, Fallon was appointed Minister for Portsmouth, subsequently being promoted to the Cabinet, on 15 July 2014, as Secretary of State for Defence.In February 2016, the week after a leaked United Nations report had found the Saudi-led coalition guilty of conducting "widespread and systematic" air strikes against civilians in Yemen – including camps for internally displaced people, weddings, schools, hospitals, religious centers, vehicles and markets – and the same day the International Development Select Committee had said that the UK should end all arms exports to Saudi Arabia because of ongoing, large-scale human rights violations by the Kingdom's armed forces in Yemen, Fallon was criticised for attending a £450-a-head dinner for an arms-industry trade-body.In December 2016, Fallon admitted that UK-supplied internationally banned cluster munitions had been used in Saudi Arabia's bombing campaign in Yemen.In April 2017, Fallon confirmed that the UK would use its nuclear weapons in a "pre-emptive initial strike" in "the most extreme circumstances" on BBC Radio's "Today" programme.In 2017, Fallon warned that Russia's Zapad 2017 exercise in Belarus and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast was "designed to provoke us". Fallon falsely claimed that number of Russian troops taking part in exercise could reach 100,000.In an interview in "The Daily Telegraph" in 2016, before the European Union (EU) membership referendum, Fallon described himself as Eurosceptic and critical of many aspects of the EU, but said that he wanted Britain to remain in the EU, in the face of multiple threats from Russia's president Vladimir Putin, crime, and international terrorism.During the run-up to the 2015 general election, Fallon wrote an article in "The Times" saying that Ed Miliband had stabbed his brother David Miliband in the back to become Labour leader and he would also stab Britain in the back to become prime minister. Fallon subsequently declined the opportunity to describe Miliband as a decent person and his comments embarrassed some Conservative supporters. Miliband gave a response, saying that Fallon had fallen below his usual standards and demeaned himself, which the "New Statesman" asserted was dignified, contrasting with Fallon's counter-productive personal attack.According to "The Daily Telegraph" Fallon, Deputy Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, claimed for mortgage repayments on his Westminster flat in their entirety. MPs are only allowed to claim for interest charges.Between 2002 and 2004, Fallon regularly claimed £1,255 per month in capital repayments and interest, rather than the £700–£800 for the interest component alone. After his error was noticed by staff at the Commons Fees Office in September 2004, he asked: "Why has no one brought this to my attention before?" He repaid £2,200 of this over-claim, but was allowed to offset the remaining £6,100 against his allowance. After realising they had failed to notice the excessive claims, Commons staff reportedly suggested Fallon submit fresh claims which would "reassign" the surplus payments to other costs he had legitimately incurred.In late October 2017 it was reported that Fallon had repeatedly and inappropriately touched journalist Julia Hartley-Brewer's knee during a dinner in 2002. Hartley-Brewer recalled that after Fallon kept putting his hand on her knee, she "calmly and politely explained to him, that if he did it again, I would punch him in the face". Fallon resigned two days later believing his "previous conduct" towards women had "fallen below" what is acceptable. Hartley-Brewer expressed shock at the resignation, saying: "I didn't feel it was something that needed any further dealing with".It was subsequently reported Fallon had been forced to resign in part due to an allegation of inappropriate and lewd comments towards fellow Conservative MP Andrea Leadsom when they both sat on the Treasury Select Committee. He was also accused of making comments of a sexual nature about other MPs on the committee and members of the public who attended hearings. The former political editor of "The Independent on Sunday", Jane Merrick, said in "The Observer" in early November 2017 that Fallon was the previously unnamed Conservative MP who had "lunged" at her a decade and a half earlier. She had contacted Downing Street about the incident several hours before he resigned. "The Observer" reported on the same day that "the revelation was the tipping point for No 10, which ... had been compiling a list of alleged incidents involving Fallon since claims against him were first made."In September 2019, Fallon announced he would not seek re-election at the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Between 1992 and 1997, Fallon set up a chain of children's nurseries called "Just Learning" with funding from the British "Dragons' Den" member Duncan Bannatyne, becoming chief executive.Fallon has been married to Wendy Elisabeth Payne, a HR professional, since 27 September 1986; the couple have two sons. The family lives in Sundridge, Kent.He was banned from driving for 18 months in 1983 after admitting a drink-driving offence during the general election campaign.Fallon was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) for political and public service as part of the Resignation Honours of the outgoing Prime Minister David Cameron. | [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister for Portsmouth",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Fallon hold in 2001-12-03? | December 03, 2001 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q304095_P39_3 | Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from Mar, 2013 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Jul, 2014 to Nov, 2017.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister for Portsmouth from Jan, 2014 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017. | Michael FallonSir Michael Cathel Fallon (born 14 May 1952) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Defence from 2014 to 2017. A member of the Conservative Party, Fallon served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sevenoaks from 1997 to 2019, having previously served as the MP for Darlington from 1983 to 1992. Fallon served as Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party from 2010 to 2012 and Minister of State for Business and Enterprise from 2012 to 2014. He served as Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2013 to 2014 and Minister of State for Portsmouth in 2014, before serving as Defence Secretary under David Cameron and Theresa May. He resigned after being implicated in the 2017 Westminster sexual misconduct allegations.Fallon was born in Perth, Scotland. His father was an Irish-born surgeon, Dr Martin Fallon, who was educated in Dublin and became a high-ranking medical officer in the British Army. Dr Fallon received the Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to the wounded including at Arnhem. Michael Fallon was educated at Craigflower Preparatory School near Dunfermline and at Epsom College, an independent boys' school in Surrey. He then read Classics and Ancient History at the University of St Andrews, graduating in 1974 with a Master of Arts (MA Hons) degree, the equivalent of a BA at the oldest Scottish universities.As a student, Fallon was active in the European Movement and the "Yes" youth campaign in the 1975 referendum. After university he joined the Conservative Research Department, working first for Lord Carrington in the House of Lords until 1977 and then as European Desk Officer until 1979. He became Research Assistant to Baroness Elles in 1979, around the time that she became an MEP.He was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Darlington in July 1982, and fought the Darlington by-election on 24 March 1983, which was held after the Labour MP Ted Fletcher had died. Although Fallon lost to Labour's Ossie O'Brien by 2,412 votes, he defeated O'Brien 77 days later by 3,438 votes in the 1983 general election. He remained MP for Darlington until the 1992 general election, when he lost to Labour's Alan Milburn by a margin of 2,798 votes.He re-entered Parliament at the 1997 general election, holding the safe Conservative constituency of Sevenoaks following the retirement of the sitting Tory MP, Mark Wolfson.Fallon was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Energy Cecil Parkinson following the 1987 general election, and in 1988 joined the government of Margaret Thatcher as an Assistant Whip, becoming a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury in 1990. Fallon, alongside Michael Portillo and Michael Forsyth, visited Thatcher on the eve of her resignation in a last-ditch and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to persuade her to reconsider her decision.Thatcher appointed Fallon Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Education and Science in July 1990, a position he continued to hold under the new premiership of John Major. In this office Fallon headed legislation that led to the local management of schools, which among other changes gave schools a greater degree of financial independence, including control of their own bank accounts and cheque books. He remained in that office until his 1992 general election defeat.Following his return to Parliament in 1997, he was appointed Opposition Spokesman for Trade and Industry and then Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury, but he resigned from the frontbench owing to ill health in October 1998, and remained on the backbenches until his promotion as Deputy Chairman of the Party.From 1999 he was a member of the Treasury Select Committee, and chairman of its Sub-Committee (2001–10). He also served as a 1922 Committee executive between 2005–07.In September 2012, he was made Privy Councillor upon his appointment as Minister for Business and Enterprise.Fallon has been a director at Tullett Prebon, a leading brokerage firm in the City of London, and one of the biggest supporters of the privatisation of Royal Mail.In January 2014, Fallon was appointed Minister for Portsmouth, subsequently being promoted to the Cabinet, on 15 July 2014, as Secretary of State for Defence.In February 2016, the week after a leaked United Nations report had found the Saudi-led coalition guilty of conducting "widespread and systematic" air strikes against civilians in Yemen – including camps for internally displaced people, weddings, schools, hospitals, religious centers, vehicles and markets – and the same day the International Development Select Committee had said that the UK should end all arms exports to Saudi Arabia because of ongoing, large-scale human rights violations by the Kingdom's armed forces in Yemen, Fallon was criticised for attending a £450-a-head dinner for an arms-industry trade-body.In December 2016, Fallon admitted that UK-supplied internationally banned cluster munitions had been used in Saudi Arabia's bombing campaign in Yemen.In April 2017, Fallon confirmed that the UK would use its nuclear weapons in a "pre-emptive initial strike" in "the most extreme circumstances" on BBC Radio's "Today" programme.In 2017, Fallon warned that Russia's Zapad 2017 exercise in Belarus and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast was "designed to provoke us". Fallon falsely claimed that number of Russian troops taking part in exercise could reach 100,000.In an interview in "The Daily Telegraph" in 2016, before the European Union (EU) membership referendum, Fallon described himself as Eurosceptic and critical of many aspects of the EU, but said that he wanted Britain to remain in the EU, in the face of multiple threats from Russia's president Vladimir Putin, crime, and international terrorism.During the run-up to the 2015 general election, Fallon wrote an article in "The Times" saying that Ed Miliband had stabbed his brother David Miliband in the back to become Labour leader and he would also stab Britain in the back to become prime minister. Fallon subsequently declined the opportunity to describe Miliband as a decent person and his comments embarrassed some Conservative supporters. Miliband gave a response, saying that Fallon had fallen below his usual standards and demeaned himself, which the "New Statesman" asserted was dignified, contrasting with Fallon's counter-productive personal attack.According to "The Daily Telegraph" Fallon, Deputy Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, claimed for mortgage repayments on his Westminster flat in their entirety. MPs are only allowed to claim for interest charges.Between 2002 and 2004, Fallon regularly claimed £1,255 per month in capital repayments and interest, rather than the £700–£800 for the interest component alone. After his error was noticed by staff at the Commons Fees Office in September 2004, he asked: "Why has no one brought this to my attention before?" He repaid £2,200 of this over-claim, but was allowed to offset the remaining £6,100 against his allowance. After realising they had failed to notice the excessive claims, Commons staff reportedly suggested Fallon submit fresh claims which would "reassign" the surplus payments to other costs he had legitimately incurred.In late October 2017 it was reported that Fallon had repeatedly and inappropriately touched journalist Julia Hartley-Brewer's knee during a dinner in 2002. Hartley-Brewer recalled that after Fallon kept putting his hand on her knee, she "calmly and politely explained to him, that if he did it again, I would punch him in the face". Fallon resigned two days later believing his "previous conduct" towards women had "fallen below" what is acceptable. Hartley-Brewer expressed shock at the resignation, saying: "I didn't feel it was something that needed any further dealing with".It was subsequently reported Fallon had been forced to resign in part due to an allegation of inappropriate and lewd comments towards fellow Conservative MP Andrea Leadsom when they both sat on the Treasury Select Committee. He was also accused of making comments of a sexual nature about other MPs on the committee and members of the public who attended hearings. The former political editor of "The Independent on Sunday", Jane Merrick, said in "The Observer" in early November 2017 that Fallon was the previously unnamed Conservative MP who had "lunged" at her a decade and a half earlier. She had contacted Downing Street about the incident several hours before he resigned. "The Observer" reported on the same day that "the revelation was the tipping point for No 10, which ... had been compiling a list of alleged incidents involving Fallon since claims against him were first made."In September 2019, Fallon announced he would not seek re-election at the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Between 1992 and 1997, Fallon set up a chain of children's nurseries called "Just Learning" with funding from the British "Dragons' Den" member Duncan Bannatyne, becoming chief executive.Fallon has been married to Wendy Elisabeth Payne, a HR professional, since 27 September 1986; the couple have two sons. The family lives in Sundridge, Kent.He was banned from driving for 18 months in 1983 after admitting a drink-driving offence during the general election campaign.Fallon was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) for political and public service as part of the Resignation Honours of the outgoing Prime Minister David Cameron. | [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister for Portsmouth",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Fallon hold in 03/12/2001? | December 03, 2001 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q304095_P39_3 | Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from Mar, 2013 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Jul, 2014 to Nov, 2017.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister for Portsmouth from Jan, 2014 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017. | Michael FallonSir Michael Cathel Fallon (born 14 May 1952) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Defence from 2014 to 2017. A member of the Conservative Party, Fallon served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sevenoaks from 1997 to 2019, having previously served as the MP for Darlington from 1983 to 1992. Fallon served as Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party from 2010 to 2012 and Minister of State for Business and Enterprise from 2012 to 2014. He served as Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2013 to 2014 and Minister of State for Portsmouth in 2014, before serving as Defence Secretary under David Cameron and Theresa May. He resigned after being implicated in the 2017 Westminster sexual misconduct allegations.Fallon was born in Perth, Scotland. His father was an Irish-born surgeon, Dr Martin Fallon, who was educated in Dublin and became a high-ranking medical officer in the British Army. Dr Fallon received the Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to the wounded including at Arnhem. Michael Fallon was educated at Craigflower Preparatory School near Dunfermline and at Epsom College, an independent boys' school in Surrey. He then read Classics and Ancient History at the University of St Andrews, graduating in 1974 with a Master of Arts (MA Hons) degree, the equivalent of a BA at the oldest Scottish universities.As a student, Fallon was active in the European Movement and the "Yes" youth campaign in the 1975 referendum. After university he joined the Conservative Research Department, working first for Lord Carrington in the House of Lords until 1977 and then as European Desk Officer until 1979. He became Research Assistant to Baroness Elles in 1979, around the time that she became an MEP.He was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Darlington in July 1982, and fought the Darlington by-election on 24 March 1983, which was held after the Labour MP Ted Fletcher had died. Although Fallon lost to Labour's Ossie O'Brien by 2,412 votes, he defeated O'Brien 77 days later by 3,438 votes in the 1983 general election. He remained MP for Darlington until the 1992 general election, when he lost to Labour's Alan Milburn by a margin of 2,798 votes.He re-entered Parliament at the 1997 general election, holding the safe Conservative constituency of Sevenoaks following the retirement of the sitting Tory MP, Mark Wolfson.Fallon was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Energy Cecil Parkinson following the 1987 general election, and in 1988 joined the government of Margaret Thatcher as an Assistant Whip, becoming a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury in 1990. Fallon, alongside Michael Portillo and Michael Forsyth, visited Thatcher on the eve of her resignation in a last-ditch and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to persuade her to reconsider her decision.Thatcher appointed Fallon Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Education and Science in July 1990, a position he continued to hold under the new premiership of John Major. In this office Fallon headed legislation that led to the local management of schools, which among other changes gave schools a greater degree of financial independence, including control of their own bank accounts and cheque books. He remained in that office until his 1992 general election defeat.Following his return to Parliament in 1997, he was appointed Opposition Spokesman for Trade and Industry and then Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury, but he resigned from the frontbench owing to ill health in October 1998, and remained on the backbenches until his promotion as Deputy Chairman of the Party.From 1999 he was a member of the Treasury Select Committee, and chairman of its Sub-Committee (2001–10). He also served as a 1922 Committee executive between 2005–07.In September 2012, he was made Privy Councillor upon his appointment as Minister for Business and Enterprise.Fallon has been a director at Tullett Prebon, a leading brokerage firm in the City of London, and one of the biggest supporters of the privatisation of Royal Mail.In January 2014, Fallon was appointed Minister for Portsmouth, subsequently being promoted to the Cabinet, on 15 July 2014, as Secretary of State for Defence.In February 2016, the week after a leaked United Nations report had found the Saudi-led coalition guilty of conducting "widespread and systematic" air strikes against civilians in Yemen – including camps for internally displaced people, weddings, schools, hospitals, religious centers, vehicles and markets – and the same day the International Development Select Committee had said that the UK should end all arms exports to Saudi Arabia because of ongoing, large-scale human rights violations by the Kingdom's armed forces in Yemen, Fallon was criticised for attending a £450-a-head dinner for an arms-industry trade-body.In December 2016, Fallon admitted that UK-supplied internationally banned cluster munitions had been used in Saudi Arabia's bombing campaign in Yemen.In April 2017, Fallon confirmed that the UK would use its nuclear weapons in a "pre-emptive initial strike" in "the most extreme circumstances" on BBC Radio's "Today" programme.In 2017, Fallon warned that Russia's Zapad 2017 exercise in Belarus and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast was "designed to provoke us". Fallon falsely claimed that number of Russian troops taking part in exercise could reach 100,000.In an interview in "The Daily Telegraph" in 2016, before the European Union (EU) membership referendum, Fallon described himself as Eurosceptic and critical of many aspects of the EU, but said that he wanted Britain to remain in the EU, in the face of multiple threats from Russia's president Vladimir Putin, crime, and international terrorism.During the run-up to the 2015 general election, Fallon wrote an article in "The Times" saying that Ed Miliband had stabbed his brother David Miliband in the back to become Labour leader and he would also stab Britain in the back to become prime minister. Fallon subsequently declined the opportunity to describe Miliband as a decent person and his comments embarrassed some Conservative supporters. Miliband gave a response, saying that Fallon had fallen below his usual standards and demeaned himself, which the "New Statesman" asserted was dignified, contrasting with Fallon's counter-productive personal attack.According to "The Daily Telegraph" Fallon, Deputy Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, claimed for mortgage repayments on his Westminster flat in their entirety. MPs are only allowed to claim for interest charges.Between 2002 and 2004, Fallon regularly claimed £1,255 per month in capital repayments and interest, rather than the £700–£800 for the interest component alone. After his error was noticed by staff at the Commons Fees Office in September 2004, he asked: "Why has no one brought this to my attention before?" He repaid £2,200 of this over-claim, but was allowed to offset the remaining £6,100 against his allowance. After realising they had failed to notice the excessive claims, Commons staff reportedly suggested Fallon submit fresh claims which would "reassign" the surplus payments to other costs he had legitimately incurred.In late October 2017 it was reported that Fallon had repeatedly and inappropriately touched journalist Julia Hartley-Brewer's knee during a dinner in 2002. Hartley-Brewer recalled that after Fallon kept putting his hand on her knee, she "calmly and politely explained to him, that if he did it again, I would punch him in the face". Fallon resigned two days later believing his "previous conduct" towards women had "fallen below" what is acceptable. Hartley-Brewer expressed shock at the resignation, saying: "I didn't feel it was something that needed any further dealing with".It was subsequently reported Fallon had been forced to resign in part due to an allegation of inappropriate and lewd comments towards fellow Conservative MP Andrea Leadsom when they both sat on the Treasury Select Committee. He was also accused of making comments of a sexual nature about other MPs on the committee and members of the public who attended hearings. The former political editor of "The Independent on Sunday", Jane Merrick, said in "The Observer" in early November 2017 that Fallon was the previously unnamed Conservative MP who had "lunged" at her a decade and a half earlier. She had contacted Downing Street about the incident several hours before he resigned. "The Observer" reported on the same day that "the revelation was the tipping point for No 10, which ... had been compiling a list of alleged incidents involving Fallon since claims against him were first made."In September 2019, Fallon announced he would not seek re-election at the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Between 1992 and 1997, Fallon set up a chain of children's nurseries called "Just Learning" with funding from the British "Dragons' Den" member Duncan Bannatyne, becoming chief executive.Fallon has been married to Wendy Elisabeth Payne, a HR professional, since 27 September 1986; the couple have two sons. The family lives in Sundridge, Kent.He was banned from driving for 18 months in 1983 after admitting a drink-driving offence during the general election campaign.Fallon was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) for political and public service as part of the Resignation Honours of the outgoing Prime Minister David Cameron. | [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister for Portsmouth",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Fallon hold in Dec 03, 2001? | December 03, 2001 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q304095_P39_3 | Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from Mar, 2013 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Jul, 2014 to Nov, 2017.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister for Portsmouth from Jan, 2014 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017. | Michael FallonSir Michael Cathel Fallon (born 14 May 1952) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Defence from 2014 to 2017. A member of the Conservative Party, Fallon served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sevenoaks from 1997 to 2019, having previously served as the MP for Darlington from 1983 to 1992. Fallon served as Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party from 2010 to 2012 and Minister of State for Business and Enterprise from 2012 to 2014. He served as Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2013 to 2014 and Minister of State for Portsmouth in 2014, before serving as Defence Secretary under David Cameron and Theresa May. He resigned after being implicated in the 2017 Westminster sexual misconduct allegations.Fallon was born in Perth, Scotland. His father was an Irish-born surgeon, Dr Martin Fallon, who was educated in Dublin and became a high-ranking medical officer in the British Army. Dr Fallon received the Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to the wounded including at Arnhem. Michael Fallon was educated at Craigflower Preparatory School near Dunfermline and at Epsom College, an independent boys' school in Surrey. He then read Classics and Ancient History at the University of St Andrews, graduating in 1974 with a Master of Arts (MA Hons) degree, the equivalent of a BA at the oldest Scottish universities.As a student, Fallon was active in the European Movement and the "Yes" youth campaign in the 1975 referendum. After university he joined the Conservative Research Department, working first for Lord Carrington in the House of Lords until 1977 and then as European Desk Officer until 1979. He became Research Assistant to Baroness Elles in 1979, around the time that she became an MEP.He was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Darlington in July 1982, and fought the Darlington by-election on 24 March 1983, which was held after the Labour MP Ted Fletcher had died. Although Fallon lost to Labour's Ossie O'Brien by 2,412 votes, he defeated O'Brien 77 days later by 3,438 votes in the 1983 general election. He remained MP for Darlington until the 1992 general election, when he lost to Labour's Alan Milburn by a margin of 2,798 votes.He re-entered Parliament at the 1997 general election, holding the safe Conservative constituency of Sevenoaks following the retirement of the sitting Tory MP, Mark Wolfson.Fallon was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Energy Cecil Parkinson following the 1987 general election, and in 1988 joined the government of Margaret Thatcher as an Assistant Whip, becoming a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury in 1990. Fallon, alongside Michael Portillo and Michael Forsyth, visited Thatcher on the eve of her resignation in a last-ditch and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to persuade her to reconsider her decision.Thatcher appointed Fallon Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Education and Science in July 1990, a position he continued to hold under the new premiership of John Major. In this office Fallon headed legislation that led to the local management of schools, which among other changes gave schools a greater degree of financial independence, including control of their own bank accounts and cheque books. He remained in that office until his 1992 general election defeat.Following his return to Parliament in 1997, he was appointed Opposition Spokesman for Trade and Industry and then Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury, but he resigned from the frontbench owing to ill health in October 1998, and remained on the backbenches until his promotion as Deputy Chairman of the Party.From 1999 he was a member of the Treasury Select Committee, and chairman of its Sub-Committee (2001–10). He also served as a 1922 Committee executive between 2005–07.In September 2012, he was made Privy Councillor upon his appointment as Minister for Business and Enterprise.Fallon has been a director at Tullett Prebon, a leading brokerage firm in the City of London, and one of the biggest supporters of the privatisation of Royal Mail.In January 2014, Fallon was appointed Minister for Portsmouth, subsequently being promoted to the Cabinet, on 15 July 2014, as Secretary of State for Defence.In February 2016, the week after a leaked United Nations report had found the Saudi-led coalition guilty of conducting "widespread and systematic" air strikes against civilians in Yemen – including camps for internally displaced people, weddings, schools, hospitals, religious centers, vehicles and markets – and the same day the International Development Select Committee had said that the UK should end all arms exports to Saudi Arabia because of ongoing, large-scale human rights violations by the Kingdom's armed forces in Yemen, Fallon was criticised for attending a £450-a-head dinner for an arms-industry trade-body.In December 2016, Fallon admitted that UK-supplied internationally banned cluster munitions had been used in Saudi Arabia's bombing campaign in Yemen.In April 2017, Fallon confirmed that the UK would use its nuclear weapons in a "pre-emptive initial strike" in "the most extreme circumstances" on BBC Radio's "Today" programme.In 2017, Fallon warned that Russia's Zapad 2017 exercise in Belarus and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast was "designed to provoke us". Fallon falsely claimed that number of Russian troops taking part in exercise could reach 100,000.In an interview in "The Daily Telegraph" in 2016, before the European Union (EU) membership referendum, Fallon described himself as Eurosceptic and critical of many aspects of the EU, but said that he wanted Britain to remain in the EU, in the face of multiple threats from Russia's president Vladimir Putin, crime, and international terrorism.During the run-up to the 2015 general election, Fallon wrote an article in "The Times" saying that Ed Miliband had stabbed his brother David Miliband in the back to become Labour leader and he would also stab Britain in the back to become prime minister. Fallon subsequently declined the opportunity to describe Miliband as a decent person and his comments embarrassed some Conservative supporters. Miliband gave a response, saying that Fallon had fallen below his usual standards and demeaned himself, which the "New Statesman" asserted was dignified, contrasting with Fallon's counter-productive personal attack.According to "The Daily Telegraph" Fallon, Deputy Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, claimed for mortgage repayments on his Westminster flat in their entirety. MPs are only allowed to claim for interest charges.Between 2002 and 2004, Fallon regularly claimed £1,255 per month in capital repayments and interest, rather than the £700–£800 for the interest component alone. After his error was noticed by staff at the Commons Fees Office in September 2004, he asked: "Why has no one brought this to my attention before?" He repaid £2,200 of this over-claim, but was allowed to offset the remaining £6,100 against his allowance. After realising they had failed to notice the excessive claims, Commons staff reportedly suggested Fallon submit fresh claims which would "reassign" the surplus payments to other costs he had legitimately incurred.In late October 2017 it was reported that Fallon had repeatedly and inappropriately touched journalist Julia Hartley-Brewer's knee during a dinner in 2002. Hartley-Brewer recalled that after Fallon kept putting his hand on her knee, she "calmly and politely explained to him, that if he did it again, I would punch him in the face". Fallon resigned two days later believing his "previous conduct" towards women had "fallen below" what is acceptable. Hartley-Brewer expressed shock at the resignation, saying: "I didn't feel it was something that needed any further dealing with".It was subsequently reported Fallon had been forced to resign in part due to an allegation of inappropriate and lewd comments towards fellow Conservative MP Andrea Leadsom when they both sat on the Treasury Select Committee. He was also accused of making comments of a sexual nature about other MPs on the committee and members of the public who attended hearings. The former political editor of "The Independent on Sunday", Jane Merrick, said in "The Observer" in early November 2017 that Fallon was the previously unnamed Conservative MP who had "lunged" at her a decade and a half earlier. She had contacted Downing Street about the incident several hours before he resigned. "The Observer" reported on the same day that "the revelation was the tipping point for No 10, which ... had been compiling a list of alleged incidents involving Fallon since claims against him were first made."In September 2019, Fallon announced he would not seek re-election at the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Between 1992 and 1997, Fallon set up a chain of children's nurseries called "Just Learning" with funding from the British "Dragons' Den" member Duncan Bannatyne, becoming chief executive.Fallon has been married to Wendy Elisabeth Payne, a HR professional, since 27 September 1986; the couple have two sons. The family lives in Sundridge, Kent.He was banned from driving for 18 months in 1983 after admitting a drink-driving offence during the general election campaign.Fallon was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) for political and public service as part of the Resignation Honours of the outgoing Prime Minister David Cameron. | [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister for Portsmouth",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Fallon hold in 12/03/2001? | December 03, 2001 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q304095_P39_3 | Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from Mar, 2013 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Jul, 2014 to Nov, 2017.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister for Portsmouth from Jan, 2014 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017. | Michael FallonSir Michael Cathel Fallon (born 14 May 1952) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Defence from 2014 to 2017. A member of the Conservative Party, Fallon served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sevenoaks from 1997 to 2019, having previously served as the MP for Darlington from 1983 to 1992. Fallon served as Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party from 2010 to 2012 and Minister of State for Business and Enterprise from 2012 to 2014. He served as Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2013 to 2014 and Minister of State for Portsmouth in 2014, before serving as Defence Secretary under David Cameron and Theresa May. He resigned after being implicated in the 2017 Westminster sexual misconduct allegations.Fallon was born in Perth, Scotland. His father was an Irish-born surgeon, Dr Martin Fallon, who was educated in Dublin and became a high-ranking medical officer in the British Army. Dr Fallon received the Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to the wounded including at Arnhem. Michael Fallon was educated at Craigflower Preparatory School near Dunfermline and at Epsom College, an independent boys' school in Surrey. He then read Classics and Ancient History at the University of St Andrews, graduating in 1974 with a Master of Arts (MA Hons) degree, the equivalent of a BA at the oldest Scottish universities.As a student, Fallon was active in the European Movement and the "Yes" youth campaign in the 1975 referendum. After university he joined the Conservative Research Department, working first for Lord Carrington in the House of Lords until 1977 and then as European Desk Officer until 1979. He became Research Assistant to Baroness Elles in 1979, around the time that she became an MEP.He was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Darlington in July 1982, and fought the Darlington by-election on 24 March 1983, which was held after the Labour MP Ted Fletcher had died. Although Fallon lost to Labour's Ossie O'Brien by 2,412 votes, he defeated O'Brien 77 days later by 3,438 votes in the 1983 general election. He remained MP for Darlington until the 1992 general election, when he lost to Labour's Alan Milburn by a margin of 2,798 votes.He re-entered Parliament at the 1997 general election, holding the safe Conservative constituency of Sevenoaks following the retirement of the sitting Tory MP, Mark Wolfson.Fallon was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Energy Cecil Parkinson following the 1987 general election, and in 1988 joined the government of Margaret Thatcher as an Assistant Whip, becoming a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury in 1990. Fallon, alongside Michael Portillo and Michael Forsyth, visited Thatcher on the eve of her resignation in a last-ditch and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to persuade her to reconsider her decision.Thatcher appointed Fallon Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Education and Science in July 1990, a position he continued to hold under the new premiership of John Major. In this office Fallon headed legislation that led to the local management of schools, which among other changes gave schools a greater degree of financial independence, including control of their own bank accounts and cheque books. He remained in that office until his 1992 general election defeat.Following his return to Parliament in 1997, he was appointed Opposition Spokesman for Trade and Industry and then Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury, but he resigned from the frontbench owing to ill health in October 1998, and remained on the backbenches until his promotion as Deputy Chairman of the Party.From 1999 he was a member of the Treasury Select Committee, and chairman of its Sub-Committee (2001–10). He also served as a 1922 Committee executive between 2005–07.In September 2012, he was made Privy Councillor upon his appointment as Minister for Business and Enterprise.Fallon has been a director at Tullett Prebon, a leading brokerage firm in the City of London, and one of the biggest supporters of the privatisation of Royal Mail.In January 2014, Fallon was appointed Minister for Portsmouth, subsequently being promoted to the Cabinet, on 15 July 2014, as Secretary of State for Defence.In February 2016, the week after a leaked United Nations report had found the Saudi-led coalition guilty of conducting "widespread and systematic" air strikes against civilians in Yemen – including camps for internally displaced people, weddings, schools, hospitals, religious centers, vehicles and markets – and the same day the International Development Select Committee had said that the UK should end all arms exports to Saudi Arabia because of ongoing, large-scale human rights violations by the Kingdom's armed forces in Yemen, Fallon was criticised for attending a £450-a-head dinner for an arms-industry trade-body.In December 2016, Fallon admitted that UK-supplied internationally banned cluster munitions had been used in Saudi Arabia's bombing campaign in Yemen.In April 2017, Fallon confirmed that the UK would use its nuclear weapons in a "pre-emptive initial strike" in "the most extreme circumstances" on BBC Radio's "Today" programme.In 2017, Fallon warned that Russia's Zapad 2017 exercise in Belarus and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast was "designed to provoke us". Fallon falsely claimed that number of Russian troops taking part in exercise could reach 100,000.In an interview in "The Daily Telegraph" in 2016, before the European Union (EU) membership referendum, Fallon described himself as Eurosceptic and critical of many aspects of the EU, but said that he wanted Britain to remain in the EU, in the face of multiple threats from Russia's president Vladimir Putin, crime, and international terrorism.During the run-up to the 2015 general election, Fallon wrote an article in "The Times" saying that Ed Miliband had stabbed his brother David Miliband in the back to become Labour leader and he would also stab Britain in the back to become prime minister. Fallon subsequently declined the opportunity to describe Miliband as a decent person and his comments embarrassed some Conservative supporters. Miliband gave a response, saying that Fallon had fallen below his usual standards and demeaned himself, which the "New Statesman" asserted was dignified, contrasting with Fallon's counter-productive personal attack.According to "The Daily Telegraph" Fallon, Deputy Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, claimed for mortgage repayments on his Westminster flat in their entirety. MPs are only allowed to claim for interest charges.Between 2002 and 2004, Fallon regularly claimed £1,255 per month in capital repayments and interest, rather than the £700–£800 for the interest component alone. After his error was noticed by staff at the Commons Fees Office in September 2004, he asked: "Why has no one brought this to my attention before?" He repaid £2,200 of this over-claim, but was allowed to offset the remaining £6,100 against his allowance. After realising they had failed to notice the excessive claims, Commons staff reportedly suggested Fallon submit fresh claims which would "reassign" the surplus payments to other costs he had legitimately incurred.In late October 2017 it was reported that Fallon had repeatedly and inappropriately touched journalist Julia Hartley-Brewer's knee during a dinner in 2002. Hartley-Brewer recalled that after Fallon kept putting his hand on her knee, she "calmly and politely explained to him, that if he did it again, I would punch him in the face". Fallon resigned two days later believing his "previous conduct" towards women had "fallen below" what is acceptable. Hartley-Brewer expressed shock at the resignation, saying: "I didn't feel it was something that needed any further dealing with".It was subsequently reported Fallon had been forced to resign in part due to an allegation of inappropriate and lewd comments towards fellow Conservative MP Andrea Leadsom when they both sat on the Treasury Select Committee. He was also accused of making comments of a sexual nature about other MPs on the committee and members of the public who attended hearings. The former political editor of "The Independent on Sunday", Jane Merrick, said in "The Observer" in early November 2017 that Fallon was the previously unnamed Conservative MP who had "lunged" at her a decade and a half earlier. She had contacted Downing Street about the incident several hours before he resigned. "The Observer" reported on the same day that "the revelation was the tipping point for No 10, which ... had been compiling a list of alleged incidents involving Fallon since claims against him were first made."In September 2019, Fallon announced he would not seek re-election at the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Between 1992 and 1997, Fallon set up a chain of children's nurseries called "Just Learning" with funding from the British "Dragons' Den" member Duncan Bannatyne, becoming chief executive.Fallon has been married to Wendy Elisabeth Payne, a HR professional, since 27 September 1986; the couple have two sons. The family lives in Sundridge, Kent.He was banned from driving for 18 months in 1983 after admitting a drink-driving offence during the general election campaign.Fallon was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) for political and public service as part of the Resignation Honours of the outgoing Prime Minister David Cameron. | [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister for Portsmouth",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Michael Fallon hold in 03-Dec-200103-December-2001? | December 03, 2001 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
]
} | L2_Q304095_P39_3 | Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 53rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2001 to Apr, 2005.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1997 to May, 2001.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from Mar, 2013 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 2017 to Nov, 2019.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Jul, 2014 to Nov, 2017.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Minister for Portsmouth from Jan, 2014 to Jul, 2014.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2010 to Mar, 2015.
Michael Fallon holds the position of Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2015 to May, 2017. | Michael FallonSir Michael Cathel Fallon (born 14 May 1952) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Defence from 2014 to 2017. A member of the Conservative Party, Fallon served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sevenoaks from 1997 to 2019, having previously served as the MP for Darlington from 1983 to 1992. Fallon served as Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party from 2010 to 2012 and Minister of State for Business and Enterprise from 2012 to 2014. He served as Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change from 2013 to 2014 and Minister of State for Portsmouth in 2014, before serving as Defence Secretary under David Cameron and Theresa May. He resigned after being implicated in the 2017 Westminster sexual misconduct allegations.Fallon was born in Perth, Scotland. His father was an Irish-born surgeon, Dr Martin Fallon, who was educated in Dublin and became a high-ranking medical officer in the British Army. Dr Fallon received the Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to the wounded including at Arnhem. Michael Fallon was educated at Craigflower Preparatory School near Dunfermline and at Epsom College, an independent boys' school in Surrey. He then read Classics and Ancient History at the University of St Andrews, graduating in 1974 with a Master of Arts (MA Hons) degree, the equivalent of a BA at the oldest Scottish universities.As a student, Fallon was active in the European Movement and the "Yes" youth campaign in the 1975 referendum. After university he joined the Conservative Research Department, working first for Lord Carrington in the House of Lords until 1977 and then as European Desk Officer until 1979. He became Research Assistant to Baroness Elles in 1979, around the time that she became an MEP.He was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Darlington in July 1982, and fought the Darlington by-election on 24 March 1983, which was held after the Labour MP Ted Fletcher had died. Although Fallon lost to Labour's Ossie O'Brien by 2,412 votes, he defeated O'Brien 77 days later by 3,438 votes in the 1983 general election. He remained MP for Darlington until the 1992 general election, when he lost to Labour's Alan Milburn by a margin of 2,798 votes.He re-entered Parliament at the 1997 general election, holding the safe Conservative constituency of Sevenoaks following the retirement of the sitting Tory MP, Mark Wolfson.Fallon was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Energy Cecil Parkinson following the 1987 general election, and in 1988 joined the government of Margaret Thatcher as an Assistant Whip, becoming a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury in 1990. Fallon, alongside Michael Portillo and Michael Forsyth, visited Thatcher on the eve of her resignation in a last-ditch and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to persuade her to reconsider her decision.Thatcher appointed Fallon Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Education and Science in July 1990, a position he continued to hold under the new premiership of John Major. In this office Fallon headed legislation that led to the local management of schools, which among other changes gave schools a greater degree of financial independence, including control of their own bank accounts and cheque books. He remained in that office until his 1992 general election defeat.Following his return to Parliament in 1997, he was appointed Opposition Spokesman for Trade and Industry and then Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury, but he resigned from the frontbench owing to ill health in October 1998, and remained on the backbenches until his promotion as Deputy Chairman of the Party.From 1999 he was a member of the Treasury Select Committee, and chairman of its Sub-Committee (2001–10). He also served as a 1922 Committee executive between 2005–07.In September 2012, he was made Privy Councillor upon his appointment as Minister for Business and Enterprise.Fallon has been a director at Tullett Prebon, a leading brokerage firm in the City of London, and one of the biggest supporters of the privatisation of Royal Mail.In January 2014, Fallon was appointed Minister for Portsmouth, subsequently being promoted to the Cabinet, on 15 July 2014, as Secretary of State for Defence.In February 2016, the week after a leaked United Nations report had found the Saudi-led coalition guilty of conducting "widespread and systematic" air strikes against civilians in Yemen – including camps for internally displaced people, weddings, schools, hospitals, religious centers, vehicles and markets – and the same day the International Development Select Committee had said that the UK should end all arms exports to Saudi Arabia because of ongoing, large-scale human rights violations by the Kingdom's armed forces in Yemen, Fallon was criticised for attending a £450-a-head dinner for an arms-industry trade-body.In December 2016, Fallon admitted that UK-supplied internationally banned cluster munitions had been used in Saudi Arabia's bombing campaign in Yemen.In April 2017, Fallon confirmed that the UK would use its nuclear weapons in a "pre-emptive initial strike" in "the most extreme circumstances" on BBC Radio's "Today" programme.In 2017, Fallon warned that Russia's Zapad 2017 exercise in Belarus and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast was "designed to provoke us". Fallon falsely claimed that number of Russian troops taking part in exercise could reach 100,000.In an interview in "The Daily Telegraph" in 2016, before the European Union (EU) membership referendum, Fallon described himself as Eurosceptic and critical of many aspects of the EU, but said that he wanted Britain to remain in the EU, in the face of multiple threats from Russia's president Vladimir Putin, crime, and international terrorism.During the run-up to the 2015 general election, Fallon wrote an article in "The Times" saying that Ed Miliband had stabbed his brother David Miliband in the back to become Labour leader and he would also stab Britain in the back to become prime minister. Fallon subsequently declined the opportunity to describe Miliband as a decent person and his comments embarrassed some Conservative supporters. Miliband gave a response, saying that Fallon had fallen below his usual standards and demeaned himself, which the "New Statesman" asserted was dignified, contrasting with Fallon's counter-productive personal attack.According to "The Daily Telegraph" Fallon, Deputy Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, claimed for mortgage repayments on his Westminster flat in their entirety. MPs are only allowed to claim for interest charges.Between 2002 and 2004, Fallon regularly claimed £1,255 per month in capital repayments and interest, rather than the £700–£800 for the interest component alone. After his error was noticed by staff at the Commons Fees Office in September 2004, he asked: "Why has no one brought this to my attention before?" He repaid £2,200 of this over-claim, but was allowed to offset the remaining £6,100 against his allowance. After realising they had failed to notice the excessive claims, Commons staff reportedly suggested Fallon submit fresh claims which would "reassign" the surplus payments to other costs he had legitimately incurred.In late October 2017 it was reported that Fallon had repeatedly and inappropriately touched journalist Julia Hartley-Brewer's knee during a dinner in 2002. Hartley-Brewer recalled that after Fallon kept putting his hand on her knee, she "calmly and politely explained to him, that if he did it again, I would punch him in the face". Fallon resigned two days later believing his "previous conduct" towards women had "fallen below" what is acceptable. Hartley-Brewer expressed shock at the resignation, saying: "I didn't feel it was something that needed any further dealing with".It was subsequently reported Fallon had been forced to resign in part due to an allegation of inappropriate and lewd comments towards fellow Conservative MP Andrea Leadsom when they both sat on the Treasury Select Committee. He was also accused of making comments of a sexual nature about other MPs on the committee and members of the public who attended hearings. The former political editor of "The Independent on Sunday", Jane Merrick, said in "The Observer" in early November 2017 that Fallon was the previously unnamed Conservative MP who had "lunged" at her a decade and a half earlier. She had contacted Downing Street about the incident several hours before he resigned. "The Observer" reported on the same day that "the revelation was the tipping point for No 10, which ... had been compiling a list of alleged incidents involving Fallon since claims against him were first made."In September 2019, Fallon announced he would not seek re-election at the 2019 United Kingdom general election.Between 1992 and 1997, Fallon set up a chain of children's nurseries called "Just Learning" with funding from the British "Dragons' Den" member Duncan Bannatyne, becoming chief executive.Fallon has been married to Wendy Elisabeth Payne, a HR professional, since 27 September 1986; the couple have two sons. The family lives in Sundridge, Kent.He was banned from driving for 18 months in 1983 after admitting a drink-driving offence during the general election campaign.Fallon was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) for political and public service as part of the Resignation Honours of the outgoing Prime Minister David Cameron. | [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister of State at the Department of Energy and Climate Change",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Minister for Portsmouth",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 56th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 57th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 52nd Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which team did Joseph Kamwendo play for in Sep, 2013? | September 14, 2013 | {
"text": [
"TP Mazembe",
"Malawi national football team"
]
} | L2_Q2700585_P54_6 | Joseph Kamwendo plays for Malawi national football team from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2022.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for CAPS United F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for FC Nordsjælland from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Orlando Pirates F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Liga Muçulmana de Maputo from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for TP Mazembe from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Mighty Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Joseph KamwendoJoseph Kamwendo (born 23 October 1986) is a retired Malawian international footballer. He is now coaching Walter Nyamilandu Football Academy.Kamwendo was the first foreigner to be bestowed the Soccer Star of the Year in Zimbabwe. In 2005, he received the award as a player of CAPS United.In November 2013, he joined TP Mazembe on a five-year deal.#On 23 December 2019, 33-year old Kamwendo announced his retirement from football. | [
"FC Nordsjælland",
"Orlando Pirates F.C.",
"Liga Muçulmana de Maputo",
"Mighty Wanderers F.C.",
"CAPS United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Joseph Kamwendo play for in 2013-09-14? | September 14, 2013 | {
"text": [
"TP Mazembe",
"Malawi national football team"
]
} | L2_Q2700585_P54_6 | Joseph Kamwendo plays for Malawi national football team from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2022.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for CAPS United F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for FC Nordsjælland from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Orlando Pirates F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Liga Muçulmana de Maputo from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for TP Mazembe from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Mighty Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Joseph KamwendoJoseph Kamwendo (born 23 October 1986) is a retired Malawian international footballer. He is now coaching Walter Nyamilandu Football Academy.Kamwendo was the first foreigner to be bestowed the Soccer Star of the Year in Zimbabwe. In 2005, he received the award as a player of CAPS United.In November 2013, he joined TP Mazembe on a five-year deal.#On 23 December 2019, 33-year old Kamwendo announced his retirement from football. | [
"FC Nordsjælland",
"Orlando Pirates F.C.",
"Liga Muçulmana de Maputo",
"Mighty Wanderers F.C.",
"CAPS United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Joseph Kamwendo play for in 14/09/2013? | September 14, 2013 | {
"text": [
"TP Mazembe",
"Malawi national football team"
]
} | L2_Q2700585_P54_6 | Joseph Kamwendo plays for Malawi national football team from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2022.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for CAPS United F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for FC Nordsjælland from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Orlando Pirates F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Liga Muçulmana de Maputo from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for TP Mazembe from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Mighty Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Joseph KamwendoJoseph Kamwendo (born 23 October 1986) is a retired Malawian international footballer. He is now coaching Walter Nyamilandu Football Academy.Kamwendo was the first foreigner to be bestowed the Soccer Star of the Year in Zimbabwe. In 2005, he received the award as a player of CAPS United.In November 2013, he joined TP Mazembe on a five-year deal.#On 23 December 2019, 33-year old Kamwendo announced his retirement from football. | [
"FC Nordsjælland",
"Orlando Pirates F.C.",
"Liga Muçulmana de Maputo",
"Mighty Wanderers F.C.",
"CAPS United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Joseph Kamwendo play for in Sep 14, 2013? | September 14, 2013 | {
"text": [
"TP Mazembe",
"Malawi national football team"
]
} | L2_Q2700585_P54_6 | Joseph Kamwendo plays for Malawi national football team from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2022.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for CAPS United F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for FC Nordsjælland from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Orlando Pirates F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Liga Muçulmana de Maputo from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for TP Mazembe from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Mighty Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Joseph KamwendoJoseph Kamwendo (born 23 October 1986) is a retired Malawian international footballer. He is now coaching Walter Nyamilandu Football Academy.Kamwendo was the first foreigner to be bestowed the Soccer Star of the Year in Zimbabwe. In 2005, he received the award as a player of CAPS United.In November 2013, he joined TP Mazembe on a five-year deal.#On 23 December 2019, 33-year old Kamwendo announced his retirement from football. | [
"FC Nordsjælland",
"Orlando Pirates F.C.",
"Liga Muçulmana de Maputo",
"Mighty Wanderers F.C.",
"CAPS United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Joseph Kamwendo play for in 09/14/2013? | September 14, 2013 | {
"text": [
"TP Mazembe",
"Malawi national football team"
]
} | L2_Q2700585_P54_6 | Joseph Kamwendo plays for Malawi national football team from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2022.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for CAPS United F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for FC Nordsjælland from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Orlando Pirates F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Liga Muçulmana de Maputo from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for TP Mazembe from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Mighty Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Joseph KamwendoJoseph Kamwendo (born 23 October 1986) is a retired Malawian international footballer. He is now coaching Walter Nyamilandu Football Academy.Kamwendo was the first foreigner to be bestowed the Soccer Star of the Year in Zimbabwe. In 2005, he received the award as a player of CAPS United.In November 2013, he joined TP Mazembe on a five-year deal.#On 23 December 2019, 33-year old Kamwendo announced his retirement from football. | [
"FC Nordsjælland",
"Orlando Pirates F.C.",
"Liga Muçulmana de Maputo",
"Mighty Wanderers F.C.",
"CAPS United F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Joseph Kamwendo play for in 14-Sep-201314-September-2013? | September 14, 2013 | {
"text": [
"TP Mazembe",
"Malawi national football team"
]
} | L2_Q2700585_P54_6 | Joseph Kamwendo plays for Malawi national football team from Jan, 2003 to Dec, 2022.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for CAPS United F.C. from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for FC Nordsjælland from Jan, 2005 to Jan, 2006.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Orlando Pirates F.C. from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2011.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Liga Muçulmana de Maputo from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2013.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for TP Mazembe from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2015.
Joseph Kamwendo plays for Mighty Wanderers F.C. from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Joseph KamwendoJoseph Kamwendo (born 23 October 1986) is a retired Malawian international footballer. He is now coaching Walter Nyamilandu Football Academy.Kamwendo was the first foreigner to be bestowed the Soccer Star of the Year in Zimbabwe. In 2005, he received the award as a player of CAPS United.In November 2013, he joined TP Mazembe on a five-year deal.#On 23 December 2019, 33-year old Kamwendo announced his retirement from football. | [
"FC Nordsjælland",
"Orlando Pirates F.C.",
"Liga Muçulmana de Maputo",
"Mighty Wanderers F.C.",
"CAPS United F.C."
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Atwood Mason work for in Feb, 1993? | February 28, 1993 | {
"text": [
"Smithsonian Institution",
"Anacostia Community Museum"
]
} | L2_Q15130563_P108_1 | Michael Atwood Mason works for National Museum of Natural History from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2013.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2021.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Anacostia Community Museum from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1994.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Institution from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2021. | Michael Atwood MasonMichael Atwood Mason (born 1966) is an American folklorist and museum professional. He was, up to February 2021, the Director of the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage.Mason is the youngest of three children born to John Skain Mason and Ardath Mason Cade. Born in McCook, Nebraska, he was raised in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. He is married and has two children.After studying classics at St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe), New Mexico, for two years, Mason transferred to the University of Oregon, where he earned his BA in American studies and was elected the Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society. He earned his MA and his PhD at the Folklore Institute at Indiana University Bloomington.Mason began his career at the Anacostia Community Museum, where he worked as a researcher and exhibit developer for the "Black Mosaic" exhibition. In 1994, he moved to the National Museum of Natural History to work as an exhibit developer and co-curator on the "African Voices" exhibit. Since that time, he has developed or curated more than 60 exhibitions, including "Ritmos de Identidad/Rhythms of Identity" at the Arts and Industries Building with the Smithsonian Latino Center, and "Discovering Rastafari". In 2009, he became the Director of Exhibitions, where he was instrumental in the development and opening of the "David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins" in 2010.As one of the leaders of the "Recovering Voices" initiative at the Smithsonian, he has led the planning for the proposed "Recovering Voices" exhibition at NMNH, designed to put a human face on the global crisis of language and knowledge loss. In 2012, he led a collaboration between the Smithsonian and the NGO Cultural Survival to host the international conference, "Our Voices on the Air: Reaching New Audiences through Indigenous Radio", convening 28 radio producers from eight countries to explore the nexus of community radio and language revitalization.As director of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Mason oversaw the Smithsonian Folklife Festival on the National Mall, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, and other cultural educational programs. From his arrival in 2013, to his departure in 2021, he led the development of the Center's new Cultural Sustainability initiatives, which collaborate with communities to help them research, sustain, and present their most cherished cultural expressions. The Center's productions have won Grammy, Academy, Emmy and Webby awards.Mason served as an exhibit developer for the inaugural exhibition at the Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African-American History & Culture in Baltimore, Maryland. He is a member of the founding faculty of the Cultural Sustainability Masters Program at Goucher College in Towson, Maryland, where he teaches students to develop community-based exhibitions that serve local needs.Since 1992, Mason has published many articles on the religion and culture of the African Diaspora. His research focuses on the processes through which people deploy elements of the cultural heritage to construct their personal histories and identities, and he has focused extensively on the social construction of human subjectivity and experience. His book, "Living Santería: Rituals and Experiences in an Afro-Cuban Religion", was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 2002, and was nominated for the Award for Ethnographic Writing. Mason is also the author of the cultural blog dedicated to Babalu Aye, "Baba Who? Babalú!". | [
"National Museum of Natural History",
"Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Atwood Mason work for in 1993-02-28? | February 28, 1993 | {
"text": [
"Smithsonian Institution",
"Anacostia Community Museum"
]
} | L2_Q15130563_P108_1 | Michael Atwood Mason works for National Museum of Natural History from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2013.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2021.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Anacostia Community Museum from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1994.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Institution from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2021. | Michael Atwood MasonMichael Atwood Mason (born 1966) is an American folklorist and museum professional. He was, up to February 2021, the Director of the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage.Mason is the youngest of three children born to John Skain Mason and Ardath Mason Cade. Born in McCook, Nebraska, he was raised in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. He is married and has two children.After studying classics at St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe), New Mexico, for two years, Mason transferred to the University of Oregon, where he earned his BA in American studies and was elected the Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society. He earned his MA and his PhD at the Folklore Institute at Indiana University Bloomington.Mason began his career at the Anacostia Community Museum, where he worked as a researcher and exhibit developer for the "Black Mosaic" exhibition. In 1994, he moved to the National Museum of Natural History to work as an exhibit developer and co-curator on the "African Voices" exhibit. Since that time, he has developed or curated more than 60 exhibitions, including "Ritmos de Identidad/Rhythms of Identity" at the Arts and Industries Building with the Smithsonian Latino Center, and "Discovering Rastafari". In 2009, he became the Director of Exhibitions, where he was instrumental in the development and opening of the "David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins" in 2010.As one of the leaders of the "Recovering Voices" initiative at the Smithsonian, he has led the planning for the proposed "Recovering Voices" exhibition at NMNH, designed to put a human face on the global crisis of language and knowledge loss. In 2012, he led a collaboration between the Smithsonian and the NGO Cultural Survival to host the international conference, "Our Voices on the Air: Reaching New Audiences through Indigenous Radio", convening 28 radio producers from eight countries to explore the nexus of community radio and language revitalization.As director of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Mason oversaw the Smithsonian Folklife Festival on the National Mall, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, and other cultural educational programs. From his arrival in 2013, to his departure in 2021, he led the development of the Center's new Cultural Sustainability initiatives, which collaborate with communities to help them research, sustain, and present their most cherished cultural expressions. The Center's productions have won Grammy, Academy, Emmy and Webby awards.Mason served as an exhibit developer for the inaugural exhibition at the Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African-American History & Culture in Baltimore, Maryland. He is a member of the founding faculty of the Cultural Sustainability Masters Program at Goucher College in Towson, Maryland, where he teaches students to develop community-based exhibitions that serve local needs.Since 1992, Mason has published many articles on the religion and culture of the African Diaspora. His research focuses on the processes through which people deploy elements of the cultural heritage to construct their personal histories and identities, and he has focused extensively on the social construction of human subjectivity and experience. His book, "Living Santería: Rituals and Experiences in an Afro-Cuban Religion", was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 2002, and was nominated for the Award for Ethnographic Writing. Mason is also the author of the cultural blog dedicated to Babalu Aye, "Baba Who? Babalú!". | [
"National Museum of Natural History",
"Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Atwood Mason work for in 28/02/1993? | February 28, 1993 | {
"text": [
"Smithsonian Institution",
"Anacostia Community Museum"
]
} | L2_Q15130563_P108_1 | Michael Atwood Mason works for National Museum of Natural History from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2013.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2021.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Anacostia Community Museum from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1994.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Institution from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2021. | Michael Atwood MasonMichael Atwood Mason (born 1966) is an American folklorist and museum professional. He was, up to February 2021, the Director of the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage.Mason is the youngest of three children born to John Skain Mason and Ardath Mason Cade. Born in McCook, Nebraska, he was raised in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. He is married and has two children.After studying classics at St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe), New Mexico, for two years, Mason transferred to the University of Oregon, where he earned his BA in American studies and was elected the Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society. He earned his MA and his PhD at the Folklore Institute at Indiana University Bloomington.Mason began his career at the Anacostia Community Museum, where he worked as a researcher and exhibit developer for the "Black Mosaic" exhibition. In 1994, he moved to the National Museum of Natural History to work as an exhibit developer and co-curator on the "African Voices" exhibit. Since that time, he has developed or curated more than 60 exhibitions, including "Ritmos de Identidad/Rhythms of Identity" at the Arts and Industries Building with the Smithsonian Latino Center, and "Discovering Rastafari". In 2009, he became the Director of Exhibitions, where he was instrumental in the development and opening of the "David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins" in 2010.As one of the leaders of the "Recovering Voices" initiative at the Smithsonian, he has led the planning for the proposed "Recovering Voices" exhibition at NMNH, designed to put a human face on the global crisis of language and knowledge loss. In 2012, he led a collaboration between the Smithsonian and the NGO Cultural Survival to host the international conference, "Our Voices on the Air: Reaching New Audiences through Indigenous Radio", convening 28 radio producers from eight countries to explore the nexus of community radio and language revitalization.As director of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Mason oversaw the Smithsonian Folklife Festival on the National Mall, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, and other cultural educational programs. From his arrival in 2013, to his departure in 2021, he led the development of the Center's new Cultural Sustainability initiatives, which collaborate with communities to help them research, sustain, and present their most cherished cultural expressions. The Center's productions have won Grammy, Academy, Emmy and Webby awards.Mason served as an exhibit developer for the inaugural exhibition at the Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African-American History & Culture in Baltimore, Maryland. He is a member of the founding faculty of the Cultural Sustainability Masters Program at Goucher College in Towson, Maryland, where he teaches students to develop community-based exhibitions that serve local needs.Since 1992, Mason has published many articles on the religion and culture of the African Diaspora. His research focuses on the processes through which people deploy elements of the cultural heritage to construct their personal histories and identities, and he has focused extensively on the social construction of human subjectivity and experience. His book, "Living Santería: Rituals and Experiences in an Afro-Cuban Religion", was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 2002, and was nominated for the Award for Ethnographic Writing. Mason is also the author of the cultural blog dedicated to Babalu Aye, "Baba Who? Babalú!". | [
"National Museum of Natural History",
"Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Atwood Mason work for in Feb 28, 1993? | February 28, 1993 | {
"text": [
"Smithsonian Institution",
"Anacostia Community Museum"
]
} | L2_Q15130563_P108_1 | Michael Atwood Mason works for National Museum of Natural History from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2013.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2021.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Anacostia Community Museum from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1994.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Institution from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2021. | Michael Atwood MasonMichael Atwood Mason (born 1966) is an American folklorist and museum professional. He was, up to February 2021, the Director of the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage.Mason is the youngest of three children born to John Skain Mason and Ardath Mason Cade. Born in McCook, Nebraska, he was raised in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. He is married and has two children.After studying classics at St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe), New Mexico, for two years, Mason transferred to the University of Oregon, where he earned his BA in American studies and was elected the Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society. He earned his MA and his PhD at the Folklore Institute at Indiana University Bloomington.Mason began his career at the Anacostia Community Museum, where he worked as a researcher and exhibit developer for the "Black Mosaic" exhibition. In 1994, he moved to the National Museum of Natural History to work as an exhibit developer and co-curator on the "African Voices" exhibit. Since that time, he has developed or curated more than 60 exhibitions, including "Ritmos de Identidad/Rhythms of Identity" at the Arts and Industries Building with the Smithsonian Latino Center, and "Discovering Rastafari". In 2009, he became the Director of Exhibitions, where he was instrumental in the development and opening of the "David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins" in 2010.As one of the leaders of the "Recovering Voices" initiative at the Smithsonian, he has led the planning for the proposed "Recovering Voices" exhibition at NMNH, designed to put a human face on the global crisis of language and knowledge loss. In 2012, he led a collaboration between the Smithsonian and the NGO Cultural Survival to host the international conference, "Our Voices on the Air: Reaching New Audiences through Indigenous Radio", convening 28 radio producers from eight countries to explore the nexus of community radio and language revitalization.As director of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Mason oversaw the Smithsonian Folklife Festival on the National Mall, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, and other cultural educational programs. From his arrival in 2013, to his departure in 2021, he led the development of the Center's new Cultural Sustainability initiatives, which collaborate with communities to help them research, sustain, and present their most cherished cultural expressions. The Center's productions have won Grammy, Academy, Emmy and Webby awards.Mason served as an exhibit developer for the inaugural exhibition at the Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African-American History & Culture in Baltimore, Maryland. He is a member of the founding faculty of the Cultural Sustainability Masters Program at Goucher College in Towson, Maryland, where he teaches students to develop community-based exhibitions that serve local needs.Since 1992, Mason has published many articles on the religion and culture of the African Diaspora. His research focuses on the processes through which people deploy elements of the cultural heritage to construct their personal histories and identities, and he has focused extensively on the social construction of human subjectivity and experience. His book, "Living Santería: Rituals and Experiences in an Afro-Cuban Religion", was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 2002, and was nominated for the Award for Ethnographic Writing. Mason is also the author of the cultural blog dedicated to Babalu Aye, "Baba Who? Babalú!". | [
"National Museum of Natural History",
"Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Atwood Mason work for in 02/28/1993? | February 28, 1993 | {
"text": [
"Smithsonian Institution",
"Anacostia Community Museum"
]
} | L2_Q15130563_P108_1 | Michael Atwood Mason works for National Museum of Natural History from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2013.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2021.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Anacostia Community Museum from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1994.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Institution from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2021. | Michael Atwood MasonMichael Atwood Mason (born 1966) is an American folklorist and museum professional. He was, up to February 2021, the Director of the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage.Mason is the youngest of three children born to John Skain Mason and Ardath Mason Cade. Born in McCook, Nebraska, he was raised in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. He is married and has two children.After studying classics at St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe), New Mexico, for two years, Mason transferred to the University of Oregon, where he earned his BA in American studies and was elected the Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society. He earned his MA and his PhD at the Folklore Institute at Indiana University Bloomington.Mason began his career at the Anacostia Community Museum, where he worked as a researcher and exhibit developer for the "Black Mosaic" exhibition. In 1994, he moved to the National Museum of Natural History to work as an exhibit developer and co-curator on the "African Voices" exhibit. Since that time, he has developed or curated more than 60 exhibitions, including "Ritmos de Identidad/Rhythms of Identity" at the Arts and Industries Building with the Smithsonian Latino Center, and "Discovering Rastafari". In 2009, he became the Director of Exhibitions, where he was instrumental in the development and opening of the "David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins" in 2010.As one of the leaders of the "Recovering Voices" initiative at the Smithsonian, he has led the planning for the proposed "Recovering Voices" exhibition at NMNH, designed to put a human face on the global crisis of language and knowledge loss. In 2012, he led a collaboration between the Smithsonian and the NGO Cultural Survival to host the international conference, "Our Voices on the Air: Reaching New Audiences through Indigenous Radio", convening 28 radio producers from eight countries to explore the nexus of community radio and language revitalization.As director of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Mason oversaw the Smithsonian Folklife Festival on the National Mall, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, and other cultural educational programs. From his arrival in 2013, to his departure in 2021, he led the development of the Center's new Cultural Sustainability initiatives, which collaborate with communities to help them research, sustain, and present their most cherished cultural expressions. The Center's productions have won Grammy, Academy, Emmy and Webby awards.Mason served as an exhibit developer for the inaugural exhibition at the Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African-American History & Culture in Baltimore, Maryland. He is a member of the founding faculty of the Cultural Sustainability Masters Program at Goucher College in Towson, Maryland, where he teaches students to develop community-based exhibitions that serve local needs.Since 1992, Mason has published many articles on the religion and culture of the African Diaspora. His research focuses on the processes through which people deploy elements of the cultural heritage to construct their personal histories and identities, and he has focused extensively on the social construction of human subjectivity and experience. His book, "Living Santería: Rituals and Experiences in an Afro-Cuban Religion", was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 2002, and was nominated for the Award for Ethnographic Writing. Mason is also the author of the cultural blog dedicated to Babalu Aye, "Baba Who? Babalú!". | [
"National Museum of Natural History",
"Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage"
] |
|
Which employer did Michael Atwood Mason work for in 28-Feb-199328-February-1993? | February 28, 1993 | {
"text": [
"Smithsonian Institution",
"Anacostia Community Museum"
]
} | L2_Q15130563_P108_1 | Michael Atwood Mason works for National Museum of Natural History from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2013.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2021.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Anacostia Community Museum from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 1994.
Michael Atwood Mason works for Smithsonian Institution from Jan, 1992 to Jan, 2021. | Michael Atwood MasonMichael Atwood Mason (born 1966) is an American folklorist and museum professional. He was, up to February 2021, the Director of the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage.Mason is the youngest of three children born to John Skain Mason and Ardath Mason Cade. Born in McCook, Nebraska, he was raised in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. He is married and has two children.After studying classics at St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe), New Mexico, for two years, Mason transferred to the University of Oregon, where he earned his BA in American studies and was elected the Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society. He earned his MA and his PhD at the Folklore Institute at Indiana University Bloomington.Mason began his career at the Anacostia Community Museum, where he worked as a researcher and exhibit developer for the "Black Mosaic" exhibition. In 1994, he moved to the National Museum of Natural History to work as an exhibit developer and co-curator on the "African Voices" exhibit. Since that time, he has developed or curated more than 60 exhibitions, including "Ritmos de Identidad/Rhythms of Identity" at the Arts and Industries Building with the Smithsonian Latino Center, and "Discovering Rastafari". In 2009, he became the Director of Exhibitions, where he was instrumental in the development and opening of the "David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins" in 2010.As one of the leaders of the "Recovering Voices" initiative at the Smithsonian, he has led the planning for the proposed "Recovering Voices" exhibition at NMNH, designed to put a human face on the global crisis of language and knowledge loss. In 2012, he led a collaboration between the Smithsonian and the NGO Cultural Survival to host the international conference, "Our Voices on the Air: Reaching New Audiences through Indigenous Radio", convening 28 radio producers from eight countries to explore the nexus of community radio and language revitalization.As director of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Mason oversaw the Smithsonian Folklife Festival on the National Mall, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, and other cultural educational programs. From his arrival in 2013, to his departure in 2021, he led the development of the Center's new Cultural Sustainability initiatives, which collaborate with communities to help them research, sustain, and present their most cherished cultural expressions. The Center's productions have won Grammy, Academy, Emmy and Webby awards.Mason served as an exhibit developer for the inaugural exhibition at the Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African-American History & Culture in Baltimore, Maryland. He is a member of the founding faculty of the Cultural Sustainability Masters Program at Goucher College in Towson, Maryland, where he teaches students to develop community-based exhibitions that serve local needs.Since 1992, Mason has published many articles on the religion and culture of the African Diaspora. His research focuses on the processes through which people deploy elements of the cultural heritage to construct their personal histories and identities, and he has focused extensively on the social construction of human subjectivity and experience. His book, "Living Santería: Rituals and Experiences in an Afro-Cuban Religion", was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 2002, and was nominated for the Award for Ethnographic Writing. Mason is also the author of the cultural blog dedicated to Babalu Aye, "Baba Who? Babalú!". | [
"National Museum of Natural History",
"Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage"
] |
|
Where was Karen Messing educated in Oct, 1961? | October 07, 1961 | {
"text": [
"Harvard University"
]
} | L2_Q28870540_P69_0 | Karen Messing attended Harvard University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1963.
Karen Messing attended McGill University from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Karen Messing attended Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991. | Karen MessingKaren Messing (born 2 February 1943) is a Canadian geneticist and ergonomist. She is an emeritus professor in the biological sciences at the University of Quebec at Montreal. She is known for her work on gender, environmental health and ergonomics. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993, the Governor General's Award in 2009, and was named an Officer of the Order of Canada on Dec.27, 2019 .Messing was born in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1943. She studied social sciences at Harvard before deciding to focus on science. She went to McGill University in Montreal where she studied biology, genetics and chemistry. She faced prejudice from colleagues because she was a single mother.She began teaching at University of Quebec at Montreal in 1976 and two years later she was conducting research amongst phosphate workers. She knew of the potential and radioactivity and discovered that amongst six workers, four of them had children with birth defects like a club foot. She did manage to get dust extraction equipment installed but only on the proviso that the researchers left the factory. Messing reflects that this event focused her later work on occupational health.In 1990 she spent a year studying a toilet cleaner named Nina who walked 23 km every day as she cleaned toilets in 1–2 minutes. This work led to recommendations that were adopted and to her specializing in ergonomics and winning an award. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993. This award recognises leading Canadians who are working across disciplines.Messing co-founded the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Health, Society and the Environment (CINBIOSE) at her university.She has worked for thirty years to also increase opportunities for women. She chaired the committee that advises on gender and ergonomics at the International Association of Ergonomics. In recognition of this she was given the Governor General's Award in 2009 that commemorates the 80th anniversary of the persons case. This was a case where Canadian acknowledged that women were included in the legal phrase of "person" and were therefore entitled to all those legal rights.She was given the Yant Award in 2014. | [
"Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers",
"McGill University"
] |
|
Where was Karen Messing educated in 1961-10-07? | October 07, 1961 | {
"text": [
"Harvard University"
]
} | L2_Q28870540_P69_0 | Karen Messing attended Harvard University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1963.
Karen Messing attended McGill University from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Karen Messing attended Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991. | Karen MessingKaren Messing (born 2 February 1943) is a Canadian geneticist and ergonomist. She is an emeritus professor in the biological sciences at the University of Quebec at Montreal. She is known for her work on gender, environmental health and ergonomics. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993, the Governor General's Award in 2009, and was named an Officer of the Order of Canada on Dec.27, 2019 .Messing was born in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1943. She studied social sciences at Harvard before deciding to focus on science. She went to McGill University in Montreal where she studied biology, genetics and chemistry. She faced prejudice from colleagues because she was a single mother.She began teaching at University of Quebec at Montreal in 1976 and two years later she was conducting research amongst phosphate workers. She knew of the potential and radioactivity and discovered that amongst six workers, four of them had children with birth defects like a club foot. She did manage to get dust extraction equipment installed but only on the proviso that the researchers left the factory. Messing reflects that this event focused her later work on occupational health.In 1990 she spent a year studying a toilet cleaner named Nina who walked 23 km every day as she cleaned toilets in 1–2 minutes. This work led to recommendations that were adopted and to her specializing in ergonomics and winning an award. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993. This award recognises leading Canadians who are working across disciplines.Messing co-founded the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Health, Society and the Environment (CINBIOSE) at her university.She has worked for thirty years to also increase opportunities for women. She chaired the committee that advises on gender and ergonomics at the International Association of Ergonomics. In recognition of this she was given the Governor General's Award in 2009 that commemorates the 80th anniversary of the persons case. This was a case where Canadian acknowledged that women were included in the legal phrase of "person" and were therefore entitled to all those legal rights.She was given the Yant Award in 2014. | [
"Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers",
"McGill University"
] |
|
Where was Karen Messing educated in 07/10/1961? | October 07, 1961 | {
"text": [
"Harvard University"
]
} | L2_Q28870540_P69_0 | Karen Messing attended Harvard University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1963.
Karen Messing attended McGill University from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Karen Messing attended Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991. | Karen MessingKaren Messing (born 2 February 1943) is a Canadian geneticist and ergonomist. She is an emeritus professor in the biological sciences at the University of Quebec at Montreal. She is known for her work on gender, environmental health and ergonomics. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993, the Governor General's Award in 2009, and was named an Officer of the Order of Canada on Dec.27, 2019 .Messing was born in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1943. She studied social sciences at Harvard before deciding to focus on science. She went to McGill University in Montreal where she studied biology, genetics and chemistry. She faced prejudice from colleagues because she was a single mother.She began teaching at University of Quebec at Montreal in 1976 and two years later she was conducting research amongst phosphate workers. She knew of the potential and radioactivity and discovered that amongst six workers, four of them had children with birth defects like a club foot. She did manage to get dust extraction equipment installed but only on the proviso that the researchers left the factory. Messing reflects that this event focused her later work on occupational health.In 1990 she spent a year studying a toilet cleaner named Nina who walked 23 km every day as she cleaned toilets in 1–2 minutes. This work led to recommendations that were adopted and to her specializing in ergonomics and winning an award. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993. This award recognises leading Canadians who are working across disciplines.Messing co-founded the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Health, Society and the Environment (CINBIOSE) at her university.She has worked for thirty years to also increase opportunities for women. She chaired the committee that advises on gender and ergonomics at the International Association of Ergonomics. In recognition of this she was given the Governor General's Award in 2009 that commemorates the 80th anniversary of the persons case. This was a case where Canadian acknowledged that women were included in the legal phrase of "person" and were therefore entitled to all those legal rights.She was given the Yant Award in 2014. | [
"Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers",
"McGill University"
] |
|
Where was Karen Messing educated in Oct 07, 1961? | October 07, 1961 | {
"text": [
"Harvard University"
]
} | L2_Q28870540_P69_0 | Karen Messing attended Harvard University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1963.
Karen Messing attended McGill University from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Karen Messing attended Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991. | Karen MessingKaren Messing (born 2 February 1943) is a Canadian geneticist and ergonomist. She is an emeritus professor in the biological sciences at the University of Quebec at Montreal. She is known for her work on gender, environmental health and ergonomics. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993, the Governor General's Award in 2009, and was named an Officer of the Order of Canada on Dec.27, 2019 .Messing was born in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1943. She studied social sciences at Harvard before deciding to focus on science. She went to McGill University in Montreal where she studied biology, genetics and chemistry. She faced prejudice from colleagues because she was a single mother.She began teaching at University of Quebec at Montreal in 1976 and two years later she was conducting research amongst phosphate workers. She knew of the potential and radioactivity and discovered that amongst six workers, four of them had children with birth defects like a club foot. She did manage to get dust extraction equipment installed but only on the proviso that the researchers left the factory. Messing reflects that this event focused her later work on occupational health.In 1990 she spent a year studying a toilet cleaner named Nina who walked 23 km every day as she cleaned toilets in 1–2 minutes. This work led to recommendations that were adopted and to her specializing in ergonomics and winning an award. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993. This award recognises leading Canadians who are working across disciplines.Messing co-founded the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Health, Society and the Environment (CINBIOSE) at her university.She has worked for thirty years to also increase opportunities for women. She chaired the committee that advises on gender and ergonomics at the International Association of Ergonomics. In recognition of this she was given the Governor General's Award in 2009 that commemorates the 80th anniversary of the persons case. This was a case where Canadian acknowledged that women were included in the legal phrase of "person" and were therefore entitled to all those legal rights.She was given the Yant Award in 2014. | [
"Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers",
"McGill University"
] |
|
Where was Karen Messing educated in 10/07/1961? | October 07, 1961 | {
"text": [
"Harvard University"
]
} | L2_Q28870540_P69_0 | Karen Messing attended Harvard University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1963.
Karen Messing attended McGill University from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Karen Messing attended Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991. | Karen MessingKaren Messing (born 2 February 1943) is a Canadian geneticist and ergonomist. She is an emeritus professor in the biological sciences at the University of Quebec at Montreal. She is known for her work on gender, environmental health and ergonomics. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993, the Governor General's Award in 2009, and was named an Officer of the Order of Canada on Dec.27, 2019 .Messing was born in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1943. She studied social sciences at Harvard before deciding to focus on science. She went to McGill University in Montreal where she studied biology, genetics and chemistry. She faced prejudice from colleagues because she was a single mother.She began teaching at University of Quebec at Montreal in 1976 and two years later she was conducting research amongst phosphate workers. She knew of the potential and radioactivity and discovered that amongst six workers, four of them had children with birth defects like a club foot. She did manage to get dust extraction equipment installed but only on the proviso that the researchers left the factory. Messing reflects that this event focused her later work on occupational health.In 1990 she spent a year studying a toilet cleaner named Nina who walked 23 km every day as she cleaned toilets in 1–2 minutes. This work led to recommendations that were adopted and to her specializing in ergonomics and winning an award. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993. This award recognises leading Canadians who are working across disciplines.Messing co-founded the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Health, Society and the Environment (CINBIOSE) at her university.She has worked for thirty years to also increase opportunities for women. She chaired the committee that advises on gender and ergonomics at the International Association of Ergonomics. In recognition of this she was given the Governor General's Award in 2009 that commemorates the 80th anniversary of the persons case. This was a case where Canadian acknowledged that women were included in the legal phrase of "person" and were therefore entitled to all those legal rights.She was given the Yant Award in 2014. | [
"Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers",
"McGill University"
] |
|
Where was Karen Messing educated in 07-Oct-196107-October-1961? | October 07, 1961 | {
"text": [
"Harvard University"
]
} | L2_Q28870540_P69_0 | Karen Messing attended Harvard University from Jan, 1959 to Jan, 1963.
Karen Messing attended McGill University from Jan, 1971 to Jan, 1975.
Karen Messing attended Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1991. | Karen MessingKaren Messing (born 2 February 1943) is a Canadian geneticist and ergonomist. She is an emeritus professor in the biological sciences at the University of Quebec at Montreal. She is known for her work on gender, environmental health and ergonomics. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993, the Governor General's Award in 2009, and was named an Officer of the Order of Canada on Dec.27, 2019 .Messing was born in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1943. She studied social sciences at Harvard before deciding to focus on science. She went to McGill University in Montreal where she studied biology, genetics and chemistry. She faced prejudice from colleagues because she was a single mother.She began teaching at University of Quebec at Montreal in 1976 and two years later she was conducting research amongst phosphate workers. She knew of the potential and radioactivity and discovered that amongst six workers, four of them had children with birth defects like a club foot. She did manage to get dust extraction equipment installed but only on the proviso that the researchers left the factory. Messing reflects that this event focused her later work on occupational health.In 1990 she spent a year studying a toilet cleaner named Nina who walked 23 km every day as she cleaned toilets in 1–2 minutes. This work led to recommendations that were adopted and to her specializing in ergonomics and winning an award. She was given the Jacques Rousseau Award in 1993. This award recognises leading Canadians who are working across disciplines.Messing co-founded the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Health, Society and the Environment (CINBIOSE) at her university.She has worked for thirty years to also increase opportunities for women. She chaired the committee that advises on gender and ergonomics at the International Association of Ergonomics. In recognition of this she was given the Governor General's Award in 2009 that commemorates the 80th anniversary of the persons case. This was a case where Canadian acknowledged that women were included in the legal phrase of "person" and were therefore entitled to all those legal rights.She was given the Yant Award in 2014. | [
"Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers",
"McGill University"
] |
|
Who was the head of Gera in Jun, 1996? | June 26, 1996 | {
"text": [
"Ralf Rauch"
]
} | L2_Q3750_P6_2 | Michael Galley is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Ralf Rauch is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2006.
Julian Vonarb is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Norbert Vornehm is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2012.
Viola Hahn is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2012 to Jun, 2018.
Andreas Mitzenheim is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. | GeraGera is, with around 93,000 inhabitants, the third-largest city of Thuringia after Erfurt and Jena as well as the easternmost city of the "Thüringer Städtekette", an almost straight string of cities consisting of the six largest Thuringian cities from Eisenach in the west, via Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar and Jena to Gera in the east. Gera is the largest city in the Vogtland, and one of its historical capitals along with Plauen, Greiz and Weida. The city lies in the East Thuringian Hill Country, in the wide valley of the White Elster, between Greiz (upstream) and Leipzig (downstream). Gera is located in the Central German Metropolitan Region, approximately south of Saxony's largest city of Leipzig, east of Thuringia's capital Erfurt and west of Saxony's capital Dresden.First mentioned in 995 and developing into a city during the 13th century, Gera has historical significance as being one of the main residences of the Ducal House of Reuss and subsequently the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera (1848-1918) and of the People's State of Reuss (1918-1920), one of the many microstates the Thuringian region consisted of, before they were unified to form Thuringia in 1920.Over the 19th century, Gera became a centre of the textile industry and saw a period of rapid growth. In 1952, the city also became an administrative centre in GDR as one of the capitals of Gera administrative district (Bezirk). In 1990, Gera became part of re-established Thuringia. The loss of its administrative functions as well as its industrial core (caused both by structural change among the European textile industry and the economic system change after the German reunification) precipitated the city's slide into an enduring economic crisis.Since 1990, many of Gera's buildings have been restored and big urban planning programmes like the Bundesgartenschau 2007 were implemented to stimulate Gera's economy. Sights include some retained buildings of the royal residence epoque and many public and private buildings from the economic heyday between 1870 and 1930. The famous painter Otto Dix was born in Gera in 1891.The place name "Gera" originally referred to the area of the Elster river valley where the city stands now. The name most likely originated before the European Migration Period – the Slavic people who first settled the area during the 8th century adopted the name. The first known documentary mention of Gera dates from 995.In 999 Emperor Otto III assigned the "province" of Gera to the Quedlinburg Abbey. In turn, the church assigned the protectorship of this area in 1209 to the Vogts of Weida (in German: "Vögte von Weida") who served as its administrators. The Vogts of Weida were the ancestors of the Reussians, who ruled Gera until 1918. Gera was first mentioned as a town in 1237, though it is unclear in which year Gera got the municipal law. The small town got circumvallated in the 13th century on an area of 350 x 350 m and the Vogts' city castle was built in the south-western corner at today's Burgstraße. A municipal seal was first used in 1350, the council was first named in 1360 and the town hall was mentioned in 1426. The abbess of Quedlinburg remained the formal sovereign of Gera until 1358, as the Wettins followed her up. The Vogt's couldn't emancipate theirselfs from Wettin rule. In 1450, Gera was almost totally destroyed during the Saxon Fratricidal War, but it could recuperate quick because the starting textile manufacture brought wealth to the town.The Reformation was introduced in Gera in 1533 against the will of the Vogts by the Wettins. After the Schmalkaldic War in 1546, the Wettins lost Gera to the Bohemian Crown, who however had no influence on the city, so that the Vogts resp. the Reussians (which arose from the Vogts in the mid-16th century) as indeed rulers were strengthened. During the 16th century, some cloth-makers from the Spanish Netherlands migrated to Gera as religious refugees at Count Henry's invitation and raised the textile business in Gera. In the 18th century, there was a first peak in this industry (Putting-out system), which can be seen today at the large agents houses.In 1673, the Reussians were raised to Imperial Counts which granted them full sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire; Gera became their royal residence. In 1686 and 1780, big town fires destroyed most buildings in Gera. The town was rebuilt relatively uniform during the 1780s in late-Baroque style, which marks the inner city until today.In 1806 Napoleon established his Imperial Headquarters at Gera during the War of the Fourth Coalition. From here, on October 12, 1806, the French Emperor purposely sent an arrogant and threatening letter to King Frederick William III of Prussia – a letter that enticed Prussia to war and a crushing defeat at the Battle of Jena a few days later.The Gera line of Reussians died out in 1802, so that it had no royal residence until the new one moved there from Schleiz in 1848. From 1848 to 1918 Gera served as the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera. With the industrial revolution in the mid-19th century, Gera grew rapidly, due largely to its textile industry, which saw the first Power loom installed in 1836. In 1859, Gera was first connected by railway to Halle via Zeitz and Weißenfels. During the following decades, rail lines in all directions made Gera to a transport hub, and the town kept growing. The second electric tram in Germany was installed in Gera in 1892.After World War I, during the German Revolution of 1918–19, the prince of Reuss was forced to abdicate and as the resultant "Republic of Reuss" joined the newly founded state of Thuringia in 1920. After the incorporation of some suburbs in the 1910s and 1920s Gera, with some 80,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in Thuringia, although the more centrally located Weimar became its capital.After the Nazi takeover of Germany, the Jewish community of Gera was destroyed, the synagogue burnt down in the Kristallnacht in 1938 and the city's Jews emigrated or were murdered in concentration camps. A month before the end of World War II, on 6 April 1945, U.S. bombing destroyed parts of the city and killed 514 residents. Some 300 buildings were hit, including the Osterstein castle and several historic buildings in city centre, many of which weren't rebuilt after the war. U.S. forces occupied Gera on 14 April 1945 but were replaced by the Soviets on 1 July 1945.Gera became part of the GDR in 1949 and was a flash point in the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany as thousands of workers – among them many employees of the Soviet-established Wismut uranium mining entity in the nearby Ore Mountains ("Erzgebirge") – demanded higher wages and free elections. The demonstrations were put down by Soviet military forces, including armored units.With governmental reorganization in East Germany, the city became the capital of the newly created District of Gera in 1952. The population rose during the GDR period, and massive "Plattenbau" prefabricated apartment blocks, built throughout East Germany, were constructed in Gera.After German reunification in 1990, Gera became part of the restored state of Thuringia. However, Gera lost most of its administrative functions after reunification, and nearly all the city's factories were closed. This led to a continuing economic crisis with significant unemployment, and the city's population declined from 135,000 in 1990 to less than 100,000 a decade later.The city hosted the Bundesgartenschau (federal horticultural exhibition) in 2007.Gera is located in a smooth-hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the White Elster river (progression: ), between the Thuringian Highland approx. in the south-west, the Ore Mountains approx. in the south-east and the Leipzig Bay approx. in the north. The municipal territory is marked by the Elster valley, crossing it in south-northern direction. West of the valley, the landscape is more hilly and forested (with the Gera Municipal Forest), whereas the eastern parts are more flat and in agricultural use. The elevation is between 180 metres (the level of the White Elster river) and (when measured at Gera-Falka at the furthest southeastern point). Usually the height above sea level for the city appears as when measured at the market place.Small tributaries of the White Elster river within the borders of Gera are the "Erlbach" on the western side and the "Wipsenbach", "Gessenbach" and "Brahme" on the eastern side.Gera has a humid continental climate (Dfb) or an oceanic climate ("Cfb") according to the Köppen climate classification system. Summers are warm and sometimes humid, winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter (quite cold nights under ) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is only with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long.Gera abuts the following municipalities: Gera is divided in different ways. Historically, there are more than 60 villages in the densely settled Elster valley area belonging to Gera today. The actual division knows on the one hand statistical districts and on the other hand political districts. The 12 statistical districts are covering the whole city area and consist of (sometimes) several political districts, urban quarters and/or rural villages. The 16 political districts are covering only few parts of Gera, but not the central urban areas, instead usually rural districts got incorporated during the second half of the 20th century. Each political district can (but doesn't have to) consist of more than one village. Each political district elects an own district council and a district mayor, whereas the statistical districts don't have any political function.The main urban quarters are the city centre, Untermhaus (incorporated 1919) in the west, Langenberg (1950), Tinz (1919) and Bieblach (1905) in the north, Leumnitz (1919) in the east, Pforten (1919) and Zwötzen (1919) in the south-east as well as Debschwitz (1912) and Lusan (1919) in the south-west.During the centuries, Gera has been a quite small town of 2,000 inhabitants. As the textile business saw a first peak, the population rose to 7,000 in 1800 and further to 17,000 after the early stage of industrialisation in 1870. Gera's heyday between 1870 and 1930 led to a demographic boom with a population of 83,000 at the end of this phase in 1930. In 1950, Gera had 98,000 inhabitants and the all-time peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 135,000. After the German reunification in 1990, the city saw a significant decline in population, despite the large incorporations of 1994. The population shrunk to 113,000 in 2000 and 95,000 in 2012.The average decrease of population between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.55% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Gera. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders. During the 1990s and the 2000s, many inhabitants left Gera to search a better life in west Germany or other major east German cities like Jena or Leipzig. Since 2010, emigration is no big issue anymore. Now, the birth deficit, caused by the high average age of the population, is getting a bigger problem because the immigration isn't sufficient to compensate it yet. Despite urban planning activities to tear down unused flats, vacancy is still a problem with rates around 12% (according to 2011 EU census). A positive side effect for the inhabitants is that Gera has one of the lowest rent levels in Germany.The birth deficit was 715 in 2012, this is -7.5 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +3.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Gera migrants are bordering rural areas of Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries like Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.Like other eastern German cities, Gera has only a small amount of foreign population: circa 1.6% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 5.0% are migrants (according to 2011 EU census). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Gera are Russians, Vietnamese people and Ukrainians. During recent years, the economic situation of the city improved a bit: the unemployment rate declined from 22% in 2005 to 11% in 2013, which is still the highest one out of all Thuringian districts. Due to the official atheism in former GDR, most of the population is non-religious. 9.8% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 2.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census) making one of the world's lowest amounts of religious people.There are some museums in Gera:Like its western neighbour-city Jena, Gera is a protracted city along a wide valley in south-northern direction. The historic city centre is quite small and located between Sorge in the north, Nicolaistraße in the east, Stadtgraben in the south and Reichsstraße in the west. It survived World War II, but during the 1960s and 1970s, the GDR government demolished larger inner-city areas to rebuild them with modern concrete architecture, which marks the view of Gera's centre, particularly in the north-west until today. Between 1870 and 1930, the city was largely extended in all directions. As distinct from other German cities, there is no citywide spatial separation between the worker's quarters and the upper-class mansion districts, instead, the mansions and the tenements are situated near to each other, spread over all the districts. The hilly areas and those next to the river and the parks are more upscale, whereas the areas next to the railway and the factories are more working-class styled. Nevertheless, the Gründerzeit architecture is quite diverse and interesting in Gera. Most buildings were extensively refurbished after 1990. Especially Gera's mansion architecture from the 1900s and 1910s is unique. The 1920s brought some modern-style Bauhaus buildings to the then rich city. During the GDR period, urban growth was handled by establishing big Plattenbau settlements on the city's periphery, like the Lusan district in south and the Bieblach district in north.Agriculture has some importance in the rural districts of Gera, especially in the northern and eastern city parts. Approximately 57% of the municipal territory is in agricultural use: growing maize, rapeseed and crops as well as pasturing cattle.The city's economy features industrial machinery (Dagro Gera GmbH), communications (DTKS GmbH, Deutsche Telekom), security locks (Schloßsicherungen Gera GmbH), optics (POG Präzisionsoptik Gera GmbH), electrical equipment (Electronicon Kondensatoren GmbH), and margarine manufacturing (Othüna). Other companies include a compressor manufacturer (Kompressorenwerk Kaeser), a precision-tool maker (SMK-Präzisionsmechanik), and a subsidiary of the construction company Max Bögl. The e-commerce service-provider D+S Europe has a service centre in Gera with several hundred workers, and Rittal, a manufacturer of information-technology enclosures, moved from Bad Köstritz to Gera. Some industrial branches operating before 1990 no longer have major importance. Sectors either no longer existing or sharply reduced include those in toolmaking (VEB Wema Union), textiles (VEB Modedruck), textile machinery (VEB Textima), electronic equipment (VEB Elektronik Gera). Other industries that had a presence included VEB Carl Zeiss Jena and a brewery. One important industrial branch had been uranium-ore mining in nearby Ronneburg (Wismut), whereby the region became the Soviet Union's leading uranium supplier. In 2012 Gera had 41 companies with more than 20 workers in the industrial sector, employing 3,400 people and generating an overall turnover of €452 million.Gera is a supra-centre according to the Central Place Theory in German regional planning. This makes the city a regional centre for retailing, with three major shopping centres: "Gera-Arcaden", "Amthor-Passage" and "Elster-Forum". Health services are important, with one of the biggest hospitals in Thuringia, the SRH Waldklinikum. Nevertheless, Gera's economy is weak compared to equal-sized neighbouring cities like Jena or Zwickau. While Jena counts 51,000 and Zwickau 50,000 jobs liable to pay into the German social insurance, Gera had only 35,000 of those full-time jobs in 2012. The commuter balance was +14,000 in Jena and +16,000 in Zwickau, but only +2,000 in Gera, which is one of the lowest ratios among German supra-centres, highlighting the lack of ability of Gera to provide jobs for the region. The unemployment rate reached 11.2% in September 2013 - the highest among all Thuringian districts.Since the late 19th century, Gera has been a hub in the railway network. The first railway ran to the Thuringian Railway in Weißenfels (with connection to Halle) via Zeitz in 1859. Further main lines were opened to Gößnitz (with connection to Chemnitz) in 1865, to Saalfeld in 1871, to Leipzig (via Zeitz) in 1873, to Plauen in 1875, to Weimar (with connection to Erfurt) via Jena in 1876 and to Hof in 1883. The secondary railways to Werdau (opened in 1876) and Meuselwitz (opened via Pölzig in 1901 and via Lumpzig in 1887) are abandoned. Nevertheless, none of these lines are electrified or in use for long-distance trains. Today, there are regional express trains to Göttingen via Jena and Erfurt, to Leipzig via Zeitz, to Altenburg, Glauchau and Zwickau via the Gößnitz line, to Greiz, to Hof and to Saalfeld. Local trains provide connections to Weimar via Jena, Leipzig, Weischlitz (near Plauen), Hof and Saalfeld. The most lines run every two hours, so that there is hourly service (express and local trains in alternation) to most directions. The electrification of the west-eastern mainline Weimar – Jena – Gera – Gößnitz is in discussion for closing that gap in the network and enable Gera's connection to long-distance trains, which can be reached today either via Jena or via Leipzig.The most important stations in Gera are the "Gera main station" (former Prussian station), where all the trains stop, and the "Gera southern station" (former Saxonian station), where all the trains, except the local ones to Weimar, stop. More stations in Gera are "Langenberg" at the Leipzig line, "Zwötzen" at the Saalfeld and Hof line as well as "Gera Ost" and "Liebschwitz" at the Plauen line. Freight transport by rail is immaterial in Gera since the 1990s.The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at "Hermsdorf junction" are the Bundesautobahn 4 (Frankfurt–Dresden) and the Bundesautobahn 9 (Berlin–Munich), which were both built during the 1930s. Furthermore, there are three Bundesstraßen connecting Gera: the Bundesstraße 2 to Zeitz in the north and Hof in the south, the Bundesstraße 7 to Jena (via Eisenberg) in the west and to Altenburg in the east and the Bundesstraße 92 to Plauen (via Greiz) in the south. Important secondary roads run to Altenburg (via Lumpzig), to Werdau (via Linda), to Wünschendorf, to Stadtroda and to Hermsdorf. As part of the Bundesgartenschau 2007, a new bypass road was built in the east to improve the connection of southern city parts to the A 4 and to relieve the city centre from transit traffic.The closest regional airports are the Leipzig/Halle Airport, about north and the Erfurt-Weimar Airport, about west of Gera. Both serve mainly holiday flights. The nearest major airports are the Frankfurt Airport, the Munich Airport and the prospective Berlin Brandenburg Airport. In the eastern part of Gera lies the airfield Gera-Leumnitz meant for private aviation.Cycling is becoming more popular since the construction of quality cycle tracks began in the 1990s. For tourists, there are the "Weiße Elster track" and the "Thuringian city string track (Radweg Thüringer Städtekette)". Both connect points of tourist interest, the first along the White Elster valley from the Elster Mountains at the Czech border to Saale river in Halle and second from Eisenach via Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Altenburg. For inner city every-day traffic, some cycle lanes exist along several main streets.The Gera tram network was the second in Germany that launched electrical engines in 1892. Today, there are two long lines, one from Bieblach via city centre to Lusan (line 3) and another one – opened in 2006 – from Untermhaus via city centre to Zwötzen (line 1). The third short line is a connection between Lusan and the Zwötzen railway station (line 2). Another line is planned to connect Langenberg and the northern city parts. On line 3 is one course every 5 minutes, on line 1 every 10 minutes and on line 2 every 20 minutes.The bus network connects districts without trams as well as neighbouring municipalities that do not have a rail connection.Tertiary institutions are the private college "SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera" (university of applied sciences for health) with 500 students and the Gera branch of the Duale Hochschule Gera-Eisenach (cooperative state college) with 850 students locally. Furthermore, there are four Gymnasiums, all of them are state-owned. The Goethe-Gymnasium/Rutheneum focuses on music education as an elite boarding school, in addition to the common curriculum.The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was independent Ralf Rauch, who served from 1994 to 2006. He was succeeded by Norbert Vornehm of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who served from 2006 to 2012. Viola Hahn was elected in 2012, but was defeated seeking re-election in 2018, failing to progress to the second round. Julian Vonarb was elected, and has since served as mayor. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018, with a runoff held on 29 April, and the results were as follows:! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate! rowspan=2| Party! colspan=2| First round! colspan=2| Second round! Votes! Votes! colspan=3| Valid votes! 39,078! 99.2! 35,518! 98.2! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 299! 0.8! 653! 1.8! colspan=3| Total! 39,377! 100.0! 36,171! 100.0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 79,724! 49.4! 79,671! 45.4The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:! colspan=2| Party! Lead candidate! Votes! +/-! Seats! colspan=3| Valid votes! 42,808! 96.8! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 1,420! 3.2! ! colspan=3| Total! 44,228! 100.0! 42! ±0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 78,537! 56.3! 12.7! Gera is twinned with: | [
"Norbert Vornehm",
"Julian Vonarb",
"Michael Galley",
"Viola Hahn",
"Andreas Mitzenheim"
] |
|
Who was the head of Gera in 1996-06-26? | June 26, 1996 | {
"text": [
"Ralf Rauch"
]
} | L2_Q3750_P6_2 | Michael Galley is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Ralf Rauch is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2006.
Julian Vonarb is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Norbert Vornehm is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2012.
Viola Hahn is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2012 to Jun, 2018.
Andreas Mitzenheim is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. | GeraGera is, with around 93,000 inhabitants, the third-largest city of Thuringia after Erfurt and Jena as well as the easternmost city of the "Thüringer Städtekette", an almost straight string of cities consisting of the six largest Thuringian cities from Eisenach in the west, via Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar and Jena to Gera in the east. Gera is the largest city in the Vogtland, and one of its historical capitals along with Plauen, Greiz and Weida. The city lies in the East Thuringian Hill Country, in the wide valley of the White Elster, between Greiz (upstream) and Leipzig (downstream). Gera is located in the Central German Metropolitan Region, approximately south of Saxony's largest city of Leipzig, east of Thuringia's capital Erfurt and west of Saxony's capital Dresden.First mentioned in 995 and developing into a city during the 13th century, Gera has historical significance as being one of the main residences of the Ducal House of Reuss and subsequently the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera (1848-1918) and of the People's State of Reuss (1918-1920), one of the many microstates the Thuringian region consisted of, before they were unified to form Thuringia in 1920.Over the 19th century, Gera became a centre of the textile industry and saw a period of rapid growth. In 1952, the city also became an administrative centre in GDR as one of the capitals of Gera administrative district (Bezirk). In 1990, Gera became part of re-established Thuringia. The loss of its administrative functions as well as its industrial core (caused both by structural change among the European textile industry and the economic system change after the German reunification) precipitated the city's slide into an enduring economic crisis.Since 1990, many of Gera's buildings have been restored and big urban planning programmes like the Bundesgartenschau 2007 were implemented to stimulate Gera's economy. Sights include some retained buildings of the royal residence epoque and many public and private buildings from the economic heyday between 1870 and 1930. The famous painter Otto Dix was born in Gera in 1891.The place name "Gera" originally referred to the area of the Elster river valley where the city stands now. The name most likely originated before the European Migration Period – the Slavic people who first settled the area during the 8th century adopted the name. The first known documentary mention of Gera dates from 995.In 999 Emperor Otto III assigned the "province" of Gera to the Quedlinburg Abbey. In turn, the church assigned the protectorship of this area in 1209 to the Vogts of Weida (in German: "Vögte von Weida") who served as its administrators. The Vogts of Weida were the ancestors of the Reussians, who ruled Gera until 1918. Gera was first mentioned as a town in 1237, though it is unclear in which year Gera got the municipal law. The small town got circumvallated in the 13th century on an area of 350 x 350 m and the Vogts' city castle was built in the south-western corner at today's Burgstraße. A municipal seal was first used in 1350, the council was first named in 1360 and the town hall was mentioned in 1426. The abbess of Quedlinburg remained the formal sovereign of Gera until 1358, as the Wettins followed her up. The Vogt's couldn't emancipate theirselfs from Wettin rule. In 1450, Gera was almost totally destroyed during the Saxon Fratricidal War, but it could recuperate quick because the starting textile manufacture brought wealth to the town.The Reformation was introduced in Gera in 1533 against the will of the Vogts by the Wettins. After the Schmalkaldic War in 1546, the Wettins lost Gera to the Bohemian Crown, who however had no influence on the city, so that the Vogts resp. the Reussians (which arose from the Vogts in the mid-16th century) as indeed rulers were strengthened. During the 16th century, some cloth-makers from the Spanish Netherlands migrated to Gera as religious refugees at Count Henry's invitation and raised the textile business in Gera. In the 18th century, there was a first peak in this industry (Putting-out system), which can be seen today at the large agents houses.In 1673, the Reussians were raised to Imperial Counts which granted them full sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire; Gera became their royal residence. In 1686 and 1780, big town fires destroyed most buildings in Gera. The town was rebuilt relatively uniform during the 1780s in late-Baroque style, which marks the inner city until today.In 1806 Napoleon established his Imperial Headquarters at Gera during the War of the Fourth Coalition. From here, on October 12, 1806, the French Emperor purposely sent an arrogant and threatening letter to King Frederick William III of Prussia – a letter that enticed Prussia to war and a crushing defeat at the Battle of Jena a few days later.The Gera line of Reussians died out in 1802, so that it had no royal residence until the new one moved there from Schleiz in 1848. From 1848 to 1918 Gera served as the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera. With the industrial revolution in the mid-19th century, Gera grew rapidly, due largely to its textile industry, which saw the first Power loom installed in 1836. In 1859, Gera was first connected by railway to Halle via Zeitz and Weißenfels. During the following decades, rail lines in all directions made Gera to a transport hub, and the town kept growing. The second electric tram in Germany was installed in Gera in 1892.After World War I, during the German Revolution of 1918–19, the prince of Reuss was forced to abdicate and as the resultant "Republic of Reuss" joined the newly founded state of Thuringia in 1920. After the incorporation of some suburbs in the 1910s and 1920s Gera, with some 80,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in Thuringia, although the more centrally located Weimar became its capital.After the Nazi takeover of Germany, the Jewish community of Gera was destroyed, the synagogue burnt down in the Kristallnacht in 1938 and the city's Jews emigrated or were murdered in concentration camps. A month before the end of World War II, on 6 April 1945, U.S. bombing destroyed parts of the city and killed 514 residents. Some 300 buildings were hit, including the Osterstein castle and several historic buildings in city centre, many of which weren't rebuilt after the war. U.S. forces occupied Gera on 14 April 1945 but were replaced by the Soviets on 1 July 1945.Gera became part of the GDR in 1949 and was a flash point in the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany as thousands of workers – among them many employees of the Soviet-established Wismut uranium mining entity in the nearby Ore Mountains ("Erzgebirge") – demanded higher wages and free elections. The demonstrations were put down by Soviet military forces, including armored units.With governmental reorganization in East Germany, the city became the capital of the newly created District of Gera in 1952. The population rose during the GDR period, and massive "Plattenbau" prefabricated apartment blocks, built throughout East Germany, were constructed in Gera.After German reunification in 1990, Gera became part of the restored state of Thuringia. However, Gera lost most of its administrative functions after reunification, and nearly all the city's factories were closed. This led to a continuing economic crisis with significant unemployment, and the city's population declined from 135,000 in 1990 to less than 100,000 a decade later.The city hosted the Bundesgartenschau (federal horticultural exhibition) in 2007.Gera is located in a smooth-hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the White Elster river (progression: ), between the Thuringian Highland approx. in the south-west, the Ore Mountains approx. in the south-east and the Leipzig Bay approx. in the north. The municipal territory is marked by the Elster valley, crossing it in south-northern direction. West of the valley, the landscape is more hilly and forested (with the Gera Municipal Forest), whereas the eastern parts are more flat and in agricultural use. The elevation is between 180 metres (the level of the White Elster river) and (when measured at Gera-Falka at the furthest southeastern point). Usually the height above sea level for the city appears as when measured at the market place.Small tributaries of the White Elster river within the borders of Gera are the "Erlbach" on the western side and the "Wipsenbach", "Gessenbach" and "Brahme" on the eastern side.Gera has a humid continental climate (Dfb) or an oceanic climate ("Cfb") according to the Köppen climate classification system. Summers are warm and sometimes humid, winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter (quite cold nights under ) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is only with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long.Gera abuts the following municipalities: Gera is divided in different ways. Historically, there are more than 60 villages in the densely settled Elster valley area belonging to Gera today. The actual division knows on the one hand statistical districts and on the other hand political districts. The 12 statistical districts are covering the whole city area and consist of (sometimes) several political districts, urban quarters and/or rural villages. The 16 political districts are covering only few parts of Gera, but not the central urban areas, instead usually rural districts got incorporated during the second half of the 20th century. Each political district can (but doesn't have to) consist of more than one village. Each political district elects an own district council and a district mayor, whereas the statistical districts don't have any political function.The main urban quarters are the city centre, Untermhaus (incorporated 1919) in the west, Langenberg (1950), Tinz (1919) and Bieblach (1905) in the north, Leumnitz (1919) in the east, Pforten (1919) and Zwötzen (1919) in the south-east as well as Debschwitz (1912) and Lusan (1919) in the south-west.During the centuries, Gera has been a quite small town of 2,000 inhabitants. As the textile business saw a first peak, the population rose to 7,000 in 1800 and further to 17,000 after the early stage of industrialisation in 1870. Gera's heyday between 1870 and 1930 led to a demographic boom with a population of 83,000 at the end of this phase in 1930. In 1950, Gera had 98,000 inhabitants and the all-time peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 135,000. After the German reunification in 1990, the city saw a significant decline in population, despite the large incorporations of 1994. The population shrunk to 113,000 in 2000 and 95,000 in 2012.The average decrease of population between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.55% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Gera. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders. During the 1990s and the 2000s, many inhabitants left Gera to search a better life in west Germany or other major east German cities like Jena or Leipzig. Since 2010, emigration is no big issue anymore. Now, the birth deficit, caused by the high average age of the population, is getting a bigger problem because the immigration isn't sufficient to compensate it yet. Despite urban planning activities to tear down unused flats, vacancy is still a problem with rates around 12% (according to 2011 EU census). A positive side effect for the inhabitants is that Gera has one of the lowest rent levels in Germany.The birth deficit was 715 in 2012, this is -7.5 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +3.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Gera migrants are bordering rural areas of Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries like Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.Like other eastern German cities, Gera has only a small amount of foreign population: circa 1.6% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 5.0% are migrants (according to 2011 EU census). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Gera are Russians, Vietnamese people and Ukrainians. During recent years, the economic situation of the city improved a bit: the unemployment rate declined from 22% in 2005 to 11% in 2013, which is still the highest one out of all Thuringian districts. Due to the official atheism in former GDR, most of the population is non-religious. 9.8% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 2.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census) making one of the world's lowest amounts of religious people.There are some museums in Gera:Like its western neighbour-city Jena, Gera is a protracted city along a wide valley in south-northern direction. The historic city centre is quite small and located between Sorge in the north, Nicolaistraße in the east, Stadtgraben in the south and Reichsstraße in the west. It survived World War II, but during the 1960s and 1970s, the GDR government demolished larger inner-city areas to rebuild them with modern concrete architecture, which marks the view of Gera's centre, particularly in the north-west until today. Between 1870 and 1930, the city was largely extended in all directions. As distinct from other German cities, there is no citywide spatial separation between the worker's quarters and the upper-class mansion districts, instead, the mansions and the tenements are situated near to each other, spread over all the districts. The hilly areas and those next to the river and the parks are more upscale, whereas the areas next to the railway and the factories are more working-class styled. Nevertheless, the Gründerzeit architecture is quite diverse and interesting in Gera. Most buildings were extensively refurbished after 1990. Especially Gera's mansion architecture from the 1900s and 1910s is unique. The 1920s brought some modern-style Bauhaus buildings to the then rich city. During the GDR period, urban growth was handled by establishing big Plattenbau settlements on the city's periphery, like the Lusan district in south and the Bieblach district in north.Agriculture has some importance in the rural districts of Gera, especially in the northern and eastern city parts. Approximately 57% of the municipal territory is in agricultural use: growing maize, rapeseed and crops as well as pasturing cattle.The city's economy features industrial machinery (Dagro Gera GmbH), communications (DTKS GmbH, Deutsche Telekom), security locks (Schloßsicherungen Gera GmbH), optics (POG Präzisionsoptik Gera GmbH), electrical equipment (Electronicon Kondensatoren GmbH), and margarine manufacturing (Othüna). Other companies include a compressor manufacturer (Kompressorenwerk Kaeser), a precision-tool maker (SMK-Präzisionsmechanik), and a subsidiary of the construction company Max Bögl. The e-commerce service-provider D+S Europe has a service centre in Gera with several hundred workers, and Rittal, a manufacturer of information-technology enclosures, moved from Bad Köstritz to Gera. Some industrial branches operating before 1990 no longer have major importance. Sectors either no longer existing or sharply reduced include those in toolmaking (VEB Wema Union), textiles (VEB Modedruck), textile machinery (VEB Textima), electronic equipment (VEB Elektronik Gera). Other industries that had a presence included VEB Carl Zeiss Jena and a brewery. One important industrial branch had been uranium-ore mining in nearby Ronneburg (Wismut), whereby the region became the Soviet Union's leading uranium supplier. In 2012 Gera had 41 companies with more than 20 workers in the industrial sector, employing 3,400 people and generating an overall turnover of €452 million.Gera is a supra-centre according to the Central Place Theory in German regional planning. This makes the city a regional centre for retailing, with three major shopping centres: "Gera-Arcaden", "Amthor-Passage" and "Elster-Forum". Health services are important, with one of the biggest hospitals in Thuringia, the SRH Waldklinikum. Nevertheless, Gera's economy is weak compared to equal-sized neighbouring cities like Jena or Zwickau. While Jena counts 51,000 and Zwickau 50,000 jobs liable to pay into the German social insurance, Gera had only 35,000 of those full-time jobs in 2012. The commuter balance was +14,000 in Jena and +16,000 in Zwickau, but only +2,000 in Gera, which is one of the lowest ratios among German supra-centres, highlighting the lack of ability of Gera to provide jobs for the region. The unemployment rate reached 11.2% in September 2013 - the highest among all Thuringian districts.Since the late 19th century, Gera has been a hub in the railway network. The first railway ran to the Thuringian Railway in Weißenfels (with connection to Halle) via Zeitz in 1859. Further main lines were opened to Gößnitz (with connection to Chemnitz) in 1865, to Saalfeld in 1871, to Leipzig (via Zeitz) in 1873, to Plauen in 1875, to Weimar (with connection to Erfurt) via Jena in 1876 and to Hof in 1883. The secondary railways to Werdau (opened in 1876) and Meuselwitz (opened via Pölzig in 1901 and via Lumpzig in 1887) are abandoned. Nevertheless, none of these lines are electrified or in use for long-distance trains. Today, there are regional express trains to Göttingen via Jena and Erfurt, to Leipzig via Zeitz, to Altenburg, Glauchau and Zwickau via the Gößnitz line, to Greiz, to Hof and to Saalfeld. Local trains provide connections to Weimar via Jena, Leipzig, Weischlitz (near Plauen), Hof and Saalfeld. The most lines run every two hours, so that there is hourly service (express and local trains in alternation) to most directions. The electrification of the west-eastern mainline Weimar – Jena – Gera – Gößnitz is in discussion for closing that gap in the network and enable Gera's connection to long-distance trains, which can be reached today either via Jena or via Leipzig.The most important stations in Gera are the "Gera main station" (former Prussian station), where all the trains stop, and the "Gera southern station" (former Saxonian station), where all the trains, except the local ones to Weimar, stop. More stations in Gera are "Langenberg" at the Leipzig line, "Zwötzen" at the Saalfeld and Hof line as well as "Gera Ost" and "Liebschwitz" at the Plauen line. Freight transport by rail is immaterial in Gera since the 1990s.The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at "Hermsdorf junction" are the Bundesautobahn 4 (Frankfurt–Dresden) and the Bundesautobahn 9 (Berlin–Munich), which were both built during the 1930s. Furthermore, there are three Bundesstraßen connecting Gera: the Bundesstraße 2 to Zeitz in the north and Hof in the south, the Bundesstraße 7 to Jena (via Eisenberg) in the west and to Altenburg in the east and the Bundesstraße 92 to Plauen (via Greiz) in the south. Important secondary roads run to Altenburg (via Lumpzig), to Werdau (via Linda), to Wünschendorf, to Stadtroda and to Hermsdorf. As part of the Bundesgartenschau 2007, a new bypass road was built in the east to improve the connection of southern city parts to the A 4 and to relieve the city centre from transit traffic.The closest regional airports are the Leipzig/Halle Airport, about north and the Erfurt-Weimar Airport, about west of Gera. Both serve mainly holiday flights. The nearest major airports are the Frankfurt Airport, the Munich Airport and the prospective Berlin Brandenburg Airport. In the eastern part of Gera lies the airfield Gera-Leumnitz meant for private aviation.Cycling is becoming more popular since the construction of quality cycle tracks began in the 1990s. For tourists, there are the "Weiße Elster track" and the "Thuringian city string track (Radweg Thüringer Städtekette)". Both connect points of tourist interest, the first along the White Elster valley from the Elster Mountains at the Czech border to Saale river in Halle and second from Eisenach via Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Altenburg. For inner city every-day traffic, some cycle lanes exist along several main streets.The Gera tram network was the second in Germany that launched electrical engines in 1892. Today, there are two long lines, one from Bieblach via city centre to Lusan (line 3) and another one – opened in 2006 – from Untermhaus via city centre to Zwötzen (line 1). The third short line is a connection between Lusan and the Zwötzen railway station (line 2). Another line is planned to connect Langenberg and the northern city parts. On line 3 is one course every 5 minutes, on line 1 every 10 minutes and on line 2 every 20 minutes.The bus network connects districts without trams as well as neighbouring municipalities that do not have a rail connection.Tertiary institutions are the private college "SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera" (university of applied sciences for health) with 500 students and the Gera branch of the Duale Hochschule Gera-Eisenach (cooperative state college) with 850 students locally. Furthermore, there are four Gymnasiums, all of them are state-owned. The Goethe-Gymnasium/Rutheneum focuses on music education as an elite boarding school, in addition to the common curriculum.The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was independent Ralf Rauch, who served from 1994 to 2006. He was succeeded by Norbert Vornehm of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who served from 2006 to 2012. Viola Hahn was elected in 2012, but was defeated seeking re-election in 2018, failing to progress to the second round. Julian Vonarb was elected, and has since served as mayor. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018, with a runoff held on 29 April, and the results were as follows:! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate! rowspan=2| Party! colspan=2| First round! colspan=2| Second round! Votes! Votes! colspan=3| Valid votes! 39,078! 99.2! 35,518! 98.2! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 299! 0.8! 653! 1.8! colspan=3| Total! 39,377! 100.0! 36,171! 100.0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 79,724! 49.4! 79,671! 45.4The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:! colspan=2| Party! Lead candidate! Votes! +/-! Seats! colspan=3| Valid votes! 42,808! 96.8! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 1,420! 3.2! ! colspan=3| Total! 44,228! 100.0! 42! ±0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 78,537! 56.3! 12.7! Gera is twinned with: | [
"Norbert Vornehm",
"Julian Vonarb",
"Michael Galley",
"Viola Hahn",
"Andreas Mitzenheim"
] |
|
Who was the head of Gera in 26/06/1996? | June 26, 1996 | {
"text": [
"Ralf Rauch"
]
} | L2_Q3750_P6_2 | Michael Galley is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Ralf Rauch is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2006.
Julian Vonarb is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Norbert Vornehm is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2012.
Viola Hahn is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2012 to Jun, 2018.
Andreas Mitzenheim is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. | GeraGera is, with around 93,000 inhabitants, the third-largest city of Thuringia after Erfurt and Jena as well as the easternmost city of the "Thüringer Städtekette", an almost straight string of cities consisting of the six largest Thuringian cities from Eisenach in the west, via Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar and Jena to Gera in the east. Gera is the largest city in the Vogtland, and one of its historical capitals along with Plauen, Greiz and Weida. The city lies in the East Thuringian Hill Country, in the wide valley of the White Elster, between Greiz (upstream) and Leipzig (downstream). Gera is located in the Central German Metropolitan Region, approximately south of Saxony's largest city of Leipzig, east of Thuringia's capital Erfurt and west of Saxony's capital Dresden.First mentioned in 995 and developing into a city during the 13th century, Gera has historical significance as being one of the main residences of the Ducal House of Reuss and subsequently the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera (1848-1918) and of the People's State of Reuss (1918-1920), one of the many microstates the Thuringian region consisted of, before they were unified to form Thuringia in 1920.Over the 19th century, Gera became a centre of the textile industry and saw a period of rapid growth. In 1952, the city also became an administrative centre in GDR as one of the capitals of Gera administrative district (Bezirk). In 1990, Gera became part of re-established Thuringia. The loss of its administrative functions as well as its industrial core (caused both by structural change among the European textile industry and the economic system change after the German reunification) precipitated the city's slide into an enduring economic crisis.Since 1990, many of Gera's buildings have been restored and big urban planning programmes like the Bundesgartenschau 2007 were implemented to stimulate Gera's economy. Sights include some retained buildings of the royal residence epoque and many public and private buildings from the economic heyday between 1870 and 1930. The famous painter Otto Dix was born in Gera in 1891.The place name "Gera" originally referred to the area of the Elster river valley where the city stands now. The name most likely originated before the European Migration Period – the Slavic people who first settled the area during the 8th century adopted the name. The first known documentary mention of Gera dates from 995.In 999 Emperor Otto III assigned the "province" of Gera to the Quedlinburg Abbey. In turn, the church assigned the protectorship of this area in 1209 to the Vogts of Weida (in German: "Vögte von Weida") who served as its administrators. The Vogts of Weida were the ancestors of the Reussians, who ruled Gera until 1918. Gera was first mentioned as a town in 1237, though it is unclear in which year Gera got the municipal law. The small town got circumvallated in the 13th century on an area of 350 x 350 m and the Vogts' city castle was built in the south-western corner at today's Burgstraße. A municipal seal was first used in 1350, the council was first named in 1360 and the town hall was mentioned in 1426. The abbess of Quedlinburg remained the formal sovereign of Gera until 1358, as the Wettins followed her up. The Vogt's couldn't emancipate theirselfs from Wettin rule. In 1450, Gera was almost totally destroyed during the Saxon Fratricidal War, but it could recuperate quick because the starting textile manufacture brought wealth to the town.The Reformation was introduced in Gera in 1533 against the will of the Vogts by the Wettins. After the Schmalkaldic War in 1546, the Wettins lost Gera to the Bohemian Crown, who however had no influence on the city, so that the Vogts resp. the Reussians (which arose from the Vogts in the mid-16th century) as indeed rulers were strengthened. During the 16th century, some cloth-makers from the Spanish Netherlands migrated to Gera as religious refugees at Count Henry's invitation and raised the textile business in Gera. In the 18th century, there was a first peak in this industry (Putting-out system), which can be seen today at the large agents houses.In 1673, the Reussians were raised to Imperial Counts which granted them full sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire; Gera became their royal residence. In 1686 and 1780, big town fires destroyed most buildings in Gera. The town was rebuilt relatively uniform during the 1780s in late-Baroque style, which marks the inner city until today.In 1806 Napoleon established his Imperial Headquarters at Gera during the War of the Fourth Coalition. From here, on October 12, 1806, the French Emperor purposely sent an arrogant and threatening letter to King Frederick William III of Prussia – a letter that enticed Prussia to war and a crushing defeat at the Battle of Jena a few days later.The Gera line of Reussians died out in 1802, so that it had no royal residence until the new one moved there from Schleiz in 1848. From 1848 to 1918 Gera served as the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera. With the industrial revolution in the mid-19th century, Gera grew rapidly, due largely to its textile industry, which saw the first Power loom installed in 1836. In 1859, Gera was first connected by railway to Halle via Zeitz and Weißenfels. During the following decades, rail lines in all directions made Gera to a transport hub, and the town kept growing. The second electric tram in Germany was installed in Gera in 1892.After World War I, during the German Revolution of 1918–19, the prince of Reuss was forced to abdicate and as the resultant "Republic of Reuss" joined the newly founded state of Thuringia in 1920. After the incorporation of some suburbs in the 1910s and 1920s Gera, with some 80,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in Thuringia, although the more centrally located Weimar became its capital.After the Nazi takeover of Germany, the Jewish community of Gera was destroyed, the synagogue burnt down in the Kristallnacht in 1938 and the city's Jews emigrated or were murdered in concentration camps. A month before the end of World War II, on 6 April 1945, U.S. bombing destroyed parts of the city and killed 514 residents. Some 300 buildings were hit, including the Osterstein castle and several historic buildings in city centre, many of which weren't rebuilt after the war. U.S. forces occupied Gera on 14 April 1945 but were replaced by the Soviets on 1 July 1945.Gera became part of the GDR in 1949 and was a flash point in the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany as thousands of workers – among them many employees of the Soviet-established Wismut uranium mining entity in the nearby Ore Mountains ("Erzgebirge") – demanded higher wages and free elections. The demonstrations were put down by Soviet military forces, including armored units.With governmental reorganization in East Germany, the city became the capital of the newly created District of Gera in 1952. The population rose during the GDR period, and massive "Plattenbau" prefabricated apartment blocks, built throughout East Germany, were constructed in Gera.After German reunification in 1990, Gera became part of the restored state of Thuringia. However, Gera lost most of its administrative functions after reunification, and nearly all the city's factories were closed. This led to a continuing economic crisis with significant unemployment, and the city's population declined from 135,000 in 1990 to less than 100,000 a decade later.The city hosted the Bundesgartenschau (federal horticultural exhibition) in 2007.Gera is located in a smooth-hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the White Elster river (progression: ), between the Thuringian Highland approx. in the south-west, the Ore Mountains approx. in the south-east and the Leipzig Bay approx. in the north. The municipal territory is marked by the Elster valley, crossing it in south-northern direction. West of the valley, the landscape is more hilly and forested (with the Gera Municipal Forest), whereas the eastern parts are more flat and in agricultural use. The elevation is between 180 metres (the level of the White Elster river) and (when measured at Gera-Falka at the furthest southeastern point). Usually the height above sea level for the city appears as when measured at the market place.Small tributaries of the White Elster river within the borders of Gera are the "Erlbach" on the western side and the "Wipsenbach", "Gessenbach" and "Brahme" on the eastern side.Gera has a humid continental climate (Dfb) or an oceanic climate ("Cfb") according to the Köppen climate classification system. Summers are warm and sometimes humid, winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter (quite cold nights under ) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is only with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long.Gera abuts the following municipalities: Gera is divided in different ways. Historically, there are more than 60 villages in the densely settled Elster valley area belonging to Gera today. The actual division knows on the one hand statistical districts and on the other hand political districts. The 12 statistical districts are covering the whole city area and consist of (sometimes) several political districts, urban quarters and/or rural villages. The 16 political districts are covering only few parts of Gera, but not the central urban areas, instead usually rural districts got incorporated during the second half of the 20th century. Each political district can (but doesn't have to) consist of more than one village. Each political district elects an own district council and a district mayor, whereas the statistical districts don't have any political function.The main urban quarters are the city centre, Untermhaus (incorporated 1919) in the west, Langenberg (1950), Tinz (1919) and Bieblach (1905) in the north, Leumnitz (1919) in the east, Pforten (1919) and Zwötzen (1919) in the south-east as well as Debschwitz (1912) and Lusan (1919) in the south-west.During the centuries, Gera has been a quite small town of 2,000 inhabitants. As the textile business saw a first peak, the population rose to 7,000 in 1800 and further to 17,000 after the early stage of industrialisation in 1870. Gera's heyday between 1870 and 1930 led to a demographic boom with a population of 83,000 at the end of this phase in 1930. In 1950, Gera had 98,000 inhabitants and the all-time peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 135,000. After the German reunification in 1990, the city saw a significant decline in population, despite the large incorporations of 1994. The population shrunk to 113,000 in 2000 and 95,000 in 2012.The average decrease of population between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.55% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Gera. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders. During the 1990s and the 2000s, many inhabitants left Gera to search a better life in west Germany or other major east German cities like Jena or Leipzig. Since 2010, emigration is no big issue anymore. Now, the birth deficit, caused by the high average age of the population, is getting a bigger problem because the immigration isn't sufficient to compensate it yet. Despite urban planning activities to tear down unused flats, vacancy is still a problem with rates around 12% (according to 2011 EU census). A positive side effect for the inhabitants is that Gera has one of the lowest rent levels in Germany.The birth deficit was 715 in 2012, this is -7.5 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +3.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Gera migrants are bordering rural areas of Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries like Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.Like other eastern German cities, Gera has only a small amount of foreign population: circa 1.6% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 5.0% are migrants (according to 2011 EU census). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Gera are Russians, Vietnamese people and Ukrainians. During recent years, the economic situation of the city improved a bit: the unemployment rate declined from 22% in 2005 to 11% in 2013, which is still the highest one out of all Thuringian districts. Due to the official atheism in former GDR, most of the population is non-religious. 9.8% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 2.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census) making one of the world's lowest amounts of religious people.There are some museums in Gera:Like its western neighbour-city Jena, Gera is a protracted city along a wide valley in south-northern direction. The historic city centre is quite small and located between Sorge in the north, Nicolaistraße in the east, Stadtgraben in the south and Reichsstraße in the west. It survived World War II, but during the 1960s and 1970s, the GDR government demolished larger inner-city areas to rebuild them with modern concrete architecture, which marks the view of Gera's centre, particularly in the north-west until today. Between 1870 and 1930, the city was largely extended in all directions. As distinct from other German cities, there is no citywide spatial separation between the worker's quarters and the upper-class mansion districts, instead, the mansions and the tenements are situated near to each other, spread over all the districts. The hilly areas and those next to the river and the parks are more upscale, whereas the areas next to the railway and the factories are more working-class styled. Nevertheless, the Gründerzeit architecture is quite diverse and interesting in Gera. Most buildings were extensively refurbished after 1990. Especially Gera's mansion architecture from the 1900s and 1910s is unique. The 1920s brought some modern-style Bauhaus buildings to the then rich city. During the GDR period, urban growth was handled by establishing big Plattenbau settlements on the city's periphery, like the Lusan district in south and the Bieblach district in north.Agriculture has some importance in the rural districts of Gera, especially in the northern and eastern city parts. Approximately 57% of the municipal territory is in agricultural use: growing maize, rapeseed and crops as well as pasturing cattle.The city's economy features industrial machinery (Dagro Gera GmbH), communications (DTKS GmbH, Deutsche Telekom), security locks (Schloßsicherungen Gera GmbH), optics (POG Präzisionsoptik Gera GmbH), electrical equipment (Electronicon Kondensatoren GmbH), and margarine manufacturing (Othüna). Other companies include a compressor manufacturer (Kompressorenwerk Kaeser), a precision-tool maker (SMK-Präzisionsmechanik), and a subsidiary of the construction company Max Bögl. The e-commerce service-provider D+S Europe has a service centre in Gera with several hundred workers, and Rittal, a manufacturer of information-technology enclosures, moved from Bad Köstritz to Gera. Some industrial branches operating before 1990 no longer have major importance. Sectors either no longer existing or sharply reduced include those in toolmaking (VEB Wema Union), textiles (VEB Modedruck), textile machinery (VEB Textima), electronic equipment (VEB Elektronik Gera). Other industries that had a presence included VEB Carl Zeiss Jena and a brewery. One important industrial branch had been uranium-ore mining in nearby Ronneburg (Wismut), whereby the region became the Soviet Union's leading uranium supplier. In 2012 Gera had 41 companies with more than 20 workers in the industrial sector, employing 3,400 people and generating an overall turnover of €452 million.Gera is a supra-centre according to the Central Place Theory in German regional planning. This makes the city a regional centre for retailing, with three major shopping centres: "Gera-Arcaden", "Amthor-Passage" and "Elster-Forum". Health services are important, with one of the biggest hospitals in Thuringia, the SRH Waldklinikum. Nevertheless, Gera's economy is weak compared to equal-sized neighbouring cities like Jena or Zwickau. While Jena counts 51,000 and Zwickau 50,000 jobs liable to pay into the German social insurance, Gera had only 35,000 of those full-time jobs in 2012. The commuter balance was +14,000 in Jena and +16,000 in Zwickau, but only +2,000 in Gera, which is one of the lowest ratios among German supra-centres, highlighting the lack of ability of Gera to provide jobs for the region. The unemployment rate reached 11.2% in September 2013 - the highest among all Thuringian districts.Since the late 19th century, Gera has been a hub in the railway network. The first railway ran to the Thuringian Railway in Weißenfels (with connection to Halle) via Zeitz in 1859. Further main lines were opened to Gößnitz (with connection to Chemnitz) in 1865, to Saalfeld in 1871, to Leipzig (via Zeitz) in 1873, to Plauen in 1875, to Weimar (with connection to Erfurt) via Jena in 1876 and to Hof in 1883. The secondary railways to Werdau (opened in 1876) and Meuselwitz (opened via Pölzig in 1901 and via Lumpzig in 1887) are abandoned. Nevertheless, none of these lines are electrified or in use for long-distance trains. Today, there are regional express trains to Göttingen via Jena and Erfurt, to Leipzig via Zeitz, to Altenburg, Glauchau and Zwickau via the Gößnitz line, to Greiz, to Hof and to Saalfeld. Local trains provide connections to Weimar via Jena, Leipzig, Weischlitz (near Plauen), Hof and Saalfeld. The most lines run every two hours, so that there is hourly service (express and local trains in alternation) to most directions. The electrification of the west-eastern mainline Weimar – Jena – Gera – Gößnitz is in discussion for closing that gap in the network and enable Gera's connection to long-distance trains, which can be reached today either via Jena or via Leipzig.The most important stations in Gera are the "Gera main station" (former Prussian station), where all the trains stop, and the "Gera southern station" (former Saxonian station), where all the trains, except the local ones to Weimar, stop. More stations in Gera are "Langenberg" at the Leipzig line, "Zwötzen" at the Saalfeld and Hof line as well as "Gera Ost" and "Liebschwitz" at the Plauen line. Freight transport by rail is immaterial in Gera since the 1990s.The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at "Hermsdorf junction" are the Bundesautobahn 4 (Frankfurt–Dresden) and the Bundesautobahn 9 (Berlin–Munich), which were both built during the 1930s. Furthermore, there are three Bundesstraßen connecting Gera: the Bundesstraße 2 to Zeitz in the north and Hof in the south, the Bundesstraße 7 to Jena (via Eisenberg) in the west and to Altenburg in the east and the Bundesstraße 92 to Plauen (via Greiz) in the south. Important secondary roads run to Altenburg (via Lumpzig), to Werdau (via Linda), to Wünschendorf, to Stadtroda and to Hermsdorf. As part of the Bundesgartenschau 2007, a new bypass road was built in the east to improve the connection of southern city parts to the A 4 and to relieve the city centre from transit traffic.The closest regional airports are the Leipzig/Halle Airport, about north and the Erfurt-Weimar Airport, about west of Gera. Both serve mainly holiday flights. The nearest major airports are the Frankfurt Airport, the Munich Airport and the prospective Berlin Brandenburg Airport. In the eastern part of Gera lies the airfield Gera-Leumnitz meant for private aviation.Cycling is becoming more popular since the construction of quality cycle tracks began in the 1990s. For tourists, there are the "Weiße Elster track" and the "Thuringian city string track (Radweg Thüringer Städtekette)". Both connect points of tourist interest, the first along the White Elster valley from the Elster Mountains at the Czech border to Saale river in Halle and second from Eisenach via Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Altenburg. For inner city every-day traffic, some cycle lanes exist along several main streets.The Gera tram network was the second in Germany that launched electrical engines in 1892. Today, there are two long lines, one from Bieblach via city centre to Lusan (line 3) and another one – opened in 2006 – from Untermhaus via city centre to Zwötzen (line 1). The third short line is a connection between Lusan and the Zwötzen railway station (line 2). Another line is planned to connect Langenberg and the northern city parts. On line 3 is one course every 5 minutes, on line 1 every 10 minutes and on line 2 every 20 minutes.The bus network connects districts without trams as well as neighbouring municipalities that do not have a rail connection.Tertiary institutions are the private college "SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera" (university of applied sciences for health) with 500 students and the Gera branch of the Duale Hochschule Gera-Eisenach (cooperative state college) with 850 students locally. Furthermore, there are four Gymnasiums, all of them are state-owned. The Goethe-Gymnasium/Rutheneum focuses on music education as an elite boarding school, in addition to the common curriculum.The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was independent Ralf Rauch, who served from 1994 to 2006. He was succeeded by Norbert Vornehm of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who served from 2006 to 2012. Viola Hahn was elected in 2012, but was defeated seeking re-election in 2018, failing to progress to the second round. Julian Vonarb was elected, and has since served as mayor. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018, with a runoff held on 29 April, and the results were as follows:! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate! rowspan=2| Party! colspan=2| First round! colspan=2| Second round! Votes! Votes! colspan=3| Valid votes! 39,078! 99.2! 35,518! 98.2! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 299! 0.8! 653! 1.8! colspan=3| Total! 39,377! 100.0! 36,171! 100.0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 79,724! 49.4! 79,671! 45.4The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:! colspan=2| Party! Lead candidate! Votes! +/-! Seats! colspan=3| Valid votes! 42,808! 96.8! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 1,420! 3.2! ! colspan=3| Total! 44,228! 100.0! 42! ±0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 78,537! 56.3! 12.7! Gera is twinned with: | [
"Norbert Vornehm",
"Julian Vonarb",
"Michael Galley",
"Viola Hahn",
"Andreas Mitzenheim"
] |
|
Who was the head of Gera in Jun 26, 1996? | June 26, 1996 | {
"text": [
"Ralf Rauch"
]
} | L2_Q3750_P6_2 | Michael Galley is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Ralf Rauch is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2006.
Julian Vonarb is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Norbert Vornehm is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2012.
Viola Hahn is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2012 to Jun, 2018.
Andreas Mitzenheim is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. | GeraGera is, with around 93,000 inhabitants, the third-largest city of Thuringia after Erfurt and Jena as well as the easternmost city of the "Thüringer Städtekette", an almost straight string of cities consisting of the six largest Thuringian cities from Eisenach in the west, via Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar and Jena to Gera in the east. Gera is the largest city in the Vogtland, and one of its historical capitals along with Plauen, Greiz and Weida. The city lies in the East Thuringian Hill Country, in the wide valley of the White Elster, between Greiz (upstream) and Leipzig (downstream). Gera is located in the Central German Metropolitan Region, approximately south of Saxony's largest city of Leipzig, east of Thuringia's capital Erfurt and west of Saxony's capital Dresden.First mentioned in 995 and developing into a city during the 13th century, Gera has historical significance as being one of the main residences of the Ducal House of Reuss and subsequently the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera (1848-1918) and of the People's State of Reuss (1918-1920), one of the many microstates the Thuringian region consisted of, before they were unified to form Thuringia in 1920.Over the 19th century, Gera became a centre of the textile industry and saw a period of rapid growth. In 1952, the city also became an administrative centre in GDR as one of the capitals of Gera administrative district (Bezirk). In 1990, Gera became part of re-established Thuringia. The loss of its administrative functions as well as its industrial core (caused both by structural change among the European textile industry and the economic system change after the German reunification) precipitated the city's slide into an enduring economic crisis.Since 1990, many of Gera's buildings have been restored and big urban planning programmes like the Bundesgartenschau 2007 were implemented to stimulate Gera's economy. Sights include some retained buildings of the royal residence epoque and many public and private buildings from the economic heyday between 1870 and 1930. The famous painter Otto Dix was born in Gera in 1891.The place name "Gera" originally referred to the area of the Elster river valley where the city stands now. The name most likely originated before the European Migration Period – the Slavic people who first settled the area during the 8th century adopted the name. The first known documentary mention of Gera dates from 995.In 999 Emperor Otto III assigned the "province" of Gera to the Quedlinburg Abbey. In turn, the church assigned the protectorship of this area in 1209 to the Vogts of Weida (in German: "Vögte von Weida") who served as its administrators. The Vogts of Weida were the ancestors of the Reussians, who ruled Gera until 1918. Gera was first mentioned as a town in 1237, though it is unclear in which year Gera got the municipal law. The small town got circumvallated in the 13th century on an area of 350 x 350 m and the Vogts' city castle was built in the south-western corner at today's Burgstraße. A municipal seal was first used in 1350, the council was first named in 1360 and the town hall was mentioned in 1426. The abbess of Quedlinburg remained the formal sovereign of Gera until 1358, as the Wettins followed her up. The Vogt's couldn't emancipate theirselfs from Wettin rule. In 1450, Gera was almost totally destroyed during the Saxon Fratricidal War, but it could recuperate quick because the starting textile manufacture brought wealth to the town.The Reformation was introduced in Gera in 1533 against the will of the Vogts by the Wettins. After the Schmalkaldic War in 1546, the Wettins lost Gera to the Bohemian Crown, who however had no influence on the city, so that the Vogts resp. the Reussians (which arose from the Vogts in the mid-16th century) as indeed rulers were strengthened. During the 16th century, some cloth-makers from the Spanish Netherlands migrated to Gera as religious refugees at Count Henry's invitation and raised the textile business in Gera. In the 18th century, there was a first peak in this industry (Putting-out system), which can be seen today at the large agents houses.In 1673, the Reussians were raised to Imperial Counts which granted them full sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire; Gera became their royal residence. In 1686 and 1780, big town fires destroyed most buildings in Gera. The town was rebuilt relatively uniform during the 1780s in late-Baroque style, which marks the inner city until today.In 1806 Napoleon established his Imperial Headquarters at Gera during the War of the Fourth Coalition. From here, on October 12, 1806, the French Emperor purposely sent an arrogant and threatening letter to King Frederick William III of Prussia – a letter that enticed Prussia to war and a crushing defeat at the Battle of Jena a few days later.The Gera line of Reussians died out in 1802, so that it had no royal residence until the new one moved there from Schleiz in 1848. From 1848 to 1918 Gera served as the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera. With the industrial revolution in the mid-19th century, Gera grew rapidly, due largely to its textile industry, which saw the first Power loom installed in 1836. In 1859, Gera was first connected by railway to Halle via Zeitz and Weißenfels. During the following decades, rail lines in all directions made Gera to a transport hub, and the town kept growing. The second electric tram in Germany was installed in Gera in 1892.After World War I, during the German Revolution of 1918–19, the prince of Reuss was forced to abdicate and as the resultant "Republic of Reuss" joined the newly founded state of Thuringia in 1920. After the incorporation of some suburbs in the 1910s and 1920s Gera, with some 80,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in Thuringia, although the more centrally located Weimar became its capital.After the Nazi takeover of Germany, the Jewish community of Gera was destroyed, the synagogue burnt down in the Kristallnacht in 1938 and the city's Jews emigrated or were murdered in concentration camps. A month before the end of World War II, on 6 April 1945, U.S. bombing destroyed parts of the city and killed 514 residents. Some 300 buildings were hit, including the Osterstein castle and several historic buildings in city centre, many of which weren't rebuilt after the war. U.S. forces occupied Gera on 14 April 1945 but were replaced by the Soviets on 1 July 1945.Gera became part of the GDR in 1949 and was a flash point in the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany as thousands of workers – among them many employees of the Soviet-established Wismut uranium mining entity in the nearby Ore Mountains ("Erzgebirge") – demanded higher wages and free elections. The demonstrations were put down by Soviet military forces, including armored units.With governmental reorganization in East Germany, the city became the capital of the newly created District of Gera in 1952. The population rose during the GDR period, and massive "Plattenbau" prefabricated apartment blocks, built throughout East Germany, were constructed in Gera.After German reunification in 1990, Gera became part of the restored state of Thuringia. However, Gera lost most of its administrative functions after reunification, and nearly all the city's factories were closed. This led to a continuing economic crisis with significant unemployment, and the city's population declined from 135,000 in 1990 to less than 100,000 a decade later.The city hosted the Bundesgartenschau (federal horticultural exhibition) in 2007.Gera is located in a smooth-hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the White Elster river (progression: ), between the Thuringian Highland approx. in the south-west, the Ore Mountains approx. in the south-east and the Leipzig Bay approx. in the north. The municipal territory is marked by the Elster valley, crossing it in south-northern direction. West of the valley, the landscape is more hilly and forested (with the Gera Municipal Forest), whereas the eastern parts are more flat and in agricultural use. The elevation is between 180 metres (the level of the White Elster river) and (when measured at Gera-Falka at the furthest southeastern point). Usually the height above sea level for the city appears as when measured at the market place.Small tributaries of the White Elster river within the borders of Gera are the "Erlbach" on the western side and the "Wipsenbach", "Gessenbach" and "Brahme" on the eastern side.Gera has a humid continental climate (Dfb) or an oceanic climate ("Cfb") according to the Köppen climate classification system. Summers are warm and sometimes humid, winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter (quite cold nights under ) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is only with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long.Gera abuts the following municipalities: Gera is divided in different ways. Historically, there are more than 60 villages in the densely settled Elster valley area belonging to Gera today. The actual division knows on the one hand statistical districts and on the other hand political districts. The 12 statistical districts are covering the whole city area and consist of (sometimes) several political districts, urban quarters and/or rural villages. The 16 political districts are covering only few parts of Gera, but not the central urban areas, instead usually rural districts got incorporated during the second half of the 20th century. Each political district can (but doesn't have to) consist of more than one village. Each political district elects an own district council and a district mayor, whereas the statistical districts don't have any political function.The main urban quarters are the city centre, Untermhaus (incorporated 1919) in the west, Langenberg (1950), Tinz (1919) and Bieblach (1905) in the north, Leumnitz (1919) in the east, Pforten (1919) and Zwötzen (1919) in the south-east as well as Debschwitz (1912) and Lusan (1919) in the south-west.During the centuries, Gera has been a quite small town of 2,000 inhabitants. As the textile business saw a first peak, the population rose to 7,000 in 1800 and further to 17,000 after the early stage of industrialisation in 1870. Gera's heyday between 1870 and 1930 led to a demographic boom with a population of 83,000 at the end of this phase in 1930. In 1950, Gera had 98,000 inhabitants and the all-time peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 135,000. After the German reunification in 1990, the city saw a significant decline in population, despite the large incorporations of 1994. The population shrunk to 113,000 in 2000 and 95,000 in 2012.The average decrease of population between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.55% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Gera. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders. During the 1990s and the 2000s, many inhabitants left Gera to search a better life in west Germany or other major east German cities like Jena or Leipzig. Since 2010, emigration is no big issue anymore. Now, the birth deficit, caused by the high average age of the population, is getting a bigger problem because the immigration isn't sufficient to compensate it yet. Despite urban planning activities to tear down unused flats, vacancy is still a problem with rates around 12% (according to 2011 EU census). A positive side effect for the inhabitants is that Gera has one of the lowest rent levels in Germany.The birth deficit was 715 in 2012, this is -7.5 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +3.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Gera migrants are bordering rural areas of Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries like Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.Like other eastern German cities, Gera has only a small amount of foreign population: circa 1.6% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 5.0% are migrants (according to 2011 EU census). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Gera are Russians, Vietnamese people and Ukrainians. During recent years, the economic situation of the city improved a bit: the unemployment rate declined from 22% in 2005 to 11% in 2013, which is still the highest one out of all Thuringian districts. Due to the official atheism in former GDR, most of the population is non-religious. 9.8% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 2.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census) making one of the world's lowest amounts of religious people.There are some museums in Gera:Like its western neighbour-city Jena, Gera is a protracted city along a wide valley in south-northern direction. The historic city centre is quite small and located between Sorge in the north, Nicolaistraße in the east, Stadtgraben in the south and Reichsstraße in the west. It survived World War II, but during the 1960s and 1970s, the GDR government demolished larger inner-city areas to rebuild them with modern concrete architecture, which marks the view of Gera's centre, particularly in the north-west until today. Between 1870 and 1930, the city was largely extended in all directions. As distinct from other German cities, there is no citywide spatial separation between the worker's quarters and the upper-class mansion districts, instead, the mansions and the tenements are situated near to each other, spread over all the districts. The hilly areas and those next to the river and the parks are more upscale, whereas the areas next to the railway and the factories are more working-class styled. Nevertheless, the Gründerzeit architecture is quite diverse and interesting in Gera. Most buildings were extensively refurbished after 1990. Especially Gera's mansion architecture from the 1900s and 1910s is unique. The 1920s brought some modern-style Bauhaus buildings to the then rich city. During the GDR period, urban growth was handled by establishing big Plattenbau settlements on the city's periphery, like the Lusan district in south and the Bieblach district in north.Agriculture has some importance in the rural districts of Gera, especially in the northern and eastern city parts. Approximately 57% of the municipal territory is in agricultural use: growing maize, rapeseed and crops as well as pasturing cattle.The city's economy features industrial machinery (Dagro Gera GmbH), communications (DTKS GmbH, Deutsche Telekom), security locks (Schloßsicherungen Gera GmbH), optics (POG Präzisionsoptik Gera GmbH), electrical equipment (Electronicon Kondensatoren GmbH), and margarine manufacturing (Othüna). Other companies include a compressor manufacturer (Kompressorenwerk Kaeser), a precision-tool maker (SMK-Präzisionsmechanik), and a subsidiary of the construction company Max Bögl. The e-commerce service-provider D+S Europe has a service centre in Gera with several hundred workers, and Rittal, a manufacturer of information-technology enclosures, moved from Bad Köstritz to Gera. Some industrial branches operating before 1990 no longer have major importance. Sectors either no longer existing or sharply reduced include those in toolmaking (VEB Wema Union), textiles (VEB Modedruck), textile machinery (VEB Textima), electronic equipment (VEB Elektronik Gera). Other industries that had a presence included VEB Carl Zeiss Jena and a brewery. One important industrial branch had been uranium-ore mining in nearby Ronneburg (Wismut), whereby the region became the Soviet Union's leading uranium supplier. In 2012 Gera had 41 companies with more than 20 workers in the industrial sector, employing 3,400 people and generating an overall turnover of €452 million.Gera is a supra-centre according to the Central Place Theory in German regional planning. This makes the city a regional centre for retailing, with three major shopping centres: "Gera-Arcaden", "Amthor-Passage" and "Elster-Forum". Health services are important, with one of the biggest hospitals in Thuringia, the SRH Waldklinikum. Nevertheless, Gera's economy is weak compared to equal-sized neighbouring cities like Jena or Zwickau. While Jena counts 51,000 and Zwickau 50,000 jobs liable to pay into the German social insurance, Gera had only 35,000 of those full-time jobs in 2012. The commuter balance was +14,000 in Jena and +16,000 in Zwickau, but only +2,000 in Gera, which is one of the lowest ratios among German supra-centres, highlighting the lack of ability of Gera to provide jobs for the region. The unemployment rate reached 11.2% in September 2013 - the highest among all Thuringian districts.Since the late 19th century, Gera has been a hub in the railway network. The first railway ran to the Thuringian Railway in Weißenfels (with connection to Halle) via Zeitz in 1859. Further main lines were opened to Gößnitz (with connection to Chemnitz) in 1865, to Saalfeld in 1871, to Leipzig (via Zeitz) in 1873, to Plauen in 1875, to Weimar (with connection to Erfurt) via Jena in 1876 and to Hof in 1883. The secondary railways to Werdau (opened in 1876) and Meuselwitz (opened via Pölzig in 1901 and via Lumpzig in 1887) are abandoned. Nevertheless, none of these lines are electrified or in use for long-distance trains. Today, there are regional express trains to Göttingen via Jena and Erfurt, to Leipzig via Zeitz, to Altenburg, Glauchau and Zwickau via the Gößnitz line, to Greiz, to Hof and to Saalfeld. Local trains provide connections to Weimar via Jena, Leipzig, Weischlitz (near Plauen), Hof and Saalfeld. The most lines run every two hours, so that there is hourly service (express and local trains in alternation) to most directions. The electrification of the west-eastern mainline Weimar – Jena – Gera – Gößnitz is in discussion for closing that gap in the network and enable Gera's connection to long-distance trains, which can be reached today either via Jena or via Leipzig.The most important stations in Gera are the "Gera main station" (former Prussian station), where all the trains stop, and the "Gera southern station" (former Saxonian station), where all the trains, except the local ones to Weimar, stop. More stations in Gera are "Langenberg" at the Leipzig line, "Zwötzen" at the Saalfeld and Hof line as well as "Gera Ost" and "Liebschwitz" at the Plauen line. Freight transport by rail is immaterial in Gera since the 1990s.The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at "Hermsdorf junction" are the Bundesautobahn 4 (Frankfurt–Dresden) and the Bundesautobahn 9 (Berlin–Munich), which were both built during the 1930s. Furthermore, there are three Bundesstraßen connecting Gera: the Bundesstraße 2 to Zeitz in the north and Hof in the south, the Bundesstraße 7 to Jena (via Eisenberg) in the west and to Altenburg in the east and the Bundesstraße 92 to Plauen (via Greiz) in the south. Important secondary roads run to Altenburg (via Lumpzig), to Werdau (via Linda), to Wünschendorf, to Stadtroda and to Hermsdorf. As part of the Bundesgartenschau 2007, a new bypass road was built in the east to improve the connection of southern city parts to the A 4 and to relieve the city centre from transit traffic.The closest regional airports are the Leipzig/Halle Airport, about north and the Erfurt-Weimar Airport, about west of Gera. Both serve mainly holiday flights. The nearest major airports are the Frankfurt Airport, the Munich Airport and the prospective Berlin Brandenburg Airport. In the eastern part of Gera lies the airfield Gera-Leumnitz meant for private aviation.Cycling is becoming more popular since the construction of quality cycle tracks began in the 1990s. For tourists, there are the "Weiße Elster track" and the "Thuringian city string track (Radweg Thüringer Städtekette)". Both connect points of tourist interest, the first along the White Elster valley from the Elster Mountains at the Czech border to Saale river in Halle and second from Eisenach via Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Altenburg. For inner city every-day traffic, some cycle lanes exist along several main streets.The Gera tram network was the second in Germany that launched electrical engines in 1892. Today, there are two long lines, one from Bieblach via city centre to Lusan (line 3) and another one – opened in 2006 – from Untermhaus via city centre to Zwötzen (line 1). The third short line is a connection between Lusan and the Zwötzen railway station (line 2). Another line is planned to connect Langenberg and the northern city parts. On line 3 is one course every 5 minutes, on line 1 every 10 minutes and on line 2 every 20 minutes.The bus network connects districts without trams as well as neighbouring municipalities that do not have a rail connection.Tertiary institutions are the private college "SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera" (university of applied sciences for health) with 500 students and the Gera branch of the Duale Hochschule Gera-Eisenach (cooperative state college) with 850 students locally. Furthermore, there are four Gymnasiums, all of them are state-owned. The Goethe-Gymnasium/Rutheneum focuses on music education as an elite boarding school, in addition to the common curriculum.The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was independent Ralf Rauch, who served from 1994 to 2006. He was succeeded by Norbert Vornehm of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who served from 2006 to 2012. Viola Hahn was elected in 2012, but was defeated seeking re-election in 2018, failing to progress to the second round. Julian Vonarb was elected, and has since served as mayor. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018, with a runoff held on 29 April, and the results were as follows:! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate! rowspan=2| Party! colspan=2| First round! colspan=2| Second round! Votes! Votes! colspan=3| Valid votes! 39,078! 99.2! 35,518! 98.2! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 299! 0.8! 653! 1.8! colspan=3| Total! 39,377! 100.0! 36,171! 100.0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 79,724! 49.4! 79,671! 45.4The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:! colspan=2| Party! Lead candidate! Votes! +/-! Seats! colspan=3| Valid votes! 42,808! 96.8! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 1,420! 3.2! ! colspan=3| Total! 44,228! 100.0! 42! ±0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 78,537! 56.3! 12.7! Gera is twinned with: | [
"Norbert Vornehm",
"Julian Vonarb",
"Michael Galley",
"Viola Hahn",
"Andreas Mitzenheim"
] |
|
Who was the head of Gera in 06/26/1996? | June 26, 1996 | {
"text": [
"Ralf Rauch"
]
} | L2_Q3750_P6_2 | Michael Galley is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Ralf Rauch is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2006.
Julian Vonarb is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Norbert Vornehm is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2012.
Viola Hahn is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2012 to Jun, 2018.
Andreas Mitzenheim is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. | GeraGera is, with around 93,000 inhabitants, the third-largest city of Thuringia after Erfurt and Jena as well as the easternmost city of the "Thüringer Städtekette", an almost straight string of cities consisting of the six largest Thuringian cities from Eisenach in the west, via Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar and Jena to Gera in the east. Gera is the largest city in the Vogtland, and one of its historical capitals along with Plauen, Greiz and Weida. The city lies in the East Thuringian Hill Country, in the wide valley of the White Elster, between Greiz (upstream) and Leipzig (downstream). Gera is located in the Central German Metropolitan Region, approximately south of Saxony's largest city of Leipzig, east of Thuringia's capital Erfurt and west of Saxony's capital Dresden.First mentioned in 995 and developing into a city during the 13th century, Gera has historical significance as being one of the main residences of the Ducal House of Reuss and subsequently the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera (1848-1918) and of the People's State of Reuss (1918-1920), one of the many microstates the Thuringian region consisted of, before they were unified to form Thuringia in 1920.Over the 19th century, Gera became a centre of the textile industry and saw a period of rapid growth. In 1952, the city also became an administrative centre in GDR as one of the capitals of Gera administrative district (Bezirk). In 1990, Gera became part of re-established Thuringia. The loss of its administrative functions as well as its industrial core (caused both by structural change among the European textile industry and the economic system change after the German reunification) precipitated the city's slide into an enduring economic crisis.Since 1990, many of Gera's buildings have been restored and big urban planning programmes like the Bundesgartenschau 2007 were implemented to stimulate Gera's economy. Sights include some retained buildings of the royal residence epoque and many public and private buildings from the economic heyday between 1870 and 1930. The famous painter Otto Dix was born in Gera in 1891.The place name "Gera" originally referred to the area of the Elster river valley where the city stands now. The name most likely originated before the European Migration Period – the Slavic people who first settled the area during the 8th century adopted the name. The first known documentary mention of Gera dates from 995.In 999 Emperor Otto III assigned the "province" of Gera to the Quedlinburg Abbey. In turn, the church assigned the protectorship of this area in 1209 to the Vogts of Weida (in German: "Vögte von Weida") who served as its administrators. The Vogts of Weida were the ancestors of the Reussians, who ruled Gera until 1918. Gera was first mentioned as a town in 1237, though it is unclear in which year Gera got the municipal law. The small town got circumvallated in the 13th century on an area of 350 x 350 m and the Vogts' city castle was built in the south-western corner at today's Burgstraße. A municipal seal was first used in 1350, the council was first named in 1360 and the town hall was mentioned in 1426. The abbess of Quedlinburg remained the formal sovereign of Gera until 1358, as the Wettins followed her up. The Vogt's couldn't emancipate theirselfs from Wettin rule. In 1450, Gera was almost totally destroyed during the Saxon Fratricidal War, but it could recuperate quick because the starting textile manufacture brought wealth to the town.The Reformation was introduced in Gera in 1533 against the will of the Vogts by the Wettins. After the Schmalkaldic War in 1546, the Wettins lost Gera to the Bohemian Crown, who however had no influence on the city, so that the Vogts resp. the Reussians (which arose from the Vogts in the mid-16th century) as indeed rulers were strengthened. During the 16th century, some cloth-makers from the Spanish Netherlands migrated to Gera as religious refugees at Count Henry's invitation and raised the textile business in Gera. In the 18th century, there was a first peak in this industry (Putting-out system), which can be seen today at the large agents houses.In 1673, the Reussians were raised to Imperial Counts which granted them full sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire; Gera became their royal residence. In 1686 and 1780, big town fires destroyed most buildings in Gera. The town was rebuilt relatively uniform during the 1780s in late-Baroque style, which marks the inner city until today.In 1806 Napoleon established his Imperial Headquarters at Gera during the War of the Fourth Coalition. From here, on October 12, 1806, the French Emperor purposely sent an arrogant and threatening letter to King Frederick William III of Prussia – a letter that enticed Prussia to war and a crushing defeat at the Battle of Jena a few days later.The Gera line of Reussians died out in 1802, so that it had no royal residence until the new one moved there from Schleiz in 1848. From 1848 to 1918 Gera served as the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera. With the industrial revolution in the mid-19th century, Gera grew rapidly, due largely to its textile industry, which saw the first Power loom installed in 1836. In 1859, Gera was first connected by railway to Halle via Zeitz and Weißenfels. During the following decades, rail lines in all directions made Gera to a transport hub, and the town kept growing. The second electric tram in Germany was installed in Gera in 1892.After World War I, during the German Revolution of 1918–19, the prince of Reuss was forced to abdicate and as the resultant "Republic of Reuss" joined the newly founded state of Thuringia in 1920. After the incorporation of some suburbs in the 1910s and 1920s Gera, with some 80,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in Thuringia, although the more centrally located Weimar became its capital.After the Nazi takeover of Germany, the Jewish community of Gera was destroyed, the synagogue burnt down in the Kristallnacht in 1938 and the city's Jews emigrated or were murdered in concentration camps. A month before the end of World War II, on 6 April 1945, U.S. bombing destroyed parts of the city and killed 514 residents. Some 300 buildings were hit, including the Osterstein castle and several historic buildings in city centre, many of which weren't rebuilt after the war. U.S. forces occupied Gera on 14 April 1945 but were replaced by the Soviets on 1 July 1945.Gera became part of the GDR in 1949 and was a flash point in the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany as thousands of workers – among them many employees of the Soviet-established Wismut uranium mining entity in the nearby Ore Mountains ("Erzgebirge") – demanded higher wages and free elections. The demonstrations were put down by Soviet military forces, including armored units.With governmental reorganization in East Germany, the city became the capital of the newly created District of Gera in 1952. The population rose during the GDR period, and massive "Plattenbau" prefabricated apartment blocks, built throughout East Germany, were constructed in Gera.After German reunification in 1990, Gera became part of the restored state of Thuringia. However, Gera lost most of its administrative functions after reunification, and nearly all the city's factories were closed. This led to a continuing economic crisis with significant unemployment, and the city's population declined from 135,000 in 1990 to less than 100,000 a decade later.The city hosted the Bundesgartenschau (federal horticultural exhibition) in 2007.Gera is located in a smooth-hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the White Elster river (progression: ), between the Thuringian Highland approx. in the south-west, the Ore Mountains approx. in the south-east and the Leipzig Bay approx. in the north. The municipal territory is marked by the Elster valley, crossing it in south-northern direction. West of the valley, the landscape is more hilly and forested (with the Gera Municipal Forest), whereas the eastern parts are more flat and in agricultural use. The elevation is between 180 metres (the level of the White Elster river) and (when measured at Gera-Falka at the furthest southeastern point). Usually the height above sea level for the city appears as when measured at the market place.Small tributaries of the White Elster river within the borders of Gera are the "Erlbach" on the western side and the "Wipsenbach", "Gessenbach" and "Brahme" on the eastern side.Gera has a humid continental climate (Dfb) or an oceanic climate ("Cfb") according to the Köppen climate classification system. Summers are warm and sometimes humid, winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter (quite cold nights under ) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is only with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long.Gera abuts the following municipalities: Gera is divided in different ways. Historically, there are more than 60 villages in the densely settled Elster valley area belonging to Gera today. The actual division knows on the one hand statistical districts and on the other hand political districts. The 12 statistical districts are covering the whole city area and consist of (sometimes) several political districts, urban quarters and/or rural villages. The 16 political districts are covering only few parts of Gera, but not the central urban areas, instead usually rural districts got incorporated during the second half of the 20th century. Each political district can (but doesn't have to) consist of more than one village. Each political district elects an own district council and a district mayor, whereas the statistical districts don't have any political function.The main urban quarters are the city centre, Untermhaus (incorporated 1919) in the west, Langenberg (1950), Tinz (1919) and Bieblach (1905) in the north, Leumnitz (1919) in the east, Pforten (1919) and Zwötzen (1919) in the south-east as well as Debschwitz (1912) and Lusan (1919) in the south-west.During the centuries, Gera has been a quite small town of 2,000 inhabitants. As the textile business saw a first peak, the population rose to 7,000 in 1800 and further to 17,000 after the early stage of industrialisation in 1870. Gera's heyday between 1870 and 1930 led to a demographic boom with a population of 83,000 at the end of this phase in 1930. In 1950, Gera had 98,000 inhabitants and the all-time peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 135,000. After the German reunification in 1990, the city saw a significant decline in population, despite the large incorporations of 1994. The population shrunk to 113,000 in 2000 and 95,000 in 2012.The average decrease of population between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.55% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Gera. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders. During the 1990s and the 2000s, many inhabitants left Gera to search a better life in west Germany or other major east German cities like Jena or Leipzig. Since 2010, emigration is no big issue anymore. Now, the birth deficit, caused by the high average age of the population, is getting a bigger problem because the immigration isn't sufficient to compensate it yet. Despite urban planning activities to tear down unused flats, vacancy is still a problem with rates around 12% (according to 2011 EU census). A positive side effect for the inhabitants is that Gera has one of the lowest rent levels in Germany.The birth deficit was 715 in 2012, this is -7.5 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +3.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Gera migrants are bordering rural areas of Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries like Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.Like other eastern German cities, Gera has only a small amount of foreign population: circa 1.6% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 5.0% are migrants (according to 2011 EU census). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Gera are Russians, Vietnamese people and Ukrainians. During recent years, the economic situation of the city improved a bit: the unemployment rate declined from 22% in 2005 to 11% in 2013, which is still the highest one out of all Thuringian districts. Due to the official atheism in former GDR, most of the population is non-religious. 9.8% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 2.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census) making one of the world's lowest amounts of religious people.There are some museums in Gera:Like its western neighbour-city Jena, Gera is a protracted city along a wide valley in south-northern direction. The historic city centre is quite small and located between Sorge in the north, Nicolaistraße in the east, Stadtgraben in the south and Reichsstraße in the west. It survived World War II, but during the 1960s and 1970s, the GDR government demolished larger inner-city areas to rebuild them with modern concrete architecture, which marks the view of Gera's centre, particularly in the north-west until today. Between 1870 and 1930, the city was largely extended in all directions. As distinct from other German cities, there is no citywide spatial separation between the worker's quarters and the upper-class mansion districts, instead, the mansions and the tenements are situated near to each other, spread over all the districts. The hilly areas and those next to the river and the parks are more upscale, whereas the areas next to the railway and the factories are more working-class styled. Nevertheless, the Gründerzeit architecture is quite diverse and interesting in Gera. Most buildings were extensively refurbished after 1990. Especially Gera's mansion architecture from the 1900s and 1910s is unique. The 1920s brought some modern-style Bauhaus buildings to the then rich city. During the GDR period, urban growth was handled by establishing big Plattenbau settlements on the city's periphery, like the Lusan district in south and the Bieblach district in north.Agriculture has some importance in the rural districts of Gera, especially in the northern and eastern city parts. Approximately 57% of the municipal territory is in agricultural use: growing maize, rapeseed and crops as well as pasturing cattle.The city's economy features industrial machinery (Dagro Gera GmbH), communications (DTKS GmbH, Deutsche Telekom), security locks (Schloßsicherungen Gera GmbH), optics (POG Präzisionsoptik Gera GmbH), electrical equipment (Electronicon Kondensatoren GmbH), and margarine manufacturing (Othüna). Other companies include a compressor manufacturer (Kompressorenwerk Kaeser), a precision-tool maker (SMK-Präzisionsmechanik), and a subsidiary of the construction company Max Bögl. The e-commerce service-provider D+S Europe has a service centre in Gera with several hundred workers, and Rittal, a manufacturer of information-technology enclosures, moved from Bad Köstritz to Gera. Some industrial branches operating before 1990 no longer have major importance. Sectors either no longer existing or sharply reduced include those in toolmaking (VEB Wema Union), textiles (VEB Modedruck), textile machinery (VEB Textima), electronic equipment (VEB Elektronik Gera). Other industries that had a presence included VEB Carl Zeiss Jena and a brewery. One important industrial branch had been uranium-ore mining in nearby Ronneburg (Wismut), whereby the region became the Soviet Union's leading uranium supplier. In 2012 Gera had 41 companies with more than 20 workers in the industrial sector, employing 3,400 people and generating an overall turnover of €452 million.Gera is a supra-centre according to the Central Place Theory in German regional planning. This makes the city a regional centre for retailing, with three major shopping centres: "Gera-Arcaden", "Amthor-Passage" and "Elster-Forum". Health services are important, with one of the biggest hospitals in Thuringia, the SRH Waldklinikum. Nevertheless, Gera's economy is weak compared to equal-sized neighbouring cities like Jena or Zwickau. While Jena counts 51,000 and Zwickau 50,000 jobs liable to pay into the German social insurance, Gera had only 35,000 of those full-time jobs in 2012. The commuter balance was +14,000 in Jena and +16,000 in Zwickau, but only +2,000 in Gera, which is one of the lowest ratios among German supra-centres, highlighting the lack of ability of Gera to provide jobs for the region. The unemployment rate reached 11.2% in September 2013 - the highest among all Thuringian districts.Since the late 19th century, Gera has been a hub in the railway network. The first railway ran to the Thuringian Railway in Weißenfels (with connection to Halle) via Zeitz in 1859. Further main lines were opened to Gößnitz (with connection to Chemnitz) in 1865, to Saalfeld in 1871, to Leipzig (via Zeitz) in 1873, to Plauen in 1875, to Weimar (with connection to Erfurt) via Jena in 1876 and to Hof in 1883. The secondary railways to Werdau (opened in 1876) and Meuselwitz (opened via Pölzig in 1901 and via Lumpzig in 1887) are abandoned. Nevertheless, none of these lines are electrified or in use for long-distance trains. Today, there are regional express trains to Göttingen via Jena and Erfurt, to Leipzig via Zeitz, to Altenburg, Glauchau and Zwickau via the Gößnitz line, to Greiz, to Hof and to Saalfeld. Local trains provide connections to Weimar via Jena, Leipzig, Weischlitz (near Plauen), Hof and Saalfeld. The most lines run every two hours, so that there is hourly service (express and local trains in alternation) to most directions. The electrification of the west-eastern mainline Weimar – Jena – Gera – Gößnitz is in discussion for closing that gap in the network and enable Gera's connection to long-distance trains, which can be reached today either via Jena or via Leipzig.The most important stations in Gera are the "Gera main station" (former Prussian station), where all the trains stop, and the "Gera southern station" (former Saxonian station), where all the trains, except the local ones to Weimar, stop. More stations in Gera are "Langenberg" at the Leipzig line, "Zwötzen" at the Saalfeld and Hof line as well as "Gera Ost" and "Liebschwitz" at the Plauen line. Freight transport by rail is immaterial in Gera since the 1990s.The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at "Hermsdorf junction" are the Bundesautobahn 4 (Frankfurt–Dresden) and the Bundesautobahn 9 (Berlin–Munich), which were both built during the 1930s. Furthermore, there are three Bundesstraßen connecting Gera: the Bundesstraße 2 to Zeitz in the north and Hof in the south, the Bundesstraße 7 to Jena (via Eisenberg) in the west and to Altenburg in the east and the Bundesstraße 92 to Plauen (via Greiz) in the south. Important secondary roads run to Altenburg (via Lumpzig), to Werdau (via Linda), to Wünschendorf, to Stadtroda and to Hermsdorf. As part of the Bundesgartenschau 2007, a new bypass road was built in the east to improve the connection of southern city parts to the A 4 and to relieve the city centre from transit traffic.The closest regional airports are the Leipzig/Halle Airport, about north and the Erfurt-Weimar Airport, about west of Gera. Both serve mainly holiday flights. The nearest major airports are the Frankfurt Airport, the Munich Airport and the prospective Berlin Brandenburg Airport. In the eastern part of Gera lies the airfield Gera-Leumnitz meant for private aviation.Cycling is becoming more popular since the construction of quality cycle tracks began in the 1990s. For tourists, there are the "Weiße Elster track" and the "Thuringian city string track (Radweg Thüringer Städtekette)". Both connect points of tourist interest, the first along the White Elster valley from the Elster Mountains at the Czech border to Saale river in Halle and second from Eisenach via Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Altenburg. For inner city every-day traffic, some cycle lanes exist along several main streets.The Gera tram network was the second in Germany that launched electrical engines in 1892. Today, there are two long lines, one from Bieblach via city centre to Lusan (line 3) and another one – opened in 2006 – from Untermhaus via city centre to Zwötzen (line 1). The third short line is a connection between Lusan and the Zwötzen railway station (line 2). Another line is planned to connect Langenberg and the northern city parts. On line 3 is one course every 5 minutes, on line 1 every 10 minutes and on line 2 every 20 minutes.The bus network connects districts without trams as well as neighbouring municipalities that do not have a rail connection.Tertiary institutions are the private college "SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera" (university of applied sciences for health) with 500 students and the Gera branch of the Duale Hochschule Gera-Eisenach (cooperative state college) with 850 students locally. Furthermore, there are four Gymnasiums, all of them are state-owned. The Goethe-Gymnasium/Rutheneum focuses on music education as an elite boarding school, in addition to the common curriculum.The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was independent Ralf Rauch, who served from 1994 to 2006. He was succeeded by Norbert Vornehm of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who served from 2006 to 2012. Viola Hahn was elected in 2012, but was defeated seeking re-election in 2018, failing to progress to the second round. Julian Vonarb was elected, and has since served as mayor. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018, with a runoff held on 29 April, and the results were as follows:! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate! rowspan=2| Party! colspan=2| First round! colspan=2| Second round! Votes! Votes! colspan=3| Valid votes! 39,078! 99.2! 35,518! 98.2! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 299! 0.8! 653! 1.8! colspan=3| Total! 39,377! 100.0! 36,171! 100.0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 79,724! 49.4! 79,671! 45.4The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:! colspan=2| Party! Lead candidate! Votes! +/-! Seats! colspan=3| Valid votes! 42,808! 96.8! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 1,420! 3.2! ! colspan=3| Total! 44,228! 100.0! 42! ±0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 78,537! 56.3! 12.7! Gera is twinned with: | [
"Norbert Vornehm",
"Julian Vonarb",
"Michael Galley",
"Viola Hahn",
"Andreas Mitzenheim"
] |
|
Who was the head of Gera in 26-Jun-199626-June-1996? | June 26, 1996 | {
"text": [
"Ralf Rauch"
]
} | L2_Q3750_P6_2 | Michael Galley is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1990 to Jan, 1993.
Ralf Rauch is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1994 to Jan, 2006.
Julian Vonarb is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2018 to Dec, 2022.
Norbert Vornehm is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 2006 to Jan, 2012.
Viola Hahn is the head of the government of Gera from Jul, 2012 to Jun, 2018.
Andreas Mitzenheim is the head of the government of Gera from Jan, 1993 to Jan, 1994. | GeraGera is, with around 93,000 inhabitants, the third-largest city of Thuringia after Erfurt and Jena as well as the easternmost city of the "Thüringer Städtekette", an almost straight string of cities consisting of the six largest Thuringian cities from Eisenach in the west, via Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar and Jena to Gera in the east. Gera is the largest city in the Vogtland, and one of its historical capitals along with Plauen, Greiz and Weida. The city lies in the East Thuringian Hill Country, in the wide valley of the White Elster, between Greiz (upstream) and Leipzig (downstream). Gera is located in the Central German Metropolitan Region, approximately south of Saxony's largest city of Leipzig, east of Thuringia's capital Erfurt and west of Saxony's capital Dresden.First mentioned in 995 and developing into a city during the 13th century, Gera has historical significance as being one of the main residences of the Ducal House of Reuss and subsequently the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera (1848-1918) and of the People's State of Reuss (1918-1920), one of the many microstates the Thuringian region consisted of, before they were unified to form Thuringia in 1920.Over the 19th century, Gera became a centre of the textile industry and saw a period of rapid growth. In 1952, the city also became an administrative centre in GDR as one of the capitals of Gera administrative district (Bezirk). In 1990, Gera became part of re-established Thuringia. The loss of its administrative functions as well as its industrial core (caused both by structural change among the European textile industry and the economic system change after the German reunification) precipitated the city's slide into an enduring economic crisis.Since 1990, many of Gera's buildings have been restored and big urban planning programmes like the Bundesgartenschau 2007 were implemented to stimulate Gera's economy. Sights include some retained buildings of the royal residence epoque and many public and private buildings from the economic heyday between 1870 and 1930. The famous painter Otto Dix was born in Gera in 1891.The place name "Gera" originally referred to the area of the Elster river valley where the city stands now. The name most likely originated before the European Migration Period – the Slavic people who first settled the area during the 8th century adopted the name. The first known documentary mention of Gera dates from 995.In 999 Emperor Otto III assigned the "province" of Gera to the Quedlinburg Abbey. In turn, the church assigned the protectorship of this area in 1209 to the Vogts of Weida (in German: "Vögte von Weida") who served as its administrators. The Vogts of Weida were the ancestors of the Reussians, who ruled Gera until 1918. Gera was first mentioned as a town in 1237, though it is unclear in which year Gera got the municipal law. The small town got circumvallated in the 13th century on an area of 350 x 350 m and the Vogts' city castle was built in the south-western corner at today's Burgstraße. A municipal seal was first used in 1350, the council was first named in 1360 and the town hall was mentioned in 1426. The abbess of Quedlinburg remained the formal sovereign of Gera until 1358, as the Wettins followed her up. The Vogt's couldn't emancipate theirselfs from Wettin rule. In 1450, Gera was almost totally destroyed during the Saxon Fratricidal War, but it could recuperate quick because the starting textile manufacture brought wealth to the town.The Reformation was introduced in Gera in 1533 against the will of the Vogts by the Wettins. After the Schmalkaldic War in 1546, the Wettins lost Gera to the Bohemian Crown, who however had no influence on the city, so that the Vogts resp. the Reussians (which arose from the Vogts in the mid-16th century) as indeed rulers were strengthened. During the 16th century, some cloth-makers from the Spanish Netherlands migrated to Gera as religious refugees at Count Henry's invitation and raised the textile business in Gera. In the 18th century, there was a first peak in this industry (Putting-out system), which can be seen today at the large agents houses.In 1673, the Reussians were raised to Imperial Counts which granted them full sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire; Gera became their royal residence. In 1686 and 1780, big town fires destroyed most buildings in Gera. The town was rebuilt relatively uniform during the 1780s in late-Baroque style, which marks the inner city until today.In 1806 Napoleon established his Imperial Headquarters at Gera during the War of the Fourth Coalition. From here, on October 12, 1806, the French Emperor purposely sent an arrogant and threatening letter to King Frederick William III of Prussia – a letter that enticed Prussia to war and a crushing defeat at the Battle of Jena a few days later.The Gera line of Reussians died out in 1802, so that it had no royal residence until the new one moved there from Schleiz in 1848. From 1848 to 1918 Gera served as the capital of the Principality of Reuss-Gera. With the industrial revolution in the mid-19th century, Gera grew rapidly, due largely to its textile industry, which saw the first Power loom installed in 1836. In 1859, Gera was first connected by railway to Halle via Zeitz and Weißenfels. During the following decades, rail lines in all directions made Gera to a transport hub, and the town kept growing. The second electric tram in Germany was installed in Gera in 1892.After World War I, during the German Revolution of 1918–19, the prince of Reuss was forced to abdicate and as the resultant "Republic of Reuss" joined the newly founded state of Thuringia in 1920. After the incorporation of some suburbs in the 1910s and 1920s Gera, with some 80,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in Thuringia, although the more centrally located Weimar became its capital.After the Nazi takeover of Germany, the Jewish community of Gera was destroyed, the synagogue burnt down in the Kristallnacht in 1938 and the city's Jews emigrated or were murdered in concentration camps. A month before the end of World War II, on 6 April 1945, U.S. bombing destroyed parts of the city and killed 514 residents. Some 300 buildings were hit, including the Osterstein castle and several historic buildings in city centre, many of which weren't rebuilt after the war. U.S. forces occupied Gera on 14 April 1945 but were replaced by the Soviets on 1 July 1945.Gera became part of the GDR in 1949 and was a flash point in the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany as thousands of workers – among them many employees of the Soviet-established Wismut uranium mining entity in the nearby Ore Mountains ("Erzgebirge") – demanded higher wages and free elections. The demonstrations were put down by Soviet military forces, including armored units.With governmental reorganization in East Germany, the city became the capital of the newly created District of Gera in 1952. The population rose during the GDR period, and massive "Plattenbau" prefabricated apartment blocks, built throughout East Germany, were constructed in Gera.After German reunification in 1990, Gera became part of the restored state of Thuringia. However, Gera lost most of its administrative functions after reunification, and nearly all the city's factories were closed. This led to a continuing economic crisis with significant unemployment, and the city's population declined from 135,000 in 1990 to less than 100,000 a decade later.The city hosted the Bundesgartenschau (federal horticultural exhibition) in 2007.Gera is located in a smooth-hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the White Elster river (progression: ), between the Thuringian Highland approx. in the south-west, the Ore Mountains approx. in the south-east and the Leipzig Bay approx. in the north. The municipal territory is marked by the Elster valley, crossing it in south-northern direction. West of the valley, the landscape is more hilly and forested (with the Gera Municipal Forest), whereas the eastern parts are more flat and in agricultural use. The elevation is between 180 metres (the level of the White Elster river) and (when measured at Gera-Falka at the furthest southeastern point). Usually the height above sea level for the city appears as when measured at the market place.Small tributaries of the White Elster river within the borders of Gera are the "Erlbach" on the western side and the "Wipsenbach", "Gessenbach" and "Brahme" on the eastern side.Gera has a humid continental climate (Dfb) or an oceanic climate ("Cfb") according to the Köppen climate classification system. Summers are warm and sometimes humid, winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter (quite cold nights under ) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is only with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long.Gera abuts the following municipalities: Gera is divided in different ways. Historically, there are more than 60 villages in the densely settled Elster valley area belonging to Gera today. The actual division knows on the one hand statistical districts and on the other hand political districts. The 12 statistical districts are covering the whole city area and consist of (sometimes) several political districts, urban quarters and/or rural villages. The 16 political districts are covering only few parts of Gera, but not the central urban areas, instead usually rural districts got incorporated during the second half of the 20th century. Each political district can (but doesn't have to) consist of more than one village. Each political district elects an own district council and a district mayor, whereas the statistical districts don't have any political function.The main urban quarters are the city centre, Untermhaus (incorporated 1919) in the west, Langenberg (1950), Tinz (1919) and Bieblach (1905) in the north, Leumnitz (1919) in the east, Pforten (1919) and Zwötzen (1919) in the south-east as well as Debschwitz (1912) and Lusan (1919) in the south-west.During the centuries, Gera has been a quite small town of 2,000 inhabitants. As the textile business saw a first peak, the population rose to 7,000 in 1800 and further to 17,000 after the early stage of industrialisation in 1870. Gera's heyday between 1870 and 1930 led to a demographic boom with a population of 83,000 at the end of this phase in 1930. In 1950, Gera had 98,000 inhabitants and the all-time peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 135,000. After the German reunification in 1990, the city saw a significant decline in population, despite the large incorporations of 1994. The population shrunk to 113,000 in 2000 and 95,000 in 2012.The average decrease of population between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.55% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Gera. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders. During the 1990s and the 2000s, many inhabitants left Gera to search a better life in west Germany or other major east German cities like Jena or Leipzig. Since 2010, emigration is no big issue anymore. Now, the birth deficit, caused by the high average age of the population, is getting a bigger problem because the immigration isn't sufficient to compensate it yet. Despite urban planning activities to tear down unused flats, vacancy is still a problem with rates around 12% (according to 2011 EU census). A positive side effect for the inhabitants is that Gera has one of the lowest rent levels in Germany.The birth deficit was 715 in 2012, this is -7.5 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +3.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Gera migrants are bordering rural areas of Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries like Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.Like other eastern German cities, Gera has only a small amount of foreign population: circa 1.6% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 5.0% are migrants (according to 2011 EU census). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Gera are Russians, Vietnamese people and Ukrainians. During recent years, the economic situation of the city improved a bit: the unemployment rate declined from 22% in 2005 to 11% in 2013, which is still the highest one out of all Thuringian districts. Due to the official atheism in former GDR, most of the population is non-religious. 9.8% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 2.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census) making one of the world's lowest amounts of religious people.There are some museums in Gera:Like its western neighbour-city Jena, Gera is a protracted city along a wide valley in south-northern direction. The historic city centre is quite small and located between Sorge in the north, Nicolaistraße in the east, Stadtgraben in the south and Reichsstraße in the west. It survived World War II, but during the 1960s and 1970s, the GDR government demolished larger inner-city areas to rebuild them with modern concrete architecture, which marks the view of Gera's centre, particularly in the north-west until today. Between 1870 and 1930, the city was largely extended in all directions. As distinct from other German cities, there is no citywide spatial separation between the worker's quarters and the upper-class mansion districts, instead, the mansions and the tenements are situated near to each other, spread over all the districts. The hilly areas and those next to the river and the parks are more upscale, whereas the areas next to the railway and the factories are more working-class styled. Nevertheless, the Gründerzeit architecture is quite diverse and interesting in Gera. Most buildings were extensively refurbished after 1990. Especially Gera's mansion architecture from the 1900s and 1910s is unique. The 1920s brought some modern-style Bauhaus buildings to the then rich city. During the GDR period, urban growth was handled by establishing big Plattenbau settlements on the city's periphery, like the Lusan district in south and the Bieblach district in north.Agriculture has some importance in the rural districts of Gera, especially in the northern and eastern city parts. Approximately 57% of the municipal territory is in agricultural use: growing maize, rapeseed and crops as well as pasturing cattle.The city's economy features industrial machinery (Dagro Gera GmbH), communications (DTKS GmbH, Deutsche Telekom), security locks (Schloßsicherungen Gera GmbH), optics (POG Präzisionsoptik Gera GmbH), electrical equipment (Electronicon Kondensatoren GmbH), and margarine manufacturing (Othüna). Other companies include a compressor manufacturer (Kompressorenwerk Kaeser), a precision-tool maker (SMK-Präzisionsmechanik), and a subsidiary of the construction company Max Bögl. The e-commerce service-provider D+S Europe has a service centre in Gera with several hundred workers, and Rittal, a manufacturer of information-technology enclosures, moved from Bad Köstritz to Gera. Some industrial branches operating before 1990 no longer have major importance. Sectors either no longer existing or sharply reduced include those in toolmaking (VEB Wema Union), textiles (VEB Modedruck), textile machinery (VEB Textima), electronic equipment (VEB Elektronik Gera). Other industries that had a presence included VEB Carl Zeiss Jena and a brewery. One important industrial branch had been uranium-ore mining in nearby Ronneburg (Wismut), whereby the region became the Soviet Union's leading uranium supplier. In 2012 Gera had 41 companies with more than 20 workers in the industrial sector, employing 3,400 people and generating an overall turnover of €452 million.Gera is a supra-centre according to the Central Place Theory in German regional planning. This makes the city a regional centre for retailing, with three major shopping centres: "Gera-Arcaden", "Amthor-Passage" and "Elster-Forum". Health services are important, with one of the biggest hospitals in Thuringia, the SRH Waldklinikum. Nevertheless, Gera's economy is weak compared to equal-sized neighbouring cities like Jena or Zwickau. While Jena counts 51,000 and Zwickau 50,000 jobs liable to pay into the German social insurance, Gera had only 35,000 of those full-time jobs in 2012. The commuter balance was +14,000 in Jena and +16,000 in Zwickau, but only +2,000 in Gera, which is one of the lowest ratios among German supra-centres, highlighting the lack of ability of Gera to provide jobs for the region. The unemployment rate reached 11.2% in September 2013 - the highest among all Thuringian districts.Since the late 19th century, Gera has been a hub in the railway network. The first railway ran to the Thuringian Railway in Weißenfels (with connection to Halle) via Zeitz in 1859. Further main lines were opened to Gößnitz (with connection to Chemnitz) in 1865, to Saalfeld in 1871, to Leipzig (via Zeitz) in 1873, to Plauen in 1875, to Weimar (with connection to Erfurt) via Jena in 1876 and to Hof in 1883. The secondary railways to Werdau (opened in 1876) and Meuselwitz (opened via Pölzig in 1901 and via Lumpzig in 1887) are abandoned. Nevertheless, none of these lines are electrified or in use for long-distance trains. Today, there are regional express trains to Göttingen via Jena and Erfurt, to Leipzig via Zeitz, to Altenburg, Glauchau and Zwickau via the Gößnitz line, to Greiz, to Hof and to Saalfeld. Local trains provide connections to Weimar via Jena, Leipzig, Weischlitz (near Plauen), Hof and Saalfeld. The most lines run every two hours, so that there is hourly service (express and local trains in alternation) to most directions. The electrification of the west-eastern mainline Weimar – Jena – Gera – Gößnitz is in discussion for closing that gap in the network and enable Gera's connection to long-distance trains, which can be reached today either via Jena or via Leipzig.The most important stations in Gera are the "Gera main station" (former Prussian station), where all the trains stop, and the "Gera southern station" (former Saxonian station), where all the trains, except the local ones to Weimar, stop. More stations in Gera are "Langenberg" at the Leipzig line, "Zwötzen" at the Saalfeld and Hof line as well as "Gera Ost" and "Liebschwitz" at the Plauen line. Freight transport by rail is immaterial in Gera since the 1990s.The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at "Hermsdorf junction" are the Bundesautobahn 4 (Frankfurt–Dresden) and the Bundesautobahn 9 (Berlin–Munich), which were both built during the 1930s. Furthermore, there are three Bundesstraßen connecting Gera: the Bundesstraße 2 to Zeitz in the north and Hof in the south, the Bundesstraße 7 to Jena (via Eisenberg) in the west and to Altenburg in the east and the Bundesstraße 92 to Plauen (via Greiz) in the south. Important secondary roads run to Altenburg (via Lumpzig), to Werdau (via Linda), to Wünschendorf, to Stadtroda and to Hermsdorf. As part of the Bundesgartenschau 2007, a new bypass road was built in the east to improve the connection of southern city parts to the A 4 and to relieve the city centre from transit traffic.The closest regional airports are the Leipzig/Halle Airport, about north and the Erfurt-Weimar Airport, about west of Gera. Both serve mainly holiday flights. The nearest major airports are the Frankfurt Airport, the Munich Airport and the prospective Berlin Brandenburg Airport. In the eastern part of Gera lies the airfield Gera-Leumnitz meant for private aviation.Cycling is becoming more popular since the construction of quality cycle tracks began in the 1990s. For tourists, there are the "Weiße Elster track" and the "Thuringian city string track (Radweg Thüringer Städtekette)". Both connect points of tourist interest, the first along the White Elster valley from the Elster Mountains at the Czech border to Saale river in Halle and second from Eisenach via Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Altenburg. For inner city every-day traffic, some cycle lanes exist along several main streets.The Gera tram network was the second in Germany that launched electrical engines in 1892. Today, there are two long lines, one from Bieblach via city centre to Lusan (line 3) and another one – opened in 2006 – from Untermhaus via city centre to Zwötzen (line 1). The third short line is a connection between Lusan and the Zwötzen railway station (line 2). Another line is planned to connect Langenberg and the northern city parts. On line 3 is one course every 5 minutes, on line 1 every 10 minutes and on line 2 every 20 minutes.The bus network connects districts without trams as well as neighbouring municipalities that do not have a rail connection.Tertiary institutions are the private college "SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera" (university of applied sciences for health) with 500 students and the Gera branch of the Duale Hochschule Gera-Eisenach (cooperative state college) with 850 students locally. Furthermore, there are four Gymnasiums, all of them are state-owned. The Goethe-Gymnasium/Rutheneum focuses on music education as an elite boarding school, in addition to the common curriculum.The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was independent Ralf Rauch, who served from 1994 to 2006. He was succeeded by Norbert Vornehm of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who served from 2006 to 2012. Viola Hahn was elected in 2012, but was defeated seeking re-election in 2018, failing to progress to the second round. Julian Vonarb was elected, and has since served as mayor. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018, with a runoff held on 29 April, and the results were as follows:! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate! rowspan=2| Party! colspan=2| First round! colspan=2| Second round! Votes! Votes! colspan=3| Valid votes! 39,078! 99.2! 35,518! 98.2! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 299! 0.8! 653! 1.8! colspan=3| Total! 39,377! 100.0! 36,171! 100.0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 79,724! 49.4! 79,671! 45.4The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:! colspan=2| Party! Lead candidate! Votes! +/-! Seats! colspan=3| Valid votes! 42,808! 96.8! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes! 1,420! 3.2! ! colspan=3| Total! 44,228! 100.0! 42! ±0! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout! 78,537! 56.3! 12.7! Gera is twinned with: | [
"Norbert Vornehm",
"Julian Vonarb",
"Michael Galley",
"Viola Hahn",
"Andreas Mitzenheim"
] |
|
Who was the head of Bremerhaven in Feb, 1948? | February 14, 1948 | {
"text": [
"Hermann Gullasch"
]
} | L2_Q2706_P6_1 | Melf Grantz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Jörg Schulz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2011.
Bodo Selge is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1978.
Manfred Richter is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Hermann Gullasch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1957.
Werner Lenz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1983.
Karl Willms is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1995.
Helmut Andreas Koch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from May, 1945 to Jan, 1946. | BremerhavenBremerhaven (, , Low German: "Bremerhoben") is a city at the seaport of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.It forms a semi-enclave in the state of Lower Saxony and is located at the mouth of the River Weser on its eastern bank, opposite the town of Nordenham. Though a relatively new city, it has a long history as a trade port and today is one of the most important German ports, playing a role in Germany's trade.The town was founded in 1827, but neighboring settlements such as Lehe were in the vicinity as early as the 12th century, and Geestendorf was "mentioned in documents of the ninth century". These tiny villages were built on small islands in the swampy estuary. In 1381, the city of Bremen established "de facto" rule over the lower Weser stream, including Lehe, later therefore called Bremerlehe. Early in 1653, Swedish Bremen-Verden's troops captured Bremerlehe by force.The Emperor Ferdinand III ordered his vassal Christina of Sweden, then Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, to restitute Bremerlehe to Bremen. However, Swedish Bremen-Verden began the First Bremian War (March-July 1654). In the subsequent peace treaty (; November 1654) Bremen had to cede Bremerlehe and its surroundings to Swedish Bremen-Verden. The latter developed plans to found a fortified town on the site, and much later this location became the present-day city of Bremerhaven. In 1672, under the reign of Charles XI of Sweden, in personal union Duke of Bremen-Verden—colonists tried unsuccessfully to erect a castle (named Carlsburg after Charles XI) there; this fortified structure was meant to protect, as well as control shipping heading for Bremen.Finally, in 1827, the city of Bremen under Burgomaster Johann Smidt bought the territories at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover. Bremen sought this territory to retain its share of Germany's overseas trade, which was threatened by the silting up of the Weser around the old inland port of Bremen. Bremerhaven (literally in ) was founded to be a haven for Bremen's merchant marine, becoming the second harbour for Bremen, despite being downstream. Due to trade with, and emigration to North America, the port and the town grew quickly. In 1848, Bremerhaven became the home port of the German Confederation's Navy under Karl Rudolf Brommy.The Kingdom of Hanover founded a rival town next to Bremerhaven and called it Geestemünde (1845). Both towns grew and established the three economic pillars of trade, shipbuilding and fishing. Following inter-state negotiations at different times, Bremerhaven's boundary was several times extended at the expense of Hanoveran territory. In 1924, Geestemünde and the neighbouring municipality of Lehe were united to become the new city of Wesermünde, and in 1939 Bremerhaven (apart from the overseas port) was removed from the jurisdiction of Bremen and made a part of Wesermünde, then a part of the Prussian Province of Hanover.Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe.As possibly the most critical North Sea base of the Nazi War Navy, the Kriegsmarine, 79% of the city was destroyed in the Allied air bombing of Bremen in World War II; however, key parts of the port were deliberately spared by the Allied forces to provide a usable harbour for supplying the Allies after the war. All of Wesermünde, including those parts which did not previously belong to Bremerhaven, was a postwar enclave run by the United States within the British zone of northern Germany. Most of the US military units and their personnel were assigned to the city's Carl Schurz Kaserne. One of the longest based US units at the Kaserne was a US military radio and TV station, an "Amerikanischer Soldatensender", AFN Bremerhaven, which broadcast for 48 years. In 1993, the Kaserne was vacated by the US military and returned to the German government. In 1947 the city became part of the federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and was consequently renamed from Wesermünde to Bremerhaven. Today, Bremerhaven is a city in its own right, but also part of the city-state of Bremen, which is for all intents and purposes a state comprising two cities. In addition to being part of the federal state, the city of Bremen has owned the "overseas port" within Bremerhaven since 1927. This and other parts of Bremerhaven owned by the city of Bremen are known as "stadtbremisch". To complicate matters, a treaty between the two cities (as mentioned in Section 8 of Bremerhaven's municipal constitution) makes Bremerhaven responsible for the municipal administration of those parts owned directly by Bremen.The port of Bremerhaven is the sixteenth-largest container port in the world and the fourth-largest in Europe with of cargo handled in 2007 and 5,5 million in 2015. The container terminal is situated on the bank of the river Weser opening to the North Sea. In the wet dock parts, accessible by two large locks, more than 2 million cars are imported or exported every year with 2,3 million in 2014. Bremerhaven imports and exports more cars than any other city in Europe. Another million tons of "High-and-Heavy" goods are handled with ro-ro ships. In 2011 a new panamax-sized lock has replaced the 1897 "Kaiserschleuse", then the largest lock worldwide.Bremerhaven has a temperate maritime climate; severe frost and heat waves with temperatures above are rare. On average, the city receives about of precipitation distributed throughout the year, with a slight peak in the summer months between June and August.The hottest temperature ever recorded was on 9 August 1992, and the coldest was on 25 February 1956.Due to its unique geographic situation, Bremerhaven suffers from a few transportational difficulties. The city has been connected to the autobahn network since the late 1970s. The A 27 runs north–south, east of the city, connecting Bremerhaven to Bremen and Cuxhaven. Road connections to Hamburg, however, are poor. The Bundesstraße 71 and secondary roads therefore carry most of the heavy lorry traffic. A proposed solution is the construction of the A 22, the so-called "Küstenautobahn" (or "coastal motorway"), which would link Bremerhaven to Hamburg and Wilhelmshaven/Oldenburg (using the Weser tunnel). Roads leading to the overseas port are regularly overloaded with freight traffic, and solutions are presently being discussed, including a deep-cut road favoured by the city government and various interest groups.Bremerhaven has three active passenger rail stations, Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof in the city centre, Bremerhaven-Lehe north of the centre and Bremerhaven-Wulsdorf in the southern part of the city. A fourth station, Bremerhaven-Speckenbüttel near the border to Langen has been out of service since 1988, though it might reopen when the Bremen S-Bahn scheme becomes operational. Bremerhaven's central station lost its last long-distance train in 2001. Now only regional connections to Bremen, Cuxhaven, Osnabrück and Hannover are available. The railways in Bremerhaven, however, still carry a heavy load of freight traffic, mostly new cars, containers and food.Bremerhaven owned a tram from 1881 to 1982.In the heyday, 1949, there were 6 lines.The last line was the 2 from the north of the city to the main train station. The tram was shut down on July 30, 1982.Bremerhaven has 2020 a bus network with 19 bus lines operated by BREMERHAVEN BUS. 2 of the bus lines are night lines that only go on weekends. In addition, there is the so-called "Schnellbus-Line S", which serves selected stops and is therefore faster. BREMERHAVEN BUS operates up to 87 regular buses through the company "Verkehrsgesellschaft Bremerhaven AG (VGB)". There are numerous regional buses operated by other companies that depart from Bremerhaven Central Station, to Bad Bederkesa, Beverstedt, Hagen, Nordholz and Otterndorf. In addition, Bremerhaven is also served by buses from Flixbus.Bremerhaven has only a few historical buildings, and the high street and city centre are almost entirely post-war. The main attractions for tourists are found at the "Havenwelten" and include an attraction about climate change, the , the German Emigration Center (since August 8, 2005) and the German Maritime Museum ("Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum") by Hans Scharoun from 1975, featuring the Hansekogge, a vintage cog dating from 1380, excavated in Bremen in 1962, and the historical harbour ("Museumshafen") with a number of museum ships, such as the Type XXI U-boat "Wilhelm Bauer" (a museum of its own), the "Seute Deern" (a wooden three-masted sailing vessel), and the salvage tug "Seefalke" from 1924. The "Bremerhaven Zoo" reopened on 27 March 2004, after a lengthy renovation. It features Arctic wildlife, both terrestrial and marine. The latest addition is the "Klimahaus" from 2009, simulating travel adventure along the 8th line of longitude and dealing with climate issues. Two gazebos can be found on top of the "Atlantic Hotel Sail City" and the Radar Tower. Another tourist spot is the "Fischereihafen" (fishing port) in Geestemünde which also houses an aquarium (the Atlanticum). The Lloyd Werft shipyard is renowned for building and renovating large cruise liners, for example "Norway".Every five years Sail Bremerhaven is held, a large sailing convention that attracts tall ships from all over the world. The last time it was held was in 2015 with over 270 vessels and 3,500 crew members. In 2011 Bremerhaven set the record for the largest ever parade of boats, with 327 vessels in the parade. This record was broken in 2012 by the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, with 1,000 boats.The passenger terminal "Columbuskaje", built at the Weser bank in 1927 to avoid time-absorbing locking, has been transferred into a cruise terminal (Columbus Cruise Center Bremerhaven/CCCB). Also three marinas are available, the latest accessible through a new lock at "Neuer Hafen".Bremerhaven has a city council with 49 members. It also elects 15 members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen.The Fischtown Pinguins, also known as REV Bremerhaven, are a professional ice hockey team in the DEL, Germany's top ice hockey league.Eisbären Bremerhaven (Polar Bears), founded 2001, is a basketball team playing in the German second-tier level league ProA.The American Football team is the Bremerhaven Seahawks which play in the German Regio Nord of the 3rd League. The Seahawks are the second oldest team in Germany.Local association football clubs are Leher TS, SFL Bremerhaven and until 2012 FC Bremerhaven. TSV Wulsdorf and OSC Bremerhaven also have a football teams but as part of a multi-sport club.Bremerhaven is home to the Alfred Wegener Institute, a national research institute which is concerned with maritime sciences and climate and keeps a number of research vessels, amongst them the heavy research icebreaker RV Polarstern. It also runs the Neumayer-Station III in the Antarctic.The Fraunhofer Society maintains research laboratories in Bremerhaven for development and testing of Wind Power components.The German Maritime Museum is part of the German Leibniz Association.The (Hochschule Bremerhaven) was founded in 1975 and is expanding since with more than 3.000 students in 2009. The university is attended by a large number of overseas students from all over the world. Among the courses offered are Process Engineering, Information Technology and the BA Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Leadership programme, the first programme modelled after the Finnisch Team Academy format in a German language higher education institution.Bremerhaven is twinned with:The three roads connecting the city of Bremerhaven to the Autobahn 27 consequently are named after the original three twin towns:In addition to that there are also streets which earlier had been named after Szczecin (Stettiner Straße) and Kaliningrad (Königsberger Straße). | [
"Manfred Richter",
"Melf Grantz",
"Bodo Selge",
"Werner Lenz",
"Helmut Andreas Koch",
"Karl Willms",
"Jörg Schulz"
] |
|
Who was the head of Bremerhaven in 1948-02-14? | February 14, 1948 | {
"text": [
"Hermann Gullasch"
]
} | L2_Q2706_P6_1 | Melf Grantz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Jörg Schulz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2011.
Bodo Selge is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1978.
Manfred Richter is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Hermann Gullasch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1957.
Werner Lenz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1983.
Karl Willms is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1995.
Helmut Andreas Koch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from May, 1945 to Jan, 1946. | BremerhavenBremerhaven (, , Low German: "Bremerhoben") is a city at the seaport of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.It forms a semi-enclave in the state of Lower Saxony and is located at the mouth of the River Weser on its eastern bank, opposite the town of Nordenham. Though a relatively new city, it has a long history as a trade port and today is one of the most important German ports, playing a role in Germany's trade.The town was founded in 1827, but neighboring settlements such as Lehe were in the vicinity as early as the 12th century, and Geestendorf was "mentioned in documents of the ninth century". These tiny villages were built on small islands in the swampy estuary. In 1381, the city of Bremen established "de facto" rule over the lower Weser stream, including Lehe, later therefore called Bremerlehe. Early in 1653, Swedish Bremen-Verden's troops captured Bremerlehe by force.The Emperor Ferdinand III ordered his vassal Christina of Sweden, then Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, to restitute Bremerlehe to Bremen. However, Swedish Bremen-Verden began the First Bremian War (March-July 1654). In the subsequent peace treaty (; November 1654) Bremen had to cede Bremerlehe and its surroundings to Swedish Bremen-Verden. The latter developed plans to found a fortified town on the site, and much later this location became the present-day city of Bremerhaven. In 1672, under the reign of Charles XI of Sweden, in personal union Duke of Bremen-Verden—colonists tried unsuccessfully to erect a castle (named Carlsburg after Charles XI) there; this fortified structure was meant to protect, as well as control shipping heading for Bremen.Finally, in 1827, the city of Bremen under Burgomaster Johann Smidt bought the territories at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover. Bremen sought this territory to retain its share of Germany's overseas trade, which was threatened by the silting up of the Weser around the old inland port of Bremen. Bremerhaven (literally in ) was founded to be a haven for Bremen's merchant marine, becoming the second harbour for Bremen, despite being downstream. Due to trade with, and emigration to North America, the port and the town grew quickly. In 1848, Bremerhaven became the home port of the German Confederation's Navy under Karl Rudolf Brommy.The Kingdom of Hanover founded a rival town next to Bremerhaven and called it Geestemünde (1845). Both towns grew and established the three economic pillars of trade, shipbuilding and fishing. Following inter-state negotiations at different times, Bremerhaven's boundary was several times extended at the expense of Hanoveran territory. In 1924, Geestemünde and the neighbouring municipality of Lehe were united to become the new city of Wesermünde, and in 1939 Bremerhaven (apart from the overseas port) was removed from the jurisdiction of Bremen and made a part of Wesermünde, then a part of the Prussian Province of Hanover.Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe.As possibly the most critical North Sea base of the Nazi War Navy, the Kriegsmarine, 79% of the city was destroyed in the Allied air bombing of Bremen in World War II; however, key parts of the port were deliberately spared by the Allied forces to provide a usable harbour for supplying the Allies after the war. All of Wesermünde, including those parts which did not previously belong to Bremerhaven, was a postwar enclave run by the United States within the British zone of northern Germany. Most of the US military units and their personnel were assigned to the city's Carl Schurz Kaserne. One of the longest based US units at the Kaserne was a US military radio and TV station, an "Amerikanischer Soldatensender", AFN Bremerhaven, which broadcast for 48 years. In 1993, the Kaserne was vacated by the US military and returned to the German government. In 1947 the city became part of the federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and was consequently renamed from Wesermünde to Bremerhaven. Today, Bremerhaven is a city in its own right, but also part of the city-state of Bremen, which is for all intents and purposes a state comprising two cities. In addition to being part of the federal state, the city of Bremen has owned the "overseas port" within Bremerhaven since 1927. This and other parts of Bremerhaven owned by the city of Bremen are known as "stadtbremisch". To complicate matters, a treaty between the two cities (as mentioned in Section 8 of Bremerhaven's municipal constitution) makes Bremerhaven responsible for the municipal administration of those parts owned directly by Bremen.The port of Bremerhaven is the sixteenth-largest container port in the world and the fourth-largest in Europe with of cargo handled in 2007 and 5,5 million in 2015. The container terminal is situated on the bank of the river Weser opening to the North Sea. In the wet dock parts, accessible by two large locks, more than 2 million cars are imported or exported every year with 2,3 million in 2014. Bremerhaven imports and exports more cars than any other city in Europe. Another million tons of "High-and-Heavy" goods are handled with ro-ro ships. In 2011 a new panamax-sized lock has replaced the 1897 "Kaiserschleuse", then the largest lock worldwide.Bremerhaven has a temperate maritime climate; severe frost and heat waves with temperatures above are rare. On average, the city receives about of precipitation distributed throughout the year, with a slight peak in the summer months between June and August.The hottest temperature ever recorded was on 9 August 1992, and the coldest was on 25 February 1956.Due to its unique geographic situation, Bremerhaven suffers from a few transportational difficulties. The city has been connected to the autobahn network since the late 1970s. The A 27 runs north–south, east of the city, connecting Bremerhaven to Bremen and Cuxhaven. Road connections to Hamburg, however, are poor. The Bundesstraße 71 and secondary roads therefore carry most of the heavy lorry traffic. A proposed solution is the construction of the A 22, the so-called "Küstenautobahn" (or "coastal motorway"), which would link Bremerhaven to Hamburg and Wilhelmshaven/Oldenburg (using the Weser tunnel). Roads leading to the overseas port are regularly overloaded with freight traffic, and solutions are presently being discussed, including a deep-cut road favoured by the city government and various interest groups.Bremerhaven has three active passenger rail stations, Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof in the city centre, Bremerhaven-Lehe north of the centre and Bremerhaven-Wulsdorf in the southern part of the city. A fourth station, Bremerhaven-Speckenbüttel near the border to Langen has been out of service since 1988, though it might reopen when the Bremen S-Bahn scheme becomes operational. Bremerhaven's central station lost its last long-distance train in 2001. Now only regional connections to Bremen, Cuxhaven, Osnabrück and Hannover are available. The railways in Bremerhaven, however, still carry a heavy load of freight traffic, mostly new cars, containers and food.Bremerhaven owned a tram from 1881 to 1982.In the heyday, 1949, there were 6 lines.The last line was the 2 from the north of the city to the main train station. The tram was shut down on July 30, 1982.Bremerhaven has 2020 a bus network with 19 bus lines operated by BREMERHAVEN BUS. 2 of the bus lines are night lines that only go on weekends. In addition, there is the so-called "Schnellbus-Line S", which serves selected stops and is therefore faster. BREMERHAVEN BUS operates up to 87 regular buses through the company "Verkehrsgesellschaft Bremerhaven AG (VGB)". There are numerous regional buses operated by other companies that depart from Bremerhaven Central Station, to Bad Bederkesa, Beverstedt, Hagen, Nordholz and Otterndorf. In addition, Bremerhaven is also served by buses from Flixbus.Bremerhaven has only a few historical buildings, and the high street and city centre are almost entirely post-war. The main attractions for tourists are found at the "Havenwelten" and include an attraction about climate change, the , the German Emigration Center (since August 8, 2005) and the German Maritime Museum ("Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum") by Hans Scharoun from 1975, featuring the Hansekogge, a vintage cog dating from 1380, excavated in Bremen in 1962, and the historical harbour ("Museumshafen") with a number of museum ships, such as the Type XXI U-boat "Wilhelm Bauer" (a museum of its own), the "Seute Deern" (a wooden three-masted sailing vessel), and the salvage tug "Seefalke" from 1924. The "Bremerhaven Zoo" reopened on 27 March 2004, after a lengthy renovation. It features Arctic wildlife, both terrestrial and marine. The latest addition is the "Klimahaus" from 2009, simulating travel adventure along the 8th line of longitude and dealing with climate issues. Two gazebos can be found on top of the "Atlantic Hotel Sail City" and the Radar Tower. Another tourist spot is the "Fischereihafen" (fishing port) in Geestemünde which also houses an aquarium (the Atlanticum). The Lloyd Werft shipyard is renowned for building and renovating large cruise liners, for example "Norway".Every five years Sail Bremerhaven is held, a large sailing convention that attracts tall ships from all over the world. The last time it was held was in 2015 with over 270 vessels and 3,500 crew members. In 2011 Bremerhaven set the record for the largest ever parade of boats, with 327 vessels in the parade. This record was broken in 2012 by the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, with 1,000 boats.The passenger terminal "Columbuskaje", built at the Weser bank in 1927 to avoid time-absorbing locking, has been transferred into a cruise terminal (Columbus Cruise Center Bremerhaven/CCCB). Also three marinas are available, the latest accessible through a new lock at "Neuer Hafen".Bremerhaven has a city council with 49 members. It also elects 15 members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen.The Fischtown Pinguins, also known as REV Bremerhaven, are a professional ice hockey team in the DEL, Germany's top ice hockey league.Eisbären Bremerhaven (Polar Bears), founded 2001, is a basketball team playing in the German second-tier level league ProA.The American Football team is the Bremerhaven Seahawks which play in the German Regio Nord of the 3rd League. The Seahawks are the second oldest team in Germany.Local association football clubs are Leher TS, SFL Bremerhaven and until 2012 FC Bremerhaven. TSV Wulsdorf and OSC Bremerhaven also have a football teams but as part of a multi-sport club.Bremerhaven is home to the Alfred Wegener Institute, a national research institute which is concerned with maritime sciences and climate and keeps a number of research vessels, amongst them the heavy research icebreaker RV Polarstern. It also runs the Neumayer-Station III in the Antarctic.The Fraunhofer Society maintains research laboratories in Bremerhaven for development and testing of Wind Power components.The German Maritime Museum is part of the German Leibniz Association.The (Hochschule Bremerhaven) was founded in 1975 and is expanding since with more than 3.000 students in 2009. The university is attended by a large number of overseas students from all over the world. Among the courses offered are Process Engineering, Information Technology and the BA Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Leadership programme, the first programme modelled after the Finnisch Team Academy format in a German language higher education institution.Bremerhaven is twinned with:The three roads connecting the city of Bremerhaven to the Autobahn 27 consequently are named after the original three twin towns:In addition to that there are also streets which earlier had been named after Szczecin (Stettiner Straße) and Kaliningrad (Königsberger Straße). | [
"Manfred Richter",
"Melf Grantz",
"Bodo Selge",
"Werner Lenz",
"Helmut Andreas Koch",
"Karl Willms",
"Jörg Schulz"
] |
|
Who was the head of Bremerhaven in 14/02/1948? | February 14, 1948 | {
"text": [
"Hermann Gullasch"
]
} | L2_Q2706_P6_1 | Melf Grantz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Jörg Schulz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2011.
Bodo Selge is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1978.
Manfred Richter is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Hermann Gullasch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1957.
Werner Lenz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1983.
Karl Willms is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1995.
Helmut Andreas Koch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from May, 1945 to Jan, 1946. | BremerhavenBremerhaven (, , Low German: "Bremerhoben") is a city at the seaport of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.It forms a semi-enclave in the state of Lower Saxony and is located at the mouth of the River Weser on its eastern bank, opposite the town of Nordenham. Though a relatively new city, it has a long history as a trade port and today is one of the most important German ports, playing a role in Germany's trade.The town was founded in 1827, but neighboring settlements such as Lehe were in the vicinity as early as the 12th century, and Geestendorf was "mentioned in documents of the ninth century". These tiny villages were built on small islands in the swampy estuary. In 1381, the city of Bremen established "de facto" rule over the lower Weser stream, including Lehe, later therefore called Bremerlehe. Early in 1653, Swedish Bremen-Verden's troops captured Bremerlehe by force.The Emperor Ferdinand III ordered his vassal Christina of Sweden, then Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, to restitute Bremerlehe to Bremen. However, Swedish Bremen-Verden began the First Bremian War (March-July 1654). In the subsequent peace treaty (; November 1654) Bremen had to cede Bremerlehe and its surroundings to Swedish Bremen-Verden. The latter developed plans to found a fortified town on the site, and much later this location became the present-day city of Bremerhaven. In 1672, under the reign of Charles XI of Sweden, in personal union Duke of Bremen-Verden—colonists tried unsuccessfully to erect a castle (named Carlsburg after Charles XI) there; this fortified structure was meant to protect, as well as control shipping heading for Bremen.Finally, in 1827, the city of Bremen under Burgomaster Johann Smidt bought the territories at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover. Bremen sought this territory to retain its share of Germany's overseas trade, which was threatened by the silting up of the Weser around the old inland port of Bremen. Bremerhaven (literally in ) was founded to be a haven for Bremen's merchant marine, becoming the second harbour for Bremen, despite being downstream. Due to trade with, and emigration to North America, the port and the town grew quickly. In 1848, Bremerhaven became the home port of the German Confederation's Navy under Karl Rudolf Brommy.The Kingdom of Hanover founded a rival town next to Bremerhaven and called it Geestemünde (1845). Both towns grew and established the three economic pillars of trade, shipbuilding and fishing. Following inter-state negotiations at different times, Bremerhaven's boundary was several times extended at the expense of Hanoveran territory. In 1924, Geestemünde and the neighbouring municipality of Lehe were united to become the new city of Wesermünde, and in 1939 Bremerhaven (apart from the overseas port) was removed from the jurisdiction of Bremen and made a part of Wesermünde, then a part of the Prussian Province of Hanover.Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe.As possibly the most critical North Sea base of the Nazi War Navy, the Kriegsmarine, 79% of the city was destroyed in the Allied air bombing of Bremen in World War II; however, key parts of the port were deliberately spared by the Allied forces to provide a usable harbour for supplying the Allies after the war. All of Wesermünde, including those parts which did not previously belong to Bremerhaven, was a postwar enclave run by the United States within the British zone of northern Germany. Most of the US military units and their personnel were assigned to the city's Carl Schurz Kaserne. One of the longest based US units at the Kaserne was a US military radio and TV station, an "Amerikanischer Soldatensender", AFN Bremerhaven, which broadcast for 48 years. In 1993, the Kaserne was vacated by the US military and returned to the German government. In 1947 the city became part of the federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and was consequently renamed from Wesermünde to Bremerhaven. Today, Bremerhaven is a city in its own right, but also part of the city-state of Bremen, which is for all intents and purposes a state comprising two cities. In addition to being part of the federal state, the city of Bremen has owned the "overseas port" within Bremerhaven since 1927. This and other parts of Bremerhaven owned by the city of Bremen are known as "stadtbremisch". To complicate matters, a treaty between the two cities (as mentioned in Section 8 of Bremerhaven's municipal constitution) makes Bremerhaven responsible for the municipal administration of those parts owned directly by Bremen.The port of Bremerhaven is the sixteenth-largest container port in the world and the fourth-largest in Europe with of cargo handled in 2007 and 5,5 million in 2015. The container terminal is situated on the bank of the river Weser opening to the North Sea. In the wet dock parts, accessible by two large locks, more than 2 million cars are imported or exported every year with 2,3 million in 2014. Bremerhaven imports and exports more cars than any other city in Europe. Another million tons of "High-and-Heavy" goods are handled with ro-ro ships. In 2011 a new panamax-sized lock has replaced the 1897 "Kaiserschleuse", then the largest lock worldwide.Bremerhaven has a temperate maritime climate; severe frost and heat waves with temperatures above are rare. On average, the city receives about of precipitation distributed throughout the year, with a slight peak in the summer months between June and August.The hottest temperature ever recorded was on 9 August 1992, and the coldest was on 25 February 1956.Due to its unique geographic situation, Bremerhaven suffers from a few transportational difficulties. The city has been connected to the autobahn network since the late 1970s. The A 27 runs north–south, east of the city, connecting Bremerhaven to Bremen and Cuxhaven. Road connections to Hamburg, however, are poor. The Bundesstraße 71 and secondary roads therefore carry most of the heavy lorry traffic. A proposed solution is the construction of the A 22, the so-called "Küstenautobahn" (or "coastal motorway"), which would link Bremerhaven to Hamburg and Wilhelmshaven/Oldenburg (using the Weser tunnel). Roads leading to the overseas port are regularly overloaded with freight traffic, and solutions are presently being discussed, including a deep-cut road favoured by the city government and various interest groups.Bremerhaven has three active passenger rail stations, Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof in the city centre, Bremerhaven-Lehe north of the centre and Bremerhaven-Wulsdorf in the southern part of the city. A fourth station, Bremerhaven-Speckenbüttel near the border to Langen has been out of service since 1988, though it might reopen when the Bremen S-Bahn scheme becomes operational. Bremerhaven's central station lost its last long-distance train in 2001. Now only regional connections to Bremen, Cuxhaven, Osnabrück and Hannover are available. The railways in Bremerhaven, however, still carry a heavy load of freight traffic, mostly new cars, containers and food.Bremerhaven owned a tram from 1881 to 1982.In the heyday, 1949, there were 6 lines.The last line was the 2 from the north of the city to the main train station. The tram was shut down on July 30, 1982.Bremerhaven has 2020 a bus network with 19 bus lines operated by BREMERHAVEN BUS. 2 of the bus lines are night lines that only go on weekends. In addition, there is the so-called "Schnellbus-Line S", which serves selected stops and is therefore faster. BREMERHAVEN BUS operates up to 87 regular buses through the company "Verkehrsgesellschaft Bremerhaven AG (VGB)". There are numerous regional buses operated by other companies that depart from Bremerhaven Central Station, to Bad Bederkesa, Beverstedt, Hagen, Nordholz and Otterndorf. In addition, Bremerhaven is also served by buses from Flixbus.Bremerhaven has only a few historical buildings, and the high street and city centre are almost entirely post-war. The main attractions for tourists are found at the "Havenwelten" and include an attraction about climate change, the , the German Emigration Center (since August 8, 2005) and the German Maritime Museum ("Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum") by Hans Scharoun from 1975, featuring the Hansekogge, a vintage cog dating from 1380, excavated in Bremen in 1962, and the historical harbour ("Museumshafen") with a number of museum ships, such as the Type XXI U-boat "Wilhelm Bauer" (a museum of its own), the "Seute Deern" (a wooden three-masted sailing vessel), and the salvage tug "Seefalke" from 1924. The "Bremerhaven Zoo" reopened on 27 March 2004, after a lengthy renovation. It features Arctic wildlife, both terrestrial and marine. The latest addition is the "Klimahaus" from 2009, simulating travel adventure along the 8th line of longitude and dealing with climate issues. Two gazebos can be found on top of the "Atlantic Hotel Sail City" and the Radar Tower. Another tourist spot is the "Fischereihafen" (fishing port) in Geestemünde which also houses an aquarium (the Atlanticum). The Lloyd Werft shipyard is renowned for building and renovating large cruise liners, for example "Norway".Every five years Sail Bremerhaven is held, a large sailing convention that attracts tall ships from all over the world. The last time it was held was in 2015 with over 270 vessels and 3,500 crew members. In 2011 Bremerhaven set the record for the largest ever parade of boats, with 327 vessels in the parade. This record was broken in 2012 by the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, with 1,000 boats.The passenger terminal "Columbuskaje", built at the Weser bank in 1927 to avoid time-absorbing locking, has been transferred into a cruise terminal (Columbus Cruise Center Bremerhaven/CCCB). Also three marinas are available, the latest accessible through a new lock at "Neuer Hafen".Bremerhaven has a city council with 49 members. It also elects 15 members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen.The Fischtown Pinguins, also known as REV Bremerhaven, are a professional ice hockey team in the DEL, Germany's top ice hockey league.Eisbären Bremerhaven (Polar Bears), founded 2001, is a basketball team playing in the German second-tier level league ProA.The American Football team is the Bremerhaven Seahawks which play in the German Regio Nord of the 3rd League. The Seahawks are the second oldest team in Germany.Local association football clubs are Leher TS, SFL Bremerhaven and until 2012 FC Bremerhaven. TSV Wulsdorf and OSC Bremerhaven also have a football teams but as part of a multi-sport club.Bremerhaven is home to the Alfred Wegener Institute, a national research institute which is concerned with maritime sciences and climate and keeps a number of research vessels, amongst them the heavy research icebreaker RV Polarstern. It also runs the Neumayer-Station III in the Antarctic.The Fraunhofer Society maintains research laboratories in Bremerhaven for development and testing of Wind Power components.The German Maritime Museum is part of the German Leibniz Association.The (Hochschule Bremerhaven) was founded in 1975 and is expanding since with more than 3.000 students in 2009. The university is attended by a large number of overseas students from all over the world. Among the courses offered are Process Engineering, Information Technology and the BA Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Leadership programme, the first programme modelled after the Finnisch Team Academy format in a German language higher education institution.Bremerhaven is twinned with:The three roads connecting the city of Bremerhaven to the Autobahn 27 consequently are named after the original three twin towns:In addition to that there are also streets which earlier had been named after Szczecin (Stettiner Straße) and Kaliningrad (Königsberger Straße). | [
"Manfred Richter",
"Melf Grantz",
"Bodo Selge",
"Werner Lenz",
"Helmut Andreas Koch",
"Karl Willms",
"Jörg Schulz"
] |
|
Who was the head of Bremerhaven in Feb 14, 1948? | February 14, 1948 | {
"text": [
"Hermann Gullasch"
]
} | L2_Q2706_P6_1 | Melf Grantz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Jörg Schulz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2011.
Bodo Selge is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1978.
Manfred Richter is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Hermann Gullasch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1957.
Werner Lenz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1983.
Karl Willms is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1995.
Helmut Andreas Koch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from May, 1945 to Jan, 1946. | BremerhavenBremerhaven (, , Low German: "Bremerhoben") is a city at the seaport of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.It forms a semi-enclave in the state of Lower Saxony and is located at the mouth of the River Weser on its eastern bank, opposite the town of Nordenham. Though a relatively new city, it has a long history as a trade port and today is one of the most important German ports, playing a role in Germany's trade.The town was founded in 1827, but neighboring settlements such as Lehe were in the vicinity as early as the 12th century, and Geestendorf was "mentioned in documents of the ninth century". These tiny villages were built on small islands in the swampy estuary. In 1381, the city of Bremen established "de facto" rule over the lower Weser stream, including Lehe, later therefore called Bremerlehe. Early in 1653, Swedish Bremen-Verden's troops captured Bremerlehe by force.The Emperor Ferdinand III ordered his vassal Christina of Sweden, then Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, to restitute Bremerlehe to Bremen. However, Swedish Bremen-Verden began the First Bremian War (March-July 1654). In the subsequent peace treaty (; November 1654) Bremen had to cede Bremerlehe and its surroundings to Swedish Bremen-Verden. The latter developed plans to found a fortified town on the site, and much later this location became the present-day city of Bremerhaven. In 1672, under the reign of Charles XI of Sweden, in personal union Duke of Bremen-Verden—colonists tried unsuccessfully to erect a castle (named Carlsburg after Charles XI) there; this fortified structure was meant to protect, as well as control shipping heading for Bremen.Finally, in 1827, the city of Bremen under Burgomaster Johann Smidt bought the territories at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover. Bremen sought this territory to retain its share of Germany's overseas trade, which was threatened by the silting up of the Weser around the old inland port of Bremen. Bremerhaven (literally in ) was founded to be a haven for Bremen's merchant marine, becoming the second harbour for Bremen, despite being downstream. Due to trade with, and emigration to North America, the port and the town grew quickly. In 1848, Bremerhaven became the home port of the German Confederation's Navy under Karl Rudolf Brommy.The Kingdom of Hanover founded a rival town next to Bremerhaven and called it Geestemünde (1845). Both towns grew and established the three economic pillars of trade, shipbuilding and fishing. Following inter-state negotiations at different times, Bremerhaven's boundary was several times extended at the expense of Hanoveran territory. In 1924, Geestemünde and the neighbouring municipality of Lehe were united to become the new city of Wesermünde, and in 1939 Bremerhaven (apart from the overseas port) was removed from the jurisdiction of Bremen and made a part of Wesermünde, then a part of the Prussian Province of Hanover.Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe.As possibly the most critical North Sea base of the Nazi War Navy, the Kriegsmarine, 79% of the city was destroyed in the Allied air bombing of Bremen in World War II; however, key parts of the port were deliberately spared by the Allied forces to provide a usable harbour for supplying the Allies after the war. All of Wesermünde, including those parts which did not previously belong to Bremerhaven, was a postwar enclave run by the United States within the British zone of northern Germany. Most of the US military units and their personnel were assigned to the city's Carl Schurz Kaserne. One of the longest based US units at the Kaserne was a US military radio and TV station, an "Amerikanischer Soldatensender", AFN Bremerhaven, which broadcast for 48 years. In 1993, the Kaserne was vacated by the US military and returned to the German government. In 1947 the city became part of the federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and was consequently renamed from Wesermünde to Bremerhaven. Today, Bremerhaven is a city in its own right, but also part of the city-state of Bremen, which is for all intents and purposes a state comprising two cities. In addition to being part of the federal state, the city of Bremen has owned the "overseas port" within Bremerhaven since 1927. This and other parts of Bremerhaven owned by the city of Bremen are known as "stadtbremisch". To complicate matters, a treaty between the two cities (as mentioned in Section 8 of Bremerhaven's municipal constitution) makes Bremerhaven responsible for the municipal administration of those parts owned directly by Bremen.The port of Bremerhaven is the sixteenth-largest container port in the world and the fourth-largest in Europe with of cargo handled in 2007 and 5,5 million in 2015. The container terminal is situated on the bank of the river Weser opening to the North Sea. In the wet dock parts, accessible by two large locks, more than 2 million cars are imported or exported every year with 2,3 million in 2014. Bremerhaven imports and exports more cars than any other city in Europe. Another million tons of "High-and-Heavy" goods are handled with ro-ro ships. In 2011 a new panamax-sized lock has replaced the 1897 "Kaiserschleuse", then the largest lock worldwide.Bremerhaven has a temperate maritime climate; severe frost and heat waves with temperatures above are rare. On average, the city receives about of precipitation distributed throughout the year, with a slight peak in the summer months between June and August.The hottest temperature ever recorded was on 9 August 1992, and the coldest was on 25 February 1956.Due to its unique geographic situation, Bremerhaven suffers from a few transportational difficulties. The city has been connected to the autobahn network since the late 1970s. The A 27 runs north–south, east of the city, connecting Bremerhaven to Bremen and Cuxhaven. Road connections to Hamburg, however, are poor. The Bundesstraße 71 and secondary roads therefore carry most of the heavy lorry traffic. A proposed solution is the construction of the A 22, the so-called "Küstenautobahn" (or "coastal motorway"), which would link Bremerhaven to Hamburg and Wilhelmshaven/Oldenburg (using the Weser tunnel). Roads leading to the overseas port are regularly overloaded with freight traffic, and solutions are presently being discussed, including a deep-cut road favoured by the city government and various interest groups.Bremerhaven has three active passenger rail stations, Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof in the city centre, Bremerhaven-Lehe north of the centre and Bremerhaven-Wulsdorf in the southern part of the city. A fourth station, Bremerhaven-Speckenbüttel near the border to Langen has been out of service since 1988, though it might reopen when the Bremen S-Bahn scheme becomes operational. Bremerhaven's central station lost its last long-distance train in 2001. Now only regional connections to Bremen, Cuxhaven, Osnabrück and Hannover are available. The railways in Bremerhaven, however, still carry a heavy load of freight traffic, mostly new cars, containers and food.Bremerhaven owned a tram from 1881 to 1982.In the heyday, 1949, there were 6 lines.The last line was the 2 from the north of the city to the main train station. The tram was shut down on July 30, 1982.Bremerhaven has 2020 a bus network with 19 bus lines operated by BREMERHAVEN BUS. 2 of the bus lines are night lines that only go on weekends. In addition, there is the so-called "Schnellbus-Line S", which serves selected stops and is therefore faster. BREMERHAVEN BUS operates up to 87 regular buses through the company "Verkehrsgesellschaft Bremerhaven AG (VGB)". There are numerous regional buses operated by other companies that depart from Bremerhaven Central Station, to Bad Bederkesa, Beverstedt, Hagen, Nordholz and Otterndorf. In addition, Bremerhaven is also served by buses from Flixbus.Bremerhaven has only a few historical buildings, and the high street and city centre are almost entirely post-war. The main attractions for tourists are found at the "Havenwelten" and include an attraction about climate change, the , the German Emigration Center (since August 8, 2005) and the German Maritime Museum ("Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum") by Hans Scharoun from 1975, featuring the Hansekogge, a vintage cog dating from 1380, excavated in Bremen in 1962, and the historical harbour ("Museumshafen") with a number of museum ships, such as the Type XXI U-boat "Wilhelm Bauer" (a museum of its own), the "Seute Deern" (a wooden three-masted sailing vessel), and the salvage tug "Seefalke" from 1924. The "Bremerhaven Zoo" reopened on 27 March 2004, after a lengthy renovation. It features Arctic wildlife, both terrestrial and marine. The latest addition is the "Klimahaus" from 2009, simulating travel adventure along the 8th line of longitude and dealing with climate issues. Two gazebos can be found on top of the "Atlantic Hotel Sail City" and the Radar Tower. Another tourist spot is the "Fischereihafen" (fishing port) in Geestemünde which also houses an aquarium (the Atlanticum). The Lloyd Werft shipyard is renowned for building and renovating large cruise liners, for example "Norway".Every five years Sail Bremerhaven is held, a large sailing convention that attracts tall ships from all over the world. The last time it was held was in 2015 with over 270 vessels and 3,500 crew members. In 2011 Bremerhaven set the record for the largest ever parade of boats, with 327 vessels in the parade. This record was broken in 2012 by the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, with 1,000 boats.The passenger terminal "Columbuskaje", built at the Weser bank in 1927 to avoid time-absorbing locking, has been transferred into a cruise terminal (Columbus Cruise Center Bremerhaven/CCCB). Also three marinas are available, the latest accessible through a new lock at "Neuer Hafen".Bremerhaven has a city council with 49 members. It also elects 15 members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen.The Fischtown Pinguins, also known as REV Bremerhaven, are a professional ice hockey team in the DEL, Germany's top ice hockey league.Eisbären Bremerhaven (Polar Bears), founded 2001, is a basketball team playing in the German second-tier level league ProA.The American Football team is the Bremerhaven Seahawks which play in the German Regio Nord of the 3rd League. The Seahawks are the second oldest team in Germany.Local association football clubs are Leher TS, SFL Bremerhaven and until 2012 FC Bremerhaven. TSV Wulsdorf and OSC Bremerhaven also have a football teams but as part of a multi-sport club.Bremerhaven is home to the Alfred Wegener Institute, a national research institute which is concerned with maritime sciences and climate and keeps a number of research vessels, amongst them the heavy research icebreaker RV Polarstern. It also runs the Neumayer-Station III in the Antarctic.The Fraunhofer Society maintains research laboratories in Bremerhaven for development and testing of Wind Power components.The German Maritime Museum is part of the German Leibniz Association.The (Hochschule Bremerhaven) was founded in 1975 and is expanding since with more than 3.000 students in 2009. The university is attended by a large number of overseas students from all over the world. Among the courses offered are Process Engineering, Information Technology and the BA Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Leadership programme, the first programme modelled after the Finnisch Team Academy format in a German language higher education institution.Bremerhaven is twinned with:The three roads connecting the city of Bremerhaven to the Autobahn 27 consequently are named after the original three twin towns:In addition to that there are also streets which earlier had been named after Szczecin (Stettiner Straße) and Kaliningrad (Königsberger Straße). | [
"Manfred Richter",
"Melf Grantz",
"Bodo Selge",
"Werner Lenz",
"Helmut Andreas Koch",
"Karl Willms",
"Jörg Schulz"
] |
|
Who was the head of Bremerhaven in 02/14/1948? | February 14, 1948 | {
"text": [
"Hermann Gullasch"
]
} | L2_Q2706_P6_1 | Melf Grantz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Jörg Schulz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2011.
Bodo Selge is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1978.
Manfred Richter is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Hermann Gullasch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1957.
Werner Lenz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1983.
Karl Willms is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1995.
Helmut Andreas Koch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from May, 1945 to Jan, 1946. | BremerhavenBremerhaven (, , Low German: "Bremerhoben") is a city at the seaport of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.It forms a semi-enclave in the state of Lower Saxony and is located at the mouth of the River Weser on its eastern bank, opposite the town of Nordenham. Though a relatively new city, it has a long history as a trade port and today is one of the most important German ports, playing a role in Germany's trade.The town was founded in 1827, but neighboring settlements such as Lehe were in the vicinity as early as the 12th century, and Geestendorf was "mentioned in documents of the ninth century". These tiny villages were built on small islands in the swampy estuary. In 1381, the city of Bremen established "de facto" rule over the lower Weser stream, including Lehe, later therefore called Bremerlehe. Early in 1653, Swedish Bremen-Verden's troops captured Bremerlehe by force.The Emperor Ferdinand III ordered his vassal Christina of Sweden, then Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, to restitute Bremerlehe to Bremen. However, Swedish Bremen-Verden began the First Bremian War (March-July 1654). In the subsequent peace treaty (; November 1654) Bremen had to cede Bremerlehe and its surroundings to Swedish Bremen-Verden. The latter developed plans to found a fortified town on the site, and much later this location became the present-day city of Bremerhaven. In 1672, under the reign of Charles XI of Sweden, in personal union Duke of Bremen-Verden—colonists tried unsuccessfully to erect a castle (named Carlsburg after Charles XI) there; this fortified structure was meant to protect, as well as control shipping heading for Bremen.Finally, in 1827, the city of Bremen under Burgomaster Johann Smidt bought the territories at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover. Bremen sought this territory to retain its share of Germany's overseas trade, which was threatened by the silting up of the Weser around the old inland port of Bremen. Bremerhaven (literally in ) was founded to be a haven for Bremen's merchant marine, becoming the second harbour for Bremen, despite being downstream. Due to trade with, and emigration to North America, the port and the town grew quickly. In 1848, Bremerhaven became the home port of the German Confederation's Navy under Karl Rudolf Brommy.The Kingdom of Hanover founded a rival town next to Bremerhaven and called it Geestemünde (1845). Both towns grew and established the three economic pillars of trade, shipbuilding and fishing. Following inter-state negotiations at different times, Bremerhaven's boundary was several times extended at the expense of Hanoveran territory. In 1924, Geestemünde and the neighbouring municipality of Lehe were united to become the new city of Wesermünde, and in 1939 Bremerhaven (apart from the overseas port) was removed from the jurisdiction of Bremen and made a part of Wesermünde, then a part of the Prussian Province of Hanover.Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe.As possibly the most critical North Sea base of the Nazi War Navy, the Kriegsmarine, 79% of the city was destroyed in the Allied air bombing of Bremen in World War II; however, key parts of the port were deliberately spared by the Allied forces to provide a usable harbour for supplying the Allies after the war. All of Wesermünde, including those parts which did not previously belong to Bremerhaven, was a postwar enclave run by the United States within the British zone of northern Germany. Most of the US military units and their personnel were assigned to the city's Carl Schurz Kaserne. One of the longest based US units at the Kaserne was a US military radio and TV station, an "Amerikanischer Soldatensender", AFN Bremerhaven, which broadcast for 48 years. In 1993, the Kaserne was vacated by the US military and returned to the German government. In 1947 the city became part of the federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and was consequently renamed from Wesermünde to Bremerhaven. Today, Bremerhaven is a city in its own right, but also part of the city-state of Bremen, which is for all intents and purposes a state comprising two cities. In addition to being part of the federal state, the city of Bremen has owned the "overseas port" within Bremerhaven since 1927. This and other parts of Bremerhaven owned by the city of Bremen are known as "stadtbremisch". To complicate matters, a treaty between the two cities (as mentioned in Section 8 of Bremerhaven's municipal constitution) makes Bremerhaven responsible for the municipal administration of those parts owned directly by Bremen.The port of Bremerhaven is the sixteenth-largest container port in the world and the fourth-largest in Europe with of cargo handled in 2007 and 5,5 million in 2015. The container terminal is situated on the bank of the river Weser opening to the North Sea. In the wet dock parts, accessible by two large locks, more than 2 million cars are imported or exported every year with 2,3 million in 2014. Bremerhaven imports and exports more cars than any other city in Europe. Another million tons of "High-and-Heavy" goods are handled with ro-ro ships. In 2011 a new panamax-sized lock has replaced the 1897 "Kaiserschleuse", then the largest lock worldwide.Bremerhaven has a temperate maritime climate; severe frost and heat waves with temperatures above are rare. On average, the city receives about of precipitation distributed throughout the year, with a slight peak in the summer months between June and August.The hottest temperature ever recorded was on 9 August 1992, and the coldest was on 25 February 1956.Due to its unique geographic situation, Bremerhaven suffers from a few transportational difficulties. The city has been connected to the autobahn network since the late 1970s. The A 27 runs north–south, east of the city, connecting Bremerhaven to Bremen and Cuxhaven. Road connections to Hamburg, however, are poor. The Bundesstraße 71 and secondary roads therefore carry most of the heavy lorry traffic. A proposed solution is the construction of the A 22, the so-called "Küstenautobahn" (or "coastal motorway"), which would link Bremerhaven to Hamburg and Wilhelmshaven/Oldenburg (using the Weser tunnel). Roads leading to the overseas port are regularly overloaded with freight traffic, and solutions are presently being discussed, including a deep-cut road favoured by the city government and various interest groups.Bremerhaven has three active passenger rail stations, Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof in the city centre, Bremerhaven-Lehe north of the centre and Bremerhaven-Wulsdorf in the southern part of the city. A fourth station, Bremerhaven-Speckenbüttel near the border to Langen has been out of service since 1988, though it might reopen when the Bremen S-Bahn scheme becomes operational. Bremerhaven's central station lost its last long-distance train in 2001. Now only regional connections to Bremen, Cuxhaven, Osnabrück and Hannover are available. The railways in Bremerhaven, however, still carry a heavy load of freight traffic, mostly new cars, containers and food.Bremerhaven owned a tram from 1881 to 1982.In the heyday, 1949, there were 6 lines.The last line was the 2 from the north of the city to the main train station. The tram was shut down on July 30, 1982.Bremerhaven has 2020 a bus network with 19 bus lines operated by BREMERHAVEN BUS. 2 of the bus lines are night lines that only go on weekends. In addition, there is the so-called "Schnellbus-Line S", which serves selected stops and is therefore faster. BREMERHAVEN BUS operates up to 87 regular buses through the company "Verkehrsgesellschaft Bremerhaven AG (VGB)". There are numerous regional buses operated by other companies that depart from Bremerhaven Central Station, to Bad Bederkesa, Beverstedt, Hagen, Nordholz and Otterndorf. In addition, Bremerhaven is also served by buses from Flixbus.Bremerhaven has only a few historical buildings, and the high street and city centre are almost entirely post-war. The main attractions for tourists are found at the "Havenwelten" and include an attraction about climate change, the , the German Emigration Center (since August 8, 2005) and the German Maritime Museum ("Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum") by Hans Scharoun from 1975, featuring the Hansekogge, a vintage cog dating from 1380, excavated in Bremen in 1962, and the historical harbour ("Museumshafen") with a number of museum ships, such as the Type XXI U-boat "Wilhelm Bauer" (a museum of its own), the "Seute Deern" (a wooden three-masted sailing vessel), and the salvage tug "Seefalke" from 1924. The "Bremerhaven Zoo" reopened on 27 March 2004, after a lengthy renovation. It features Arctic wildlife, both terrestrial and marine. The latest addition is the "Klimahaus" from 2009, simulating travel adventure along the 8th line of longitude and dealing with climate issues. Two gazebos can be found on top of the "Atlantic Hotel Sail City" and the Radar Tower. Another tourist spot is the "Fischereihafen" (fishing port) in Geestemünde which also houses an aquarium (the Atlanticum). The Lloyd Werft shipyard is renowned for building and renovating large cruise liners, for example "Norway".Every five years Sail Bremerhaven is held, a large sailing convention that attracts tall ships from all over the world. The last time it was held was in 2015 with over 270 vessels and 3,500 crew members. In 2011 Bremerhaven set the record for the largest ever parade of boats, with 327 vessels in the parade. This record was broken in 2012 by the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, with 1,000 boats.The passenger terminal "Columbuskaje", built at the Weser bank in 1927 to avoid time-absorbing locking, has been transferred into a cruise terminal (Columbus Cruise Center Bremerhaven/CCCB). Also three marinas are available, the latest accessible through a new lock at "Neuer Hafen".Bremerhaven has a city council with 49 members. It also elects 15 members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen.The Fischtown Pinguins, also known as REV Bremerhaven, are a professional ice hockey team in the DEL, Germany's top ice hockey league.Eisbären Bremerhaven (Polar Bears), founded 2001, is a basketball team playing in the German second-tier level league ProA.The American Football team is the Bremerhaven Seahawks which play in the German Regio Nord of the 3rd League. The Seahawks are the second oldest team in Germany.Local association football clubs are Leher TS, SFL Bremerhaven and until 2012 FC Bremerhaven. TSV Wulsdorf and OSC Bremerhaven also have a football teams but as part of a multi-sport club.Bremerhaven is home to the Alfred Wegener Institute, a national research institute which is concerned with maritime sciences and climate and keeps a number of research vessels, amongst them the heavy research icebreaker RV Polarstern. It also runs the Neumayer-Station III in the Antarctic.The Fraunhofer Society maintains research laboratories in Bremerhaven for development and testing of Wind Power components.The German Maritime Museum is part of the German Leibniz Association.The (Hochschule Bremerhaven) was founded in 1975 and is expanding since with more than 3.000 students in 2009. The university is attended by a large number of overseas students from all over the world. Among the courses offered are Process Engineering, Information Technology and the BA Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Leadership programme, the first programme modelled after the Finnisch Team Academy format in a German language higher education institution.Bremerhaven is twinned with:The three roads connecting the city of Bremerhaven to the Autobahn 27 consequently are named after the original three twin towns:In addition to that there are also streets which earlier had been named after Szczecin (Stettiner Straße) and Kaliningrad (Königsberger Straße). | [
"Manfred Richter",
"Melf Grantz",
"Bodo Selge",
"Werner Lenz",
"Helmut Andreas Koch",
"Karl Willms",
"Jörg Schulz"
] |
|
Who was the head of Bremerhaven in 14-Feb-194814-February-1948? | February 14, 1948 | {
"text": [
"Hermann Gullasch"
]
} | L2_Q2706_P6_1 | Melf Grantz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2022.
Jörg Schulz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1999 to Jan, 2011.
Bodo Selge is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1978.
Manfred Richter is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1995 to Jan, 1999.
Hermann Gullasch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1948 to Jan, 1957.
Werner Lenz is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1978 to Jan, 1983.
Karl Willms is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from Jan, 1983 to Jan, 1995.
Helmut Andreas Koch is the head of the government of Bremerhaven from May, 1945 to Jan, 1946. | BremerhavenBremerhaven (, , Low German: "Bremerhoben") is a city at the seaport of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.It forms a semi-enclave in the state of Lower Saxony and is located at the mouth of the River Weser on its eastern bank, opposite the town of Nordenham. Though a relatively new city, it has a long history as a trade port and today is one of the most important German ports, playing a role in Germany's trade.The town was founded in 1827, but neighboring settlements such as Lehe were in the vicinity as early as the 12th century, and Geestendorf was "mentioned in documents of the ninth century". These tiny villages were built on small islands in the swampy estuary. In 1381, the city of Bremen established "de facto" rule over the lower Weser stream, including Lehe, later therefore called Bremerlehe. Early in 1653, Swedish Bremen-Verden's troops captured Bremerlehe by force.The Emperor Ferdinand III ordered his vassal Christina of Sweden, then Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, to restitute Bremerlehe to Bremen. However, Swedish Bremen-Verden began the First Bremian War (March-July 1654). In the subsequent peace treaty (; November 1654) Bremen had to cede Bremerlehe and its surroundings to Swedish Bremen-Verden. The latter developed plans to found a fortified town on the site, and much later this location became the present-day city of Bremerhaven. In 1672, under the reign of Charles XI of Sweden, in personal union Duke of Bremen-Verden—colonists tried unsuccessfully to erect a castle (named Carlsburg after Charles XI) there; this fortified structure was meant to protect, as well as control shipping heading for Bremen.Finally, in 1827, the city of Bremen under Burgomaster Johann Smidt bought the territories at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover. Bremen sought this territory to retain its share of Germany's overseas trade, which was threatened by the silting up of the Weser around the old inland port of Bremen. Bremerhaven (literally in ) was founded to be a haven for Bremen's merchant marine, becoming the second harbour for Bremen, despite being downstream. Due to trade with, and emigration to North America, the port and the town grew quickly. In 1848, Bremerhaven became the home port of the German Confederation's Navy under Karl Rudolf Brommy.The Kingdom of Hanover founded a rival town next to Bremerhaven and called it Geestemünde (1845). Both towns grew and established the three economic pillars of trade, shipbuilding and fishing. Following inter-state negotiations at different times, Bremerhaven's boundary was several times extended at the expense of Hanoveran territory. In 1924, Geestemünde and the neighbouring municipality of Lehe were united to become the new city of Wesermünde, and in 1939 Bremerhaven (apart from the overseas port) was removed from the jurisdiction of Bremen and made a part of Wesermünde, then a part of the Prussian Province of Hanover.Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe.As possibly the most critical North Sea base of the Nazi War Navy, the Kriegsmarine, 79% of the city was destroyed in the Allied air bombing of Bremen in World War II; however, key parts of the port were deliberately spared by the Allied forces to provide a usable harbour for supplying the Allies after the war. All of Wesermünde, including those parts which did not previously belong to Bremerhaven, was a postwar enclave run by the United States within the British zone of northern Germany. Most of the US military units and their personnel were assigned to the city's Carl Schurz Kaserne. One of the longest based US units at the Kaserne was a US military radio and TV station, an "Amerikanischer Soldatensender", AFN Bremerhaven, which broadcast for 48 years. In 1993, the Kaserne was vacated by the US military and returned to the German government. In 1947 the city became part of the federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and was consequently renamed from Wesermünde to Bremerhaven. Today, Bremerhaven is a city in its own right, but also part of the city-state of Bremen, which is for all intents and purposes a state comprising two cities. In addition to being part of the federal state, the city of Bremen has owned the "overseas port" within Bremerhaven since 1927. This and other parts of Bremerhaven owned by the city of Bremen are known as "stadtbremisch". To complicate matters, a treaty between the two cities (as mentioned in Section 8 of Bremerhaven's municipal constitution) makes Bremerhaven responsible for the municipal administration of those parts owned directly by Bremen.The port of Bremerhaven is the sixteenth-largest container port in the world and the fourth-largest in Europe with of cargo handled in 2007 and 5,5 million in 2015. The container terminal is situated on the bank of the river Weser opening to the North Sea. In the wet dock parts, accessible by two large locks, more than 2 million cars are imported or exported every year with 2,3 million in 2014. Bremerhaven imports and exports more cars than any other city in Europe. Another million tons of "High-and-Heavy" goods are handled with ro-ro ships. In 2011 a new panamax-sized lock has replaced the 1897 "Kaiserschleuse", then the largest lock worldwide.Bremerhaven has a temperate maritime climate; severe frost and heat waves with temperatures above are rare. On average, the city receives about of precipitation distributed throughout the year, with a slight peak in the summer months between June and August.The hottest temperature ever recorded was on 9 August 1992, and the coldest was on 25 February 1956.Due to its unique geographic situation, Bremerhaven suffers from a few transportational difficulties. The city has been connected to the autobahn network since the late 1970s. The A 27 runs north–south, east of the city, connecting Bremerhaven to Bremen and Cuxhaven. Road connections to Hamburg, however, are poor. The Bundesstraße 71 and secondary roads therefore carry most of the heavy lorry traffic. A proposed solution is the construction of the A 22, the so-called "Küstenautobahn" (or "coastal motorway"), which would link Bremerhaven to Hamburg and Wilhelmshaven/Oldenburg (using the Weser tunnel). Roads leading to the overseas port are regularly overloaded with freight traffic, and solutions are presently being discussed, including a deep-cut road favoured by the city government and various interest groups.Bremerhaven has three active passenger rail stations, Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof in the city centre, Bremerhaven-Lehe north of the centre and Bremerhaven-Wulsdorf in the southern part of the city. A fourth station, Bremerhaven-Speckenbüttel near the border to Langen has been out of service since 1988, though it might reopen when the Bremen S-Bahn scheme becomes operational. Bremerhaven's central station lost its last long-distance train in 2001. Now only regional connections to Bremen, Cuxhaven, Osnabrück and Hannover are available. The railways in Bremerhaven, however, still carry a heavy load of freight traffic, mostly new cars, containers and food.Bremerhaven owned a tram from 1881 to 1982.In the heyday, 1949, there were 6 lines.The last line was the 2 from the north of the city to the main train station. The tram was shut down on July 30, 1982.Bremerhaven has 2020 a bus network with 19 bus lines operated by BREMERHAVEN BUS. 2 of the bus lines are night lines that only go on weekends. In addition, there is the so-called "Schnellbus-Line S", which serves selected stops and is therefore faster. BREMERHAVEN BUS operates up to 87 regular buses through the company "Verkehrsgesellschaft Bremerhaven AG (VGB)". There are numerous regional buses operated by other companies that depart from Bremerhaven Central Station, to Bad Bederkesa, Beverstedt, Hagen, Nordholz and Otterndorf. In addition, Bremerhaven is also served by buses from Flixbus.Bremerhaven has only a few historical buildings, and the high street and city centre are almost entirely post-war. The main attractions for tourists are found at the "Havenwelten" and include an attraction about climate change, the , the German Emigration Center (since August 8, 2005) and the German Maritime Museum ("Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum") by Hans Scharoun from 1975, featuring the Hansekogge, a vintage cog dating from 1380, excavated in Bremen in 1962, and the historical harbour ("Museumshafen") with a number of museum ships, such as the Type XXI U-boat "Wilhelm Bauer" (a museum of its own), the "Seute Deern" (a wooden three-masted sailing vessel), and the salvage tug "Seefalke" from 1924. The "Bremerhaven Zoo" reopened on 27 March 2004, after a lengthy renovation. It features Arctic wildlife, both terrestrial and marine. The latest addition is the "Klimahaus" from 2009, simulating travel adventure along the 8th line of longitude and dealing with climate issues. Two gazebos can be found on top of the "Atlantic Hotel Sail City" and the Radar Tower. Another tourist spot is the "Fischereihafen" (fishing port) in Geestemünde which also houses an aquarium (the Atlanticum). The Lloyd Werft shipyard is renowned for building and renovating large cruise liners, for example "Norway".Every five years Sail Bremerhaven is held, a large sailing convention that attracts tall ships from all over the world. The last time it was held was in 2015 with over 270 vessels and 3,500 crew members. In 2011 Bremerhaven set the record for the largest ever parade of boats, with 327 vessels in the parade. This record was broken in 2012 by the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, with 1,000 boats.The passenger terminal "Columbuskaje", built at the Weser bank in 1927 to avoid time-absorbing locking, has been transferred into a cruise terminal (Columbus Cruise Center Bremerhaven/CCCB). Also three marinas are available, the latest accessible through a new lock at "Neuer Hafen".Bremerhaven has a city council with 49 members. It also elects 15 members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen.The Fischtown Pinguins, also known as REV Bremerhaven, are a professional ice hockey team in the DEL, Germany's top ice hockey league.Eisbären Bremerhaven (Polar Bears), founded 2001, is a basketball team playing in the German second-tier level league ProA.The American Football team is the Bremerhaven Seahawks which play in the German Regio Nord of the 3rd League. The Seahawks are the second oldest team in Germany.Local association football clubs are Leher TS, SFL Bremerhaven and until 2012 FC Bremerhaven. TSV Wulsdorf and OSC Bremerhaven also have a football teams but as part of a multi-sport club.Bremerhaven is home to the Alfred Wegener Institute, a national research institute which is concerned with maritime sciences and climate and keeps a number of research vessels, amongst them the heavy research icebreaker RV Polarstern. It also runs the Neumayer-Station III in the Antarctic.The Fraunhofer Society maintains research laboratories in Bremerhaven for development and testing of Wind Power components.The German Maritime Museum is part of the German Leibniz Association.The (Hochschule Bremerhaven) was founded in 1975 and is expanding since with more than 3.000 students in 2009. The university is attended by a large number of overseas students from all over the world. Among the courses offered are Process Engineering, Information Technology and the BA Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Leadership programme, the first programme modelled after the Finnisch Team Academy format in a German language higher education institution.Bremerhaven is twinned with:The three roads connecting the city of Bremerhaven to the Autobahn 27 consequently are named after the original three twin towns:In addition to that there are also streets which earlier had been named after Szczecin (Stettiner Straße) and Kaliningrad (Königsberger Straße). | [
"Manfred Richter",
"Melf Grantz",
"Bodo Selge",
"Werner Lenz",
"Helmut Andreas Koch",
"Karl Willms",
"Jörg Schulz"
] |
|
Which position did Malcolm Rifkind hold in Jan, 1991? | January 21, 1991 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Transport"
]
} | L2_Q333487_P39_8 | Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jul, 1995 to May, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Minister of State for Europe from Jun, 1983 to Jan, 1986.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 2015 to Mar, 2015.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Scotland from Jan, 1986 to Nov, 1990.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from Apr, 1982 to Jun, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from May, 2005 to Dec, 2005.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Apr, 1992 to Jul, 1995.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Transport from Nov, 1990 to Apr, 1992. | Malcolm RifkindSir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British politician who served in various roles as a Cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major, including Secretary of State for Scotland (1986–1990), Defence Secretary (1992–1995), and Foreign Secretary (1995–1997).Rifkind was the MP for Edinburgh Pentlands from 1974 to 1997. In 1997, his party lost power and he lost his seat to the Labour Party. He attempted, unsuccessfully, to be re-elected in Pentlands in 2001; the constituency was abolished before the 2005 general election and he was adopted, and subsequently elected, as the Conservative candidate for Kensington and Chelsea. He announced his intention to seek the leadership of the party before the 2005 Conservative Party leadership election, but withdrew before polling commenced.Rifkind stood for the Kensington seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a majority of 8,616 votes. He was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010. In January 2015 he was appointed by the OSCE as a member of their Eminent Persons Panel on European Security. He did not stand in the 2015 general election. In December 2015, Rifkind was appointed a Visiting Professor by King's College, London in their Department of War Studies. He was invited to become a Distinguished Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). In July 2016, his memoirs, "Power and Pragmatism", were published. In December 2020 the University of London appointed Rifkind as Chairman of an Inquiry into the future of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies.The University agreed to suspend its proposal to close the Institute while the Inquiry was considering the future of Commonwealth studies in the University.Rifkind was born in Edinburgh to a Jewish family that emigrated to Britain in the 1890s from Lithuania; among his cousins were Leon and Samuel Brittan. He was educated at George Watson's College and the University of Edinburgh where he studied law before taking a postgraduate degree in political science (his thesis was on land apportionment in Southern Rhodesia). While at university he took part in an overland expedition to the Middle East and India. He also appeared on "University Challenge".He worked as an Assistant Lecturer at the University College of Rhodesia in Salisbury (now Harare) from 1967 to 1968. He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1970 and practised full-time as an Advocate until 1974. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1985 and a member of the Privy Council in 1986. From 1970 to 1974 he was a member of Edinburgh City Council.Rifkind first stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully, in 1970 in the Edinburgh Central constituency. He entered Parliament in the February 1974 general election representing Edinburgh Pentlands for the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party. During the leadership election in 1975, he supported Edward Heath in the first round but when Heath withdrew Rifkind voted for Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher, on becoming leader, appointed Rifkind an Opposition front-bench spokesman on Scottish Affairs. He subsequently resigned from that position (along with the Shadow Scottish Secretary, Alick Buchanan-Smith) in protest at the decision of the Shadow Cabinet to vote against the Government's Bill for a Scottish Assembly. Rifkind argued that as, at that time, the Conservative Party supported the principle of a Scottish Assembly, it would have been preferable either to vote for the Second Reading of the Bill or to abstain, and try to improve the Bill. In the subsequent referendum on a Scottish Assembly, Rifkind voted in favour, but withdrew his support when the result of the referendum showed Scotland almost equally divided over the proposal.Rifkind was one of only five Ministers (Tony Newton, Kenneth Clarke, Patrick Mayhew and Lynda Chalker are the others) to serve throughout the whole 18 years of the Governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. This represents the longest uninterrupted Ministerial service in Britain since Lord Palmerston in the early 19th century.He was appointed Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office in the 1979 Thatcher Government. In that role, he was responsible for the passage of the Tenants' Rights (Scotland) Act which resulted in a massive increase of home ownership in Scotland as council tenants bought their homes. He was also responsible, under the Secretary of State George Younger, for relations with local government and for the police and prisons.In 1982, at the time of the Falklands War, he was transferred to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, being promoted to Minister of State at the Foreign Office in 1983. At the Foreign Office, he served first under Francis Pym and then Sir Geoffrey Howe. Rifkind was responsible for Britain's relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the European Community, and sub-Saharan Africa. He assisted Sir Geoffrey Howe in persuading Thatcher to change the Government's policy on the Soviet Union, attended the Chequers meeting which decided to invite Soviet leaders to the United Kingdom, and was present at Chequers when Thatcher had her first meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev and decided that he was a Soviet leader with whom "she could do business".Rifkind also had strong links with the Solidarity movement in Poland. In 1984, he made a Ministerial visit to Poland. Against the wishes of General Jaruzelski, the Polish Communist President, he insisted on laying a wreath at the grave of the murdered Polish priest Father Jerzy Popiełuszko, and had a meeting with three of the leaders of the banned Solidarity movement. Jaruzelski attacked Rifkind and cancelled a meeting he was due to have with him but Rifkind's meeting with Solidarity created a precedent that was followed by the West German Foreign Minister, Hans-Dietrich Genscher and other Western ministers. This helped force the Polish Government to remove the ban on Solidarity and acknowledge the need for political reform and pluralism. Rifkind was, subsequently, decorated by the non-communist democratic Polish Government for his support. Rifkind, as Minister responsible for the European Community, was appointed by the Prime Minister as her personal representative on the Dooge Committee of the European Community. The Report of the Committee helped prepare the way for the development of the Single European Market.In 1986 he was promoted into the cabinet as Secretary of State for Scotland. He gained a reputation as being a moderate voice on social and economic issues, and sometimes had disputes with Margaret Thatcher. As Secretary of State, he initiated major reforms in Scotland. These included the privatisation of the Scottish electricity industry and the Scottish Transport Group. He created Scottish Homes as the Government's housing agency; and Scottish Natural Heritage which combined both the Countryside Commission for Scotland and the Nature Conservancy Council. He also transformed the Scottish Development Agency into Scottish Enterprise with much greater private sector involvement. When Rifkind became Secretary of State his first task was to defuse a teachers dispute which was crippling Scottish education. He also sought to help the Ravenscraig steel mill which was threatened with closure. Rifkind opposed closure by the Government arguing that the whole steel industry should be privatised and that the future of individual plants would be determined by the companies that owned them in the private sector.One of Rifkind's most difficult challenges was the demand from the public for the abolition of the domestic rates system. He supported the introduction of the Poll Tax, which the Cabinet had approved shortly before his appointment. He also agreed with the decision proposed by his predecessor, George Younger, that the new tax should be introduced a year earlier in Scotland than in England because of the political necessity to end the domestic rates. Rifkind subsequently accepted that the poll tax had been a major mistake by the Government. Throughout his term as Scottish Secretary, Rifkind, like Younger before him, and Ian Lang and Michael Forsyth in later years, was constrained by the political weakness of the Conservative Party in Scotland unlike in England. This problem was the underlying reason for his differences with Margaret Thatcher which increased, significantly, towards the end of her Prime Ministership. When Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the Leadership of the Conservative Party, Rifkind voted for her. During the tense period that followed the first round of voting Rifkind was one of those who advised Thatcher that it would be best for her to stand down, and did not promise to support her if she stood for election. Thatcher considered his action treachery. In the subsequent Leadership election, he supported Douglas Hurd.In 1990, he was moved by John Major to be Secretary of State for Transport. One of his first responsibilities was to go into the Channel Tunnel, which was being constructed, and witness the first physical contact between those tunnelling from the French and British ends of the tunnel. One of his main priorities as Transport Secretary was to take forward the policy proposals for the privatisation of the railways. Rifkind supported privatisation but concluded that it would be a mistake to separate ownership of the infrastructure from the operating companies as track costs were a large percentage of their unavoidable costs. This view brought him into conflict with the Treasury and meant that Conservative proposals for privatisation were not ready by the time of the 1992 general election. The Prime Minister favoured the Treasury argument that competition between railway companies would be discouraged if one company owned the track. Rifkind maintained that the competition to rail would come from air and road and not from other rail companies. After Rifkind left the Ministry of Transport in 1992, the Treasury view prevailed, and this led to the creation of Railtrack.Rifkind was appointed Secretary of State for Defence after the 1992 general election. Although he had no military background, he was a firm believer in strong defence and armed forces with a global capability. One of his early decisions was to reverse the proposed disbandment of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Regiment and the Royal Scots and Kings Own Scottish Borderers. In 1994, he was faced with Treasury demands for major cuts in the Defence budget. In order to protect the fighting capability of the armed forces, he negotiated a settlement with the Treasury whereby he would deliver savings greater than they were demanding but that he would be allowed to keep the additional savings and use them for the purchase of new military equipment for each of the three Services. He had already won the support of the Chiefs of Staff for this approach which provided an incentive for their cooperation in making the necessary economies. The outcome was the Front Line First Report, which was well-received both in Parliament and in the Armed Forces. However, some of its proposals, particularly in regard to defence medical services were, in later years, subjected to heavy criticism. With some of the additional savings that had been found Rifkind was able to secure the agreement of the United States to British purchase of cruise missiles. The United Kingdom was, at that time, the only country to which the Americans were willing to sell cruise missiles. Rifkind also reformed the Reserve Forces and initiated the policy review which led to the TA and other Reservists being able to be used in operations abroad without the need for full mobilization of the whole Territorial Army as had been needed in the past.One of the most difficult problems that Rifkind dealt with as Defence Secretary was British involvement in the Bosnian war in former Yugoslavia. Like John Major and the Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd, Rifkind was opposed to military intervention by Britain and the international community as combatants in that conflict. However, he supported the use of British troops and those from other countries to protect humanitarian food convoys that were protecting hundreds of thousands of civilians. Rifkind was a strong and vocal opponent of the American proposal for "lift and strike" which would have ended the UN Arms Embargo and subjected the Bosnian Serbs to NATO bombing from the air. Rifkind agreed with the UN and European view that such bombing would be incompatible with a UN mission on the ground and would necessitate the ending of that mission. Rifkind expressed these views publicly in Washington as well as in London. Although the United States was increasingly frustrated and concerned at this impasse it did not do lasting damage to US-British relations as evidenced by the American willingness to sell cruise missiles to the United Kingdom.In the final years of the Major administration, Rifkind was the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. One of his first duties was to chair the London Summit on Bosnia which put much greater pressure on the Bosnian Serbs in the aftermath of the Srebrenica massacre and led, in due course, to the Dayton Accord which ended the fighting. As Foreign Secretary, on 24 September 1996, Rifkind addressed the United Nations General Assembly and called for a UN Declaration barring political asylum for terrorists, arguing that they should not be able to benefit from the provisions of the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees to secure political asylum. In the same speech, he emphasised Britain's commitment to the goal of global free trade by 2020 and said all governments should liberalise their economies and lift trading restrictions.In the Middle East, Rifkind committed the British Government, for the first time, to a Palestinian State on the West Bank and in Gaza. He also, in a speech in the Gulf, called for a Middle Eastern equivalent of the OSCE to enable dialogue to take place, at the regional level between Israel and its Arab neighbours as well as between Iran and the Arab world. One of his main duties were the final negotiations with China over the transfer of Hong Kong. Rifkind had several meetings with the Chinese Foreign Minister both in Beijing and in London, as well as with the Hong Kong Governor, Chris Patten, and elected Hong Kong politicians. Rifkind also, as Foreign Secretary, called for the creation of a North Atlantic Free Trade Area that would have created a free trade relationship between the European Union and the United States and Canada.At the 1997 general election, he lost his Pentlands seat in common with all Conservatives in Scotland (and Wales), and was succeeded by Labour candidate Lynda Clark. Rifkind was one of the few MPs to try again in his old seat, rather than seeking a safer one, standing again for Edinburgh Pentlands against Clark in the 2001 general election; although he improved his showing somewhat, he was unable to overturn the sizeable 10.6% majority in an election where the Conservatives made little progress. During this time, he remained politically active, as president of the Scottish Conservatives, and used his position outside Westminster to criticise the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the Blair Government's support of it. At the time, the Conservative Party was staunchly in support of the invasion.After the 1997 general election, Rifkind was offered a peerage which he declined. He received a knighthood in John Major's resignation honours, becoming a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), in recognition of his work for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.At the 2005 general election, he returned to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for the London constituency of Kensington and Chelsea with a majority of 12,418.On 8 June 2005, a month after the Conservative defeat at the 2005 general election, Rifkind stated that it was "quite likely" that he would stand for the leadership after Michael Howard's resignation. Rifkind subsequently confirmed this on 14 August, although admitting that he had a "mountain to climb", and receiving sparse support amongst Conservative MPs, with several exceptions, such as Crispin Blunt.Despite this, Rifkind went through to the "conference stage" of the leadership process, in which each candidate was given speaking time to address the Conservative Party Conference directly. In his speech, Rifkind declared that Conservatives had to be "pragmatic, sensitive, and moderate", and stress their "unique combination of principle and patriotism". The speech won eight rounds of applause from the conference, with nearly a minute-long finale.The speech did not galvanise Rifkind's candidacy, however, which had always been regarded as a long shot – bookmakers had him at 50–1 and a poll found that only 4% of Conservative voters supported his candidacy. Consequently, on 11 October 2005 he announced that he was withdrawing from the leadership contest and that he would be supporting Kenneth Clarke's candidacy, acknowledging that "There is no realistic prospect of me coming through". In endorsing Clarke, Rifkind stated that he was "head and shoulders" above the other candidates, and had both the experience and popular appeal to take on Labour.On 7 December 2005, he left the Conservative front bench as incoming leader David Cameron formed his team. Rifkind admitted that he had not wished to remain a Shadow Cabinet minister unless in the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary, but this post had gone to William Hague. Rifkind declared his loyalty to the new party leader and remains one of the Conservative Party's most experienced senior figures.In December 2008, he became a leading spokesman of the Global Zero movement, which includes over 300 eminent leaders and over 400,000 citizens from around the world working toward the elimination of all nuclear weapons by multilateral negotiation. In July 2010, he was appointed by the Secretary General of the Commonwealth as a member of the Eminent Persons Group, chaired by a former Prime Minister of Malaysia, which has been requested to report to the next Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting on recommendations for the future revitalisation of the Commonwealth.He was Chairman of the Standards and Privileges Committee of the House of Commons until the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010. When the Kensington and Chelsea constituency was realigned to create the new seats of Chelsea and Fulham and Kensington, Rifkind stood for the latter seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a 50.1% share of the total votes cast, and a majority of 8,616 votes.Rifkind was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010, a post he held until 24 February 2015. As Chairman of the ISC Rifkind presided over the transformation of the Committee's powers to ensure that it had effective oversight of MI5, MI6 and GCHQ. He persuaded the Government to introduce legislation which enabled the ISC, for the first time, to be able to require, rather than request, the intelligence agencies to provide any highly classified material required by the ISC. The legislation also gave the ISC, for the first time, explicit authority to provide oversight over the operations of the intelligence agencies rather than just their policy, resources and organisation. During his period as Chairman the ISC held its first ever public sessions including a live televised session with the heads of MI5, MI6, and GCHQ.On 28 August 2013 Rifkind appeared to modify his anti-war principles by advocating British military intervention in the Syrian civil war, subject to certain important caveats. He stated that the best response to proof of the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons against its own people would be United Nations Security Council approval of proportionate and limited military action, but that securing unanimity in the Council would be unlikely, given the near-certainty of a Russian veto. He believed that, in such a case, if there were to be a broad international consensus for such military action, including among the nations of the Arab League, that the international community should not be 'paralysed' by a failure to act, and that the action should be used to target Syrian Government military sites. He believed its purpose should be to deter the Syrian Government from using such weapons again, and to indicate that wider action would be undertaken were it to do so. Writing in "The Guardian", he accused the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad of being willing to "do anything that they think they can get away with to stay in power", but then claimed that for Britain, in the event of broad international consensus for military action against the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons, there was "no choice but to take military action with or without a UN mandate".On 18 March 2014, during an interview with CBC Radio News, Rifkind spoke out against the Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, stating that this risked destabilising the entire area and European politics in general. In his opinion, Ukrainian forces had demonstrated "remarkable restraint" against Russian "humiliation", and had turned their military disadvantage into a substantial "moral advantage". While declaring "robust economic sanctions" to be the best response to Crimean situation, and describing a number of possible options, he nevertheless referred to the Western implementation as "pathetic", claiming that current measures affected a mere 23 individuals, and inferred this to be the reason why Russia seemed unfazed by sanction threats. Because of his criticism of Russian action in Crimea and eastern Ukraine Rifkind was included in a list of senior European politicians and former Ministers banned from visiting Russia. Rifkind responded by saying that if there had to be such a list he was proud to be on it.In November 2014, the ISC published its report on the murder of Lee Rigby, on which he said of Facebook:The obligatory internet rights group warned against co-opting companies and turning them into an arm of the surveillance state, and David Cameron vowed to take action. The committee noted the problem to be acute but were somewhat assuaged by the appointment of the Special Envoy on intelligence and law enforcement data sharing and by the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014; they also suggested that government should prioritise the issue with the National Security Council.In early 2015, Rifkind had discussions with what he thought were representatives of a Chinese company that wanted to set up an advisory council. They turned out to be journalists for "The Daily Telegraph" and Channel 4 News who recorded the conversations. As a result, the Conservative party whip was suspended from Rifkind while the matter was investigated.On 24 February 2015 Rifkind stepped down from his position as Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee while remaining on the Committee. Shortly afterwards he announced that he would not stand as a candidate for his constituency of Kensington at the 2015 general election. The former foreign secretary said it was "quite obvious" that allegations made following an undercover sting had "become an issue". Rifkind said he had stepped aside as chair of the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) because he did not want the work of the committee to be "distracted". Speaking to reporters after a meeting of the ISC, he said: "I don't think I did anything wrong. I may have made errors of judgement, but that's a different matter." In September 2015 the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Standards Committee of Parliament concluded after a seven-month investigation that there had been no impropriety by Rifkind. They severely criticised Channel 4 Dispatches and the Daily Telegraph for "distortion", and for "misleading the public". Media regulator Ofcom however took a different view, judging in December 2015 that the journalists had investigated a matter of significant public interest and that their presentation had been fair.Rifkind married Edith Steinberg in London in 1970, and they are the parents of Caroline, and "The Times" columnist Hugo Rifkind. He is also related to his late Conservative government colleague Leon Brittan, and is a second cousin once removed of producer and DJ Mark Ronson.Lady Rifkind died in 2019 at the age of 72. | [
"Minister of State for Europe",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Scotland",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Malcolm Rifkind hold in 1991-01-21? | January 21, 1991 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Transport"
]
} | L2_Q333487_P39_8 | Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jul, 1995 to May, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Minister of State for Europe from Jun, 1983 to Jan, 1986.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 2015 to Mar, 2015.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Scotland from Jan, 1986 to Nov, 1990.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from Apr, 1982 to Jun, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from May, 2005 to Dec, 2005.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Apr, 1992 to Jul, 1995.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Transport from Nov, 1990 to Apr, 1992. | Malcolm RifkindSir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British politician who served in various roles as a Cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major, including Secretary of State for Scotland (1986–1990), Defence Secretary (1992–1995), and Foreign Secretary (1995–1997).Rifkind was the MP for Edinburgh Pentlands from 1974 to 1997. In 1997, his party lost power and he lost his seat to the Labour Party. He attempted, unsuccessfully, to be re-elected in Pentlands in 2001; the constituency was abolished before the 2005 general election and he was adopted, and subsequently elected, as the Conservative candidate for Kensington and Chelsea. He announced his intention to seek the leadership of the party before the 2005 Conservative Party leadership election, but withdrew before polling commenced.Rifkind stood for the Kensington seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a majority of 8,616 votes. He was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010. In January 2015 he was appointed by the OSCE as a member of their Eminent Persons Panel on European Security. He did not stand in the 2015 general election. In December 2015, Rifkind was appointed a Visiting Professor by King's College, London in their Department of War Studies. He was invited to become a Distinguished Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). In July 2016, his memoirs, "Power and Pragmatism", were published. In December 2020 the University of London appointed Rifkind as Chairman of an Inquiry into the future of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies.The University agreed to suspend its proposal to close the Institute while the Inquiry was considering the future of Commonwealth studies in the University.Rifkind was born in Edinburgh to a Jewish family that emigrated to Britain in the 1890s from Lithuania; among his cousins were Leon and Samuel Brittan. He was educated at George Watson's College and the University of Edinburgh where he studied law before taking a postgraduate degree in political science (his thesis was on land apportionment in Southern Rhodesia). While at university he took part in an overland expedition to the Middle East and India. He also appeared on "University Challenge".He worked as an Assistant Lecturer at the University College of Rhodesia in Salisbury (now Harare) from 1967 to 1968. He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1970 and practised full-time as an Advocate until 1974. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1985 and a member of the Privy Council in 1986. From 1970 to 1974 he was a member of Edinburgh City Council.Rifkind first stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully, in 1970 in the Edinburgh Central constituency. He entered Parliament in the February 1974 general election representing Edinburgh Pentlands for the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party. During the leadership election in 1975, he supported Edward Heath in the first round but when Heath withdrew Rifkind voted for Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher, on becoming leader, appointed Rifkind an Opposition front-bench spokesman on Scottish Affairs. He subsequently resigned from that position (along with the Shadow Scottish Secretary, Alick Buchanan-Smith) in protest at the decision of the Shadow Cabinet to vote against the Government's Bill for a Scottish Assembly. Rifkind argued that as, at that time, the Conservative Party supported the principle of a Scottish Assembly, it would have been preferable either to vote for the Second Reading of the Bill or to abstain, and try to improve the Bill. In the subsequent referendum on a Scottish Assembly, Rifkind voted in favour, but withdrew his support when the result of the referendum showed Scotland almost equally divided over the proposal.Rifkind was one of only five Ministers (Tony Newton, Kenneth Clarke, Patrick Mayhew and Lynda Chalker are the others) to serve throughout the whole 18 years of the Governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. This represents the longest uninterrupted Ministerial service in Britain since Lord Palmerston in the early 19th century.He was appointed Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office in the 1979 Thatcher Government. In that role, he was responsible for the passage of the Tenants' Rights (Scotland) Act which resulted in a massive increase of home ownership in Scotland as council tenants bought their homes. He was also responsible, under the Secretary of State George Younger, for relations with local government and for the police and prisons.In 1982, at the time of the Falklands War, he was transferred to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, being promoted to Minister of State at the Foreign Office in 1983. At the Foreign Office, he served first under Francis Pym and then Sir Geoffrey Howe. Rifkind was responsible for Britain's relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the European Community, and sub-Saharan Africa. He assisted Sir Geoffrey Howe in persuading Thatcher to change the Government's policy on the Soviet Union, attended the Chequers meeting which decided to invite Soviet leaders to the United Kingdom, and was present at Chequers when Thatcher had her first meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev and decided that he was a Soviet leader with whom "she could do business".Rifkind also had strong links with the Solidarity movement in Poland. In 1984, he made a Ministerial visit to Poland. Against the wishes of General Jaruzelski, the Polish Communist President, he insisted on laying a wreath at the grave of the murdered Polish priest Father Jerzy Popiełuszko, and had a meeting with three of the leaders of the banned Solidarity movement. Jaruzelski attacked Rifkind and cancelled a meeting he was due to have with him but Rifkind's meeting with Solidarity created a precedent that was followed by the West German Foreign Minister, Hans-Dietrich Genscher and other Western ministers. This helped force the Polish Government to remove the ban on Solidarity and acknowledge the need for political reform and pluralism. Rifkind was, subsequently, decorated by the non-communist democratic Polish Government for his support. Rifkind, as Minister responsible for the European Community, was appointed by the Prime Minister as her personal representative on the Dooge Committee of the European Community. The Report of the Committee helped prepare the way for the development of the Single European Market.In 1986 he was promoted into the cabinet as Secretary of State for Scotland. He gained a reputation as being a moderate voice on social and economic issues, and sometimes had disputes with Margaret Thatcher. As Secretary of State, he initiated major reforms in Scotland. These included the privatisation of the Scottish electricity industry and the Scottish Transport Group. He created Scottish Homes as the Government's housing agency; and Scottish Natural Heritage which combined both the Countryside Commission for Scotland and the Nature Conservancy Council. He also transformed the Scottish Development Agency into Scottish Enterprise with much greater private sector involvement. When Rifkind became Secretary of State his first task was to defuse a teachers dispute which was crippling Scottish education. He also sought to help the Ravenscraig steel mill which was threatened with closure. Rifkind opposed closure by the Government arguing that the whole steel industry should be privatised and that the future of individual plants would be determined by the companies that owned them in the private sector.One of Rifkind's most difficult challenges was the demand from the public for the abolition of the domestic rates system. He supported the introduction of the Poll Tax, which the Cabinet had approved shortly before his appointment. He also agreed with the decision proposed by his predecessor, George Younger, that the new tax should be introduced a year earlier in Scotland than in England because of the political necessity to end the domestic rates. Rifkind subsequently accepted that the poll tax had been a major mistake by the Government. Throughout his term as Scottish Secretary, Rifkind, like Younger before him, and Ian Lang and Michael Forsyth in later years, was constrained by the political weakness of the Conservative Party in Scotland unlike in England. This problem was the underlying reason for his differences with Margaret Thatcher which increased, significantly, towards the end of her Prime Ministership. When Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the Leadership of the Conservative Party, Rifkind voted for her. During the tense period that followed the first round of voting Rifkind was one of those who advised Thatcher that it would be best for her to stand down, and did not promise to support her if she stood for election. Thatcher considered his action treachery. In the subsequent Leadership election, he supported Douglas Hurd.In 1990, he was moved by John Major to be Secretary of State for Transport. One of his first responsibilities was to go into the Channel Tunnel, which was being constructed, and witness the first physical contact between those tunnelling from the French and British ends of the tunnel. One of his main priorities as Transport Secretary was to take forward the policy proposals for the privatisation of the railways. Rifkind supported privatisation but concluded that it would be a mistake to separate ownership of the infrastructure from the operating companies as track costs were a large percentage of their unavoidable costs. This view brought him into conflict with the Treasury and meant that Conservative proposals for privatisation were not ready by the time of the 1992 general election. The Prime Minister favoured the Treasury argument that competition between railway companies would be discouraged if one company owned the track. Rifkind maintained that the competition to rail would come from air and road and not from other rail companies. After Rifkind left the Ministry of Transport in 1992, the Treasury view prevailed, and this led to the creation of Railtrack.Rifkind was appointed Secretary of State for Defence after the 1992 general election. Although he had no military background, he was a firm believer in strong defence and armed forces with a global capability. One of his early decisions was to reverse the proposed disbandment of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Regiment and the Royal Scots and Kings Own Scottish Borderers. In 1994, he was faced with Treasury demands for major cuts in the Defence budget. In order to protect the fighting capability of the armed forces, he negotiated a settlement with the Treasury whereby he would deliver savings greater than they were demanding but that he would be allowed to keep the additional savings and use them for the purchase of new military equipment for each of the three Services. He had already won the support of the Chiefs of Staff for this approach which provided an incentive for their cooperation in making the necessary economies. The outcome was the Front Line First Report, which was well-received both in Parliament and in the Armed Forces. However, some of its proposals, particularly in regard to defence medical services were, in later years, subjected to heavy criticism. With some of the additional savings that had been found Rifkind was able to secure the agreement of the United States to British purchase of cruise missiles. The United Kingdom was, at that time, the only country to which the Americans were willing to sell cruise missiles. Rifkind also reformed the Reserve Forces and initiated the policy review which led to the TA and other Reservists being able to be used in operations abroad without the need for full mobilization of the whole Territorial Army as had been needed in the past.One of the most difficult problems that Rifkind dealt with as Defence Secretary was British involvement in the Bosnian war in former Yugoslavia. Like John Major and the Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd, Rifkind was opposed to military intervention by Britain and the international community as combatants in that conflict. However, he supported the use of British troops and those from other countries to protect humanitarian food convoys that were protecting hundreds of thousands of civilians. Rifkind was a strong and vocal opponent of the American proposal for "lift and strike" which would have ended the UN Arms Embargo and subjected the Bosnian Serbs to NATO bombing from the air. Rifkind agreed with the UN and European view that such bombing would be incompatible with a UN mission on the ground and would necessitate the ending of that mission. Rifkind expressed these views publicly in Washington as well as in London. Although the United States was increasingly frustrated and concerned at this impasse it did not do lasting damage to US-British relations as evidenced by the American willingness to sell cruise missiles to the United Kingdom.In the final years of the Major administration, Rifkind was the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. One of his first duties was to chair the London Summit on Bosnia which put much greater pressure on the Bosnian Serbs in the aftermath of the Srebrenica massacre and led, in due course, to the Dayton Accord which ended the fighting. As Foreign Secretary, on 24 September 1996, Rifkind addressed the United Nations General Assembly and called for a UN Declaration barring political asylum for terrorists, arguing that they should not be able to benefit from the provisions of the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees to secure political asylum. In the same speech, he emphasised Britain's commitment to the goal of global free trade by 2020 and said all governments should liberalise their economies and lift trading restrictions.In the Middle East, Rifkind committed the British Government, for the first time, to a Palestinian State on the West Bank and in Gaza. He also, in a speech in the Gulf, called for a Middle Eastern equivalent of the OSCE to enable dialogue to take place, at the regional level between Israel and its Arab neighbours as well as between Iran and the Arab world. One of his main duties were the final negotiations with China over the transfer of Hong Kong. Rifkind had several meetings with the Chinese Foreign Minister both in Beijing and in London, as well as with the Hong Kong Governor, Chris Patten, and elected Hong Kong politicians. Rifkind also, as Foreign Secretary, called for the creation of a North Atlantic Free Trade Area that would have created a free trade relationship between the European Union and the United States and Canada.At the 1997 general election, he lost his Pentlands seat in common with all Conservatives in Scotland (and Wales), and was succeeded by Labour candidate Lynda Clark. Rifkind was one of the few MPs to try again in his old seat, rather than seeking a safer one, standing again for Edinburgh Pentlands against Clark in the 2001 general election; although he improved his showing somewhat, he was unable to overturn the sizeable 10.6% majority in an election where the Conservatives made little progress. During this time, he remained politically active, as president of the Scottish Conservatives, and used his position outside Westminster to criticise the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the Blair Government's support of it. At the time, the Conservative Party was staunchly in support of the invasion.After the 1997 general election, Rifkind was offered a peerage which he declined. He received a knighthood in John Major's resignation honours, becoming a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), in recognition of his work for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.At the 2005 general election, he returned to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for the London constituency of Kensington and Chelsea with a majority of 12,418.On 8 June 2005, a month after the Conservative defeat at the 2005 general election, Rifkind stated that it was "quite likely" that he would stand for the leadership after Michael Howard's resignation. Rifkind subsequently confirmed this on 14 August, although admitting that he had a "mountain to climb", and receiving sparse support amongst Conservative MPs, with several exceptions, such as Crispin Blunt.Despite this, Rifkind went through to the "conference stage" of the leadership process, in which each candidate was given speaking time to address the Conservative Party Conference directly. In his speech, Rifkind declared that Conservatives had to be "pragmatic, sensitive, and moderate", and stress their "unique combination of principle and patriotism". The speech won eight rounds of applause from the conference, with nearly a minute-long finale.The speech did not galvanise Rifkind's candidacy, however, which had always been regarded as a long shot – bookmakers had him at 50–1 and a poll found that only 4% of Conservative voters supported his candidacy. Consequently, on 11 October 2005 he announced that he was withdrawing from the leadership contest and that he would be supporting Kenneth Clarke's candidacy, acknowledging that "There is no realistic prospect of me coming through". In endorsing Clarke, Rifkind stated that he was "head and shoulders" above the other candidates, and had both the experience and popular appeal to take on Labour.On 7 December 2005, he left the Conservative front bench as incoming leader David Cameron formed his team. Rifkind admitted that he had not wished to remain a Shadow Cabinet minister unless in the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary, but this post had gone to William Hague. Rifkind declared his loyalty to the new party leader and remains one of the Conservative Party's most experienced senior figures.In December 2008, he became a leading spokesman of the Global Zero movement, which includes over 300 eminent leaders and over 400,000 citizens from around the world working toward the elimination of all nuclear weapons by multilateral negotiation. In July 2010, he was appointed by the Secretary General of the Commonwealth as a member of the Eminent Persons Group, chaired by a former Prime Minister of Malaysia, which has been requested to report to the next Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting on recommendations for the future revitalisation of the Commonwealth.He was Chairman of the Standards and Privileges Committee of the House of Commons until the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010. When the Kensington and Chelsea constituency was realigned to create the new seats of Chelsea and Fulham and Kensington, Rifkind stood for the latter seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a 50.1% share of the total votes cast, and a majority of 8,616 votes.Rifkind was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010, a post he held until 24 February 2015. As Chairman of the ISC Rifkind presided over the transformation of the Committee's powers to ensure that it had effective oversight of MI5, MI6 and GCHQ. He persuaded the Government to introduce legislation which enabled the ISC, for the first time, to be able to require, rather than request, the intelligence agencies to provide any highly classified material required by the ISC. The legislation also gave the ISC, for the first time, explicit authority to provide oversight over the operations of the intelligence agencies rather than just their policy, resources and organisation. During his period as Chairman the ISC held its first ever public sessions including a live televised session with the heads of MI5, MI6, and GCHQ.On 28 August 2013 Rifkind appeared to modify his anti-war principles by advocating British military intervention in the Syrian civil war, subject to certain important caveats. He stated that the best response to proof of the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons against its own people would be United Nations Security Council approval of proportionate and limited military action, but that securing unanimity in the Council would be unlikely, given the near-certainty of a Russian veto. He believed that, in such a case, if there were to be a broad international consensus for such military action, including among the nations of the Arab League, that the international community should not be 'paralysed' by a failure to act, and that the action should be used to target Syrian Government military sites. He believed its purpose should be to deter the Syrian Government from using such weapons again, and to indicate that wider action would be undertaken were it to do so. Writing in "The Guardian", he accused the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad of being willing to "do anything that they think they can get away with to stay in power", but then claimed that for Britain, in the event of broad international consensus for military action against the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons, there was "no choice but to take military action with or without a UN mandate".On 18 March 2014, during an interview with CBC Radio News, Rifkind spoke out against the Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, stating that this risked destabilising the entire area and European politics in general. In his opinion, Ukrainian forces had demonstrated "remarkable restraint" against Russian "humiliation", and had turned their military disadvantage into a substantial "moral advantage". While declaring "robust economic sanctions" to be the best response to Crimean situation, and describing a number of possible options, he nevertheless referred to the Western implementation as "pathetic", claiming that current measures affected a mere 23 individuals, and inferred this to be the reason why Russia seemed unfazed by sanction threats. Because of his criticism of Russian action in Crimea and eastern Ukraine Rifkind was included in a list of senior European politicians and former Ministers banned from visiting Russia. Rifkind responded by saying that if there had to be such a list he was proud to be on it.In November 2014, the ISC published its report on the murder of Lee Rigby, on which he said of Facebook:The obligatory internet rights group warned against co-opting companies and turning them into an arm of the surveillance state, and David Cameron vowed to take action. The committee noted the problem to be acute but were somewhat assuaged by the appointment of the Special Envoy on intelligence and law enforcement data sharing and by the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014; they also suggested that government should prioritise the issue with the National Security Council.In early 2015, Rifkind had discussions with what he thought were representatives of a Chinese company that wanted to set up an advisory council. They turned out to be journalists for "The Daily Telegraph" and Channel 4 News who recorded the conversations. As a result, the Conservative party whip was suspended from Rifkind while the matter was investigated.On 24 February 2015 Rifkind stepped down from his position as Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee while remaining on the Committee. Shortly afterwards he announced that he would not stand as a candidate for his constituency of Kensington at the 2015 general election. The former foreign secretary said it was "quite obvious" that allegations made following an undercover sting had "become an issue". Rifkind said he had stepped aside as chair of the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) because he did not want the work of the committee to be "distracted". Speaking to reporters after a meeting of the ISC, he said: "I don't think I did anything wrong. I may have made errors of judgement, but that's a different matter." In September 2015 the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Standards Committee of Parliament concluded after a seven-month investigation that there had been no impropriety by Rifkind. They severely criticised Channel 4 Dispatches and the Daily Telegraph for "distortion", and for "misleading the public". Media regulator Ofcom however took a different view, judging in December 2015 that the journalists had investigated a matter of significant public interest and that their presentation had been fair.Rifkind married Edith Steinberg in London in 1970, and they are the parents of Caroline, and "The Times" columnist Hugo Rifkind. He is also related to his late Conservative government colleague Leon Brittan, and is a second cousin once removed of producer and DJ Mark Ronson.Lady Rifkind died in 2019 at the age of 72. | [
"Minister of State for Europe",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Scotland",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Malcolm Rifkind hold in 21/01/1991? | January 21, 1991 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Transport"
]
} | L2_Q333487_P39_8 | Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jul, 1995 to May, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Minister of State for Europe from Jun, 1983 to Jan, 1986.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 2015 to Mar, 2015.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Scotland from Jan, 1986 to Nov, 1990.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from Apr, 1982 to Jun, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from May, 2005 to Dec, 2005.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Apr, 1992 to Jul, 1995.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Transport from Nov, 1990 to Apr, 1992. | Malcolm RifkindSir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British politician who served in various roles as a Cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major, including Secretary of State for Scotland (1986–1990), Defence Secretary (1992–1995), and Foreign Secretary (1995–1997).Rifkind was the MP for Edinburgh Pentlands from 1974 to 1997. In 1997, his party lost power and he lost his seat to the Labour Party. He attempted, unsuccessfully, to be re-elected in Pentlands in 2001; the constituency was abolished before the 2005 general election and he was adopted, and subsequently elected, as the Conservative candidate for Kensington and Chelsea. He announced his intention to seek the leadership of the party before the 2005 Conservative Party leadership election, but withdrew before polling commenced.Rifkind stood for the Kensington seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a majority of 8,616 votes. He was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010. In January 2015 he was appointed by the OSCE as a member of their Eminent Persons Panel on European Security. He did not stand in the 2015 general election. In December 2015, Rifkind was appointed a Visiting Professor by King's College, London in their Department of War Studies. He was invited to become a Distinguished Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). In July 2016, his memoirs, "Power and Pragmatism", were published. In December 2020 the University of London appointed Rifkind as Chairman of an Inquiry into the future of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies.The University agreed to suspend its proposal to close the Institute while the Inquiry was considering the future of Commonwealth studies in the University.Rifkind was born in Edinburgh to a Jewish family that emigrated to Britain in the 1890s from Lithuania; among his cousins were Leon and Samuel Brittan. He was educated at George Watson's College and the University of Edinburgh where he studied law before taking a postgraduate degree in political science (his thesis was on land apportionment in Southern Rhodesia). While at university he took part in an overland expedition to the Middle East and India. He also appeared on "University Challenge".He worked as an Assistant Lecturer at the University College of Rhodesia in Salisbury (now Harare) from 1967 to 1968. He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1970 and practised full-time as an Advocate until 1974. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1985 and a member of the Privy Council in 1986. From 1970 to 1974 he was a member of Edinburgh City Council.Rifkind first stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully, in 1970 in the Edinburgh Central constituency. He entered Parliament in the February 1974 general election representing Edinburgh Pentlands for the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party. During the leadership election in 1975, he supported Edward Heath in the first round but when Heath withdrew Rifkind voted for Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher, on becoming leader, appointed Rifkind an Opposition front-bench spokesman on Scottish Affairs. He subsequently resigned from that position (along with the Shadow Scottish Secretary, Alick Buchanan-Smith) in protest at the decision of the Shadow Cabinet to vote against the Government's Bill for a Scottish Assembly. Rifkind argued that as, at that time, the Conservative Party supported the principle of a Scottish Assembly, it would have been preferable either to vote for the Second Reading of the Bill or to abstain, and try to improve the Bill. In the subsequent referendum on a Scottish Assembly, Rifkind voted in favour, but withdrew his support when the result of the referendum showed Scotland almost equally divided over the proposal.Rifkind was one of only five Ministers (Tony Newton, Kenneth Clarke, Patrick Mayhew and Lynda Chalker are the others) to serve throughout the whole 18 years of the Governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. This represents the longest uninterrupted Ministerial service in Britain since Lord Palmerston in the early 19th century.He was appointed Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office in the 1979 Thatcher Government. In that role, he was responsible for the passage of the Tenants' Rights (Scotland) Act which resulted in a massive increase of home ownership in Scotland as council tenants bought their homes. He was also responsible, under the Secretary of State George Younger, for relations with local government and for the police and prisons.In 1982, at the time of the Falklands War, he was transferred to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, being promoted to Minister of State at the Foreign Office in 1983. At the Foreign Office, he served first under Francis Pym and then Sir Geoffrey Howe. Rifkind was responsible for Britain's relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the European Community, and sub-Saharan Africa. He assisted Sir Geoffrey Howe in persuading Thatcher to change the Government's policy on the Soviet Union, attended the Chequers meeting which decided to invite Soviet leaders to the United Kingdom, and was present at Chequers when Thatcher had her first meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev and decided that he was a Soviet leader with whom "she could do business".Rifkind also had strong links with the Solidarity movement in Poland. In 1984, he made a Ministerial visit to Poland. Against the wishes of General Jaruzelski, the Polish Communist President, he insisted on laying a wreath at the grave of the murdered Polish priest Father Jerzy Popiełuszko, and had a meeting with three of the leaders of the banned Solidarity movement. Jaruzelski attacked Rifkind and cancelled a meeting he was due to have with him but Rifkind's meeting with Solidarity created a precedent that was followed by the West German Foreign Minister, Hans-Dietrich Genscher and other Western ministers. This helped force the Polish Government to remove the ban on Solidarity and acknowledge the need for political reform and pluralism. Rifkind was, subsequently, decorated by the non-communist democratic Polish Government for his support. Rifkind, as Minister responsible for the European Community, was appointed by the Prime Minister as her personal representative on the Dooge Committee of the European Community. The Report of the Committee helped prepare the way for the development of the Single European Market.In 1986 he was promoted into the cabinet as Secretary of State for Scotland. He gained a reputation as being a moderate voice on social and economic issues, and sometimes had disputes with Margaret Thatcher. As Secretary of State, he initiated major reforms in Scotland. These included the privatisation of the Scottish electricity industry and the Scottish Transport Group. He created Scottish Homes as the Government's housing agency; and Scottish Natural Heritage which combined both the Countryside Commission for Scotland and the Nature Conservancy Council. He also transformed the Scottish Development Agency into Scottish Enterprise with much greater private sector involvement. When Rifkind became Secretary of State his first task was to defuse a teachers dispute which was crippling Scottish education. He also sought to help the Ravenscraig steel mill which was threatened with closure. Rifkind opposed closure by the Government arguing that the whole steel industry should be privatised and that the future of individual plants would be determined by the companies that owned them in the private sector.One of Rifkind's most difficult challenges was the demand from the public for the abolition of the domestic rates system. He supported the introduction of the Poll Tax, which the Cabinet had approved shortly before his appointment. He also agreed with the decision proposed by his predecessor, George Younger, that the new tax should be introduced a year earlier in Scotland than in England because of the political necessity to end the domestic rates. Rifkind subsequently accepted that the poll tax had been a major mistake by the Government. Throughout his term as Scottish Secretary, Rifkind, like Younger before him, and Ian Lang and Michael Forsyth in later years, was constrained by the political weakness of the Conservative Party in Scotland unlike in England. This problem was the underlying reason for his differences with Margaret Thatcher which increased, significantly, towards the end of her Prime Ministership. When Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the Leadership of the Conservative Party, Rifkind voted for her. During the tense period that followed the first round of voting Rifkind was one of those who advised Thatcher that it would be best for her to stand down, and did not promise to support her if she stood for election. Thatcher considered his action treachery. In the subsequent Leadership election, he supported Douglas Hurd.In 1990, he was moved by John Major to be Secretary of State for Transport. One of his first responsibilities was to go into the Channel Tunnel, which was being constructed, and witness the first physical contact between those tunnelling from the French and British ends of the tunnel. One of his main priorities as Transport Secretary was to take forward the policy proposals for the privatisation of the railways. Rifkind supported privatisation but concluded that it would be a mistake to separate ownership of the infrastructure from the operating companies as track costs were a large percentage of their unavoidable costs. This view brought him into conflict with the Treasury and meant that Conservative proposals for privatisation were not ready by the time of the 1992 general election. The Prime Minister favoured the Treasury argument that competition between railway companies would be discouraged if one company owned the track. Rifkind maintained that the competition to rail would come from air and road and not from other rail companies. After Rifkind left the Ministry of Transport in 1992, the Treasury view prevailed, and this led to the creation of Railtrack.Rifkind was appointed Secretary of State for Defence after the 1992 general election. Although he had no military background, he was a firm believer in strong defence and armed forces with a global capability. One of his early decisions was to reverse the proposed disbandment of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Regiment and the Royal Scots and Kings Own Scottish Borderers. In 1994, he was faced with Treasury demands for major cuts in the Defence budget. In order to protect the fighting capability of the armed forces, he negotiated a settlement with the Treasury whereby he would deliver savings greater than they were demanding but that he would be allowed to keep the additional savings and use them for the purchase of new military equipment for each of the three Services. He had already won the support of the Chiefs of Staff for this approach which provided an incentive for their cooperation in making the necessary economies. The outcome was the Front Line First Report, which was well-received both in Parliament and in the Armed Forces. However, some of its proposals, particularly in regard to defence medical services were, in later years, subjected to heavy criticism. With some of the additional savings that had been found Rifkind was able to secure the agreement of the United States to British purchase of cruise missiles. The United Kingdom was, at that time, the only country to which the Americans were willing to sell cruise missiles. Rifkind also reformed the Reserve Forces and initiated the policy review which led to the TA and other Reservists being able to be used in operations abroad without the need for full mobilization of the whole Territorial Army as had been needed in the past.One of the most difficult problems that Rifkind dealt with as Defence Secretary was British involvement in the Bosnian war in former Yugoslavia. Like John Major and the Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd, Rifkind was opposed to military intervention by Britain and the international community as combatants in that conflict. However, he supported the use of British troops and those from other countries to protect humanitarian food convoys that were protecting hundreds of thousands of civilians. Rifkind was a strong and vocal opponent of the American proposal for "lift and strike" which would have ended the UN Arms Embargo and subjected the Bosnian Serbs to NATO bombing from the air. Rifkind agreed with the UN and European view that such bombing would be incompatible with a UN mission on the ground and would necessitate the ending of that mission. Rifkind expressed these views publicly in Washington as well as in London. Although the United States was increasingly frustrated and concerned at this impasse it did not do lasting damage to US-British relations as evidenced by the American willingness to sell cruise missiles to the United Kingdom.In the final years of the Major administration, Rifkind was the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. One of his first duties was to chair the London Summit on Bosnia which put much greater pressure on the Bosnian Serbs in the aftermath of the Srebrenica massacre and led, in due course, to the Dayton Accord which ended the fighting. As Foreign Secretary, on 24 September 1996, Rifkind addressed the United Nations General Assembly and called for a UN Declaration barring political asylum for terrorists, arguing that they should not be able to benefit from the provisions of the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees to secure political asylum. In the same speech, he emphasised Britain's commitment to the goal of global free trade by 2020 and said all governments should liberalise their economies and lift trading restrictions.In the Middle East, Rifkind committed the British Government, for the first time, to a Palestinian State on the West Bank and in Gaza. He also, in a speech in the Gulf, called for a Middle Eastern equivalent of the OSCE to enable dialogue to take place, at the regional level between Israel and its Arab neighbours as well as between Iran and the Arab world. One of his main duties were the final negotiations with China over the transfer of Hong Kong. Rifkind had several meetings with the Chinese Foreign Minister both in Beijing and in London, as well as with the Hong Kong Governor, Chris Patten, and elected Hong Kong politicians. Rifkind also, as Foreign Secretary, called for the creation of a North Atlantic Free Trade Area that would have created a free trade relationship between the European Union and the United States and Canada.At the 1997 general election, he lost his Pentlands seat in common with all Conservatives in Scotland (and Wales), and was succeeded by Labour candidate Lynda Clark. Rifkind was one of the few MPs to try again in his old seat, rather than seeking a safer one, standing again for Edinburgh Pentlands against Clark in the 2001 general election; although he improved his showing somewhat, he was unable to overturn the sizeable 10.6% majority in an election where the Conservatives made little progress. During this time, he remained politically active, as president of the Scottish Conservatives, and used his position outside Westminster to criticise the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the Blair Government's support of it. At the time, the Conservative Party was staunchly in support of the invasion.After the 1997 general election, Rifkind was offered a peerage which he declined. He received a knighthood in John Major's resignation honours, becoming a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), in recognition of his work for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.At the 2005 general election, he returned to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for the London constituency of Kensington and Chelsea with a majority of 12,418.On 8 June 2005, a month after the Conservative defeat at the 2005 general election, Rifkind stated that it was "quite likely" that he would stand for the leadership after Michael Howard's resignation. Rifkind subsequently confirmed this on 14 August, although admitting that he had a "mountain to climb", and receiving sparse support amongst Conservative MPs, with several exceptions, such as Crispin Blunt.Despite this, Rifkind went through to the "conference stage" of the leadership process, in which each candidate was given speaking time to address the Conservative Party Conference directly. In his speech, Rifkind declared that Conservatives had to be "pragmatic, sensitive, and moderate", and stress their "unique combination of principle and patriotism". The speech won eight rounds of applause from the conference, with nearly a minute-long finale.The speech did not galvanise Rifkind's candidacy, however, which had always been regarded as a long shot – bookmakers had him at 50–1 and a poll found that only 4% of Conservative voters supported his candidacy. Consequently, on 11 October 2005 he announced that he was withdrawing from the leadership contest and that he would be supporting Kenneth Clarke's candidacy, acknowledging that "There is no realistic prospect of me coming through". In endorsing Clarke, Rifkind stated that he was "head and shoulders" above the other candidates, and had both the experience and popular appeal to take on Labour.On 7 December 2005, he left the Conservative front bench as incoming leader David Cameron formed his team. Rifkind admitted that he had not wished to remain a Shadow Cabinet minister unless in the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary, but this post had gone to William Hague. Rifkind declared his loyalty to the new party leader and remains one of the Conservative Party's most experienced senior figures.In December 2008, he became a leading spokesman of the Global Zero movement, which includes over 300 eminent leaders and over 400,000 citizens from around the world working toward the elimination of all nuclear weapons by multilateral negotiation. In July 2010, he was appointed by the Secretary General of the Commonwealth as a member of the Eminent Persons Group, chaired by a former Prime Minister of Malaysia, which has been requested to report to the next Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting on recommendations for the future revitalisation of the Commonwealth.He was Chairman of the Standards and Privileges Committee of the House of Commons until the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010. When the Kensington and Chelsea constituency was realigned to create the new seats of Chelsea and Fulham and Kensington, Rifkind stood for the latter seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a 50.1% share of the total votes cast, and a majority of 8,616 votes.Rifkind was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010, a post he held until 24 February 2015. As Chairman of the ISC Rifkind presided over the transformation of the Committee's powers to ensure that it had effective oversight of MI5, MI6 and GCHQ. He persuaded the Government to introduce legislation which enabled the ISC, for the first time, to be able to require, rather than request, the intelligence agencies to provide any highly classified material required by the ISC. The legislation also gave the ISC, for the first time, explicit authority to provide oversight over the operations of the intelligence agencies rather than just their policy, resources and organisation. During his period as Chairman the ISC held its first ever public sessions including a live televised session with the heads of MI5, MI6, and GCHQ.On 28 August 2013 Rifkind appeared to modify his anti-war principles by advocating British military intervention in the Syrian civil war, subject to certain important caveats. He stated that the best response to proof of the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons against its own people would be United Nations Security Council approval of proportionate and limited military action, but that securing unanimity in the Council would be unlikely, given the near-certainty of a Russian veto. He believed that, in such a case, if there were to be a broad international consensus for such military action, including among the nations of the Arab League, that the international community should not be 'paralysed' by a failure to act, and that the action should be used to target Syrian Government military sites. He believed its purpose should be to deter the Syrian Government from using such weapons again, and to indicate that wider action would be undertaken were it to do so. Writing in "The Guardian", he accused the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad of being willing to "do anything that they think they can get away with to stay in power", but then claimed that for Britain, in the event of broad international consensus for military action against the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons, there was "no choice but to take military action with or without a UN mandate".On 18 March 2014, during an interview with CBC Radio News, Rifkind spoke out against the Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, stating that this risked destabilising the entire area and European politics in general. In his opinion, Ukrainian forces had demonstrated "remarkable restraint" against Russian "humiliation", and had turned their military disadvantage into a substantial "moral advantage". While declaring "robust economic sanctions" to be the best response to Crimean situation, and describing a number of possible options, he nevertheless referred to the Western implementation as "pathetic", claiming that current measures affected a mere 23 individuals, and inferred this to be the reason why Russia seemed unfazed by sanction threats. Because of his criticism of Russian action in Crimea and eastern Ukraine Rifkind was included in a list of senior European politicians and former Ministers banned from visiting Russia. Rifkind responded by saying that if there had to be such a list he was proud to be on it.In November 2014, the ISC published its report on the murder of Lee Rigby, on which he said of Facebook:The obligatory internet rights group warned against co-opting companies and turning them into an arm of the surveillance state, and David Cameron vowed to take action. The committee noted the problem to be acute but were somewhat assuaged by the appointment of the Special Envoy on intelligence and law enforcement data sharing and by the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014; they also suggested that government should prioritise the issue with the National Security Council.In early 2015, Rifkind had discussions with what he thought were representatives of a Chinese company that wanted to set up an advisory council. They turned out to be journalists for "The Daily Telegraph" and Channel 4 News who recorded the conversations. As a result, the Conservative party whip was suspended from Rifkind while the matter was investigated.On 24 February 2015 Rifkind stepped down from his position as Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee while remaining on the Committee. Shortly afterwards he announced that he would not stand as a candidate for his constituency of Kensington at the 2015 general election. The former foreign secretary said it was "quite obvious" that allegations made following an undercover sting had "become an issue". Rifkind said he had stepped aside as chair of the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) because he did not want the work of the committee to be "distracted". Speaking to reporters after a meeting of the ISC, he said: "I don't think I did anything wrong. I may have made errors of judgement, but that's a different matter." In September 2015 the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Standards Committee of Parliament concluded after a seven-month investigation that there had been no impropriety by Rifkind. They severely criticised Channel 4 Dispatches and the Daily Telegraph for "distortion", and for "misleading the public". Media regulator Ofcom however took a different view, judging in December 2015 that the journalists had investigated a matter of significant public interest and that their presentation had been fair.Rifkind married Edith Steinberg in London in 1970, and they are the parents of Caroline, and "The Times" columnist Hugo Rifkind. He is also related to his late Conservative government colleague Leon Brittan, and is a second cousin once removed of producer and DJ Mark Ronson.Lady Rifkind died in 2019 at the age of 72. | [
"Minister of State for Europe",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Scotland",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Malcolm Rifkind hold in Jan 21, 1991? | January 21, 1991 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Transport"
]
} | L2_Q333487_P39_8 | Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jul, 1995 to May, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Minister of State for Europe from Jun, 1983 to Jan, 1986.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 2015 to Mar, 2015.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Scotland from Jan, 1986 to Nov, 1990.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from Apr, 1982 to Jun, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from May, 2005 to Dec, 2005.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Apr, 1992 to Jul, 1995.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Transport from Nov, 1990 to Apr, 1992. | Malcolm RifkindSir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British politician who served in various roles as a Cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major, including Secretary of State for Scotland (1986–1990), Defence Secretary (1992–1995), and Foreign Secretary (1995–1997).Rifkind was the MP for Edinburgh Pentlands from 1974 to 1997. In 1997, his party lost power and he lost his seat to the Labour Party. He attempted, unsuccessfully, to be re-elected in Pentlands in 2001; the constituency was abolished before the 2005 general election and he was adopted, and subsequently elected, as the Conservative candidate for Kensington and Chelsea. He announced his intention to seek the leadership of the party before the 2005 Conservative Party leadership election, but withdrew before polling commenced.Rifkind stood for the Kensington seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a majority of 8,616 votes. He was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010. In January 2015 he was appointed by the OSCE as a member of their Eminent Persons Panel on European Security. He did not stand in the 2015 general election. In December 2015, Rifkind was appointed a Visiting Professor by King's College, London in their Department of War Studies. He was invited to become a Distinguished Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). In July 2016, his memoirs, "Power and Pragmatism", were published. In December 2020 the University of London appointed Rifkind as Chairman of an Inquiry into the future of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies.The University agreed to suspend its proposal to close the Institute while the Inquiry was considering the future of Commonwealth studies in the University.Rifkind was born in Edinburgh to a Jewish family that emigrated to Britain in the 1890s from Lithuania; among his cousins were Leon and Samuel Brittan. He was educated at George Watson's College and the University of Edinburgh where he studied law before taking a postgraduate degree in political science (his thesis was on land apportionment in Southern Rhodesia). While at university he took part in an overland expedition to the Middle East and India. He also appeared on "University Challenge".He worked as an Assistant Lecturer at the University College of Rhodesia in Salisbury (now Harare) from 1967 to 1968. He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1970 and practised full-time as an Advocate until 1974. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1985 and a member of the Privy Council in 1986. From 1970 to 1974 he was a member of Edinburgh City Council.Rifkind first stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully, in 1970 in the Edinburgh Central constituency. He entered Parliament in the February 1974 general election representing Edinburgh Pentlands for the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party. During the leadership election in 1975, he supported Edward Heath in the first round but when Heath withdrew Rifkind voted for Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher, on becoming leader, appointed Rifkind an Opposition front-bench spokesman on Scottish Affairs. He subsequently resigned from that position (along with the Shadow Scottish Secretary, Alick Buchanan-Smith) in protest at the decision of the Shadow Cabinet to vote against the Government's Bill for a Scottish Assembly. Rifkind argued that as, at that time, the Conservative Party supported the principle of a Scottish Assembly, it would have been preferable either to vote for the Second Reading of the Bill or to abstain, and try to improve the Bill. In the subsequent referendum on a Scottish Assembly, Rifkind voted in favour, but withdrew his support when the result of the referendum showed Scotland almost equally divided over the proposal.Rifkind was one of only five Ministers (Tony Newton, Kenneth Clarke, Patrick Mayhew and Lynda Chalker are the others) to serve throughout the whole 18 years of the Governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. This represents the longest uninterrupted Ministerial service in Britain since Lord Palmerston in the early 19th century.He was appointed Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office in the 1979 Thatcher Government. In that role, he was responsible for the passage of the Tenants' Rights (Scotland) Act which resulted in a massive increase of home ownership in Scotland as council tenants bought their homes. He was also responsible, under the Secretary of State George Younger, for relations with local government and for the police and prisons.In 1982, at the time of the Falklands War, he was transferred to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, being promoted to Minister of State at the Foreign Office in 1983. At the Foreign Office, he served first under Francis Pym and then Sir Geoffrey Howe. Rifkind was responsible for Britain's relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the European Community, and sub-Saharan Africa. He assisted Sir Geoffrey Howe in persuading Thatcher to change the Government's policy on the Soviet Union, attended the Chequers meeting which decided to invite Soviet leaders to the United Kingdom, and was present at Chequers when Thatcher had her first meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev and decided that he was a Soviet leader with whom "she could do business".Rifkind also had strong links with the Solidarity movement in Poland. In 1984, he made a Ministerial visit to Poland. Against the wishes of General Jaruzelski, the Polish Communist President, he insisted on laying a wreath at the grave of the murdered Polish priest Father Jerzy Popiełuszko, and had a meeting with three of the leaders of the banned Solidarity movement. Jaruzelski attacked Rifkind and cancelled a meeting he was due to have with him but Rifkind's meeting with Solidarity created a precedent that was followed by the West German Foreign Minister, Hans-Dietrich Genscher and other Western ministers. This helped force the Polish Government to remove the ban on Solidarity and acknowledge the need for political reform and pluralism. Rifkind was, subsequently, decorated by the non-communist democratic Polish Government for his support. Rifkind, as Minister responsible for the European Community, was appointed by the Prime Minister as her personal representative on the Dooge Committee of the European Community. The Report of the Committee helped prepare the way for the development of the Single European Market.In 1986 he was promoted into the cabinet as Secretary of State for Scotland. He gained a reputation as being a moderate voice on social and economic issues, and sometimes had disputes with Margaret Thatcher. As Secretary of State, he initiated major reforms in Scotland. These included the privatisation of the Scottish electricity industry and the Scottish Transport Group. He created Scottish Homes as the Government's housing agency; and Scottish Natural Heritage which combined both the Countryside Commission for Scotland and the Nature Conservancy Council. He also transformed the Scottish Development Agency into Scottish Enterprise with much greater private sector involvement. When Rifkind became Secretary of State his first task was to defuse a teachers dispute which was crippling Scottish education. He also sought to help the Ravenscraig steel mill which was threatened with closure. Rifkind opposed closure by the Government arguing that the whole steel industry should be privatised and that the future of individual plants would be determined by the companies that owned them in the private sector.One of Rifkind's most difficult challenges was the demand from the public for the abolition of the domestic rates system. He supported the introduction of the Poll Tax, which the Cabinet had approved shortly before his appointment. He also agreed with the decision proposed by his predecessor, George Younger, that the new tax should be introduced a year earlier in Scotland than in England because of the political necessity to end the domestic rates. Rifkind subsequently accepted that the poll tax had been a major mistake by the Government. Throughout his term as Scottish Secretary, Rifkind, like Younger before him, and Ian Lang and Michael Forsyth in later years, was constrained by the political weakness of the Conservative Party in Scotland unlike in England. This problem was the underlying reason for his differences with Margaret Thatcher which increased, significantly, towards the end of her Prime Ministership. When Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the Leadership of the Conservative Party, Rifkind voted for her. During the tense period that followed the first round of voting Rifkind was one of those who advised Thatcher that it would be best for her to stand down, and did not promise to support her if she stood for election. Thatcher considered his action treachery. In the subsequent Leadership election, he supported Douglas Hurd.In 1990, he was moved by John Major to be Secretary of State for Transport. One of his first responsibilities was to go into the Channel Tunnel, which was being constructed, and witness the first physical contact between those tunnelling from the French and British ends of the tunnel. One of his main priorities as Transport Secretary was to take forward the policy proposals for the privatisation of the railways. Rifkind supported privatisation but concluded that it would be a mistake to separate ownership of the infrastructure from the operating companies as track costs were a large percentage of their unavoidable costs. This view brought him into conflict with the Treasury and meant that Conservative proposals for privatisation were not ready by the time of the 1992 general election. The Prime Minister favoured the Treasury argument that competition between railway companies would be discouraged if one company owned the track. Rifkind maintained that the competition to rail would come from air and road and not from other rail companies. After Rifkind left the Ministry of Transport in 1992, the Treasury view prevailed, and this led to the creation of Railtrack.Rifkind was appointed Secretary of State for Defence after the 1992 general election. Although he had no military background, he was a firm believer in strong defence and armed forces with a global capability. One of his early decisions was to reverse the proposed disbandment of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Regiment and the Royal Scots and Kings Own Scottish Borderers. In 1994, he was faced with Treasury demands for major cuts in the Defence budget. In order to protect the fighting capability of the armed forces, he negotiated a settlement with the Treasury whereby he would deliver savings greater than they were demanding but that he would be allowed to keep the additional savings and use them for the purchase of new military equipment for each of the three Services. He had already won the support of the Chiefs of Staff for this approach which provided an incentive for their cooperation in making the necessary economies. The outcome was the Front Line First Report, which was well-received both in Parliament and in the Armed Forces. However, some of its proposals, particularly in regard to defence medical services were, in later years, subjected to heavy criticism. With some of the additional savings that had been found Rifkind was able to secure the agreement of the United States to British purchase of cruise missiles. The United Kingdom was, at that time, the only country to which the Americans were willing to sell cruise missiles. Rifkind also reformed the Reserve Forces and initiated the policy review which led to the TA and other Reservists being able to be used in operations abroad without the need for full mobilization of the whole Territorial Army as had been needed in the past.One of the most difficult problems that Rifkind dealt with as Defence Secretary was British involvement in the Bosnian war in former Yugoslavia. Like John Major and the Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd, Rifkind was opposed to military intervention by Britain and the international community as combatants in that conflict. However, he supported the use of British troops and those from other countries to protect humanitarian food convoys that were protecting hundreds of thousands of civilians. Rifkind was a strong and vocal opponent of the American proposal for "lift and strike" which would have ended the UN Arms Embargo and subjected the Bosnian Serbs to NATO bombing from the air. Rifkind agreed with the UN and European view that such bombing would be incompatible with a UN mission on the ground and would necessitate the ending of that mission. Rifkind expressed these views publicly in Washington as well as in London. Although the United States was increasingly frustrated and concerned at this impasse it did not do lasting damage to US-British relations as evidenced by the American willingness to sell cruise missiles to the United Kingdom.In the final years of the Major administration, Rifkind was the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. One of his first duties was to chair the London Summit on Bosnia which put much greater pressure on the Bosnian Serbs in the aftermath of the Srebrenica massacre and led, in due course, to the Dayton Accord which ended the fighting. As Foreign Secretary, on 24 September 1996, Rifkind addressed the United Nations General Assembly and called for a UN Declaration barring political asylum for terrorists, arguing that they should not be able to benefit from the provisions of the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees to secure political asylum. In the same speech, he emphasised Britain's commitment to the goal of global free trade by 2020 and said all governments should liberalise their economies and lift trading restrictions.In the Middle East, Rifkind committed the British Government, for the first time, to a Palestinian State on the West Bank and in Gaza. He also, in a speech in the Gulf, called for a Middle Eastern equivalent of the OSCE to enable dialogue to take place, at the regional level between Israel and its Arab neighbours as well as between Iran and the Arab world. One of his main duties were the final negotiations with China over the transfer of Hong Kong. Rifkind had several meetings with the Chinese Foreign Minister both in Beijing and in London, as well as with the Hong Kong Governor, Chris Patten, and elected Hong Kong politicians. Rifkind also, as Foreign Secretary, called for the creation of a North Atlantic Free Trade Area that would have created a free trade relationship between the European Union and the United States and Canada.At the 1997 general election, he lost his Pentlands seat in common with all Conservatives in Scotland (and Wales), and was succeeded by Labour candidate Lynda Clark. Rifkind was one of the few MPs to try again in his old seat, rather than seeking a safer one, standing again for Edinburgh Pentlands against Clark in the 2001 general election; although he improved his showing somewhat, he was unable to overturn the sizeable 10.6% majority in an election where the Conservatives made little progress. During this time, he remained politically active, as president of the Scottish Conservatives, and used his position outside Westminster to criticise the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the Blair Government's support of it. At the time, the Conservative Party was staunchly in support of the invasion.After the 1997 general election, Rifkind was offered a peerage which he declined. He received a knighthood in John Major's resignation honours, becoming a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), in recognition of his work for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.At the 2005 general election, he returned to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for the London constituency of Kensington and Chelsea with a majority of 12,418.On 8 June 2005, a month after the Conservative defeat at the 2005 general election, Rifkind stated that it was "quite likely" that he would stand for the leadership after Michael Howard's resignation. Rifkind subsequently confirmed this on 14 August, although admitting that he had a "mountain to climb", and receiving sparse support amongst Conservative MPs, with several exceptions, such as Crispin Blunt.Despite this, Rifkind went through to the "conference stage" of the leadership process, in which each candidate was given speaking time to address the Conservative Party Conference directly. In his speech, Rifkind declared that Conservatives had to be "pragmatic, sensitive, and moderate", and stress their "unique combination of principle and patriotism". The speech won eight rounds of applause from the conference, with nearly a minute-long finale.The speech did not galvanise Rifkind's candidacy, however, which had always been regarded as a long shot – bookmakers had him at 50–1 and a poll found that only 4% of Conservative voters supported his candidacy. Consequently, on 11 October 2005 he announced that he was withdrawing from the leadership contest and that he would be supporting Kenneth Clarke's candidacy, acknowledging that "There is no realistic prospect of me coming through". In endorsing Clarke, Rifkind stated that he was "head and shoulders" above the other candidates, and had both the experience and popular appeal to take on Labour.On 7 December 2005, he left the Conservative front bench as incoming leader David Cameron formed his team. Rifkind admitted that he had not wished to remain a Shadow Cabinet minister unless in the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary, but this post had gone to William Hague. Rifkind declared his loyalty to the new party leader and remains one of the Conservative Party's most experienced senior figures.In December 2008, he became a leading spokesman of the Global Zero movement, which includes over 300 eminent leaders and over 400,000 citizens from around the world working toward the elimination of all nuclear weapons by multilateral negotiation. In July 2010, he was appointed by the Secretary General of the Commonwealth as a member of the Eminent Persons Group, chaired by a former Prime Minister of Malaysia, which has been requested to report to the next Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting on recommendations for the future revitalisation of the Commonwealth.He was Chairman of the Standards and Privileges Committee of the House of Commons until the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010. When the Kensington and Chelsea constituency was realigned to create the new seats of Chelsea and Fulham and Kensington, Rifkind stood for the latter seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a 50.1% share of the total votes cast, and a majority of 8,616 votes.Rifkind was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010, a post he held until 24 February 2015. As Chairman of the ISC Rifkind presided over the transformation of the Committee's powers to ensure that it had effective oversight of MI5, MI6 and GCHQ. He persuaded the Government to introduce legislation which enabled the ISC, for the first time, to be able to require, rather than request, the intelligence agencies to provide any highly classified material required by the ISC. The legislation also gave the ISC, for the first time, explicit authority to provide oversight over the operations of the intelligence agencies rather than just their policy, resources and organisation. During his period as Chairman the ISC held its first ever public sessions including a live televised session with the heads of MI5, MI6, and GCHQ.On 28 August 2013 Rifkind appeared to modify his anti-war principles by advocating British military intervention in the Syrian civil war, subject to certain important caveats. He stated that the best response to proof of the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons against its own people would be United Nations Security Council approval of proportionate and limited military action, but that securing unanimity in the Council would be unlikely, given the near-certainty of a Russian veto. He believed that, in such a case, if there were to be a broad international consensus for such military action, including among the nations of the Arab League, that the international community should not be 'paralysed' by a failure to act, and that the action should be used to target Syrian Government military sites. He believed its purpose should be to deter the Syrian Government from using such weapons again, and to indicate that wider action would be undertaken were it to do so. Writing in "The Guardian", he accused the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad of being willing to "do anything that they think they can get away with to stay in power", but then claimed that for Britain, in the event of broad international consensus for military action against the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons, there was "no choice but to take military action with or without a UN mandate".On 18 March 2014, during an interview with CBC Radio News, Rifkind spoke out against the Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, stating that this risked destabilising the entire area and European politics in general. In his opinion, Ukrainian forces had demonstrated "remarkable restraint" against Russian "humiliation", and had turned their military disadvantage into a substantial "moral advantage". While declaring "robust economic sanctions" to be the best response to Crimean situation, and describing a number of possible options, he nevertheless referred to the Western implementation as "pathetic", claiming that current measures affected a mere 23 individuals, and inferred this to be the reason why Russia seemed unfazed by sanction threats. Because of his criticism of Russian action in Crimea and eastern Ukraine Rifkind was included in a list of senior European politicians and former Ministers banned from visiting Russia. Rifkind responded by saying that if there had to be such a list he was proud to be on it.In November 2014, the ISC published its report on the murder of Lee Rigby, on which he said of Facebook:The obligatory internet rights group warned against co-opting companies and turning them into an arm of the surveillance state, and David Cameron vowed to take action. The committee noted the problem to be acute but were somewhat assuaged by the appointment of the Special Envoy on intelligence and law enforcement data sharing and by the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014; they also suggested that government should prioritise the issue with the National Security Council.In early 2015, Rifkind had discussions with what he thought were representatives of a Chinese company that wanted to set up an advisory council. They turned out to be journalists for "The Daily Telegraph" and Channel 4 News who recorded the conversations. As a result, the Conservative party whip was suspended from Rifkind while the matter was investigated.On 24 February 2015 Rifkind stepped down from his position as Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee while remaining on the Committee. Shortly afterwards he announced that he would not stand as a candidate for his constituency of Kensington at the 2015 general election. The former foreign secretary said it was "quite obvious" that allegations made following an undercover sting had "become an issue". Rifkind said he had stepped aside as chair of the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) because he did not want the work of the committee to be "distracted". Speaking to reporters after a meeting of the ISC, he said: "I don't think I did anything wrong. I may have made errors of judgement, but that's a different matter." In September 2015 the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Standards Committee of Parliament concluded after a seven-month investigation that there had been no impropriety by Rifkind. They severely criticised Channel 4 Dispatches and the Daily Telegraph for "distortion", and for "misleading the public". Media regulator Ofcom however took a different view, judging in December 2015 that the journalists had investigated a matter of significant public interest and that their presentation had been fair.Rifkind married Edith Steinberg in London in 1970, and they are the parents of Caroline, and "The Times" columnist Hugo Rifkind. He is also related to his late Conservative government colleague Leon Brittan, and is a second cousin once removed of producer and DJ Mark Ronson.Lady Rifkind died in 2019 at the age of 72. | [
"Minister of State for Europe",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Scotland",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Malcolm Rifkind hold in 01/21/1991? | January 21, 1991 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Transport"
]
} | L2_Q333487_P39_8 | Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jul, 1995 to May, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Minister of State for Europe from Jun, 1983 to Jan, 1986.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 2015 to Mar, 2015.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Scotland from Jan, 1986 to Nov, 1990.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from Apr, 1982 to Jun, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from May, 2005 to Dec, 2005.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Apr, 1992 to Jul, 1995.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Transport from Nov, 1990 to Apr, 1992. | Malcolm RifkindSir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British politician who served in various roles as a Cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major, including Secretary of State for Scotland (1986–1990), Defence Secretary (1992–1995), and Foreign Secretary (1995–1997).Rifkind was the MP for Edinburgh Pentlands from 1974 to 1997. In 1997, his party lost power and he lost his seat to the Labour Party. He attempted, unsuccessfully, to be re-elected in Pentlands in 2001; the constituency was abolished before the 2005 general election and he was adopted, and subsequently elected, as the Conservative candidate for Kensington and Chelsea. He announced his intention to seek the leadership of the party before the 2005 Conservative Party leadership election, but withdrew before polling commenced.Rifkind stood for the Kensington seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a majority of 8,616 votes. He was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010. In January 2015 he was appointed by the OSCE as a member of their Eminent Persons Panel on European Security. He did not stand in the 2015 general election. In December 2015, Rifkind was appointed a Visiting Professor by King's College, London in their Department of War Studies. He was invited to become a Distinguished Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). In July 2016, his memoirs, "Power and Pragmatism", were published. In December 2020 the University of London appointed Rifkind as Chairman of an Inquiry into the future of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies.The University agreed to suspend its proposal to close the Institute while the Inquiry was considering the future of Commonwealth studies in the University.Rifkind was born in Edinburgh to a Jewish family that emigrated to Britain in the 1890s from Lithuania; among his cousins were Leon and Samuel Brittan. He was educated at George Watson's College and the University of Edinburgh where he studied law before taking a postgraduate degree in political science (his thesis was on land apportionment in Southern Rhodesia). While at university he took part in an overland expedition to the Middle East and India. He also appeared on "University Challenge".He worked as an Assistant Lecturer at the University College of Rhodesia in Salisbury (now Harare) from 1967 to 1968. He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1970 and practised full-time as an Advocate until 1974. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1985 and a member of the Privy Council in 1986. From 1970 to 1974 he was a member of Edinburgh City Council.Rifkind first stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully, in 1970 in the Edinburgh Central constituency. He entered Parliament in the February 1974 general election representing Edinburgh Pentlands for the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party. During the leadership election in 1975, he supported Edward Heath in the first round but when Heath withdrew Rifkind voted for Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher, on becoming leader, appointed Rifkind an Opposition front-bench spokesman on Scottish Affairs. He subsequently resigned from that position (along with the Shadow Scottish Secretary, Alick Buchanan-Smith) in protest at the decision of the Shadow Cabinet to vote against the Government's Bill for a Scottish Assembly. Rifkind argued that as, at that time, the Conservative Party supported the principle of a Scottish Assembly, it would have been preferable either to vote for the Second Reading of the Bill or to abstain, and try to improve the Bill. In the subsequent referendum on a Scottish Assembly, Rifkind voted in favour, but withdrew his support when the result of the referendum showed Scotland almost equally divided over the proposal.Rifkind was one of only five Ministers (Tony Newton, Kenneth Clarke, Patrick Mayhew and Lynda Chalker are the others) to serve throughout the whole 18 years of the Governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. This represents the longest uninterrupted Ministerial service in Britain since Lord Palmerston in the early 19th century.He was appointed Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office in the 1979 Thatcher Government. In that role, he was responsible for the passage of the Tenants' Rights (Scotland) Act which resulted in a massive increase of home ownership in Scotland as council tenants bought their homes. He was also responsible, under the Secretary of State George Younger, for relations with local government and for the police and prisons.In 1982, at the time of the Falklands War, he was transferred to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, being promoted to Minister of State at the Foreign Office in 1983. At the Foreign Office, he served first under Francis Pym and then Sir Geoffrey Howe. Rifkind was responsible for Britain's relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the European Community, and sub-Saharan Africa. He assisted Sir Geoffrey Howe in persuading Thatcher to change the Government's policy on the Soviet Union, attended the Chequers meeting which decided to invite Soviet leaders to the United Kingdom, and was present at Chequers when Thatcher had her first meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev and decided that he was a Soviet leader with whom "she could do business".Rifkind also had strong links with the Solidarity movement in Poland. In 1984, he made a Ministerial visit to Poland. Against the wishes of General Jaruzelski, the Polish Communist President, he insisted on laying a wreath at the grave of the murdered Polish priest Father Jerzy Popiełuszko, and had a meeting with three of the leaders of the banned Solidarity movement. Jaruzelski attacked Rifkind and cancelled a meeting he was due to have with him but Rifkind's meeting with Solidarity created a precedent that was followed by the West German Foreign Minister, Hans-Dietrich Genscher and other Western ministers. This helped force the Polish Government to remove the ban on Solidarity and acknowledge the need for political reform and pluralism. Rifkind was, subsequently, decorated by the non-communist democratic Polish Government for his support. Rifkind, as Minister responsible for the European Community, was appointed by the Prime Minister as her personal representative on the Dooge Committee of the European Community. The Report of the Committee helped prepare the way for the development of the Single European Market.In 1986 he was promoted into the cabinet as Secretary of State for Scotland. He gained a reputation as being a moderate voice on social and economic issues, and sometimes had disputes with Margaret Thatcher. As Secretary of State, he initiated major reforms in Scotland. These included the privatisation of the Scottish electricity industry and the Scottish Transport Group. He created Scottish Homes as the Government's housing agency; and Scottish Natural Heritage which combined both the Countryside Commission for Scotland and the Nature Conservancy Council. He also transformed the Scottish Development Agency into Scottish Enterprise with much greater private sector involvement. When Rifkind became Secretary of State his first task was to defuse a teachers dispute which was crippling Scottish education. He also sought to help the Ravenscraig steel mill which was threatened with closure. Rifkind opposed closure by the Government arguing that the whole steel industry should be privatised and that the future of individual plants would be determined by the companies that owned them in the private sector.One of Rifkind's most difficult challenges was the demand from the public for the abolition of the domestic rates system. He supported the introduction of the Poll Tax, which the Cabinet had approved shortly before his appointment. He also agreed with the decision proposed by his predecessor, George Younger, that the new tax should be introduced a year earlier in Scotland than in England because of the political necessity to end the domestic rates. Rifkind subsequently accepted that the poll tax had been a major mistake by the Government. Throughout his term as Scottish Secretary, Rifkind, like Younger before him, and Ian Lang and Michael Forsyth in later years, was constrained by the political weakness of the Conservative Party in Scotland unlike in England. This problem was the underlying reason for his differences with Margaret Thatcher which increased, significantly, towards the end of her Prime Ministership. When Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the Leadership of the Conservative Party, Rifkind voted for her. During the tense period that followed the first round of voting Rifkind was one of those who advised Thatcher that it would be best for her to stand down, and did not promise to support her if she stood for election. Thatcher considered his action treachery. In the subsequent Leadership election, he supported Douglas Hurd.In 1990, he was moved by John Major to be Secretary of State for Transport. One of his first responsibilities was to go into the Channel Tunnel, which was being constructed, and witness the first physical contact between those tunnelling from the French and British ends of the tunnel. One of his main priorities as Transport Secretary was to take forward the policy proposals for the privatisation of the railways. Rifkind supported privatisation but concluded that it would be a mistake to separate ownership of the infrastructure from the operating companies as track costs were a large percentage of their unavoidable costs. This view brought him into conflict with the Treasury and meant that Conservative proposals for privatisation were not ready by the time of the 1992 general election. The Prime Minister favoured the Treasury argument that competition between railway companies would be discouraged if one company owned the track. Rifkind maintained that the competition to rail would come from air and road and not from other rail companies. After Rifkind left the Ministry of Transport in 1992, the Treasury view prevailed, and this led to the creation of Railtrack.Rifkind was appointed Secretary of State for Defence after the 1992 general election. Although he had no military background, he was a firm believer in strong defence and armed forces with a global capability. One of his early decisions was to reverse the proposed disbandment of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Regiment and the Royal Scots and Kings Own Scottish Borderers. In 1994, he was faced with Treasury demands for major cuts in the Defence budget. In order to protect the fighting capability of the armed forces, he negotiated a settlement with the Treasury whereby he would deliver savings greater than they were demanding but that he would be allowed to keep the additional savings and use them for the purchase of new military equipment for each of the three Services. He had already won the support of the Chiefs of Staff for this approach which provided an incentive for their cooperation in making the necessary economies. The outcome was the Front Line First Report, which was well-received both in Parliament and in the Armed Forces. However, some of its proposals, particularly in regard to defence medical services were, in later years, subjected to heavy criticism. With some of the additional savings that had been found Rifkind was able to secure the agreement of the United States to British purchase of cruise missiles. The United Kingdom was, at that time, the only country to which the Americans were willing to sell cruise missiles. Rifkind also reformed the Reserve Forces and initiated the policy review which led to the TA and other Reservists being able to be used in operations abroad without the need for full mobilization of the whole Territorial Army as had been needed in the past.One of the most difficult problems that Rifkind dealt with as Defence Secretary was British involvement in the Bosnian war in former Yugoslavia. Like John Major and the Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd, Rifkind was opposed to military intervention by Britain and the international community as combatants in that conflict. However, he supported the use of British troops and those from other countries to protect humanitarian food convoys that were protecting hundreds of thousands of civilians. Rifkind was a strong and vocal opponent of the American proposal for "lift and strike" which would have ended the UN Arms Embargo and subjected the Bosnian Serbs to NATO bombing from the air. Rifkind agreed with the UN and European view that such bombing would be incompatible with a UN mission on the ground and would necessitate the ending of that mission. Rifkind expressed these views publicly in Washington as well as in London. Although the United States was increasingly frustrated and concerned at this impasse it did not do lasting damage to US-British relations as evidenced by the American willingness to sell cruise missiles to the United Kingdom.In the final years of the Major administration, Rifkind was the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. One of his first duties was to chair the London Summit on Bosnia which put much greater pressure on the Bosnian Serbs in the aftermath of the Srebrenica massacre and led, in due course, to the Dayton Accord which ended the fighting. As Foreign Secretary, on 24 September 1996, Rifkind addressed the United Nations General Assembly and called for a UN Declaration barring political asylum for terrorists, arguing that they should not be able to benefit from the provisions of the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees to secure political asylum. In the same speech, he emphasised Britain's commitment to the goal of global free trade by 2020 and said all governments should liberalise their economies and lift trading restrictions.In the Middle East, Rifkind committed the British Government, for the first time, to a Palestinian State on the West Bank and in Gaza. He also, in a speech in the Gulf, called for a Middle Eastern equivalent of the OSCE to enable dialogue to take place, at the regional level between Israel and its Arab neighbours as well as between Iran and the Arab world. One of his main duties were the final negotiations with China over the transfer of Hong Kong. Rifkind had several meetings with the Chinese Foreign Minister both in Beijing and in London, as well as with the Hong Kong Governor, Chris Patten, and elected Hong Kong politicians. Rifkind also, as Foreign Secretary, called for the creation of a North Atlantic Free Trade Area that would have created a free trade relationship between the European Union and the United States and Canada.At the 1997 general election, he lost his Pentlands seat in common with all Conservatives in Scotland (and Wales), and was succeeded by Labour candidate Lynda Clark. Rifkind was one of the few MPs to try again in his old seat, rather than seeking a safer one, standing again for Edinburgh Pentlands against Clark in the 2001 general election; although he improved his showing somewhat, he was unable to overturn the sizeable 10.6% majority in an election where the Conservatives made little progress. During this time, he remained politically active, as president of the Scottish Conservatives, and used his position outside Westminster to criticise the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the Blair Government's support of it. At the time, the Conservative Party was staunchly in support of the invasion.After the 1997 general election, Rifkind was offered a peerage which he declined. He received a knighthood in John Major's resignation honours, becoming a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), in recognition of his work for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.At the 2005 general election, he returned to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for the London constituency of Kensington and Chelsea with a majority of 12,418.On 8 June 2005, a month after the Conservative defeat at the 2005 general election, Rifkind stated that it was "quite likely" that he would stand for the leadership after Michael Howard's resignation. Rifkind subsequently confirmed this on 14 August, although admitting that he had a "mountain to climb", and receiving sparse support amongst Conservative MPs, with several exceptions, such as Crispin Blunt.Despite this, Rifkind went through to the "conference stage" of the leadership process, in which each candidate was given speaking time to address the Conservative Party Conference directly. In his speech, Rifkind declared that Conservatives had to be "pragmatic, sensitive, and moderate", and stress their "unique combination of principle and patriotism". The speech won eight rounds of applause from the conference, with nearly a minute-long finale.The speech did not galvanise Rifkind's candidacy, however, which had always been regarded as a long shot – bookmakers had him at 50–1 and a poll found that only 4% of Conservative voters supported his candidacy. Consequently, on 11 October 2005 he announced that he was withdrawing from the leadership contest and that he would be supporting Kenneth Clarke's candidacy, acknowledging that "There is no realistic prospect of me coming through". In endorsing Clarke, Rifkind stated that he was "head and shoulders" above the other candidates, and had both the experience and popular appeal to take on Labour.On 7 December 2005, he left the Conservative front bench as incoming leader David Cameron formed his team. Rifkind admitted that he had not wished to remain a Shadow Cabinet minister unless in the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary, but this post had gone to William Hague. Rifkind declared his loyalty to the new party leader and remains one of the Conservative Party's most experienced senior figures.In December 2008, he became a leading spokesman of the Global Zero movement, which includes over 300 eminent leaders and over 400,000 citizens from around the world working toward the elimination of all nuclear weapons by multilateral negotiation. In July 2010, he was appointed by the Secretary General of the Commonwealth as a member of the Eminent Persons Group, chaired by a former Prime Minister of Malaysia, which has been requested to report to the next Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting on recommendations for the future revitalisation of the Commonwealth.He was Chairman of the Standards and Privileges Committee of the House of Commons until the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010. When the Kensington and Chelsea constituency was realigned to create the new seats of Chelsea and Fulham and Kensington, Rifkind stood for the latter seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a 50.1% share of the total votes cast, and a majority of 8,616 votes.Rifkind was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010, a post he held until 24 February 2015. As Chairman of the ISC Rifkind presided over the transformation of the Committee's powers to ensure that it had effective oversight of MI5, MI6 and GCHQ. He persuaded the Government to introduce legislation which enabled the ISC, for the first time, to be able to require, rather than request, the intelligence agencies to provide any highly classified material required by the ISC. The legislation also gave the ISC, for the first time, explicit authority to provide oversight over the operations of the intelligence agencies rather than just their policy, resources and organisation. During his period as Chairman the ISC held its first ever public sessions including a live televised session with the heads of MI5, MI6, and GCHQ.On 28 August 2013 Rifkind appeared to modify his anti-war principles by advocating British military intervention in the Syrian civil war, subject to certain important caveats. He stated that the best response to proof of the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons against its own people would be United Nations Security Council approval of proportionate and limited military action, but that securing unanimity in the Council would be unlikely, given the near-certainty of a Russian veto. He believed that, in such a case, if there were to be a broad international consensus for such military action, including among the nations of the Arab League, that the international community should not be 'paralysed' by a failure to act, and that the action should be used to target Syrian Government military sites. He believed its purpose should be to deter the Syrian Government from using such weapons again, and to indicate that wider action would be undertaken were it to do so. Writing in "The Guardian", he accused the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad of being willing to "do anything that they think they can get away with to stay in power", but then claimed that for Britain, in the event of broad international consensus for military action against the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons, there was "no choice but to take military action with or without a UN mandate".On 18 March 2014, during an interview with CBC Radio News, Rifkind spoke out against the Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, stating that this risked destabilising the entire area and European politics in general. In his opinion, Ukrainian forces had demonstrated "remarkable restraint" against Russian "humiliation", and had turned their military disadvantage into a substantial "moral advantage". While declaring "robust economic sanctions" to be the best response to Crimean situation, and describing a number of possible options, he nevertheless referred to the Western implementation as "pathetic", claiming that current measures affected a mere 23 individuals, and inferred this to be the reason why Russia seemed unfazed by sanction threats. Because of his criticism of Russian action in Crimea and eastern Ukraine Rifkind was included in a list of senior European politicians and former Ministers banned from visiting Russia. Rifkind responded by saying that if there had to be such a list he was proud to be on it.In November 2014, the ISC published its report on the murder of Lee Rigby, on which he said of Facebook:The obligatory internet rights group warned against co-opting companies and turning them into an arm of the surveillance state, and David Cameron vowed to take action. The committee noted the problem to be acute but were somewhat assuaged by the appointment of the Special Envoy on intelligence and law enforcement data sharing and by the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014; they also suggested that government should prioritise the issue with the National Security Council.In early 2015, Rifkind had discussions with what he thought were representatives of a Chinese company that wanted to set up an advisory council. They turned out to be journalists for "The Daily Telegraph" and Channel 4 News who recorded the conversations. As a result, the Conservative party whip was suspended from Rifkind while the matter was investigated.On 24 February 2015 Rifkind stepped down from his position as Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee while remaining on the Committee. Shortly afterwards he announced that he would not stand as a candidate for his constituency of Kensington at the 2015 general election. The former foreign secretary said it was "quite obvious" that allegations made following an undercover sting had "become an issue". Rifkind said he had stepped aside as chair of the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) because he did not want the work of the committee to be "distracted". Speaking to reporters after a meeting of the ISC, he said: "I don't think I did anything wrong. I may have made errors of judgement, but that's a different matter." In September 2015 the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Standards Committee of Parliament concluded after a seven-month investigation that there had been no impropriety by Rifkind. They severely criticised Channel 4 Dispatches and the Daily Telegraph for "distortion", and for "misleading the public". Media regulator Ofcom however took a different view, judging in December 2015 that the journalists had investigated a matter of significant public interest and that their presentation had been fair.Rifkind married Edith Steinberg in London in 1970, and they are the parents of Caroline, and "The Times" columnist Hugo Rifkind. He is also related to his late Conservative government colleague Leon Brittan, and is a second cousin once removed of producer and DJ Mark Ronson.Lady Rifkind died in 2019 at the age of 72. | [
"Minister of State for Europe",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Scotland",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which position did Malcolm Rifkind hold in 21-Jan-199121-January-1991? | January 21, 1991 | {
"text": [
"Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Transport"
]
} | L2_Q333487_P39_8 | Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 2005 to Apr, 2010.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from Jul, 1995 to May, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Minister of State for Europe from Jun, 1983 to Jan, 1986.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May, 1979 to May, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 2015 to Mar, 2015.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Scotland from Jan, 1986 to Nov, 1990.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr, 1992 to Apr, 1997.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct, 1974 to Apr, 1979.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from Apr, 1982 to Jun, 1983.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from May, 2005 to Dec, 2005.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Defence from Apr, 1992 to Jul, 1995.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1983 to May, 1987.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun, 1987 to Mar, 1992.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Feb, 1974 to Sep, 1974.
Malcolm Rifkind holds the position of Secretary of State for Transport from Nov, 1990 to Apr, 1992. | Malcolm RifkindSir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British politician who served in various roles as a Cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major, including Secretary of State for Scotland (1986–1990), Defence Secretary (1992–1995), and Foreign Secretary (1995–1997).Rifkind was the MP for Edinburgh Pentlands from 1974 to 1997. In 1997, his party lost power and he lost his seat to the Labour Party. He attempted, unsuccessfully, to be re-elected in Pentlands in 2001; the constituency was abolished before the 2005 general election and he was adopted, and subsequently elected, as the Conservative candidate for Kensington and Chelsea. He announced his intention to seek the leadership of the party before the 2005 Conservative Party leadership election, but withdrew before polling commenced.Rifkind stood for the Kensington seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a majority of 8,616 votes. He was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010. In January 2015 he was appointed by the OSCE as a member of their Eminent Persons Panel on European Security. He did not stand in the 2015 general election. In December 2015, Rifkind was appointed a Visiting Professor by King's College, London in their Department of War Studies. He was invited to become a Distinguished Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). In July 2016, his memoirs, "Power and Pragmatism", were published. In December 2020 the University of London appointed Rifkind as Chairman of an Inquiry into the future of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies.The University agreed to suspend its proposal to close the Institute while the Inquiry was considering the future of Commonwealth studies in the University.Rifkind was born in Edinburgh to a Jewish family that emigrated to Britain in the 1890s from Lithuania; among his cousins were Leon and Samuel Brittan. He was educated at George Watson's College and the University of Edinburgh where he studied law before taking a postgraduate degree in political science (his thesis was on land apportionment in Southern Rhodesia). While at university he took part in an overland expedition to the Middle East and India. He also appeared on "University Challenge".He worked as an Assistant Lecturer at the University College of Rhodesia in Salisbury (now Harare) from 1967 to 1968. He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1970 and practised full-time as an Advocate until 1974. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1985 and a member of the Privy Council in 1986. From 1970 to 1974 he was a member of Edinburgh City Council.Rifkind first stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully, in 1970 in the Edinburgh Central constituency. He entered Parliament in the February 1974 general election representing Edinburgh Pentlands for the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party. During the leadership election in 1975, he supported Edward Heath in the first round but when Heath withdrew Rifkind voted for Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher, on becoming leader, appointed Rifkind an Opposition front-bench spokesman on Scottish Affairs. He subsequently resigned from that position (along with the Shadow Scottish Secretary, Alick Buchanan-Smith) in protest at the decision of the Shadow Cabinet to vote against the Government's Bill for a Scottish Assembly. Rifkind argued that as, at that time, the Conservative Party supported the principle of a Scottish Assembly, it would have been preferable either to vote for the Second Reading of the Bill or to abstain, and try to improve the Bill. In the subsequent referendum on a Scottish Assembly, Rifkind voted in favour, but withdrew his support when the result of the referendum showed Scotland almost equally divided over the proposal.Rifkind was one of only five Ministers (Tony Newton, Kenneth Clarke, Patrick Mayhew and Lynda Chalker are the others) to serve throughout the whole 18 years of the Governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. This represents the longest uninterrupted Ministerial service in Britain since Lord Palmerston in the early 19th century.He was appointed Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office in the 1979 Thatcher Government. In that role, he was responsible for the passage of the Tenants' Rights (Scotland) Act which resulted in a massive increase of home ownership in Scotland as council tenants bought their homes. He was also responsible, under the Secretary of State George Younger, for relations with local government and for the police and prisons.In 1982, at the time of the Falklands War, he was transferred to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, being promoted to Minister of State at the Foreign Office in 1983. At the Foreign Office, he served first under Francis Pym and then Sir Geoffrey Howe. Rifkind was responsible for Britain's relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the European Community, and sub-Saharan Africa. He assisted Sir Geoffrey Howe in persuading Thatcher to change the Government's policy on the Soviet Union, attended the Chequers meeting which decided to invite Soviet leaders to the United Kingdom, and was present at Chequers when Thatcher had her first meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev and decided that he was a Soviet leader with whom "she could do business".Rifkind also had strong links with the Solidarity movement in Poland. In 1984, he made a Ministerial visit to Poland. Against the wishes of General Jaruzelski, the Polish Communist President, he insisted on laying a wreath at the grave of the murdered Polish priest Father Jerzy Popiełuszko, and had a meeting with three of the leaders of the banned Solidarity movement. Jaruzelski attacked Rifkind and cancelled a meeting he was due to have with him but Rifkind's meeting with Solidarity created a precedent that was followed by the West German Foreign Minister, Hans-Dietrich Genscher and other Western ministers. This helped force the Polish Government to remove the ban on Solidarity and acknowledge the need for political reform and pluralism. Rifkind was, subsequently, decorated by the non-communist democratic Polish Government for his support. Rifkind, as Minister responsible for the European Community, was appointed by the Prime Minister as her personal representative on the Dooge Committee of the European Community. The Report of the Committee helped prepare the way for the development of the Single European Market.In 1986 he was promoted into the cabinet as Secretary of State for Scotland. He gained a reputation as being a moderate voice on social and economic issues, and sometimes had disputes with Margaret Thatcher. As Secretary of State, he initiated major reforms in Scotland. These included the privatisation of the Scottish electricity industry and the Scottish Transport Group. He created Scottish Homes as the Government's housing agency; and Scottish Natural Heritage which combined both the Countryside Commission for Scotland and the Nature Conservancy Council. He also transformed the Scottish Development Agency into Scottish Enterprise with much greater private sector involvement. When Rifkind became Secretary of State his first task was to defuse a teachers dispute which was crippling Scottish education. He also sought to help the Ravenscraig steel mill which was threatened with closure. Rifkind opposed closure by the Government arguing that the whole steel industry should be privatised and that the future of individual plants would be determined by the companies that owned them in the private sector.One of Rifkind's most difficult challenges was the demand from the public for the abolition of the domestic rates system. He supported the introduction of the Poll Tax, which the Cabinet had approved shortly before his appointment. He also agreed with the decision proposed by his predecessor, George Younger, that the new tax should be introduced a year earlier in Scotland than in England because of the political necessity to end the domestic rates. Rifkind subsequently accepted that the poll tax had been a major mistake by the Government. Throughout his term as Scottish Secretary, Rifkind, like Younger before him, and Ian Lang and Michael Forsyth in later years, was constrained by the political weakness of the Conservative Party in Scotland unlike in England. This problem was the underlying reason for his differences with Margaret Thatcher which increased, significantly, towards the end of her Prime Ministership. When Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the Leadership of the Conservative Party, Rifkind voted for her. During the tense period that followed the first round of voting Rifkind was one of those who advised Thatcher that it would be best for her to stand down, and did not promise to support her if she stood for election. Thatcher considered his action treachery. In the subsequent Leadership election, he supported Douglas Hurd.In 1990, he was moved by John Major to be Secretary of State for Transport. One of his first responsibilities was to go into the Channel Tunnel, which was being constructed, and witness the first physical contact between those tunnelling from the French and British ends of the tunnel. One of his main priorities as Transport Secretary was to take forward the policy proposals for the privatisation of the railways. Rifkind supported privatisation but concluded that it would be a mistake to separate ownership of the infrastructure from the operating companies as track costs were a large percentage of their unavoidable costs. This view brought him into conflict with the Treasury and meant that Conservative proposals for privatisation were not ready by the time of the 1992 general election. The Prime Minister favoured the Treasury argument that competition between railway companies would be discouraged if one company owned the track. Rifkind maintained that the competition to rail would come from air and road and not from other rail companies. After Rifkind left the Ministry of Transport in 1992, the Treasury view prevailed, and this led to the creation of Railtrack.Rifkind was appointed Secretary of State for Defence after the 1992 general election. Although he had no military background, he was a firm believer in strong defence and armed forces with a global capability. One of his early decisions was to reverse the proposed disbandment of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Regiment and the Royal Scots and Kings Own Scottish Borderers. In 1994, he was faced with Treasury demands for major cuts in the Defence budget. In order to protect the fighting capability of the armed forces, he negotiated a settlement with the Treasury whereby he would deliver savings greater than they were demanding but that he would be allowed to keep the additional savings and use them for the purchase of new military equipment for each of the three Services. He had already won the support of the Chiefs of Staff for this approach which provided an incentive for their cooperation in making the necessary economies. The outcome was the Front Line First Report, which was well-received both in Parliament and in the Armed Forces. However, some of its proposals, particularly in regard to defence medical services were, in later years, subjected to heavy criticism. With some of the additional savings that had been found Rifkind was able to secure the agreement of the United States to British purchase of cruise missiles. The United Kingdom was, at that time, the only country to which the Americans were willing to sell cruise missiles. Rifkind also reformed the Reserve Forces and initiated the policy review which led to the TA and other Reservists being able to be used in operations abroad without the need for full mobilization of the whole Territorial Army as had been needed in the past.One of the most difficult problems that Rifkind dealt with as Defence Secretary was British involvement in the Bosnian war in former Yugoslavia. Like John Major and the Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd, Rifkind was opposed to military intervention by Britain and the international community as combatants in that conflict. However, he supported the use of British troops and those from other countries to protect humanitarian food convoys that were protecting hundreds of thousands of civilians. Rifkind was a strong and vocal opponent of the American proposal for "lift and strike" which would have ended the UN Arms Embargo and subjected the Bosnian Serbs to NATO bombing from the air. Rifkind agreed with the UN and European view that such bombing would be incompatible with a UN mission on the ground and would necessitate the ending of that mission. Rifkind expressed these views publicly in Washington as well as in London. Although the United States was increasingly frustrated and concerned at this impasse it did not do lasting damage to US-British relations as evidenced by the American willingness to sell cruise missiles to the United Kingdom.In the final years of the Major administration, Rifkind was the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. One of his first duties was to chair the London Summit on Bosnia which put much greater pressure on the Bosnian Serbs in the aftermath of the Srebrenica massacre and led, in due course, to the Dayton Accord which ended the fighting. As Foreign Secretary, on 24 September 1996, Rifkind addressed the United Nations General Assembly and called for a UN Declaration barring political asylum for terrorists, arguing that they should not be able to benefit from the provisions of the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees to secure political asylum. In the same speech, he emphasised Britain's commitment to the goal of global free trade by 2020 and said all governments should liberalise their economies and lift trading restrictions.In the Middle East, Rifkind committed the British Government, for the first time, to a Palestinian State on the West Bank and in Gaza. He also, in a speech in the Gulf, called for a Middle Eastern equivalent of the OSCE to enable dialogue to take place, at the regional level between Israel and its Arab neighbours as well as between Iran and the Arab world. One of his main duties were the final negotiations with China over the transfer of Hong Kong. Rifkind had several meetings with the Chinese Foreign Minister both in Beijing and in London, as well as with the Hong Kong Governor, Chris Patten, and elected Hong Kong politicians. Rifkind also, as Foreign Secretary, called for the creation of a North Atlantic Free Trade Area that would have created a free trade relationship between the European Union and the United States and Canada.At the 1997 general election, he lost his Pentlands seat in common with all Conservatives in Scotland (and Wales), and was succeeded by Labour candidate Lynda Clark. Rifkind was one of the few MPs to try again in his old seat, rather than seeking a safer one, standing again for Edinburgh Pentlands against Clark in the 2001 general election; although he improved his showing somewhat, he was unable to overturn the sizeable 10.6% majority in an election where the Conservatives made little progress. During this time, he remained politically active, as president of the Scottish Conservatives, and used his position outside Westminster to criticise the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the Blair Government's support of it. At the time, the Conservative Party was staunchly in support of the invasion.After the 1997 general election, Rifkind was offered a peerage which he declined. He received a knighthood in John Major's resignation honours, becoming a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), in recognition of his work for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.At the 2005 general election, he returned to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for the London constituency of Kensington and Chelsea with a majority of 12,418.On 8 June 2005, a month after the Conservative defeat at the 2005 general election, Rifkind stated that it was "quite likely" that he would stand for the leadership after Michael Howard's resignation. Rifkind subsequently confirmed this on 14 August, although admitting that he had a "mountain to climb", and receiving sparse support amongst Conservative MPs, with several exceptions, such as Crispin Blunt.Despite this, Rifkind went through to the "conference stage" of the leadership process, in which each candidate was given speaking time to address the Conservative Party Conference directly. In his speech, Rifkind declared that Conservatives had to be "pragmatic, sensitive, and moderate", and stress their "unique combination of principle and patriotism". The speech won eight rounds of applause from the conference, with nearly a minute-long finale.The speech did not galvanise Rifkind's candidacy, however, which had always been regarded as a long shot – bookmakers had him at 50–1 and a poll found that only 4% of Conservative voters supported his candidacy. Consequently, on 11 October 2005 he announced that he was withdrawing from the leadership contest and that he would be supporting Kenneth Clarke's candidacy, acknowledging that "There is no realistic prospect of me coming through". In endorsing Clarke, Rifkind stated that he was "head and shoulders" above the other candidates, and had both the experience and popular appeal to take on Labour.On 7 December 2005, he left the Conservative front bench as incoming leader David Cameron formed his team. Rifkind admitted that he had not wished to remain a Shadow Cabinet minister unless in the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary, but this post had gone to William Hague. Rifkind declared his loyalty to the new party leader and remains one of the Conservative Party's most experienced senior figures.In December 2008, he became a leading spokesman of the Global Zero movement, which includes over 300 eminent leaders and over 400,000 citizens from around the world working toward the elimination of all nuclear weapons by multilateral negotiation. In July 2010, he was appointed by the Secretary General of the Commonwealth as a member of the Eminent Persons Group, chaired by a former Prime Minister of Malaysia, which has been requested to report to the next Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting on recommendations for the future revitalisation of the Commonwealth.He was Chairman of the Standards and Privileges Committee of the House of Commons until the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010. When the Kensington and Chelsea constituency was realigned to create the new seats of Chelsea and Fulham and Kensington, Rifkind stood for the latter seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a 50.1% share of the total votes cast, and a majority of 8,616 votes.Rifkind was appointed Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010, a post he held until 24 February 2015. As Chairman of the ISC Rifkind presided over the transformation of the Committee's powers to ensure that it had effective oversight of MI5, MI6 and GCHQ. He persuaded the Government to introduce legislation which enabled the ISC, for the first time, to be able to require, rather than request, the intelligence agencies to provide any highly classified material required by the ISC. The legislation also gave the ISC, for the first time, explicit authority to provide oversight over the operations of the intelligence agencies rather than just their policy, resources and organisation. During his period as Chairman the ISC held its first ever public sessions including a live televised session with the heads of MI5, MI6, and GCHQ.On 28 August 2013 Rifkind appeared to modify his anti-war principles by advocating British military intervention in the Syrian civil war, subject to certain important caveats. He stated that the best response to proof of the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons against its own people would be United Nations Security Council approval of proportionate and limited military action, but that securing unanimity in the Council would be unlikely, given the near-certainty of a Russian veto. He believed that, in such a case, if there were to be a broad international consensus for such military action, including among the nations of the Arab League, that the international community should not be 'paralysed' by a failure to act, and that the action should be used to target Syrian Government military sites. He believed its purpose should be to deter the Syrian Government from using such weapons again, and to indicate that wider action would be undertaken were it to do so. Writing in "The Guardian", he accused the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad of being willing to "do anything that they think they can get away with to stay in power", but then claimed that for Britain, in the event of broad international consensus for military action against the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons, there was "no choice but to take military action with or without a UN mandate".On 18 March 2014, during an interview with CBC Radio News, Rifkind spoke out against the Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, stating that this risked destabilising the entire area and European politics in general. In his opinion, Ukrainian forces had demonstrated "remarkable restraint" against Russian "humiliation", and had turned their military disadvantage into a substantial "moral advantage". While declaring "robust economic sanctions" to be the best response to Crimean situation, and describing a number of possible options, he nevertheless referred to the Western implementation as "pathetic", claiming that current measures affected a mere 23 individuals, and inferred this to be the reason why Russia seemed unfazed by sanction threats. Because of his criticism of Russian action in Crimea and eastern Ukraine Rifkind was included in a list of senior European politicians and former Ministers banned from visiting Russia. Rifkind responded by saying that if there had to be such a list he was proud to be on it.In November 2014, the ISC published its report on the murder of Lee Rigby, on which he said of Facebook:The obligatory internet rights group warned against co-opting companies and turning them into an arm of the surveillance state, and David Cameron vowed to take action. The committee noted the problem to be acute but were somewhat assuaged by the appointment of the Special Envoy on intelligence and law enforcement data sharing and by the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014; they also suggested that government should prioritise the issue with the National Security Council.In early 2015, Rifkind had discussions with what he thought were representatives of a Chinese company that wanted to set up an advisory council. They turned out to be journalists for "The Daily Telegraph" and Channel 4 News who recorded the conversations. As a result, the Conservative party whip was suspended from Rifkind while the matter was investigated.On 24 February 2015 Rifkind stepped down from his position as Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee while remaining on the Committee. Shortly afterwards he announced that he would not stand as a candidate for his constituency of Kensington at the 2015 general election. The former foreign secretary said it was "quite obvious" that allegations made following an undercover sting had "become an issue". Rifkind said he had stepped aside as chair of the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) because he did not want the work of the committee to be "distracted". Speaking to reporters after a meeting of the ISC, he said: "I don't think I did anything wrong. I may have made errors of judgement, but that's a different matter." In September 2015 the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Standards Committee of Parliament concluded after a seven-month investigation that there had been no impropriety by Rifkind. They severely criticised Channel 4 Dispatches and the Daily Telegraph for "distortion", and for "misleading the public". Media regulator Ofcom however took a different view, judging in December 2015 that the journalists had investigated a matter of significant public interest and that their presentation had been fair.Rifkind married Edith Steinberg in London in 1970, and they are the parents of Caroline, and "The Times" columnist Hugo Rifkind. He is also related to his late Conservative government colleague Leon Brittan, and is a second cousin once removed of producer and DJ Mark Ronson.Lady Rifkind died in 2019 at the age of 72. | [
"Minister of State for Europe",
"Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs",
"Member of the 55th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Scotland",
"Member of the 54th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions",
"Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"Secretary of State for Defence",
"Member of the 51st Parliament of the United Kingdom"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in Aug, 2015? | August 08, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Kırıkhanspor"
]
} | L2_Q5627174_P54_7 | Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor. | [
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in 2015-08-08? | August 08, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Kırıkhanspor"
]
} | L2_Q5627174_P54_7 | Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor. | [
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in 08/08/2015? | August 08, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Kırıkhanspor"
]
} | L2_Q5627174_P54_7 | Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor. | [
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in Aug 08, 2015? | August 08, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Kırıkhanspor"
]
} | L2_Q5627174_P54_7 | Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor. | [
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in 08/08/2015? | August 08, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Kırıkhanspor"
]
} | L2_Q5627174_P54_7 | Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor. | [
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Güven Gürsoy play for in 08-Aug-201508-August-2015? | August 08, 2015 | {
"text": [
"Kırıkhanspor"
]
} | L2_Q5627174_P54_7 | Güven Gürsoy plays for Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor from Jan, 2012 to Jan, 2013.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Beşiktaş A2 from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2012.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Sakaryaspor from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2015.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Malatyaspor from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2011.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Turkey national under-17 football team from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2008.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Fatih Karagümrük S.K. from Jan, 2014 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Üsküdar Anadolu SK from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Güven Gürsoy plays for Kırıkhanspor from Jan, 2015 to Dec, 2022. | Güven GürsoyGüven Gürsoy (born 7 February 1992) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Belediye Vanspor. | [
"Üsküdar Anadolu SK",
"Fatih Karagümrük S.K.",
"Beşiktaş A2",
"Van Büyükşehir Belediyespor",
"Turkey national under-17 football team",
"Sakaryaspor",
"Malatyaspor"
] |
|
Which team did Gerardo Berodia play for in Jan, 2003? | January 09, 2003 | {
"text": [
"CA Pinto",
"RSD Alcalá"
]
} | L2_Q8963889_P54_3 | Gerardo Berodia plays for UD San Sebastián de los Reyes from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD El Álamo from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Gerardo Berodia plays for DAV Santa Ana from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Zamora CF from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Gerardo Berodia plays for C.D. Jorge Wilstermann from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD Leganés from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Gerardo Berodia plays for UB Conquense from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CA Pinto from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Gerardo Berodia plays for RSD Alcalá from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Club Deportivo Lugo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Gerardo BerodiaGerardo García Berodia (born 6 June 1981) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left winger or a forward.He amassed Segunda División B totals of 235 matches and 60 goals over nine seasons, representing nine clubs. Professionally, he appeared for Lugo and Jorge Wilstermann.Born in Madrid, Berodia joined Real Madrid in 1991 at age 10. He left seven years later and, until the age of 31, competed solely in lower league and amateur football, representing CD El Álamo, DAV Santa Ana, RSD Alcalá, CA Pinto, UD San Sebastián de los Reyes, CDA Navalcarnero, CD Leganés, Zamora CF, SD Ponferradina, UB Conquense and CD Lugo; with the latter club, he contributed seven goals in the 2011–12 season to help to promotion to Segunda División after a two-decade absence, also being featured in the playoffs against CD Atlético Baleares and Cádiz CF.Berodia appeared in his first game as a professional on 15 September 2012, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in a 2–4 home loss against SD Huesca. In the following transfer window, he moved abroad for the first time in his career and joined several compatriots at Club Jorge Wilstermann from the Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano.Berodia scored 14 goals in his only full campaign, notably helping his team finish fourth in the "Apertura". He returned to Spain shortly after due to family reasons, signing with former side Navalcarnero.On 10 January 2016, during a Tercera División fixture at CU Collado Villalba, Berodia netted seven times in a final 12–1 rout, as the opposition fielded only youth players in protest against the board of directors.After returning to Spain in the middle of 2014, finding himself unemployed, Berodia bought a taxicab to provide for his family. He continued exercising the profession still as an active player. | [
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"RSD Alcalá",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense",
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense"
] |
|
Which team did Gerardo Berodia play for in 2003-01-09? | January 09, 2003 | {
"text": [
"CA Pinto",
"RSD Alcalá"
]
} | L2_Q8963889_P54_3 | Gerardo Berodia plays for UD San Sebastián de los Reyes from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD El Álamo from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Gerardo Berodia plays for DAV Santa Ana from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Zamora CF from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Gerardo Berodia plays for C.D. Jorge Wilstermann from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD Leganés from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Gerardo Berodia plays for UB Conquense from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CA Pinto from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Gerardo Berodia plays for RSD Alcalá from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Club Deportivo Lugo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Gerardo BerodiaGerardo García Berodia (born 6 June 1981) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left winger or a forward.He amassed Segunda División B totals of 235 matches and 60 goals over nine seasons, representing nine clubs. Professionally, he appeared for Lugo and Jorge Wilstermann.Born in Madrid, Berodia joined Real Madrid in 1991 at age 10. He left seven years later and, until the age of 31, competed solely in lower league and amateur football, representing CD El Álamo, DAV Santa Ana, RSD Alcalá, CA Pinto, UD San Sebastián de los Reyes, CDA Navalcarnero, CD Leganés, Zamora CF, SD Ponferradina, UB Conquense and CD Lugo; with the latter club, he contributed seven goals in the 2011–12 season to help to promotion to Segunda División after a two-decade absence, also being featured in the playoffs against CD Atlético Baleares and Cádiz CF.Berodia appeared in his first game as a professional on 15 September 2012, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in a 2–4 home loss against SD Huesca. In the following transfer window, he moved abroad for the first time in his career and joined several compatriots at Club Jorge Wilstermann from the Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano.Berodia scored 14 goals in his only full campaign, notably helping his team finish fourth in the "Apertura". He returned to Spain shortly after due to family reasons, signing with former side Navalcarnero.On 10 January 2016, during a Tercera División fixture at CU Collado Villalba, Berodia netted seven times in a final 12–1 rout, as the opposition fielded only youth players in protest against the board of directors.After returning to Spain in the middle of 2014, finding himself unemployed, Berodia bought a taxicab to provide for his family. He continued exercising the profession still as an active player. | [
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"RSD Alcalá",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense",
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense"
] |
|
Which team did Gerardo Berodia play for in 09/01/2003? | January 09, 2003 | {
"text": [
"CA Pinto",
"RSD Alcalá"
]
} | L2_Q8963889_P54_3 | Gerardo Berodia plays for UD San Sebastián de los Reyes from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD El Álamo from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Gerardo Berodia plays for DAV Santa Ana from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Zamora CF from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Gerardo Berodia plays for C.D. Jorge Wilstermann from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD Leganés from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Gerardo Berodia plays for UB Conquense from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CA Pinto from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Gerardo Berodia plays for RSD Alcalá from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Club Deportivo Lugo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Gerardo BerodiaGerardo García Berodia (born 6 June 1981) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left winger or a forward.He amassed Segunda División B totals of 235 matches and 60 goals over nine seasons, representing nine clubs. Professionally, he appeared for Lugo and Jorge Wilstermann.Born in Madrid, Berodia joined Real Madrid in 1991 at age 10. He left seven years later and, until the age of 31, competed solely in lower league and amateur football, representing CD El Álamo, DAV Santa Ana, RSD Alcalá, CA Pinto, UD San Sebastián de los Reyes, CDA Navalcarnero, CD Leganés, Zamora CF, SD Ponferradina, UB Conquense and CD Lugo; with the latter club, he contributed seven goals in the 2011–12 season to help to promotion to Segunda División after a two-decade absence, also being featured in the playoffs against CD Atlético Baleares and Cádiz CF.Berodia appeared in his first game as a professional on 15 September 2012, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in a 2–4 home loss against SD Huesca. In the following transfer window, he moved abroad for the first time in his career and joined several compatriots at Club Jorge Wilstermann from the Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano.Berodia scored 14 goals in his only full campaign, notably helping his team finish fourth in the "Apertura". He returned to Spain shortly after due to family reasons, signing with former side Navalcarnero.On 10 January 2016, during a Tercera División fixture at CU Collado Villalba, Berodia netted seven times in a final 12–1 rout, as the opposition fielded only youth players in protest against the board of directors.After returning to Spain in the middle of 2014, finding himself unemployed, Berodia bought a taxicab to provide for his family. He continued exercising the profession still as an active player. | [
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"RSD Alcalá",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense",
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense"
] |
|
Which team did Gerardo Berodia play for in Jan 09, 2003? | January 09, 2003 | {
"text": [
"CA Pinto",
"RSD Alcalá"
]
} | L2_Q8963889_P54_3 | Gerardo Berodia plays for UD San Sebastián de los Reyes from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD El Álamo from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Gerardo Berodia plays for DAV Santa Ana from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Zamora CF from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Gerardo Berodia plays for C.D. Jorge Wilstermann from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD Leganés from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Gerardo Berodia plays for UB Conquense from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CA Pinto from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Gerardo Berodia plays for RSD Alcalá from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Club Deportivo Lugo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Gerardo BerodiaGerardo García Berodia (born 6 June 1981) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left winger or a forward.He amassed Segunda División B totals of 235 matches and 60 goals over nine seasons, representing nine clubs. Professionally, he appeared for Lugo and Jorge Wilstermann.Born in Madrid, Berodia joined Real Madrid in 1991 at age 10. He left seven years later and, until the age of 31, competed solely in lower league and amateur football, representing CD El Álamo, DAV Santa Ana, RSD Alcalá, CA Pinto, UD San Sebastián de los Reyes, CDA Navalcarnero, CD Leganés, Zamora CF, SD Ponferradina, UB Conquense and CD Lugo; with the latter club, he contributed seven goals in the 2011–12 season to help to promotion to Segunda División after a two-decade absence, also being featured in the playoffs against CD Atlético Baleares and Cádiz CF.Berodia appeared in his first game as a professional on 15 September 2012, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in a 2–4 home loss against SD Huesca. In the following transfer window, he moved abroad for the first time in his career and joined several compatriots at Club Jorge Wilstermann from the Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano.Berodia scored 14 goals in his only full campaign, notably helping his team finish fourth in the "Apertura". He returned to Spain shortly after due to family reasons, signing with former side Navalcarnero.On 10 January 2016, during a Tercera División fixture at CU Collado Villalba, Berodia netted seven times in a final 12–1 rout, as the opposition fielded only youth players in protest against the board of directors.After returning to Spain in the middle of 2014, finding himself unemployed, Berodia bought a taxicab to provide for his family. He continued exercising the profession still as an active player. | [
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"RSD Alcalá",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense",
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense"
] |
|
Which team did Gerardo Berodia play for in 01/09/2003? | January 09, 2003 | {
"text": [
"CA Pinto",
"RSD Alcalá"
]
} | L2_Q8963889_P54_3 | Gerardo Berodia plays for UD San Sebastián de los Reyes from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD El Álamo from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Gerardo Berodia plays for DAV Santa Ana from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Zamora CF from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Gerardo Berodia plays for C.D. Jorge Wilstermann from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD Leganés from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Gerardo Berodia plays for UB Conquense from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CA Pinto from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Gerardo Berodia plays for RSD Alcalá from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Club Deportivo Lugo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Gerardo BerodiaGerardo García Berodia (born 6 June 1981) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left winger or a forward.He amassed Segunda División B totals of 235 matches and 60 goals over nine seasons, representing nine clubs. Professionally, he appeared for Lugo and Jorge Wilstermann.Born in Madrid, Berodia joined Real Madrid in 1991 at age 10. He left seven years later and, until the age of 31, competed solely in lower league and amateur football, representing CD El Álamo, DAV Santa Ana, RSD Alcalá, CA Pinto, UD San Sebastián de los Reyes, CDA Navalcarnero, CD Leganés, Zamora CF, SD Ponferradina, UB Conquense and CD Lugo; with the latter club, he contributed seven goals in the 2011–12 season to help to promotion to Segunda División after a two-decade absence, also being featured in the playoffs against CD Atlético Baleares and Cádiz CF.Berodia appeared in his first game as a professional on 15 September 2012, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in a 2–4 home loss against SD Huesca. In the following transfer window, he moved abroad for the first time in his career and joined several compatriots at Club Jorge Wilstermann from the Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano.Berodia scored 14 goals in his only full campaign, notably helping his team finish fourth in the "Apertura". He returned to Spain shortly after due to family reasons, signing with former side Navalcarnero.On 10 January 2016, during a Tercera División fixture at CU Collado Villalba, Berodia netted seven times in a final 12–1 rout, as the opposition fielded only youth players in protest against the board of directors.After returning to Spain in the middle of 2014, finding himself unemployed, Berodia bought a taxicab to provide for his family. He continued exercising the profession still as an active player. | [
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"RSD Alcalá",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense",
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense"
] |
|
Which team did Gerardo Berodia play for in 09-Jan-200309-January-2003? | January 09, 2003 | {
"text": [
"CA Pinto",
"RSD Alcalá"
]
} | L2_Q8963889_P54_3 | Gerardo Berodia plays for UD San Sebastián de los Reyes from Jan, 2004 to Jan, 2005.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD El Álamo from Jan, 2000 to Jan, 2001.
Gerardo Berodia plays for DAV Santa Ana from Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Zamora CF from Jan, 2008 to Jan, 2009.
Gerardo Berodia plays for C.D. Jorge Wilstermann from Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CD Leganés from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2008.
Gerardo Berodia plays for UB Conquense from Jan, 2010 to Jan, 2011.
Gerardo Berodia plays for CA Pinto from Jan, 2003 to Jan, 2004.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina from Jan, 2009 to Jan, 2010.
Gerardo Berodia plays for RSD Alcalá from Jan, 2002 to Jan, 2003.
Gerardo Berodia plays for Club Deportivo Lugo from Jan, 2011 to Jan, 2013. | Gerardo BerodiaGerardo García Berodia (born 6 June 1981) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left winger or a forward.He amassed Segunda División B totals of 235 matches and 60 goals over nine seasons, representing nine clubs. Professionally, he appeared for Lugo and Jorge Wilstermann.Born in Madrid, Berodia joined Real Madrid in 1991 at age 10. He left seven years later and, until the age of 31, competed solely in lower league and amateur football, representing CD El Álamo, DAV Santa Ana, RSD Alcalá, CA Pinto, UD San Sebastián de los Reyes, CDA Navalcarnero, CD Leganés, Zamora CF, SD Ponferradina, UB Conquense and CD Lugo; with the latter club, he contributed seven goals in the 2011–12 season to help to promotion to Segunda División after a two-decade absence, also being featured in the playoffs against CD Atlético Baleares and Cádiz CF.Berodia appeared in his first game as a professional on 15 September 2012, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in a 2–4 home loss against SD Huesca. In the following transfer window, he moved abroad for the first time in his career and joined several compatriots at Club Jorge Wilstermann from the Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano.Berodia scored 14 goals in his only full campaign, notably helping his team finish fourth in the "Apertura". He returned to Spain shortly after due to family reasons, signing with former side Navalcarnero.On 10 January 2016, during a Tercera División fixture at CU Collado Villalba, Berodia netted seven times in a final 12–1 rout, as the opposition fielded only youth players in protest against the board of directors.After returning to Spain in the middle of 2014, finding himself unemployed, Berodia bought a taxicab to provide for his family. He continued exercising the profession still as an active player. | [
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"RSD Alcalá",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense",
"CD El Álamo",
"CD Leganés",
"C.D. Jorge Wilstermann",
"Zamora CF",
"Sociedad Deportiva Ponferradina",
"Club Deportivo Lugo",
"DAV Santa Ana",
"UD San Sebastián de los Reyes",
"UB Conquense"
] |
|
Which team did Paddy Sowden play for in Jan, 1960? | January 01, 1960 | {
"text": [
"Wrexham A.F.C.",
"Chorley F.C."
]
} | L2_Q7123630_P54_8 | Paddy Sowden plays for Bacup Borough F.C. from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1948.
Paddy Sowden plays for Chorley F.C. from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1960.
Paddy Sowden plays for Elgin City F.C. from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1950.
Paddy Sowden plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1947.
Paddy Sowden plays for Aldershot F.C. from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1951.
Paddy Sowden plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1952.
Paddy Sowden plays for Gillingham F.C. from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1956.
Paddy Sowden plays for Accrington Stanley F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1958.
Paddy Sowden plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1960. | Paddy SowdenPeter Tasker Sowden (1 May 1929 – 12 November 2010) was an English professional footballer. His clubs included Aldershot, Accrington Stanley, Wrexham and Gillingham, where he made over 130 Football League appearances.He also played for Chorley, Great Harwood and Mossley. | [
"Gillingham F.C.",
"Aldershot F.C.",
"Bacup Borough F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Elgin City F.C.",
"Accrington Stanley F.C.",
"Gillingham F.C.",
"Aldershot F.C.",
"Bacup Borough F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Elgin City F.C.",
"Accrington Stanley F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Paddy Sowden play for in 1960-01-01? | January 01, 1960 | {
"text": [
"Wrexham A.F.C.",
"Chorley F.C."
]
} | L2_Q7123630_P54_8 | Paddy Sowden plays for Bacup Borough F.C. from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1948.
Paddy Sowden plays for Chorley F.C. from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1960.
Paddy Sowden plays for Elgin City F.C. from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1950.
Paddy Sowden plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1947.
Paddy Sowden plays for Aldershot F.C. from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1951.
Paddy Sowden plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1952.
Paddy Sowden plays for Gillingham F.C. from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1956.
Paddy Sowden plays for Accrington Stanley F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1958.
Paddy Sowden plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1960. | Paddy SowdenPeter Tasker Sowden (1 May 1929 – 12 November 2010) was an English professional footballer. His clubs included Aldershot, Accrington Stanley, Wrexham and Gillingham, where he made over 130 Football League appearances.He also played for Chorley, Great Harwood and Mossley. | [
"Gillingham F.C.",
"Aldershot F.C.",
"Bacup Borough F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Elgin City F.C.",
"Accrington Stanley F.C.",
"Gillingham F.C.",
"Aldershot F.C.",
"Bacup Borough F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Elgin City F.C.",
"Accrington Stanley F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Paddy Sowden play for in 01/01/1960? | January 01, 1960 | {
"text": [
"Wrexham A.F.C.",
"Chorley F.C."
]
} | L2_Q7123630_P54_8 | Paddy Sowden plays for Bacup Borough F.C. from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1948.
Paddy Sowden plays for Chorley F.C. from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1960.
Paddy Sowden plays for Elgin City F.C. from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1950.
Paddy Sowden plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1947.
Paddy Sowden plays for Aldershot F.C. from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1951.
Paddy Sowden plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1952.
Paddy Sowden plays for Gillingham F.C. from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1956.
Paddy Sowden plays for Accrington Stanley F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1958.
Paddy Sowden plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1960. | Paddy SowdenPeter Tasker Sowden (1 May 1929 – 12 November 2010) was an English professional footballer. His clubs included Aldershot, Accrington Stanley, Wrexham and Gillingham, where he made over 130 Football League appearances.He also played for Chorley, Great Harwood and Mossley. | [
"Gillingham F.C.",
"Aldershot F.C.",
"Bacup Borough F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Elgin City F.C.",
"Accrington Stanley F.C.",
"Gillingham F.C.",
"Aldershot F.C.",
"Bacup Borough F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Elgin City F.C.",
"Accrington Stanley F.C."
] |
|
Which team did Paddy Sowden play for in Jan 01, 1960? | January 01, 1960 | {
"text": [
"Wrexham A.F.C.",
"Chorley F.C."
]
} | L2_Q7123630_P54_8 | Paddy Sowden plays for Bacup Borough F.C. from Jan, 1947 to Jan, 1948.
Paddy Sowden plays for Chorley F.C. from Jan, 1960 to Jan, 1960.
Paddy Sowden plays for Elgin City F.C. from Jan, 1949 to Jan, 1950.
Paddy Sowden plays for Blackpool F.C. from Jan, 1946 to Jan, 1947.
Paddy Sowden plays for Aldershot F.C. from Jan, 1950 to Jan, 1951.
Paddy Sowden plays for Hull City A.F.C. from Jan, 1951 to Jan, 1952.
Paddy Sowden plays for Gillingham F.C. from Jan, 1952 to Jan, 1956.
Paddy Sowden plays for Accrington Stanley F.C. from Jan, 1956 to Jan, 1958.
Paddy Sowden plays for Wrexham A.F.C. from Jan, 1958 to Jan, 1960. | Paddy SowdenPeter Tasker Sowden (1 May 1929 – 12 November 2010) was an English professional footballer. His clubs included Aldershot, Accrington Stanley, Wrexham and Gillingham, where he made over 130 Football League appearances.He also played for Chorley, Great Harwood and Mossley. | [
"Gillingham F.C.",
"Aldershot F.C.",
"Bacup Borough F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Elgin City F.C.",
"Accrington Stanley F.C.",
"Gillingham F.C.",
"Aldershot F.C.",
"Bacup Borough F.C.",
"Blackpool F.C.",
"Hull City A.F.C.",
"Elgin City F.C.",
"Accrington Stanley F.C."
] |
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