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who determines what is and what is not criminal | The Justice System | Bureau of Justice Statistics | The flowchart of the events in the criminal justice system (shown in the diagram) updates the original chart prepared by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice in 1967. The chart summarizes the most common events in the criminal and juvenile justice systems including entry into the criminal justice system, prosecution and pretrial services, adjudication, sentencing and sanctions, and corrections. A discussion of the events in the criminal justice system follows.
The private sector initiates the response to crime
This first response may come from individuals, families, neighborhood associations, business, industry, agriculture, educational institutions, the news media, or any other private service to the public.
It involves crime prevention as well as participation in the criminal justice process once a crime has been committed. Private crime prevention is more than providing private security or burglar alarms or participating in neighborhood watch. It also includes a commitment to stop criminal behavior by not engaging in it or condoning it when it is committed by others.
Citizens take part directly in the criminal justice process by reporting crime to the police, by being a reliable participant (for example, a witness or a juror) in a criminal proceeding and by accepting the disposition of the system as just or reasonable. As voters and taxpayers, citizens also participate in criminal justice through the policymaking process that affects how the criminal justice process operates, the resources available to it, and its goals and objectives. At every stage of the process from the original formulation of objectives to the decision about where to locate jails and prisons to the reintegration of inmates into society, the private sector has a role to play. Without such involvement, the criminal justice process cannot serve the citizens it is intended to protect.
The response to crime and public safety involves many agencies and services
Many of the services needed to prevent crime and make neighborhoods safe are supplied by noncriminal justice agencies, including agencies with primary concern for public health, education, welfare, public works, and housing. Individual citizens as well as public and private sector organizations have joined with criminal justice agencies to prevent crime and make neighborhoods safe.
Criminal cases are brought by the government through the criminal justice system
We apprehend, try, and punish offenders by means of a loose confederation of agencies at all levels of government. Our American system of justice has evolved from the English common law into a complex series of procedures and decisions. Founded on the concept that crimes against an individual are crimes against the State, our justice system prosecutes individuals as though they victimized all of society. However, crime victims are involved throughout the process and many justice agencies have programs which focus on helping victims.
There is no single criminal justice system in this country. We have many similar systems that are individually unique. Criminal cases may be handled differently in different jurisdictions, but court decisions based on the due process guarantees of the U.S. Constitution require that specific steps be taken in the administration of criminal justice so that the individual will be protected from undue intervention from the State.
The description of the criminal and juvenile justice systems that follows portrays the most common sequence of events in response to serious criminal behavior.
For statistics on this subject, see --
Law Enforcement Entry into the system
View flowchart detail
The justice system does not respond to most crime because so much crime is not discovered or reported to the police. Law enforcement agencies learn about crime from the reports of victims or other citizens, from discovery by a police officer in the field, from informants, or from investigative and intelligence work.
Once a law enforcement agency has established that a crime has been committed, a suspect must be identified and apprehended for the case to proceed through the system. Sometimes, a suspect is apprehended at the scene; however, identification of a suspect sometimes requires an extensive investigation. Often, no one is identified or apprehended. In some instances, a suspect is arrested and later the police determine that no crime was committed and the suspect is released.
For statistics on this subject, see --
Prosecution
Pretrial release and detention Prosecution and pretrial services
View flowchart detail
After an arrest, law enforcement agencies present information about the case and about the accused to the prosecutor, who will decide if formal charges will be filed with the court. If no charges are filed, the accused must be released. The prosecutor can also drop charges after making efforts to prosecute (nolle prosequi).
A suspect charged with a crime must be taken before a judge or magistrate without unnecessary delay. At the initial appearance, the judge or magistrate informs the accused of the charges and decides whether there is probable cause to detain the accused person. If the offense is not very serious, the determination of guilt and assessment of a penalty may also occur at this stage.
Often, the defense counsel is also assigned at the initial appearance. All suspects prosecuted for serious crimes have a right to be represented by an attorney. If the court determines the suspect is indigent and cannot afford such representation, the court will assign counsel at the public's expense.
A pretrial-release decision may be made at the initial appearance, but may occur at other hearings or may be changed at another time during the process. Pretrial release and bail were traditionally intended to ensure appearance at trial. However, many jurisdictions permit pretrial detention of defendants accused of serious offenses and deemed to be dangerous to prevent them from committing crimes prior to trial.
The court often bases its pretrial decision on information about the defendant's drug use, as well as residence, employment, and family ties. The court may decide to release the accused on his/her own recognizance or into the custody of a third party after the posting of a financial bond or on the promise of satisfying certain conditions such as taking periodic drug tests to ensure drug abstinence.
In many jurisdictions, the initial appearance may be followed by a preliminary hearing. The main function of this hearing is to discover if there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed a known crime within the jurisdiction of the court. If the judge does not find probable cause, the case is dismissed; however, if the judge or magistrate finds probable cause for such a belief, or the accused waives his or her right to a preliminary hearing, the case may be bound over to a grand jury.
A grand jury hears evidence against the accused presented by the prosecutor and decides if there is sufficient evidence to cause the accused to be brought to trial. If the grand jury finds sufficient evidence, it submits to the court an indictment, a written statement of the essential facts of the offense charged against the accused.
Where the grand jury system is used, the grand jury may also investigate criminal activity generally and issue indictments called grand jury originals that initiate criminal cases. These investigations and indictments are often used in drug and conspiracy cases that involve complex organizations. After such an indictment, law enforcement tries to apprehend and arrest the suspects named in the indictment.
Misdemeanor cases and some felony cases proceed by the issuance of an information, a formal, written accusation submitted to the court by a prosecutor. In some jurisdictions, indictments may be required in felony cases. However, the accused may choose to waive a grand jury indictment and, instead, accept service of an information for the crime.
In some jurisdictions, defendants, often those without prior criminal records, may be eligible for diversion from prosecution subject to the completion of specific conditions such as drug treatment. Successful completion of the conditions may result in the dropping of charges or the expunging of the criminal record where the defendant is required to plead guilty prior to the diversion.
Once an indictment or information has been filed with the trial court, the accused is scheduled for arraignment. At the arraignment, the accused is informed of the charges, advised of the rights of criminal defendants, and asked to enter a plea to the charges. Sometimes, a plea of guilty is the result of negotiations between the prosecutor and the defendant.
If the accused pleads guilty or pleads nolo contendere (accepts penalty without admitting guilt), the judge may accept or reject the plea. If the plea is accepted, no trial is held and the offender is sentenced at this proceeding or at a later date. The plea may be rejected and proceed to trial if, for example, the judge believes that the accused may have been coerced.
If the accused pleads not guilty or not guilty by reason of insanity, a date is set for the trial. A person accused of a serious crime is guaranteed a trial by jury. However, the accused may ask for a bench trial where the judge, rather than a jury, serves as the finder of fact. In both instances the prosecution and defense present evidence by questioning witnesses while the judge decides on issues of law. The trial results in acquittal or conviction on the original charges or on lesser included offenses.
After the trial a defendant may request appellate review of the conviction or sentence. In some cases, appeals of convictions are a matter of right; all States with the death penalty provide for automatic appeal of cases involving a death sentence. Appeals may be subject to the discretion of the appellate court and may be granted only on acceptance of a defendant's petition for a writ of certiorari. Prisoners may also appeal their sentences through civil rights petitions and writs of habeas corpus where they claim unlawful detention.
For statistics on this subject, see --
Criminal sentencing
Federal justice Sentencing and sanctions
View flowchart detail
After a conviction, sentence is imposed. In most cases the judge decides on the sentence, but in some jurisdictions the sentence is decided by the jury, particularly for capital offenses.
In arriving at an appropriate sentence, a sentencing hearing may be held at which evidence of aggravating or mitigating circumstances is considered. In assessing the circumstances surrounding a convicted person's criminal behavior, courts often rely on presentence investigations by probation agencies or other designated authorities. Courts may also consider victim impact statements.
The sentencing choices that may be available to judges and juries include one or more of the following:
- the death penalty
- incarceration in a prison, jail, or other confinement facility
- probation - allowing the convicted person to remain at liberty but subject to certain conditions and restrictions such as drug testing or drug treatment
- fines - primarily applied as penalties in minor offenses
- restitution - requiring the offender to pay compensation to the victim.
In some jurisdictions, offenders may be sentenced to alternatives to incarceration that are considered more severe than straight probation but less severe than a prison term. Examples of such sanctions include boot camps, intense supervision often with drug treatment and testing, house arrest and electronic monitoring, denial of Federal benefits, and community service.
In many jurisdictions, the law mandates that persons convicted of certain types of offenses serve a prison term. Most jurisdictions permit the judge to set the sentence length within certain limits, but some have determinate sentencing laws that stipulate a specific sentence length that must be served and cannot be altered by a parole board.
For statistics on this subject, see --
Corrections Corrections
View flowchart detail
Offenders sentenced to incarceration usually serve time in a local jail or a State prison. Offenders sentenced to less than 1 year generally go to jail; those sentenced to more than 1 year go to prison. Persons admitted to the Federal system or a State prison system may be held in prisons with varying levels of custody or in a community correctional facility.
A prisoner may become eligible for parole after serving a specific part of his or her sentence. Parole is the conditional release of a prisoner before the prisoner's full sentence has been served. The decision to grant parole is made by an authority such as a parole board, which has power to grant or revoke parole or to discharge a parolee altogether. The way parole decisions are made varies widely among jurisdictions.
Offenders may also be required to serve out their full sentences prior to release (expiration of term). Those sentenced under determinate sentencing laws can be released only after they have served their full sentence (mandatory release) less any "goodtime" received while in prison. Inmates get goodtime credits against their sentences automatically or by earning them through participation in programs.
If released by a parole board decision or by mandatory release, the releasee will be under the supervision of a parole officer in the community for the balance of his or her unexpired sentence. This supervision is governed by specific conditions of release, and the releasee may be returned to prison for violations of such conditions.
Once the suspects, defendants, or offenders are released from the jurisdiction of a criminal justice agency, they may be processed through the criminal justice system again for a new crime. Long term studies show that many suspects who are arrested have prior criminal histories and those with a greater number of prior arrests were more likely to be arrested again. As the courts take prior criminal history into account at sentencing, most prison inmates have a prior criminal history and many have been incarcerated before. Nationally, about half the inmates released from State prison will return to prison.
For statistics on this subject, see --
Juvenile justice and facts and figures
Juvenile courts usually have jurisdiction over matters concerning children, including delinquency, neglect, and adoption. They also handle "status offenses" such as truancy and running away, which are not applicable to adults. State statutes define which persons are under the original jurisdiction of the juvenile court. The upper age of juvenile court jurisdiction in delinquency matters is 17 in most States.
The processing of juvenile offenders is not entirely dissimilar to adult criminal processing, but there are crucial differences. Many juveniles are referred to juvenile courts by law enforcement officers, but many others are referred by school officials, social services agencies, neighbors, and even parents, for behavior or conditions that are determined to require intervention by the formal system for social control.
At arrest, a decision is made either to send the matter further into the justice system or to divert the case out of the system, often to alternative programs. Examples of alternative programs include drug treatment, individual or group counseling, or referral to educational and recreational programs.
When juveniles are referred to the juvenile courts, the court's intake department or the prosecuting attorney determines whether sufficient grounds exist to warrant filing a petition that requests an adjudicatory hearing or a request to transfer jurisdiction to criminal court. At this point, many juveniles are released or diverted to alternative programs.
All States allow juveniles to be tried as adults in criminal court under certain circumstances. In many States, the legislature statutorily excludes certain (usually serious) offenses from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court regardless of the age of the accused. In some States and at the Federal level under certain circumstances, prosecutors have the discretion to either file criminal charges against juveniles directly in criminal courts or proceed through the juvenile justice process. The juvenile court's intake department or the prosecutor may petition the juvenile court to waive jurisdiction to criminal court. The juvenile court also may order referral to criminal court for trial as adults. In some jurisdictions, juveniles processed as adults may upon conviction be sentenced to either an adult or a juvenile facility.
In those cases where the juvenile court retains jurisdiction, the case may be handled formally by filing a delinquency petition or informally by diverting the juvenile to other agencies or programs in lieu of further court processing.
If a petition for an adjudicatory hearing is accepted, the juvenile may be brought before a court quite unlike the court with jurisdiction over adult offenders. Despite the considerable discretion associated with juvenile court proceedings, juveniles are afforded many of the due-process safeguards associated with adult criminal trials. Several States permit the use of juries in juvenile courts; however, in light of the U.S. Supreme Court holding that juries are not essential to juvenile hearings, most States do not make provisions for juries in juvenile courts.
In disposing of cases, juvenile courts usually have far more discretion than adult courts. In addition to such options as probation, commitment to a residential facility, restitution, or fines, State laws grant juvenile courts the power to order removal of children from their homes to foster homes or treatment facilities. Juvenile courts also may order participation in special programs aimed at shoplifting prevention, drug counseling, or driver education.
Once a juvenile is under juvenile court disposition, the court may retain jurisdiction until the juvenile legally becomes an adult (at age 21in most States). In some jurisdictions, juvenile offenders may be classified as youthful offenders which can lead to extended sentences.
Following release from an institution, juveniles are often ordered to a period of aftercare which is similar to parole supervision for adult offenders. Juvenile offenders who violate the conditions of aftercare may have their aftercare revoked, resulting in being recommitted to a facility. Juveniles who are classified as youthful offenders and violate the conditions of aftercare may be subject to adult sanctions.
The governmental response to crime is founded in the intergovernmental structure of the United States
Under our form of government, each State and the Federal Government has its own criminal justice system. All systems must respect the rights of individuals set forth in court interpretation of the U.S. Constitution and defined in case law.
State constitutions and laws define the criminal justice system within each State and delegate the authority and responsibility for criminal justice to various jurisdictions, officials, and institutions. State laws also define criminal behavior and groups of children or acts under jurisdiction of the juvenile courts.
Municipalities and counties further define their criminal justice systems through local ordinances that proscribe the local agencies responsible for criminal justice processing that were not established by the State.
Congress has also established a criminal justice system at the Federal level to respond to Federal crimes such a bank robbery, kidnaping, and transporting stolen goods across State lines.
The response to crime is mainly a State and local function
Very few crimes are under exclusive Federal jurisdiction. The responsibility to respond to most crime rests with State and local governments. Police protection is primarily a function of cities and towns. Corrections is primarily a function of State governments. Most justice personnel are employed at the local level.
Very few crimes are under exclusive Federal jurisdiction. The responsibility to respond to most crime rests with State and local governments. Police protection is primarily a function of cities and towns. Corrections is primarily a function of State governments. Most justice personnel are employed at the local level.
Discretion is "an authority conferred by law to act in certain conditions or situations in accordance with an official's or an official agency's own considered judgment and conscience." 1 Discretion is exercised throughout the government. It is a part of decision-making in all government systems from mental health to education, as well as criminal justice. The limits of discretion vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Concerning crime and justice, legislative bodies have recognized that they cannot anticipate the range of circumstances surrounding each crime, anticipate local mores, and enact laws that clearly encompass all conduct that is criminal and all that is not. 2 Therefore, persons charged with the day-to-day response to crime are expected to exercise their own judgment within limits set by law. Basically, they must decide -
- whether to take action
- where the situation fits in the scheme of law, rules, and precedent
- which official response is appropriate. 3
To ensure that discretion is exercised responsibly, government authority is often delegated to professionals. Professionalism requires a minimum level of training and orientation, which guide officials in making decisions. The professionalism of policing is due largely to the desire to ensure the proper exercise of police discretion.
The limits of discretion vary from State to State and locality to locality. For example, some State judges have wide discretion in the type of sentence they may impose. In recent years other States have sought to limit the judges discretion in sentencing by passing mandatory sentencing laws that require prison sentences for certain offenses.
Notes
1 Roscoe Pound, "Discretion, dispensation and mitigation: The problem of the individual special case," New York University Law Review (1960) 35:925, 926.
2 Wayne R. LaFave, Arrest: The decision to take a suspect into custody (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1964), p. 63-184.
3 Memorandum of June 21, 1977, from Mark Moore to James Vorenberg, "Some abstract notes on the issue of discretion."
|These criminal justice officials...||must often decide whether or not or how to ...|
|Police|| -Enforce specific laws |
-Investigate specific crimes
-Search people, vicinities, buildings
-Arrest or detain people
|Prosecutors|| -File charges or petitions for adjudication |
-Seek indictments
-Drop cases
-Reduce charges
|Judges or magistrates|| -Set bail or conditions for release |
-Accept pleas
-Determine delinquency
-Dismiss charges
-Impose sentence
-Revoke probation
|Correctional officials|| -Assign to type of correctional facility |
-Award privileges
-Punish for disciplinary infractions
|Paroling authorities|| Determine date and conditions of parole |
Revoke parole
Date Created: June 3, 2021 | https://bjs.ojp.gov/justice-system | 95 |
who determines what is and what is not criminal | Criminal Justice Process | In the federal Government, agencies employ criminal investigative agents who collect and provide information to the Department of Justice. Some of the agencies that investigate environmental crimes include:
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
- Department of Labor (DOL)
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA)
- U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
- Department of Transportation (DOT)
- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- Department of Interior (DOI)
The investigators at these agencies investigate the crime and obtain evidence, and help prosecutors understand the details of the case. Part of the investigation may involve a search of a person’s home, their business, car, or other property. The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution generally requires that law enforcement officers obtain a search warrant from a court supported by probable cause before they conduct such a search. Other methods that often are used in an investigation include interviews of witnesses, visual observations, document requests, and taking samples.
After prosecutors study the information from investigators and the information they gather from talking with the individuals involved, they decide whether to present the case to a grand jury. A grand jury is an impartial group of citizens that hears witness testimony and reviews other evidence. Ultimately, the grand jury deliberates and votes in secret on whether they believe there is enough evidence to charge the person with a crime. When that happens, the grand jury issues an indictment. On the other hand, the grand jury may decide not to charge an individual if they think there is not sufficient evidence.
An indictment is formal notice to a defendant that they have been charged with a crime. It contains the basic information that informs the person of the nature of the charge(s) against them.
Someone who is charged with a crime can either hire an attorney or may be represented by a public defender if they cannot afford a private attorney. Defendants also have the right to represent themselves.
Either the same day or after a defendant is indicted and arrested, they are brought before a magistrate judge for an initial hearing. At that time, the defendant learns more about their rights and the charges, arrangements are made for legal representation, and the judge decides if the defendant will be held in jail or released on bond until the trial.
In many cases, the law allows defendants to be released from prison before trial if they meet the requirements for bond. Before the judge makes the decision on whether to grant bond, there must be a hearing regarding such factors as how long the defendant has lived in the area, if they have family nearby, prior criminal record, and any threats to victims or witnesses in the case. The judge also considers the defendant’s potential danger to the community and the risk that they will flee.
The defendant also will be asked to plead guilty or not guilty to the charges.
The Government may offer the defendant a plea agreement to avoid trial and perhaps avoid a longer sentence. A plea bargain can happen before or after the defendant is indicted.
A defendant may plead guilty only if they actually committed the crime and admit to doing so in open court before the judge. Through a guilty plea, a defendant admits guilt and consents to be sentenced by the judge presiding over the case without a trial. Sometimes the Government will agree, as part of a plea agreement, not to recommend a particular sentence, but it is up to the judge to determine how the defendant will be punished.
If a defendant pleads guilty, there is no trial, and the next step is to prepare for a sentencing hearing.
Before a prosecutor begins a trial, there is much work to be done. The prosecutor has to become familiar with the facts of the crime, talk to the witnesses, study the evidence, anticipate problems that could arise during trial, and develop a trial strategy. Meanwhile, the defense attorney prepares in much the same way.
One of the first steps in preparing for trial is to talk to witnesses who could be called to testify in court. A witness is a person who saw or heard the crime take place or may have other important information about the crime or the defendant. Victims of environmental crimes may be witnesses in a case.
To avoid surprises at trial and to determine which of the witnesses to call to testify, the prosecutor talks to each witness to find out what they may say during trial. These conversations will help the prosecutor decide who to call as a witness in court.
Prosecutors must provide the defense with copies of materials and evidence that the prosecution intends to use at trial. This process is called discovery, and continues from the time the case begins through the time of trial. Further, the prosecutor is required to provide the defense with evidence that may hurt the government’s case, called exculpatory evidence. This evidence could show the defendant’s innocence. If the prosecution does not provide it to the defense, a new trial may be required.
One of the last steps a prosecutor takes before trial is to file motions or to respond to motions filed by the defense. A pre-trial motion is an application to the court made by the prosecutor or defense attorney, requesting that the court make a decision on a certain issue before the trial begins. The motion can affect the trial, courtroom, defendants, evidence, or testimony. The judge decides the outcome of motions.
After many weeks or months of preparation, the prosecutor and defense are ready for trial. The trial is a structured process where the facts of a case are presented to a jury, and the jury decides whether the defendant is guilty of the charge(s). Ordinarily, a trial is held before a jury in a courtroom, but there are circumstances in which the case will be tried before the judge alone, which is known as a bench trial. During trial, the prosecutor uses witnesses and evidence to prove to the jury (or judge in a bench trial) that the defendant committed the crime(s). The defendant, represented by an attorney, may also tell their side using witnesses and evidence.
In a trial, the judge decides what evidence can be shown to the jury. A judge is not there to help one side or the other, but to make sure the entire process is consistent with the rules and the law.
Jury Selection
At trial, one of the first things a prosecutor and defense attorney must do is to select the jury. Jurors are selected to listen to the facts of the case and to determine if the defendant committed the crime. Twelve jurors are selected randomly from the jury pool, which is a list of potential jurors compiled from voter registration records of people living in the federal district.
When selecting the jury, the prosecutor and defense attorney may not discriminate against any group of people. For example, the judge will not allow them to select only men or only women. Both lawyers are allowed to ask questions about their potential biases and may ask that jurors be excused from service.
Opening Statements
Opening statements allow the prosecutor and the defense attorney to briefly tell their account of the events. These statements usually are short like an outline and do not involve witnesses or evidence.
Presentment of Case
It is the government's responsibility to prove the defendant committed the crime as detailed in the indictment. There is no burden on the defendant to prove that they are innocent.
Witness Examination
After opening statements, the prosecutor begins direct examination of the government’s witnesses. During direct examination, the prosecutor can introduce evidence such as documents or something from the crime scene. Following the prosecutor’s examination of a witness, the defense attorney has an opportunity to cross examine or ask questions to the same witness.
After the Government is finished presenting its case, the defense has the opportunity to present witnesses and evidence to the jury. The defense also has the option of not having the defendant testify. The fact that a defendant did not testify may not be considered by the jury as proof that the defendant committed the crime. If the defense does not put on any evidence, the jury cannot assume that the defendant is guilty simply because they did not put on a defense. The decision to put on a defense is solely up to the defendant and the defense attorney.
Objections
During direct or cross examination, either attorney can object to a question or a piece of evidence to the judge. The judge decides the outcome of an objection, sometimes after allowing attorneys on both sides to comment before making a ruling. For example, an attorney may object to a question asked because it is beyond the knowledge of the witness, that the attorney may be arguing with the witness rather than asking questions, or the witness’ answer may include information irrelevant to the case.
One common objection is hearsay, which is a statement by a witness who did not see or hear the incident in question but learned about it through secondhand information such as another’s statement, a newspaper, or a document.
Closing Arguments
After the defense presents evidence if it chooses, the defense rests, and the prosecutor and defense attorney present closing arguments. Closing arguments are the final opportunity for the prosecutor and the defense attorney to talk to the jury. These arguments allow both attorneys to summarize the testimony and evidence, and to ask the jury to return a verdict of guilty or not guilty.
Jury Instructions
The judge “charges the jury,” or informs them of the appropriate law and of what they must do to reach a verdict.
Jury Deliberations & Announcement of the Verdict
After being charged, the jury deliberates, the process of deciding whether a defendant is guilty or not guilty. During this process, no one associated with the trial can contact the jury without the judge and lawyers. In federal criminal trials, the jury must reach a unanimous decision in order to convict the defendant.
After they reach an agreement on a verdict, the jury informs the judge, the lawyers, and the defendant in open court. Everyone is present in court for the reading of the verdict. If the defendant is found not guilty, they are usually free to go home.
If the defendant is convicted, there are several motions that can be filed after the trial is over. Common post-trial motions include:
- Motion for a New Trial – The court can vacate the judgment and allow for a new trial. This is rarely granted, but may be done “if the interest of justice so requires.”
- Motion for Judgment of Acquittal – Court may set aside the jury’s verdict and allow the defendant to go free.
A few months after the defendant is found guilty (by pleading guilty or by trial), they return to court to be sentenced.
The judge receives guidance and assistance from several sources in order to sentence a defendant. The United States Sentencing Commission has produced a set of sentencing guidelines that recommend certain punishments for certain crimes while considering various factors. Further, the judge will look at a presentence investigation report and consider statements from the victims as well as the defendant and lawyers.
The judge may consider a variety of aggravating or mitigating factors. These include whether the defendant has committed the same crime before, whether the defendant has expressed regret for the crime, and the nature of the crime itself. At sentencing, the court can order imprisonment, supervised release/probation, restitution or community service.
After a defendant is found guilty, they can appeal to the Court of Appeals if the defendant believes they were wrongly convicted or the sentence was too harsh. An appeal is not another trial but an opportunity for the defendant to try to raise specific legal errors that might have occurred at trial. A common appeal is that a decision from the judge was incorrect – such as whether to allow certain evidence or to impose a certain sentence. Appeals are complicated and sometimes result in the case going back to the trial court. A conviction may be reversed, a sentence altered, or a new trial may be ordered altogether if the Court of Appeals decides that particular course of action. | https://www.justice.gov/enrd/criminal-justice-process | 95 |
what is the male version of a hysterectomy | Letter to the editor: Uterectomy | Maria Rodriguez Gomez
Department of Science, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands
Nada Majerníková
Department of Science, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands
Ger T Rijkers
Department of Science, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands
DOI: 10.15761/FWH.1000155
During anatomy class at medical schools it is explained that the term for procedure of surgical removal of the uterus is Hysterectomy. Female (as well as male students for that matter) students can and are offended by the sexist origin of this nomenclature. As young women of the 21st century (MRG and NM), we are convinced that there is no place in the current medical field for such an archaic term and we call upon the medical community to change it to a more suitable, appropriate name such as Uterectomy.
Hysterectomy is the term given to the procedure where a woman’s uterus is removed. This procedure has a long, bloody history, with the first documented abdominal hysterectomy occurring in 1843 [1]; the outcome, unfortunately, was death due to wrong diagnosis. The death rates were high for such a procedure at the time (70%), which is not surprising due to the lack of antibiotics or anesthesia. Women often died of hemorrhage, infections and/or exhaustion [1].
Hysteria was once believed to be a mental disorder solely attributable to women [2] characterized by extreme excitability and emotional overflow. Consequently, doctors at the time ‘cured’ the disease by removing the source, which was, at the time, believed to be the uterus. Thus the word for Hysterectomy came about around 1879, with ‘Hyster’ referring to the womb.
Since quite some time, it is evident that Hysteria is a mental disorder not only found in women. The previously believed assumption that the uterus was the source of ‘uncontrollable emotions’ is extremely sexist, old-fashioned and inappropriate. We believe that this term should be completely and immediately removed from the medical nomenclature and vocabulary.
The male equivalent procedure is the Vasectomy, whose etymology is clear: it comes from the vas deferens; the tubes which are severed during the surgery. This word has no sexist implications, therefore we believe that neither should the female procedure.
We propose a term such as Uterectomy would be much more appropriate for today´s society. This term has occasionally been used in the medical literature, with PubMed having 17 hits (Accessed on the 27 th of September, 2018) but this is dwarfed by the +44,000 hits for Hysterectomy (accessed on the same day). Strangely enough, the term Uterectomy is mostly used to describe the procedure for non-human animals. Furthermore, the use of the term Uterectomy would also facilitate the comprehension of patients with no medical background as the words ‘uterus’ and ‘Uterectomy’ are similar in their origin.
It is understood that changing of medical vocabulary is an arduous process, nevertheless it is a necessary and inevitable step that must be taken better sooner than later. Furthermore, history has demonstrated that the changing of nomenclature is possible, such as Wegener’s disease being changed to granulomatosis with polyangiitis. This was due to Dr. Wegener’s history as a follower of the Nazi regime and his experiments performed on the imprisoned Jewish population [3]. Terms like these only aid in the remembering of past mistakes/false assumptions and the related suffering of millions. The hidden meaning between Hysterectomy supports the prehistoric notion that females let their emotion take the better of themselves and that they are anatomically predisposed to it.
We are of the opinion that the term Hysterectomy needs to be changed. Our aim is to reduce the 303 hits on SNOMED ( www.snomed.org ; Accessed on 27 th September, 2018), the (self-acclaimed) most comprehensive and precise clinical health terminology product in the world, for the search term "hysterectomy" to 0.
- Sutton C (1997) 1 Hysterectomy: a historical perspective. Baillière's Clin Obstet Gynaecol 11: 1-22.
- Tasca C (2012) Women and Hysteria in The History of Mental Health. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 8: 110-119. [Crossref]
- Rosen MJ (2007) Dr. Friedrich Wegener, the ACCP, and History. Chest 132: 739-741. | https://oatext.com/letter-to-the-editor-uterectomy.php | 96 |
what is the male version of a hysterectomy | Vasectomy (male sterilisation) | A vasectomy (male sterilisation) is a surgical procedure to cut or seal the tubes that carry a man's sperm to permanently prevent pregnancy.
It's usually carried out under local anaesthetic, where you're awake but don't feel any pain, and takes about 15 minutes.
In rare cases, you may have a general anaesthetic, where you're asleep during the operation.
- A vasectomy is more than 99% effective.
- It's considered permanent, so once it's done you don't have to think about contraception again.
- It doesn't affect your sex drive or ability to enjoy sex. You'll still have erections and ejaculate, but your semen won't contain sperm.
- You'll need to use contraception for at least 8 to 12 weeks after the operation, because sperm will still be in the tubes leading to the penis.
- Up to 2 semen tests are done after the operation to make sure that all the sperm have gone.
- Your ball sack (scrotum) may become bruised, swollen or painful – some men have ongoing pain in their testicles.
- As with any surgery, there's a small risk of infection.
- It's very difficult to reverse, so be sure it's right for you.
- A vasectomy doesn't protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so you may need to use condoms as well.
A vasectomy works by stopping sperm getting into a man's semen, the fluid that he ejaculates.
The tubes that carry sperm from a man's testicles to the penis are cut, blocked or sealed with heat.
This means that when a man ejaculates, the semen has no sperm in it and a woman's egg can't be fertilised.
A vasectomy is a quick and relatively painless surgical procedure. In most cases, you'll be able to return home the same day.
There are 2 types of vasectomy:
- a conventional vasectomy using a scalpel (surgical knife)
- a no-scalpel vasectomy
The doctor doing your vasectomy will discuss which option is best for you.
The doctor first numbs your scrotum with a local anaesthetic. They then make 2 small cuts in the skin on each side of your scrotum to reach the tubes that carry sperm out of your testicles (vas deferens).
Each tube is cut and a small section removed. The ends of the tubes are then closed, either by tying them or sealing them using heat.
The cuts are stitched, usually using dissolvable stitches that go away on their own within about a week.
The doctor first numbs your scrotum with local anaesthetic. They then make a tiny puncture hole in the skin of your scrotum to reach the tubes. This means they don't need to cut the skin with a scalpel.
The tubes are then closed in the same way as a conventional vasectomy, either by being tied or sealed.
There's little bleeding and no stitches with this procedure. It's thought to be less painful and less likely to cause complications than a conventional vasectomy.
Your doctor will ask about your circumstances, provide information, and may recommend counselling before agreeing to the procedure.
You should only have a vasectomy if you're certain you don't want any more children or don't want children at all.
If you have a partner, discuss it with them before you decide. If possible, you should both agree to the procedure, but it's not a legal requirement to get your partner's permission.
You may be more likely to be accepted for a vasectomy if you're over 30 and have had children.
But your GP can refuse to carry out the procedure, or refuse to refer you, if they don't believe it's in your best interests.
In most parts of the UK, a vasectomy is available free of charge from the NHS. But waiting lists can be several months, depending on where you live.
Speak to your GP or ask at your local contraception clinic for more information. As waiting lists for vasectomies can be long, some men choose to pay to have the procedure carried out privately.
You can request a male doctor, but this may mean having to wait longer.
It's common to have some mild discomfort, swelling and bruising of your scrotum for a few days after the vasectomy.
You can take painkillers, such as paracetamol , to help. See a GP if it's still painful after taking painkillers.
It's common to have blood in your semen in the first few ejaculations after a vasectomy. This isn't harmful.
Wear tight-fitting underwear or athletic support day and night for the first few days to help support your scrotum and ease any discomfort or swelling. Make sure you change your underwear every day.
It's usually safe for you to have a bath or shower after your operation – check with your doctor what's suitable for you. Make sure you dry your genital area gently and thoroughly.
You can usually return to work 1 or 2 days after a vasectomy, but should avoid sport and heavy lifting for at least a week after the procedure to prevent complications. See a GP if you still have symptoms after a few days.
Avoid sexual activity for at least 7 days after having a vasectomy.
You'll need to use another method of contraception for at least the first 8 to 12 weeks, as it can take this long to clear the remaining sperm in your tubes.
How long this takes varies from man to man. There's still a risk of pregnancy during this time.
About 12 weeks after the procedure, you'll need to produce a sample of semen, which will be tested for sperm.
Once tests have confirmed that your semen is sperm-free, the vasectomy is considered successful and you can stop using additional contraception.
Some men may need 2 tests. But until it's been confirmed that your semen is free of sperm, continue to use another form of contraception.
A few men will continue to have small numbers of sperm in their system, but these sperm don't move and are less likely to make your partner pregnant.
If you're one of these men, your doctor will discuss your options with you.
The test also helps to identify the rare cases in which the tubes naturally rejoin themselves.
You should only have a vasectomy if you're sure that you don't want more, or any, children. It should always be seen as permanent.
This is because although reversal is sometimes possible, it may not be successful. Even with a successful operation, it may still not be possible to father a child.
Advantages:
- a vasectomy is more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy
- long-term effects on your health are rare
- it doesn't affect your hormone levels, sex drive or interfere with sex
- it may be chosen as a simpler and safer alternative to female sterilisation
Disadvantages:
- a vasectomy can't be easily reversed, and reversals are rarely funded by the NHS
- you need to keep using contraception after the operation until tests show your semen is free of sperm
- possible complications include a collection of blood inside the scrotum (haematoma), hard lumps called sperm granulomas (caused by sperm leaking from the tubes), an infection, or long-term testicle pain (you may need further surgery)
- the vas deferens tubes can reconnect, but this is very rare
- vasectomy doesn't protect against STIs, so you may need to use condoms as well
Yes. But if you're under 30, you'll find many surgeons are reluctant to do it in case your circumstances change and you regret it later.
No. After a successful vasectomy, your testicles will continue to produce the male hormone (testosterone) just as they did before the procedure.
Your sex drive, sensation and ability to have an erection won't be affected. The only difference is that there'll be no sperm in your semen. Your body still produces sperm, but they're absorbed back into your body without harm.
It's a big decision to have a vasectomy, so you should think it over carefully. If you're sure about your decision, you may feel relieved that you don't need to think about contraception and the possibility of pregnancy again.
But if you feel anxious or uncomfortable about the procedure, or you think you would find it hard to accept being infertile, it may not be suitable for you.
See a GP or a professional at a contraception or sexual health clinic to talk about all of your options.
Prostate cancer and testicular cancer can happen in men who have had a vasectomy. There is not enough evidence to be sure if having a vasectomy increases your risk of developing prostate cancer. Speak to a GP if you have any concerns.
A vasectomy can be difficult to reverse. Vasectomy reversal is not usually available on the NHS. You can pay for it privately if you wish.
Whether or not a vasectomy reversal is successful can depend on how long ago the vasectomy was done. The longer ago it was done, the less likely it is a reversal will be successful.
If you have a vasectomy and later decide that you want a child, you may be able to use IVF . To do this, a surgeon would retrieve sperm from your testicles and use this to fertilise your partner's egg.
But IVF:
- isn't always successful
- may not be available on the NHS
- can be expensive if done privately
You could, but as with IVF, sperm stored in a sperm bank can't be relied on to bring about a pregnancy. It can also be expensive.
You can get more information on having a vasectomy from:
- GP surgeries
- contraception clinics
- sexual health or genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics
- some young people's services | https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/vasectomy-male-sterilisation/ | 96 |
what is the male version of a hysterectomy | Hysterectomy in a male? A rare case report | Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome is a rare form of male pseudo-hermaphroditism characterized by the presence of Mullerian duct structures in an otherwise phenotypically, as well as genotypically, normal man; only a few cases have been reported in the worldwide literature. A great variety of organs have been found in indirect inguinal hernial sacs.
We report a case of 70 year old man, father of 4 children with unilateral cryptorchidism on the right side and left-sided obstructed inguinal hernia containing uterus and fallopian tube (that is, hernia uteri inguinalis; type I male form of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome) coincidentally detected during an operation for an obstructed left inguinal hernia.
PMDS is usually coincidently detected during surgical operation, as was in our case. However pre-operative ultrasonography, computerized tomography and MRI allow possible pre-operative diagnosis. 3
In cases of unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism associated with hernia, as in our patient's case, the possibility of PMDS should be kept in mind.
Keywords: Hysterectomy, Inguinal hernia, Male
Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) was first described by Nilson in 1939. 1 Subsequently, approximately 150 cases have been reported in the literature. 2
PMDS is a rare form of male pseudo-hermaphroditism characterized by the presence of Mullerian duct structures in an otherwise phenotypically, as well as genotypically, normal man. 3 It is characterized by the persistence of the uterus, fallopian tubes and upper vagina in otherwise normally virilized boys. Despite the normal male genotype (46 XY) and the subsequent normal development of fetal testes, müllerian structures do not regress either due to absence of Müllerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) or lack of response to it. The persistence of a large uterus-like paramesonephric duct in a man is in itself clinically unusual, but when it forms a part of the contents of a hernial sac, it must be considered a rarity. 4 We report the case of a 70 year old man with unilateral cryptorchidism on the right side and left obstructed inguinal hernia containing uterus and fallopian tube (that is, hernia uteri inguinalis; type I male form of PMDS) coincidentally detected during an operation for an obstructed left inguinal hernia with right cryptorchidism.
A 70 year old man presented to our hospital with a painful left-sided inguinal swelling of one day duration. The patient gave history of asymptomatic left inguinal swelling from past 20 years and absence of the right testis since birth.
The patient was phenotypically male with normal secondary sexual characters. He had been married for fifty years and was having 4 children, the youngest one being 38 year old female. General physical examination revealed a man of sub-average built with well developed secondary sexual characters. His urethra and penis were fully developed with a poorly developed right hemi-scrotum and no palpable right testis in the scrotum or inguinal canal. The left hemiscrotum was well developed and left testis was palpable in scrotum.
There was a non-reducible, tender swelling measuring approximately 10 × 8 cm in the left inguinal region with absent cough impulse. Baseline investigations were normal. Patient was prepared for surgery after obtaining a written consent. Exploration of the inguinal canal revealed an indirect inguinal hernia containing a globular structure resembling uterus, fallopian tubes with an atrophic right testis embedded in the broad ligament and attached to pelvis with a thick fibrous band [ Figs. 1 and 2 ]. Total excision of the uterus with fallopian tubes and atrophic right testis was performed and the operation was completed with left inguinal hernioplasty [ Figs. 3 and 4 ]. Our patient had an uneventful post-operative period. Grossly, the specimens removed were identified as a uterus with patent endometrial and endocervical linings and two fallopian tubes. The right testis measuring 2 × 1 × 1 cm, was atrophic and embedded in the right broad ligament. The specimen was sent for histopathological examination which revealed uterine muscular tissue with its cavity lined by endometrial tissue and congested fallopian tubes. No ovarian tissue was seen. Sections from right testes showed atrophic semineferous tubules, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. No evidence of malignancy was seen in tissue samples from testicle. Post-operative karyotype analyses of the patient revealed 46, XY.
Male pseudo-hermaphroditism is a condition in which the gonads are testes but the internal genitalia are not completely virilized. It is possible for pseudo-hermaphroditism to be undetected until puberty. 6 PMDS is a rare form of internal male pseudo-hermaphroditism in which Mullerian duct derivatives are seen in men. It was first described by Nilson in 1939. 1 Subsequently, approximately 150 cases have been reported. A familial association has been found in some cases. 2 The exact cause of PMDS is not known, however it is thought to result from a defect of the synthesis or release of MIF, or from defects in the MIF receptor. Defects in the MIF gene lead to the persistence of a uterus and fallopian tube in males. It is likely that remnant Mullerian structures lead to cryptorchidism by hindering the normal testicular descent mechanism. 2
Patients with PMDS usually have normal development of external genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics. 5 The typical patient with PMDS has unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism and is assigned to the male sex at birth without hesitation, as they have normal male genotypes and phenotypes. 2 Two anatomic variants of PMDS have been described: male and female. The male form is encountered in 80–90% of cases, characterized by unilateral cryptorchidism with contralateral inguinal hernia, and can be one of the two types: the first type is hernia uteri inguinalis, which is characterized by one descended testis and herniation of the ipsilateral corner of uterus and fallopian tube into the inguinal canal. The second type is crossed testicular ectopia, which is characterized by herniation of both testes and the entire uterus with both fallopian tubes. 5
Clinically, the persistence of a uterus and fallopian tubes leads to either cryptorchidism or inguinal hernia depending on whether or not Mullerian derivatives can be mobilized during testicular descent. 3 If the uterus and fallopian tube are mobile, they may descend into the inguinal canal during testicular descent. However, if the Mullerian structures are relatively immobile testicular descent may be impeded. 5,7,8
PMDS is usually coincidently detected during surgical operation, as in our patient's case. However pre-operative ultrasonography, computerized tomography and MRI allow possible pre-operative diagnosis. 3 Management of PMDS is controversial. An element of deciding on intervention is largely based on reducing risk of malignancy, while maintaining maximum reproductive function. In PMDS patients with undescended testes, the rate of testicular cancer is about 12% which is comparable to the rate seen in undescended testes not associated with PMDS.
Several authors have asserted that the mullerian structures should not be removed as there is minimal risk associated with their retention, and excision of the mullerian structures risks damaging primary blood supply to the PMDS testis via the internal spermatic and deferential arteries. 9 However most recent reports have demonstrated rare malignancies including adenocarcinomas of the mullerian duct associated with retained mullerian structures. 10,11
PMDS is a rare form of male pseudo-hermaphroditism characterized by the presence of Mullerian duct structures in an otherwise phenotypically, as well as genotypically, normal man.
Since patients are phenotypically male, the diagnosis is usually not suspected until surgery is performed for cryptorchidism or hernia repair. Hernia uteri inguinalis is type I of the male form of PMDS, characterized by one descended testis and the herniation of the ipsilateral corner of the uterus and fallopian tube into the inguinal canal. In order to prevent further complications such as infertility and malignant change, the surgeon should be aware of PMDS while dealing with patients who present with unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism.
In summary, in cases of unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism associated with hernia, as in our patient's case, the possibility of PMDS should be kept in mind.
Ethical approval given by the Academic Committee District Hospital Baramulla. A written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of the case report and various images which may be used with the same. The patient being a major gave a written consent of the same after assuring him that name and hospital MRD no of the patient will not appear in the case report.
All the authors have contributed either as being part of surgical and anaesthesia team or helping in the photography, paper writing, submission etc. Afak Yusuf Sherwani, Abdul Qayoom Shah, Abdul Majeed Wani, Farooq Ahmad Sofi and Ashfaq Amin Wani were in the surgical team. Bashir a chalkoo, Bashir a Khan and Ab Hamid Sherwani in the anaesthesia team. Wasim Lone, Mehmood a Sheikh and Raj Reshi Sharma did photography and paper writing. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4276263/ | 96 |
what is the male version of a hysterectomy | Hysterectomies & Lies | Surgical Menopause is a Lie
Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the female sex organs. It may be total or partial. Over a half million women undergo this surgery every year.
While hysterectomy as a treatment for “female problems” is relatively common, removal of male sex organs as a treatment is generally considered when the only other choice is death.
When a man has a similar procedure performed, it is referred to as a castration.
Both hysterectomy and castration have the same results – loss of reproductive organs. For the man it is the last effort. For a woman it is sometimes considered the first thing to do. In the final analysis, hysterectomy is castration.
The difference between men and women is clear but why does this difference in procedures persist to this day? What is there about removing the ovaries and the uterus that is different from removing testicles?
One must wonder how many fewer hysterectomies would be performed if the woman were told she was being castrated.
There is sufficient evidence to support the contention that hysterectomies are often unnecessary. The after effects are comparable to what a man would experience when he is castrated;
- anxiety,
- depression,
- foggy thinking,
- loss of energy,
- lowered stamina,
- loss of libido,
- skin disorders,
- weight gain,
- loss of memory,
- urinary problems,
- and so on.
Every effect is the direct loss of hormone balance. Efforts to replace the lost hormones are sometimes helpful, but they never equal the condition the person had before the surgery.
The important thing to keep in mind is that hysterectomy is final and probably the first step in a life of losses. Of course, there are situations when, like castration in men, the hysterectomy is indicated when it is that or death. Everything – yes everything – must be evaluated before agreeing to hysterectomy surgery. It is up to the woman to stand her ground, do the research, and insist that other efforts be made before the cutting begins. Hormone replacement is necessary after surgery. The same hormones, in small amounts, may be just as effective when used properly before surgery.
One final note. There is no such thing as “surgical menopause” – as it relates to hysterectomy/castration. Menopause is a fully natural process where the reproductive activity of a woman ceases. It is not the complete cessation of hormone production. While hormone values change, they never fall to zero. After hysterectomy, a woman is not similar to being “post-menopausal”. It is much more severe. Surgical menopause is a phrase that means hysterectomy, which actually means castration. It is a rare procedure for men and it should also be rare for women. | https://thecompounder.com/hysterectomies-lies/ | 96 |
what is the male version of a hysterectomy | Hysterectomy | Gender Affirming Health Program | Hysterectomy with and without salpingectomy/oophorectomy is considered by WPATH to be a medically necessary component of gender affirming surgical therapy for those transgender men who choose to seek this procedure.[1] It is unknown how many transgender men desire and obtain hysterectomy for the purposes of gender affirmation or in the context of gender dysphoria. In the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, 21% of trans men surveyed had undergone hysterectomy.[2] 58% desired a hysterectomy at some time in the future, and 21% had no desire for a hysterectomy, It is unclear what differentiated individuals who had already undergone hysterectomy from those who desired the procedure in the future, though access to care and financial considerations are likely contributors. Also unclear is how reproductive desires may play into decisions about hysterectomy and or oophorectomy. Furthermore, it is unclear from this study what proportion of these hysterectomies were due to a medically pathologic condition rather than gender dysphoria, since hysterectomy is one of the most common non-obstetrical surgical procedures.
A study of 134 transgender men reported a diversity of indications for hysterectomy, though most procedures were performed for gender affirmation. In that study, 58% underwent hysterectomy because organs were incongruent with current gender identity, 47% for further physical masculinization, 43% to facilitate a change in legal documents, and 37% to avoid future gynecological appointments. However, this same study also noted that for many this procedure was seen as "preventive" in 59%, was performed because of pre-existing medical problems in 26%, specifically for "tumors, cysts, fibroids or endometriosis" in 22% or to stop extreme bleeding and cramping in 22%.[3] Since widespread explicit insurance coverage for hysterectomy for purposes of gender affirmation is both recent and evolving, it is possible that some of the decisions to perform hysterectomy in the setting of pathologic conditions may have been hastened by coexisting gender dysphoria.
Best practice for the surgical approach to hysterectomy in transgender men has not been studied. Hysterectomy may be performed abdominally, laparoscopically, or vaginally. Based on existing evidence, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has stated that for patients in whom the approach is appropriate, a vaginal approach has the fewest complications and blood loss, quickest recovery, and is the most cost-effective.[4] For transgender men, vaginal hysterectomy has the added benefit of leaving no abdominal scars. Initial data [5,6] support the notion that vaginal hysterectomy is appropriate for transgender men. Many other studies have noted that laparoscopic hysterectomy, the second least invasive form of hysterectomy, is also possible and can successfully be accomplished without additional complications.[7-11]
Hysterectomy has been successfully combined with other gender affirming surgeries performed on the same day in the same operating suite including vaginectomy, mastectomy, and genital reconstruction including metoidioplasty and phalloplasty.[10,12] Hysterectomy itself does not largely differ, however some modifications in concurrent surgeries and extent of dissection may differ depending on the goals of the transgender patient. For example if a transgender man undergoing hysterectomy has no plans for penetrative vaginal intercourse in the future, the vaginal cuff closure could be much more exterior, such that less of a vaginal orifice remains. Similarly, vaginectomy (removal of vaginal mucosal tissue) and colpocleisis (closure of the vaginal canal) could be performed if no vaginal orifice is desired, as long as there is no desire for future genital reconstructive surgery that would make use of the vaginal mucosa (for urethral lengthening etc). Finally, consideration of whether to retain or remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes at the time of surgery is also a personal decision and will be based on considerations of patient desire, future fertility, plans for exogenous (steroid) hormone administration, and other pathology that may be aided or exacerbated by ovarian removal (e.g., endometriosis).
While the WPATH Standards of Care require two mental health assessments prior to hysterectomy, this has been challenged academically [13] and in practice [7] given that non-transgender women may undergo a hysterectomy for equally or less compelling complaints without similar restrictions. | https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/hysterectomy | 96 |
what is the male version of a hysterectomy | Vasectomy (male sterilisation) | A vasectomy (male sterilisation) is a surgical procedure to cut or seal the tubes that carry a man's sperm to permanently prevent pregnancy.
It's usually carried out under local anaesthetic, where you're awake but don't feel any pain, and takes about 15 minutes.
In rare cases, you may have a general anaesthetic, where you're asleep during the operation.
- A vasectomy is more than 99% effective.
- It's considered permanent, so once it's done you don't have to think about contraception again.
- It doesn't affect your sex drive or ability to enjoy sex. You'll still have erections and ejaculate, but your semen won't contain sperm.
- You'll need to use contraception for at least 8 to 12 weeks after the operation, because sperm will still be in the tubes leading to the penis.
- Up to 2 semen tests are done after the operation to make sure that all the sperm have gone.
- Your ball sack (scrotum) may become bruised, swollen or painful – some men have ongoing pain in their testicles.
- As with any surgery, there's a small risk of infection.
- It's very difficult to reverse, so be sure it's right for you.
- A vasectomy doesn't protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so you may need to use condoms as well.
A vasectomy works by stopping sperm getting into a man's semen, the fluid that he ejaculates.
The tubes that carry sperm from a man's testicles to the penis are cut, blocked or sealed with heat.
This means that when a man ejaculates, the semen has no sperm in it and a woman's egg can't be fertilised.
A vasectomy is a quick and relatively painless surgical procedure. In most cases, you'll be able to return home the same day.
There are 2 types of vasectomy:
- a conventional vasectomy using a scalpel (surgical knife)
- a no-scalpel vasectomy
The doctor doing your vasectomy will discuss which option is best for you.
The doctor first numbs your scrotum with a local anaesthetic. They then make 2 small cuts in the skin on each side of your scrotum to reach the tubes that carry sperm out of your testicles (vas deferens).
Each tube is cut and a small section removed. The ends of the tubes are then closed, either by tying them or sealing them using heat.
The cuts are stitched, usually using dissolvable stitches that go away on their own within about a week.
The doctor first numbs your scrotum with local anaesthetic. They then make a tiny puncture hole in the skin of your scrotum to reach the tubes. This means they don't need to cut the skin with a scalpel.
The tubes are then closed in the same way as a conventional vasectomy, either by being tied or sealed.
There's little bleeding and no stitches with this procedure. It's thought to be less painful and less likely to cause complications than a conventional vasectomy.
Your doctor will ask about your circumstances, provide information, and may recommend counselling before agreeing to the procedure.
You should only have a vasectomy if you're certain you don't want any more children or don't want children at all.
If you have a partner, discuss it with them before you decide. If possible, you should both agree to the procedure, but it's not a legal requirement to get your partner's permission.
You may be more likely to be accepted for a vasectomy if you're over 30 and have had children.
But your GP can refuse to carry out the procedure, or refuse to refer you, if they don't believe it's in your best interests.
In most parts of the UK, a vasectomy is available free of charge from the NHS. But waiting lists can be several months, depending on where you live.
Speak to your GP or ask at your local contraception clinic for more information. As waiting lists for vasectomies can be long, some men choose to pay to have the procedure carried out privately.
You can request a male doctor, but this may mean having to wait longer.
It's common to have some mild discomfort, swelling and bruising of your scrotum for a few days after the vasectomy.
You can take painkillers, such as paracetamol , to help. See a GP if it's still painful after taking painkillers.
It's common to have blood in your semen in the first few ejaculations after a vasectomy. This isn't harmful.
Wear tight-fitting underwear or athletic support day and night for the first few days to help support your scrotum and ease any discomfort or swelling. Make sure you change your underwear every day.
It's usually safe for you to have a bath or shower after your operation – check with your doctor what's suitable for you. Make sure you dry your genital area gently and thoroughly.
You can usually return to work 1 or 2 days after a vasectomy, but should avoid sport and heavy lifting for at least a week after the procedure to prevent complications. See a GP if you still have symptoms after a few days.
Avoid sexual activity for at least 7 days after having a vasectomy.
You'll need to use another method of contraception for at least the first 8 to 12 weeks, as it can take this long to clear the remaining sperm in your tubes.
How long this takes varies from man to man. There's still a risk of pregnancy during this time.
About 12 weeks after the procedure, you'll need to produce a sample of semen, which will be tested for sperm.
Once tests have confirmed that your semen is sperm-free, the vasectomy is considered successful and you can stop using additional contraception.
Some men may need 2 tests. But until it's been confirmed that your semen is free of sperm, continue to use another form of contraception.
A few men will continue to have small numbers of sperm in their system, but these sperm don't move and are less likely to make your partner pregnant.
If you're one of these men, your doctor will discuss your options with you.
The test also helps to identify the rare cases in which the tubes naturally rejoin themselves.
You should only have a vasectomy if you're sure that you don't want more, or any, children. It should always be seen as permanent.
This is because although reversal is sometimes possible, it may not be successful. Even with a successful operation, it may still not be possible to father a child.
Advantages:
- a vasectomy is more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy
- long-term effects on your health are rare
- it doesn't affect your hormone levels, sex drive or interfere with sex
- it may be chosen as a simpler and safer alternative to female sterilisation
Disadvantages:
- a vasectomy can't be easily reversed, and reversals are rarely funded by the NHS
- you need to keep using contraception after the operation until tests show your semen is free of sperm
- possible complications include a collection of blood inside the scrotum (haematoma), hard lumps called sperm granulomas (caused by sperm leaking from the tubes), an infection, or long-term testicle pain (you may need further surgery)
- the vas deferens tubes can reconnect, but this is very rare
- vasectomy doesn't protect against STIs, so you may need to use condoms as well
Yes. But if you're under 30, you'll find many surgeons are reluctant to do it in case your circumstances change and you regret it later.
No. After a successful vasectomy, your testicles will continue to produce the male hormone (testosterone) just as they did before the procedure.
Your sex drive, sensation and ability to have an erection won't be affected. The only difference is that there'll be no sperm in your semen. Your body still produces sperm, but they're absorbed back into your body without harm.
It's a big decision to have a vasectomy, so you should think it over carefully. If you're sure about your decision, you may feel relieved that you don't need to think about contraception and the possibility of pregnancy again.
But if you feel anxious or uncomfortable about the procedure, or you think you would find it hard to accept being infertile, it may not be suitable for you.
See a GP or a professional at a contraception or sexual health clinic to talk about all of your options.
Prostate cancer and testicular cancer can happen in men who have had a vasectomy. There is not enough evidence to be sure if having a vasectomy increases your risk of developing prostate cancer. Speak to a GP if you have any concerns.
A vasectomy can be difficult to reverse. Vasectomy reversal is not usually available on the NHS. You can pay for it privately if you wish.
Whether or not a vasectomy reversal is successful can depend on how long ago the vasectomy was done. The longer ago it was done, the less likely it is a reversal will be successful.
If you have a vasectomy and later decide that you want a child, you may be able to use IVF . To do this, a surgeon would retrieve sperm from your testicles and use this to fertilise your partner's egg.
But IVF:
- isn't always successful
- may not be available on the NHS
- can be expensive if done privately
You could, but as with IVF, sperm stored in a sperm bank can't be relied on to bring about a pregnancy. It can also be expensive.
You can get more information on having a vasectomy from:
- GP surgeries
- contraception clinics
- sexual health or genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics
- some young people's services | https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/vasectomy-male-sterilisation/ | 96 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California Bicycle Helmet Law | Bicycle Law | - Cyclists aged 18 and older are not required to wear a bicycle helmet while riding a bike. 1
- Cyclists under the age of 18 are required to wear a bicycle helmet while riding a bike. 2
Want to spark an argument, or at least get a debate going? Bring up the subject of bicycle helmets. Want to really turn the heat up? Start talking about mandatory bicycle helmet laws. While advice abounds from cyclists and non-cyclists alike about the necessity of wearing a helmet while riding, there is, as in physics, an equal and opposite reaction against that advice. For every argument claiming that bicycle helmets are a necessary safety measure, there is an argument claiming that the safety benefits of bicycle helmets are seriously overrated.
What’s a cyclist to do? This is an area where the individual cyclist must be allowed to weigh the evidence and decide for themselves. And that freedom for cyclists to weigh the evidence and the risks and decide for themselves is the approach taken in California law, with a significant caveat that cyclists must be aware of if they are injured in a bicycle crash (see below). There’s no law preventing a cyclist from wearing a helmet, but there’s no law requiring a helmet either. It’s up to the individual cyclist.
Well, at least for adult cyclists. In California, as in every other state in the nation, there is no statewide all-ages mandatory bicycle helmet law. However, as in many states (and even some localities), there is a mandatory statewide bicycle helmet law for cyclists under the age of 18. Let’s take a closer look to see what is and isn’t required.
In California, if you are under the age of 18, you are required to wear an approved , properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet 3 (1) if you are either operating or riding as a passenger on a bicycle (2) upon a street, bikeway, or any other public bicycle path or trail. 4 This requirement also applies to passengers riding in a restraining seat attached to the bicycle, or in a trailer towed by the bicycle. 5
So let’s say you’re under the age of 18, and you’re riding your bike on a public road, or on a public bikeway, bicycle path, or trail—you’re required to wear a helmet. But if you’re on private property, no helmet required.
But what about sidewalks? California law is somewhat opaque on this point, but in fact sidewalks are included in the law, 6 and cyclists under 18 are required to wear a helmet while riding on the sidewalk.
Unlike the bicycle helmet law in Oregon, where cyclists are exempted from the requirement to wear a helmet if it would violate their religious belief or practice, 7 in California the bicycle helmet law applies to every cyclist under the age of 18, regardless of religious belief of practice.
Although California doesn’t have an all-ages mandatory helmet law, there is an all-ages mandatory law in at least one park in California. Bidwell Park (in the city of Chico) requires bicycle helmets for all ages when riding off pavement in Middle and Upper Park.
Failure to wear a helmet when required is punishable by a $25 fine, 8 and either the parent or legal guardian, the under-18 cyclist, or both are liable for payment of the fine.
But rather than impose the $25 fine, California has given cyclists the option to treat the citation as a fix-it ticket. If the parent or legal guardian presents proof within 120 days to the law enforcement agency that issued the citation that the cyclist has an approved helmet and has taken a local bicycle safety course or a related bicycle safety course (if one is available) as prescribed by authorities in the local jurisdiction, then the citation will not be sent to the traffic court and the fine will not be imposed. 9
Caveat: Cyclists Beware
A traffic citation isn’t the only problem facing California cyclists who ride without a helmet. What if a cyclist is not wearing a helmet and is injured or killed in a crash? If the cyclist is under 18 and riding without a helmet despite the mandatory helmet law, the cyclist’s lack of a helmet may become an issue in negotiations with the insurance company (if the crash was due to another person’s negligence) and at trial. California is a “ comparative negligence ” state, and the cyclist’s lack of a helmet when the law required one could result in some percentage of the liability for the cyclist’s injuries being apportioned to the cyclist. If this happens, the cyclist’s compensation would be reduced by the percentage of liability apportioned to the cyclist for his or her injuries.
But what about adult cyclists? They’re not required to wear a helmet in California, so if an adult cyclist is riding without a helmet and is injured to another person’s negligence, the cyclist shouldn’t be held liable for failing to wear a helmet, right?
Unfortunately, the adult cyclist’s lack of a helmet might be an issue in negotiations, and at trial, and the insurance company might argue that the adult cyclist should be held liable for a percentage of his or her own injuries.
This might seem fair, but it isn’t. Here’s why: Suppose a driver carelessly injures a pedestrian who is legally within the crosswalk. By law, the driver should have yielded to the pedestrian, but didn’t. But now the driver is blaming the pedestrian for not wearing a helmet. If this blame-shifting seems ludicrous, that’s because it is ludicrous. Nobody would ever blame a law-biding pedestrian who was injured by a careless driver for not wearing a helmet while walking in the crosswalk. But when a negligent driver injures a cyclist who isn’t wearing a helmet, that blame-shifting is exactly what happens.Violations:
The offense described in this section is a traffic infraction. The fine for failure of a bicycle operator or rider to wear an approved, properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet is $25. 10Related Article: If You’ve Been Injured in a Crash
Do not communicate with the driver’s insurance company before consulting with an attorney. Most cyclists want to be fair and reasonable with the insurance company. Unfortunately, when you communicate with the insurance company, they are gathering information to be used against you later. What you see as an effort on your part to communicate a fair and honest account of the accident will be seen by the insurance company as an opportunity to gather evidence in support of their argument that your negligence caused the accident.
Contact bicyclelaw.com or another personal injury attorney who understands bicycling. While many attorneys are competent to handle general injury cases, make sure your attorney has experience and is familiar with:
- Bicycle traffic laws
- Negotiating bicycle accident cases with insurance companies
- Trying bicycle accident cases in court
- The prevailing prejudice against cyclists by motorists and juries
- The names and functions of all bicycle components
- The speed bikes travel as well as braking and cornering
- Bicycle handling skills, techniques, and customs
- How to get the full replacement value property damage estimates for your bicycle
- Establishing the value of lost riding time
- Leading bicycle accident reconstruction experts
- Licensed forensic bicycle engineers
- Establishing the value of permanent diminished riding ability
If you have been injured in a bicycle accident, whether in a solo accident that may be the result of another party’s negligence, or in a collision with another person, contact bicyclelaw.com for a free consultation with bicycle attorney Bob Mionske .
- To check for local Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Laws in California , see Bicycle Helmet Laws at Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute .
- For information about protecting yourself with insurance , see Insurance Advice .
- For information on avoiding accidents before they occur , see How to Avoid Car-On-Bike Accidents . | https://www.bicyclelaw.com/california-bicycle-laws/california-bicycle-helmet-law/ | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | A QUICK GUIDE TO BICYCLE HELMET LAWS IN CALIFORNIA | November 25, 2020
It’s our mission to help all bicyclists — new and experienced alike — ride their bicycles more safely. This goes beyond simply strapping on a cool bike helmet , clipping on a couple of bike lights and riding off into the sunset. It also means gearing you up with the right information so you and your family are riding legally. With that, we’re putting a spotlight on Thousand’s home state of California to get a better glimpse at its bike helmet laws.
As it turns out, the nation’s most populous state has slightly stricter bike helmet laws than others. Curious what they are? We rounded up a quick guide to the bicycle helmet laws in California below.
BICYCLE HELMET LAWS IN CALIFORNIA
- All passengers aged 5 and under; bike riders aged 18 and under; and scooter, skateboard and in-line/roller skate riders aged 18 and under are required to wear helmets.
- Anyone aged 18 years or younger, regardless of religious belief or practice, must legally wear a helmet.
- Adults are legally required to wear helmets at Bidwell Park in Chico, California.
- The youth helmet law applies to riding a bicycle on a street, bikeway, sidewalk or public bike path.
- The fine for not wearing a bike helmet is $25.
There is no federal bike helmet law, which means mandates are set locally (read more about that here ). Among the states that do enforce helmet laws, said laws typically only apply to youth bike riders and passengers. In California, anyone aged 18 and under operating a bicycle, scooter or skateboard, or using roller skates must legally wear a bicycle helmet. For adults with little kiddos, bike passengers who are aged 5 and under must also legally wear a helmet. Although it’s not legally required for adults to wear bike helmets in California (except in Bidwell Park, Chico), we strongly recommend wearing one anyway as they’re proven to protect against traumatic injury.
According to California Legislative Information, the youth helmet law applies to riding a bicycle on a street, bikeway, sidewalk, or public bike path. That means it’s technically legal for youth to ride a bike without wearing a helmet on private property (except sidewalks). Some states legally exempt youth from wearing bicycle helmets for religious belief or practice, but that’s not the case in California.
At the time of this writing, the fine for getting caught not following the law is $25. Who pays it? Well, it depends on the age of the minor being ticketed. Generally speaking, a parent or legal guardian is responsible for paying the fine. Sometimes it’s both the parent or guardian and the youth rider.
The state has a pretty cool program that provides an opportunity to turn a “wrong” into a “right” though. Those who receive a citation can return to law enforcement with an approved, properly fitted bike helmet and proof that the person ticketed attended a bicycle safety course. California offers a whopping 120 days to complete these two easy tasks; well worth it to avoid the fine and citation if you ask us.
In the market for a new adult bike helmet? We’ve got your dome covered for all your bicycling, scootering and skateboarding needs. Browse our minimalist bike helmet options, including our new Chapter MIPS Helmet complete with MIPS technology, a magnetic rear light and a customizable visor (coming soon!). | https://www.explorethousand.com/blogs/journal/a-quick-guide-to-bicycle-helmet-laws-in-california | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California Bicycle Helmet Laws | Silverthorne Attorneys | | Bicycle Accident
Each state has a very specific law when it comes to wearing helmets on bicycles. Though riding bikes around the neighborhood is a common pastime, no matter the time of year, it is customary to wear a helmet while riding a bike. the California bicycle helmet laws are very straightforward. Similarly they are easy to understand.
Anyone under the age of 18 must wear a helmet in California. the law stipulates that anyone on a bicycle on a street, bikeway, or public bike path/tail in California must wear a helmet. This includes children who are sitting in restraining seats or being towed behind the bicycle.
Similarly, the law requires anyone under 18 to wear a helmet when riding a scooter, skateboard, or using inline skates. Certain counties are lax on the laws. but it is always a good idea to wear a helmet in the event that an accident occurs. as those who are under 18 are still developing, it is better to be on the safe side.
California defines a bicycle as any “vehicle” on which a person may ride. It is one in which used only by human power, using a belt, chain, or gears and has at least one wheel. Though the fine for not wearing a helmet is minimal, it should be taken seriously. for the physical risks of riding without a helmet are great.
In California, bicycle riders under 18 must wear a helmet that is properly fitted and fastened. the helmet must also meet the standards of the American National Standards Institute, the Snell Memorial Foundation’s Standard for Protective Headgear for Use in Bicycling, or the American Society for Testing Materials.
There are a few simple steps to finding the right helmet for your child. These days there are so many options, as a lot of helmets come in cool colors and designs.
- The first step is to look at the helmet itself. There should be a sticker on the helmet (oftentimes on the inner portion of the helmet) that says that the helmet “meets the standards set by the Consumer Product Safety Committee (CPSC).”
- If a particular helmet you are looking at does not have the sticker, it is advised to find one that does.
- It is recommended – if possible – to try the helmet on at the store before you make your purchase. This is to see if it fits well. the helmet should not be too big or too small and should be worn level on the head so that it fits solidly and is comfortable on your child’s head.
As you are picking out the best helmet for your child, it is always a good idea to check the fit before you make your purchase. Here are a few tips on how to pick the right fit:
- Eyes – Make sure that the helmet sits level on the head and rests low on your child’s forehead. the general and suggested rule is: there should be one 2-finger width of space above the eyebrows. If the helmet is pushed too high, it will not protect your child’s head and could potentially fall off should there be some sort of fall or accident
- Straps – the straps should ALWAYS be fastened and adjusted so they are snug and don’t pull or twist the helmet; if the helmet is too loose, it will likely fall off when it is needed the most. It is important that the straps form a “Y” shape under each ear lobe and lay flat against your child’s head. Any twists or “kinks’” in the straps can lead to the helmet being too loose to too tight. Therefore the helmet won’t work properly. You don’t want to pull the straps too tight and accidentally pinch your child’s neck.
- Mouth – Click the buckle on the straps loose enough so that your child can breathe. There should be enough room to insert one finger between the buckle’s strap and your child’s skin.
Though you probably don’t want to be seen as an overprotective parent, when your child first gets their helmet, it is a good idea to check that they are wearing it properly before they leave the house.
- The helmet should be tight enough so that if your child opens their mouth, you can see the helmet pull down just ever so slightly at the top
- Check the top of the helmet. If you can move the helmet from side-to-side, it is wise to add thicker pads or adjust the universal fit ring. Extra pads come with the helmet at the time of purchase. If they do not, you can pick up more at any local Sporting Goods Store.
- Make sure that the straps are on correctly and that they are buckled. Should an accident occur, the helmet could fall off of their head if the helmet is not buckled correctly.
The first offense requires the charge of riding without a helmet to be dismissed if the rider states that it was their first offense. Otherwise, the fine is $25. If a minor is charged, the parents are responsible for the fine.
There are so many reasons why wearing a helmet is important. Helmets help protect our kid’s heads, should they fall off their bike. It gives parents a little more comfort knowing that when our children are out riding bikes, their heads are protected. It needs to be noted that injuries to the head can have a long lasting affect on our children’s health. Even as they grow older and venture out into the adult world. So keeping their heads safe, not just from the immediate damage from a fall, but from any future damage, is well worth the precaution.
California law stipulates that the money collected in fines for violating California Bicycle Helmet Laws shall be divided up. the county health department is given 72.5% of the funds, which they use for safety education. They also use a portion of that to help low-income families to buy approved helmets for children. the county treasury is given 2.2% of the fines. If the violation occurs within a city, 25% of the fine is given over to the treasury of that city. If the violation occurs in an unincorporated area, 25% joins the 72.5%. It is then given to the county health department.
All in all, it is the law to wear a helmet if you are under the age of 18. but it helps in guarding the safety of those on bicycles.
If are suffering from injuries, please contact our office today. Consultations are free. | https://www.silverthorneattorneys.com/california-bicycle-helmet-laws/ | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | A QUICK GUIDE TO BICYCLE HELMET LAWS IN CALIFORNIA | November 25, 2020
It’s our mission to help all bicyclists — new and experienced alike — ride their bicycles more safely. This goes beyond simply strapping on a cool bike helmet , clipping on a couple of bike lights and riding off into the sunset. It also means gearing you up with the right information so you and your family are riding legally. With that, we’re putting a spotlight on Thousand’s home state of California to get a better glimpse at its bike helmet laws.
As it turns out, the nation’s most populous state has slightly stricter bike helmet laws than others. Curious what they are? We rounded up a quick guide to the bicycle helmet laws in California below.
BICYCLE HELMET LAWS IN CALIFORNIA
- All passengers aged 5 and under; bike riders aged 18 and under; and scooter, skateboard and in-line/roller skate riders aged 18 and under are required to wear helmets.
- Anyone aged 18 years or younger, regardless of religious belief or practice, must legally wear a helmet.
- Adults are legally required to wear helmets at Bidwell Park in Chico, California.
- The youth helmet law applies to riding a bicycle on a street, bikeway, sidewalk or public bike path.
- The fine for not wearing a bike helmet is $25.
There is no federal bike helmet law, which means mandates are set locally (read more about that here ). Among the states that do enforce helmet laws, said laws typically only apply to youth bike riders and passengers. In California, anyone aged 18 and under operating a bicycle, scooter or skateboard, or using roller skates must legally wear a bicycle helmet. For adults with little kiddos, bike passengers who are aged 5 and under must also legally wear a helmet. Although it’s not legally required for adults to wear bike helmets in California (except in Bidwell Park, Chico), we strongly recommend wearing one anyway as they’re proven to protect against traumatic injury.
According to California Legislative Information, the youth helmet law applies to riding a bicycle on a street, bikeway, sidewalk, or public bike path. That means it’s technically legal for youth to ride a bike without wearing a helmet on private property (except sidewalks). Some states legally exempt youth from wearing bicycle helmets for religious belief or practice, but that’s not the case in California.
At the time of this writing, the fine for getting caught not following the law is $25. Who pays it? Well, it depends on the age of the minor being ticketed. Generally speaking, a parent or legal guardian is responsible for paying the fine. Sometimes it’s both the parent or guardian and the youth rider.
The state has a pretty cool program that provides an opportunity to turn a “wrong” into a “right” though. Those who receive a citation can return to law enforcement with an approved, properly fitted bike helmet and proof that the person ticketed attended a bicycle safety course. California offers a whopping 120 days to complete these two easy tasks; well worth it to avoid the fine and citation if you ask us.
In the market for a new adult bike helmet? We’ve got your dome covered for all your bicycling, scootering and skateboarding needs. Browse our minimalist bike helmet options, including our new Chapter MIPS Helmet complete with MIPS technology, a magnetic rear light and a customizable visor (coming soon!). | https://www.explorethousand.com/blogs/journal/a-quick-guide-to-bicycle-helmet-laws-in-california | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California Bicycle Helmet Law: What You Should Know | News provided by
Jan 26, 2022, 10:59 ET
SACRAMENTO, Calif. , Jan. 26, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Frederick Penney the founding partner of Penney and Associates, Injury Lawyers, talks about bike helmets. https://www.penneylawyers.com/frederick-w-penney/ . California state law mandates that anyone riding a bike under the age of 18 is required to wear a bicycle helmet. California Vehicle Code Section 21212 specifically states that any person under 18 shall:
Wear a properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet that meets the standards of either the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), or standards subsequently established by those entities.
By law, in California , those 18 years of age and older are not legally required to wear a bicycle helmet while riding a bike. That said, it is strongly recommended that you wear a helmet while riding a bicycle, or while operating any two- or four-wheeled street legal mode of transport.
Here is what you should know about wearing a helmet while biking, and why wearing a helmet is critical to riding safely.
Minors under the age of 18 are required by law in California to wear a helmet when biking.
There are no federal bike helmet laws. These laws are set on the state level. In California , people under 18 years old must wear a helmet while biking. Young children aged 5 and younger who ride as bike passengers (in a bike trailer or stroller) are required by law to wear a helmet.
The youth-helmet law in California applies to minors who ride a bike on a street, bikeway, sidewalk, or public path. The law allows minors to ride a bike without a helmet on private property in California . It is strongly recommended that minors wear a bike helmet in every situation, even on private property. Children who do wear helmets while biking were found to be 76 percent less likely to be diagnosed with a head injury after a crash compared to bikers not wearing helmets.
Minors who do not wear a helmet and are caught violating the law are subject to a citation or fine up to twenty-five dollars . The parents or legal guardian of the offending minor are equally liable for the fine amount imposed.
Those 18 years of age and older are not required by law to wear a helmet in California .
Adults in California are not required to wear a helmet while biking. While riding without a helmet is legal, it is more dangerous.
Research shows that, in general, wearing a helmet while riding a bike reduces the likelihood of severe injury, should you crash or otherwise be involved in an accident. Wearing a helmet while cycling reduces the risk of head and brain injuries by about 70 percent. A separate study found that the use of helmets reduced biker fatalities by 34% .
Sharing the road with vehicles can put any cyclist at greater risk of an accident — in 2019 in the U.S., there were more than 800 cyclists fatalities due to traffic collisions. Helmets can reduce the risk of head injury in bicycle collisions with motor vehicles by 74% .
Bike helmets work to protect your head and neck in the event of a crash. Wearing a helmet is a personal choice for adult riders in the state of California . But the truth is that crashes are unexpected and often unavoidable. It is best to wear a helmet to protect your head and neck during your bike ride.
Wearing a properly fitted helmet is important. Here is how to size yours.
Improperly fitted helmets offer less protection in the event of a crash. The safest helmet is one that fits secure to your head. Follow the steps below to find a helmet that fits your head:
1 – Size. Using a soft measuring tape, find the circumference of your head. Match the circumference of your head with the circumference indicated on the helmet.
2 – Position. Try the helmet on. The helmet should fit level on your head, about two finger-widths above your eyebrows.
3 – Side straps. Adjust the side straps so the helmet is snug against your head. Make sure to buckle the strap under your chin.
4 – Test it. Now that you have secured the helmet to your head, check that it fits correctly and feels comfortable. Try to move it back and forth and side to side. The helmet should pull down on your head about two fingers worth. If it is too tight or too loose, unbuckle and return to step 2 to achieve the perfect fit.
Helmets have an expiration date because the material they are made from can degrade over time. Note down the expiration date of your helmet and replace it when it is time for a new one. Additionally, if you are involved in a crash, consider replacing the helmet. The helmet may have been damaged, and even have cracks or dents which are not visible.
It is strongly recommended that everyone wear a helmet while biking, regardless of age. Although this is only a legal requirement in California for minors, helmets are suggested for all as they protect your head and neck in the event of a crash and may reduce the likelihood of a severe injury.
SOURCE Penney and Associates | https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/california-bicycle-helmet-law-what-you-should-know-301468759.html | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California Bicycle Helmet Laws | Silverthorne Attorneys | | Bicycle Accident
Each state has a very specific law when it comes to wearing helmets on bicycles. Though riding bikes around the neighborhood is a common pastime, no matter the time of year, it is customary to wear a helmet while riding a bike. the California bicycle helmet laws are very straightforward. Similarly they are easy to understand.
Anyone under the age of 18 must wear a helmet in California. the law stipulates that anyone on a bicycle on a street, bikeway, or public bike path/tail in California must wear a helmet. This includes children who are sitting in restraining seats or being towed behind the bicycle.
Similarly, the law requires anyone under 18 to wear a helmet when riding a scooter, skateboard, or using inline skates. Certain counties are lax on the laws. but it is always a good idea to wear a helmet in the event that an accident occurs. as those who are under 18 are still developing, it is better to be on the safe side.
California defines a bicycle as any “vehicle” on which a person may ride. It is one in which used only by human power, using a belt, chain, or gears and has at least one wheel. Though the fine for not wearing a helmet is minimal, it should be taken seriously. for the physical risks of riding without a helmet are great.
In California, bicycle riders under 18 must wear a helmet that is properly fitted and fastened. the helmet must also meet the standards of the American National Standards Institute, the Snell Memorial Foundation’s Standard for Protective Headgear for Use in Bicycling, or the American Society for Testing Materials.
There are a few simple steps to finding the right helmet for your child. These days there are so many options, as a lot of helmets come in cool colors and designs.
- The first step is to look at the helmet itself. There should be a sticker on the helmet (oftentimes on the inner portion of the helmet) that says that the helmet “meets the standards set by the Consumer Product Safety Committee (CPSC).”
- If a particular helmet you are looking at does not have the sticker, it is advised to find one that does.
- It is recommended – if possible – to try the helmet on at the store before you make your purchase. This is to see if it fits well. the helmet should not be too big or too small and should be worn level on the head so that it fits solidly and is comfortable on your child’s head.
As you are picking out the best helmet for your child, it is always a good idea to check the fit before you make your purchase. Here are a few tips on how to pick the right fit:
- Eyes – Make sure that the helmet sits level on the head and rests low on your child’s forehead. the general and suggested rule is: there should be one 2-finger width of space above the eyebrows. If the helmet is pushed too high, it will not protect your child’s head and could potentially fall off should there be some sort of fall or accident
- Straps – the straps should ALWAYS be fastened and adjusted so they are snug and don’t pull or twist the helmet; if the helmet is too loose, it will likely fall off when it is needed the most. It is important that the straps form a “Y” shape under each ear lobe and lay flat against your child’s head. Any twists or “kinks’” in the straps can lead to the helmet being too loose to too tight. Therefore the helmet won’t work properly. You don’t want to pull the straps too tight and accidentally pinch your child’s neck.
- Mouth – Click the buckle on the straps loose enough so that your child can breathe. There should be enough room to insert one finger between the buckle’s strap and your child’s skin.
Though you probably don’t want to be seen as an overprotective parent, when your child first gets their helmet, it is a good idea to check that they are wearing it properly before they leave the house.
- The helmet should be tight enough so that if your child opens their mouth, you can see the helmet pull down just ever so slightly at the top
- Check the top of the helmet. If you can move the helmet from side-to-side, it is wise to add thicker pads or adjust the universal fit ring. Extra pads come with the helmet at the time of purchase. If they do not, you can pick up more at any local Sporting Goods Store.
- Make sure that the straps are on correctly and that they are buckled. Should an accident occur, the helmet could fall off of their head if the helmet is not buckled correctly.
The first offense requires the charge of riding without a helmet to be dismissed if the rider states that it was their first offense. Otherwise, the fine is $25. If a minor is charged, the parents are responsible for the fine.
There are so many reasons why wearing a helmet is important. Helmets help protect our kid’s heads, should they fall off their bike. It gives parents a little more comfort knowing that when our children are out riding bikes, their heads are protected. It needs to be noted that injuries to the head can have a long lasting affect on our children’s health. Even as they grow older and venture out into the adult world. So keeping their heads safe, not just from the immediate damage from a fall, but from any future damage, is well worth the precaution.
California law stipulates that the money collected in fines for violating California Bicycle Helmet Laws shall be divided up. the county health department is given 72.5% of the funds, which they use for safety education. They also use a portion of that to help low-income families to buy approved helmets for children. the county treasury is given 2.2% of the fines. If the violation occurs within a city, 25% of the fine is given over to the treasury of that city. If the violation occurs in an unincorporated area, 25% joins the 72.5%. It is then given to the county health department.
All in all, it is the law to wear a helmet if you are under the age of 18. but it helps in guarding the safety of those on bicycles.
If are suffering from injuries, please contact our office today. Consultations are free. | https://www.silverthorneattorneys.com/california-bicycle-helmet-laws/ | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | Bike Helmet Law In California | The bike helmet law in California states that anyone under 18 must wear a helmet when riding a bicycle, a scooter or a skateboard or using roller skates. If caught riding without one, the parents of the child can be hit with a fine of $25 to $200. Under the new law, the charge will be treated like a “fix-it ticket” meaning that the parents can get the charge dismissed without paying anything if they fix the problem.
To do that, the parent has to show the court that they have a proper safety helmet and that the child has completed an approved bicycle safety course. According to Sargent Robert Hill of the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Traffic Safety Operations, the bike helmet law in California was enacted to take the financial burden off of the parents while still providing an incentive to get the kids to wear helmets.
The approved safety course will be offered to all minors, and their parents, and can be completed in a few hours on a Saturday. One such course is being offered by a joint project of UC Berkeley, SafeTREC and California Walks Cal Walks Funding on a grant provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This is one of many programs that can be approved by the state to satisfy the new law.
The name of the program is the Community Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Training Program and teaches basic pedestrian and bicycle safety. Among others, the course focuses on “best practices” in areas of high pedestrian areas like sidewalks and crosswalks and trains the attendee on crash reduction factors and bicycle danger areas. Once completed, the parent will be given a certificate indicating that the minor has completed the course, and the parent can take the document to court and the charges will be dismissed.
The previous helmet law went into effect in 1993, and after its enactment, helmet usage went from 10 percent to over 60 percent. However, as time went on, police began to write fewer and fewer helmet tickets primarily because of the financial burden it put on the parents. Members of the legislature and police alike hope the new law will have the same impact as did the passage of the first law in 1993.
If you have been involved in an accident without a helmet and are seeking legal options, please feel free to contact us to see what your options are
If you or a loved one has been injured in an accident, don’t wait to speak to one of our attorneys today!
If you or a loved one has been injured in an accident, don’t wait to speak to one of our attorneys today! | https://bayareabicyclelaw.com/safety-laws/fix-it/ | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California Bicycle Helmet Law: What You Should Know | News provided by
Jan 26, 2022, 10:59 ET
SACRAMENTO, Calif. , Jan. 26, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Frederick Penney the founding partner of Penney and Associates, Injury Lawyers, talks about bike helmets. https://www.penneylawyers.com/frederick-w-penney/ . California state law mandates that anyone riding a bike under the age of 18 is required to wear a bicycle helmet. California Vehicle Code Section 21212 specifically states that any person under 18 shall:
Wear a properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet that meets the standards of either the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), or standards subsequently established by those entities.
By law, in California , those 18 years of age and older are not legally required to wear a bicycle helmet while riding a bike. That said, it is strongly recommended that you wear a helmet while riding a bicycle, or while operating any two- or four-wheeled street legal mode of transport.
Here is what you should know about wearing a helmet while biking, and why wearing a helmet is critical to riding safely.
Minors under the age of 18 are required by law in California to wear a helmet when biking.
There are no federal bike helmet laws. These laws are set on the state level. In California , people under 18 years old must wear a helmet while biking. Young children aged 5 and younger who ride as bike passengers (in a bike trailer or stroller) are required by law to wear a helmet.
The youth-helmet law in California applies to minors who ride a bike on a street, bikeway, sidewalk, or public path. The law allows minors to ride a bike without a helmet on private property in California . It is strongly recommended that minors wear a bike helmet in every situation, even on private property. Children who do wear helmets while biking were found to be 76 percent less likely to be diagnosed with a head injury after a crash compared to bikers not wearing helmets.
Minors who do not wear a helmet and are caught violating the law are subject to a citation or fine up to twenty-five dollars . The parents or legal guardian of the offending minor are equally liable for the fine amount imposed.
Those 18 years of age and older are not required by law to wear a helmet in California .
Adults in California are not required to wear a helmet while biking. While riding without a helmet is legal, it is more dangerous.
Research shows that, in general, wearing a helmet while riding a bike reduces the likelihood of severe injury, should you crash or otherwise be involved in an accident. Wearing a helmet while cycling reduces the risk of head and brain injuries by about 70 percent. A separate study found that the use of helmets reduced biker fatalities by 34% .
Sharing the road with vehicles can put any cyclist at greater risk of an accident — in 2019 in the U.S., there were more than 800 cyclists fatalities due to traffic collisions. Helmets can reduce the risk of head injury in bicycle collisions with motor vehicles by 74% .
Bike helmets work to protect your head and neck in the event of a crash. Wearing a helmet is a personal choice for adult riders in the state of California . But the truth is that crashes are unexpected and often unavoidable. It is best to wear a helmet to protect your head and neck during your bike ride.
Wearing a properly fitted helmet is important. Here is how to size yours.
Improperly fitted helmets offer less protection in the event of a crash. The safest helmet is one that fits secure to your head. Follow the steps below to find a helmet that fits your head:
1 – Size. Using a soft measuring tape, find the circumference of your head. Match the circumference of your head with the circumference indicated on the helmet.
2 – Position. Try the helmet on. The helmet should fit level on your head, about two finger-widths above your eyebrows.
3 – Side straps. Adjust the side straps so the helmet is snug against your head. Make sure to buckle the strap under your chin.
4 – Test it. Now that you have secured the helmet to your head, check that it fits correctly and feels comfortable. Try to move it back and forth and side to side. The helmet should pull down on your head about two fingers worth. If it is too tight or too loose, unbuckle and return to step 2 to achieve the perfect fit.
Helmets have an expiration date because the material they are made from can degrade over time. Note down the expiration date of your helmet and replace it when it is time for a new one. Additionally, if you are involved in a crash, consider replacing the helmet. The helmet may have been damaged, and even have cracks or dents which are not visible.
It is strongly recommended that everyone wear a helmet while biking, regardless of age. Although this is only a legal requirement in California for minors, helmets are suggested for all as they protect your head and neck in the event of a crash and may reduce the likelihood of a severe injury.
SOURCE Penney and Associates | https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/california-bicycle-helmet-law-what-you-should-know-301468759.html | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California Bicycle Helmet Law: What You Should Know | News provided by
Jan 26, 2022, 10:59 ET
SACRAMENTO, Calif. , Jan. 26, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Frederick Penney the founding partner of Penney and Associates, Injury Lawyers, talks about bike helmets. https://www.penneylawyers.com/frederick-w-penney/ . California state law mandates that anyone riding a bike under the age of 18 is required to wear a bicycle helmet. California Vehicle Code Section 21212 specifically states that any person under 18 shall:
Wear a properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet that meets the standards of either the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), or standards subsequently established by those entities.
By law, in California , those 18 years of age and older are not legally required to wear a bicycle helmet while riding a bike. That said, it is strongly recommended that you wear a helmet while riding a bicycle, or while operating any two- or four-wheeled street legal mode of transport.
Here is what you should know about wearing a helmet while biking, and why wearing a helmet is critical to riding safely.
Minors under the age of 18 are required by law in California to wear a helmet when biking.
There are no federal bike helmet laws. These laws are set on the state level. In California , people under 18 years old must wear a helmet while biking. Young children aged 5 and younger who ride as bike passengers (in a bike trailer or stroller) are required by law to wear a helmet.
The youth-helmet law in California applies to minors who ride a bike on a street, bikeway, sidewalk, or public path. The law allows minors to ride a bike without a helmet on private property in California . It is strongly recommended that minors wear a bike helmet in every situation, even on private property. Children who do wear helmets while biking were found to be 76 percent less likely to be diagnosed with a head injury after a crash compared to bikers not wearing helmets.
Minors who do not wear a helmet and are caught violating the law are subject to a citation or fine up to twenty-five dollars . The parents or legal guardian of the offending minor are equally liable for the fine amount imposed.
Those 18 years of age and older are not required by law to wear a helmet in California .
Adults in California are not required to wear a helmet while biking. While riding without a helmet is legal, it is more dangerous.
Research shows that, in general, wearing a helmet while riding a bike reduces the likelihood of severe injury, should you crash or otherwise be involved in an accident. Wearing a helmet while cycling reduces the risk of head and brain injuries by about 70 percent. A separate study found that the use of helmets reduced biker fatalities by 34% .
Sharing the road with vehicles can put any cyclist at greater risk of an accident — in 2019 in the U.S., there were more than 800 cyclists fatalities due to traffic collisions. Helmets can reduce the risk of head injury in bicycle collisions with motor vehicles by 74% .
Bike helmets work to protect your head and neck in the event of a crash. Wearing a helmet is a personal choice for adult riders in the state of California . But the truth is that crashes are unexpected and often unavoidable. It is best to wear a helmet to protect your head and neck during your bike ride.
Wearing a properly fitted helmet is important. Here is how to size yours.
Improperly fitted helmets offer less protection in the event of a crash. The safest helmet is one that fits secure to your head. Follow the steps below to find a helmet that fits your head:
1 – Size. Using a soft measuring tape, find the circumference of your head. Match the circumference of your head with the circumference indicated on the helmet.
2 – Position. Try the helmet on. The helmet should fit level on your head, about two finger-widths above your eyebrows.
3 – Side straps. Adjust the side straps so the helmet is snug against your head. Make sure to buckle the strap under your chin.
4 – Test it. Now that you have secured the helmet to your head, check that it fits correctly and feels comfortable. Try to move it back and forth and side to side. The helmet should pull down on your head about two fingers worth. If it is too tight or too loose, unbuckle and return to step 2 to achieve the perfect fit.
Helmets have an expiration date because the material they are made from can degrade over time. Note down the expiration date of your helmet and replace it when it is time for a new one. Additionally, if you are involved in a crash, consider replacing the helmet. The helmet may have been damaged, and even have cracks or dents which are not visible.
It is strongly recommended that everyone wear a helmet while biking, regardless of age. Although this is only a legal requirement in California for minors, helmets are suggested for all as they protect your head and neck in the event of a crash and may reduce the likelihood of a severe injury.
SOURCE Penney and Associates | https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/california-bicycle-helmet-law-what-you-should-know-301468759.html | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California Bicycle Helmet Law: What You Should Know | News provided by
Jan 26, 2022, 10:59 ET
SACRAMENTO, Calif. , Jan. 26, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Frederick Penney the founding partner of Penney and Associates, Injury Lawyers, talks about bike helmets. https://www.penneylawyers.com/frederick-w-penney/ . California state law mandates that anyone riding a bike under the age of 18 is required to wear a bicycle helmet. California Vehicle Code Section 21212 specifically states that any person under 18 shall:
Wear a properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet that meets the standards of either the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), or standards subsequently established by those entities.
By law, in California , those 18 years of age and older are not legally required to wear a bicycle helmet while riding a bike. That said, it is strongly recommended that you wear a helmet while riding a bicycle, or while operating any two- or four-wheeled street legal mode of transport.
Here is what you should know about wearing a helmet while biking, and why wearing a helmet is critical to riding safely.
Minors under the age of 18 are required by law in California to wear a helmet when biking.
There are no federal bike helmet laws. These laws are set on the state level. In California , people under 18 years old must wear a helmet while biking. Young children aged 5 and younger who ride as bike passengers (in a bike trailer or stroller) are required by law to wear a helmet.
The youth-helmet law in California applies to minors who ride a bike on a street, bikeway, sidewalk, or public path. The law allows minors to ride a bike without a helmet on private property in California . It is strongly recommended that minors wear a bike helmet in every situation, even on private property. Children who do wear helmets while biking were found to be 76 percent less likely to be diagnosed with a head injury after a crash compared to bikers not wearing helmets.
Minors who do not wear a helmet and are caught violating the law are subject to a citation or fine up to twenty-five dollars . The parents or legal guardian of the offending minor are equally liable for the fine amount imposed.
Those 18 years of age and older are not required by law to wear a helmet in California .
Adults in California are not required to wear a helmet while biking. While riding without a helmet is legal, it is more dangerous.
Research shows that, in general, wearing a helmet while riding a bike reduces the likelihood of severe injury, should you crash or otherwise be involved in an accident. Wearing a helmet while cycling reduces the risk of head and brain injuries by about 70 percent. A separate study found that the use of helmets reduced biker fatalities by 34% .
Sharing the road with vehicles can put any cyclist at greater risk of an accident — in 2019 in the U.S., there were more than 800 cyclists fatalities due to traffic collisions. Helmets can reduce the risk of head injury in bicycle collisions with motor vehicles by 74% .
Bike helmets work to protect your head and neck in the event of a crash. Wearing a helmet is a personal choice for adult riders in the state of California . But the truth is that crashes are unexpected and often unavoidable. It is best to wear a helmet to protect your head and neck during your bike ride.
Wearing a properly fitted helmet is important. Here is how to size yours.
Improperly fitted helmets offer less protection in the event of a crash. The safest helmet is one that fits secure to your head. Follow the steps below to find a helmet that fits your head:
1 – Size. Using a soft measuring tape, find the circumference of your head. Match the circumference of your head with the circumference indicated on the helmet.
2 – Position. Try the helmet on. The helmet should fit level on your head, about two finger-widths above your eyebrows.
3 – Side straps. Adjust the side straps so the helmet is snug against your head. Make sure to buckle the strap under your chin.
4 – Test it. Now that you have secured the helmet to your head, check that it fits correctly and feels comfortable. Try to move it back and forth and side to side. The helmet should pull down on your head about two fingers worth. If it is too tight or too loose, unbuckle and return to step 2 to achieve the perfect fit.
Helmets have an expiration date because the material they are made from can degrade over time. Note down the expiration date of your helmet and replace it when it is time for a new one. Additionally, if you are involved in a crash, consider replacing the helmet. The helmet may have been damaged, and even have cracks or dents which are not visible.
It is strongly recommended that everyone wear a helmet while biking, regardless of age. Although this is only a legal requirement in California for minors, helmets are suggested for all as they protect your head and neck in the event of a crash and may reduce the likelihood of a severe injury.
SOURCE Penney and Associates | https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/california-bicycle-helmet-law-what-you-should-know-301468759.html | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California Bicycle Helmet Law: What You Should Know | News provided by
Jan 26, 2022, 10:59 ET
SACRAMENTO, Calif. , Jan. 26, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Frederick Penney the founding partner of Penney and Associates, Injury Lawyers, talks about bike helmets. https://www.penneylawyers.com/frederick-w-penney/ . California state law mandates that anyone riding a bike under the age of 18 is required to wear a bicycle helmet. California Vehicle Code Section 21212 specifically states that any person under 18 shall:
Wear a properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet that meets the standards of either the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), or standards subsequently established by those entities.
By law, in California , those 18 years of age and older are not legally required to wear a bicycle helmet while riding a bike. That said, it is strongly recommended that you wear a helmet while riding a bicycle, or while operating any two- or four-wheeled street legal mode of transport.
Here is what you should know about wearing a helmet while biking, and why wearing a helmet is critical to riding safely.
Minors under the age of 18 are required by law in California to wear a helmet when biking.
There are no federal bike helmet laws. These laws are set on the state level. In California , people under 18 years old must wear a helmet while biking. Young children aged 5 and younger who ride as bike passengers (in a bike trailer or stroller) are required by law to wear a helmet.
The youth-helmet law in California applies to minors who ride a bike on a street, bikeway, sidewalk, or public path. The law allows minors to ride a bike without a helmet on private property in California . It is strongly recommended that minors wear a bike helmet in every situation, even on private property. Children who do wear helmets while biking were found to be 76 percent less likely to be diagnosed with a head injury after a crash compared to bikers not wearing helmets.
Minors who do not wear a helmet and are caught violating the law are subject to a citation or fine up to twenty-five dollars . The parents or legal guardian of the offending minor are equally liable for the fine amount imposed.
Those 18 years of age and older are not required by law to wear a helmet in California .
Adults in California are not required to wear a helmet while biking. While riding without a helmet is legal, it is more dangerous.
Research shows that, in general, wearing a helmet while riding a bike reduces the likelihood of severe injury, should you crash or otherwise be involved in an accident. Wearing a helmet while cycling reduces the risk of head and brain injuries by about 70 percent. A separate study found that the use of helmets reduced biker fatalities by 34% .
Sharing the road with vehicles can put any cyclist at greater risk of an accident — in 2019 in the U.S., there were more than 800 cyclists fatalities due to traffic collisions. Helmets can reduce the risk of head injury in bicycle collisions with motor vehicles by 74% .
Bike helmets work to protect your head and neck in the event of a crash. Wearing a helmet is a personal choice for adult riders in the state of California . But the truth is that crashes are unexpected and often unavoidable. It is best to wear a helmet to protect your head and neck during your bike ride.
Wearing a properly fitted helmet is important. Here is how to size yours.
Improperly fitted helmets offer less protection in the event of a crash. The safest helmet is one that fits secure to your head. Follow the steps below to find a helmet that fits your head:
1 – Size. Using a soft measuring tape, find the circumference of your head. Match the circumference of your head with the circumference indicated on the helmet.
2 – Position. Try the helmet on. The helmet should fit level on your head, about two finger-widths above your eyebrows.
3 – Side straps. Adjust the side straps so the helmet is snug against your head. Make sure to buckle the strap under your chin.
4 – Test it. Now that you have secured the helmet to your head, check that it fits correctly and feels comfortable. Try to move it back and forth and side to side. The helmet should pull down on your head about two fingers worth. If it is too tight or too loose, unbuckle and return to step 2 to achieve the perfect fit.
Helmets have an expiration date because the material they are made from can degrade over time. Note down the expiration date of your helmet and replace it when it is time for a new one. Additionally, if you are involved in a crash, consider replacing the helmet. The helmet may have been damaged, and even have cracks or dents which are not visible.
It is strongly recommended that everyone wear a helmet while biking, regardless of age. Although this is only a legal requirement in California for minors, helmets are suggested for all as they protect your head and neck in the event of a crash and may reduce the likelihood of a severe injury.
SOURCE Penney and Associates | https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/california-bicycle-helmet-law-what-you-should-know-301468759.html | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California Bicycle Helmet Law | Bicycle Law | - Cyclists aged 18 and older are not required to wear a bicycle helmet while riding a bike. 1
- Cyclists under the age of 18 are required to wear a bicycle helmet while riding a bike. 2
Want to spark an argument, or at least get a debate going? Bring up the subject of bicycle helmets. Want to really turn the heat up? Start talking about mandatory bicycle helmet laws. While advice abounds from cyclists and non-cyclists alike about the necessity of wearing a helmet while riding, there is, as in physics, an equal and opposite reaction against that advice. For every argument claiming that bicycle helmets are a necessary safety measure, there is an argument claiming that the safety benefits of bicycle helmets are seriously overrated.
What’s a cyclist to do? This is an area where the individual cyclist must be allowed to weigh the evidence and decide for themselves. And that freedom for cyclists to weigh the evidence and the risks and decide for themselves is the approach taken in California law, with a significant caveat that cyclists must be aware of if they are injured in a bicycle crash (see below). There’s no law preventing a cyclist from wearing a helmet, but there’s no law requiring a helmet either. It’s up to the individual cyclist.
Well, at least for adult cyclists. In California, as in every other state in the nation, there is no statewide all-ages mandatory bicycle helmet law. However, as in many states (and even some localities), there is a mandatory statewide bicycle helmet law for cyclists under the age of 18. Let’s take a closer look to see what is and isn’t required.
In California, if you are under the age of 18, you are required to wear an approved , properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet 3 (1) if you are either operating or riding as a passenger on a bicycle (2) upon a street, bikeway, or any other public bicycle path or trail. 4 This requirement also applies to passengers riding in a restraining seat attached to the bicycle, or in a trailer towed by the bicycle. 5
So let’s say you’re under the age of 18, and you’re riding your bike on a public road, or on a public bikeway, bicycle path, or trail—you’re required to wear a helmet. But if you’re on private property, no helmet required.
But what about sidewalks? California law is somewhat opaque on this point, but in fact sidewalks are included in the law, 6 and cyclists under 18 are required to wear a helmet while riding on the sidewalk.
Unlike the bicycle helmet law in Oregon, where cyclists are exempted from the requirement to wear a helmet if it would violate their religious belief or practice, 7 in California the bicycle helmet law applies to every cyclist under the age of 18, regardless of religious belief of practice.
Although California doesn’t have an all-ages mandatory helmet law, there is an all-ages mandatory law in at least one park in California. Bidwell Park (in the city of Chico) requires bicycle helmets for all ages when riding off pavement in Middle and Upper Park.
Failure to wear a helmet when required is punishable by a $25 fine, 8 and either the parent or legal guardian, the under-18 cyclist, or both are liable for payment of the fine.
But rather than impose the $25 fine, California has given cyclists the option to treat the citation as a fix-it ticket. If the parent or legal guardian presents proof within 120 days to the law enforcement agency that issued the citation that the cyclist has an approved helmet and has taken a local bicycle safety course or a related bicycle safety course (if one is available) as prescribed by authorities in the local jurisdiction, then the citation will not be sent to the traffic court and the fine will not be imposed. 9
Caveat: Cyclists Beware
A traffic citation isn’t the only problem facing California cyclists who ride without a helmet. What if a cyclist is not wearing a helmet and is injured or killed in a crash? If the cyclist is under 18 and riding without a helmet despite the mandatory helmet law, the cyclist’s lack of a helmet may become an issue in negotiations with the insurance company (if the crash was due to another person’s negligence) and at trial. California is a “ comparative negligence ” state, and the cyclist’s lack of a helmet when the law required one could result in some percentage of the liability for the cyclist’s injuries being apportioned to the cyclist. If this happens, the cyclist’s compensation would be reduced by the percentage of liability apportioned to the cyclist for his or her injuries.
But what about adult cyclists? They’re not required to wear a helmet in California, so if an adult cyclist is riding without a helmet and is injured to another person’s negligence, the cyclist shouldn’t be held liable for failing to wear a helmet, right?
Unfortunately, the adult cyclist’s lack of a helmet might be an issue in negotiations, and at trial, and the insurance company might argue that the adult cyclist should be held liable for a percentage of his or her own injuries.
This might seem fair, but it isn’t. Here’s why: Suppose a driver carelessly injures a pedestrian who is legally within the crosswalk. By law, the driver should have yielded to the pedestrian, but didn’t. But now the driver is blaming the pedestrian for not wearing a helmet. If this blame-shifting seems ludicrous, that’s because it is ludicrous. Nobody would ever blame a law-biding pedestrian who was injured by a careless driver for not wearing a helmet while walking in the crosswalk. But when a negligent driver injures a cyclist who isn’t wearing a helmet, that blame-shifting is exactly what happens.Violations:
The offense described in this section is a traffic infraction. The fine for failure of a bicycle operator or rider to wear an approved, properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet is $25. 10Related Article: If You’ve Been Injured in a Crash
Do not communicate with the driver’s insurance company before consulting with an attorney. Most cyclists want to be fair and reasonable with the insurance company. Unfortunately, when you communicate with the insurance company, they are gathering information to be used against you later. What you see as an effort on your part to communicate a fair and honest account of the accident will be seen by the insurance company as an opportunity to gather evidence in support of their argument that your negligence caused the accident.
Contact bicyclelaw.com or another personal injury attorney who understands bicycling. While many attorneys are competent to handle general injury cases, make sure your attorney has experience and is familiar with:
- Bicycle traffic laws
- Negotiating bicycle accident cases with insurance companies
- Trying bicycle accident cases in court
- The prevailing prejudice against cyclists by motorists and juries
- The names and functions of all bicycle components
- The speed bikes travel as well as braking and cornering
- Bicycle handling skills, techniques, and customs
- How to get the full replacement value property damage estimates for your bicycle
- Establishing the value of lost riding time
- Leading bicycle accident reconstruction experts
- Licensed forensic bicycle engineers
- Establishing the value of permanent diminished riding ability
If you have been injured in a bicycle accident, whether in a solo accident that may be the result of another party’s negligence, or in a collision with another person, contact bicyclelaw.com for a free consultation with bicycle attorney Bob Mionske .
- To check for local Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Laws in California , see Bicycle Helmet Laws at Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute .
- For information about protecting yourself with insurance , see Insurance Advice .
- For information on avoiding accidents before they occur , see How to Avoid Car-On-Bike Accidents . | https://www.bicyclelaw.com/california-bicycle-laws/california-bicycle-helmet-law/ | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California Bicycle Helmet Law: What You Should Know | News provided by
Jan 26, 2022, 10:59 ET
SACRAMENTO, Calif. , Jan. 26, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Frederick Penney the founding partner of Penney and Associates, Injury Lawyers, talks about bike helmets. https://www.penneylawyers.com/frederick-w-penney/ . California state law mandates that anyone riding a bike under the age of 18 is required to wear a bicycle helmet. California Vehicle Code Section 21212 specifically states that any person under 18 shall:
Wear a properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet that meets the standards of either the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), or standards subsequently established by those entities.
By law, in California , those 18 years of age and older are not legally required to wear a bicycle helmet while riding a bike. That said, it is strongly recommended that you wear a helmet while riding a bicycle, or while operating any two- or four-wheeled street legal mode of transport.
Here is what you should know about wearing a helmet while biking, and why wearing a helmet is critical to riding safely.
Minors under the age of 18 are required by law in California to wear a helmet when biking.
There are no federal bike helmet laws. These laws are set on the state level. In California , people under 18 years old must wear a helmet while biking. Young children aged 5 and younger who ride as bike passengers (in a bike trailer or stroller) are required by law to wear a helmet.
The youth-helmet law in California applies to minors who ride a bike on a street, bikeway, sidewalk, or public path. The law allows minors to ride a bike without a helmet on private property in California . It is strongly recommended that minors wear a bike helmet in every situation, even on private property. Children who do wear helmets while biking were found to be 76 percent less likely to be diagnosed with a head injury after a crash compared to bikers not wearing helmets.
Minors who do not wear a helmet and are caught violating the law are subject to a citation or fine up to twenty-five dollars . The parents or legal guardian of the offending minor are equally liable for the fine amount imposed.
Those 18 years of age and older are not required by law to wear a helmet in California .
Adults in California are not required to wear a helmet while biking. While riding without a helmet is legal, it is more dangerous.
Research shows that, in general, wearing a helmet while riding a bike reduces the likelihood of severe injury, should you crash or otherwise be involved in an accident. Wearing a helmet while cycling reduces the risk of head and brain injuries by about 70 percent. A separate study found that the use of helmets reduced biker fatalities by 34% .
Sharing the road with vehicles can put any cyclist at greater risk of an accident — in 2019 in the U.S., there were more than 800 cyclists fatalities due to traffic collisions. Helmets can reduce the risk of head injury in bicycle collisions with motor vehicles by 74% .
Bike helmets work to protect your head and neck in the event of a crash. Wearing a helmet is a personal choice for adult riders in the state of California . But the truth is that crashes are unexpected and often unavoidable. It is best to wear a helmet to protect your head and neck during your bike ride.
Wearing a properly fitted helmet is important. Here is how to size yours.
Improperly fitted helmets offer less protection in the event of a crash. The safest helmet is one that fits secure to your head. Follow the steps below to find a helmet that fits your head:
1 – Size. Using a soft measuring tape, find the circumference of your head. Match the circumference of your head with the circumference indicated on the helmet.
2 – Position. Try the helmet on. The helmet should fit level on your head, about two finger-widths above your eyebrows.
3 – Side straps. Adjust the side straps so the helmet is snug against your head. Make sure to buckle the strap under your chin.
4 – Test it. Now that you have secured the helmet to your head, check that it fits correctly and feels comfortable. Try to move it back and forth and side to side. The helmet should pull down on your head about two fingers worth. If it is too tight or too loose, unbuckle and return to step 2 to achieve the perfect fit.
Helmets have an expiration date because the material they are made from can degrade over time. Note down the expiration date of your helmet and replace it when it is time for a new one. Additionally, if you are involved in a crash, consider replacing the helmet. The helmet may have been damaged, and even have cracks or dents which are not visible.
It is strongly recommended that everyone wear a helmet while biking, regardless of age. Although this is only a legal requirement in California for minors, helmets are suggested for all as they protect your head and neck in the event of a crash and may reduce the likelihood of a severe injury.
SOURCE Penney and Associates | https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/california-bicycle-helmet-law-what-you-should-know-301468759.html | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | A QUICK GUIDE TO BICYCLE HELMET LAWS IN CALIFORNIA | November 25, 2020
It’s our mission to help all bicyclists — new and experienced alike — ride their bicycles more safely. This goes beyond simply strapping on a cool bike helmet , clipping on a couple of bike lights and riding off into the sunset. It also means gearing you up with the right information so you and your family are riding legally. With that, we’re putting a spotlight on Thousand’s home state of California to get a better glimpse at its bike helmet laws.
As it turns out, the nation’s most populous state has slightly stricter bike helmet laws than others. Curious what they are? We rounded up a quick guide to the bicycle helmet laws in California below.
BICYCLE HELMET LAWS IN CALIFORNIA
- All passengers aged 5 and under; bike riders aged 18 and under; and scooter, skateboard and in-line/roller skate riders aged 18 and under are required to wear helmets.
- Anyone aged 18 years or younger, regardless of religious belief or practice, must legally wear a helmet.
- Adults are legally required to wear helmets at Bidwell Park in Chico, California.
- The youth helmet law applies to riding a bicycle on a street, bikeway, sidewalk or public bike path.
- The fine for not wearing a bike helmet is $25.
There is no federal bike helmet law, which means mandates are set locally (read more about that here ). Among the states that do enforce helmet laws, said laws typically only apply to youth bike riders and passengers. In California, anyone aged 18 and under operating a bicycle, scooter or skateboard, or using roller skates must legally wear a bicycle helmet. For adults with little kiddos, bike passengers who are aged 5 and under must also legally wear a helmet. Although it’s not legally required for adults to wear bike helmets in California (except in Bidwell Park, Chico), we strongly recommend wearing one anyway as they’re proven to protect against traumatic injury.
According to California Legislative Information, the youth helmet law applies to riding a bicycle on a street, bikeway, sidewalk, or public bike path. That means it’s technically legal for youth to ride a bike without wearing a helmet on private property (except sidewalks). Some states legally exempt youth from wearing bicycle helmets for religious belief or practice, but that’s not the case in California.
At the time of this writing, the fine for getting caught not following the law is $25. Who pays it? Well, it depends on the age of the minor being ticketed. Generally speaking, a parent or legal guardian is responsible for paying the fine. Sometimes it’s both the parent or guardian and the youth rider.
The state has a pretty cool program that provides an opportunity to turn a “wrong” into a “right” though. Those who receive a citation can return to law enforcement with an approved, properly fitted bike helmet and proof that the person ticketed attended a bicycle safety course. California offers a whopping 120 days to complete these two easy tasks; well worth it to avoid the fine and citation if you ask us.
In the market for a new adult bike helmet? We’ve got your dome covered for all your bicycling, scootering and skateboarding needs. Browse our minimalist bike helmet options, including our new Chapter MIPS Helmet complete with MIPS technology, a magnetic rear light and a customizable visor (coming soon!). | https://www.explorethousand.com/blogs/journal/a-quick-guide-to-bicycle-helmet-laws-in-california | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California's Bicycle Helmet Laws - Updated 2018 | Every day, thousands of bicyclists hit the sidewalks and streets in the Golden State. Bicycling is a popular mode of transportation in California, with benefits to one’s health, finances, and the environment. Unfortunately, not all bicyclists enjoy their rides accident-free. When bike crashes do happen, helmets can be instrumental in preventing serious head and brain injuries. Safety isn’t the only reason to wear a bicycle helmet in California, however; it’s also part of the law.
Bicyclists can find the full text of California’s helmet and other related laws in the state’s Vehicle Code, Article 4: Operation of Bicycles [21200 – 21213] . Here, it states that no one under the age of 18 can ride a bicycle on a bikeway, street, or any other public path or trail unless he or she wears a helmet that fits properly, fastens correctly, and adheres to accepted safety standards.
These standards can come from either the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Do not confuse California’s bicycle helmet laws with the state’s motorcycle helmet laws . Although the state classifies both modes of transportation as “vehicles,” the helmet laws differ. All motorcyclists, regardless of age, must wear approved helmets at all times while operating or riding motorcycles in California.
Any child under the age of 18 in California must wear a helmet when riding or operating a nonmotorized scooter, bicycle, roller skates or skateboard in the aforementioned areas. This includes children 17 and younger who are the sole occupants of bicycles or other included vehicles, as well as children who are riding as passengers on these vehicles, with or without an adult present.
When riding on privately owned properties, such as in one’s yard or driveway, helmet laws may not apply. It is only when riding on public streets, bike paths, or trails that children and teens 17 and younger must wear helmets. Adults 18 and older do not need to wear bicycle helmets at any time in the state of California. However, wearing a helmet regardless of age is important for personal safety.
Violating the state’s bicycle helmet laws can result in a fine of no more than $25. It will be the parent or guardian’s responsibility to pay the fine for an unemancipated minor who receives a traffic citation for failing to wear a helmet.
Some municipalities in California have enacted their own bicycle helmet laws in addition to the statewide law pertaining to children 17 and younger. In Bidwell Park, the city of Chico, and El Cerrito, bicyclists of all ages must wear helmets. Even if you’re 18 and older, you must legally wear an approved and properly fitting bicycle helmet to ride in accordance with the law. Otherwise, you might face a $25 fine – even if you’re a nonresident in the city or just passing through.
The majority (72.5%) of the amount law enforcement collects from fines due to not wearing a bicycle helmet will go to an account in the county treasury, for use by the county health department. The health department will use these funds to pay for safety education regarding bicycles, nonmotorized scooters, roller skates, and skateboards, as well as to assist low-income families to obtain proper bicycle helmets for children (either for purchase or on loan). The county can contract workers to operate this program.
Twenty-five percent (25%) of the funds collected will go to the treasury of the city in which the violation occurred. This 25% will go to the county health department with the other 72.5% if the violation happened in an unincorporated area in California. The final 2.5% of the fine collected will go into the county treasury account for the health department to use as described above.
According to the California Vehicle Code, bicycle helmets must meet certain standards in terms of construction, manufacturer, safety, and fit. These standards can come from the CPSC or the ASTM, which have special rules to ensure the safety and quality of approved helmets. In addition to these standards, bicycle helmets must also comply with the standards of either Snell or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). A summary of all required standards is as follows:
- CPSC. The CPSC requires that helmets don’t block riders’ vision, don’t fall off when the rider falls, and significantly reduce the impact to the rider’s head in the event of a collision with a hard surface.
- ASTM . The ASTM standards ask that helmets pass tests for impact attenuation, the strength and stability of the retention system (straps) and its attachment to the helmet, and special tests according to particular headgear. ANSI standards are identical to ASTM standards.
- Snell . These bicycle helmet standards are the strictest in the world. Snell-certified helmets must pass tests for impact management, positional stability, retention system strength, and extent of protection over the head.
All standards are similar, but each organization uses unique testing methods. Look for stickers of approval to make sure you’re wearing a helmet that meets the legal standard. Otherwise, you could be putting yourself at risk of personal injuries and legal liability. Wearing a non-approved helmet is the same as not wearing one at all in the eyes of the law. It might also not be as effective as a proper helmet in terms of safety.
All bicycle helmets for sale must contain prominent labels marketing their certification from the manufacturer that they meet the required standards. Selling a helmet that does not comply with the requirements is against the law according to the California Vehicle Code .
Bicycle helmets must not only meet accepted manufacturing standards – they must also fit the rider’s head properly. A “properly fitted and fastened” bicycle helmet will protect the head better than one that fits poorly. A bicycle helmet should sit low and level on the head, covering most of the rider’s forehead (one or two finger-widths above the eyebrows). It should be the right size according to the diameter of your head and fit snugly. The left buckle should sit comfortably and snugly under the chin. The rider should be able to fit only one or two fingers under the strap.
If your bicycle helmet rocks backward or forward when you move or ride, it’s probably too large or loose. If the helmet sits too high or does not comfortably buckle even with strap adjustments, it may be too small. When you open your mouth wide, you should feel the helmet pull down on your head. If it does not, tighten the chin strap. Never wear a helmet that doesn’t fit right or won’t buckle. Replace helmets that have been involved in accidents.
Wearing a bicycle helmet is about more than just obeying the law. It’s also the best way to prevent serious and fatal head injuries. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 840 bicyclists died throughout the U.S. in 2016. Proper helmets may have been able to prevent many of these fatalities. In many traffic accidents in San Francisco , bike helmets are the only things that come between the biker’s head and the asphalt. The following bicycle helmet facts may convince you to wear one, even if you don’t have to by law:
- The most serious bicycle accident injuries are to the head and brain.
- Studies show helmet use can reduce the odds of head injuries in accidents by about 50%, and the odds of injuries to the neck, face, and head by 33%.
- Bike helmets aren’t just for kids – around 87% of all bicycle accident deaths are adults 20 and older.
Despite proven facts supporting the importance of wearing bicycle helmets, a large number of adults (and even children) use bicycles every day without strapping on proper headgear. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention finds that less than half of all bicyclists wear helmets. Older children are less likely to wear helmets than younger ones. Not wearing a helmet can have serious repercussions physically, criminally, and legally.
Many cases have existed in which injured bicyclists lose some or all their financial compensation for an accident due to lack of helmet-wearing. If a bicyclist goes against the law and fails to wear a proper bicycle helmet in states and cities that require helmet-wearing, that biker may be at least partially to blame for subsequent head or brain injuries. While not all courts will permit the defense to use this as a reason to escape liability, in general, it is a possible defense if the law required the plaintiff to wear a helmet, but he/she failed to do so.
California is a pure comparative negligence state. This means a plaintiff may still recover damages even if he or she was 99% responsible for the accident. The courts will reduce an at-fault plaintiff’s financial award by an amount equivalent to his/her percentage of fault for the accident or injuries. In a case involving a bicyclist that negligently failed to wear a helmet when the law required otherwise, he or she may receive only partial compensation for injuries to the head, brain, face, or neck that helmet-wearing reasonably would have prevented.
It is up to the plaintiff to prove the defendant’s fault for the bicycle accident. It is also the plaintiff’s burden to defend against allegations involving comparative negligence. If you’re involved in a bicycle accident with or without a helmet, the best way to protect your rights and maximize compensation is with representation from an attorney. Our San Francisco bicycle accident lawyers at Walkup Melodia Kelly & Schoenberger can help you understand your rights and responsibilities as a bicyclist in California, including the rules relating to helmet-wearing. | https://www.walkuplawoffice.com/californias-bicycle-helmet-laws/ | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | A QUICK GUIDE TO BICYCLE HELMET LAWS IN CALIFORNIA | November 25, 2020
It’s our mission to help all bicyclists — new and experienced alike — ride their bicycles more safely. This goes beyond simply strapping on a cool bike helmet , clipping on a couple of bike lights and riding off into the sunset. It also means gearing you up with the right information so you and your family are riding legally. With that, we’re putting a spotlight on Thousand’s home state of California to get a better glimpse at its bike helmet laws.
As it turns out, the nation’s most populous state has slightly stricter bike helmet laws than others. Curious what they are? We rounded up a quick guide to the bicycle helmet laws in California below.
BICYCLE HELMET LAWS IN CALIFORNIA
- All passengers aged 5 and under; bike riders aged 18 and under; and scooter, skateboard and in-line/roller skate riders aged 18 and under are required to wear helmets.
- Anyone aged 18 years or younger, regardless of religious belief or practice, must legally wear a helmet.
- Adults are legally required to wear helmets at Bidwell Park in Chico, California.
- The youth helmet law applies to riding a bicycle on a street, bikeway, sidewalk or public bike path.
- The fine for not wearing a bike helmet is $25.
There is no federal bike helmet law, which means mandates are set locally (read more about that here ). Among the states that do enforce helmet laws, said laws typically only apply to youth bike riders and passengers. In California, anyone aged 18 and under operating a bicycle, scooter or skateboard, or using roller skates must legally wear a bicycle helmet. For adults with little kiddos, bike passengers who are aged 5 and under must also legally wear a helmet. Although it’s not legally required for adults to wear bike helmets in California (except in Bidwell Park, Chico), we strongly recommend wearing one anyway as they’re proven to protect against traumatic injury.
According to California Legislative Information, the youth helmet law applies to riding a bicycle on a street, bikeway, sidewalk, or public bike path. That means it’s technically legal for youth to ride a bike without wearing a helmet on private property (except sidewalks). Some states legally exempt youth from wearing bicycle helmets for religious belief or practice, but that’s not the case in California.
At the time of this writing, the fine for getting caught not following the law is $25. Who pays it? Well, it depends on the age of the minor being ticketed. Generally speaking, a parent or legal guardian is responsible for paying the fine. Sometimes it’s both the parent or guardian and the youth rider.
The state has a pretty cool program that provides an opportunity to turn a “wrong” into a “right” though. Those who receive a citation can return to law enforcement with an approved, properly fitted bike helmet and proof that the person ticketed attended a bicycle safety course. California offers a whopping 120 days to complete these two easy tasks; well worth it to avoid the fine and citation if you ask us.
In the market for a new adult bike helmet? We’ve got your dome covered for all your bicycling, scootering and skateboarding needs. Browse our minimalist bike helmet options, including our new Chapter MIPS Helmet complete with MIPS technology, a magnetic rear light and a customizable visor (coming soon!). | https://www.explorethousand.com/blogs/journal/a-quick-guide-to-bicycle-helmet-laws-in-california | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | Bike Helmet Law In California | The bike helmet law in California states that anyone under 18 must wear a helmet when riding a bicycle, a scooter or a skateboard or using roller skates. If caught riding without one, the parents of the child can be hit with a fine of $25 to $200. Under the new law, the charge will be treated like a “fix-it ticket” meaning that the parents can get the charge dismissed without paying anything if they fix the problem.
To do that, the parent has to show the court that they have a proper safety helmet and that the child has completed an approved bicycle safety course. According to Sargent Robert Hill of the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Traffic Safety Operations, the bike helmet law in California was enacted to take the financial burden off of the parents while still providing an incentive to get the kids to wear helmets.
The approved safety course will be offered to all minors, and their parents, and can be completed in a few hours on a Saturday. One such course is being offered by a joint project of UC Berkeley, SafeTREC and California Walks Cal Walks Funding on a grant provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This is one of many programs that can be approved by the state to satisfy the new law.
The name of the program is the Community Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Training Program and teaches basic pedestrian and bicycle safety. Among others, the course focuses on “best practices” in areas of high pedestrian areas like sidewalks and crosswalks and trains the attendee on crash reduction factors and bicycle danger areas. Once completed, the parent will be given a certificate indicating that the minor has completed the course, and the parent can take the document to court and the charges will be dismissed.
The previous helmet law went into effect in 1993, and after its enactment, helmet usage went from 10 percent to over 60 percent. However, as time went on, police began to write fewer and fewer helmet tickets primarily because of the financial burden it put on the parents. Members of the legislature and police alike hope the new law will have the same impact as did the passage of the first law in 1993.
If you have been involved in an accident without a helmet and are seeking legal options, please feel free to contact us to see what your options are
If you or a loved one has been injured in an accident, don’t wait to speak to one of our attorneys today!
If you or a loved one has been injured in an accident, don’t wait to speak to one of our attorneys today! | https://bayareabicyclelaw.com/safety-laws/fix-it/ | 97 |
what is the helmet law for bicycles in california | California's Bicycle Helmet Laws - Updated 2018 | Every day, thousands of bicyclists hit the sidewalks and streets in the Golden State. Bicycling is a popular mode of transportation in California, with benefits to one’s health, finances, and the environment. Unfortunately, not all bicyclists enjoy their rides accident-free. When bike crashes do happen, helmets can be instrumental in preventing serious head and brain injuries. Safety isn’t the only reason to wear a bicycle helmet in California, however; it’s also part of the law.
Bicyclists can find the full text of California’s helmet and other related laws in the state’s Vehicle Code, Article 4: Operation of Bicycles [21200 – 21213] . Here, it states that no one under the age of 18 can ride a bicycle on a bikeway, street, or any other public path or trail unless he or she wears a helmet that fits properly, fastens correctly, and adheres to accepted safety standards.
These standards can come from either the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Do not confuse California’s bicycle helmet laws with the state’s motorcycle helmet laws . Although the state classifies both modes of transportation as “vehicles,” the helmet laws differ. All motorcyclists, regardless of age, must wear approved helmets at all times while operating or riding motorcycles in California.
Any child under the age of 18 in California must wear a helmet when riding or operating a nonmotorized scooter, bicycle, roller skates or skateboard in the aforementioned areas. This includes children 17 and younger who are the sole occupants of bicycles or other included vehicles, as well as children who are riding as passengers on these vehicles, with or without an adult present.
When riding on privately owned properties, such as in one’s yard or driveway, helmet laws may not apply. It is only when riding on public streets, bike paths, or trails that children and teens 17 and younger must wear helmets. Adults 18 and older do not need to wear bicycle helmets at any time in the state of California. However, wearing a helmet regardless of age is important for personal safety.
Violating the state’s bicycle helmet laws can result in a fine of no more than $25. It will be the parent or guardian’s responsibility to pay the fine for an unemancipated minor who receives a traffic citation for failing to wear a helmet.
Some municipalities in California have enacted their own bicycle helmet laws in addition to the statewide law pertaining to children 17 and younger. In Bidwell Park, the city of Chico, and El Cerrito, bicyclists of all ages must wear helmets. Even if you’re 18 and older, you must legally wear an approved and properly fitting bicycle helmet to ride in accordance with the law. Otherwise, you might face a $25 fine – even if you’re a nonresident in the city or just passing through.
The majority (72.5%) of the amount law enforcement collects from fines due to not wearing a bicycle helmet will go to an account in the county treasury, for use by the county health department. The health department will use these funds to pay for safety education regarding bicycles, nonmotorized scooters, roller skates, and skateboards, as well as to assist low-income families to obtain proper bicycle helmets for children (either for purchase or on loan). The county can contract workers to operate this program.
Twenty-five percent (25%) of the funds collected will go to the treasury of the city in which the violation occurred. This 25% will go to the county health department with the other 72.5% if the violation happened in an unincorporated area in California. The final 2.5% of the fine collected will go into the county treasury account for the health department to use as described above.
According to the California Vehicle Code, bicycle helmets must meet certain standards in terms of construction, manufacturer, safety, and fit. These standards can come from the CPSC or the ASTM, which have special rules to ensure the safety and quality of approved helmets. In addition to these standards, bicycle helmets must also comply with the standards of either Snell or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). A summary of all required standards is as follows:
- CPSC. The CPSC requires that helmets don’t block riders’ vision, don’t fall off when the rider falls, and significantly reduce the impact to the rider’s head in the event of a collision with a hard surface.
- ASTM . The ASTM standards ask that helmets pass tests for impact attenuation, the strength and stability of the retention system (straps) and its attachment to the helmet, and special tests according to particular headgear. ANSI standards are identical to ASTM standards.
- Snell . These bicycle helmet standards are the strictest in the world. Snell-certified helmets must pass tests for impact management, positional stability, retention system strength, and extent of protection over the head.
All standards are similar, but each organization uses unique testing methods. Look for stickers of approval to make sure you’re wearing a helmet that meets the legal standard. Otherwise, you could be putting yourself at risk of personal injuries and legal liability. Wearing a non-approved helmet is the same as not wearing one at all in the eyes of the law. It might also not be as effective as a proper helmet in terms of safety.
All bicycle helmets for sale must contain prominent labels marketing their certification from the manufacturer that they meet the required standards. Selling a helmet that does not comply with the requirements is against the law according to the California Vehicle Code .
Bicycle helmets must not only meet accepted manufacturing standards – they must also fit the rider’s head properly. A “properly fitted and fastened” bicycle helmet will protect the head better than one that fits poorly. A bicycle helmet should sit low and level on the head, covering most of the rider’s forehead (one or two finger-widths above the eyebrows). It should be the right size according to the diameter of your head and fit snugly. The left buckle should sit comfortably and snugly under the chin. The rider should be able to fit only one or two fingers under the strap.
If your bicycle helmet rocks backward or forward when you move or ride, it’s probably too large or loose. If the helmet sits too high or does not comfortably buckle even with strap adjustments, it may be too small. When you open your mouth wide, you should feel the helmet pull down on your head. If it does not, tighten the chin strap. Never wear a helmet that doesn’t fit right or won’t buckle. Replace helmets that have been involved in accidents.
Wearing a bicycle helmet is about more than just obeying the law. It’s also the best way to prevent serious and fatal head injuries. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 840 bicyclists died throughout the U.S. in 2016. Proper helmets may have been able to prevent many of these fatalities. In many traffic accidents in San Francisco , bike helmets are the only things that come between the biker’s head and the asphalt. The following bicycle helmet facts may convince you to wear one, even if you don’t have to by law:
- The most serious bicycle accident injuries are to the head and brain.
- Studies show helmet use can reduce the odds of head injuries in accidents by about 50%, and the odds of injuries to the neck, face, and head by 33%.
- Bike helmets aren’t just for kids – around 87% of all bicycle accident deaths are adults 20 and older.
Despite proven facts supporting the importance of wearing bicycle helmets, a large number of adults (and even children) use bicycles every day without strapping on proper headgear. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention finds that less than half of all bicyclists wear helmets. Older children are less likely to wear helmets than younger ones. Not wearing a helmet can have serious repercussions physically, criminally, and legally.
Many cases have existed in which injured bicyclists lose some or all their financial compensation for an accident due to lack of helmet-wearing. If a bicyclist goes against the law and fails to wear a proper bicycle helmet in states and cities that require helmet-wearing, that biker may be at least partially to blame for subsequent head or brain injuries. While not all courts will permit the defense to use this as a reason to escape liability, in general, it is a possible defense if the law required the plaintiff to wear a helmet, but he/she failed to do so.
California is a pure comparative negligence state. This means a plaintiff may still recover damages even if he or she was 99% responsible for the accident. The courts will reduce an at-fault plaintiff’s financial award by an amount equivalent to his/her percentage of fault for the accident or injuries. In a case involving a bicyclist that negligently failed to wear a helmet when the law required otherwise, he or she may receive only partial compensation for injuries to the head, brain, face, or neck that helmet-wearing reasonably would have prevented.
It is up to the plaintiff to prove the defendant’s fault for the bicycle accident. It is also the plaintiff’s burden to defend against allegations involving comparative negligence. If you’re involved in a bicycle accident with or without a helmet, the best way to protect your rights and maximize compensation is with representation from an attorney. Our San Francisco bicycle accident lawyers at Walkup Melodia Kelly & Schoenberger can help you understand your rights and responsibilities as a bicyclist in California, including the rules relating to helmet-wearing. | https://www.walkuplawoffice.com/californias-bicycle-helmet-laws/ | 97 |
a tribe called quest we got it from here features | Here Are the Full Credits for the New Tribe Called Quest Album | See where Kanye, André, Jack White, Kendrick, Elton, Anderson .Paak, and more slot into Tribe’s final album
A Tribe Called Quest have shared the full credits for their final record We got it from Here… Thank You 4 Your service . The album features all four original Tribe members, as well as Kanye West, André 3000, Jack White, Kendrick Lamar, Elton John, Anderson .Paak, Busta Rhymes, Talib Kweli, and Consequence. Below, see a track-by-track breakdown of where they appear and what they contribute.
A Tribe Called Quest will perform on the November 12 episode of “ Saturday Night Live .” Dave Chappelle will host the show, which is the first since the U.S. presidential election. Watch Chappelle and Tribe’s “SNL” promos here .
1. “Space Program”
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Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor and Jarobi White
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / Alaric Publishing House (ASCAP)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Phife and Jarobi
Keyboards by Q-Tip and Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Drums by Q-Tip
Bass by Louis Cato
Guitar by Chris Sholar
2. “We the People”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor, Terrance Butler, Anthony Frank Iommi, John Osbourne and William Ward
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / Essex Music International, Inc. (ASCAP/PRS)
Vocals by Q-Tip and Phife
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Q-Tip and Casey Benjamin
Drum Programming by Q-Tip
Contains a sample of Black Sabbath’s “Behind The Wall Of Sleep”
3. “Whateva Will Be”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor, Jarobi White, Dexter Mills and Winston Jones
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / Alaric Publishing House (ASCAP) / Songs by Cons Publishing (BMI) / Winston Jones Publishing
Vocals by Q-Tip, Phife, Jarobi and Consequence
Drums by Q-Tip
Consequence appears courtesy of Company of Greatness
Contains samples of Nairobi Sisters’ “Promised Land”
4. “Solid Wall of Sound”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor, Trevor Smith and Jack White
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / Tziah Music/Songs of Kobalt Music Publishing (BMI) / Peppermint Stripe Music (BMI)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Phife, Busta Rhymes, Jack White and Elton John
Drums by Q-Tip
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Piano by Elton John
Acoustic Guitar by Jack White
Jack White appears courtesy of Third Man Records
Elton John appears courtesy of Mercury Records Limited
5. “Dis Generation”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor, Jarobi White, Trevor Smith, Headley Bennett, Huford Brown, Lloyd Ferguson, Robert Lyn, Jackie Mittoo, Leroy Sibblis, Fitzroy Simpson, Holgar Czukay, Michael Karoli, Jaki Liebezeit, Irmin Schmidt and Damo Suzuki
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / Alaric Publishing House (ASCAP) / Tziah Music/Songs of Kobalt Music Publishing (BMI) / Edward Kassner Associated Publishers Ltd./Downtown Music Publishing (ASCAP) / Music Sales Corporation (ASCAP) / Spoon Music (GEMA)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Phife, Jarobi and Busta Rhymes
Additional Phife Vocals Recorded by Michael Starita at Fantasy Studios, Berkeley, CA
Assistant Engineers at Fantasy Studios: Laura Gonzalez and Robert Kirby
Keyboards by Q-Tip
Drum Programming by Q-Tip
Contains samples of Musical Youth’s “Pass the Dutchie” and Can’s “Halleluhwah”
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6. “Kids...”
Written by Kamaal Fareed and André Lauren Benjamin
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / BMG Monarch (ASCAP)/Gnat Booty Music (ASCAP)
Vocals by Q-Tip and André 3000
Drums by Q-Tip
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Casey Benjamin and Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
7. “Melatonin”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Marsha Ambrosius, Hirano Masayuki and Louis Cato
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / BMG Chrysalis Music (BMI) / Hirano Masayuki (ASCAP) / Louis Cato (ASCAP)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Marsha Ambrosius and Abbey Smith
Drums by Q-Tip
Additional Drums by Mark Colenburg
Bass by Thaddaeus Tribbett
Additional Bass by Louis Cato
Fender Rhodes by Casey Benjamin
Synthesizer by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Drum Programming by Q-Tip
Guitar by Chris Sholar
8. “Enough!!”
Written by Kamaal Fareed
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP
Vocals by Q-Tip
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Scratches by George “DJ Scratch” Spivey
9. “Mobius”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Trevor Smith, Dexter Mills, Kerry Minnear, Derek Shulman, Philip Shulman and Raymond Shulman
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Tziah Music/Songs of Kobalt Music Publishing (BMI) / Songs by Cons Publishing (BMI) / BMG Blue (PRS)/BMG Rights Management US LLC (BMI)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Busta Rhymes and Consequence
Bass by Q-Tip
Piano by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Organ by Casey Benjamin
Guitar by Blair Wells
Acoustic Guitar by Chris Sholar
Consequence appears courtesy of Company of Greatness
Contains a portion of the composition “Prologue,” written by Kerry Minnear, Derek Shulman, Philip Shulman and Raymond Shulman
10. Black Spasmodic
Written by Kamaal Fareed and Malik Izaak Taylor
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC
Vocals by Q-Tip and Phife
Bass by Q-Tip
11. The Killing Season
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Jarobi White, Dexter Mills and Talib Kweli Greene
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Alaric Publishing House (ASCAP) / Songs by Cons Publishing (BMI) / Pen Skills Music/Songs Of Windswept Pacific (BMI)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Jarobi, Consequence, Talib Kweli and Kanye West
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano and Q-Tip
Guitar by Louis Cato
Consequence appears courtesy of Company of Greatness
Kanye West appears courtesy of Getting Out Our Dreams, Inc./Def Jam Recordings, a division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
12. “Lost Somebody”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Jarobi White, Holgar Czukay, Michael Karoli, Jaki Liebezeit, Irmin Schmidt and Damo Suzuki
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Alaric Publishing House (ASCAP) / Spoon Music (GEMA)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Jarobi and Katia Cadet
Bass by Q-Tip
Piano by Chris Bower
Guitar by Chris Sholar
Guitar by Chris Parks
Contains a sample of Can’s “Halleluhwah”
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13. “Movin’ Backwards”
Written by Kamaal Fareed and Brandon Paak Anderson
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Watch and Learn Publishing (BMI)
Vocals by Q-Tip and Anderson .Paak
Drums by Q-Tip
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Casey Benjamin
Guitar by Chris Sholar
Anderson .Paak appears courtesy of Aftermath Records
14. “Conrad Tokyo”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor and Kendrick Lamar Duckworth
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / WB Music Corp. (ASCAP)/Hard Working Black Folks Inc. (ASCAP) and Top Dawg Music (ASCAP) all rights o/b/o itself, Hard Working Black Folks Inc. and Top Dawg Music admin. by WB Music Corp.
Vocals by Phife and Kendrick Lamar
Drum Programming by Q-Tip
15. “Ego”
Written by Kamaal Fareed and Jack White
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Peppermint Stripe Music (BMI)
Vocals by Q-Tip
Bass by Q-Tip and Louis Cato
Guitar by Jack White and Chris Sholar
Piano by Casey Benjamin
Scratches by George “DJ Scratch” Spivey
16. “The Donald”
Written by Kamaal Fareed
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP
Vocals by Q-Tip, Phife and Busta Rhymes and Katia Cadet
Bass by Q-Tip
Guitar by Jack White and Louis Cato
Keyboards by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Scratches by George “DJ Scratch” Spivey
Executive Produced by ATCQ
Produced by Q-Tip
Co-Produced by Blair Wells
Recorded by Blair Wells and Q-Tip at the AbLab, NJ
Assistant Engineering: Gloria Kaba
Mixed by Q-Tip and Blair Wells at the AbLab, NJ except “The Space Program”, “We The People….”, “Solid Wall of Sound”, “Kids…”, “Melatonin”, “Enough!!” and “Lost Somebody”
Mixed by Q-Tip, Dave Kennedy and Blair Wells at the AbLab, NJ
Mastered by Vlado Meller at Vlado Meller Mastering
Mastering Assistant: Jeremy Lubsey
A&R: Michael Ostin and Kim Lumpkin
Project Consultation: Tracey Waples
A&R Admin: Bekah Connolly
Business Affairs: Stephanie Yu, Shane St. Hill and Robert Faulstich
Product Manager: Thom Skarzynski
Album Cover Designed by: Richard Prince
Epic Creative Director: Anita Boriboon
Management: Michael Ostin, Dion Liverpool, Monica Talavera, Kim Lumpkin
ATCQ Legal Representation: Julian K. Petty and Carron J. Mitchell for Nixon Peabody LLP
ATCQ Business Management: Kyle Tessiero for NKSFB, LLC.
Watch Tribe’s new “ We The People... ” lyric video: | https://pitchfork.com/news/69742-here-are-the-full-credits-for-the-new-tribe-called-quest-album/ | 98 |
a tribe called quest we got it from here features | Here Are the Full Credits for the New Tribe Called Quest Album | See where Kanye, André, Jack White, Kendrick, Elton, Anderson .Paak, and more slot into Tribe’s final album
A Tribe Called Quest have shared the full credits for their final record We got it from Here… Thank You 4 Your service . The album features all four original Tribe members, as well as Kanye West, André 3000, Jack White, Kendrick Lamar, Elton John, Anderson .Paak, Busta Rhymes, Talib Kweli, and Consequence. Below, see a track-by-track breakdown of where they appear and what they contribute.
A Tribe Called Quest will perform on the November 12 episode of “ Saturday Night Live .” Dave Chappelle will host the show, which is the first since the U.S. presidential election. Watch Chappelle and Tribe’s “SNL” promos here .
1. “Space Program”
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Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor and Jarobi White
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / Alaric Publishing House (ASCAP)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Phife and Jarobi
Keyboards by Q-Tip and Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Drums by Q-Tip
Bass by Louis Cato
Guitar by Chris Sholar
2. “We the People”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor, Terrance Butler, Anthony Frank Iommi, John Osbourne and William Ward
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / Essex Music International, Inc. (ASCAP/PRS)
Vocals by Q-Tip and Phife
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Q-Tip and Casey Benjamin
Drum Programming by Q-Tip
Contains a sample of Black Sabbath’s “Behind The Wall Of Sleep”
3. “Whateva Will Be”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor, Jarobi White, Dexter Mills and Winston Jones
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / Alaric Publishing House (ASCAP) / Songs by Cons Publishing (BMI) / Winston Jones Publishing
Vocals by Q-Tip, Phife, Jarobi and Consequence
Drums by Q-Tip
Consequence appears courtesy of Company of Greatness
Contains samples of Nairobi Sisters’ “Promised Land”
4. “Solid Wall of Sound”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor, Trevor Smith and Jack White
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / Tziah Music/Songs of Kobalt Music Publishing (BMI) / Peppermint Stripe Music (BMI)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Phife, Busta Rhymes, Jack White and Elton John
Drums by Q-Tip
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Piano by Elton John
Acoustic Guitar by Jack White
Jack White appears courtesy of Third Man Records
Elton John appears courtesy of Mercury Records Limited
5. “Dis Generation”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor, Jarobi White, Trevor Smith, Headley Bennett, Huford Brown, Lloyd Ferguson, Robert Lyn, Jackie Mittoo, Leroy Sibblis, Fitzroy Simpson, Holgar Czukay, Michael Karoli, Jaki Liebezeit, Irmin Schmidt and Damo Suzuki
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / Alaric Publishing House (ASCAP) / Tziah Music/Songs of Kobalt Music Publishing (BMI) / Edward Kassner Associated Publishers Ltd./Downtown Music Publishing (ASCAP) / Music Sales Corporation (ASCAP) / Spoon Music (GEMA)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Phife, Jarobi and Busta Rhymes
Additional Phife Vocals Recorded by Michael Starita at Fantasy Studios, Berkeley, CA
Assistant Engineers at Fantasy Studios: Laura Gonzalez and Robert Kirby
Keyboards by Q-Tip
Drum Programming by Q-Tip
Contains samples of Musical Youth’s “Pass the Dutchie” and Can’s “Halleluhwah”
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6. “Kids...”
Written by Kamaal Fareed and André Lauren Benjamin
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / BMG Monarch (ASCAP)/Gnat Booty Music (ASCAP)
Vocals by Q-Tip and André 3000
Drums by Q-Tip
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Casey Benjamin and Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
7. “Melatonin”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Marsha Ambrosius, Hirano Masayuki and Louis Cato
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / BMG Chrysalis Music (BMI) / Hirano Masayuki (ASCAP) / Louis Cato (ASCAP)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Marsha Ambrosius and Abbey Smith
Drums by Q-Tip
Additional Drums by Mark Colenburg
Bass by Thaddaeus Tribbett
Additional Bass by Louis Cato
Fender Rhodes by Casey Benjamin
Synthesizer by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Drum Programming by Q-Tip
Guitar by Chris Sholar
8. “Enough!!”
Written by Kamaal Fareed
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP
Vocals by Q-Tip
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Scratches by George “DJ Scratch” Spivey
9. “Mobius”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Trevor Smith, Dexter Mills, Kerry Minnear, Derek Shulman, Philip Shulman and Raymond Shulman
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Tziah Music/Songs of Kobalt Music Publishing (BMI) / Songs by Cons Publishing (BMI) / BMG Blue (PRS)/BMG Rights Management US LLC (BMI)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Busta Rhymes and Consequence
Bass by Q-Tip
Piano by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Organ by Casey Benjamin
Guitar by Blair Wells
Acoustic Guitar by Chris Sholar
Consequence appears courtesy of Company of Greatness
Contains a portion of the composition “Prologue,” written by Kerry Minnear, Derek Shulman, Philip Shulman and Raymond Shulman
10. Black Spasmodic
Written by Kamaal Fareed and Malik Izaak Taylor
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC
Vocals by Q-Tip and Phife
Bass by Q-Tip
11. The Killing Season
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Jarobi White, Dexter Mills and Talib Kweli Greene
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Alaric Publishing House (ASCAP) / Songs by Cons Publishing (BMI) / Pen Skills Music/Songs Of Windswept Pacific (BMI)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Jarobi, Consequence, Talib Kweli and Kanye West
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano and Q-Tip
Guitar by Louis Cato
Consequence appears courtesy of Company of Greatness
Kanye West appears courtesy of Getting Out Our Dreams, Inc./Def Jam Recordings, a division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
12. “Lost Somebody”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Jarobi White, Holgar Czukay, Michael Karoli, Jaki Liebezeit, Irmin Schmidt and Damo Suzuki
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Alaric Publishing House (ASCAP) / Spoon Music (GEMA)
Vocals by Q-Tip, Jarobi and Katia Cadet
Bass by Q-Tip
Piano by Chris Bower
Guitar by Chris Sholar
Guitar by Chris Parks
Contains a sample of Can’s “Halleluhwah”
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13. “Movin’ Backwards”
Written by Kamaal Fareed and Brandon Paak Anderson
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Watch and Learn Publishing (BMI)
Vocals by Q-Tip and Anderson .Paak
Drums by Q-Tip
Bass by Q-Tip
Keyboards by Casey Benjamin
Guitar by Chris Sholar
Anderson .Paak appears courtesy of Aftermath Records
14. “Conrad Tokyo”
Written by Kamaal Fareed, Malik Izaak Taylor and Kendrick Lamar Duckworth
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Jazz Merchant Music (ASCAP)/Universal Music- ZTunes, LLC / WB Music Corp. (ASCAP)/Hard Working Black Folks Inc. (ASCAP) and Top Dawg Music (ASCAP) all rights o/b/o itself, Hard Working Black Folks Inc. and Top Dawg Music admin. by WB Music Corp.
Vocals by Phife and Kendrick Lamar
Drum Programming by Q-Tip
15. “Ego”
Written by Kamaal Fareed and Jack White
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP / Peppermint Stripe Music (BMI)
Vocals by Q-Tip
Bass by Q-Tip and Louis Cato
Guitar by Jack White and Chris Sholar
Piano by Casey Benjamin
Scratches by George “DJ Scratch” Spivey
16. “The Donald”
Written by Kamaal Fareed
Published by U Betta Like My Muzik (ASCAP)/Songs of SMP
Vocals by Q-Tip, Phife and Busta Rhymes and Katia Cadet
Bass by Q-Tip
Guitar by Jack White and Louis Cato
Keyboards by Masayuki “BIGYUKI” Hirano
Scratches by George “DJ Scratch” Spivey
Executive Produced by ATCQ
Produced by Q-Tip
Co-Produced by Blair Wells
Recorded by Blair Wells and Q-Tip at the AbLab, NJ
Assistant Engineering: Gloria Kaba
Mixed by Q-Tip and Blair Wells at the AbLab, NJ except “The Space Program”, “We The People….”, “Solid Wall of Sound”, “Kids…”, “Melatonin”, “Enough!!” and “Lost Somebody”
Mixed by Q-Tip, Dave Kennedy and Blair Wells at the AbLab, NJ
Mastered by Vlado Meller at Vlado Meller Mastering
Mastering Assistant: Jeremy Lubsey
A&R: Michael Ostin and Kim Lumpkin
Project Consultation: Tracey Waples
A&R Admin: Bekah Connolly
Business Affairs: Stephanie Yu, Shane St. Hill and Robert Faulstich
Product Manager: Thom Skarzynski
Album Cover Designed by: Richard Prince
Epic Creative Director: Anita Boriboon
Management: Michael Ostin, Dion Liverpool, Monica Talavera, Kim Lumpkin
ATCQ Legal Representation: Julian K. Petty and Carron J. Mitchell for Nixon Peabody LLP
ATCQ Business Management: Kyle Tessiero for NKSFB, LLC.
Watch Tribe’s new “ We The People... ” lyric video: | https://pitchfork.com/news/69742-here-are-the-full-credits-for-the-new-tribe-called-quest-album/#:~:text=A%20Tribe%20Called%20Quest%20have%20shared%20the%20full,John%2C%20Anderson.Paak%2C%20Busta%20Rhymes%2C%20Talib%20Kweli%2C%20and%20Consequence. | 98 |
a tribe called quest we got it from here features | A Tribe Called Quest: We got it from Here... Thank You 4 Your service | Reviewed:
November 17, 2016
A Tribe Called Quest’s sixth (and final) album was a rumor for 18 years. It’s here, and against many odds, it reinvigorates the group’s discography without resting on nostalgia.
Since their 1990 debut, People’s Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm , A Tribe Called Quest have been forward-thinking, presenting their albums as full-length meditations on sound and society. They didn’t break new ground as much as they dug deeper into the lands beneath their feet, turning stones and cultivating fertile soil, unearthing the past and tending the roots, with album-length suites centered around loose conceits—the light diary of Instinctive Travels , the aural dive into drums, bass, and downbeats of 1991’s The Low End Theory , the pan-African flight of 1993’s Midnight Marauders , the dysfunction of hip-hop’s materialism on 1996’s Beats, Rhymes and Life , and the yearning sadness of 1998’s The Love Movement . The latter strived to serve as a healing elixir and balm for what was, up until recently, the swan song for one of the greatest acts that hip-hop has ever produced.
Alluded to constantly via rumors and unfounded hopes, a forthcoming Tribe album seemed like wishful thinking for years. Despite the assurances of legendary music executives , fans could not be blamed for being cynical. The group had splintered fabulously, as documented in Michael Rapaport’s unflinching 2011 documentary Beats, Rhymes & Life: The Travels of a Tribe Called Quest . Moreover, the death of member Malik “Phife Dawg” Taylor earlier this year, seemed to ensure that any future efforts would be full of excavated throwaways and repurposed vocals from other projects made fresh via studio magic. Yet, We got it from Here exists, their sixth (and final) album, and it’s full of unblemished offerings that were recorded at Q-Tip ’s home studio following their performance on Jimmy Fallon’s The Tonight Show one year ago. And, against many odds, it’s an album that reinvigorates the group’s enviable discography without resting on the nostalgia of past accomplishment.
The album’s first number, “The Space Program,” is quintessential Tribe—it has that sooty bottom heavy warmness, the uncluttered arrangements and bright instrumentation, and it sounds like a piece of 2016 instead of a fragment of 1994. For the first time in their career, the entire group appears to be at their peak, exuding a well-earned effortlessness. Even if Ali Shaheed Muhammad is listed nowhere on the credits, the act’s three MC’s—the abstract Q-Tip, the ruffneck Phife, and the often M.I.A. Jarobi—are on point all the time, picking up each other's couplets and passing microphones like hot potatoes. On “The Space Program,” Jarobi rhymes “We takin’ off to Mars, got the space vessels overflowin’/What, you think they want us there? All us niggas not goin’,” before Q-Tip nimbly takes over with “Reputation ain’t glowin’, reparations ain’t flowin’/If you find yourself stuck in a creek, you better start rowin’.” The song plays with a sci-fi framing—“There ain't no space program for niggas/Yo, you stuck here, nigga”—yet it’s not about an imaginary future, but right now. “Imagine if this shit was really talkin’ about space, dude,” Q-Tip raps, unveiling the entire song as a metaphor for gentrification, perhaps even forecasting the showdown over the Dakota Access Pipeline at Standing Rock . And just that quickly, you realize that Tribe—poetical, allegorical, direct, and forever pushing forward from the present—are back as if they never left.
The timeliness of this album can’t be understated, nor could it have been predicted. On “ We the People… ,” Q-Tip breaks out into a mini-song as hook: “All you Black folks, you must go/All you Mexicans, you must go/And all you poor folks, you must go/Muslims and gays, boy we hate your ways/So all you bad folk, you must go.” It follows in the pathways of Jamila Woods ’ HEAVN and Solange Knowles ’ A Seat at the Table as an album that expresses the deeply painful and deep-seated racist attitudes of current America without rancor. That the hook echoes President-elect Donald Trump’s most famous and reductionist campaign views works in ways that it would not had Hillary Clinton garnered enough electoral college votes to win the election. (For comparison, the video for Ty Dolla $ign and Future ’s “ Campaign ,” released the day before the election, seemed to bank on a Clinton victory in its jubilation, but now feels tone deaf.) Ironically, Tribe may have also been seeing a Clinton victory; Q-Tip references a female president on “The Space Program.”
A decade and a half ago, while working on his (erroneously shelved, then belatedly released) sophomore album Kamaal the Abstract , Q-Tip was asked about grown men making hip-hop music—he had, after all, just entered his thirties and was still playing at what is largely a young person’s game. He countered that hip-hop was not solely a youth genre; that the media and commercial forces had made it so; that the top MC of the moment— Jay Z —was in his thirties; that the best art comes not from the exuberance of youth, but the mastery of form. We got it from Here proves that he was right.
Q-Tip has long been quietly regarded as one of hip-hop’s most thoughtful and inventive producers, and this album is full of accomplished flourishes. On the lascivious “Enough!!,” the vocals of Ms Jck (of undersung alt-R&B progenitors J*Davey) are treated like source material, woven into the musical bed. There are layered, echoing, melodic sonic manipulations and restrained uses of Jack White and Elton John on “Solid Wall of Sound.” On the introspective and confessional “Ego,” White (again) is used sparingly and smartly for subdued electric guitar touches. *We got it from Here *is not the music of a producer showing off, but of one knowing what to do and when to do it. There is a bevy of guests on this record, but they all serve the project like instruments that come in and out without attempting to take over with solo turns.
When “ Dis Generation ” uses a sample of Musical Youth ’s “Pass the Dutchie,” one can see a labyrinth of in-jokes and conceptual easter eggs that extends to the rhymes: Phife prefers cabs to Uber; Jarobi is wizened, smoking on “impeccable grass” and waiting for New York to approve medical marijuana; and Busta Rhymes —who appears multiple times and sounds more at home with his Native Tongues brethren than he ever has with the extended Cash Money bling set or even on his The Abstract and the Dragon mixtape with Q-Tip—is “Bruce Lee-in’ niggas while you niggas UFC.” For his part, Q-Tip shouts out Joey Bada$$ , Earl Sweatshirt , Kendrick Lamar , and J. Cole as “gatekeepers of flow/They are extensions of instinctual soul.” It’s what ATCQ has always been—self-referential without being self-serving, part of the pack but moving at their own pace, and able to lightly and relatedly convey observations that would be heavy and pedantic from just about anyone else.
It can’t be said enough how simply good this record sounds and feels. Everyone here shows themselves to be a better rapper than they have ever been before, but that still doesn’t capture the ease and exuberance of it all, how Q-Tip curls flows and words on “The Donald,” how Jarobi surprises with packed strings of rhyme at each turn, how Phife and Busta Rhymes dip effortlessly in and out of Caribbean patois and Black American slanguage. (And that’s not even taking into account Consequence ’s inventive word marriages on “Mobius” and “Whateva Will Be,” Kendrick Lamar’s energetic angst on “Conrad Tokyo,” or André 3000 ’s and Tip’s playful tag team on “Kids…”) The music is decidedly analog, a refutation of polished sheen and maximal perfection; it’s an extension and culmination of ATCQ’s jazz-influenced low-end theory. But that doesn’t capture the bounces, grooves, sexual moans, random bleeps, stuttering drums that float throughout—like every classic Tribe album, it defies simple descriptions.
Many of the songs here hearken back to off-kilter and underexposed gems of days past (see: Tribe’s “ One Two Shit ” with Busta Rhymes and De La Soul ’s ATCQ-featuring “ Sh.Fe. MC’s ” from days past for musical antecedents) without feeling like retreads, the free-wheeling whimsy and experimentation of the past having been replaced a grounded irony and proficiency. So much has stayed the same and yet so much has changed.
There’s no overriding story that easily presents itself—no vocal guide a la Midnight Marauders , no driving ethos served on platter like the Low End Theory ; the title itself, which lends to an interpretation of this as a project of hubris demanding homage, is never explicitly explained. Even Phife’s death is given due reverence, but isn’t treated as a central theme. We got it from Here... Thank You 4 Your service is all just beats, rhymes, and life. Nothing about this feels like a legacy cash-in; it feels like a legit A Tribe Called Quest album. We should be the ones thanking them. | https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/22607-we-got-it-from-here-thank-you-4-your-service/ | 98 |
a tribe called quest we got it from here features | A Tribe Called Quest - We got it from Here... Thank You 4 Your service Lyrics and Tracklist | 1
232.9K
We got it from Here… Thank You 4 Your service is the sixth and final studio album by American hip-hop group A Tribe Called Quest. The album features contributions from the deceased member Phife Dawg , who died several months before the release.
The album, released on November 11, 2016, via Epic Records , features guest appearances ofread more »
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What is the meaning behind the Album Title?
The title is a reference to Phife Dawg ’s passing. The members of ATCQ are moving on from his death and dedicated the album in his memory to thank him for his work on albums such as The Low End Theory and Midnight Marauders .
What have the artists said about the album title?
In an interview with the NY Times , Q-Tip gave the following answer to the question “What does the album title mean?”:
I don’t know … We’re just going with it because he [Phife] liked it. | https://genius.com/albums/A-tribe-called-quest/We-got-it-from-here-thank-you-4-your-service | 98 |
a tribe called quest we got it from here features | A Tribe Called Quest: We got it from Here... Thank You 4 Your service | Reviewed:
November 17, 2016
A Tribe Called Quest’s sixth (and final) album was a rumor for 18 years. It’s here, and against many odds, it reinvigorates the group’s discography without resting on nostalgia.
Since their 1990 debut, People’s Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm , A Tribe Called Quest have been forward-thinking, presenting their albums as full-length meditations on sound and society. They didn’t break new ground as much as they dug deeper into the lands beneath their feet, turning stones and cultivating fertile soil, unearthing the past and tending the roots, with album-length suites centered around loose conceits—the light diary of Instinctive Travels , the aural dive into drums, bass, and downbeats of 1991’s The Low End Theory , the pan-African flight of 1993’s Midnight Marauders , the dysfunction of hip-hop’s materialism on 1996’s Beats, Rhymes and Life , and the yearning sadness of 1998’s The Love Movement . The latter strived to serve as a healing elixir and balm for what was, up until recently, the swan song for one of the greatest acts that hip-hop has ever produced.
Alluded to constantly via rumors and unfounded hopes, a forthcoming Tribe album seemed like wishful thinking for years. Despite the assurances of legendary music executives , fans could not be blamed for being cynical. The group had splintered fabulously, as documented in Michael Rapaport’s unflinching 2011 documentary Beats, Rhymes & Life: The Travels of a Tribe Called Quest . Moreover, the death of member Malik “Phife Dawg” Taylor earlier this year, seemed to ensure that any future efforts would be full of excavated throwaways and repurposed vocals from other projects made fresh via studio magic. Yet, We got it from Here exists, their sixth (and final) album, and it’s full of unblemished offerings that were recorded at Q-Tip ’s home studio following their performance on Jimmy Fallon’s The Tonight Show one year ago. And, against many odds, it’s an album that reinvigorates the group’s enviable discography without resting on the nostalgia of past accomplishment.
The album’s first number, “The Space Program,” is quintessential Tribe—it has that sooty bottom heavy warmness, the uncluttered arrangements and bright instrumentation, and it sounds like a piece of 2016 instead of a fragment of 1994. For the first time in their career, the entire group appears to be at their peak, exuding a well-earned effortlessness. Even if Ali Shaheed Muhammad is listed nowhere on the credits, the act’s three MC’s—the abstract Q-Tip, the ruffneck Phife, and the often M.I.A. Jarobi—are on point all the time, picking up each other's couplets and passing microphones like hot potatoes. On “The Space Program,” Jarobi rhymes “We takin’ off to Mars, got the space vessels overflowin’/What, you think they want us there? All us niggas not goin’,” before Q-Tip nimbly takes over with “Reputation ain’t glowin’, reparations ain’t flowin’/If you find yourself stuck in a creek, you better start rowin’.” The song plays with a sci-fi framing—“There ain't no space program for niggas/Yo, you stuck here, nigga”—yet it’s not about an imaginary future, but right now. “Imagine if this shit was really talkin’ about space, dude,” Q-Tip raps, unveiling the entire song as a metaphor for gentrification, perhaps even forecasting the showdown over the Dakota Access Pipeline at Standing Rock . And just that quickly, you realize that Tribe—poetical, allegorical, direct, and forever pushing forward from the present—are back as if they never left.
The timeliness of this album can’t be understated, nor could it have been predicted. On “ We the People… ,” Q-Tip breaks out into a mini-song as hook: “All you Black folks, you must go/All you Mexicans, you must go/And all you poor folks, you must go/Muslims and gays, boy we hate your ways/So all you bad folk, you must go.” It follows in the pathways of Jamila Woods ’ HEAVN and Solange Knowles ’ A Seat at the Table as an album that expresses the deeply painful and deep-seated racist attitudes of current America without rancor. That the hook echoes President-elect Donald Trump’s most famous and reductionist campaign views works in ways that it would not had Hillary Clinton garnered enough electoral college votes to win the election. (For comparison, the video for Ty Dolla $ign and Future ’s “ Campaign ,” released the day before the election, seemed to bank on a Clinton victory in its jubilation, but now feels tone deaf.) Ironically, Tribe may have also been seeing a Clinton victory; Q-Tip references a female president on “The Space Program.”
A decade and a half ago, while working on his (erroneously shelved, then belatedly released) sophomore album Kamaal the Abstract , Q-Tip was asked about grown men making hip-hop music—he had, after all, just entered his thirties and was still playing at what is largely a young person’s game. He countered that hip-hop was not solely a youth genre; that the media and commercial forces had made it so; that the top MC of the moment— Jay Z —was in his thirties; that the best art comes not from the exuberance of youth, but the mastery of form. We got it from Here proves that he was right.
Q-Tip has long been quietly regarded as one of hip-hop’s most thoughtful and inventive producers, and this album is full of accomplished flourishes. On the lascivious “Enough!!,” the vocals of Ms Jck (of undersung alt-R&B progenitors J*Davey) are treated like source material, woven into the musical bed. There are layered, echoing, melodic sonic manipulations and restrained uses of Jack White and Elton John on “Solid Wall of Sound.” On the introspective and confessional “Ego,” White (again) is used sparingly and smartly for subdued electric guitar touches. *We got it from Here *is not the music of a producer showing off, but of one knowing what to do and when to do it. There is a bevy of guests on this record, but they all serve the project like instruments that come in and out without attempting to take over with solo turns.
When “ Dis Generation ” uses a sample of Musical Youth ’s “Pass the Dutchie,” one can see a labyrinth of in-jokes and conceptual easter eggs that extends to the rhymes: Phife prefers cabs to Uber; Jarobi is wizened, smoking on “impeccable grass” and waiting for New York to approve medical marijuana; and Busta Rhymes —who appears multiple times and sounds more at home with his Native Tongues brethren than he ever has with the extended Cash Money bling set or even on his The Abstract and the Dragon mixtape with Q-Tip—is “Bruce Lee-in’ niggas while you niggas UFC.” For his part, Q-Tip shouts out Joey Bada$$ , Earl Sweatshirt , Kendrick Lamar , and J. Cole as “gatekeepers of flow/They are extensions of instinctual soul.” It’s what ATCQ has always been—self-referential without being self-serving, part of the pack but moving at their own pace, and able to lightly and relatedly convey observations that would be heavy and pedantic from just about anyone else.
It can’t be said enough how simply good this record sounds and feels. Everyone here shows themselves to be a better rapper than they have ever been before, but that still doesn’t capture the ease and exuberance of it all, how Q-Tip curls flows and words on “The Donald,” how Jarobi surprises with packed strings of rhyme at each turn, how Phife and Busta Rhymes dip effortlessly in and out of Caribbean patois and Black American slanguage. (And that’s not even taking into account Consequence ’s inventive word marriages on “Mobius” and “Whateva Will Be,” Kendrick Lamar’s energetic angst on “Conrad Tokyo,” or André 3000 ’s and Tip’s playful tag team on “Kids…”) The music is decidedly analog, a refutation of polished sheen and maximal perfection; it’s an extension and culmination of ATCQ’s jazz-influenced low-end theory. But that doesn’t capture the bounces, grooves, sexual moans, random bleeps, stuttering drums that float throughout—like every classic Tribe album, it defies simple descriptions.
Many of the songs here hearken back to off-kilter and underexposed gems of days past (see: Tribe’s “ One Two Shit ” with Busta Rhymes and De La Soul ’s ATCQ-featuring “ Sh.Fe. MC’s ” from days past for musical antecedents) without feeling like retreads, the free-wheeling whimsy and experimentation of the past having been replaced a grounded irony and proficiency. So much has stayed the same and yet so much has changed.
There’s no overriding story that easily presents itself—no vocal guide a la Midnight Marauders , no driving ethos served on platter like the Low End Theory ; the title itself, which lends to an interpretation of this as a project of hubris demanding homage, is never explicitly explained. Even Phife’s death is given due reverence, but isn’t treated as a central theme. We got it from Here... Thank You 4 Your service is all just beats, rhymes, and life. Nothing about this feels like a legacy cash-in; it feels like a legit A Tribe Called Quest album. We should be the ones thanking them. | https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/22607-we-got-it-from-here-thank-you-4-your-service/ | 98 |
a tribe called quest we got it from here features | We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service | - " We the People.... "
Released: November 17, 2016 [3]
- "Dis Generation"
Released: February 10, 2017 [4]
We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service (stylised as We got it from Here... Thank You 4 Your service ) is the sixth and final studio album by American hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest . It was released on November 11, 2016, by Epic Records .
Released 18 years after its predecessor The Love Movement , the album was recorded at the AbLab, the New Jersey home studio of group member Q-Tip . The recording featured guest appearances from André 3000 , Kendrick Lamar , Jack White , Elton John , Kanye West , Anderson .Paak , Talib Kweli , Consequence , and Busta Rhymes . It was one of the final recorded appearances of group member Phife Dawg , who died in March 2016 from complications with diabetes.
We Got It from Here... became A Tribe Called Quest's second album to chart atop the Billboard 200 . It was also a widespread critical success, being named by many music publications as one of 2016's ten best albums. The following year, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having sold at least 500,000 album-equivalent units .
After The Love Movement , A Tribe Called Quest split up due to relationship issues between group members, effectively rendering The Love Movement as the supposed final album. For years, Tribe denied that any new material was recorded, or even planned, although they reunited briefly to play several shows during Kanye West 's Yeezus Tour in 2013. On November 13, 2015, the group performed on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . Feeling "charged", the group put aside their differences, and decided to record the album in secrecy. [5] Group member Q-Tip said that because of The Tonight Show appearance, "I knew if we were connecting with that kind of energy in a performance, it would be easy to go back to the studio." Phife Dawg 's mother said her son "thought they might be able to make a five-song EP and that would be it. He never thought they’d have enough for a whole album." [6]
The album was recorded for nearly a year at Q-Tip's home studio, the AbLab in New Jersey; the name was derived from "Abstract", one of the rapper's monikers. The studio had been designed with his longtime engineer Blair Wells as a "dream project" that "took years to complete", according to Consequence , the rapper's cousin. [6] The studio was stored with analog recording equipment, including preamplifiers used on recordings done by Jimi Hendrix , Blondie , and the Ramones , as well as a tape recorder that once belonged to Frank Zappa . [6]
Q-Tip and Phife Dawg spent four months together working on the album; [6] group member and DJ Ali Shaheed Muhammad was unable to co-produce with Q-Tip, as he was producing the Luke Cage soundtrack with Adrian Younge at the time. [7] Q-Tip and Phife Dawg talked extensively about adhering to but not being limited by their group's musical roots. "We knew we had to keep the thread but also push it forward", Q-Tip later said. "With the beats, he was always quick to be like thumbs-up, thumbs-down. He was usually right dead on." In the early stages of making the album, Q-Tip drew inspiration from the rock records of the Stooges and Iggy Pop . "I just love it", he later said. "I think you can hear the rock in our record too." [6]
Phife Dawg traveled to New Jersey by plane from his home, where he was receiving dialysis treatment three times a week for diabetes . The rest of his time was spent staying at a hotel near Q-Tip's home with his manager Dion "Rasta Root" Liverpool and recording the album during the evening. As Liverpool recalled, "every evening he'd go down to the house, and he and Tip would spend hours in there vibing and coming up with lines. Seeing them together in the studio joking, coming up with ideas, disagreeing, vibing, and trading vocals, it was pretty incredible. It was like watching a unicorn." Q-Tip later said he felt like they were "kids again". On March 22, 2016, Phife Dawg died at his home from complications with diabetes. Q-Tip went on to finish the album. [6]
The album's production was credited to Q-Tip, with Wells given co-producer credit. [8] [9] Scratching credits on the album are attributed to DJ Scratch . [8] The recording featured guest contributions from André 3000 , Kendrick Lamar , Jack White , Elton John , Kanye West , Anderson .Paak , Talib Kweli , and A Tribe Called Quest's most frequent collaborators Consequence and Busta Rhymes . [10] [5] [11] [12] The album's title had been chosen by Phife Dawg, and although the other members did not understand its meaning, they kept it in place after his death. [5] Q-Tip has stated that it is the group's last album. [13]
We Got It from Here… Thank You 4 Your Service was released by Epic Records on November 11, 2016. [14] The following day, A Tribe Called Quest appeared as the musical guest on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live , where they performed " We the People.... " and "The Space Program". [6] On November 20, the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , earning 135,000 album-equivalent units , with 112,000 of that figure being pure album sales. It became A Tribe Called Quest's second number one album, and their first since 1996, marking the longest time between number one albums for a hip hop act. [15] On May 22, 2017, it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), indicating sales of at least 500,000 album-equivalent units. With this, all of the group's studio albums have received an RIAA certification. [16]
|Aggregate scores|
|Source||Rating|
|AnyDecentMusic?||8.4/10 [17]|
|Metacritic||91/100 [14]|
|Review scores|
|Source||Rating|
|AllMusic||[7]|
|The A.V. Club||B+ [18]|
|Entertainment Weekly||B+ [19]|
|The Guardian||[20]|
|The Independent||[21]|
|The Irish Times||[22]|
|Pitchfork||9.0/10 [23]|
|Record Collector||[24]|
|Rolling Stone||[25]|
|Vice ( Expert Witness )||A+ [26]|
We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 91, based on 26 reviews; [14] it was the year's best-reviewed hip hop album and fourth best-reviewed album overall, according to the website. [27]
Reviewing the album for Entertainment Weekly in November 2016, Ray Rahman said the album "vividly demonstrate[s] the group's unassailable greatness and continued relevance". [19] Christopher R. Weingarten of Rolling Stone believed that "in both delivery and content", A Tribe Called Quest "maintain the attitude of the Bohemian everydude funkonauts that inspired Kanye West, Andre 3000 and Kendrick Lamar (who all appear here)". [25] In Spin , Brian Josephs praised how the group "worked with the understanding that black music at its finest conversed with ancestry while pointing toward future possibilities in resistance against the racist forces that run parallel." [28] According to Michael Madden from Consequence of Sound , the album exhibits "the classic Tribe sound: a warm and crisp confluence of East Coast hip-hop, jazz, and more, all mixed and mastered impeccably", [2] while Clayton Purdom of The A.V. Club believed the music had more in common with Q-Tip's 2008 solo album The Renaissance than with the group's previous work; he called We Got It from Here... "a sinuous sound collage pulling much more from ’90s and ’00s R&B than it does Native Tongues boom-bap ". [18]
Veteran critic Robert Christgau hailed the album as a "triumph" in his review for Vice , writing that the record "represents both their bond and the conscious black humanism they felt sure the nation was ready for ... urging us to love each other as much as we can as we achieve a happiness it's our duty to reaccess if we're to battle as all we can be." [26] He rated it an A-plus. He later said he "rashly awarded that grade in the wake of Donald Trump 's electoral coup ", but nevertheless went on to name it as the tenth best album of the decade. [29] In The Observer , Kitty Empire wrote that "as the album enters its final third, some focus is lost, but the first two-thirds take no prisoners either lyrically or musically." [30]
At the end of 2016, We Got It from Here... was named one of the year's best albums by music publications; according to Metacritic, it was the eighth most ranked record on critics' top-10 lists. Four critics named it the best album of 2016, including Annie Mac from BBC Radio 1 . It was ranked third by Complex ; fourth by Billboard , Paste , Q , Slant Magazine , and Spin ; fifth by Clash ; sixth by The Independent and State ; seventh by Pitchfork ; eighth by Fact ; and tenth by Esquire . [31] New York Times chief critic Jon Pareles ranked We Got It from Here... third on his own year-end list. [32] Christgau named it 2016's best album in his ballot for The Village Voice ' s annual Pazz & Jop critics poll [33] and later the tenth best album of the 2010s in a decade-end list. [29] Pitchfork ranked We Got It from Here... at number 44 on its decade-end list of "The 200 Best Albums of the 2010s". [34]
- "The Space Program" contains samples from the films Willie Dynamite and Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
- "We the People...." contains a sample of "Behind the Wall of Sleep" by Black Sabbath . [8]
- "Whateva Will Be" contains samples of "Promised Land" by Nairobi Sisters. [8]
- "Solid Wall of Sound" contains a sample of " Bennie and the Jets " by Elton John . [8]
- "Dis Generation" contains samples of " Pass the Dutchie " by Musical Youth and "Ruido de magia" by Invisible . [8]
- "Mobius" contains a portion of the composition "Prologue" by Gentle Giant , written by Kerry Minnear , Derek Shulman , Phillip Shulman and Raymond Shulman . [8]
- "Lost Somebody" contains a sample of " Halleluhwah " by Can . [8]
- "Movin Backwards" contains a sample of "The Touch of Your Lips" by The Emotions . [8]
- "Ego" contains a sample of "Requiem for Soprano, Mezzo-Soprano, 2 Mixed Choirs and Orchestra" by György Ligeti . [35]
- Q-Tip – vocals (tracks 1–13, 15, 16) , bass (tracks 2, 4, 6, 8–13, 15, 16) , drums (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 13) , keyboards (tracks 2, 5, 11) , drum programming (tracks 2, 5, 7, 14)
- Phife – vocals (tracks 1–5, 10, 14, 16)
- Jarobi White – vocals (tracks 1, 3, 5, 8, 11–13)
- Marsha Ambrosius – vocals (track 7)
- André 3000 – vocals (track 6)
- Casey Benjamin – keyboards (tracks 2, 6, 13) , Fender Rhodes (tracks 7) , organ (track 9) , piano (track 15)
- Kris Bowers – piano (track 12)
- Busta Rhymes – vocals (tracks 4, 5, 9, 16)
- Katia Cadet – vocals (tracks 12, 16)
- Louis Cato – bass (tracks 1, 15) , guitar (tracks 11, 16) , additional bass (track 7)
- Mark Colenburg – additional drums (track 7)
- Consequence – vocals (track 3, 9, 10, 11)
- Masayuki "BIGYUKI" Hirano – keyboards (tracks 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16) , synthesizer (track 7)
- Elton John – vocals (track 4) , piano (track 4)
- Talib Kweli – vocals (track 11)
- Kendrick Lamar – vocals (track 14)
- Anderson .Paak – vocals (track 13)
- Chris Parks – guitar (track 12)
- Chris Sholar – guitar (tracks 1, 7, 12, 13, 15) , acoustic guitar (track 9)
- Yebba (Abbey Smith) – vocals (track 7)
- George "DJ Scratch" Spivey – scratches (tracks 8, 15, 16)
- Thaddaeus Tribbett – bass (track 7)
- Blair Wells – guitar (track 9)
- Kanye West – vocals (track 11)
- Jack White – guitar (tracks 15, 16) , vocals (track 4) , acoustic guitar (track 4)
- A Tribe Called Quest – executive production
- Q-Tip – production, recording, mixing
- Blair Wells – co-production, recording, mixing
- Gloria Kaba – assistant engineer
- Dave Kennedy – mixing (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6–8, 12)
- Jeremy Lubsey – mastering assistant
- Michael Starita – additional vocal recording (track 5)
- Laura Gonzalez – assistant engineer (track 5)
- Robert Kirby – assistant engineer (track 5)
- Tracey Waples – production consultation
- Thom Skarzynski – product manager
- Richard Prince – album cover design
- Anita Marisa Boriboon – creative director, album packaging art direction, design | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Got_It_from_Here..._Thank_You_4_Your_Service | 98 |
a tribe called quest we got it from here features | A Tribe Called Quest - We got it from Here... Thank You 4 Your service - Amazon.com Music | - VinylFREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon
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|1||The Space Program|
|2||We The People....|
|3||Whateva Will Be|
|4||Solid Wall of Sound|
|5||Dis Generation|
|6||Kids...|
|7||Melatonin|
|8||Enough!!|
|9||Mobius|
|10||Black Spasmodic|
|11||The Killing Season|
|12||Lost Somebody|
|13||Movin Backwards|
|14||Conrad Tokyo|
|15||Ego|
|16||The Donald|
We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service is the sixth studio album by American hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest. Released on November 11, 2016, on Epic Records. After 18 years, A Tribe Called Quest is back with their final album We got it from Here... Thank You 4 Your service. Featuring original members and special guests The album features guest appearances from André 3000, Kendrick Lamar, Jack White, Elton John, Kanye West, Anderson Paak, Talib Kweli, and the group's most frequent collaborators Consequence and Busta Rhymes. The album features contributions from band member Phife Dawg, who died several months prior to the album's release. The album's title was chosen by Phife Dawg, and although the other members did not understand it's meaning, they kept it in place after his death.
- Is Discontinued By Manufacturer : No
- Language : English
- Product Dimensions : 5.56 x 5.04 x 0.39 inches; 3.36 Ounces
- Manufacturer : Legacy Recordings
- Item model number : 88985 377872
- Original Release Date : 2016
- Run time : 1 hour and 1 minute
- Date First Available : November 9, 2016
- Label : Legacy Recordings
- ASIN : B01LTHY42W
- Number of discs : 1
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I've been holding off on writing this for a while but after listening on constant rotation for about a month now I've got to say this is truly a profound album considering the circumstances. I suspect this album was originally intended to have a different sound but the untimely death of Malik changed this from a Tribe Album that makes a political social statement to an album that's a celebration of a career and a statement album.
This album hit me a couple of ways. In most Tribe Albums we had grown accustomed to the back and forth of Q-tip and Phife while the music is what changed. I think that's why a few I repeat very few people were put off by the sound of this album because it's not like that. Much in the way they did after "Instinctive Travels" Tribe has changed their style immensely. True the Fat beats are there but the production is more a Dilla Like approach to production. Not that it sounds like Dilla but Dilla did things in layers and this album has tons of layers. Very different from anything in their catalog.
Oh and let me say this while we don't get as much Phife as we want we get a glimpse of what we've been missing by not having Jarobi around and OMG he kills it. It's like that time when you turn on the Low end theory for the first time and you got blown away by Phife. This album is the same thing except with Jarobi and it leaves you wondering what might have been had they all collaborated consistently on albums. Instead of being one of the greatest Hip Hop groups of all time we may have been talking about them being the greatest period no questions asked.
I'll say this in closing. Tribe is revered because their first three albums were classics. That is unheard of in the music industry before or since. Name me one group or artist that had three classic albums right out of the gate? Well I can say this is very very close to being that 4th classic it's that good. I'm conflicted that its better than Instinctive travels only because it was so different from anything else out at the time. However upon further review so is this album which is so appropriate considering it's their last. Perfect bookends for maybe the best hip hop group ever. Well played gentlemen well played
This album hit me a couple of ways. In most Tribe Albums we had grown accustomed to the back and forth of Q-tip and Phife while the music is what changed. I think that's why a few I repeat very few people were put off by the sound of this album because it's not like that. Much in the way they did after "Instinctive Travels" Tribe has changed their style immensely. True the Fat beats are there but the production is more a Dilla Like approach to production. Not that it sounds like Dilla but Dilla did things in layers and this album has tons of layers. Very different from anything in their catalog.
Oh and let me say this while we don't get as much Phife as we want we get a glimpse of what we've been missing by not having Jarobi around and OMG he kills it. It's like that time when you turn on the Low end theory for the first time and you got blown away by Phife. This album is the same thing except with Jarobi and it leaves you wondering what might have been had they all collaborated consistently on albums. Instead of being one of the greatest Hip Hop groups of all time we may have been talking about them being the greatest period no questions asked.
I'll say this in closing. Tribe is revered because their first three albums were classics. That is unheard of in the music industry before or since. Name me one group or artist that had three classic albums right out of the gate? Well I can say this is very very close to being that 4th classic it's that good. I'm conflicted that its better than Instinctive travels only because it was so different from anything else out at the time. However upon further review so is this album which is so appropriate considering it's their last. Perfect bookends for maybe the best hip hop group ever. Well played gentlemen well played
Okay here we go. A Tribe Called Quest with a new album. What?!
Just a brief background; I'm 26 years old and have been into Tribe since I was 8 years old. It all started with what some called their worst work which is "The Love Movement". I was really into music back then, even at an early age, but it was something about the jazzy beats and smoothness that attracted me to Tribe with the song "Find My Way". My Mom ordered me the CD from BMG music (yall remember that?) and I still have and listen to the CD. As I grew, I found they had older and even better music as I reached teen years and got into more of their music with the LimeWire, and Kazaa days. It's something about Tribe that I can't just explain. They are like that mythical figure that just doesn't seen real. I'm a huge fan and I'm trying to be as unbiased as possible with this review.
It took me a few listens to get up for this review. For me I like to see a CD marinate. I can't review a CD after a weekend of listening. It takes me a few weeks for me to form my opinion because it changes over time.
The CD is good. I'm not going to say the CD is 5/5. On my scale, that's hard to do. And I can't put this CD on the same level as The Low End Theory or Midnight Marauders. It has some great moments, and in all honestly, this could turn into a 5/5 over time. To be honest every song Phife was apart of was amazing. He is the headline to the best song on the album ("Conrad Tokyo"), and kills everything he does in the CD.
At certain points you can argue that the sound is more of Q-Tip's sound rather the Tribe (yes, Tip does the production on all of Tribe's work, but there is a slight difference in the work from his solo work and his group work.) but Q-Tip is an amazing artist.
Jarobi actually rapping was a pleasant surprise. It makes your wonder what could have been if he actually was on more tracks in the past.
Q-Tip is probably my favorite artist of all-time. His vision for music is amazing. I'm curious to if he has another album brewing."The Renaissance" was simply amazing, and is one of my favorite albums of all time. Underrated.
This CD is a banger, and deserves to be in every play list and may be up for a grammy nomination when it's due similar to De La Soul coming in 2017.
Just a brief background; I'm 26 years old and have been into Tribe since I was 8 years old. It all started with what some called their worst work which is "The Love Movement". I was really into music back then, even at an early age, but it was something about the jazzy beats and smoothness that attracted me to Tribe with the song "Find My Way". My Mom ordered me the CD from BMG music (yall remember that?) and I still have and listen to the CD. As I grew, I found they had older and even better music as I reached teen years and got into more of their music with the LimeWire, and Kazaa days. It's something about Tribe that I can't just explain. They are like that mythical figure that just doesn't seen real. I'm a huge fan and I'm trying to be as unbiased as possible with this review.
It took me a few listens to get up for this review. For me I like to see a CD marinate. I can't review a CD after a weekend of listening. It takes me a few weeks for me to form my opinion because it changes over time.
The CD is good. I'm not going to say the CD is 5/5. On my scale, that's hard to do. And I can't put this CD on the same level as The Low End Theory or Midnight Marauders. It has some great moments, and in all honestly, this could turn into a 5/5 over time. To be honest every song Phife was apart of was amazing. He is the headline to the best song on the album ("Conrad Tokyo"), and kills everything he does in the CD.
At certain points you can argue that the sound is more of Q-Tip's sound rather the Tribe (yes, Tip does the production on all of Tribe's work, but there is a slight difference in the work from his solo work and his group work.) but Q-Tip is an amazing artist.
Jarobi actually rapping was a pleasant surprise. It makes your wonder what could have been if he actually was on more tracks in the past.
Q-Tip is probably my favorite artist of all-time. His vision for music is amazing. I'm curious to if he has another album brewing."The Renaissance" was simply amazing, and is one of my favorite albums of all time. Underrated.
This CD is a banger, and deserves to be in every play list and may be up for a grammy nomination when it's due similar to De La Soul coming in 2017. | https://www.amazon.com/got-Here-Thank-Your-service/dp/B01LTHY42W | 98 |
a tribe called quest we got it from here features | We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service | - " We the People.... "
Released: November 17, 2016 [3]
- "Dis Generation"
Released: February 10, 2017 [4]
We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service (stylised as We got it from Here... Thank You 4 Your service ) is the sixth and final studio album by American hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest . It was released on November 11, 2016, by Epic Records .
Released 18 years after its predecessor The Love Movement , the album was recorded at the AbLab, the New Jersey home studio of group member Q-Tip . The recording featured guest appearances from André 3000 , Kendrick Lamar , Jack White , Elton John , Kanye West , Anderson .Paak , Talib Kweli , Consequence , and Busta Rhymes . It was one of the final recorded appearances of group member Phife Dawg , who died in March 2016 from complications with diabetes.
We Got It from Here... became A Tribe Called Quest's second album to chart atop the Billboard 200 . It was also a widespread critical success, being named by many music publications as one of 2016's ten best albums. The following year, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having sold at least 500,000 album-equivalent units .
After The Love Movement , A Tribe Called Quest split up due to relationship issues between group members, effectively rendering The Love Movement as the supposed final album. For years, Tribe denied that any new material was recorded, or even planned, although they reunited briefly to play several shows during Kanye West 's Yeezus Tour in 2013. On November 13, 2015, the group performed on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . Feeling "charged", the group put aside their differences, and decided to record the album in secrecy. [5] Group member Q-Tip said that because of The Tonight Show appearance, "I knew if we were connecting with that kind of energy in a performance, it would be easy to go back to the studio." Phife Dawg 's mother said her son "thought they might be able to make a five-song EP and that would be it. He never thought they’d have enough for a whole album." [6]
The album was recorded for nearly a year at Q-Tip's home studio, the AbLab in New Jersey; the name was derived from "Abstract", one of the rapper's monikers. The studio had been designed with his longtime engineer Blair Wells as a "dream project" that "took years to complete", according to Consequence , the rapper's cousin. [6] The studio was stored with analog recording equipment, including preamplifiers used on recordings done by Jimi Hendrix , Blondie , and the Ramones , as well as a tape recorder that once belonged to Frank Zappa . [6]
Q-Tip and Phife Dawg spent four months together working on the album; [6] group member and DJ Ali Shaheed Muhammad was unable to co-produce with Q-Tip, as he was producing the Luke Cage soundtrack with Adrian Younge at the time. [7] Q-Tip and Phife Dawg talked extensively about adhering to but not being limited by their group's musical roots. "We knew we had to keep the thread but also push it forward", Q-Tip later said. "With the beats, he was always quick to be like thumbs-up, thumbs-down. He was usually right dead on." In the early stages of making the album, Q-Tip drew inspiration from the rock records of the Stooges and Iggy Pop . "I just love it", he later said. "I think you can hear the rock in our record too." [6]
Phife Dawg traveled to New Jersey by plane from his home, where he was receiving dialysis treatment three times a week for diabetes . The rest of his time was spent staying at a hotel near Q-Tip's home with his manager Dion "Rasta Root" Liverpool and recording the album during the evening. As Liverpool recalled, "every evening he'd go down to the house, and he and Tip would spend hours in there vibing and coming up with lines. Seeing them together in the studio joking, coming up with ideas, disagreeing, vibing, and trading vocals, it was pretty incredible. It was like watching a unicorn." Q-Tip later said he felt like they were "kids again". On March 22, 2016, Phife Dawg died at his home from complications with diabetes. Q-Tip went on to finish the album. [6]
The album's production was credited to Q-Tip, with Wells given co-producer credit. [8] [9] Scratching credits on the album are attributed to DJ Scratch . [8] The recording featured guest contributions from André 3000 , Kendrick Lamar , Jack White , Elton John , Kanye West , Anderson .Paak , Talib Kweli , and A Tribe Called Quest's most frequent collaborators Consequence and Busta Rhymes . [10] [5] [11] [12] The album's title had been chosen by Phife Dawg, and although the other members did not understand its meaning, they kept it in place after his death. [5] Q-Tip has stated that it is the group's last album. [13]
We Got It from Here… Thank You 4 Your Service was released by Epic Records on November 11, 2016. [14] The following day, A Tribe Called Quest appeared as the musical guest on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live , where they performed " We the People.... " and "The Space Program". [6] On November 20, the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , earning 135,000 album-equivalent units , with 112,000 of that figure being pure album sales. It became A Tribe Called Quest's second number one album, and their first since 1996, marking the longest time between number one albums for a hip hop act. [15] On May 22, 2017, it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), indicating sales of at least 500,000 album-equivalent units. With this, all of the group's studio albums have received an RIAA certification. [16]
|Aggregate scores|
|Source||Rating|
|AnyDecentMusic?||8.4/10 [17]|
|Metacritic||91/100 [14]|
|Review scores|
|Source||Rating|
|AllMusic||[7]|
|The A.V. Club||B+ [18]|
|Entertainment Weekly||B+ [19]|
|The Guardian||[20]|
|The Independent||[21]|
|The Irish Times||[22]|
|Pitchfork||9.0/10 [23]|
|Record Collector||[24]|
|Rolling Stone||[25]|
|Vice ( Expert Witness )||A+ [26]|
We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 91, based on 26 reviews; [14] it was the year's best-reviewed hip hop album and fourth best-reviewed album overall, according to the website. [27]
Reviewing the album for Entertainment Weekly in November 2016, Ray Rahman said the album "vividly demonstrate[s] the group's unassailable greatness and continued relevance". [19] Christopher R. Weingarten of Rolling Stone believed that "in both delivery and content", A Tribe Called Quest "maintain the attitude of the Bohemian everydude funkonauts that inspired Kanye West, Andre 3000 and Kendrick Lamar (who all appear here)". [25] In Spin , Brian Josephs praised how the group "worked with the understanding that black music at its finest conversed with ancestry while pointing toward future possibilities in resistance against the racist forces that run parallel." [28] According to Michael Madden from Consequence of Sound , the album exhibits "the classic Tribe sound: a warm and crisp confluence of East Coast hip-hop, jazz, and more, all mixed and mastered impeccably", [2] while Clayton Purdom of The A.V. Club believed the music had more in common with Q-Tip's 2008 solo album The Renaissance than with the group's previous work; he called We Got It from Here... "a sinuous sound collage pulling much more from ’90s and ’00s R&B than it does Native Tongues boom-bap ". [18]
Veteran critic Robert Christgau hailed the album as a "triumph" in his review for Vice , writing that the record "represents both their bond and the conscious black humanism they felt sure the nation was ready for ... urging us to love each other as much as we can as we achieve a happiness it's our duty to reaccess if we're to battle as all we can be." [26] He rated it an A-plus. He later said he "rashly awarded that grade in the wake of Donald Trump 's electoral coup ", but nevertheless went on to name it as the tenth best album of the decade. [29] In The Observer , Kitty Empire wrote that "as the album enters its final third, some focus is lost, but the first two-thirds take no prisoners either lyrically or musically." [30]
At the end of 2016, We Got It from Here... was named one of the year's best albums by music publications; according to Metacritic, it was the eighth most ranked record on critics' top-10 lists. Four critics named it the best album of 2016, including Annie Mac from BBC Radio 1 . It was ranked third by Complex ; fourth by Billboard , Paste , Q , Slant Magazine , and Spin ; fifth by Clash ; sixth by The Independent and State ; seventh by Pitchfork ; eighth by Fact ; and tenth by Esquire . [31] New York Times chief critic Jon Pareles ranked We Got It from Here... third on his own year-end list. [32] Christgau named it 2016's best album in his ballot for The Village Voice ' s annual Pazz & Jop critics poll [33] and later the tenth best album of the 2010s in a decade-end list. [29] Pitchfork ranked We Got It from Here... at number 44 on its decade-end list of "The 200 Best Albums of the 2010s". [34]
- "The Space Program" contains samples from the films Willie Dynamite and Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
- "We the People...." contains a sample of "Behind the Wall of Sleep" by Black Sabbath . [8]
- "Whateva Will Be" contains samples of "Promised Land" by Nairobi Sisters. [8]
- "Solid Wall of Sound" contains a sample of " Bennie and the Jets " by Elton John . [8]
- "Dis Generation" contains samples of " Pass the Dutchie " by Musical Youth and "Ruido de magia" by Invisible . [8]
- "Mobius" contains a portion of the composition "Prologue" by Gentle Giant , written by Kerry Minnear , Derek Shulman , Phillip Shulman and Raymond Shulman . [8]
- "Lost Somebody" contains a sample of " Halleluhwah " by Can . [8]
- "Movin Backwards" contains a sample of "The Touch of Your Lips" by The Emotions . [8]
- "Ego" contains a sample of "Requiem for Soprano, Mezzo-Soprano, 2 Mixed Choirs and Orchestra" by György Ligeti . [35]
- Q-Tip – vocals (tracks 1–13, 15, 16) , bass (tracks 2, 4, 6, 8–13, 15, 16) , drums (tracks 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 13) , keyboards (tracks 2, 5, 11) , drum programming (tracks 2, 5, 7, 14)
- Phife – vocals (tracks 1–5, 10, 14, 16)
- Jarobi White – vocals (tracks 1, 3, 5, 8, 11–13)
- Marsha Ambrosius – vocals (track 7)
- André 3000 – vocals (track 6)
- Casey Benjamin – keyboards (tracks 2, 6, 13) , Fender Rhodes (tracks 7) , organ (track 9) , piano (track 15)
- Kris Bowers – piano (track 12)
- Busta Rhymes – vocals (tracks 4, 5, 9, 16)
- Katia Cadet – vocals (tracks 12, 16)
- Louis Cato – bass (tracks 1, 15) , guitar (tracks 11, 16) , additional bass (track 7)
- Mark Colenburg – additional drums (track 7)
- Consequence – vocals (track 3, 9, 10, 11)
- Masayuki "BIGYUKI" Hirano – keyboards (tracks 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16) , synthesizer (track 7)
- Elton John – vocals (track 4) , piano (track 4)
- Talib Kweli – vocals (track 11)
- Kendrick Lamar – vocals (track 14)
- Anderson .Paak – vocals (track 13)
- Chris Parks – guitar (track 12)
- Chris Sholar – guitar (tracks 1, 7, 12, 13, 15) , acoustic guitar (track 9)
- Yebba (Abbey Smith) – vocals (track 7)
- George "DJ Scratch" Spivey – scratches (tracks 8, 15, 16)
- Thaddaeus Tribbett – bass (track 7)
- Blair Wells – guitar (track 9)
- Kanye West – vocals (track 11)
- Jack White – guitar (tracks 15, 16) , vocals (track 4) , acoustic guitar (track 4)
- A Tribe Called Quest – executive production
- Q-Tip – production, recording, mixing
- Blair Wells – co-production, recording, mixing
- Gloria Kaba – assistant engineer
- Dave Kennedy – mixing (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6–8, 12)
- Jeremy Lubsey – mastering assistant
- Michael Starita – additional vocal recording (track 5)
- Laura Gonzalez – assistant engineer (track 5)
- Robert Kirby – assistant engineer (track 5)
- Tracey Waples – production consultation
- Thom Skarzynski – product manager
- Richard Prince – album cover design
- Anita Marisa Boriboon – creative director, album packaging art direction, design | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Got_It_from_Here..._Thank_You_4_Your_Service | 98 |
a tribe called quest we got it from here features | A Tribe Called Quest - We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic | by Tim Sendra
It seemed like the story of A Tribe Called Quest ended with the sad passing of original member Phife in early 2016. It began with their glory days as one of hip-hop's greatest acts to years of sometimes bitter estrangement, then hit a high point with the group coming together in 2015 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of their debut album People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm . They had a surprise up their sleeve, though. On the night they performed on The Tonight Show, the four original members of the Tribe decided the time was right to hit the studio and make a new album. Repairing relationships was the first step and once that happened, the group (minus Ali Shaheed Muhammad , who was in Los Angeles working on the music to Luke Cage) holed up in Q-Tip 's home studio and started working on their comeback, We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service. Q-Tip held down the producer's chair with a mad scientist's flair, searching near and far through his record collection for inspiration. Tip , Phife , and Jarobi brought rhymes that sounded like they'd been sealed up since the early '90s, then broken open and served fresh. Old collaborators Busta Rhymes and Consequence dropped by to add their skills and energy; new artists like Kendrick Lamar and Anderson Paak , who grew up on the Tribe, dropped by to add verses, and some big names like Andre 3000 and Kanye West jumped in feet first, especially Andre , whose rapid-fire verses with Q-Tip on "Kids" provide one of the record's highlights. Jack White adds some of his guitar heroics on a few tracks and Elton John makes a cameo as well, singing the hook of the very odd "Solid Wall of Sound."
The sheer number of guests, the long wait since their last album, the shifting tides of hip hop -- all these factors could have led to We Got It being a disappointment. Amazingly, it turns out to be almost the exact opposite. Thanks to Q-Tip 's visionary and pleasingly weird production, which draws from golden age hip-hop, old-school jazz, odd samples, dub reggae, and interplanetary electro, the fact the neither he nor Phife have lost even a small percentage of a step, and the seamlessly integrated contributions from the guests (especially Paak on "Moving Backwards"), the album is vibrant, intense, and alive. The group sound like they're having a blast on party songs like "The Donald" or the buoyant "Dis Generation," get mad as hell on tracks like "Space Program" and "We the People," and generally come off like they're still the greatest. This is no nostalgia trip or callous comeback. It's a giant exclamation point on the end of a brilliant career. It's also a tribute to the everyman genius of Phife , a widescreen look at the record-making skills of Q-Tip , and most importantly, it's a pure, undiluted, joyous thrill to have the Tribe back and still sounding this vital.
Read More ↓ | https://www.allmusic.com/album/we-got-it-from-here-thank-you-4-your-service-mw0002991830 | 98 |
who set up the bank of france and when | Creation of the Bank of France by Napoleon Bonaparte | The XVIIIth century was not beneficial to paper money. Scalded by the financial scandal of John Law (1671 – 1729) in 1720, the French had plenty of time to confirm their aversion to printed money when they were fooled a second time with brandishing revolutionary assignats that were nothing else than a lightning and spectacular inflation. Some, however, got rich. Among them, the Swiss financier Jean-Frédéric Perregaux (1744 – 1808). Precisely preceding the perpetual neutrality that will later make the pride of his native Switzerland, our Helvetian, who, before the Revolution, mixed with the world’s most popular aristocratic circles, was careful not to display too clearly his political opinions during the brutal change of regime. He preferred, as many at that time, to adapt them to the necessities of the moment. It was certainly the right move since the members of the nobility – fiercely attached to their heads – were quick to flee abroad taking care to carry with them a considerable part of the metal currency of the late Kingdom of France. A financial crisis hit the people, who – having nothing to fear for their own head – had everything to fear for their finances. In an extremely unfavorable economic climate, bankruptcies were numerous and internal trade paralyzed. The Directory was unable to remedy the problem in a sustainable way and it was not until the Brumaire coup (November 9-10th, 1799) to see the emergence of hope for a government stability essential to an economic recovery of the country. It was then that our dashing Swiss banker approached Bonaparte, the context and Napoleon smiling at him in concert.
Perregaux and a few banker friends (Le Couteulx, Mallet and Perier) first obtained the right to print bank notes for their own establishment named Caisse des Comptes Courants . They aim to collect the savings then hoarded by individuals and increase the amount of money in circulation. The Banque de France was created on 18th January 1800 by decree and quickly absorbed the Caisse des Comptes Courants . The very young Banque de France settled in the Hôtel de Toulouse, rue de la Vrillière in Paris, of course.
The first Consul wanted to be cautious and wanted to guarantee the stability and reliability of this new institution. The first issues of notes were thus guaranteed to find their equivalent in quantity of gold of the same value to any person who wished it. To proceed to the exchange, one should simply go to the Rue de la Vrillière. It was all about the reputation of the bank and its future, the first Consul was perfectly aware. The French, who enjoyed nothing less than being fooled three times in a row, were at first extremely suspicious. Then little by little, confidence returned. It must be said that Bonaparte’s personal, hard-hitting and irresistible involvement had something to do with this success. He placed some of his own funds in trust with the Bank and persuaded his family and relatives to do the same. The transaction, together with the capital contributed by wealthy shareholders, provided the institution with considerable capital, which was necessary to establish its essential importance. Soon, the Bank of France was the only bank authorized to issue monetary values hence its name “central bank”.
The main clients of the bank were ordinary banks, whose business was to lend money to individuals and businesses. The principle was therefore based on the promise of repayment made by the borrower to his banker, a promise referred to as a “bill of exchange”. At the same time, ordinary banks needed money to lend to new customers. They needed to have sufficient financial reserves to act without waiting for borrower clients to repay their debts. Ordinary banks turned to the Banque de France and bought him notes in exchange for the bills of exchange they had at their disposal. Naturally, the amount of money increased in the country and allowed to revive commerce and industry. In turn, the latter made profits that were inevitably taxed. Finally, the increasing value of taxes levied by the state allowed the country to get rich and the First Consul to finance his army (and not his campaigns).
The first notes issued by the Bank of France were of such value that they were not accessible to all. The 500-franc notes represented a little more than a year’s salary for a worker, and that of 1000 was equivalent to double the work, naturally. Not being convertible into gold elsewhere than in Paris, the notes further restricted the circle of lovers of bundles. These notes occupied so well the only high Parisian business that they had confused any merchant if a citizen would have the idea to give one of these papers to pay for a chicken (not far from becoming Marengo).
On the other hand, the memory of John Law and the revolutionary assignats remained tenacious, and the French countryside still preferred metallic values for their trade. The Revolution, by a law of August 15th, 1795 had already decided to replace the livre tournois by the “franc d’argent” but its will alone was not enough. Indeed, the fiery and first Republic had that in common with Josephine de Beauharnais (1763 – 1814) at the same time that no one had enough money – metal for one, ready for the other – to satisfy their needs. It was thus necessary to wait for the 7th germinal year XI (March 28th, 1803) to see reappear this franc which borrowed at its date of creation the name under which it will exercise until 1928 namely, the franc “germinal”.
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The first two banknotes put into circulation by the Banque de France represented considerable sums. From then on, everything had to be done to prevent as much as possible the appearance of false. The paper was first produced at the stationery of Buges in Loiret but it was quickly preferred that of the paper mill of the Marais at Jouy-sur-Morin. The addition of a watermark between the two sheets of paper constituting each note was one of the first security provisions. Then came the quality of the drawing for which Charles Percier (1764 – 1838) was called upon. This neoclassical architect who had distinguished himself in his achievements for financiers working alongside the First Consul was not long to be warmly recommended to the latter who praised his talents for a long time. The engraving of the matrix was entrusted to Jean-Bertrand Andrieu (1761 – 1822) who took as a support a steel plate to guarantee an inking always equal. Finally, the engraving typography returned to Firmin Didot (1764 – 1836) whose name is still well known today by lovers of prints and old editions. A stub was added, a dry stamp (embossing the paper obtained with a press) and a wet stamp (a technique for printing simultaneously on the front and back).
As for the symbolism of the chosen motifs, we find the strong influence of the Roman Empire (tinged with the neoclassical taste born from the excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii in the XVIIIth century). Compass and square evoke the tools of the builders using geometry and architecture, while the rooster emblem of France rubs shoulders with the scale of Justice. The divinities represented are those that the great estates considered as constituting a strong state in the XIXth century: Vulcan for industry, Apollo for the arts, Ceres for agriculture and Poseidon for the colonial empire.
Metal coins are subject to the same concerns, both security and symbolism. The Republican motifs were replaced at the obverse of the pieces by Bonaparte’s bare-headed profile – whose engraver, General Pierre-Joseph Tiolier (1763 – 1819) painted the portrait – accompanied by a legend “Bonaparte First Consul”. The reverse was an olive crown, the face value of the coin and the legend “French Republic”. Of course, an imperial proclamation will be enough for the motives of coins and notes to be changed once more.
The creation of the Banque de France had a decisive impact on the country’s economy and its imperial expansion (although it did not finance them, the Emperor always defended it). Paper money improved, gaining security and discouraging counterfeiters. However, in 1959, the Bank of France issued a 100 franc note of Napoleon. This note made famous the forger Czesław Jan Bojarski (1912 – 2003) who made a specialty of the falsification of these “Bonaparte notes”. His mastery in this field is still unchallenged and unmatched. These fakes are now rare and expensive collectibles. An irony of history that certainly did not escape the Emperor if he had been alive to appreciate it.
Marielle Brie
Marielle Brie est historienne de l’art pour le marché de l’art et de l’antiquité et auteur du blog « Objets d’Art & d'Histoire ». | https://blog.napoleon-cologne.fr/en/creation-of-the-bank-of-france-by-napoleon-bonaparte-2-2/ | 99 |
who set up the bank of france and when | Banque de France | French national bank | Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Article History
Banque de France , national bank of France , created in 1800 to restore confidence in the French banking system after the financial upheavals of the revolutionary period. Headquarters are in Paris .
The bank listed among its founding shareholders Napoleon Bonaparte , members of his family, and several leading personalities of the time. Founded partly with state funds, but mainly with private capital, the bank was closely connected with the state from the beginning. The French government claimed a participation in the control of the bank through the appointment of the governor and two deputy governors, while the shareholders were represented by a board of 15 regents elected by the 200 largest shareholders.
The bank was initially granted the exclusive privilege to issue bank notes in Paris for a period of 15 years; it was later authorized to establish discount offices in towns where commercial requirements made this necessary, and it was subsequently empowered to exercise its privileges, including the privilege of note issue, in the towns where discount offices were established. Its note-issue privilege was extended to cover the whole of France in 1848 as a result of the transformation of nine provincial banks with note-issuing powers into branches of the bank. In 1946 the bank was nationalized, and its note-issue privilege was extended for an indefinite period.
Statutes approved in 1973 placed greater power with the bank’s general council and gave the French minister of finance control over Banque de France’s dividend payments and other uses of the bank’s profits. The bank was privatized in 1993, a step taken partly in preparation for France’s participation in the European Monetary System, whose member countries converted to a single currency, the euro , in 1999. Banque de France is a member of the European Central Bank .
Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: • Article History
Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building
May. 4, 2023, 12:43 AM ET (AP)
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central bank , institution, such as the Bank of England , the U.S. Federal Reserve System , or the Bank of Japan , that is charged with regulating the size of a nation’s money supply, the availability and cost of credit , and the foreign-exchange value of its currency . Regulation of the availability and cost of credit may be nonselective or may be designed to influence the distribution of credit among competing uses. The principal objectives of a modern central bank in carrying out these functions are to maintain monetary and credit conditions conducive to a high level of employment and production, a reasonably stable level of domestic prices, and an adequate level of international reserves.
Central banks also have other important functions, of a less-general nature. These typically include acting as fiscal agent of the government, supervising the operations of the commercial banking system, clearing checks, administering exchange-control systems, serving as correspondents for foreign central banks and official international financial institutions, and, in the case of central banks of the major industrial nations, participating in cooperative international currency arrangements designed to help stabilize or regulate the foreign-exchange rates of the participating countries.
There are six ways by which central banks typically alter the volume of their assets:
1. “Open-market operations” consist mainly of purchases and sales of government securities or other eligible paper, but operations in bankers’ acceptances and in certain other types of paper often are permissible. Open-market operations are an effective instrument of monetary regulation only in countries with well-developed securities markets. Open-market sales of securities by the central bank drain cash reserves from the commercial banks. This loss of reserves tends to force some banks to borrow from the central bank, at least temporarily. Banks faced with the cost of such borrowing, at what may well be a high discount rate , and also faced with the possibility of being admonished by the central bank about their lending policies typically become more restrictive and selective in extending credit. Open-market sales, by reducing the capacity of the banking system to extend credit and by tending to drive down the prices of the securities sold, also tend to raise the interest rates charged and paid by banks. The rise in government security yields and in the interest rates charged and paid by banks forces other financial institutions to offer a higher rate of return on their obligations, in order to be competitive, and, given the reduced availability of bank credit, enables them, like banks, to command a higher rate of return on their loans. Thus, the impact of open-market sales is not limited to the banking system; it is diffused throughout the economy. Conversely, purchases of securities by the central bank tend to lead to credit expansion by the financial system and to lower interest rates, unless the demand for credit is rising at a faster rate than the supply , which normally is the case once an inflationary process gets under way; interest rates then will rise rather than fall.
Changes in domestic money-market rates resulting from central-bank actions also tend to change the prevailing relations between domestic and foreign money-market rates, and this, in turn, may set in motion short-term capital flows into or out of the country.
2. Loans to banks, generally called “discounts” or “rediscounts,” are short-term advances against commercial paper or government securities to enable banks to meet seasonal or other special temporary needs either for loanable funds or for cash reserves to replace reserves lost as a result of a shrinkage in deposits. The Bank of England ordinarily deals with discount houses rather than directly with banks, but the effect on bank reserves is similar. The provision of such advances is one of the oldest and most traditional functions of central banks. The rate of interest charged is known as the “discount rate,” or “rediscount rate.” By raising or lowering the rate, the central bank can regulate the cost of such borrowing. The level of and changes in the rate also indicate the view of the central bank on the desirability of greater tightness or ease in credit conditions.
Some central banks, especially in countries that lack a broad capital market , extend medium- and long-term credit to banks and to government development corporations in order to facilitate the financing of domestic economic-development expenditures and to alleviate the deficiency of financial savings. Such longer-term lending is not regarded as an appropriate central-bank activity by many authorities, however, and is considered a dangerous source of inflationary pressures.
3. Direct government borrowing from central banks generally is frowned upon as encouraging fiscal irresponsibility and commonly is subject to statutory limitation; nevertheless, in many countries the central bank is the only large source of credit for the government and is used extensively. In other countries indirect support of government financing operations has monetary effects that differ little from those that would have followed from an equal amount of direct financing by the central bank.
4. Central banks buy and sell foreign exchange to stabilize the international value of their own currency. The central banks of major industrial nations engage in so-called “currency swaps,” in which they lend one another their own currencies in order to facilitate their activities in stabilizing their exchange rates. Prior to the 1930s, the authority of most central banks to expand the money supply was limited by statutory requirements that restricted the capacity of the central bank to issue currency and (less commonly) to incur deposit liabilities to the volume of the central bank’s international reserves. Such requirements have been lowered or eliminated by most countries, however, either because they blocked expansions of the money supply at times when expansion was considered essential to domestic economic-policy objectives or because they “locked up” gold or foreign exchange needed for payments abroad.
5. Many central banks have the authority to fix and to vary, within limits, the minimum cash reserves that banks must hold against their deposit liabilities . In some countries the reserve requirements against deposits provide for the inclusion of certain assets in addition to cash. Generally, the purpose of such inclusion is to encourage or require banks to invest in those assets to a greater extent than they otherwise would be inclined to do and thus to limit the extension of credit for other purposes. Similarly, especially lower discount rates sometimes are used to encourage specific types of credit, such as to agriculture, housing, and small businesses.
6. In periods of intense inflationary pressure and shortage of supplies, especially during wartime and immediately thereafter, many governments have felt a need to impose direct measures to curb the availability of credit for particular purposes—such as the purchase of consumer durables, houses, and nonessential imported goods—and often have had these controls administered by their central banks. Such controls typically establish maximum loan-value to purchase-price ratios and maximum maturities that must be prescribed by lenders. These controls often apply to nonbank lenders as well as to bank lenders, and this is necessary for effectiveness in countries in which nonbank lenders are important sources of the types of credit being curbed. The general experience of central banks with direct credit controls has not been favourable; opportunities for evasion are too easy, especially if overall credit conditions are not extremely tight, and inequities in the impact of the controls become socially and politically troublesome. An early example of selective credit-control authority vested in a central bank and one that, on balance, has worked tolerably well is the authority conferred on the U.S. Federal Reserve Board in 1934 to establish margin requirements on stock-market credit. (See money .)
This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen .
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who set up the bank of france and when | Banque de France | French national bank | Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Article History
Banque de France , national bank of France , created in 1800 to restore confidence in the French banking system after the financial upheavals of the revolutionary period. Headquarters are in Paris .
The bank listed among its founding shareholders Napoleon Bonaparte , members of his family, and several leading personalities of the time. Founded partly with state funds, but mainly with private capital, the bank was closely connected with the state from the beginning. The French government claimed a participation in the control of the bank through the appointment of the governor and two deputy governors, while the shareholders were represented by a board of 15 regents elected by the 200 largest shareholders.
The bank was initially granted the exclusive privilege to issue bank notes in Paris for a period of 15 years; it was later authorized to establish discount offices in towns where commercial requirements made this necessary, and it was subsequently empowered to exercise its privileges, including the privilege of note issue, in the towns where discount offices were established. Its note-issue privilege was extended to cover the whole of France in 1848 as a result of the transformation of nine provincial banks with note-issuing powers into branches of the bank. In 1946 the bank was nationalized, and its note-issue privilege was extended for an indefinite period.
Statutes approved in 1973 placed greater power with the bank’s general council and gave the French minister of finance control over Banque de France’s dividend payments and other uses of the bank’s profits. The bank was privatized in 1993, a step taken partly in preparation for France’s participation in the European Monetary System, whose member countries converted to a single currency, the euro , in 1999. Banque de France is a member of the European Central Bank .
Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: • Article History
Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building
May. 4, 2023, 12:43 AM ET (AP)
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central bank , institution, such as the Bank of England , the U.S. Federal Reserve System , or the Bank of Japan , that is charged with regulating the size of a nation’s money supply, the availability and cost of credit , and the foreign-exchange value of its currency . Regulation of the availability and cost of credit may be nonselective or may be designed to influence the distribution of credit among competing uses. The principal objectives of a modern central bank in carrying out these functions are to maintain monetary and credit conditions conducive to a high level of employment and production, a reasonably stable level of domestic prices, and an adequate level of international reserves.
Central banks also have other important functions, of a less-general nature. These typically include acting as fiscal agent of the government, supervising the operations of the commercial banking system, clearing checks, administering exchange-control systems, serving as correspondents for foreign central banks and official international financial institutions, and, in the case of central banks of the major industrial nations, participating in cooperative international currency arrangements designed to help stabilize or regulate the foreign-exchange rates of the participating countries.
There are six ways by which central banks typically alter the volume of their assets:
1. “Open-market operations” consist mainly of purchases and sales of government securities or other eligible paper, but operations in bankers’ acceptances and in certain other types of paper often are permissible. Open-market operations are an effective instrument of monetary regulation only in countries with well-developed securities markets. Open-market sales of securities by the central bank drain cash reserves from the commercial banks. This loss of reserves tends to force some banks to borrow from the central bank, at least temporarily. Banks faced with the cost of such borrowing, at what may well be a high discount rate , and also faced with the possibility of being admonished by the central bank about their lending policies typically become more restrictive and selective in extending credit. Open-market sales, by reducing the capacity of the banking system to extend credit and by tending to drive down the prices of the securities sold, also tend to raise the interest rates charged and paid by banks. The rise in government security yields and in the interest rates charged and paid by banks forces other financial institutions to offer a higher rate of return on their obligations, in order to be competitive, and, given the reduced availability of bank credit, enables them, like banks, to command a higher rate of return on their loans. Thus, the impact of open-market sales is not limited to the banking system; it is diffused throughout the economy. Conversely, purchases of securities by the central bank tend to lead to credit expansion by the financial system and to lower interest rates, unless the demand for credit is rising at a faster rate than the supply , which normally is the case once an inflationary process gets under way; interest rates then will rise rather than fall.
Changes in domestic money-market rates resulting from central-bank actions also tend to change the prevailing relations between domestic and foreign money-market rates, and this, in turn, may set in motion short-term capital flows into or out of the country.
2. Loans to banks, generally called “discounts” or “rediscounts,” are short-term advances against commercial paper or government securities to enable banks to meet seasonal or other special temporary needs either for loanable funds or for cash reserves to replace reserves lost as a result of a shrinkage in deposits. The Bank of England ordinarily deals with discount houses rather than directly with banks, but the effect on bank reserves is similar. The provision of such advances is one of the oldest and most traditional functions of central banks. The rate of interest charged is known as the “discount rate,” or “rediscount rate.” By raising or lowering the rate, the central bank can regulate the cost of such borrowing. The level of and changes in the rate also indicate the view of the central bank on the desirability of greater tightness or ease in credit conditions.
Some central banks, especially in countries that lack a broad capital market , extend medium- and long-term credit to banks and to government development corporations in order to facilitate the financing of domestic economic-development expenditures and to alleviate the deficiency of financial savings. Such longer-term lending is not regarded as an appropriate central-bank activity by many authorities, however, and is considered a dangerous source of inflationary pressures.
3. Direct government borrowing from central banks generally is frowned upon as encouraging fiscal irresponsibility and commonly is subject to statutory limitation; nevertheless, in many countries the central bank is the only large source of credit for the government and is used extensively. In other countries indirect support of government financing operations has monetary effects that differ little from those that would have followed from an equal amount of direct financing by the central bank.
4. Central banks buy and sell foreign exchange to stabilize the international value of their own currency. The central banks of major industrial nations engage in so-called “currency swaps,” in which they lend one another their own currencies in order to facilitate their activities in stabilizing their exchange rates. Prior to the 1930s, the authority of most central banks to expand the money supply was limited by statutory requirements that restricted the capacity of the central bank to issue currency and (less commonly) to incur deposit liabilities to the volume of the central bank’s international reserves. Such requirements have been lowered or eliminated by most countries, however, either because they blocked expansions of the money supply at times when expansion was considered essential to domestic economic-policy objectives or because they “locked up” gold or foreign exchange needed for payments abroad.
5. Many central banks have the authority to fix and to vary, within limits, the minimum cash reserves that banks must hold against their deposit liabilities . In some countries the reserve requirements against deposits provide for the inclusion of certain assets in addition to cash. Generally, the purpose of such inclusion is to encourage or require banks to invest in those assets to a greater extent than they otherwise would be inclined to do and thus to limit the extension of credit for other purposes. Similarly, especially lower discount rates sometimes are used to encourage specific types of credit, such as to agriculture, housing, and small businesses.
6. In periods of intense inflationary pressure and shortage of supplies, especially during wartime and immediately thereafter, many governments have felt a need to impose direct measures to curb the availability of credit for particular purposes—such as the purchase of consumer durables, houses, and nonessential imported goods—and often have had these controls administered by their central banks. Such controls typically establish maximum loan-value to purchase-price ratios and maximum maturities that must be prescribed by lenders. These controls often apply to nonbank lenders as well as to bank lenders, and this is necessary for effectiveness in countries in which nonbank lenders are important sources of the types of credit being curbed. The general experience of central banks with direct credit controls has not been favourable; opportunities for evasion are too easy, especially if overall credit conditions are not extremely tight, and inequities in the impact of the controls become socially and politically troublesome. An early example of selective credit-control authority vested in a central bank and one that, on balance, has worked tolerably well is the authority conferred on the U.S. Federal Reserve Board in 1934 to establish margin requirements on stock-market credit. (See money .)
This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen .
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who set up the bank of france and when | Bank of France - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Headquarters||Paris, France|
|Established||18 January 1800|
|Ownership||100% owned by French Government [1]|
|Governor||François Villeroy de Galhau|
|Central bank of||France|
|Website||www.banque-france.fr|
|1 The Bank of France still exists but many functions have been taken over by the ECB.|
The Bank of France ( French : Banque de France ), headquartered in Paris , is the central bank of France . Founded in 1800, it began as a private institution for managing state debts and issuing notes. It is responsible for the accounts of the French government , managing the accounts and the facilitation of payments for the Treasury and some public companies . On 1 January 1999 , France adopted the euro and the Bank of France became a founder member of the Eurosystem . Until then, it has been responsible for the former national currency, the French franc .
Today, it is an independent institution, and it has been a member of the Eurosystem of central banks since 1999. This consists of the European Central Bank (ECB), and the national central banks (NCBs) of all European Union (EU) members. Its three main missions, as defined by its statuses, are to drive the French monetary strategy, ensure financial stability and provide services to households, small and medium businesses and the French state.
The Kingdom of France 's first experiment with a central bank was the Banque Générale (Banque Générale Privée or "General Private Bank"), set up by John Law at the behest of the Duke of Orléans after the death of Louis XIV . Law received the bank's 20-year charter in May 1716 and its stock consisted of 1,200 shares valued at 5,000 livres apiece. [2] It was meant to stimulate France's stagnant economy and pay down its staggering national debt acquired from Louis XIV's wars, including the War of the Spanish Succession . It was nationalized in December 1718 at Law's request and formally renamed the Banque Royale a month later. [3] It saw great initial success, increasing industry 60% in two years, but Law's mercantilist policies saw him seek to establish large monopolies, leading to the Mississippi bubble . The bubble would ultimately burst in 1720, and on 27 November of that year, the Banque Royale officially closed. [4]
The collapse of the Mississippi Company and the Banque Royale tarnished the word banque ("bank") so much that France abandoned central banking for almost a century, possibly precipitating Louis XVI 's economic crisis and the French Revolution . Successors such as la Caisse d'escompte (from 1776 to 1793) and la Caisse d'escompte du commerce (from 1797 to 1803) used the word " caisse " instead, until Napoleon retook the term with la Banque de France ("Bank of France") in 1800.
In 1803, financial power in France was in the hands of fifteen members of the Haute Banque, when the shareholders' meeting ratified the appointment of a “Council of Regency” composed of:
These high bankers were deeply involved in the agitations leading up to the French Revolution . When the revolutionary violence got out of hand, they orchestrated the rise of Napoleon , whom they regarded as the restorer of order. As a reward for their support, Napoleon, in 1800, gave the bankers a monopoly over French finance by giving them control of the new Bank of France (Banque de France). [5] Banker Claude Périer drafted the first statutes and Emmanuel Crétet was the first governor . For the first fifteen years it was the sole issuer of bank notes in Paris, and this privilege was extended to other financially important cities and the rest of the country by 1848. [6]
The Bank was also instrumental in the creation of the Latin Monetary Union (LMU) in 1865. The countries of France, Belgium , Italy , and the Swiss Confederation established the LMU franc as a common bimetallic currency.
In World War I, the Bank sold short-term Treasury bonds abroad to help pay for wartime expenditures. France abandoned the gold standard shortly after the outbreak of war. Debts amounted to approximately 42 billion francs by 1919. Following the war, the Bank sought to re-establish the gold standard and acquired capital from a number of American and British banking syndicates to defend the franc from exchange-rate fluctuations. The Bank also began to hoard gold reserves and, at its peak, held 28.3 percent of the world's gold stock (only behind the United States at 30.4 percent). Some scholars have asserted that this gold accumulation was a contributing factor to the Great Depression . [7] [8] [9] Under Émile Moreau , Governor from 1926 to 1930, the Bank consolidated gold reserves created a stabilization insurance fund ( fonds de stabilisation ), and tested new monetary policies in the wake of a global depression.
In World War II, the Bank oversaw the transfer of gold reserves overseas, which mainly included Canada , the United States , and the French overseas territories . In 1945, the Bank was nationalized by Charles de Gaulle and became a state-owned institution. Existing shareholders received bonds to replace their shares in the company.
In 1993, the Bank of France was again reformed when it obtained independence from the state. It sought to establish credibility by promising to adhere to the single mandate of price stability . Jean-Claude Trichet , Governor from 1993 to 2003, was the final Governor of the Bank until the establishment of the European Central Bank (ECB) in June 1998. Today, the ECB sets monetary policy and oversees price stability for all countries in the Eurozone , including France.
On 1 June 1998, a new institution was created, the European Central Bank (ECB), charged with steering the single monetary policy for the euro . The body formed by the ECB, and the national central banks (NCB) of all the member states of the European Union , constitute the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). According to the Maastrict Treaty , the Bank would oversee the functioning of the payment system and conduct independent research on the French economy, while the newly established European Central Bank conducted monetary policy for the entire Eurozone . The French franc was replaced by the Euro on 1 January 1999.
Following the financial crisis of 2007-2008 , the Bank of France implemented quantitative easing for the account of the ECB. [10]
In 2010, the French government's Autorité de la concurrence (the department in charge of regulating competition) fined eleven banks, including Bank of France, the sum of €384,900,000 for colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing , especially for extra fees charged during the transition from paper check transfer to " Exchanges Check-Image " electronic transfer. [11] [12]
The Bank recently established a "Lab", located on the Rue Réaumur in Paris, where start-ups and small businesses work on blockchain , artificial intelligence , and virtual reality . The Bank is the first to set up a blockchain system.
- 1800, creation of the Bank of France by Napoleon Bonaparte [5]
- 14 April 1803, the new Bank received its first official charter granting it the exclusive right to issue paper money in Paris for fifteen years. [13]
- 22 April 1806, a new law replaced the Central Committee with a Governor and two Deputy Governors. All three were appointed by the Emperor. [13]
- Decree dated 16 January 1808, set out the "Basic Statutes", which were to govern the Bank's operations until 1936. [13]
- Decree on 6 March 1808, authorized the Bank to purchase the former mansion of the Count of Toulouse in the rue de la Vrillière in Paris for its headquarters. [13]
- 1808–1936, the Bank's notes became legal tender; expansion of the branch network
- 1936–1945, nationalisation
- 1973, rewriting of the Bank's statutes
- 1993, a reform granted the Bank independence, in order to ensure price stability, regardless of domestic politics. This reform cleared the path for the European monetary union.
- 2002, Implementation of the Euro bank notes and coins in France
- 2003, Christian Noyer becomes governor of the Bank of France
- 2008, implements quantitative easing to manage the financial crisis
- 2015, François Villeroy de Galhau replaces Christian Noyer. The Bank distributes dividends to the French state of 4.5 billion euros in 2016, 5.0 billion euros in 2017 and 6.1 billion euros in 2019.
With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic and the ensuing economic crisis, the Eurosystem resolved to inject €3 trillion of liquidity into banks, allowing them in turn to support households and businesses, particularly with regard to urgent cash flow needs. [14] In addition to membership in the Eurosystem, the Banque de France is in charge of credit mediation. [15] This service, which has been in very high demand during the crisis, provides assistance to companies facing difficulties in their relations with financial institutions. The Banque de France manages procedures to resolve overindebtedness, and while its premises are no longer open to the public, requests continue to be processed. [14]
The Bank of France is responsible for three missions: monetary strategy, financial steadiness and services to the economy. [16] [17]
The Bank of France contributes to the design of the monetary policy of the euro zone (through macroeconomic research and forecast and by taking part in the deliberations on ECB decisions) and implements it in France.
It is also the guardian of currency : it prints euro bank notes (it is the largest printer of euro notes) and manages the circulation of bank notes and coins. It also participates in the fight against counterfeit money , by training bank employees, merchants, police, etc.
The Bank of France establishes France's balance of payments and manages part of the foreign exchange reserves of the ECB.
The Bank of France is responsible for overseeing the French financial sector , through its subsidiary ACPR (Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution). It assesses risks and weaknesses of the financial system (in 2018, the French financial sector is composed of 777 banks and 827 insurance and mutual insurance companies).
It also monitors payment systems and means, and publishes the Financial Stability Review ( Revue de la Stabilité Financière ).
The Bank of France provides services to households, businesses and the French state.
The Bank of France is in charge of offering services households in severe financial difficulty. This includes the management of over-indebtedness (one of the major tasks of the local branches of the bank), and the guarantee to an access to basic banking services for everyone, such as the right to a basic bank account .
It is also in charge of financial and economic education of the general public, by developing an economic culture among specific populations (like youngsters and households in severe financial difficulty). This includes sensitizing high school students, providing online information and educational services, training social workers and the launch of the French Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie (Citéco), a museum based in the 17th district of Paris , in 2019.
The Bank of France provides company ratings for non-listed companies, which can for instance be used by business leaders to obtain credit from their bank. It also manages credit mediation (mediation between companies and their banks, their credit insurers, etc.) and proposes support to very small businesses (advice for their development and needs). The Bank of France publishes a number of economic surveys, national and regional statistics, destined to businesses.
The governor of the Bank of France is appointed by the president and is, as of 2019, François Villeroy de Galhau , since 1 November 2015. He presides over the Bank's General Council, the body responsible for deliberating on all matters relating to non-Eurosystem activities. The first deputy governor is Denis Beau and the second deputy governor is Sylvie Goulard .
In 2019, the main key figures of the Bank of France are as follows: [18]
- Number of full-time employees: 9,857
- Regional branches: 95
- Profit before tax : 6.5 billion euros
- Dividend distributed to the French state : 6.1 billion euros
- Gold reserves: 106.1 billion euros
- Gold stock in France: 2,436 tons
- ^ "Quel rôle pour la Médiation du crédit ?" . Covid-19 et économie, les clés pour comprendre – Banque de France (in French). 6 April 2020 . Retrieved 5 March 2021 .
- ^ "Missions" . 8 December 2016.
- ^ "Annual report 2017" (PDF) . Bank of France . Retrieved 20 February 2023 .
- ^ "Annual Report 2019" . Banque de France (in French). 31 July 2020 . Retrieved 18 December 2020 .
- Accominotti, Olivier. "The Sterling Trap: Foreign Reserves Management at the Bank of France, 1928-19". European Review of Economic History 13, No. 3 (2009). [1]
- Baubeau, Patrice. "The Bank of France's balance sheets database, 1840–1998: an introduction to 158 years of central banking." Financial History Review 25, No. 2 (2018). [2]
- Bazot, Guillaume, Michael D. Bordo, and Eric Monnet. "The Price of Stability: The Balance Sheet Policy of the Banque de France and the Gold Standard (1880–1914)." NBER Working Papers. Number 20554. October 2014. [3]
- Bignon, Vincent and Marc Flandreau. "The Other Way: A Narrative History of Banque de France." In Sveriges Riksbank and the History of Central Banking , eds. Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Bordo, Michael D. and Pierre-Cyrille Hautcoeur. "Why Didn't France Follow the British Stabilisation after World War I?" European Review of Economic History 11, no. 1 (2007): 3-37.
- Bouvier, Jean. "The Banque de France and the State from 1850 to the Present Day." in Fausto Vicarelli, et al. eds., Central banks' independence in historical perspective (Walter de Gruyter, 1988) pp. 73–104.
- Du Camp, Maxime and Raphael-Georges Lévy. La Banque de France et son Histoire . Mono, 2017.
- Duchaussoy, Vincent. "Une Banque publique ? 1936 ou la mutation initiée de la Banque de France." Revue historique 681 (2017): 55–72.
- Flandreau, Marc. "Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: A Sceptical View." The Economic History Review , New Series, 50, no. 4 (1997): 735–63. [www.jstor.org/stable/2599884]
- Flandreau, Marc, 1996b, The French Crime of 1873: An Essay on the Emergence of the International Gold Standard,
- Flandreau, Marc. The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism, and the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1848–1873 . New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Flandreau, Marc. "Was the Latin Monetary Union a Franc Zone?." In International Monetary Systems in Historical Perspective , ed. J. Reis (1995).
- Gille, Bertrand. La Banque en France au xixe siècle : recherches historiques , Genève: Droz, 1970.
- Gleeson, Janet (2001). Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance . New York: Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978-0684872957 .
- Irwin, Douglas A. "The French Gold Sink and the Great Deflation of 1929–32." Dartmouth College . [4] Archived 19 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Leclercq, Yves. La Banque supérieure : La Banque de France de 1800 à 1914 . Paris, Éditions Classique Garnier, 2010.
- Monnet, Éric. Controlling Credit: Central Banking and the Planned Economy in Postwar France, 1948-1973 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 2018.
- Mouré, Kenneth. Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928–1936 . Cambridge University Press (1991).
- Nishimura, Shizuya. "The French Provincial Banks, the Banque De France, and Bill Finance, 1890-1913." The Economic History Review , New Series, 48, no. 3 (1995): 536-54
- Jacoud, Gilles. "Crises et Apprentissage: La Banque de France en 1848," Entreprises et Histoire (Dec. 2012) Issue 69, pp 27–37
- Plessis, Alain. "The history of banks in France." in Pohl, Manfred, and Sabine Freitag, eds. Handbook on the history of European banks (Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994) pp: 185–296. online
- Plessis, Alain. Histoires de la Banque de France . Paris: Albin Michel, 2015.
- Plessis, Alain. La Banque de France et ses deux cents actionnaires sous le Second Empire . Geneva: Droz , 1982.
- Servais, Édmond. La Banque de France. Son histoire, son organisation, ses opérations. Cours Servais, 1949.
- Sicsic, Pierre. "Was the franc poincare deliberately undervalued?," Explorations in Economic History 29(1) (1992): 69-92.* Szramkiewicz, Romuald. Les Régents et censeurs de la Banque de France nommés sous le Consulat et l'Empire . Genève: Droz, 1974.
- Yee, Robert. "The Bank of France and the Gold Dependency: Observations on the Bank’s Weekly Balance Sheets and Reserves, 1898–1940." Johns Hopkins University : Studies in Applied Economics . No. 128. [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_France | 99 |
who set up the bank of france and when | Bank of France - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Headquarters||Paris, France|
|Established||18 January 1800|
|Ownership||100% owned by French Government [1]|
|Governor||François Villeroy de Galhau|
|Central bank of||France|
|Website||www.banque-france.fr|
|1 The Bank of France still exists but many functions have been taken over by the ECB.|
The Bank of France ( French : Banque de France ), headquartered in Paris , is the central bank of France . Founded in 1800, it began as a private institution for managing state debts and issuing notes. It is responsible for the accounts of the French government , managing the accounts and the facilitation of payments for the Treasury and some public companies . On 1 January 1999 , France adopted the euro and the Bank of France became a founder member of the Eurosystem . Until then, it has been responsible for the former national currency, the French franc .
Today, it is an independent institution, and it has been a member of the Eurosystem of central banks since 1999. This consists of the European Central Bank (ECB), and the national central banks (NCBs) of all European Union (EU) members. Its three main missions, as defined by its statuses, are to drive the French monetary strategy, ensure financial stability and provide services to households, small and medium businesses and the French state.
The Kingdom of France 's first experiment with a central bank was the Banque Générale (Banque Générale Privée or "General Private Bank"), set up by John Law at the behest of the Duke of Orléans after the death of Louis XIV . Law received the bank's 20-year charter in May 1716 and its stock consisted of 1,200 shares valued at 5,000 livres apiece. [2] It was meant to stimulate France's stagnant economy and pay down its staggering national debt acquired from Louis XIV's wars, including the War of the Spanish Succession . It was nationalized in December 1718 at Law's request and formally renamed the Banque Royale a month later. [3] It saw great initial success, increasing industry 60% in two years, but Law's mercantilist policies saw him seek to establish large monopolies, leading to the Mississippi bubble . The bubble would ultimately burst in 1720, and on 27 November of that year, the Banque Royale officially closed. [4]
The collapse of the Mississippi Company and the Banque Royale tarnished the word banque ("bank") so much that France abandoned central banking for almost a century, possibly precipitating Louis XVI 's economic crisis and the French Revolution . Successors such as la Caisse d'escompte (from 1776 to 1793) and la Caisse d'escompte du commerce (from 1797 to 1803) used the word " caisse " instead, until Napoleon retook the term with la Banque de France ("Bank of France") in 1800.
In 1803, financial power in France was in the hands of fifteen members of the Haute Banque, when the shareholders' meeting ratified the appointment of a “Council of Regency” composed of:
These high bankers were deeply involved in the agitations leading up to the French Revolution . When the revolutionary violence got out of hand, they orchestrated the rise of Napoleon , whom they regarded as the restorer of order. As a reward for their support, Napoleon, in 1800, gave the bankers a monopoly over French finance by giving them control of the new Bank of France (Banque de France). [5] Banker Claude Périer drafted the first statutes and Emmanuel Crétet was the first governor . For the first fifteen years it was the sole issuer of bank notes in Paris, and this privilege was extended to other financially important cities and the rest of the country by 1848. [6]
The Bank was also instrumental in the creation of the Latin Monetary Union (LMU) in 1865. The countries of France, Belgium , Italy , and the Swiss Confederation established the LMU franc as a common bimetallic currency.
In World War I, the Bank sold short-term Treasury bonds abroad to help pay for wartime expenditures. France abandoned the gold standard shortly after the outbreak of war. Debts amounted to approximately 42 billion francs by 1919. Following the war, the Bank sought to re-establish the gold standard and acquired capital from a number of American and British banking syndicates to defend the franc from exchange-rate fluctuations. The Bank also began to hoard gold reserves and, at its peak, held 28.3 percent of the world's gold stock (only behind the United States at 30.4 percent). Some scholars have asserted that this gold accumulation was a contributing factor to the Great Depression . [7] [8] [9] Under Émile Moreau , Governor from 1926 to 1930, the Bank consolidated gold reserves created a stabilization insurance fund ( fonds de stabilisation ), and tested new monetary policies in the wake of a global depression.
In World War II, the Bank oversaw the transfer of gold reserves overseas, which mainly included Canada , the United States , and the French overseas territories . In 1945, the Bank was nationalized by Charles de Gaulle and became a state-owned institution. Existing shareholders received bonds to replace their shares in the company.
In 1993, the Bank of France was again reformed when it obtained independence from the state. It sought to establish credibility by promising to adhere to the single mandate of price stability . Jean-Claude Trichet , Governor from 1993 to 2003, was the final Governor of the Bank until the establishment of the European Central Bank (ECB) in June 1998. Today, the ECB sets monetary policy and oversees price stability for all countries in the Eurozone , including France.
On 1 June 1998, a new institution was created, the European Central Bank (ECB), charged with steering the single monetary policy for the euro . The body formed by the ECB, and the national central banks (NCB) of all the member states of the European Union , constitute the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). According to the Maastrict Treaty , the Bank would oversee the functioning of the payment system and conduct independent research on the French economy, while the newly established European Central Bank conducted monetary policy for the entire Eurozone . The French franc was replaced by the Euro on 1 January 1999.
Following the financial crisis of 2007-2008 , the Bank of France implemented quantitative easing for the account of the ECB. [10]
In 2010, the French government's Autorité de la concurrence (the department in charge of regulating competition) fined eleven banks, including Bank of France, the sum of €384,900,000 for colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing , especially for extra fees charged during the transition from paper check transfer to " Exchanges Check-Image " electronic transfer. [11] [12]
The Bank recently established a "Lab", located on the Rue Réaumur in Paris, where start-ups and small businesses work on blockchain , artificial intelligence , and virtual reality . The Bank is the first to set up a blockchain system.
- 1800, creation of the Bank of France by Napoleon Bonaparte [5]
- 14 April 1803, the new Bank received its first official charter granting it the exclusive right to issue paper money in Paris for fifteen years. [13]
- 22 April 1806, a new law replaced the Central Committee with a Governor and two Deputy Governors. All three were appointed by the Emperor. [13]
- Decree dated 16 January 1808, set out the "Basic Statutes", which were to govern the Bank's operations until 1936. [13]
- Decree on 6 March 1808, authorized the Bank to purchase the former mansion of the Count of Toulouse in the rue de la Vrillière in Paris for its headquarters. [13]
- 1808–1936, the Bank's notes became legal tender; expansion of the branch network
- 1936–1945, nationalisation
- 1973, rewriting of the Bank's statutes
- 1993, a reform granted the Bank independence, in order to ensure price stability, regardless of domestic politics. This reform cleared the path for the European monetary union.
- 2002, Implementation of the Euro bank notes and coins in France
- 2003, Christian Noyer becomes governor of the Bank of France
- 2008, implements quantitative easing to manage the financial crisis
- 2015, François Villeroy de Galhau replaces Christian Noyer. The Bank distributes dividends to the French state of 4.5 billion euros in 2016, 5.0 billion euros in 2017 and 6.1 billion euros in 2019.
With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic and the ensuing economic crisis, the Eurosystem resolved to inject €3 trillion of liquidity into banks, allowing them in turn to support households and businesses, particularly with regard to urgent cash flow needs. [14] In addition to membership in the Eurosystem, the Banque de France is in charge of credit mediation. [15] This service, which has been in very high demand during the crisis, provides assistance to companies facing difficulties in their relations with financial institutions. The Banque de France manages procedures to resolve overindebtedness, and while its premises are no longer open to the public, requests continue to be processed. [14]
The Bank of France is responsible for three missions: monetary strategy, financial steadiness and services to the economy. [16] [17]
The Bank of France contributes to the design of the monetary policy of the euro zone (through macroeconomic research and forecast and by taking part in the deliberations on ECB decisions) and implements it in France.
It is also the guardian of currency : it prints euro bank notes (it is the largest printer of euro notes) and manages the circulation of bank notes and coins. It also participates in the fight against counterfeit money , by training bank employees, merchants, police, etc.
The Bank of France establishes France's balance of payments and manages part of the foreign exchange reserves of the ECB.
The Bank of France is responsible for overseeing the French financial sector , through its subsidiary ACPR (Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution). It assesses risks and weaknesses of the financial system (in 2018, the French financial sector is composed of 777 banks and 827 insurance and mutual insurance companies).
It also monitors payment systems and means, and publishes the Financial Stability Review ( Revue de la Stabilité Financière ).
The Bank of France provides services to households, businesses and the French state.
The Bank of France is in charge of offering services households in severe financial difficulty. This includes the management of over-indebtedness (one of the major tasks of the local branches of the bank), and the guarantee to an access to basic banking services for everyone, such as the right to a basic bank account .
It is also in charge of financial and economic education of the general public, by developing an economic culture among specific populations (like youngsters and households in severe financial difficulty). This includes sensitizing high school students, providing online information and educational services, training social workers and the launch of the French Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie (Citéco), a museum based in the 17th district of Paris , in 2019.
The Bank of France provides company ratings for non-listed companies, which can for instance be used by business leaders to obtain credit from their bank. It also manages credit mediation (mediation between companies and their banks, their credit insurers, etc.) and proposes support to very small businesses (advice for their development and needs). The Bank of France publishes a number of economic surveys, national and regional statistics, destined to businesses.
The governor of the Bank of France is appointed by the president and is, as of 2019, François Villeroy de Galhau , since 1 November 2015. He presides over the Bank's General Council, the body responsible for deliberating on all matters relating to non-Eurosystem activities. The first deputy governor is Denis Beau and the second deputy governor is Sylvie Goulard .
In 2019, the main key figures of the Bank of France are as follows: [18]
- Number of full-time employees: 9,857
- Regional branches: 95
- Profit before tax : 6.5 billion euros
- Dividend distributed to the French state : 6.1 billion euros
- Gold reserves: 106.1 billion euros
- Gold stock in France: 2,436 tons
- ^ "Quel rôle pour la Médiation du crédit ?" . Covid-19 et économie, les clés pour comprendre – Banque de France (in French). 6 April 2020 . Retrieved 5 March 2021 .
- ^ "Missions" . 8 December 2016.
- ^ "Annual report 2017" (PDF) . Bank of France . Retrieved 20 February 2023 .
- ^ "Annual Report 2019" . Banque de France (in French). 31 July 2020 . Retrieved 18 December 2020 .
- Accominotti, Olivier. "The Sterling Trap: Foreign Reserves Management at the Bank of France, 1928-19". European Review of Economic History 13, No. 3 (2009). [1]
- Baubeau, Patrice. "The Bank of France's balance sheets database, 1840–1998: an introduction to 158 years of central banking." Financial History Review 25, No. 2 (2018). [2]
- Bazot, Guillaume, Michael D. Bordo, and Eric Monnet. "The Price of Stability: The Balance Sheet Policy of the Banque de France and the Gold Standard (1880–1914)." NBER Working Papers. Number 20554. October 2014. [3]
- Bignon, Vincent and Marc Flandreau. "The Other Way: A Narrative History of Banque de France." In Sveriges Riksbank and the History of Central Banking , eds. Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Bordo, Michael D. and Pierre-Cyrille Hautcoeur. "Why Didn't France Follow the British Stabilisation after World War I?" European Review of Economic History 11, no. 1 (2007): 3-37.
- Bouvier, Jean. "The Banque de France and the State from 1850 to the Present Day." in Fausto Vicarelli, et al. eds., Central banks' independence in historical perspective (Walter de Gruyter, 1988) pp. 73–104.
- Du Camp, Maxime and Raphael-Georges Lévy. La Banque de France et son Histoire . Mono, 2017.
- Duchaussoy, Vincent. "Une Banque publique ? 1936 ou la mutation initiée de la Banque de France." Revue historique 681 (2017): 55–72.
- Flandreau, Marc. "Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: A Sceptical View." The Economic History Review , New Series, 50, no. 4 (1997): 735–63. [www.jstor.org/stable/2599884]
- Flandreau, Marc, 1996b, The French Crime of 1873: An Essay on the Emergence of the International Gold Standard,
- Flandreau, Marc. The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism, and the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1848–1873 . New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Flandreau, Marc. "Was the Latin Monetary Union a Franc Zone?." In International Monetary Systems in Historical Perspective , ed. J. Reis (1995).
- Gille, Bertrand. La Banque en France au xixe siècle : recherches historiques , Genève: Droz, 1970.
- Gleeson, Janet (2001). Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance . New York: Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978-0684872957 .
- Irwin, Douglas A. "The French Gold Sink and the Great Deflation of 1929–32." Dartmouth College . [4] Archived 19 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Leclercq, Yves. La Banque supérieure : La Banque de France de 1800 à 1914 . Paris, Éditions Classique Garnier, 2010.
- Monnet, Éric. Controlling Credit: Central Banking and the Planned Economy in Postwar France, 1948-1973 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 2018.
- Mouré, Kenneth. Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928–1936 . Cambridge University Press (1991).
- Nishimura, Shizuya. "The French Provincial Banks, the Banque De France, and Bill Finance, 1890-1913." The Economic History Review , New Series, 48, no. 3 (1995): 536-54
- Jacoud, Gilles. "Crises et Apprentissage: La Banque de France en 1848," Entreprises et Histoire (Dec. 2012) Issue 69, pp 27–37
- Plessis, Alain. "The history of banks in France." in Pohl, Manfred, and Sabine Freitag, eds. Handbook on the history of European banks (Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994) pp: 185–296. online
- Plessis, Alain. Histoires de la Banque de France . Paris: Albin Michel, 2015.
- Plessis, Alain. La Banque de France et ses deux cents actionnaires sous le Second Empire . Geneva: Droz , 1982.
- Servais, Édmond. La Banque de France. Son histoire, son organisation, ses opérations. Cours Servais, 1949.
- Sicsic, Pierre. "Was the franc poincare deliberately undervalued?," Explorations in Economic History 29(1) (1992): 69-92.* Szramkiewicz, Romuald. Les Régents et censeurs de la Banque de France nommés sous le Consulat et l'Empire . Genève: Droz, 1974.
- Yee, Robert. "The Bank of France and the Gold Dependency: Observations on the Bank’s Weekly Balance Sheets and Reserves, 1898–1940." Johns Hopkins University : Studies in Applied Economics . No. 128. [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_France | 99 |
who set up the bank of france and when | Bank of France - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Headquarters||Paris, France|
|Established||18 January 1800|
|Ownership||100% owned by French Government [1]|
|Governor||François Villeroy de Galhau|
|Central bank of||France|
|Website||www.banque-france.fr|
|1 The Bank of France still exists but many functions have been taken over by the ECB.|
The Bank of France ( French : Banque de France ), headquartered in Paris , is the central bank of France . Founded in 1800, it began as a private institution for managing state debts and issuing notes. It is responsible for the accounts of the French government , managing the accounts and the facilitation of payments for the Treasury and some public companies . On 1 January 1999 , France adopted the euro and the Bank of France became a founder member of the Eurosystem . Until then, it has been responsible for the former national currency, the French franc .
Today, it is an independent institution, and it has been a member of the Eurosystem of central banks since 1999. This consists of the European Central Bank (ECB), and the national central banks (NCBs) of all European Union (EU) members. Its three main missions, as defined by its statuses, are to drive the French monetary strategy, ensure financial stability and provide services to households, small and medium businesses and the French state.
The Kingdom of France 's first experiment with a central bank was the Banque Générale (Banque Générale Privée or "General Private Bank"), set up by John Law at the behest of the Duke of Orléans after the death of Louis XIV . Law received the bank's 20-year charter in May 1716 and its stock consisted of 1,200 shares valued at 5,000 livres apiece. [2] It was meant to stimulate France's stagnant economy and pay down its staggering national debt acquired from Louis XIV's wars, including the War of the Spanish Succession . It was nationalized in December 1718 at Law's request and formally renamed the Banque Royale a month later. [3] It saw great initial success, increasing industry 60% in two years, but Law's mercantilist policies saw him seek to establish large monopolies, leading to the Mississippi bubble . The bubble would ultimately burst in 1720, and on 27 November of that year, the Banque Royale officially closed. [4]
The collapse of the Mississippi Company and the Banque Royale tarnished the word banque ("bank") so much that France abandoned central banking for almost a century, possibly precipitating Louis XVI 's economic crisis and the French Revolution . Successors such as la Caisse d'escompte (from 1776 to 1793) and la Caisse d'escompte du commerce (from 1797 to 1803) used the word " caisse " instead, until Napoleon retook the term with la Banque de France ("Bank of France") in 1800.
In 1803, financial power in France was in the hands of fifteen members of the Haute Banque, when the shareholders' meeting ratified the appointment of a “Council of Regency” composed of:
These high bankers were deeply involved in the agitations leading up to the French Revolution . When the revolutionary violence got out of hand, they orchestrated the rise of Napoleon , whom they regarded as the restorer of order. As a reward for their support, Napoleon, in 1800, gave the bankers a monopoly over French finance by giving them control of the new Bank of France (Banque de France). [5] Banker Claude Périer drafted the first statutes and Emmanuel Crétet was the first governor . For the first fifteen years it was the sole issuer of bank notes in Paris, and this privilege was extended to other financially important cities and the rest of the country by 1848. [6]
The Bank was also instrumental in the creation of the Latin Monetary Union (LMU) in 1865. The countries of France, Belgium , Italy , and the Swiss Confederation established the LMU franc as a common bimetallic currency.
In World War I, the Bank sold short-term Treasury bonds abroad to help pay for wartime expenditures. France abandoned the gold standard shortly after the outbreak of war. Debts amounted to approximately 42 billion francs by 1919. Following the war, the Bank sought to re-establish the gold standard and acquired capital from a number of American and British banking syndicates to defend the franc from exchange-rate fluctuations. The Bank also began to hoard gold reserves and, at its peak, held 28.3 percent of the world's gold stock (only behind the United States at 30.4 percent). Some scholars have asserted that this gold accumulation was a contributing factor to the Great Depression . [7] [8] [9] Under Émile Moreau , Governor from 1926 to 1930, the Bank consolidated gold reserves created a stabilization insurance fund ( fonds de stabilisation ), and tested new monetary policies in the wake of a global depression.
In World War II, the Bank oversaw the transfer of gold reserves overseas, which mainly included Canada , the United States , and the French overseas territories . In 1945, the Bank was nationalized by Charles de Gaulle and became a state-owned institution. Existing shareholders received bonds to replace their shares in the company.
In 1993, the Bank of France was again reformed when it obtained independence from the state. It sought to establish credibility by promising to adhere to the single mandate of price stability . Jean-Claude Trichet , Governor from 1993 to 2003, was the final Governor of the Bank until the establishment of the European Central Bank (ECB) in June 1998. Today, the ECB sets monetary policy and oversees price stability for all countries in the Eurozone , including France.
On 1 June 1998, a new institution was created, the European Central Bank (ECB), charged with steering the single monetary policy for the euro . The body formed by the ECB, and the national central banks (NCB) of all the member states of the European Union , constitute the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). According to the Maastrict Treaty , the Bank would oversee the functioning of the payment system and conduct independent research on the French economy, while the newly established European Central Bank conducted monetary policy for the entire Eurozone . The French franc was replaced by the Euro on 1 January 1999.
Following the financial crisis of 2007-2008 , the Bank of France implemented quantitative easing for the account of the ECB. [10]
In 2010, the French government's Autorité de la concurrence (the department in charge of regulating competition) fined eleven banks, including Bank of France, the sum of €384,900,000 for colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing , especially for extra fees charged during the transition from paper check transfer to " Exchanges Check-Image " electronic transfer. [11] [12]
The Bank recently established a "Lab", located on the Rue Réaumur in Paris, where start-ups and small businesses work on blockchain , artificial intelligence , and virtual reality . The Bank is the first to set up a blockchain system.
- 1800, creation of the Bank of France by Napoleon Bonaparte [5]
- 14 April 1803, the new Bank received its first official charter granting it the exclusive right to issue paper money in Paris for fifteen years. [13]
- 22 April 1806, a new law replaced the Central Committee with a Governor and two Deputy Governors. All three were appointed by the Emperor. [13]
- Decree dated 16 January 1808, set out the "Basic Statutes", which were to govern the Bank's operations until 1936. [13]
- Decree on 6 March 1808, authorized the Bank to purchase the former mansion of the Count of Toulouse in the rue de la Vrillière in Paris for its headquarters. [13]
- 1808–1936, the Bank's notes became legal tender; expansion of the branch network
- 1936–1945, nationalisation
- 1973, rewriting of the Bank's statutes
- 1993, a reform granted the Bank independence, in order to ensure price stability, regardless of domestic politics. This reform cleared the path for the European monetary union.
- 2002, Implementation of the Euro bank notes and coins in France
- 2003, Christian Noyer becomes governor of the Bank of France
- 2008, implements quantitative easing to manage the financial crisis
- 2015, François Villeroy de Galhau replaces Christian Noyer. The Bank distributes dividends to the French state of 4.5 billion euros in 2016, 5.0 billion euros in 2017 and 6.1 billion euros in 2019.
With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic and the ensuing economic crisis, the Eurosystem resolved to inject €3 trillion of liquidity into banks, allowing them in turn to support households and businesses, particularly with regard to urgent cash flow needs. [14] In addition to membership in the Eurosystem, the Banque de France is in charge of credit mediation. [15] This service, which has been in very high demand during the crisis, provides assistance to companies facing difficulties in their relations with financial institutions. The Banque de France manages procedures to resolve overindebtedness, and while its premises are no longer open to the public, requests continue to be processed. [14]
The Bank of France is responsible for three missions: monetary strategy, financial steadiness and services to the economy. [16] [17]
The Bank of France contributes to the design of the monetary policy of the euro zone (through macroeconomic research and forecast and by taking part in the deliberations on ECB decisions) and implements it in France.
It is also the guardian of currency : it prints euro bank notes (it is the largest printer of euro notes) and manages the circulation of bank notes and coins. It also participates in the fight against counterfeit money , by training bank employees, merchants, police, etc.
The Bank of France establishes France's balance of payments and manages part of the foreign exchange reserves of the ECB.
The Bank of France is responsible for overseeing the French financial sector , through its subsidiary ACPR (Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution). It assesses risks and weaknesses of the financial system (in 2018, the French financial sector is composed of 777 banks and 827 insurance and mutual insurance companies).
It also monitors payment systems and means, and publishes the Financial Stability Review ( Revue de la Stabilité Financière ).
The Bank of France provides services to households, businesses and the French state.
The Bank of France is in charge of offering services households in severe financial difficulty. This includes the management of over-indebtedness (one of the major tasks of the local branches of the bank), and the guarantee to an access to basic banking services for everyone, such as the right to a basic bank account .
It is also in charge of financial and economic education of the general public, by developing an economic culture among specific populations (like youngsters and households in severe financial difficulty). This includes sensitizing high school students, providing online information and educational services, training social workers and the launch of the French Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie (Citéco), a museum based in the 17th district of Paris , in 2019.
The Bank of France provides company ratings for non-listed companies, which can for instance be used by business leaders to obtain credit from their bank. It also manages credit mediation (mediation between companies and their banks, their credit insurers, etc.) and proposes support to very small businesses (advice for their development and needs). The Bank of France publishes a number of economic surveys, national and regional statistics, destined to businesses.
The governor of the Bank of France is appointed by the president and is, as of 2019, François Villeroy de Galhau , since 1 November 2015. He presides over the Bank's General Council, the body responsible for deliberating on all matters relating to non-Eurosystem activities. The first deputy governor is Denis Beau and the second deputy governor is Sylvie Goulard .
In 2019, the main key figures of the Bank of France are as follows: [18]
- Number of full-time employees: 9,857
- Regional branches: 95
- Profit before tax : 6.5 billion euros
- Dividend distributed to the French state : 6.1 billion euros
- Gold reserves: 106.1 billion euros
- Gold stock in France: 2,436 tons
- ^ "Quel rôle pour la Médiation du crédit ?" . Covid-19 et économie, les clés pour comprendre – Banque de France (in French). 6 April 2020 . Retrieved 5 March 2021 .
- ^ "Missions" . 8 December 2016.
- ^ "Annual report 2017" (PDF) . Bank of France . Retrieved 20 February 2023 .
- ^ "Annual Report 2019" . Banque de France (in French). 31 July 2020 . Retrieved 18 December 2020 .
- Accominotti, Olivier. "The Sterling Trap: Foreign Reserves Management at the Bank of France, 1928-19". European Review of Economic History 13, No. 3 (2009). [1]
- Baubeau, Patrice. "The Bank of France's balance sheets database, 1840–1998: an introduction to 158 years of central banking." Financial History Review 25, No. 2 (2018). [2]
- Bazot, Guillaume, Michael D. Bordo, and Eric Monnet. "The Price of Stability: The Balance Sheet Policy of the Banque de France and the Gold Standard (1880–1914)." NBER Working Papers. Number 20554. October 2014. [3]
- Bignon, Vincent and Marc Flandreau. "The Other Way: A Narrative History of Banque de France." In Sveriges Riksbank and the History of Central Banking , eds. Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Bordo, Michael D. and Pierre-Cyrille Hautcoeur. "Why Didn't France Follow the British Stabilisation after World War I?" European Review of Economic History 11, no. 1 (2007): 3-37.
- Bouvier, Jean. "The Banque de France and the State from 1850 to the Present Day." in Fausto Vicarelli, et al. eds., Central banks' independence in historical perspective (Walter de Gruyter, 1988) pp. 73–104.
- Du Camp, Maxime and Raphael-Georges Lévy. La Banque de France et son Histoire . Mono, 2017.
- Duchaussoy, Vincent. "Une Banque publique ? 1936 ou la mutation initiée de la Banque de France." Revue historique 681 (2017): 55–72.
- Flandreau, Marc. "Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: A Sceptical View." The Economic History Review , New Series, 50, no. 4 (1997): 735–63. [www.jstor.org/stable/2599884]
- Flandreau, Marc, 1996b, The French Crime of 1873: An Essay on the Emergence of the International Gold Standard,
- Flandreau, Marc. The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism, and the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1848–1873 . New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Flandreau, Marc. "Was the Latin Monetary Union a Franc Zone?." In International Monetary Systems in Historical Perspective , ed. J. Reis (1995).
- Gille, Bertrand. La Banque en France au xixe siècle : recherches historiques , Genève: Droz, 1970.
- Gleeson, Janet (2001). Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance . New York: Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978-0684872957 .
- Irwin, Douglas A. "The French Gold Sink and the Great Deflation of 1929–32." Dartmouth College . [4] Archived 19 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Leclercq, Yves. La Banque supérieure : La Banque de France de 1800 à 1914 . Paris, Éditions Classique Garnier, 2010.
- Monnet, Éric. Controlling Credit: Central Banking and the Planned Economy in Postwar France, 1948-1973 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 2018.
- Mouré, Kenneth. Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928–1936 . Cambridge University Press (1991).
- Nishimura, Shizuya. "The French Provincial Banks, the Banque De France, and Bill Finance, 1890-1913." The Economic History Review , New Series, 48, no. 3 (1995): 536-54
- Jacoud, Gilles. "Crises et Apprentissage: La Banque de France en 1848," Entreprises et Histoire (Dec. 2012) Issue 69, pp 27–37
- Plessis, Alain. "The history of banks in France." in Pohl, Manfred, and Sabine Freitag, eds. Handbook on the history of European banks (Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994) pp: 185–296. online
- Plessis, Alain. Histoires de la Banque de France . Paris: Albin Michel, 2015.
- Plessis, Alain. La Banque de France et ses deux cents actionnaires sous le Second Empire . Geneva: Droz , 1982.
- Servais, Édmond. La Banque de France. Son histoire, son organisation, ses opérations. Cours Servais, 1949.
- Sicsic, Pierre. "Was the franc poincare deliberately undervalued?," Explorations in Economic History 29(1) (1992): 69-92.* Szramkiewicz, Romuald. Les Régents et censeurs de la Banque de France nommés sous le Consulat et l'Empire . Genève: Droz, 1974.
- Yee, Robert. "The Bank of France and the Gold Dependency: Observations on the Bank’s Weekly Balance Sheets and Reserves, 1898–1940." Johns Hopkins University : Studies in Applied Economics . No. 128. [5] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_France | 99 |
who set up the bank of france and when | Banque de France | French national bank | Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Article History
Banque de France , national bank of France , created in 1800 to restore confidence in the French banking system after the financial upheavals of the revolutionary period. Headquarters are in Paris .
The bank listed among its founding shareholders Napoleon Bonaparte , members of his family, and several leading personalities of the time. Founded partly with state funds, but mainly with private capital, the bank was closely connected with the state from the beginning. The French government claimed a participation in the control of the bank through the appointment of the governor and two deputy governors, while the shareholders were represented by a board of 15 regents elected by the 200 largest shareholders.
The bank was initially granted the exclusive privilege to issue bank notes in Paris for a period of 15 years; it was later authorized to establish discount offices in towns where commercial requirements made this necessary, and it was subsequently empowered to exercise its privileges, including the privilege of note issue, in the towns where discount offices were established. Its note-issue privilege was extended to cover the whole of France in 1848 as a result of the transformation of nine provincial banks with note-issuing powers into branches of the bank. In 1946 the bank was nationalized, and its note-issue privilege was extended for an indefinite period.
Statutes approved in 1973 placed greater power with the bank’s general council and gave the French minister of finance control over Banque de France’s dividend payments and other uses of the bank’s profits. The bank was privatized in 1993, a step taken partly in preparation for France’s participation in the European Monetary System, whose member countries converted to a single currency, the euro , in 1999. Banque de France is a member of the European Central Bank .
Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: • Article History
Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building
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central bank , institution, such as the Bank of England , the U.S. Federal Reserve System , or the Bank of Japan , that is charged with regulating the size of a nation’s money supply, the availability and cost of credit , and the foreign-exchange value of its currency . Regulation of the availability and cost of credit may be nonselective or may be designed to influence the distribution of credit among competing uses. The principal objectives of a modern central bank in carrying out these functions are to maintain monetary and credit conditions conducive to a high level of employment and production, a reasonably stable level of domestic prices, and an adequate level of international reserves.
Central banks also have other important functions, of a less-general nature. These typically include acting as fiscal agent of the government, supervising the operations of the commercial banking system, clearing checks, administering exchange-control systems, serving as correspondents for foreign central banks and official international financial institutions, and, in the case of central banks of the major industrial nations, participating in cooperative international currency arrangements designed to help stabilize or regulate the foreign-exchange rates of the participating countries.
There are six ways by which central banks typically alter the volume of their assets:
1. “Open-market operations” consist mainly of purchases and sales of government securities or other eligible paper, but operations in bankers’ acceptances and in certain other types of paper often are permissible. Open-market operations are an effective instrument of monetary regulation only in countries with well-developed securities markets. Open-market sales of securities by the central bank drain cash reserves from the commercial banks. This loss of reserves tends to force some banks to borrow from the central bank, at least temporarily. Banks faced with the cost of such borrowing, at what may well be a high discount rate , and also faced with the possibility of being admonished by the central bank about their lending policies typically become more restrictive and selective in extending credit. Open-market sales, by reducing the capacity of the banking system to extend credit and by tending to drive down the prices of the securities sold, also tend to raise the interest rates charged and paid by banks. The rise in government security yields and in the interest rates charged and paid by banks forces other financial institutions to offer a higher rate of return on their obligations, in order to be competitive, and, given the reduced availability of bank credit, enables them, like banks, to command a higher rate of return on their loans. Thus, the impact of open-market sales is not limited to the banking system; it is diffused throughout the economy. Conversely, purchases of securities by the central bank tend to lead to credit expansion by the financial system and to lower interest rates, unless the demand for credit is rising at a faster rate than the supply , which normally is the case once an inflationary process gets under way; interest rates then will rise rather than fall.
Changes in domestic money-market rates resulting from central-bank actions also tend to change the prevailing relations between domestic and foreign money-market rates, and this, in turn, may set in motion short-term capital flows into or out of the country.
2. Loans to banks, generally called “discounts” or “rediscounts,” are short-term advances against commercial paper or government securities to enable banks to meet seasonal or other special temporary needs either for loanable funds or for cash reserves to replace reserves lost as a result of a shrinkage in deposits. The Bank of England ordinarily deals with discount houses rather than directly with banks, but the effect on bank reserves is similar. The provision of such advances is one of the oldest and most traditional functions of central banks. The rate of interest charged is known as the “discount rate,” or “rediscount rate.” By raising or lowering the rate, the central bank can regulate the cost of such borrowing. The level of and changes in the rate also indicate the view of the central bank on the desirability of greater tightness or ease in credit conditions.
Some central banks, especially in countries that lack a broad capital market , extend medium- and long-term credit to banks and to government development corporations in order to facilitate the financing of domestic economic-development expenditures and to alleviate the deficiency of financial savings. Such longer-term lending is not regarded as an appropriate central-bank activity by many authorities, however, and is considered a dangerous source of inflationary pressures.
3. Direct government borrowing from central banks generally is frowned upon as encouraging fiscal irresponsibility and commonly is subject to statutory limitation; nevertheless, in many countries the central bank is the only large source of credit for the government and is used extensively. In other countries indirect support of government financing operations has monetary effects that differ little from those that would have followed from an equal amount of direct financing by the central bank.
4. Central banks buy and sell foreign exchange to stabilize the international value of their own currency. The central banks of major industrial nations engage in so-called “currency swaps,” in which they lend one another their own currencies in order to facilitate their activities in stabilizing their exchange rates. Prior to the 1930s, the authority of most central banks to expand the money supply was limited by statutory requirements that restricted the capacity of the central bank to issue currency and (less commonly) to incur deposit liabilities to the volume of the central bank’s international reserves. Such requirements have been lowered or eliminated by most countries, however, either because they blocked expansions of the money supply at times when expansion was considered essential to domestic economic-policy objectives or because they “locked up” gold or foreign exchange needed for payments abroad.
5. Many central banks have the authority to fix and to vary, within limits, the minimum cash reserves that banks must hold against their deposit liabilities . In some countries the reserve requirements against deposits provide for the inclusion of certain assets in addition to cash. Generally, the purpose of such inclusion is to encourage or require banks to invest in those assets to a greater extent than they otherwise would be inclined to do and thus to limit the extension of credit for other purposes. Similarly, especially lower discount rates sometimes are used to encourage specific types of credit, such as to agriculture, housing, and small businesses.
6. In periods of intense inflationary pressure and shortage of supplies, especially during wartime and immediately thereafter, many governments have felt a need to impose direct measures to curb the availability of credit for particular purposes—such as the purchase of consumer durables, houses, and nonessential imported goods—and often have had these controls administered by their central banks. Such controls typically establish maximum loan-value to purchase-price ratios and maximum maturities that must be prescribed by lenders. These controls often apply to nonbank lenders as well as to bank lenders, and this is necessary for effectiveness in countries in which nonbank lenders are important sources of the types of credit being curbed. The general experience of central banks with direct credit controls has not been favourable; opportunities for evasion are too easy, especially if overall credit conditions are not extremely tight, and inequities in the impact of the controls become socially and politically troublesome. An early example of selective credit-control authority vested in a central bank and one that, on balance, has worked tolerably well is the authority conferred on the U.S. Federal Reserve Board in 1934 to establish margin requirements on stock-market credit. (See money .)
This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen .
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who set up the bank of france and when | Creation of the Bank of France by Napoleon Bonaparte | The XVIIIth century was not beneficial to paper money. Scalded by the financial scandal of John Law (1671 – 1729) in 1720, the French had plenty of time to confirm their aversion to printed money when they were fooled a second time with brandishing revolutionary assignats that were nothing else than a lightning and spectacular inflation. Some, however, got rich. Among them, the Swiss financier Jean-Frédéric Perregaux (1744 – 1808). Precisely preceding the perpetual neutrality that will later make the pride of his native Switzerland, our Helvetian, who, before the Revolution, mixed with the world’s most popular aristocratic circles, was careful not to display too clearly his political opinions during the brutal change of regime. He preferred, as many at that time, to adapt them to the necessities of the moment. It was certainly the right move since the members of the nobility – fiercely attached to their heads – were quick to flee abroad taking care to carry with them a considerable part of the metal currency of the late Kingdom of France. A financial crisis hit the people, who – having nothing to fear for their own head – had everything to fear for their finances. In an extremely unfavorable economic climate, bankruptcies were numerous and internal trade paralyzed. The Directory was unable to remedy the problem in a sustainable way and it was not until the Brumaire coup (November 9-10th, 1799) to see the emergence of hope for a government stability essential to an economic recovery of the country. It was then that our dashing Swiss banker approached Bonaparte, the context and Napoleon smiling at him in concert.
Perregaux and a few banker friends (Le Couteulx, Mallet and Perier) first obtained the right to print bank notes for their own establishment named Caisse des Comptes Courants . They aim to collect the savings then hoarded by individuals and increase the amount of money in circulation. The Banque de France was created on 18th January 1800 by decree and quickly absorbed the Caisse des Comptes Courants . The very young Banque de France settled in the Hôtel de Toulouse, rue de la Vrillière in Paris, of course.
The first Consul wanted to be cautious and wanted to guarantee the stability and reliability of this new institution. The first issues of notes were thus guaranteed to find their equivalent in quantity of gold of the same value to any person who wished it. To proceed to the exchange, one should simply go to the Rue de la Vrillière. It was all about the reputation of the bank and its future, the first Consul was perfectly aware. The French, who enjoyed nothing less than being fooled three times in a row, were at first extremely suspicious. Then little by little, confidence returned. It must be said that Bonaparte’s personal, hard-hitting and irresistible involvement had something to do with this success. He placed some of his own funds in trust with the Bank and persuaded his family and relatives to do the same. The transaction, together with the capital contributed by wealthy shareholders, provided the institution with considerable capital, which was necessary to establish its essential importance. Soon, the Bank of France was the only bank authorized to issue monetary values hence its name “central bank”.
The main clients of the bank were ordinary banks, whose business was to lend money to individuals and businesses. The principle was therefore based on the promise of repayment made by the borrower to his banker, a promise referred to as a “bill of exchange”. At the same time, ordinary banks needed money to lend to new customers. They needed to have sufficient financial reserves to act without waiting for borrower clients to repay their debts. Ordinary banks turned to the Banque de France and bought him notes in exchange for the bills of exchange they had at their disposal. Naturally, the amount of money increased in the country and allowed to revive commerce and industry. In turn, the latter made profits that were inevitably taxed. Finally, the increasing value of taxes levied by the state allowed the country to get rich and the First Consul to finance his army (and not his campaigns).
The first notes issued by the Bank of France were of such value that they were not accessible to all. The 500-franc notes represented a little more than a year’s salary for a worker, and that of 1000 was equivalent to double the work, naturally. Not being convertible into gold elsewhere than in Paris, the notes further restricted the circle of lovers of bundles. These notes occupied so well the only high Parisian business that they had confused any merchant if a citizen would have the idea to give one of these papers to pay for a chicken (not far from becoming Marengo).
On the other hand, the memory of John Law and the revolutionary assignats remained tenacious, and the French countryside still preferred metallic values for their trade. The Revolution, by a law of August 15th, 1795 had already decided to replace the livre tournois by the “franc d’argent” but its will alone was not enough. Indeed, the fiery and first Republic had that in common with Josephine de Beauharnais (1763 – 1814) at the same time that no one had enough money – metal for one, ready for the other – to satisfy their needs. It was thus necessary to wait for the 7th germinal year XI (March 28th, 1803) to see reappear this franc which borrowed at its date of creation the name under which it will exercise until 1928 namely, the franc “germinal”.
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The first two banknotes put into circulation by the Banque de France represented considerable sums. From then on, everything had to be done to prevent as much as possible the appearance of false. The paper was first produced at the stationery of Buges in Loiret but it was quickly preferred that of the paper mill of the Marais at Jouy-sur-Morin. The addition of a watermark between the two sheets of paper constituting each note was one of the first security provisions. Then came the quality of the drawing for which Charles Percier (1764 – 1838) was called upon. This neoclassical architect who had distinguished himself in his achievements for financiers working alongside the First Consul was not long to be warmly recommended to the latter who praised his talents for a long time. The engraving of the matrix was entrusted to Jean-Bertrand Andrieu (1761 – 1822) who took as a support a steel plate to guarantee an inking always equal. Finally, the engraving typography returned to Firmin Didot (1764 – 1836) whose name is still well known today by lovers of prints and old editions. A stub was added, a dry stamp (embossing the paper obtained with a press) and a wet stamp (a technique for printing simultaneously on the front and back).
As for the symbolism of the chosen motifs, we find the strong influence of the Roman Empire (tinged with the neoclassical taste born from the excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii in the XVIIIth century). Compass and square evoke the tools of the builders using geometry and architecture, while the rooster emblem of France rubs shoulders with the scale of Justice. The divinities represented are those that the great estates considered as constituting a strong state in the XIXth century: Vulcan for industry, Apollo for the arts, Ceres for agriculture and Poseidon for the colonial empire.
Metal coins are subject to the same concerns, both security and symbolism. The Republican motifs were replaced at the obverse of the pieces by Bonaparte’s bare-headed profile – whose engraver, General Pierre-Joseph Tiolier (1763 – 1819) painted the portrait – accompanied by a legend “Bonaparte First Consul”. The reverse was an olive crown, the face value of the coin and the legend “French Republic”. Of course, an imperial proclamation will be enough for the motives of coins and notes to be changed once more.
The creation of the Banque de France had a decisive impact on the country’s economy and its imperial expansion (although it did not finance them, the Emperor always defended it). Paper money improved, gaining security and discouraging counterfeiters. However, in 1959, the Bank of France issued a 100 franc note of Napoleon. This note made famous the forger Czesław Jan Bojarski (1912 – 2003) who made a specialty of the falsification of these “Bonaparte notes”. His mastery in this field is still unchallenged and unmatched. These fakes are now rare and expensive collectibles. An irony of history that certainly did not escape the Emperor if he had been alive to appreciate it.
Marielle Brie
Marielle Brie est historienne de l’art pour le marché de l’art et de l’antiquité et auteur du blog « Objets d’Art & d'Histoire ». | https://blog.napoleon-cologne.fr/en/creation-of-the-bank-of-france-by-napoleon-bonaparte-2-2/ | 99 |
who set up the bank of france and when | Banque de France | French national bank | Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
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Banque de France , national bank of France , created in 1800 to restore confidence in the French banking system after the financial upheavals of the revolutionary period. Headquarters are in Paris .
The bank listed among its founding shareholders Napoleon Bonaparte , members of his family, and several leading personalities of the time. Founded partly with state funds, but mainly with private capital, the bank was closely connected with the state from the beginning. The French government claimed a participation in the control of the bank through the appointment of the governor and two deputy governors, while the shareholders were represented by a board of 15 regents elected by the 200 largest shareholders.
The bank was initially granted the exclusive privilege to issue bank notes in Paris for a period of 15 years; it was later authorized to establish discount offices in towns where commercial requirements made this necessary, and it was subsequently empowered to exercise its privileges, including the privilege of note issue, in the towns where discount offices were established. Its note-issue privilege was extended to cover the whole of France in 1848 as a result of the transformation of nine provincial banks with note-issuing powers into branches of the bank. In 1946 the bank was nationalized, and its note-issue privilege was extended for an indefinite period.
Statutes approved in 1973 placed greater power with the bank’s general council and gave the French minister of finance control over Banque de France’s dividend payments and other uses of the bank’s profits. The bank was privatized in 1993, a step taken partly in preparation for France’s participation in the European Monetary System, whose member countries converted to a single currency, the euro , in 1999. Banque de France is a member of the European Central Bank .
Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
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Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building
May. 4, 2023, 12:43 AM ET (AP)
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central bank , institution, such as the Bank of England , the U.S. Federal Reserve System , or the Bank of Japan , that is charged with regulating the size of a nation’s money supply, the availability and cost of credit , and the foreign-exchange value of its currency . Regulation of the availability and cost of credit may be nonselective or may be designed to influence the distribution of credit among competing uses. The principal objectives of a modern central bank in carrying out these functions are to maintain monetary and credit conditions conducive to a high level of employment and production, a reasonably stable level of domestic prices, and an adequate level of international reserves.
Central banks also have other important functions, of a less-general nature. These typically include acting as fiscal agent of the government, supervising the operations of the commercial banking system, clearing checks, administering exchange-control systems, serving as correspondents for foreign central banks and official international financial institutions, and, in the case of central banks of the major industrial nations, participating in cooperative international currency arrangements designed to help stabilize or regulate the foreign-exchange rates of the participating countries.
There are six ways by which central banks typically alter the volume of their assets:
1. “Open-market operations” consist mainly of purchases and sales of government securities or other eligible paper, but operations in bankers’ acceptances and in certain other types of paper often are permissible. Open-market operations are an effective instrument of monetary regulation only in countries with well-developed securities markets. Open-market sales of securities by the central bank drain cash reserves from the commercial banks. This loss of reserves tends to force some banks to borrow from the central bank, at least temporarily. Banks faced with the cost of such borrowing, at what may well be a high discount rate , and also faced with the possibility of being admonished by the central bank about their lending policies typically become more restrictive and selective in extending credit. Open-market sales, by reducing the capacity of the banking system to extend credit and by tending to drive down the prices of the securities sold, also tend to raise the interest rates charged and paid by banks. The rise in government security yields and in the interest rates charged and paid by banks forces other financial institutions to offer a higher rate of return on their obligations, in order to be competitive, and, given the reduced availability of bank credit, enables them, like banks, to command a higher rate of return on their loans. Thus, the impact of open-market sales is not limited to the banking system; it is diffused throughout the economy. Conversely, purchases of securities by the central bank tend to lead to credit expansion by the financial system and to lower interest rates, unless the demand for credit is rising at a faster rate than the supply , which normally is the case once an inflationary process gets under way; interest rates then will rise rather than fall.
Changes in domestic money-market rates resulting from central-bank actions also tend to change the prevailing relations between domestic and foreign money-market rates, and this, in turn, may set in motion short-term capital flows into or out of the country.
2. Loans to banks, generally called “discounts” or “rediscounts,” are short-term advances against commercial paper or government securities to enable banks to meet seasonal or other special temporary needs either for loanable funds or for cash reserves to replace reserves lost as a result of a shrinkage in deposits. The Bank of England ordinarily deals with discount houses rather than directly with banks, but the effect on bank reserves is similar. The provision of such advances is one of the oldest and most traditional functions of central banks. The rate of interest charged is known as the “discount rate,” or “rediscount rate.” By raising or lowering the rate, the central bank can regulate the cost of such borrowing. The level of and changes in the rate also indicate the view of the central bank on the desirability of greater tightness or ease in credit conditions.
Some central banks, especially in countries that lack a broad capital market , extend medium- and long-term credit to banks and to government development corporations in order to facilitate the financing of domestic economic-development expenditures and to alleviate the deficiency of financial savings. Such longer-term lending is not regarded as an appropriate central-bank activity by many authorities, however, and is considered a dangerous source of inflationary pressures.
3. Direct government borrowing from central banks generally is frowned upon as encouraging fiscal irresponsibility and commonly is subject to statutory limitation; nevertheless, in many countries the central bank is the only large source of credit for the government and is used extensively. In other countries indirect support of government financing operations has monetary effects that differ little from those that would have followed from an equal amount of direct financing by the central bank.
4. Central banks buy and sell foreign exchange to stabilize the international value of their own currency. The central banks of major industrial nations engage in so-called “currency swaps,” in which they lend one another their own currencies in order to facilitate their activities in stabilizing their exchange rates. Prior to the 1930s, the authority of most central banks to expand the money supply was limited by statutory requirements that restricted the capacity of the central bank to issue currency and (less commonly) to incur deposit liabilities to the volume of the central bank’s international reserves. Such requirements have been lowered or eliminated by most countries, however, either because they blocked expansions of the money supply at times when expansion was considered essential to domestic economic-policy objectives or because they “locked up” gold or foreign exchange needed for payments abroad.
5. Many central banks have the authority to fix and to vary, within limits, the minimum cash reserves that banks must hold against their deposit liabilities . In some countries the reserve requirements against deposits provide for the inclusion of certain assets in addition to cash. Generally, the purpose of such inclusion is to encourage or require banks to invest in those assets to a greater extent than they otherwise would be inclined to do and thus to limit the extension of credit for other purposes. Similarly, especially lower discount rates sometimes are used to encourage specific types of credit, such as to agriculture, housing, and small businesses.
6. In periods of intense inflationary pressure and shortage of supplies, especially during wartime and immediately thereafter, many governments have felt a need to impose direct measures to curb the availability of credit for particular purposes—such as the purchase of consumer durables, houses, and nonessential imported goods—and often have had these controls administered by their central banks. Such controls typically establish maximum loan-value to purchase-price ratios and maximum maturities that must be prescribed by lenders. These controls often apply to nonbank lenders as well as to bank lenders, and this is necessary for effectiveness in countries in which nonbank lenders are important sources of the types of credit being curbed. The general experience of central banks with direct credit controls has not been favourable; opportunities for evasion are too easy, especially if overall credit conditions are not extremely tight, and inequities in the impact of the controls become socially and politically troublesome. An early example of selective credit-control authority vested in a central bank and one that, on balance, has worked tolerably well is the authority conferred on the U.S. Federal Reserve Board in 1934 to establish margin requirements on stock-market credit. (See money .)
This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen .
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what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | Venomous Snakes | NIOSH | CDC | Venomous snakes found in the United States include rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths/water moccasins, and coral snakes. A venomous bite is called an “envenomation.” Although death from venomous snake bites is rare, a worker with a severe envenomation or allergy to snake venom can die from a venomous bite. Each year, an estimated 7,000–8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes in the United States, and about 5 of those people die. The number of deaths would be much higher if people did not seek medical care.
Workers are far more likely to suffer long-term injuries from snake bites than to die from them. For those bitten by rattlesnakes, 10–44 percent will have lasting injuries. An example of a disability or permanent injury is the ability to use a finger or losing part or all of it.
Employers should train their workers about their risk of exposure to venomous snakes, how workers can prevent and protect themselves from snake bites, and what they should do if they are bitten.
Copperhead: Photo courtesy of Sean P. Bush. Some venomous snakes can be difficult to see in the environment. | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/snakes/default.html | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | What is the Most Venomous Snake in the United States? | Lou Carter
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There are 20 species of venomous snakes found in the U.S. Of those, 16 are rattlesnakes, 2 are coral snakes, and the other 2 are water moccasins and copperheads. Each snake produces a venom that leads to a range of adverse effects, but what is America’s most venomous snake species?
In terms of venom potency, the coral snake has the most deadly venom, but you’re unlikely to ever get bitten by one due to their short fangs. The Mojave is the deadliest of all rattlesnakes, but eastern and western diamondback rattlesnakes bite more people per year. The cottonmouth and copperhead are also venomous. Yellow-bellied sea snakes are also extremely deadly, but the U.S. is not their natural habitat.
Even though some snakes have lethal venom, you’re 9 times more likely to die from being struck by lightning than from a venomous snake bite. That’s in equal parts to do with education about snakes, healthcare, and the relative rarity of snakes with venom that is strong enough to kill you.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that only 5 U.S. citizens die from snake bites annually. This is due to superior healthcare standards (antivenom) and less dangerous snakes in America.
This should be contrasted with the rest of the world. According to the British Journal of Haematology , 1.8 million people are bitten and ‘envenomated’ by venomous snakes around the world every year. Of these people, an estimated 125,000 will die.
Coral snakes are among the best-known venomous U.S. snakes, aside from rattlesnakes. That’s because of their distinctive, colorful banded pattern. Despite their colorful pattern, they’re quite shy and would much rather try and escape from a human than get up close to one.
Whatever the case, they’re exceptionally venomous. Their venom is different to that which rattlesnakes carry. It’s a neurotoxin instead of a hemotoxin. Neurotoxins don’t attack blood cells and organs; they attack the body’s nervous system. The proteins in the venom seek out the nerve endings in our body, and attach to the receptors that pick up signals from them. Once enough receptors have been completely coated in proteins, the brain can’t send signals to the body.
That’s a major danger. The brain can’t communicate anymore with the heart, lungs, or limbs. If the snake bit you with enough venom, this effect would stop your brain from being able to tell your lungs to breathe and your heart to beat. Needless to say, this will kill you.
Coral snakes used to be considered the most dangerous snake in the southeast. That’s why people developed rhymes and mnemonics to remember how to identify one. However, coral snakes are unlikely to bite you because they only have short fangs. This makes it far more difficult to pierce the skin and deliver potent venom.
Today, we know that they’re only one of many snakes in the southeast that can kill you. That’s why coral snakes deserve a spot on our list for being so venomous, despite being three feet long at most.
- Coral snakes are the snake that’s the subject of the rhyme, “Red next to black—friend of Jack. Red next to yellow, kills a fellow!” This is to help distinguish them from scarlet kingsnakes, which have the same color bands, but in a different order.
- The rhyme above only applies to North American coral snakes. If you encounter a South American coral snake, this rhyme could get you killed, because their red bands do touch their black bands.
- There are Texas coral snakes and Arizona coral snakes , too. These populations are isolated from one another, but each has the same black, yellow and red color and pattern.
The Mojave rattlesnake lives in the Mojave Desert. You can find them in California, Arizona, and northern Mexico. When you find one in the desert, their coloration and pattern are dull.
You’d be forgiven for thinking that they’re generally a dull snake. They’re easily the most venomous rattlesnake in America.
There are two subspecies of the Mojave rattlesnake. The population in south-central Arizona has a different venom, which isn’t quite as potent as the other subspecies. It has both neurotoxic and hemotoxic effects. This means that if you used an antivenom that works with hemotoxic venoms, you could still die. What makes the Mojave rattlesnake so deadly?
- When a Mojave rattlesnake bites you, the onset of symptoms takes a while. So, you might think that you’ve been unaffected by their bite, but you’re actually getting closer to death.
- Their venom works by attacking both your red blood cells and your nervous system. This means that you’ll experience the same difficulty breathing and moving as you will when bitten by a coral snake, plus the internal hemorrhaging of when you’re bitten by a rattlesnake.
Because they prefer high deserts and mountainous regions, you’re not likely to encounter one unless you go hiking. Despite their lethal venom, they don’t bite and kill that many people. If they had a similar range to the timber rattlesnake, you’d hear about a lot more Mojave rattlesnake deaths.
- The majority of the population doesn’t live in the Mojave Desert. Many more of them live in similar arid environments in Mexico instead.
- CBS reported that a boy bitten by one needed 42 vials of antivenom.
- Back before antivenoms became widely available in America, bites had a 25% mortality rate.
- One of the chemicals in their venom was first identified from Mojave rattlesnakes (Mojave toxin.) On its own, it’s not deadly, but combined with the rest of their venom, it’s highly potent.
The Eastern Diamondback is the longest venomous snake in North America. These deadly snakes can reach 8 feet in length and weigh up to 10lbs.
They don’t need to be that heavy—generally, very heavy snakes like anacondas are constrictors that need muscle mass. Eastern Diamondbacks don’t need muscle mass. All they need are their fangs.
They primarily feed on small rodents and mammals, but their venom has the same effect on humans as it does on rats. It’s hemotoxic, which means it destroys red blood cells. In plain English, hemotoxic venom can:
- Stop blood from being able to clot, meaning that you uncontrollably bleed from the bite wound. You can even bleed from the mouth, and, of course, internally.
- Cause the bitten limb to swell up and change color.
- Cause severe organ and tissue damage. Given that the consistency of the blood changes, this damages the heart and lungs—and everything else that needs blood to function.
Aside from that, eastern diamondbacks live in very close proximity to human populations. They live in the southeast, primarily in Florida , but also anywhere from North Carolina to Alabama and Mississippi. They live in woodland forests and swamps.
- They haven’t been added to the endangered species list, but their population is only about 3% of what it once was.
- There’s a myth that eastern diamondbacks have to rattle before they strike. That’s not true. They can stay still and silent before striking.
- Even though they’re natural-born killers, they still have predators. Hawks and eagles can eat eastern diamondbacks.
- Their bites are very painful. The initial bite feels like two hot needles being jabbed into your skin. It only gets worse from there, with the bite site swelling and aching. You also get intense internal pain which is the result of the venom causing the tissue to die.
The western diamondback rattler is not that venomous. But what nets them a place on this list is the fact that they produce so much venom that they can knock out big prey.
There’s a way to tell when a snake produces copious amounts of venom. Their venom glands, towards the back of the head, are much bigger. Snakes that produce and store lots of venom have thin necks, and big wide heads.
Not only that, but since they’re so common, they’re second only to the eastern diamondback in terms of deaths caused. Their venom causes severe pain, internal bleeding, and local swelling. In the worst cases of bite sites that have been heavily envenomated, the tissue will begin to die.
You can find western diamondbacks out west. They range from Texas, down south to Mexico, and west to California. They live out in rocky canyons, but can adapt to many habitats including the desert, grassland, and pine-oak forests.
- In Mexico, where the snake has a large population, it kills more people than any other type of snake.
- They’re a common victim of hit and runs . They sit on the blacktop in the evening and at night, while it retains the heat of the sun.
- They’re a particularly aggressive and defensive species. When you approach one, it’ll usually stand its ground rather than trying to escape. They’ll try rattling, but won’t hesitate to strike.
Copperheads are another kind of viper. They get their name from their heads, which are—you guessed it—a red, coppery color. People use the term copperhead to refer to a few different snakes, including rat snakes and occasionally water moccasins. But the true copperhead is the North American copperhead snake, scientific name Agkistrodon contortrix.
These snakes are pit vipers. Pit vipers have infrared-sensing pits in their nose which can detect minute temperature variations nearby. This helps them to find prey on the forest floor, in the undergrowth, where mice and other small mammals like to hide. They won’t use their senses to hunt and bite you, thankfully, but they’re still dangerous.
What makes copperheads so dangerous is that they freeze when you approach them. Almost all snakes would rather avoid a person than confront them, because, after all, you’re much bigger and louder than they are. The copperhead doesn’t try and get away, though—it stands its ground. This means that they encounter and therefore bite far more people than other snakes. Not only that, but their range is quite wide, from Texas and the Midwest all the way to the east coast.
Thankfully, the copperhead’s venom isn’t as venomous as the other snakes in our list. In fact, it has the least potent venom of any pit vipers (a group that includes cottonmouths and rattlesnakes). Like other similar snakes, their venom is hemotoxic. A bite from a copperhead can cause:
- Blinding pain, like most bites from pit vipers
- Swelling of the wound, and if enough venom was injected, of the whole limb
- Damage to both muscle and bone tissue
It’s extremely rare for anybody to die from a copperhead bite . But their venom can easily kill smaller animals.
- Copperheads can reproduce without mating. This is known as parthenogenesis, and it’s a failsafe that means females can have young even if there aren’t any mates around.
- A unique protein in copperhead venom called contortrostatin has been found to stop cancer cells from growing and spreading.
- In the south, they’re nocturnal during the summer months. This helps them avoid the worst of the summer’s heat, which is necessary because they can’t regulate their own body heat.
- Copperheads are much more social than most other kinds of snake. You can find them in groups, either sunning themselves on communal basking rocks or getting ready to mate.
- They’re much more likely to ‘dry bite’ you. This is where they’ve tried scaring you off, but you won’t leave you alone. They bite you, but don’t inject any venom (or hardly use any). They prefer to save their venom for killing prey.
Cottonmouths get their name from their distinctive defensive display. When they’re threatened, cottonmouths will gape as wide as they can , as a threat. Because the inside of their mouth is a bright and noticeable white, they got the name ‘cottonmouth.’ The name ‘water moccasin’ has a less clear origin, but they go by both names either way.
Cottonmouths are one of the deadliest snakes—and their reputation goes before them. If the water moccasin bit you with the maximum amount of venom they can deliver, it’s enough to kill you . Add given the fact that they’re found all across the southwest, you’ve got a very deadly snake.
- Cottonmouths are the United States’ only venomous water snake.
- They’re also the world’s only semi-aquatic pit viper. Other pit vipers, like rattlesnakes, much prefer to stay on land. But cottonmouths can swim quickly and even hunt underwater .
- Cottonmouths have loads of common names. You might know them as water moccasins, mangrove rattlers, water pit vipers, black water vipers or one of a dozen or more other names.
- Cottonmouths are big and strong, thicker around the middle than most other types of venomous snakes.
These snakes are elapids, just like coral snakes. But unlike coral snakes, they live their whole life out at sea. As you can probably guess from their name, they’re a two-tone snake. They’ve got a yellow belly and a brown back , often with no real pattern—just flat color. They’re one of the most widely distributed snake species in the world. Their geographic range includes:
- The coasts of Africa, all the way from South Africa up to Ethiopia and the Gulf of Aden
- All along the coast of southern Asia, from the middle east all the way to India and then Indonesia
- Up north, the coasts of China and Japan
- The shores of every island in the south Pacific, from Australia out to Fiji and French Polynesia
And then all the way across the ocean, to Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, and the United States. They prefer warmer waters so you’ll find them closer to the equator rather than north towards Washington state or Oregon, for example. Because they live in the ocean, the actual number of bites in the U.S. is very low.
Their venom, though, is still extremely potent. That’s a pattern that holds true for sea snakes across the world. It several different kinds of neurotoxin, as well as isotoxins. It damages skeletal muscles, causes neuromuscular paralysis, and directly attacks the kidneys.
If they attack you with enough venom, they could easily kill you. In terms of the amount of venom needed to kill somebody, their venom is more potent than a king cobra or an eastern coral snake.
But because sea snakes generally are small and have small fangs, they actually have trouble biting people. Their fangs aren’t strong enough to easily bite through a scuba diver’s suit.
They can also find it difficult to open their jaws wide enough to bite somebody on the leg or arm. It would be like a person trying to take a bite out of a whole watermelon! This means that their venom may be deadly, the snake itself isn’t much of a threat to you.
- They’re completely adapted to living at sea. They mate, eat, and give birth out at sea. They never rest on the sea floor, or on beaches, or on anything else. It’s not clear how they sleep.
- While they’ll surface for air every once in a while, they can actually breathe in through their skin while underwater.
- They prefer hunting for small fish to attacking people out for a swim.
- They’re the most ‘pelagic’ snake in the world. This means that they’re one of the very few snakes that are comfortable swimming out in the open ocean, far away from the shore.
- Yellow-bellied sea snakes hunt by waiting motionless at the surface of the water. Because fish are attracted to the shadows of things floating, they come straight to the waiting snake. The snake then lashes out at the nearest fish, if they get too close.
Timber rattlesnakes are the most widespread U.S. species. Unlike many other species, you can find them from as far south as Texas to as far north as Wisconsin and southern Minnesota.
Also, you can find them almost anywhere along the east coast, from Massachusetts in the north to Florida in the south. This huge geographic range means that they’re the deadliest snake you’ll find in many northern states like Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New York, and Connecticut. They even used to live in Quebec and Ontario, Canada, before they became extinct that far north.
They like to live in forested areas. But they’re also quite happy sitting on rocky ledges and soaking up the sun. They’re frequently encountered by hikers and regular folks alike because of their range and habitat. But it’s not just that that’s earned their place on our list. Their venom is exceptionally potent, just like other rattlesnakes.
While the timber rattlesnake isn’t recognized as having subspecies, snakes in certain regions have different venoms. You can find timber rattlesnakes with neurotoxic effects, some with hemorrhagic effects, and some with both. All timber rattlesnakes also have long fangs, and big venom glands that can store lots more venom than other snakes like coral snakes.
There are a couple of factors which mean that they might not be the deadliest snake in the U.S. They’re actually relatively shy for a rattlesnake, and will try to avoid people where possible. Not only that, but because of their northern range and adaptation to cold climates, they brumate for long periods of the year. Brumation is like hibernation , where a snake or other reptile enters a period of low activity. This means that they’re asleep from fall until spring, which reduces how much contact they have with people.
- They used to live in Canada, but became extinct there. The same is happening in their northern U.S. habitat, like in Massachusetts, where they’re now rare. They’re disappearing from New England.
- Despite their range shrinking, the IUCN still considers them to be a species of Least Concern.
- Remember we said that the kind of venom a timber rattlesnake has varies depending on where it lives? Some have quite a weak venom that’s nowhere near strong enough to kill.
- The timber rattlesnake is on the Gadsden flag, also known as the ‘Don’t tread on me!’ flag. It was also the snake in Benjamin Franklin’s famous ‘Join, or Die’ cartoon to encourage the colonies to join together and resist British rule. That’s because it had an aggressive reputation, despite being shy for a rattlesnake.
- Today, it’s the state reptile of West Virginia.
They don’t get their name from being a novel crossbreed between dangerous big cats and venomous snakes. No, they get their name from having tiger-like stripes along their body. Instead, they’re normally shades of brown and maybe pale orange.
They only have a tiny natural range, in north-western Mexico and south-central Arizona. They have tiny heads in comparison to their bodies, which means that they also have quite low venom yields.
But pound for pound, their venom is the very strongest—at the top with the Mojave rattler. It contains both neurotoxins and myotoxins. Neurotoxins attack the nervous system, while neurotoxins cause muscle necrosis throughout the body.
- They’re nocturnal during the summer, to avoid heat levels that would be deadly for them.
- During the spring or fall, they’re diurnal. Being diurnal means that you’re awake during the day—the opposite of nocturnal.
- They brumate through the winter, hiding in abandoned mammal burrows or crevices in rocks.
Don’t approach venomous snakes, and never try to move them out of your way. If you ever find a venomous snake, take a different path. That way, you’ll avoid becoming one of the 5 U.S. snake bite deaths each year.
Related Articles: | https://www.snakesforpets.com/most-venomous-snake-in-united-states/ | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | Venomous Snakes | NIOSH | CDC | Venomous snakes found in the United States include rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths/water moccasins, and coral snakes. A venomous bite is called an “envenomation.” Although death from venomous snake bites is rare, a worker with a severe envenomation or allergy to snake venom can die from a venomous bite. Each year, an estimated 7,000–8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes in the United States, and about 5 of those people die. The number of deaths would be much higher if people did not seek medical care.
Workers are far more likely to suffer long-term injuries from snake bites than to die from them. For those bitten by rattlesnakes, 10–44 percent will have lasting injuries. An example of a disability or permanent injury is the ability to use a finger or losing part or all of it.
Employers should train their workers about their risk of exposure to venomous snakes, how workers can prevent and protect themselves from snake bites, and what they should do if they are bitten.
Copperhead: Photo courtesy of Sean P. Bush. Some venomous snakes can be difficult to see in the environment. | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/snakes/default.html | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | List of Venomous Snakes Found in Each U.S. State - Wildlife Informer | We recently wrote an article, the 22 species of venomous snakes in the Unites States . As the title suggests it shows the venomous snake species found in the U.S., but which species of venomous snakes can be found in each of the 50 U.S. states? Well this article is meant to answer that question. In the below list of U.S. states we’re going to tell you the species of venomous snakes found in each state.
This list of venomous snakes in each state was compiled using various sources, it is believed to be accurate but not guaranteed. If you notice any discrepancies please leave a note for us in the comments!
The 4 U.S. states that do not have any species of venomous snakes are:
- Alaska
- Hawaii
- Maine
- Rhode Island
Venomous snakes in Alabama:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Western Cottonmouth
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Eastern Coral Snake
There are 11 venomous snakes in Alabama such as the Eastern Diamondback, Cottonmouths and Copperheads. These snakes are often found around people’s homes in barns, garages, gardens and yards but can also be found in more secluded or wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Alaska:
There are no species of snake in Alaska, venomous or nonvenomous.
Venomous snakes in Arizona:
- New Mexican Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
- Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
- Hopi Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Sonoran Coral Snake
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Colorado Desert Sidewinder
- Sonoran Desert Sidewinder
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Tiger Rattlesnake
- Western Twin-Spotted Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Grand Canyon Rattlesnake
- Desert Massasauga Rattlesnake
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Arizona Black Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
Arizona is home to 19 different species of venomous snakes, with most of these species being rattlesnakes. Most of these species are found in desert areas but Rattlesnakes are also known to be frequent visitors to golf courses and can be found out on the green.
Venomous snakes in Arkansas:
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
Arkansas is home to 6 species of venomous snakes found in all four groups of venomous snakes that are found in the United States. The most likely place to encounter venomous snakes in Arkansas is in forested areas. The Copperhead and Cottonmouths are the most common, with Coral Snakes being found only rarely.
Venomous snakes in California:
- Colorado Desert Sidewinder
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Panamint Rattlesnake
- Red Diamond Rattlesnake
- Southern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
All venomous snakes in California are Rattlesnakes. The Rattlesnakes of California can be found in a wide variety of climates and habitats like in the mountains, near the coast, in the desert, as well as in suburban areas. Western Diamondbacks are thought to be the most commonly encountered species.
Venomous snakes in Colorado:
- Desert Massasauga
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
Only four species of Rattlesnakes occur in Colorado . The most likely place to find these snakes are in desert areas and canyons. The most commonly found snake on this list is the Prairie Rattlesnake which is found all over the state.
Venomous snakes in Connecticut:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Connecticut is home to only two species of venomous snakes. Both species are rarely found, making run-ins with humans few and far between. The best place to look for these species are in forested areas or near water bodies.
Venomous snakes in Delaware:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Like Connecticut, Delaware is home to only two species of venomous snakes: the Northern Copperhead and the Timber Rattlesnake. Both species are hard to find, with Northern Copperheads being somewhat more common. Copperheads can be found around waterbodies while Timber Rattlesnakes are found in wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Florida:
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
For as many species of reptiles found in Florida , there are surprisingly few species of venomous snakes found there. Of these species, the Cottonmouths and Copperheads are the most common. Because it gets so hot during the day in Florida, the best time to find them is during the evening when temperatures begin to cool down.
Venomous snakes in Georgia:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
Similar to other parts of the Southeastern United States, Cottonmouths are some of the more common and widely distributed species. Cottonmouths are more resilient to human disturbed areas while the Eastern Diamondback has had decreases in their population due to human disturbance. There are 6 types of venomous snakes found in Georgia , including subspecies there are 10 total species.
Venomous snakes in Hawaii:
There are thought to be no venomous snakes in Hawaii, however there have been a few records of venomous sea snakes washing up on Hawaiian beaches, likely due to storms pushing them there.
Venomous snakes in Idaho:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
The Rattlesnakes in Idaho are relatively hard to find and are not encountered often meaning that you would be lucky (or unlucky) to find one. The best place to see these snakes are in rocky areas, grasslands, and near bodies of water.
Venomous snakes in Illinois:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Osage Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
The 5 venomous snakes of Illinois are scattered throughout the state and there isn’t one species that is particularly abundant. One major concern for venomous snakes in Illinois is the changes in habitat due to humans moving in. These snakes tend to stick to wetlands, swamps, forests, and river bluffs.
Venomous snakes in Indiana:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
There are 4 venomous snakes in Indiana, none of which are particularly abundant. In fact, the Western Cottonmouth and Timber Rattlesnake are endangered at the State level, meaning that there are experiencing population declines. The Western Cottonmouth is only found in one small area in Southwest Indiana, while the other species are a bit more widespread.
Venomous snakes in Iowa:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Osage Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
In Iowa, the most common species of venomous snakes is the Timber Rattlesnake. They are found in Eastern and Southern Iowa in secluded wooded areas. The Copperhead species are the most difficult to find and may be found sometimes in Southeast Iowa.
Venomous snakes in Kansas:
- Broad-Banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
- Western Massasauga
The Copperheads are probably the most abundant species of venomous snakes in Kansas. These snakes typically prefer rural or semi-rural areas like woodlands, rocky outcrops and around water, however they have been found in people’s gardens and around homes in more rural areas.
Venomous snakes in Kentucky:
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Copperheads are the most common venomous snakes in Kentucky and are distributed throughout the entire state. Timber Rattlesnakes are also widely distributed and occur almost everywhere other than the Northern part of the state while the Western Pygmy Rattlesnake occurs only in one small area in Southwestern Kentucky.
Venomous snakes in Louisiana:
- Western Cottonmouth
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Timber Rattle Snake
Louisiana is home to at least one species found in each of the four groups of venomous snakes found in the United States. Copperheads and Cottonmouths are the most common of the venomous snakes found in Louisiana but have slowly been disappearing from urban and suburban areas due to the disturbance. Instead, these snakes are most likely to be found in forests and wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Maine:
There are no venomous snakes found in Maine. At one point in time the Timber Rattlesnake lived in the state of Maine, but it has since been extirpated.
Venomous snakes in Maryland:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
The only 2 species of venomous snakes found in Maryland are the Timber Rattlesnake and the Northern Copperhead. Neither the Northern Copperhead nor Timber Rattlesnake are particularly common in Maryland. In fact, most people that claim they have seen a Copperhead have actually seen a non-venomous species that just happens to look a lot like a Copperhead. The best place to look for these snakes are in wooded areas far away from urban areas.
Venomous snakes in Massachusetts:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Massachusetts is home to two species of venomous snakes, however both species are very seen. It is believed that there are no more than a few hundred individuals left of either species due to a changing urbanized landscape. If you are lucky enough to see either a Copperhead or Rattlesnake, chances are it will be far away from urban areas in a forest or along rocky outcrops.
Venomous snakes in Michigan:
- Eastern Massasauga
Michigan is home to a single species of venomous snake. Eastern Massasaugas are incredibly secretive meaning that many people may never encounter one even though they are fairly widespread throughout the state. They can be found in wetlands, prairies, and forests.
Venomous snakes in Minnesota:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Massasauga
The only venomous snakes to be found in Minnesota are the Timber Rattlesnake and the Eastern Massasauga. Both species are only found in small areas in the Southeastern part of the state. These snakes are very rarely seen as they tend to avoid human populated areas.
Venomous snakes in Mississippi:
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Mississippi is home to as many as 9 different species of venomous snakes, but the one most commonly encountered is the Timber Rattlesnake, with Copperheads also being relatively common. These snakes are typically found in wooded areas almost all over the state.
Venomous snakes in Missouri:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
Missouri is home to 8 species of venomous snakes, but the most common is thought to be the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are found almost all over the state in Forests and rocky hillsides.
Venomous snakes in Montana:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Montana is home to a single species of venomous snake, the Prairie Rattlesnake. These snakes can be found in most parts of the state but prefer more arid habitats. However, they can also be found in coniferous forests and along rocky outcrops.
Venomous snakes in Nebraska:
- Western Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
The single most widely distributed venomous snake in Nebraska is the Prairie Rattlesnake and can be found almost entirely throughout the Western half of the state. The other 3 venomous snakes found in Nebraska are found in small areas congregating around the South-Southeastern portion of the state.
Venomous snakes in Nevada:
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Panamint Speckled Rattlesnake
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
The Great Basin Rattlesnake can be found in almost the entirety of Nevada except for the Southern tip of the State. Interestingly, the Southern tip of the state is the only place you will find the other species on this list. These snakes are most commonly found in rocky areas in the arid Nevada climate, however the Great Basin Rattlesnake is a habitat generalist and can be found in most habitats.
Venomous snakes in New Hampshire:
- Timber Rattlesnake
The only venomous snake found in New Hampshire is the Timber Rattlesnake, and even then, they are incredibly hard to find. There is only thought to be one small population left. The best place to find them (if you can) is in the mountainous and wooded areas of Southern New Hampshire.
Venomous snakes in New Jersey:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Neither of these 2 venomous snakes are particularly common in New Jersey, but the chances of encountering a Timber Rattlesnake are a little bit higher. Timber Rattlesnakes can be found along the coast in the Pine Barrens while Copperheads tend to stick to wooded areas in the Northern part of the state.
Venomous snakes in New Mexico:
- New Mexican Ridge-nose Rattlesnake
- Arizona Black Rattlesnake
- Sonoran Coral Snake
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Desert Massasauga
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mottled Rock Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
There are 10 types of venomous snakes living in the state, but the hot and dry climate of New Mexico is perfect for the many species of Rattlesnakes that live in New Mexico. New Mexico is also home to the Sonoran Coral Snake; however, these snakes are very rare and do not tend to spend much time around populated areas.
Venomous snakes in New York:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
None of the venomous snakes in New York are very common. The Timber Rattlesnake has the widest distribution in the state and can be found throughout the Southeastern part of the state and with scattered population throughout the rest of the state. The Copperhead can be found along the Hudson valley and the Eastern Massasauga occurs in wetlands in only two locations.
Venomous snakes in North Carolina:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Copperheads are definitely the most commonly encountered venomous snake in North Carolina and can be found throughout the entire state. They prefer wooded areas but are also able to adapt to more human dominated spaces. Copperheads have also been found bunking with Timber Rattlesnakes during hibernation.
Venomous snakes in North Dakota:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
A single species of venomous snake is found in North Dakota. These snakes are typically found in the Southwestern part of North Dakota. As suggested by their name, Prairie Rattlesnakes prefer prairie and grassland habitats however they can also be found in forests.
Venomous snakes in Ohio:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
While there are 3 species of venomous snakes in Ohio, both the Eastern Massasauga and the Timber Rattlesnake are endangered in the state of Ohio, suggesting that their populations are decreasing. The Northern Copperhead is more common than these snakes and can be found in rocky and wooded areas throughout central and Western Ohio.
Venomous snakes in Oklahoma:
- Broad Banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Osage Copperhead
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Cottonmouths and Copperheads are somewhat common in Oklahoma and are typically found in habitats near water and wooded areas. The Rattlesnakes in Oklahoma may also be found in wooded areas but are also happy to be in more arid or dry areas and can be found along rocky outcrops. There are 10 species of venomous snakes in Oklahoma.
Venomous snakes in Oregon:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
Venomous snakes in Oregon can be hard to find and are not commonly encountered. The Rattlesnakes in Oregon are most often found once the weather starts to warm up. When they are encountered, they are typically found along forest trails in the central to Western part of the state.
Venomous snakes in Pennsylvania:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Eastern Massasauga
There are 3 venomous species in the state, but the most common venomous snake to find in Pennsylvania is the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are found in rocky areas and forests throughout most of the state. Northern Copperheads are slightly less common and is found in areas similar to the Timber Rattlesnake. Eastern Massasaugas are endangered in the state and much less common.
Venomous snakes in Rhode Island:
Like several other U.S. states, there are no venomous snakes found in Rhode Island.
Venomous snakes in South Carolina:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamond Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
The Copperheads of South Carolina are arguably the most common Venomous Snakes in South Carolina. The Copperheads, Pygmy Rattlesnakes and Timber Rattlesnakes are found throughout nearly the entire state. Cottonmouths are found in the Eastern half of the state along with Eastern Diamondbacks and Coral Snakes however Coral Snakes are incredibly rare. South Carolina has 9 species of venomous snakes.
Venomous snakes in South Dakota:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Like its neighbor, North Dakota, South Dakota is home to a single species of venomous snake. The Prairie Rattlesnake occurs throughout the Western half of the state where they can be found in prairies, grasslands, meadows, and in forests.
Venomous snakes in Tennessee:
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
Including both subspecies of Copperheads, there are 5 species of venomous snakes in Tennessee . Copperheads and Cottonmouths are commonly found in Tennessee as they are more tolerant of human disturbed areas than some of the other species found in Tennessee. Timber Rattlesnakes are also relatively common but stick to more secluded wooded areas. Western Pygmy Rattlesnakes are listed as threatened in Tennessee.
Venomous snakes in Texas:
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Broad-banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mottled Rock Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Trans-Pecos Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Texas is home to 15 different species/subspecies of venomous snakes, making it one of the more biodiverse states for venomous snakes. Venomous snakes are common in rural areas and secluded habitats, but can also be common near people houses hiding in brush piles, wood piles, garages, etc.
Venomous snakes in Utah:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
The dry climate in Utah is great for the 6 Rattlesnake species that live there. These species can mostly be found in desert areas in Utah and occur scattered throughout the state. Less common of these snakes are the Mojave Rattlesnake and Mojave Desert Sidewinder, which are only found in the very Southwestern corner of the state.
Venomous snakes in Vermont:
- Timber Rattlesnake
Like other states in the Northeast, the only venomous species found in Vermont is the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are rarely encountered in Vermont but are occasionally found in rocky areas and woodlands. Timber Rattlesnakes are endangered in Vermont and people are encouraged to report any sightings.
Venomous snakes in Virginia:
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
Copperheads are the most commonly seen venomous snakes in Virginia. Copperheads are found all throughout the state. Timber Rattlesnakes stick to the more mountainous regions of the state while Cottonmouths spend time in wetlands in Southern Virginia. There are 3 species of venomous snakes in Virginia.
Venomous snakes in Washington:
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
Washington is segmented into two regions by a mountain range separating Eastern and Western Washington. Once you cross over into Eastern Washington, the climate changes and is much drier. This dry climate is great for Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes, the only species of venomous snakes in Washington state, which tend to be found in rocky areas.
Venomous snakes in West Virginia:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
Of the two types of venomous snakes found in West Virginia, Northern Copperheads are more common. Northern Copperheads and Timber Rattlesnakes can be found in the Appalachian Mountains running through West Virginia and are sometimes encountered by hikers on the trail.
Venomous snakes in Wisconsin:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Massasauga
Both species of venomous snakes in Wisconsin, the Eastern Massasauga or the Timber Rattlesnake, are super common in the state. Eastern Massasaugas are actually endangered in the state and Timber Rattlesnakes are listed as “special concern”, suggesting that the populations for these species are declining. These two snakes are typically restricted to Southwestern Wisconsin
Venomous snakes in Wyoming:
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
In Wyoming, Prairie Rattlesnakes are relatively common and can be found in roughly two thirds of the state. They are often found in rocky outcrops and in prairie habitats. The Yellow Rattlesnake is much less common and is only found around Flaming Gorge.
Want to learn more?
If you want to see pictures of any of the species on this list, check out this article showing all 22 species of venomous snakes in the U.S. | https://wildlifeinformer.com/venomous-snakes-in-each-state/ | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | List of fatal snake bites in the United States | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of some people who were fatally bitten by snakes in the United States by decade in reverse chronological order. It is not a comprehensive list.
The United States has about 30 species of venomous snakes, which include 23 species of rattlesnakes , three species of coral snakes , two species of cottonmouth , and two species of copperhead . At least one species of venomous snake is found in every state except Hawaii, Maine, Rhode Island, [4] and Alaska.
It has been estimated that 7,000–8,000 people per year receive venomous snake bites in the United States, and about five of those people die. [5] Though most fatal bites are attributed to rattlesnakes, the copperhead accounts for more snakebite incidents than any other venomous North American species. Rattlesnake bites, by comparison, are approximately four times as likely to result in a death or major effects as a copperhead bite. [6]
Venomous snakes are distributed unevenly throughout the United States — the vast majority of snake bites occur in warm weather states. States like Florida and Texas have a wide variety and large population of venomous snakes. Bites from venomous snakes are extremely rare in the states near the Canada–US border . Maine , for example, theoretically has only one species ( timber rattlesnake ); it is rarely seen, and then only in the southern part of the state, and the species is likely extirpated in Maine, with the last sighting in 1901. [7]
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species|| Location, comments |
|William H. "Marty" Martin, 80, male||August 3, 2022||Timber rattlesnake||Harpers Ferry, West Virginia . Martin, a respected snake researcher, was bitten by a captive snake at his home. [8]|
|Simon Currat, 6, male||July 5, 2022||Rattlesnake||Colorado Springs, Colorado . Currat was bitten while riding his bike with his family in Bluestem Prairie Open Space. He collapsed immediately and paramedics were summoned. Despite medical treatment, he died five days later at Children's Hospital Colorado . [9]|
|David Riston, 49, male||January 19, 2022||Unknown||Pomfret, Maryland . Riston was found dead in his home in which he kept 124 snakes including black mambas, cobras, and rattlesnakes. The Maryland Department of Health confirmed that he died of snake envenomation. [10]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Priscilla Meridith, 62, female||June 12, 2019||Timber rattlesnake||Waverly, Georgia . Meridith was bitten by a rattlesnake while in a friend's garden on May 17 when she went to sit down. She was in a medically-induced coma for several weeks until her death on June 12. Meridith was not able to receive antivenom due to her allergies, which doctors said would have put her life at risk.|
|Oliver "Chum" Baker, 52, male||May 25, 2019||Copperhead||Winston County , Alabama . Baker was at his home near Lewis Smith Lake when he was bitten by a copperhead snake and lost consciousness within 2 minutes. CPR was performed and he was taken to a local hospital in critical condition. Baker was later airlifted to Huntsville Hospital , where he died on May 27. [11] [12]|
|Lawrence Walters, 70, male||June 4, 2018||Rattlesnake||Spearfish , Lawrence County , South Dakota . Walters was playing golf at the Elkhorn Ridge Golf Course in Spearfish. He was looking for a ball in tall grass when he was bitten on the ankle. He was rushed back to the clubhouse in a cart where another employee performed CPR until an ambulance arrived, but was pronounced dead at Spearfish hospital. [13]|
|Barry Lester, 57, male||April 29, 2018||Rattlesnake||Osage County, Oklahoma . Lester was driving down a road when he spotted the rattlesnake. He tried to move it to safety but was bitten on both hands. Lester collapsed shortly thereafter and was pronounced dead. [14]|
|Daniel Hohs, 31, male||October 7, 2017||Rattlesnake||Hohs was bitten on the ankle while hiking near Golden, Colorado . He was taken to a local hospital in critical condition and was pronounced dead the following day. [15]|
|Wayne Grooms, 71, male||June 12, 2016||Rattlesnake (likely timber rattlesnake )||Grooms was in the Santee National Wildlife Refuge in South Carolina when a rattlesnake bit his lower left leg. [16] He collapsed and died within 15 minutes. He may have had an undisclosed condition which contributed to the severity of his reaction to the bite. [17]|
|John David Brock, 60, male||July 28, 2015||Unknown (likely timber rattlesnake )||Brock was bitten during a religious service at a Pentecostal Church in Jenson, Kentucky . He refused treatment and died in his brother's home. [18]|
|Russell E. Davis, 39, male||July 19, 2015||Timber rattlesnake||Davis was sitting by a fire at his family's camp in Elk County, Pennsylvania when he was bitten by a rattlesnake. He was taken to a hospital and from there airlifted to a Pittsburgh-area hospital. While in the helicopter, Davis suffered a cardiac arrest and was subsequently pronounced dead upon arrival to the hospital. The cause of death was an anaphylactic reaction from the snake's venom. No autopsy was performed and the death was ruled accidental. [19]|
|Grant Thompson, 18, male||July 14, 2015||Monocled cobra||Thompson was found unresponsive in his car in a Lowe's store parking lot in Austin, Texas . He was taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead. A monocled cobra that he was known to own was missing and was later found dead nearby, having been run over by a car [20] An autopsy was performed and Thompson's death was ruled a suicide. [21]|
|Gilbert De Leon, 37, male||May 23, 2015||Cottonmouth||De Leon was bitten on each leg while wading in the James River near Nixa, Missouri . After the bite, he did not seek medical attention and died the next day. The county coroner stated the cause of death listed on the death certificate states "Undetermined" because De Leon also had a lethal level of the narcotic oxycodone in his system, along with alcohol and a non-lethal level of hydrocodone. [22]|
|David Giles, 59, male||May 20, 2015||Unknown, but likely rattlesnake||Giles, of Watkinsville, Georgia , was bitten while he was alone in Arnoldsville, Georgia . He normally carried a snakebite kit but did not have it with him this time. He drove to a nearby house to seek help, and collapsed. [23]|
|Timothy Levins, 52, male||July 8, 2014||Copperhead||While camping at Sam A. Baker State Park in Missouri, Levins walked outside, saw a snake, and brought it to his son's attention. When he picked it up, the snake bit him. Levins walked back into the cabin, washed his hand at the kitchen sink and sat down on the couch. When he became sick, someone from a neighboring cabin came over to help and performed CPR. Levins was later pronounced dead at an area hospital. [24]|
|Brayden Bullard, 4, male||June 20, 2014||Timber rattlesnake||Bitten while planting watermelons in his backyard in Bryceville, Florida. [25] He was rushed to the hospital, but died 2 weeks later [26]|
|Jamie Coots , 42, male||February 15, 2014||Rattlesnake||Coots was bitten on the right hand during a service at his Full Gospel Tabernacle in Jesus Name church in Middlesboro, Kentucky . After the bite, Coots dropped the snakes, but then picked them back up and continued the ceremony. Later, he was driven to his home. When paramedics arrived, his relatives refused medical treatment for him, saying it was inconsistent with his religion. He died at home.|
|Daniel Frank Mitchell, 53, male||September 20, 2013||Rattlesnake (probably eastern diamondback, but possibly timber)||Salem, Alabama [27]|
|Ernest Burch, 80, male||July 2, 2013 [28]||Timber rattlesnake||Burch found the snake in his garage in Armuchee, Georgia . Not wanting to kill it, he tried moving it out with a broom but lost his balance, fell on top of the snake, and was bitten on his left arm. He was rushed to the hospital and received eight vials of antivenom, but died 30 hours later. [29]|
|Jack Redmond, 70, male||October 2, 2012||Unknown||He was likely killed by one of the 24 venomous snakes he kept in his home in Chesterfield, Virginia . [30]|
|Terry Brown, 50, male||July 2012||Copperhead||Brown died of a heart attack one day after he was bitten by a copperhead snake while camping on the Current River, Missouri. The coroner's office listed the cause of death as a heart attack, with the snake bite as a contributing factor. Witnesses told investigators that Brown had seen a snake in one of the tents and was trying to remove it when the snake bit him on the right thumb. [31]|
|Mark Randall Wolford, 44, male||May 28, 2012||Timber rattlesnake||Wolford was bitten on the thigh while handling a timber rattlesnake as part of an outdoor religious service at Panther State Forest in McDowell County, West Virginia . [32] [33] Wolford did not initially seek medical treatment for his injury, but was taken to Bluefield Regional Medical Center when his condition began to deteriorate some eight hours later. [32] Wolford was a pastor and often handled his pet snake during church services. [32] Wolford's father, Mack Wolford, died in 1983 under similar circumstances. [34]|
|Aleta Stacy, 56, female||June 2011||presumably Black Mamba||Found dead in her home in Putnam Co., NY. She illegally kept numerous venomous snakes in her home, one of which was a Black Mamba. [35]|
|Mark Shaw, 47, male||April 5, 2011||Rattlesnake (probably western diamondback, but possibly timber)||Shaw was bitten by a rattlesnake he was trying to kill in Bastrop County, Texas. [36]|
|Wade Westbrook, 26, male||January 29, 2011||Copperhead||Westbrook was bitten just above the right elbow while handling a copperhead; he had been attempting to determine the snake's sex. [37] According to witnesses, he "tried to extract the venom with a tool after he was bitten, then he began coughing and vomiting before he collapsed." [38] Westbrook was pronounced dead on arrival at Erlanger Hospital in Chattanooga, Tennessee . [38] The cause of death was determined to be "anaphylactic shock as a result of the snake bite." Westbrook had been bitten previously by a Copperhead, which may have made him hypersensitive to snake venom. [38]|
|William Price, 67, male||October 13, 2010||Rattlesnake, probably a Southern Pacific rattlesnake||Price was bitten above the right ankle while wading across a stream near Cuyamaca Reservoir in Cuyamaca, California . [39] He had been taking part in a study of steelhead trout that was funded by a state Department of Fish and Game grant. [39] According to witnesses, Price "stopped breathing within minutes" of being bitten. The bite marks on his foot were reportedly an inch and a half across. [39] Price was airlifted to Palomar Medical Center , but later died.|
|Peyton Hood, 1, female||Aug. 11, 2010||Western diamondback rattlesnake||Accidentally stepped on baby Western Diamondback while climbing down ladder at Possum Kingdom Lake, Texas. The snake struck her main artery. [40] She was rushed to the hospital, but died within a few hours. [41]|
|Eddie Lee Dorminey, 82, male||May 21, 2010||Rattlesnake||Enigma, Georgia . Dorminey was changing a lawnmower belt when he was bitten several times on his wrist. [42]|
|George Yancy, 35, male||May 9, 2010||Rattlesnake (probably western diamondback, but possibly timber)||Yancy was bitten while pulling up his pants in Smithville, Texas. [36]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Richard Rupert, 68, male||October 10, 2009||Timber rattlesnake||Rupert was hunting with his grandson in Oglethorpe County, Georgia . [43]|
|James David Bear, 37, male||January 29, 2008||Timber rattlesnake||Bitten on his right thumb at his mobile house. The canebrake rattlesnake that bit him was one of 179 snakes he kept and bred in various containers and 84 of the snakes were venomous species. [44]|
|Jackie Ledwell, 63, female||October, 2007||Mojave rattlesnake||Ledwell was bitten while taking a walk in Paulden, Arizona. [45]|
|Douglas John Hiler, 48, male||September 1, 2007||Timber rattlesnake||Hiler was bitten on his left hand while attempting to cut off the rattles from what he thought was a dead snake that he came across in the road while driving near Cleveland, Georgia. Medical help was summoned immediately but took 45 minutes to arrive. He survived in intensive care for 42 days before succumbing to the effects. He was reportedly very allergic to bee stings and poison ivy. [46]|
|Linda Long, 48, female||November 5, 2006||Rattlesnake||Long died after being bitten by a snake during a serpent-handling service at church. [47]|
|Inocencio Hernandez-Hernandez, 29, male||June 10, 2006||Eastern coral snake||Hernandez-Hernandez became the first person to die in the United States from a fatal coral snake bite since 1967. He and Jesus Moreida, both of Bonita Springs, Florida , were bitten by a coral snake they tried to kill. [48]|
|Joe Guidry, 54, male||October 2005||Eastern diamondback rattlesnake||Guidry, the Putnam County, Florida , fire marshal, went to help a neighbor who had spotted a rattlesnake while mowing grass. He shot at the snake; it went under a shed, and Guidry was bitten when he reached for it. [49]|
|Marcus Wolf, 35, male||September 12, 2005||Rattlesnake||Wolf, a German tourist, was bitten while hiking near Willcox, Arizona . [50]|
|Margaret Wilson White, 54, female||July 2005||Rattlesnake||White was bitten in Hays County, Texas , near Wimberley along Ranch Road 12, about a quarter mile west of County Road 213. [51] [52] [53]|
|Alexandria Hall, 44, female||September 6, 2004||Urutu pit viper||Bitten at her home and died two days later from a bleed in the brain. [54] [55]|
|Trent Leprette, 31, male||June 20, 2004||Copperhead||Leprette was bitten on each hand while swimming in Saugahatchee Creek near Loachapoka , Alabama on June 16, 2004. He was admitted to East Alabama Medical Center in Opelika ; he developed complications and died after several days of treatment. [56]|
|Ross Cooke, 50, male||May 2003||Southern Pacific rattlesnake||Cooke was killed in Lyle Creek, San Bernardino County, California , having stepped on a snake he mistook for a log. [57]|
|Pat Hughes, 45, male||August 2002||Rattlesnake||Hughes was bitten on the finger by a small snake in his own garage. He was admitted to Sierra Vista Regional Health Center in Sierra Vista, Arizona , and treated with antivenom, but died of "complications associated with the bite". [58]|
|Derek Lema, 2, male||September 16, 2000||Eastern diamondback rattlesnake||Lema was bitten in the thigh by a rattlesnake while helping his father, Victor Lema, in their Lakewood Ranch, Florida , backyard. [59]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Anita Finch, 33, female||Reported December 17, 1999||Gaboon viper or hog-nosed sand viper||Finch was bitten by either of these snakes she kept as pets in her Van Nuys, California home. [60]|
|John Wayne "Punkin" Brown, Jr., 34, male||October 3, 1998||Rattlesnake||Brown was bitten while handling rattlesnake during a religious service in Macedonia, Alabama . He had reportedly survived 22 previous snake bites. Brown's wife, Melinda, had been killed by a snake during a religious service three years earlier, in August 1995. The Browns left five children orphaned. [61]|
|Daril Ray Collins, 23, male||December 14, 1997||Probably rattlesnake||Collins was bitten during a religious service in the community of Arjay, Bell County, Kentucky. [62] [63] [64]|
|Dewey Bruce Hale, 40, male||January 15, 1995||Rattlesnake||Hale was bitten on the hand while removing a rattlesnake from a box during a religious service in Enigma, Georgia . [65]|
|Melinda Brown, 28, female||August 8, 1995||Rattlesnake||Brown was bitten while handling a snake during a religious service in Middlesboro, Kentucky on August 6, 1995. She died two days later. Brown's husband, Dewey "Punkin" Brown, was killed by snake during a religious service in 1998. [66]|
|Kale Saylor, 77, male||March 8, 1995||Rattlesnake||Saylor, a Pentecostal preacher, was bitten while handling a rattlesnake during a religious service in Bell County, Kentucky . Saylor figured prominently in David Kimbrough's 2002 book, Taking Up Serpents: Snake Handlers of Eastern Kentucky [67]|
|Brian Leslie West, 25, male||May 29, 1992||Indian cobra||Mr. West, who resided in Emmitsburg, Maryland , had a state permit to keep more than two dozen snakes. He was tending an Indian Cobra in his basement when the snake bit him on the foot. Five minutes later he went into cardiac arrest and never awoke. He was pronounced dead an hour later at Frederick Memorial Hospital. [68] [69]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Curtis Davison, 22, male||August 19, 1989||Eastern diamondback rattlesnake||Davison was bitten on the top of his right hand as he transferred a six-foot rattlesnake from one cage to another at Silver Springs Nature Park near Ocala, Florida. [70]|
|Glenn R. Alexander, 29, male||March 25, 1987||Rattlesnake||Alexander was bitten during the 23rd Annual Brownwood Rattlesnake Roundup in Brownwood, Texas , on March 21, 1987, and died four days later. [71]|
|Mack Ray Wolford, 39, male||August 28, 1983||Timber rattlesnake||Wolford was bitten on the arm by a timber rattlesnake during religious services at the Lord Jesus Temple in Mile Branch, near Iaeger, West Virginia . [34] Wolford did not initially seek medical treatment. [72] An ambulance was summoned eight hours after Wolford had been bitten, but he died during transport to Stevens Clinic in Welch, West Virginia . [34] Wolford's son, Mark Wolford, died in 2012 under similar circumstances. [32]|
|John Holbrook, 38, male||August 1982||Rattlesnake||Reverend Holbrook was bitten while handling a rattlesnake during religious services in Oceana, West Virginia . [34] [73] Holbrook reportedly refused medical assistance because his religion did not permit it. [34] [73]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Gregory Lee Hall, 3, male||May 31, 1976||Copperhead||Bitten on the right hand by a copperhead he picked while playing near his home in Jacksonville, Alabama , on May 31, 1976. [74]|
|Curtis Mounts, 61, male||May 19, 1974||Rattlesnake||Mounts was bitten on the right arm while handling a snake during a religious service in Bens Run, West Virginia , on May 16, 1974. He died three days later. [75]|
|Richard Lee Williams, 33, male||April 2, 1974||Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake||Rev. Williams, of Columbus, Ohio, was bitten while handling a snake during a religious service in Switzer, West Virginia , on April 4, 1974. [76]|
|Gordon D. Ball, 34, male||August 5, 1973||Rattlesnake||Ball was presumably bitten by a snake, possibly a massasauga , while traveling alone through Bergen-Byron Swamp on a "picture-taking expedition". [77] A five-day police search recovered Ball's body from a small clearing "near Warboys Road, on the swamp's northern perimeter." [77] An autopsy report listed snakebite as the presumptive cause of death. [77] [78]|
|Beulah Bucklen, 59, female||September 24, 1972||Rattlesnake||Bucklen, of Charleston, West Virginia, was bitten while handling a snake during a religious service in Fraziers Bottom, West Virginia on September 16, 1972. She died eight days later. [79]|
|Susan Mary Gaboury, 34, female||September 13, 1972||Probably an Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake||While driving near St. Augustine, Florida , Gaboury had stopped to relieve herself in the bushes beside the road. Thinking she had been pricked by a spiny plant, possibly the Spanish bayonet , she went to the emergency room, where she was treated for an allergic reaction and released. She returned home and was found dead the next morning. A snake expert determined from the size of the bite that Gaboury had likely been bitten by a diamondback rattler. [80]|
|Bryan L. Bristow, 28, male||December 29, 1971||Cottonmouth||Bristow had been collecting snakes in a bag when he was bitten on the hand by a cottonmouth moccasin in Garyville, Louisiana , on December 29, 1971. [81]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|James Saylor, 24, male||February 20, 1967||Rattlesnake||Bitten while handling a rattlesnake during a religious service in Covington, Kentucky , on February 19, 1967. [82]|
|Wesley Howard Dickinson, 45, male||July 10, 1966||King cobra||An experienced herpetologist, Dickinson was bitten while force-feeding an 8-foot Indian king cobra in Santa Ana, California , on July 10, 1966. Dickinson had previously survived bites from other cobras, rattlesnakes, a cottonmouth and a Gila monster. [83]|
|Frederick A. Shannon , 43, male||August 31, 1965||Mojave rattlesnake||Bitten on a finger of his left hand by Mojave rattlesnake while collecting specimens near Klondyke, Arizona , on August 29, 1965. Shannon was one of the foremost American herpetologists, a physician and an expert on snakebite, having coauthored a manual for the U.S. armed services. He died on August 31, 1965, after being airlifted to a hospital in Los Angeles. [84]|
|Donald Bebis, 1, male||August 4, 1965||Rattlesnake||15-month-old Don Bebis was playing in the yard at his home in Cat Creek, Montana , when he was bitten on both legs on August 4, 1965. [85]|
|Jerry de Bary, 37, male||January 27, 1964||African puff adder||De Bary, the director of the Salt Lake City Zoo, was bitten on the left forearm by a South African puff adder when he opened the cage to tend to the animal. [86]|
|Columbia Gay Hagerman, 22, female||September 28, 1961||Timber rattlesnake||Hagerman was bitten on the right thumb during her first snake handling at a church service in Jolo, West Virginia . She declined medical assistance and died at her parents' home. Her parents had previously been bitten several times by copperheads and rattlesnakes, recovering each time without seeking treatment.|
|Jimmy Cornell, 14, male||March 15, 1961||Eastern diamondback rattlesnake||Bitten on the hand by diamondback rattler while reaching into a gopher hole in Fort Myers, Florida , on March 11, 1961. He died four days later. [87]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|David P. Henson, 74, male||July 26, 1959||Rattlesnake||Rev. Henson, described as an "elderly minister" in the Free Holiness Church, was bitten on the hand while handling a rattlesnake during a religious service in Robinwood, Alabama . Relatives report that he had been handling snakes for "more than 30 years" and that he had survived several bites during that time. [88]|
|Karl P. Schmidt , 67, male||September 26, 1957||Boomslang||Schmidt, a renowned herpetologist, died in Chicago while documenting the effects of a venomous bite of a snake he was trying to identify. The snake was later identified as a juvenile African boomslang. [89]|
|Anna Marie Yost, 46, female||August 29, 1955||Rattlesnake||Bitten on the arm while handling a rattlesnake during a religious service in Savannah, Tennessee , on August 29, 1955. Her brother, Mansel Covington, a well-known snake handler, was bitten on both hands during the same service but survived. The event is recounted in writer Dennis Covington's 1995 book, Salvation on Sand Mountain . [90]|
|George Went Hensley , 74, male||July 25, 1955||Unknown||Hensley died from a bite sustained while handling snakes during a religious service in Florida.|
|Frieda Hoxter, 25, female||March 6, 1955||Cobra||A German immigrant to the U.S., performing as "Princess Naja" at a night club in Baltimore, Maryland , was bitten by one of two cobras she used in her performance. She died at St. Joseph's Hospital, where she had been hospitalized previously for earlier snakebites. [91] [92]|
|Karen Perry, 1, female||June 26, 1953||Rattlesnake||15-month-old Perry was playing in the backyard of her home in Tujunga, California , when she was bitten on the hand by a "pencil thin", 18-inch long rattlesnake. [93]|
|Nathaniel Akins, 25, male||August 18, 1951||Rattlesnake||Bitten by a "giant rattlesnake" while cutting pulpwood alongside the Orlando Highway in Kissimmee, Florida , on Augusta 18, 1951. [94]|
|Ruthie Craig, 50, female||July 15, 1951||Rattlesnake||Bitten on the right forearm while handling a rattlesnake during a religious service in New Hope, Alabama , on July 15, 1951. [95]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Ben Padgett, 26, male||September 2, 1949||Rattlesnake||Bitten below the left knee while cutting trees near Maxville, Florida on September 2, 1949 [96]|
|Grace Olive Wiley , 64, female||July 20, 1948||Indian cobra||Wiley, an experienced herpetologist, who was known as the "Queen of the Cobras" for her work in the movie industry, was posing for a photograph with a juvenile cobra when she was bitten after a flashbulb startled the snake. Cypress, California [97]|
|Mrs. Floyd Butterbaugh, 22, Female||July 18, 1947||Timber rattlesnake||Mrs. Butterbaugh was bitten by a timber rattler at her home on Piney Creek, 12 miles east of Chillicothe, Ohio near the Tar Hollow State Forest. She was picking beans in her garden when she was bitten. She died the next day. This is the last known fatality from a wild snake bite in the state of Ohio. [98]|
|Jerry Frier, 7, male||June 22, 1943||Rattlesnake||Frier died from rattlesnake bite in Lafayette County, Florida . [99]|
|Dorothy Louise Key, 8, female||May 1, 1942||Rattlesnake||Bitten while walking in woods near her home in Bradenton, Florida [100]|
|Mahel Coffey, 10, female||July 21, 1941||Rattlesnake||Bitten by a rattlesnake while picking berries near her home in Lenoir, North Carolina [101]|
|John Charles Goss, 2, male||June 23, 1941||Rattlesnake||Bitten beneath the right knee while at a picnic near the city reservoir alongside the Willow Creek Highway in Bradford, Pennsylvania [102]|
|Reba Ann Cooper, 2, female||April 28, 1940||Rattlesnake||The daughter of a rancher, Cooper was bitten by a rattlesnake on a ranch near Rocksprings, Texas . [103]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Paul D. Emerson, 50, male||September 17, 1937||Rattle Snake||Dr. Emerson, a nationally known soil expert, was found dead on a trail eight miles west of Rapid City, South Dakota . Bitten on the left leg by a snake, Dr. Emerson had applied a tourniquet below the knee and made an incision over the wound with razor blade before he died. [104]|
|Marshal Ray Weddle, 5, male||July 24, 1937||Rattlesnake||Bitten while playing near his home in Riggins, Idaho . [105]|
|B.T. Walley, 34, male||July 21, 1937||Rattlesnake||Bitten while walking near Laurel, Mississippi . [106]|
|Alfred Weaver, 35, male||May 4, 1936||Rattlesnake||Weaver, a 35-year-old itinerant was bitten on the hand by a rattlesnake during a "faith" demonstration at a revival service in Bartow, Florida on May 3, 1936. He died the next day after refusing medical treatment. [107]|
|Jess Correll, 28, male||July 24, 1931||Copperhead||A farmer, Correll was bitten on the hand, while in the hay loft of his barn near Washington, Indiana . [108]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Wilmer Hassinger, 15, male||June 15, 1929||Rattlesnake||Bitten while fishing along Rattling Creek near Lykens, Pennsylvania . [109]|
|Maggie Collins, 33, female||May 29, 1929||Rattlesnake||Collins died from a rattlesnake bite while picking blackberries in Grady County, Georgia.|
|Rebecca Nimmons, 19, female||July 1928||Rattlesnake||Nimmons was killed by a rattlesnake in Pickens County, South Carolina .|
|Jane Lancaster, 66, female||August 21, 1921||Probably a timber rattlesnake||The bite occurred in Franklin Township at Snake Hollow, near the present-day Scioto Trails State Forest, southeast of Chillicothe, Ohio, in Ross County . An article in the Chillicothe Gazette explained that it could not be confirmed whether the bite Lancaster suffered was from a copperhead or rattlesnake. Given the severity of her wounds, it was likely a timber rattlesnake. [110]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Gustav A. Link, 51, male||August 15, 1917||Timber rattlesnake||Link was showing his pet timber rattlesnake to a group of University of Pittsburgh students in the taxidermy lab of Carnegie Museum . While putting the snake back into its cage, Link was bitten on his right index finger. Link was admitted to Mercy Hospital and treated. Herpetologist Raymond Ditmars sent antivenom from New York by train in the custody of a Pullman porter. Antivenom was administered 12 hours after the bite, but Link died 15 hours after the bite. [111] [112]|
|Helen Moomey, 4, female||September 23, 1915||Rattlesnake||Moomey died from a rattlesnake bite she received while playing with friends near her house in Billings County, North Dakota . [113] The prairie rattlesnake is the only venomous snake in North Dakota.|
|Two Wilson children||June 1913||Prairie rattlesnake||The children were bitten and died while their family was sleeping on the North Dakota prairie.|
|Frank Stankiewicz, 57, male||July 9, 1910||Rattlesnake||Stankiewicz, a Lithuanian immigrant, trapped a rattlesnake while fishing near Nanticoke, Pennsylvania . When he attempted to pull off the rattles, the snake escaped and bit him twice. [114]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Mary Bull, 12, female||July 9, 1907||Rattlesnake||Bull died from a rattlesnake bite in Shenandoah County, Virginia . The timber rattlesnake is the only species of rattlesnake in this region.|
|Frank Benham, 2, male||September 25, 1903||Prairie rattlesnake||Benham died from a rattlesnake bite in Adams County, Colorado, 17 miles north of Deer Trail.|
|Edward Comstock, 39, male||September 25, 1900||Rattlesnake||Comstock died as result of a bite from a rattlesnake during a snake handling exhibition on Water Street in Chillicothe, Ohio . A newspaper article read: "Edward Comstock, manager of a snake show, was bitten by a rattlesnake at Chilll- cothe, O., last week and died, in terrible agony. His hand and arm swelled to an enormous size. Every known antidote was tried without avail. He was changing the snakes and put his hand into a box, when the rattler bit him. He had handled snakes for years." [115]|
|Name, age, gender||Date||Species||Location, comments|
|Belinda Rourke, 6, female||June 1891||Rattlesnake||Rourke died from a bite while playing near a pile of rocks near the family's ranch in the Purgatory River Valley of southern Colorado. The child survived for a day after the bite.|
|Rebecca O. Andrews, approximately 28, female||c. 1890||Rattlesnake||Andrews died from a rattlesnake bite in Kansas .|
|James Ananias Brannon, 2, male||July 1882||Rattlesnake||Brannon died from a rattlesnake bite received while lying on a blanket in Texas .|
|George Sides, 6, male||May 30, 1873||Rattlesnake||Sides died in Texas of a rattlesnake bite.|
|Frederick Louis Niemann, male||1873||Rattlesnake||Niemann died in Saline County, Kansas , from a rattlesnake bite.|
|William A. Perrin, male||1859||Timber rattlesnake||Perrin was killed by a rattlesnake at Stribling Springs in Augusta County, Virginia .|
|Maggie Lee, female||October 24, 1854||Rattlesnake||She was the first child to die of a snakebite in Parker County, Texas. [116]|
|H. M. Pettigrew, 31, male||August 15, 1841||Rattlesnake||Pettigrew died from a rattlesnake bite while clearing land in Fannin County, Texas . [117]|
|Richardson, infant son of Wm. & Ella||1796||Timber rattlesnake||Richardson Cemetery (Town of Springport, NY) [118]|
|Unknown person||1791||Timber rattlesnake||This was the last fatal snakebite in the state of Massachusetts . [119]|
|Child, 5 or 6||August 28, 1790||Timber rattlesnake||A child was bitten by a rattlesnake, and died the next day, in Hardwick, Massachusetts . [120]|
Snakes:
Other animals:
- ^ Norris R (2004). "Venom Poisoning in North American Reptiles". In : Campbell JA , Lamar WW (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere . Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp., 1,500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2 . [ page needed ]
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what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | List of Venomous Snakes Found in Each U.S. State - Wildlife Informer | We recently wrote an article, the 22 species of venomous snakes in the Unites States . As the title suggests it shows the venomous snake species found in the U.S., but which species of venomous snakes can be found in each of the 50 U.S. states? Well this article is meant to answer that question. In the below list of U.S. states we’re going to tell you the species of venomous snakes found in each state.
This list of venomous snakes in each state was compiled using various sources, it is believed to be accurate but not guaranteed. If you notice any discrepancies please leave a note for us in the comments!
The 4 U.S. states that do not have any species of venomous snakes are:
- Alaska
- Hawaii
- Maine
- Rhode Island
Venomous snakes in Alabama:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Western Cottonmouth
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Eastern Coral Snake
There are 11 venomous snakes in Alabama such as the Eastern Diamondback, Cottonmouths and Copperheads. These snakes are often found around people’s homes in barns, garages, gardens and yards but can also be found in more secluded or wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Alaska:
There are no species of snake in Alaska, venomous or nonvenomous.
Venomous snakes in Arizona:
- New Mexican Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
- Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
- Hopi Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Sonoran Coral Snake
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Colorado Desert Sidewinder
- Sonoran Desert Sidewinder
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Tiger Rattlesnake
- Western Twin-Spotted Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Grand Canyon Rattlesnake
- Desert Massasauga Rattlesnake
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Arizona Black Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
Arizona is home to 19 different species of venomous snakes, with most of these species being rattlesnakes. Most of these species are found in desert areas but Rattlesnakes are also known to be frequent visitors to golf courses and can be found out on the green.
Venomous snakes in Arkansas:
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
Arkansas is home to 6 species of venomous snakes found in all four groups of venomous snakes that are found in the United States. The most likely place to encounter venomous snakes in Arkansas is in forested areas. The Copperhead and Cottonmouths are the most common, with Coral Snakes being found only rarely.
Venomous snakes in California:
- Colorado Desert Sidewinder
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Panamint Rattlesnake
- Red Diamond Rattlesnake
- Southern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
All venomous snakes in California are Rattlesnakes. The Rattlesnakes of California can be found in a wide variety of climates and habitats like in the mountains, near the coast, in the desert, as well as in suburban areas. Western Diamondbacks are thought to be the most commonly encountered species.
Venomous snakes in Colorado:
- Desert Massasauga
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
Only four species of Rattlesnakes occur in Colorado . The most likely place to find these snakes are in desert areas and canyons. The most commonly found snake on this list is the Prairie Rattlesnake which is found all over the state.
Venomous snakes in Connecticut:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Connecticut is home to only two species of venomous snakes. Both species are rarely found, making run-ins with humans few and far between. The best place to look for these species are in forested areas or near water bodies.
Venomous snakes in Delaware:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Like Connecticut, Delaware is home to only two species of venomous snakes: the Northern Copperhead and the Timber Rattlesnake. Both species are hard to find, with Northern Copperheads being somewhat more common. Copperheads can be found around waterbodies while Timber Rattlesnakes are found in wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Florida:
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
For as many species of reptiles found in Florida , there are surprisingly few species of venomous snakes found there. Of these species, the Cottonmouths and Copperheads are the most common. Because it gets so hot during the day in Florida, the best time to find them is during the evening when temperatures begin to cool down.
Venomous snakes in Georgia:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
Similar to other parts of the Southeastern United States, Cottonmouths are some of the more common and widely distributed species. Cottonmouths are more resilient to human disturbed areas while the Eastern Diamondback has had decreases in their population due to human disturbance. There are 6 types of venomous snakes found in Georgia , including subspecies there are 10 total species.
Venomous snakes in Hawaii:
There are thought to be no venomous snakes in Hawaii, however there have been a few records of venomous sea snakes washing up on Hawaiian beaches, likely due to storms pushing them there.
Venomous snakes in Idaho:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
The Rattlesnakes in Idaho are relatively hard to find and are not encountered often meaning that you would be lucky (or unlucky) to find one. The best place to see these snakes are in rocky areas, grasslands, and near bodies of water.
Venomous snakes in Illinois:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Osage Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
The 5 venomous snakes of Illinois are scattered throughout the state and there isn’t one species that is particularly abundant. One major concern for venomous snakes in Illinois is the changes in habitat due to humans moving in. These snakes tend to stick to wetlands, swamps, forests, and river bluffs.
Venomous snakes in Indiana:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
There are 4 venomous snakes in Indiana, none of which are particularly abundant. In fact, the Western Cottonmouth and Timber Rattlesnake are endangered at the State level, meaning that there are experiencing population declines. The Western Cottonmouth is only found in one small area in Southwest Indiana, while the other species are a bit more widespread.
Venomous snakes in Iowa:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Osage Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
In Iowa, the most common species of venomous snakes is the Timber Rattlesnake. They are found in Eastern and Southern Iowa in secluded wooded areas. The Copperhead species are the most difficult to find and may be found sometimes in Southeast Iowa.
Venomous snakes in Kansas:
- Broad-Banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
- Western Massasauga
The Copperheads are probably the most abundant species of venomous snakes in Kansas. These snakes typically prefer rural or semi-rural areas like woodlands, rocky outcrops and around water, however they have been found in people’s gardens and around homes in more rural areas.
Venomous snakes in Kentucky:
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Copperheads are the most common venomous snakes in Kentucky and are distributed throughout the entire state. Timber Rattlesnakes are also widely distributed and occur almost everywhere other than the Northern part of the state while the Western Pygmy Rattlesnake occurs only in one small area in Southwestern Kentucky.
Venomous snakes in Louisiana:
- Western Cottonmouth
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Timber Rattle Snake
Louisiana is home to at least one species found in each of the four groups of venomous snakes found in the United States. Copperheads and Cottonmouths are the most common of the venomous snakes found in Louisiana but have slowly been disappearing from urban and suburban areas due to the disturbance. Instead, these snakes are most likely to be found in forests and wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Maine:
There are no venomous snakes found in Maine. At one point in time the Timber Rattlesnake lived in the state of Maine, but it has since been extirpated.
Venomous snakes in Maryland:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
The only 2 species of venomous snakes found in Maryland are the Timber Rattlesnake and the Northern Copperhead. Neither the Northern Copperhead nor Timber Rattlesnake are particularly common in Maryland. In fact, most people that claim they have seen a Copperhead have actually seen a non-venomous species that just happens to look a lot like a Copperhead. The best place to look for these snakes are in wooded areas far away from urban areas.
Venomous snakes in Massachusetts:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Massachusetts is home to two species of venomous snakes, however both species are very seen. It is believed that there are no more than a few hundred individuals left of either species due to a changing urbanized landscape. If you are lucky enough to see either a Copperhead or Rattlesnake, chances are it will be far away from urban areas in a forest or along rocky outcrops.
Venomous snakes in Michigan:
- Eastern Massasauga
Michigan is home to a single species of venomous snake. Eastern Massasaugas are incredibly secretive meaning that many people may never encounter one even though they are fairly widespread throughout the state. They can be found in wetlands, prairies, and forests.
Venomous snakes in Minnesota:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Massasauga
The only venomous snakes to be found in Minnesota are the Timber Rattlesnake and the Eastern Massasauga. Both species are only found in small areas in the Southeastern part of the state. These snakes are very rarely seen as they tend to avoid human populated areas.
Venomous snakes in Mississippi:
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Mississippi is home to as many as 9 different species of venomous snakes, but the one most commonly encountered is the Timber Rattlesnake, with Copperheads also being relatively common. These snakes are typically found in wooded areas almost all over the state.
Venomous snakes in Missouri:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
Missouri is home to 8 species of venomous snakes, but the most common is thought to be the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are found almost all over the state in Forests and rocky hillsides.
Venomous snakes in Montana:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Montana is home to a single species of venomous snake, the Prairie Rattlesnake. These snakes can be found in most parts of the state but prefer more arid habitats. However, they can also be found in coniferous forests and along rocky outcrops.
Venomous snakes in Nebraska:
- Western Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
The single most widely distributed venomous snake in Nebraska is the Prairie Rattlesnake and can be found almost entirely throughout the Western half of the state. The other 3 venomous snakes found in Nebraska are found in small areas congregating around the South-Southeastern portion of the state.
Venomous snakes in Nevada:
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Panamint Speckled Rattlesnake
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
The Great Basin Rattlesnake can be found in almost the entirety of Nevada except for the Southern tip of the State. Interestingly, the Southern tip of the state is the only place you will find the other species on this list. These snakes are most commonly found in rocky areas in the arid Nevada climate, however the Great Basin Rattlesnake is a habitat generalist and can be found in most habitats.
Venomous snakes in New Hampshire:
- Timber Rattlesnake
The only venomous snake found in New Hampshire is the Timber Rattlesnake, and even then, they are incredibly hard to find. There is only thought to be one small population left. The best place to find them (if you can) is in the mountainous and wooded areas of Southern New Hampshire.
Venomous snakes in New Jersey:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Neither of these 2 venomous snakes are particularly common in New Jersey, but the chances of encountering a Timber Rattlesnake are a little bit higher. Timber Rattlesnakes can be found along the coast in the Pine Barrens while Copperheads tend to stick to wooded areas in the Northern part of the state.
Venomous snakes in New Mexico:
- New Mexican Ridge-nose Rattlesnake
- Arizona Black Rattlesnake
- Sonoran Coral Snake
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Desert Massasauga
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mottled Rock Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
There are 10 types of venomous snakes living in the state, but the hot and dry climate of New Mexico is perfect for the many species of Rattlesnakes that live in New Mexico. New Mexico is also home to the Sonoran Coral Snake; however, these snakes are very rare and do not tend to spend much time around populated areas.
Venomous snakes in New York:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
None of the venomous snakes in New York are very common. The Timber Rattlesnake has the widest distribution in the state and can be found throughout the Southeastern part of the state and with scattered population throughout the rest of the state. The Copperhead can be found along the Hudson valley and the Eastern Massasauga occurs in wetlands in only two locations.
Venomous snakes in North Carolina:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Copperheads are definitely the most commonly encountered venomous snake in North Carolina and can be found throughout the entire state. They prefer wooded areas but are also able to adapt to more human dominated spaces. Copperheads have also been found bunking with Timber Rattlesnakes during hibernation.
Venomous snakes in North Dakota:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
A single species of venomous snake is found in North Dakota. These snakes are typically found in the Southwestern part of North Dakota. As suggested by their name, Prairie Rattlesnakes prefer prairie and grassland habitats however they can also be found in forests.
Venomous snakes in Ohio:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
While there are 3 species of venomous snakes in Ohio, both the Eastern Massasauga and the Timber Rattlesnake are endangered in the state of Ohio, suggesting that their populations are decreasing. The Northern Copperhead is more common than these snakes and can be found in rocky and wooded areas throughout central and Western Ohio.
Venomous snakes in Oklahoma:
- Broad Banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Osage Copperhead
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Cottonmouths and Copperheads are somewhat common in Oklahoma and are typically found in habitats near water and wooded areas. The Rattlesnakes in Oklahoma may also be found in wooded areas but are also happy to be in more arid or dry areas and can be found along rocky outcrops. There are 10 species of venomous snakes in Oklahoma.
Venomous snakes in Oregon:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
Venomous snakes in Oregon can be hard to find and are not commonly encountered. The Rattlesnakes in Oregon are most often found once the weather starts to warm up. When they are encountered, they are typically found along forest trails in the central to Western part of the state.
Venomous snakes in Pennsylvania:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Eastern Massasauga
There are 3 venomous species in the state, but the most common venomous snake to find in Pennsylvania is the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are found in rocky areas and forests throughout most of the state. Northern Copperheads are slightly less common and is found in areas similar to the Timber Rattlesnake. Eastern Massasaugas are endangered in the state and much less common.
Venomous snakes in Rhode Island:
Like several other U.S. states, there are no venomous snakes found in Rhode Island.
Venomous snakes in South Carolina:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamond Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
The Copperheads of South Carolina are arguably the most common Venomous Snakes in South Carolina. The Copperheads, Pygmy Rattlesnakes and Timber Rattlesnakes are found throughout nearly the entire state. Cottonmouths are found in the Eastern half of the state along with Eastern Diamondbacks and Coral Snakes however Coral Snakes are incredibly rare. South Carolina has 9 species of venomous snakes.
Venomous snakes in South Dakota:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Like its neighbor, North Dakota, South Dakota is home to a single species of venomous snake. The Prairie Rattlesnake occurs throughout the Western half of the state where they can be found in prairies, grasslands, meadows, and in forests.
Venomous snakes in Tennessee:
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
Including both subspecies of Copperheads, there are 5 species of venomous snakes in Tennessee . Copperheads and Cottonmouths are commonly found in Tennessee as they are more tolerant of human disturbed areas than some of the other species found in Tennessee. Timber Rattlesnakes are also relatively common but stick to more secluded wooded areas. Western Pygmy Rattlesnakes are listed as threatened in Tennessee.
Venomous snakes in Texas:
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Broad-banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mottled Rock Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Trans-Pecos Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Texas is home to 15 different species/subspecies of venomous snakes, making it one of the more biodiverse states for venomous snakes. Venomous snakes are common in rural areas and secluded habitats, but can also be common near people houses hiding in brush piles, wood piles, garages, etc.
Venomous snakes in Utah:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
The dry climate in Utah is great for the 6 Rattlesnake species that live there. These species can mostly be found in desert areas in Utah and occur scattered throughout the state. Less common of these snakes are the Mojave Rattlesnake and Mojave Desert Sidewinder, which are only found in the very Southwestern corner of the state.
Venomous snakes in Vermont:
- Timber Rattlesnake
Like other states in the Northeast, the only venomous species found in Vermont is the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are rarely encountered in Vermont but are occasionally found in rocky areas and woodlands. Timber Rattlesnakes are endangered in Vermont and people are encouraged to report any sightings.
Venomous snakes in Virginia:
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
Copperheads are the most commonly seen venomous snakes in Virginia. Copperheads are found all throughout the state. Timber Rattlesnakes stick to the more mountainous regions of the state while Cottonmouths spend time in wetlands in Southern Virginia. There are 3 species of venomous snakes in Virginia.
Venomous snakes in Washington:
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
Washington is segmented into two regions by a mountain range separating Eastern and Western Washington. Once you cross over into Eastern Washington, the climate changes and is much drier. This dry climate is great for Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes, the only species of venomous snakes in Washington state, which tend to be found in rocky areas.
Venomous snakes in West Virginia:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
Of the two types of venomous snakes found in West Virginia, Northern Copperheads are more common. Northern Copperheads and Timber Rattlesnakes can be found in the Appalachian Mountains running through West Virginia and are sometimes encountered by hikers on the trail.
Venomous snakes in Wisconsin:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Massasauga
Both species of venomous snakes in Wisconsin, the Eastern Massasauga or the Timber Rattlesnake, are super common in the state. Eastern Massasaugas are actually endangered in the state and Timber Rattlesnakes are listed as “special concern”, suggesting that the populations for these species are declining. These two snakes are typically restricted to Southwestern Wisconsin
Venomous snakes in Wyoming:
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
In Wyoming, Prairie Rattlesnakes are relatively common and can be found in roughly two thirds of the state. They are often found in rocky outcrops and in prairie habitats. The Yellow Rattlesnake is much less common and is only found around Flaming Gorge.
Want to learn more?
If you want to see pictures of any of the species on this list, check out this article showing all 22 species of venomous snakes in the U.S. | https://wildlifeinformer.com/venomous-snakes-in-each-state/ | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | List of Venomous Snakes Found in Each U.S. State - Wildlife Informer | We recently wrote an article, the 22 species of venomous snakes in the Unites States . As the title suggests it shows the venomous snake species found in the U.S., but which species of venomous snakes can be found in each of the 50 U.S. states? Well this article is meant to answer that question. In the below list of U.S. states we’re going to tell you the species of venomous snakes found in each state.
This list of venomous snakes in each state was compiled using various sources, it is believed to be accurate but not guaranteed. If you notice any discrepancies please leave a note for us in the comments!
The 4 U.S. states that do not have any species of venomous snakes are:
- Alaska
- Hawaii
- Maine
- Rhode Island
Venomous snakes in Alabama:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Western Cottonmouth
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Eastern Coral Snake
There are 11 venomous snakes in Alabama such as the Eastern Diamondback, Cottonmouths and Copperheads. These snakes are often found around people’s homes in barns, garages, gardens and yards but can also be found in more secluded or wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Alaska:
There are no species of snake in Alaska, venomous or nonvenomous.
Venomous snakes in Arizona:
- New Mexican Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
- Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
- Hopi Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Sonoran Coral Snake
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Colorado Desert Sidewinder
- Sonoran Desert Sidewinder
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Tiger Rattlesnake
- Western Twin-Spotted Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Grand Canyon Rattlesnake
- Desert Massasauga Rattlesnake
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Arizona Black Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
Arizona is home to 19 different species of venomous snakes, with most of these species being rattlesnakes. Most of these species are found in desert areas but Rattlesnakes are also known to be frequent visitors to golf courses and can be found out on the green.
Venomous snakes in Arkansas:
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
Arkansas is home to 6 species of venomous snakes found in all four groups of venomous snakes that are found in the United States. The most likely place to encounter venomous snakes in Arkansas is in forested areas. The Copperhead and Cottonmouths are the most common, with Coral Snakes being found only rarely.
Venomous snakes in California:
- Colorado Desert Sidewinder
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Panamint Rattlesnake
- Red Diamond Rattlesnake
- Southern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
All venomous snakes in California are Rattlesnakes. The Rattlesnakes of California can be found in a wide variety of climates and habitats like in the mountains, near the coast, in the desert, as well as in suburban areas. Western Diamondbacks are thought to be the most commonly encountered species.
Venomous snakes in Colorado:
- Desert Massasauga
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
Only four species of Rattlesnakes occur in Colorado . The most likely place to find these snakes are in desert areas and canyons. The most commonly found snake on this list is the Prairie Rattlesnake which is found all over the state.
Venomous snakes in Connecticut:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Connecticut is home to only two species of venomous snakes. Both species are rarely found, making run-ins with humans few and far between. The best place to look for these species are in forested areas or near water bodies.
Venomous snakes in Delaware:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Like Connecticut, Delaware is home to only two species of venomous snakes: the Northern Copperhead and the Timber Rattlesnake. Both species are hard to find, with Northern Copperheads being somewhat more common. Copperheads can be found around waterbodies while Timber Rattlesnakes are found in wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Florida:
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
For as many species of reptiles found in Florida , there are surprisingly few species of venomous snakes found there. Of these species, the Cottonmouths and Copperheads are the most common. Because it gets so hot during the day in Florida, the best time to find them is during the evening when temperatures begin to cool down.
Venomous snakes in Georgia:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
Similar to other parts of the Southeastern United States, Cottonmouths are some of the more common and widely distributed species. Cottonmouths are more resilient to human disturbed areas while the Eastern Diamondback has had decreases in their population due to human disturbance. There are 6 types of venomous snakes found in Georgia , including subspecies there are 10 total species.
Venomous snakes in Hawaii:
There are thought to be no venomous snakes in Hawaii, however there have been a few records of venomous sea snakes washing up on Hawaiian beaches, likely due to storms pushing them there.
Venomous snakes in Idaho:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
The Rattlesnakes in Idaho are relatively hard to find and are not encountered often meaning that you would be lucky (or unlucky) to find one. The best place to see these snakes are in rocky areas, grasslands, and near bodies of water.
Venomous snakes in Illinois:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Osage Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
The 5 venomous snakes of Illinois are scattered throughout the state and there isn’t one species that is particularly abundant. One major concern for venomous snakes in Illinois is the changes in habitat due to humans moving in. These snakes tend to stick to wetlands, swamps, forests, and river bluffs.
Venomous snakes in Indiana:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
There are 4 venomous snakes in Indiana, none of which are particularly abundant. In fact, the Western Cottonmouth and Timber Rattlesnake are endangered at the State level, meaning that there are experiencing population declines. The Western Cottonmouth is only found in one small area in Southwest Indiana, while the other species are a bit more widespread.
Venomous snakes in Iowa:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Osage Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
In Iowa, the most common species of venomous snakes is the Timber Rattlesnake. They are found in Eastern and Southern Iowa in secluded wooded areas. The Copperhead species are the most difficult to find and may be found sometimes in Southeast Iowa.
Venomous snakes in Kansas:
- Broad-Banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
- Western Massasauga
The Copperheads are probably the most abundant species of venomous snakes in Kansas. These snakes typically prefer rural or semi-rural areas like woodlands, rocky outcrops and around water, however they have been found in people’s gardens and around homes in more rural areas.
Venomous snakes in Kentucky:
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Copperheads are the most common venomous snakes in Kentucky and are distributed throughout the entire state. Timber Rattlesnakes are also widely distributed and occur almost everywhere other than the Northern part of the state while the Western Pygmy Rattlesnake occurs only in one small area in Southwestern Kentucky.
Venomous snakes in Louisiana:
- Western Cottonmouth
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Timber Rattle Snake
Louisiana is home to at least one species found in each of the four groups of venomous snakes found in the United States. Copperheads and Cottonmouths are the most common of the venomous snakes found in Louisiana but have slowly been disappearing from urban and suburban areas due to the disturbance. Instead, these snakes are most likely to be found in forests and wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Maine:
There are no venomous snakes found in Maine. At one point in time the Timber Rattlesnake lived in the state of Maine, but it has since been extirpated.
Venomous snakes in Maryland:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
The only 2 species of venomous snakes found in Maryland are the Timber Rattlesnake and the Northern Copperhead. Neither the Northern Copperhead nor Timber Rattlesnake are particularly common in Maryland. In fact, most people that claim they have seen a Copperhead have actually seen a non-venomous species that just happens to look a lot like a Copperhead. The best place to look for these snakes are in wooded areas far away from urban areas.
Venomous snakes in Massachusetts:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Massachusetts is home to two species of venomous snakes, however both species are very seen. It is believed that there are no more than a few hundred individuals left of either species due to a changing urbanized landscape. If you are lucky enough to see either a Copperhead or Rattlesnake, chances are it will be far away from urban areas in a forest or along rocky outcrops.
Venomous snakes in Michigan:
- Eastern Massasauga
Michigan is home to a single species of venomous snake. Eastern Massasaugas are incredibly secretive meaning that many people may never encounter one even though they are fairly widespread throughout the state. They can be found in wetlands, prairies, and forests.
Venomous snakes in Minnesota:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Massasauga
The only venomous snakes to be found in Minnesota are the Timber Rattlesnake and the Eastern Massasauga. Both species are only found in small areas in the Southeastern part of the state. These snakes are very rarely seen as they tend to avoid human populated areas.
Venomous snakes in Mississippi:
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Mississippi is home to as many as 9 different species of venomous snakes, but the one most commonly encountered is the Timber Rattlesnake, with Copperheads also being relatively common. These snakes are typically found in wooded areas almost all over the state.
Venomous snakes in Missouri:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
Missouri is home to 8 species of venomous snakes, but the most common is thought to be the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are found almost all over the state in Forests and rocky hillsides.
Venomous snakes in Montana:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Montana is home to a single species of venomous snake, the Prairie Rattlesnake. These snakes can be found in most parts of the state but prefer more arid habitats. However, they can also be found in coniferous forests and along rocky outcrops.
Venomous snakes in Nebraska:
- Western Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
The single most widely distributed venomous snake in Nebraska is the Prairie Rattlesnake and can be found almost entirely throughout the Western half of the state. The other 3 venomous snakes found in Nebraska are found in small areas congregating around the South-Southeastern portion of the state.
Venomous snakes in Nevada:
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Panamint Speckled Rattlesnake
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
The Great Basin Rattlesnake can be found in almost the entirety of Nevada except for the Southern tip of the State. Interestingly, the Southern tip of the state is the only place you will find the other species on this list. These snakes are most commonly found in rocky areas in the arid Nevada climate, however the Great Basin Rattlesnake is a habitat generalist and can be found in most habitats.
Venomous snakes in New Hampshire:
- Timber Rattlesnake
The only venomous snake found in New Hampshire is the Timber Rattlesnake, and even then, they are incredibly hard to find. There is only thought to be one small population left. The best place to find them (if you can) is in the mountainous and wooded areas of Southern New Hampshire.
Venomous snakes in New Jersey:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Neither of these 2 venomous snakes are particularly common in New Jersey, but the chances of encountering a Timber Rattlesnake are a little bit higher. Timber Rattlesnakes can be found along the coast in the Pine Barrens while Copperheads tend to stick to wooded areas in the Northern part of the state.
Venomous snakes in New Mexico:
- New Mexican Ridge-nose Rattlesnake
- Arizona Black Rattlesnake
- Sonoran Coral Snake
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Desert Massasauga
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mottled Rock Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
There are 10 types of venomous snakes living in the state, but the hot and dry climate of New Mexico is perfect for the many species of Rattlesnakes that live in New Mexico. New Mexico is also home to the Sonoran Coral Snake; however, these snakes are very rare and do not tend to spend much time around populated areas.
Venomous snakes in New York:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
None of the venomous snakes in New York are very common. The Timber Rattlesnake has the widest distribution in the state and can be found throughout the Southeastern part of the state and with scattered population throughout the rest of the state. The Copperhead can be found along the Hudson valley and the Eastern Massasauga occurs in wetlands in only two locations.
Venomous snakes in North Carolina:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Copperheads are definitely the most commonly encountered venomous snake in North Carolina and can be found throughout the entire state. They prefer wooded areas but are also able to adapt to more human dominated spaces. Copperheads have also been found bunking with Timber Rattlesnakes during hibernation.
Venomous snakes in North Dakota:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
A single species of venomous snake is found in North Dakota. These snakes are typically found in the Southwestern part of North Dakota. As suggested by their name, Prairie Rattlesnakes prefer prairie and grassland habitats however they can also be found in forests.
Venomous snakes in Ohio:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
While there are 3 species of venomous snakes in Ohio, both the Eastern Massasauga and the Timber Rattlesnake are endangered in the state of Ohio, suggesting that their populations are decreasing. The Northern Copperhead is more common than these snakes and can be found in rocky and wooded areas throughout central and Western Ohio.
Venomous snakes in Oklahoma:
- Broad Banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Osage Copperhead
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Cottonmouths and Copperheads are somewhat common in Oklahoma and are typically found in habitats near water and wooded areas. The Rattlesnakes in Oklahoma may also be found in wooded areas but are also happy to be in more arid or dry areas and can be found along rocky outcrops. There are 10 species of venomous snakes in Oklahoma.
Venomous snakes in Oregon:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
Venomous snakes in Oregon can be hard to find and are not commonly encountered. The Rattlesnakes in Oregon are most often found once the weather starts to warm up. When they are encountered, they are typically found along forest trails in the central to Western part of the state.
Venomous snakes in Pennsylvania:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Eastern Massasauga
There are 3 venomous species in the state, but the most common venomous snake to find in Pennsylvania is the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are found in rocky areas and forests throughout most of the state. Northern Copperheads are slightly less common and is found in areas similar to the Timber Rattlesnake. Eastern Massasaugas are endangered in the state and much less common.
Venomous snakes in Rhode Island:
Like several other U.S. states, there are no venomous snakes found in Rhode Island.
Venomous snakes in South Carolina:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamond Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
The Copperheads of South Carolina are arguably the most common Venomous Snakes in South Carolina. The Copperheads, Pygmy Rattlesnakes and Timber Rattlesnakes are found throughout nearly the entire state. Cottonmouths are found in the Eastern half of the state along with Eastern Diamondbacks and Coral Snakes however Coral Snakes are incredibly rare. South Carolina has 9 species of venomous snakes.
Venomous snakes in South Dakota:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Like its neighbor, North Dakota, South Dakota is home to a single species of venomous snake. The Prairie Rattlesnake occurs throughout the Western half of the state where they can be found in prairies, grasslands, meadows, and in forests.
Venomous snakes in Tennessee:
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
Including both subspecies of Copperheads, there are 5 species of venomous snakes in Tennessee . Copperheads and Cottonmouths are commonly found in Tennessee as they are more tolerant of human disturbed areas than some of the other species found in Tennessee. Timber Rattlesnakes are also relatively common but stick to more secluded wooded areas. Western Pygmy Rattlesnakes are listed as threatened in Tennessee.
Venomous snakes in Texas:
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Broad-banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mottled Rock Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Trans-Pecos Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Texas is home to 15 different species/subspecies of venomous snakes, making it one of the more biodiverse states for venomous snakes. Venomous snakes are common in rural areas and secluded habitats, but can also be common near people houses hiding in brush piles, wood piles, garages, etc.
Venomous snakes in Utah:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
The dry climate in Utah is great for the 6 Rattlesnake species that live there. These species can mostly be found in desert areas in Utah and occur scattered throughout the state. Less common of these snakes are the Mojave Rattlesnake and Mojave Desert Sidewinder, which are only found in the very Southwestern corner of the state.
Venomous snakes in Vermont:
- Timber Rattlesnake
Like other states in the Northeast, the only venomous species found in Vermont is the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are rarely encountered in Vermont but are occasionally found in rocky areas and woodlands. Timber Rattlesnakes are endangered in Vermont and people are encouraged to report any sightings.
Venomous snakes in Virginia:
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
Copperheads are the most commonly seen venomous snakes in Virginia. Copperheads are found all throughout the state. Timber Rattlesnakes stick to the more mountainous regions of the state while Cottonmouths spend time in wetlands in Southern Virginia. There are 3 species of venomous snakes in Virginia.
Venomous snakes in Washington:
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
Washington is segmented into two regions by a mountain range separating Eastern and Western Washington. Once you cross over into Eastern Washington, the climate changes and is much drier. This dry climate is great for Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes, the only species of venomous snakes in Washington state, which tend to be found in rocky areas.
Venomous snakes in West Virginia:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
Of the two types of venomous snakes found in West Virginia, Northern Copperheads are more common. Northern Copperheads and Timber Rattlesnakes can be found in the Appalachian Mountains running through West Virginia and are sometimes encountered by hikers on the trail.
Venomous snakes in Wisconsin:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Massasauga
Both species of venomous snakes in Wisconsin, the Eastern Massasauga or the Timber Rattlesnake, are super common in the state. Eastern Massasaugas are actually endangered in the state and Timber Rattlesnakes are listed as “special concern”, suggesting that the populations for these species are declining. These two snakes are typically restricted to Southwestern Wisconsin
Venomous snakes in Wyoming:
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
In Wyoming, Prairie Rattlesnakes are relatively common and can be found in roughly two thirds of the state. They are often found in rocky outcrops and in prairie habitats. The Yellow Rattlesnake is much less common and is only found around Flaming Gorge.
Want to learn more?
If you want to see pictures of any of the species on this list, check out this article showing all 22 species of venomous snakes in the U.S. | https://wildlifeinformer.com/venomous-snakes-in-each-state/ | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | List of Venomous Snakes Found in Each U.S. State - Wildlife Informer | We recently wrote an article, the 22 species of venomous snakes in the Unites States . As the title suggests it shows the venomous snake species found in the U.S., but which species of venomous snakes can be found in each of the 50 U.S. states? Well this article is meant to answer that question. In the below list of U.S. states we’re going to tell you the species of venomous snakes found in each state.
This list of venomous snakes in each state was compiled using various sources, it is believed to be accurate but not guaranteed. If you notice any discrepancies please leave a note for us in the comments!
The 4 U.S. states that do not have any species of venomous snakes are:
- Alaska
- Hawaii
- Maine
- Rhode Island
Venomous snakes in Alabama:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Western Cottonmouth
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Eastern Coral Snake
There are 11 venomous snakes in Alabama such as the Eastern Diamondback, Cottonmouths and Copperheads. These snakes are often found around people’s homes in barns, garages, gardens and yards but can also be found in more secluded or wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Alaska:
There are no species of snake in Alaska, venomous or nonvenomous.
Venomous snakes in Arizona:
- New Mexican Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
- Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
- Hopi Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Sonoran Coral Snake
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Colorado Desert Sidewinder
- Sonoran Desert Sidewinder
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Tiger Rattlesnake
- Western Twin-Spotted Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Grand Canyon Rattlesnake
- Desert Massasauga Rattlesnake
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Arizona Black Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
Arizona is home to 19 different species of venomous snakes, with most of these species being rattlesnakes. Most of these species are found in desert areas but Rattlesnakes are also known to be frequent visitors to golf courses and can be found out on the green.
Venomous snakes in Arkansas:
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
Arkansas is home to 6 species of venomous snakes found in all four groups of venomous snakes that are found in the United States. The most likely place to encounter venomous snakes in Arkansas is in forested areas. The Copperhead and Cottonmouths are the most common, with Coral Snakes being found only rarely.
Venomous snakes in California:
- Colorado Desert Sidewinder
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Panamint Rattlesnake
- Red Diamond Rattlesnake
- Southern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
All venomous snakes in California are Rattlesnakes. The Rattlesnakes of California can be found in a wide variety of climates and habitats like in the mountains, near the coast, in the desert, as well as in suburban areas. Western Diamondbacks are thought to be the most commonly encountered species.
Venomous snakes in Colorado:
- Desert Massasauga
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
Only four species of Rattlesnakes occur in Colorado . The most likely place to find these snakes are in desert areas and canyons. The most commonly found snake on this list is the Prairie Rattlesnake which is found all over the state.
Venomous snakes in Connecticut:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Connecticut is home to only two species of venomous snakes. Both species are rarely found, making run-ins with humans few and far between. The best place to look for these species are in forested areas or near water bodies.
Venomous snakes in Delaware:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Like Connecticut, Delaware is home to only two species of venomous snakes: the Northern Copperhead and the Timber Rattlesnake. Both species are hard to find, with Northern Copperheads being somewhat more common. Copperheads can be found around waterbodies while Timber Rattlesnakes are found in wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Florida:
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
For as many species of reptiles found in Florida , there are surprisingly few species of venomous snakes found there. Of these species, the Cottonmouths and Copperheads are the most common. Because it gets so hot during the day in Florida, the best time to find them is during the evening when temperatures begin to cool down.
Venomous snakes in Georgia:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
Similar to other parts of the Southeastern United States, Cottonmouths are some of the more common and widely distributed species. Cottonmouths are more resilient to human disturbed areas while the Eastern Diamondback has had decreases in their population due to human disturbance. There are 6 types of venomous snakes found in Georgia , including subspecies there are 10 total species.
Venomous snakes in Hawaii:
There are thought to be no venomous snakes in Hawaii, however there have been a few records of venomous sea snakes washing up on Hawaiian beaches, likely due to storms pushing them there.
Venomous snakes in Idaho:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
The Rattlesnakes in Idaho are relatively hard to find and are not encountered often meaning that you would be lucky (or unlucky) to find one. The best place to see these snakes are in rocky areas, grasslands, and near bodies of water.
Venomous snakes in Illinois:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Osage Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
The 5 venomous snakes of Illinois are scattered throughout the state and there isn’t one species that is particularly abundant. One major concern for venomous snakes in Illinois is the changes in habitat due to humans moving in. These snakes tend to stick to wetlands, swamps, forests, and river bluffs.
Venomous snakes in Indiana:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
There are 4 venomous snakes in Indiana, none of which are particularly abundant. In fact, the Western Cottonmouth and Timber Rattlesnake are endangered at the State level, meaning that there are experiencing population declines. The Western Cottonmouth is only found in one small area in Southwest Indiana, while the other species are a bit more widespread.
Venomous snakes in Iowa:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Osage Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
In Iowa, the most common species of venomous snakes is the Timber Rattlesnake. They are found in Eastern and Southern Iowa in secluded wooded areas. The Copperhead species are the most difficult to find and may be found sometimes in Southeast Iowa.
Venomous snakes in Kansas:
- Broad-Banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
- Western Massasauga
The Copperheads are probably the most abundant species of venomous snakes in Kansas. These snakes typically prefer rural or semi-rural areas like woodlands, rocky outcrops and around water, however they have been found in people’s gardens and around homes in more rural areas.
Venomous snakes in Kentucky:
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Copperheads are the most common venomous snakes in Kentucky and are distributed throughout the entire state. Timber Rattlesnakes are also widely distributed and occur almost everywhere other than the Northern part of the state while the Western Pygmy Rattlesnake occurs only in one small area in Southwestern Kentucky.
Venomous snakes in Louisiana:
- Western Cottonmouth
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Timber Rattle Snake
Louisiana is home to at least one species found in each of the four groups of venomous snakes found in the United States. Copperheads and Cottonmouths are the most common of the venomous snakes found in Louisiana but have slowly been disappearing from urban and suburban areas due to the disturbance. Instead, these snakes are most likely to be found in forests and wooded areas.
Venomous snakes in Maine:
There are no venomous snakes found in Maine. At one point in time the Timber Rattlesnake lived in the state of Maine, but it has since been extirpated.
Venomous snakes in Maryland:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
The only 2 species of venomous snakes found in Maryland are the Timber Rattlesnake and the Northern Copperhead. Neither the Northern Copperhead nor Timber Rattlesnake are particularly common in Maryland. In fact, most people that claim they have seen a Copperhead have actually seen a non-venomous species that just happens to look a lot like a Copperhead. The best place to look for these snakes are in wooded areas far away from urban areas.
Venomous snakes in Massachusetts:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Massachusetts is home to two species of venomous snakes, however both species are very seen. It is believed that there are no more than a few hundred individuals left of either species due to a changing urbanized landscape. If you are lucky enough to see either a Copperhead or Rattlesnake, chances are it will be far away from urban areas in a forest or along rocky outcrops.
Venomous snakes in Michigan:
- Eastern Massasauga
Michigan is home to a single species of venomous snake. Eastern Massasaugas are incredibly secretive meaning that many people may never encounter one even though they are fairly widespread throughout the state. They can be found in wetlands, prairies, and forests.
Venomous snakes in Minnesota:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Massasauga
The only venomous snakes to be found in Minnesota are the Timber Rattlesnake and the Eastern Massasauga. Both species are only found in small areas in the Southeastern part of the state. These snakes are very rarely seen as they tend to avoid human populated areas.
Venomous snakes in Mississippi:
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Mississippi is home to as many as 9 different species of venomous snakes, but the one most commonly encountered is the Timber Rattlesnake, with Copperheads also being relatively common. These snakes are typically found in wooded areas almost all over the state.
Venomous snakes in Missouri:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
- Southern Copperhead
Missouri is home to 8 species of venomous snakes, but the most common is thought to be the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are found almost all over the state in Forests and rocky hillsides.
Venomous snakes in Montana:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Montana is home to a single species of venomous snake, the Prairie Rattlesnake. These snakes can be found in most parts of the state but prefer more arid habitats. However, they can also be found in coniferous forests and along rocky outcrops.
Venomous snakes in Nebraska:
- Western Massasauga
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Osage Copperhead
The single most widely distributed venomous snake in Nebraska is the Prairie Rattlesnake and can be found almost entirely throughout the Western half of the state. The other 3 venomous snakes found in Nebraska are found in small areas congregating around the South-Southeastern portion of the state.
Venomous snakes in Nevada:
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
- Panamint Speckled Rattlesnake
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
The Great Basin Rattlesnake can be found in almost the entirety of Nevada except for the Southern tip of the State. Interestingly, the Southern tip of the state is the only place you will find the other species on this list. These snakes are most commonly found in rocky areas in the arid Nevada climate, however the Great Basin Rattlesnake is a habitat generalist and can be found in most habitats.
Venomous snakes in New Hampshire:
- Timber Rattlesnake
The only venomous snake found in New Hampshire is the Timber Rattlesnake, and even then, they are incredibly hard to find. There is only thought to be one small population left. The best place to find them (if you can) is in the mountainous and wooded areas of Southern New Hampshire.
Venomous snakes in New Jersey:
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Neither of these 2 venomous snakes are particularly common in New Jersey, but the chances of encountering a Timber Rattlesnake are a little bit higher. Timber Rattlesnakes can be found along the coast in the Pine Barrens while Copperheads tend to stick to wooded areas in the Northern part of the state.
Venomous snakes in New Mexico:
- New Mexican Ridge-nose Rattlesnake
- Arizona Black Rattlesnake
- Sonoran Coral Snake
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Desert Massasauga
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mottled Rock Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
There are 10 types of venomous snakes living in the state, but the hot and dry climate of New Mexico is perfect for the many species of Rattlesnakes that live in New Mexico. New Mexico is also home to the Sonoran Coral Snake; however, these snakes are very rare and do not tend to spend much time around populated areas.
Venomous snakes in New York:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
None of the venomous snakes in New York are very common. The Timber Rattlesnake has the widest distribution in the state and can be found throughout the Southeastern part of the state and with scattered population throughout the rest of the state. The Copperhead can be found along the Hudson valley and the Eastern Massasauga occurs in wetlands in only two locations.
Venomous snakes in North Carolina:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamondback
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
Copperheads are definitely the most commonly encountered venomous snake in North Carolina and can be found throughout the entire state. They prefer wooded areas but are also able to adapt to more human dominated spaces. Copperheads have also been found bunking with Timber Rattlesnakes during hibernation.
Venomous snakes in North Dakota:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
A single species of venomous snake is found in North Dakota. These snakes are typically found in the Southwestern part of North Dakota. As suggested by their name, Prairie Rattlesnakes prefer prairie and grassland habitats however they can also be found in forests.
Venomous snakes in Ohio:
- Eastern Massasauga
- Northern Copperhead
- Timber Rattlesnake
While there are 3 species of venomous snakes in Ohio, both the Eastern Massasauga and the Timber Rattlesnake are endangered in the state of Ohio, suggesting that their populations are decreasing. The Northern Copperhead is more common than these snakes and can be found in rocky and wooded areas throughout central and Western Ohio.
Venomous snakes in Oklahoma:
- Broad Banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Osage Copperhead
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Cottonmouths and Copperheads are somewhat common in Oklahoma and are typically found in habitats near water and wooded areas. The Rattlesnakes in Oklahoma may also be found in wooded areas but are also happy to be in more arid or dry areas and can be found along rocky outcrops. There are 10 species of venomous snakes in Oklahoma.
Venomous snakes in Oregon:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
Venomous snakes in Oregon can be hard to find and are not commonly encountered. The Rattlesnakes in Oregon are most often found once the weather starts to warm up. When they are encountered, they are typically found along forest trails in the central to Western part of the state.
Venomous snakes in Pennsylvania:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
- Eastern Massasauga
There are 3 venomous species in the state, but the most common venomous snake to find in Pennsylvania is the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are found in rocky areas and forests throughout most of the state. Northern Copperheads are slightly less common and is found in areas similar to the Timber Rattlesnake. Eastern Massasaugas are endangered in the state and much less common.
Venomous snakes in Rhode Island:
Like several other U.S. states, there are no venomous snakes found in Rhode Island.
Venomous snakes in South Carolina:
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Eastern Coral Snake
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Eastern Diamond Rattlesnake
- Florida Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
The Copperheads of South Carolina are arguably the most common Venomous Snakes in South Carolina. The Copperheads, Pygmy Rattlesnakes and Timber Rattlesnakes are found throughout nearly the entire state. Cottonmouths are found in the Eastern half of the state along with Eastern Diamondbacks and Coral Snakes however Coral Snakes are incredibly rare. South Carolina has 9 species of venomous snakes.
Venomous snakes in South Dakota:
- Prairie Rattlesnake
Like its neighbor, North Dakota, South Dakota is home to a single species of venomous snake. The Prairie Rattlesnake occurs throughout the Western half of the state where they can be found in prairies, grasslands, meadows, and in forests.
Venomous snakes in Tennessee:
- Southern Copperhead
- Northern Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
- Timber Rattlesnake
Including both subspecies of Copperheads, there are 5 species of venomous snakes in Tennessee . Copperheads and Cottonmouths are commonly found in Tennessee as they are more tolerant of human disturbed areas than some of the other species found in Tennessee. Timber Rattlesnakes are also relatively common but stick to more secluded wooded areas. Western Pygmy Rattlesnakes are listed as threatened in Tennessee.
Venomous snakes in Texas:
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake
- Broad-banded Copperhead
- Desert Massasauga
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Mottled Rock Rattlesnake
- Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Southern Copperhead
- Texas Coral Snake
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Trans-Pecos Copperhead
- Western Cottonmouth
- Western Diamondback Rattlesnake
- Western Massasauga
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake
Texas is home to 15 different species/subspecies of venomous snakes, making it one of the more biodiverse states for venomous snakes. Venomous snakes are common in rural areas and secluded habitats, but can also be common near people houses hiding in brush piles, wood piles, garages, etc.
Venomous snakes in Utah:
- Great Basin Rattlesnake
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder
- Mojave Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake
The dry climate in Utah is great for the 6 Rattlesnake species that live there. These species can mostly be found in desert areas in Utah and occur scattered throughout the state. Less common of these snakes are the Mojave Rattlesnake and Mojave Desert Sidewinder, which are only found in the very Southwestern corner of the state.
Venomous snakes in Vermont:
- Timber Rattlesnake
Like other states in the Northeast, the only venomous species found in Vermont is the Timber Rattlesnake. Timber Rattlesnakes are rarely encountered in Vermont but are occasionally found in rocky areas and woodlands. Timber Rattlesnakes are endangered in Vermont and people are encouraged to report any sightings.
Venomous snakes in Virginia:
- Eastern Cottonmouth
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
Copperheads are the most commonly seen venomous snakes in Virginia. Copperheads are found all throughout the state. Timber Rattlesnakes stick to the more mountainous regions of the state while Cottonmouths spend time in wetlands in Southern Virginia. There are 3 species of venomous snakes in Virginia.
Venomous snakes in Washington:
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake
Washington is segmented into two regions by a mountain range separating Eastern and Western Washington. Once you cross over into Eastern Washington, the climate changes and is much drier. This dry climate is great for Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes, the only species of venomous snakes in Washington state, which tend to be found in rocky areas.
Venomous snakes in West Virginia:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Northern Copperhead
Of the two types of venomous snakes found in West Virginia, Northern Copperheads are more common. Northern Copperheads and Timber Rattlesnakes can be found in the Appalachian Mountains running through West Virginia and are sometimes encountered by hikers on the trail.
Venomous snakes in Wisconsin:
- Timber Rattlesnake
- Eastern Massasauga
Both species of venomous snakes in Wisconsin, the Eastern Massasauga or the Timber Rattlesnake, are super common in the state. Eastern Massasaugas are actually endangered in the state and Timber Rattlesnakes are listed as “special concern”, suggesting that the populations for these species are declining. These two snakes are typically restricted to Southwestern Wisconsin
Venomous snakes in Wyoming:
- Yellow Rattlesnake
- Prairie Rattlesnake
In Wyoming, Prairie Rattlesnakes are relatively common and can be found in roughly two thirds of the state. They are often found in rocky outcrops and in prairie habitats. The Yellow Rattlesnake is much less common and is only found around Flaming Gorge.
Want to learn more?
If you want to see pictures of any of the species on this list, check out this article showing all 22 species of venomous snakes in the U.S. | https://wildlifeinformer.com/venomous-snakes-in-each-state/ | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | Venomous Snakes | NIOSH | CDC | Venomous snakes found in the United States include rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths/water moccasins, and coral snakes. A venomous bite is called an “envenomation.” Although death from venomous snake bites is rare, a worker with a severe envenomation or allergy to snake venom can die from a venomous bite. Each year, an estimated 7,000–8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes in the United States, and about 5 of those people die. The number of deaths would be much higher if people did not seek medical care.
Workers are far more likely to suffer long-term injuries from snake bites than to die from them. For those bitten by rattlesnakes, 10–44 percent will have lasting injuries. An example of a disability or permanent injury is the ability to use a finger or losing part or all of it.
Employers should train their workers about their risk of exposure to venomous snakes, how workers can prevent and protect themselves from snake bites, and what they should do if they are bitten.
Copperhead: Photo courtesy of Sean P. Bush. Some venomous snakes can be difficult to see in the environment. | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/snakes/default.html | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | A Complete List of Venomous Snakes in the United States (30+ Species!) | 0 of 33 seconds Volume 0%
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- There are currently 22 recognized species of venomous snakes in the United States, with a total of 37 subspecies across the country.
- All venomous snakes in the US fall into one of these four categories: rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths, and coral snakes.
- Copperheads and cottonmouths are closely related to rattlesnakes and, together, make up the pit viper family.
The United States is a massive country with a variety of habitats and environments. Within the borders of the US, there is a shocking amount of diversity among the wildlife, especially among snakes . The vast majority of snakes in the US are totally harmless to humans, but there are venomous species that live in nearly every state. Today, we are going to take a look at every single venomous snake in the United States and learn where they can potentially be found. Let’s explore a complete list of venomous snakes in the United States!
While it may not seem like it, there are significantly more nonvenomous snakes in the US than there are venomous snakes. In fact, that rule holds true across most of the world, with only around 7% of all snake species being vengeful.
Still, there are quite a few venomous snake species, especially in the United States. There are currently 22 recognized species , with a total of 37 subspecies across the country. Each of these 37 subspecies can be divided into four groups of snakes. Let’s explore this further.
Every venomous snake in the United States fits into a small category of four groups . These four types of snakes are rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths, and coral snakes. If a snake is venomous in the United States, it is one of these four.
Rattlesnakes make up the vast majority of all venomous snakes by sheer number. The exact breakdown varies, but some sources show that there are at least 32 species of rattlesnake with over 83 recognized subspecies. Today, we will be covering the primary species of snake because many of the subspecies aren’t all that different from one another besides location or color variation .
Copperheads and cottonmouths are closely related to rattlesnakes and, together, make up the pit viper family. Pit vipers have small heat-sensing pits on their snouts that help them find prey through body heat. Copperheads and cottonmouths have subspecies within their categories, just not as many as the rattlesnake. Additionally, copperheads and cottonmouths are mostly restricted to the eastern United States.
The coral snake is a loner in the US in terms of evolutionary relationships. Coral snakes are closer to cobras and sea snakes than pit vipers and are quite rare to encounter. Still, they are venomous and considered among the most dangerous in the country.
We have broken down the venomous snakes in the United States by category below. Rattlesnake species make up the bulk of them. Additionally, the exact taxonomic breakdown of certain species is constantly being updated. The copperhead, for example, once included five subspecies but is now only broken into two groups.
The western diamondback is one of the most common snakes in the western United States and is among the most dangerous. These snakes grow between 4-6 feet and usually come in shades of black and gray. The western diamondback is responsible for the greatest number of bites in the United States and is a contender for the highest fatality rate of any species in the country.
The eastern diamondback is the largest venomous snake in the United States and is a contender for the largest in the world. Eastern diamondbacks are brown, black, and cream and can grow up to 8 feet in length. These snakes are primarily found along the coastal southeastern United States from Lousiana up into the coastal plains of North Carolina.
The timber rattlesnake is the most northerly residing venomous snake in the United States and has one of the widest ranges of any rattlesnake. Timber rattlesnakes are usually brown and gray but are known to have dark black heads and tails with occasional copper markings across their backs. They can be found through most of the southeast and midwest, with a northerly range extending well into Vermont and New Hampshire.
The sidewinder is a desert snake that gets its name from the movement it displays while moving across hot sand. Sidewinders are generally a light sandy color and grow between 1.5-3 feet, making them a bit smaller than other rattlesnake species. These snakes live in the Mojave and the Sonoran Deserts. There are three subspecies of sidewinder:
- Mojave Desert Sidewinder ( Crotalus cerastes cerastes )
- Sonoran Desert Sidewinder ( Crotalus cerastes cercobombus )
- Colorado Desert Sidewinder ( Crotalus cerastes laterorepens )
The Mojave rattlesnake is a resident of the deep southwest, especially around the Mojave Desert. These snakes are among the most venomous in the country and are often considered to be the most venomous rattlesnakes in the world. Most Mojave rattlesnakes grow to around 3.5 feet long.
The Santa Catalina rattlesnake is a particular species of rattlesnake that only lives on the island of Santa Catalina, off the coast of California. These snakes don’t have rattles, and they grow to around 2 feet in length.
The rock rattlesnake is a smaller species that primarily inhabits limestone and sandstone-filled regions. Rock rattlesnakes are light-colored, often resembling the sandy stones they inhabit. There are two subspecies of rock rattlesnake:
- Banded Rock Rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus klauberi )
- Mottled Rock Rattlesnake ( Crotalus lepidus lepidus )
The speckled rattlesnake is a desert-dwelling snake that inhabits the southwest regions of the US and northern Mexico. Speckled rattlesnakes are smaller snakes, generally growing to 3.5 feet as adults. These snakes get their name from the distinct speckled pattern they often display. The subspecies of speckled rattlesnakes include:
- Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake ( Crotalus mitchelli phyrrhus)
- San Lucan Speckled Rattlesnake ( Crotalus mitchelli mitchelli )
- Panamint Rattlesnake ( Crotalus mitchelli stephensi )
The black-tailed rattlesnake is known as a more docile member of the entire group, with bites being quite rare. Black-tailed rattlesnakes grow between 2-3.5 feet long and are dark-colored with black tails. These snakes live in the southwestern United States.
The Pacific rattlesnake is one of the most common rattlesnakes in the United States, especially with how many subspecies exist. Pacific rattlesnakes can be found across the west coast and in the desert regions of the United States. There are seven subspecies:
- Grand Canyon Rattlesnake ( Crotalus oreganus abyssus )
- Coronado Island Rattlesnake ( Crotalus oreganus caliginis )
- Arizona Black Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus cerberus)
- Yellow Rattlesnake ( Crotalus oreganus concolor )
- Southern Pacific Rattlesnake ( Crotalus oreganus helleri )
- Great Basin Rattlesnake ( Crotalus oreganus lutosus )
- Northern Pacific Rattlesnake ( Crotalus oreganus oreganus )
The twin-spotted rattlesnake is a smaller rattlesnake, rarely growing larger than two feet. Twin-spotted rattlesnakes have a distinct rounder head than most other rattlesnakes. They get their name from the two-spotted pattern that travels down their backs. These snakes live in southeastern Arizona and Mexico.
The red diamond rattlesnake gets its name from the reddish-brown coloration it is most known for. Red diamond rattlesnakes can grow as large as 5 feet long and are found in southern California and into the Baja Peninsula. Their tails are often striped black and white, giving them a quite distinctive appearance.
The tiger rattlesnake is a smaller rattlesnake with a venom that outpaces its small stature. Tiger rattlesnakes get their name from their black striping pattern that is often spread across their gray bodies. These snakes are only found across the US in central Arizona, although other populations live in Mexico.
The prairie rattlesnake is one of the most distributed rattlesnake species in the United States. Prairie rattlesnakes live across the Great Plains region of the country, from northern Mexico to the south of Canada. There are two subspecies in the US:
- Hopi Rattlesnake ( Crotalus viridis nuntius )
- Prairie Rattlesnake ( Crotalus viridis viridis)
The ridge-nosed rattlesnake is a smaller rattlesnake that is known for its black and white striped snout, giving it its name. Ridge-nosed rattlesnakes are quite rare snakes, only inhabiting wooded mountain ranges across Arizona and New Mexico. There are two subspecies in the US:
- New Mexican Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake ( Crotalus willardi obscurus )
- Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake ( Crotalus willardi willardi )
The massasauga rattlesnake is another widely distributed rattler that can be found as far south as Texas and as far north as Canada. The three different subspecies are found across distinct ranges, with the eastern massasauga being the most northerly and widespread. The three subspecies are:
- Eastern Massasauga ( Sistrurus catenatus catenatus )
- Desert Massasauga ( Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii )
- Western Massasauga ( Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus)
The pygmy (sometimes spelled pigmy) rattlesnake is the smallest species of rattlesnake in the United States. Pygmy rattlesnakes are primarily found in the southeastern United States around coastal plains regions. Their small size and low-potency venom make them among the least dangerous species of rattlesnake around. There are three subspecies of pygmy rattlesnake in the US:
- Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake ( Sistrurus miliarius barbouri)
- Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake ( Sistrurus miliarius miliarius)
- Western Pygmy Rattlesnake ( Sistrurus miliarius streckeri )
Cottonmouths are large aquatic snakes that are quite venomous. These members of the pit viper family are known for their bright white mouths that they flash as a warning to potential predators. The cottonmouth is native to the southeastern United States and has three subspecies. Unlike rattlesnakes, however, these subspecies are more similar to one another and are still grouped under a single species.
Cottonmouths are usually considered to be less venomous than most species of rattlesnake, although they are more dangerous than copperheads. As aquatic snakes, they are most often found in swampy lowland regions near or in water. Rivers, streams, swamps, and wetlands are the primary habitats for these vipers.
There are three subspecies of cottonmouth spread across the southeast:
- Florida Cottonmouth ( Agkistrodon piscivorous conanti )
- Western Cottonmouth ( Agkistrodon piscivorous leucostoma )
- Eastern Cottonmouth ( Agkistrodon piscivorous piscivorous )
Copperheads are the most commonly encountered venomous snakes in the southeastern United States. They get their name from their distinct copper-colored bodies and brown hourglass patterns across their backs. Other features include golden cat-like slitted eyes, distinct pits around the snout, and a triangular head.
Because copperheads rely on camouflage as their primary method of defense, they are often unseen and accidentally stepped on or touched. As a result, they make up the majority of bites in many states across the southeast. They generally prefer wooded and forested areas where they can blend into the underground and brush.
Thankfully, copperheads are the least venomous of all pit vipers, and bites are rarely fatal.
Historically, copperheads were divided into five subspecies, but recent taxonomic groupings have reduced those five into two groups. The historic groups are still used, however, and include:
- Northern Copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen )
- Southern Copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix )
- Broad Banded Copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus )
- Trans-Pecos Copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster )
- Osage Copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster )
Today, the northern, southern, and Osage copperhead subspecies are considered eastern copperheads. Broad-banded and Trans-Pecos copperheads are now considered broad-banded copperheads.
Coral snakes are different from all other venomous snakes in the United States as they are Elapids, meaning they are closer to cobras and sea snakes than pit vipers. There are close to 50 species of coral snake in the Americas, but there are only three species that live in North America. Coral snakes are brightly colored and have banding patterns of black, red, and yellow.
These snakes are highly venomous and have a primarily neurotoxic venom when compared to pit vipers. Despite having highly toxic venom, coral snakes have a poor venom delivery system. Additionally, they are extremely rare and spend most of their time under brush and logs.
There are three species of coral snake in the United States:
- Arizona coral snake ( Micruroides euryxanthus)
- Eastern coral snake ( Micrurus tener)
|Rank||Venomous Snake|
|1||Western Diamondback Rattlesnake|
|2||Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake|
|3||Timber Rattlesnake|
|4||Mojave Desert Sidewinder|
|5||Sonoran Desert Sidewinder|
|6||Colorado Desert Sidewinder|
|7||Mojave Rattlesnake|
|8||Santa Catalina Rattlesnake|
|9||Banded Rock Rattlesnake|
|10||Mottled Rock Rattlesnake|
|11||Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake|
|12||San Lucan Speckled Rattlesnake|
|13||Panamint Rattlesnake|
|14||Black-tailed Rattlesnake|
|15||Grand Canyon Rattlesnake|
|16||Coronado Island Rattlesnake|
|17||Arizona Black Rattlesnake|
|18||Yellow Rattlesnake|
|19||Southern Pacific Rattlesnake|
|20||Great Basin Rattlesnake|
|21||Northern Pacific Rattlesnake|
|22||Twin-spotted Rattlesnake|
|23||Red Diamond Rattlesnake|
|24||Tiger Rattlesnake|
|25||Hopi Rattlesnake|
|26||Prairie Rattlesnake|
|27||New Mexican Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake|
|28||Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake|
|29||Eastern Massasauga|
|30||Desert Massasauga|
|31||Western Massasauga|
|32||Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake|
|33||Carolina Pygmy Rattlesnake|
|34||Western Pygmy Rattlesnake|
|35||Florida Cottonmouth|
|36||Western Cottonmouth|
|37||Eastern Cottonmouth|
|38||Northern Copperhead|
|39||Southern Copperhead|
|40||Broad Banded Copperhead|
|41||Trans-Pecos Copperhead|
|42||Osage Copperhead|
|43||Arizona Coral Snake|
|44||Eastern Coral Snake|
|45||Texas Coral Snake|
Every day A-Z Animals sends out some of the most incredible facts in the world from our free newsletter. Want to discover the 10 most beautiful snakes in the world, a "snake island" where you're never more than 3 feet from danger, or a "monster" snake 5X larger than an anaconda? Then sign up right now and you'll start receiving our daily newsletter absolutely free. | https://a-z-animals.com/blog/a-complete-list-of-venomous-snakes-in-the-united-states-30-species/ | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | Deadliest Snakes in the US: 8 Bites You Want to Avoid | Out of roughly 3,400 species and subspecies of snake found in the US, there are 37 venomous reasons we wear heavy boots in the field and keep a really good eye out when we’re fishing close to shore in a boat or on foot. We know that’s where some of the deadliest snakes hang out.
According to the CDC , venomous snakes strike about 7,000 people in the US each year. For about five of those unfortunate souls, it’s a fatal encounter. Of course, a cool head, quick transportation to a medical facility, and antivenin treatments will usually save you from the big sleep. However, there’s still a chance you could lose a digit or appendage depending on the severity of the bite and the type of snake that does the biting.
The deadliest snakes come in four types: rattlesnakes, cottonmouths (aka water moccasins), corals, and copperheads. Each type has a primary range: Copperheads are in the Eastern and Central states, cottonmouths are in the Southeast, coral snakes are in the South from Arizona to Florida, and rattlesnakes are like Visa: everywhere you want to be.
There are four distinct types of snake venom, and they each affect the body differently. Proteolytic venom disrupts protein peptide bonds in tissues and causes blood-vessel wall damage, hemorrhaging, and muscle-fiber deterioration. Hemotoxic venom goes after the heart and blood and disrupts blood clotting. Neurotoxic venom attacks the nervous system, including the brain. Cytotoxic venom kills tissue at the site of the bite, causing inflammation and necrosis.
Out of the 37 venomous snakes in the US, these are considered to be the eight deadliest.
This is the perfect place to kick off a deadliest snakes list. Found primarily in the Eastern and Central parts of the US, an adult timber rattler can grow to about 60 inches in length, but snakes as long as 74 inches that weigh almost 10 pounds have been reported.
Its most defining characteristic is the rattle structure at the end of its tail, for which it gets its name. Since individual rattles are added each time a rattlesnake sheds its skin, which can be up to three or four times a year, counting them is not an accurate way to age a snake. Rattlers are not aggressive, but they will defend themselves when threatened or surprised. If you hear the rattles, you’ve been put on notice; be very careful about your next move.
The Western Diamondback calls the Southwest home and isn’t too choosy about its habitat . Grasslands, forests, rocky terrain, and even coastal areas suit it just fine. Adult diamondbacks can reach 7 feet in length and weigh up to 15 pounds. This species is responsible for the most snake bites in the US annually.
Aside from the tell-tale rattle, the diamond pattern on its back and series of dark rings at the end of its tail are reliable identifiers.
If you can see the cat-like vertical slits in its eyes, you better hope you have some sort of glass between you and an eastern diamondback. It’s the longest and heaviest venomous snake in the US and can grow up to 8 feet in length. An eastern diamondback that was shot in 1946 weighed 34 pounds. Thirty. Four. Pounds.
Their venom destroys red blood cells and causes excruciatingly painful tissue damage. They rule the Southeast from scrublands and coastal forests to prairies, the edges of swamps, and even salt marshes.
This Western badass roams pretty much everywhere from Colorado to the Pacific coast . Growing as long as 5 feet, the prairie rattler has a big triangle-shaped head, and its venom will attack your nervous system without prejudice. Their meals of choice include ground squirrels, ground-nesting birds, mice, rats, small rabbits, and prairie dogs.
If you’re wandering near cactus, sage mesquite, or high desert grass, keep your eyes peeled. The Mojave rattler has an extremely venomous bite and calls the desert Southwest home. It’s also one of the smaller rattlesnakes , generally growing no longer than 3 feet.
Mojaves are ambush predators. While it hasn’t been scientifically confirmed, they have a reputation for being aggressive toward humans.
Interesting fact: the length of a copperhead’s fangs is directly related to its size, and babies have venom from birth. An adult copperhead, on average, grows to be 26 to 34 inches long. The largest on record is 53 inches (4 1/2 feet). The copperhead’s range spans the deciduous forests and mixed woodlands of the Eastern and Central US.
The high number of bites from this snake has been attributed to the fact that instead of retreating or rattling when a human gets too close like many snakes do, copperheads freeze in place and rely on their camouflage, which sometimes means people don’t see them until they are too close. Fortunately, copperheads will usually give a warning bite , which contains very little (if any) venom. However, a full shot could be fatal without treatment.
If you live in the South and live near a slow-moving and shallow lake, stream, or marsh, you’re smack-dab in cottonmouth territory. Also known as water moccasins, cottonmouths can grow close to 60 inches in length. They are heavy-bodied, can swim better than you, and when they show their open-mouth defensive posture, it looks like a big puff of cotton, hence the name. Disconcertingly, it’s not uncommon for this venomous snake to actually swim toward you in the water rather than away. Take it as a good sign you’re probably in the wrong place.
The coral snake simply does not give a shit that it’s one of the smallest of the deadliest snakes. Checking in from the Southeast at usually less than 30 inches in length, its venom can cause slurred speech, double vision, and muscular paralysis, eventually leading to respiratory failure in humans without medical attention.
An adult coral snake has enough venom in it to kill five adult humans, but fortunately, they don’t often fire both barrels, so to speak. Only 40% of coral snake bites actually have venom, and even venomous bites generally don’t have enough neurotoxin to cause death. Mind your step, regardless. | https://freerangeamerican.us/deadliest-snakes-in-the-us/ | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | Venomous Snakes In The United States | By:
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Welcome to the complete guide on All Venomous Snakes In The United States . Growing up, we all must have heard scary and fascinating stories about venomous snakes, especially from the ones who have spent a fraction of their life in a village or countryside.
They do sound scary (very scary), making us wonder if we can ever survive a snake bite. As relieving as it may sound, many people survive snake bites due to the availability of anti-venom in the modern world.
Even so, this does not mean everyone survives them. A bite by a venomous snake may take down a person quicker than you would realize. If not death, the venom can inflict permanent or temporary disability in an infected person’s body.
Moreover, if you are a native of the United States(US), you may have bad news. A wide variety of the deadliest snakes reportedly reside in the US.
Let’s learn more about the various venomous snake species in the United States.
Table of Contents show
It is a rather regrettable fact that the likelihood of you encountering a venomous snake bite in the US is relatively high.
To be precise, thirty species of venomous snakes have been discovered in the US, out of which twenty-three are rattlesnakes, three are coral snakes, two are cottonmouth, and two are copperheads.
Subsequently, the number of snake bites occurring annually has reportedly increased from seven thousand to eight thousand bites per year.
Out of all the venomous snakes found in the United States, the bite from a rattlesnake is considered more lethal to a human being. Compared to copperhead bites, the probability of death or permanent disability due to rattlesnake bites is four times greater.
Therefore, as a safety measure (or just for the sake of information), we must know everything about the various venomous snakes, including their appearance, size, and habitats, to avoid becoming their feast.
So, stick right here with us to learn more!
Rattlesnakes, belonging to the family of pit vipers, are the scariest serpents out of all the venomous snakes found in the United States.
These spooky critters get their name from a rattle at the tip of their tail that produces a series of intense rattling sounds due to vibration as a warning sign to alert their predators or people near them.
Below mentioned are the distinguishing characteristics of rattlesnakes that make them a rather intriguing creatures of the wild.
- Size And Appearance
The size of a rattlesnake varies between approximately one to eight feet, according to their species. For instance, the eastern diamondback, the giant rattlesnake, ranges up to eight feet in length and ten pounds in weight.
Also, these serpents possess very thick and scaly skin with many colors and patterns on their body.
Their appearance varies primarily according to their habitat. They have dark-colored patterns of diamonds, hexagons, or other quadrilaterals beautifully blended on light-colored backgrounds.
Furthermore, their distinguishing physical characteristics also include a triangular head coupled with vertical pupils resembling those of cats.
- Habitat
Most rattlesnakes reportedly reside in the southwestern US and Mexico, with Arizona being the state with the most abundant number (thirteen, precisely).
In addition, the most remarkable fact about these serpents is that they can fit in any environment. They can readily survive in any surroundings, be it a grassland, swampland, or a high hill.
However, they prefer living in rough terrains with dry climates, such as deserts or rocky hills, as they aid in camouflage to hide from predators. They spend their time in trees or rocky apertures where they hibernate in winter.
- Defensive Behavior
Rattlesnakes have unique ways of defending themselves from potential threats.
As mentioned, they may use their rattle to signal their predators to back off. Additionally, they may fully coil their bodies and raise their head upright as an ominous sign of attacking their predators.
Furthermore, another phenomenon of safeguarding themselves is through hissing, similar to the cats. The hissing sound created by their throats is a warning signal for their attackers and passersby.
- Diet
Many small animals like mice, birds, lizards, and frogs become the meal for rattlesnakes once every week (their appetite is surprisingly quite less in adulthood). Luckily, they don’t feed on humans. The only reason why they attack them is solely for defense.
These serpents incorporate distinct preying mechanisms. For instance, their sharp eyesight and active smelling sense make hunting easy for them. Moreover, the heat-sensing pits on their nose help them locate their prey in darker regions.
After locating their target, the monstrous serpents strike them through the two powerful fangs in their mouth that release venom to kill their prey. Subsequently, they gulp down their meal wholly and fall back into their dens to digest the food.
- Venom
The venom of a rattlesnake is all it has to keep its hunters at a distance from it.
It is a potent toxin that damages the blood cells and tissues, halts blood clotting, and inflicts severe pain and swelling in the affected area. Moreover, the neurotoxins lead to severe paralysis in the infected body.
Coral snakes belong to the Elapidae family of highly venomous snakes and can be classified into two groups: the Old World and the New World coral snakes.
The old-world serpents belong to the Asian territory. In contrast, the New World serpents belong to the American region, with the latter having the most fantastic variety of species of coral snakes.
Their vibrant hues, intricate pattern, and the second-strongest venom of all snakes make them a highly peculiar species of the snake world.
An interesting fact: Coral snakes resemble some nonvenomous snakes in the US. To distinguish between them, “red touch yellow, kill a fellow” is a mnemonic made by the people to identify a venomous coral snake through the colorful bands and patterns to ensure their safety.
- Size And Appearance
Coral snakes are slimmer and smaller than other species of serpents, ranging from eighteen meters to five feet, the latter being the most extended length recorded.
A fascinating attribute regarding their appearance is their bulging round face, almost similar to their tails, making it hard to distinguish between them.
In addition, the new world snakes possess a beautiful series of rounded bands throughout their skin in vivid and flashy colors as their pattern.
On top of that, we can regard these terrifying creatures as less scary, thanks to their short and anchored fangs that make it difficult for them to inject venom into their target. This is why they are considered less harmful than rattlesnakes.
- Habitat
Coral snakes are the shyest serpents of all the venomous snakes in the United States.
They prefer living in hidden burrows, for example, under rocks or rotten leaves, mostly coming out of their hiding spots during the rain or breeding season.
You can spot the species in the woody and marshy areas of the southeastern US and desert areas of Arizona and northern Mexico.
- Defensive Behavior
Being a shy species, a coral snake would never attempt to attack their predators or humans unless provoked seriously.
The only reported defensive behavior of these serpents is the way they bite. Since short fangs are impossible to contract, they tend to hold on to their target and repeatedly bite them in chewing motions to inject the venom effectively.
Another behavior has been reported where the serpents make a pop sound by exhaling air out of their cloaca (an opening in their body) to alarm their attackers.
- Diet
These introverted serpents prefer living in isolation and hence, only ever hunt for food they encounter daily without rushing to it.
The coral snakes usually feed on animals smaller than them, such as lizards, tiny rodents, small snakes, and broodlings.
You may also witness acts of cannibalism in these serpents since they don’t mind feeding on their fellow species.
Fun fact: They can go on for weeks and months without eating and still live actively!
- Venom
A coral snake’s venom is regarded as the second most powerful due to the presence of highly potent neurotoxins that can paralyze its victim instantly.
The venom can lead to breathing failure, muscular numbness, and pain and swelling in the infected area. If left untreated, the venomous bite can lead to cardiac arrest.
Minor symptoms of a coral snake bite include slurred speech, blurred vision, seizures, headache, nausea, and vomiting.
Click here to discover more about the potential threats regarding a coral snake’s venom.
A cottonmouth snake (scientifically known as Agkistrodon piscivorus) is a venomous serpent belonging to the pit vipers family, closely related to the copperhead snakes.
These dreadful creatures are named ‘cottonmouth’ due to their white-colored mouth that they show off when feeling threatened.
Being fond of aquatic environments, cottonmouths are primarily found in watery regions, although they can also readily survive on land. Due to this behavior, the semiaquatic serpent is named a ‘water moccasin.’
They are often mixed up with other nonvenomous water snakes due to their typical appearance.
So, let’s discover more about what makes this species different.
- Size And Appearance
Cottonmouths are large and heavy serpents compared to other aquatic snakes, ranging from around two to four feet and weighing approximately two hundred to six hundred grams.
These species have thick muscular skin with ridged scales all over their body. They come in various colors, mainly dark brown, gray, and black hues, with faded patterns on their body. The infants are distinguished through their yellow-tipped tails.
Moreover, they have triangular-shaped heads and vertical eyes with dark-patterned stripes on their face to aid in camouflage.
Additionally, they carry heat-sensing pits on their face that are common to all pit vipers, including rattlesnakes and copperheads.
- Habitat
Cottonmouths are primarily found in shallow aquatic bodies, such as creeks, swamps, marshes, and lake shores. However, they do not hesitate to live on land in rainforests or rocky and mountainous terrains.
Being US natives, these gruesome serpents primarily reside in areas ranging from southeastern Virginia to Florida and northern Illinois to southern Indiana.
- Defensive Behavior
Having the most dangerous venom out of most snakes, cottonmouths are often regarded as very dangerous. However, they do not harm human beings unless teased or grabbed. Quite astonishingly, they tend to hide away if they encounter humans.
In case of an attack, cottonmouth snakes coil their bodies and open their mouths to the full extent. The white-colored mouth contrasts with their dark-colored bodies, thus alerting their attackers.
In addition, they may produce vibrating sounds from their tails, similar to the ones by rattlesnakes.
Furthermore, they release a stinking spray from glands underneath their tails to compel their attackers to back off.
- Diet
Even though they can be cannibalistic (eat their kind), their diet mainly comprises frogs, fish, lizards, birds, baby alligators , and other small animals.
They have a rather conventional way of catching their prey. For instance, while preying on fish, they corner them near the edge of the water body and throw their attack.
In addition, they hunt small animals by first biting and killing them through their venom. Later, they coil themselves around the victim’s body to immobilize them and swallow the food.
- Venom
The venom of water moccasins is considered highly toxic for living creatures, although the chances of death due to their bite are low to none for a healthy human being.
The presence of hemotoxins in their venom accounts for the disruption in blood clotting. Moreover, the bite may leave behind deep scars that, in severe cases, may lead to amputation of the infected body part.
Copperheads (scientifically known as Agkistrodon contortrix) are venomous snakes that, like rattlesnakes and cottonmouths, belong to the family of pit vipers. Their heads having the perfect copper-red color gives them their name as a ‘copperhead’ snake.
In addition, their characteristics are very much similar to the other snakes belonging to the pit viper family. For instance, they contain heat-sensing pits like every other pit viper to detect their predators or catch their prey.
However, the danger intensity of their venom is way less than other pit vipers, such as rattlesnakes.
- Size And Appearance
The venomous serpents are medium-sized, with lengths ranging from two to three feet. Moreover, the female species are known to be longer than the male species.
The typical pattern of copperhead snakes makes them a remarkable species of nature. The beautiful dark brown and red hues, coupled with the intricate design on their bodies (almost resembling the shape of an hourglass) make them a highly distinctive breed of pit vipers.
These serpents possess a broad head and slim neck accompanied by muscular and scaly skin that distinguishes them from other species of similar patterns.
- Habitat
Being native to the US, you can find these creatures in several states, including Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, New York, Carolina, and Texas.
The copperhead serpents are more than happy to live in diverse places. However, they mainly prefer settling in tough terrains like rocky hills, woodlands, and even deserts.
Warning! Be cautious around old, abandoned buildings and scrap yards to avoid encountering these venomous creatures.
- Defensive Behavior
Copperheads are serpents who love isolation. Similar to rattlesnakes, they hibernate in dens and are, therefore, shyer than most of the venomous creatures out there.
This implies that they don’t have a well-built defensive mechanism. Instead, in case of an encounter with their predators or humans, they get stunned in their place and let their body play its part in camouflage (which almost always works well for them).
Additionally, they vibrate their tails like a rattlesnake to alarm their attackers to back off.
- Diet
The copperheads are less likely to hunt for food, such as mice, lizards, and insects, and more likely to wait for their prey to pass by to attack. They are ambush predators who cleverly attract their prey in various ways.
For instance, the serpents waggle their tails upright to make them look like a worm. This way, frogs and lizards fall into the trap and approach the snakes only to become their meal.
In case of a larger prey, copperheads let their venom kill and use their flexible jaws to swallow the prey wholly.
- Venom
Fortunately, the venom of a copperhead is mild and not too dangerous for humans. Their hemotoxic venom leads to temporary tissue inflammation and severe pain at the infected area coupled with intense allergic reactions and nausea.
By now, you might have grasped enough knowledge on the various species of venomous snakes in the US.
Unfortunately, their population is declining at an increasing rate due to the countless urbanization tactics carried out by humans, leading to a loss in their food and habitats.
Therefore, even if these creatures are harmful, we must never hesitate to protect these creations of nature. After all, conserving wildlife is a crucial duty of mankind. | https://www.animalsaroundtheglobe.com/venomous-snakes-united-states/ | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | Deadliest Snakes in the US: 8 Bites You Want to Avoid | Out of roughly 3,400 species and subspecies of snake found in the US, there are 37 venomous reasons we wear heavy boots in the field and keep a really good eye out when we’re fishing close to shore in a boat or on foot. We know that’s where some of the deadliest snakes hang out.
According to the CDC , venomous snakes strike about 7,000 people in the US each year. For about five of those unfortunate souls, it’s a fatal encounter. Of course, a cool head, quick transportation to a medical facility, and antivenin treatments will usually save you from the big sleep. However, there’s still a chance you could lose a digit or appendage depending on the severity of the bite and the type of snake that does the biting.
The deadliest snakes come in four types: rattlesnakes, cottonmouths (aka water moccasins), corals, and copperheads. Each type has a primary range: Copperheads are in the Eastern and Central states, cottonmouths are in the Southeast, coral snakes are in the South from Arizona to Florida, and rattlesnakes are like Visa: everywhere you want to be.
There are four distinct types of snake venom, and they each affect the body differently. Proteolytic venom disrupts protein peptide bonds in tissues and causes blood-vessel wall damage, hemorrhaging, and muscle-fiber deterioration. Hemotoxic venom goes after the heart and blood and disrupts blood clotting. Neurotoxic venom attacks the nervous system, including the brain. Cytotoxic venom kills tissue at the site of the bite, causing inflammation and necrosis.
Out of the 37 venomous snakes in the US, these are considered to be the eight deadliest.
This is the perfect place to kick off a deadliest snakes list. Found primarily in the Eastern and Central parts of the US, an adult timber rattler can grow to about 60 inches in length, but snakes as long as 74 inches that weigh almost 10 pounds have been reported.
Its most defining characteristic is the rattle structure at the end of its tail, for which it gets its name. Since individual rattles are added each time a rattlesnake sheds its skin, which can be up to three or four times a year, counting them is not an accurate way to age a snake. Rattlers are not aggressive, but they will defend themselves when threatened or surprised. If you hear the rattles, you’ve been put on notice; be very careful about your next move.
The Western Diamondback calls the Southwest home and isn’t too choosy about its habitat . Grasslands, forests, rocky terrain, and even coastal areas suit it just fine. Adult diamondbacks can reach 7 feet in length and weigh up to 15 pounds. This species is responsible for the most snake bites in the US annually.
Aside from the tell-tale rattle, the diamond pattern on its back and series of dark rings at the end of its tail are reliable identifiers.
If you can see the cat-like vertical slits in its eyes, you better hope you have some sort of glass between you and an eastern diamondback. It’s the longest and heaviest venomous snake in the US and can grow up to 8 feet in length. An eastern diamondback that was shot in 1946 weighed 34 pounds. Thirty. Four. Pounds.
Their venom destroys red blood cells and causes excruciatingly painful tissue damage. They rule the Southeast from scrublands and coastal forests to prairies, the edges of swamps, and even salt marshes.
This Western badass roams pretty much everywhere from Colorado to the Pacific coast . Growing as long as 5 feet, the prairie rattler has a big triangle-shaped head, and its venom will attack your nervous system without prejudice. Their meals of choice include ground squirrels, ground-nesting birds, mice, rats, small rabbits, and prairie dogs.
If you’re wandering near cactus, sage mesquite, or high desert grass, keep your eyes peeled. The Mojave rattler has an extremely venomous bite and calls the desert Southwest home. It’s also one of the smaller rattlesnakes , generally growing no longer than 3 feet.
Mojaves are ambush predators. While it hasn’t been scientifically confirmed, they have a reputation for being aggressive toward humans.
Interesting fact: the length of a copperhead’s fangs is directly related to its size, and babies have venom from birth. An adult copperhead, on average, grows to be 26 to 34 inches long. The largest on record is 53 inches (4 1/2 feet). The copperhead’s range spans the deciduous forests and mixed woodlands of the Eastern and Central US.
The high number of bites from this snake has been attributed to the fact that instead of retreating or rattling when a human gets too close like many snakes do, copperheads freeze in place and rely on their camouflage, which sometimes means people don’t see them until they are too close. Fortunately, copperheads will usually give a warning bite , which contains very little (if any) venom. However, a full shot could be fatal without treatment.
If you live in the South and live near a slow-moving and shallow lake, stream, or marsh, you’re smack-dab in cottonmouth territory. Also known as water moccasins, cottonmouths can grow close to 60 inches in length. They are heavy-bodied, can swim better than you, and when they show their open-mouth defensive posture, it looks like a big puff of cotton, hence the name. Disconcertingly, it’s not uncommon for this venomous snake to actually swim toward you in the water rather than away. Take it as a good sign you’re probably in the wrong place.
The coral snake simply does not give a shit that it’s one of the smallest of the deadliest snakes. Checking in from the Southeast at usually less than 30 inches in length, its venom can cause slurred speech, double vision, and muscular paralysis, eventually leading to respiratory failure in humans without medical attention.
An adult coral snake has enough venom in it to kill five adult humans, but fortunately, they don’t often fire both barrels, so to speak. Only 40% of coral snake bites actually have venom, and even venomous bites generally don’t have enough neurotoxin to cause death. Mind your step, regardless. | https://freerangeamerican.us/deadliest-snakes-in-the-us/ | 100 |
what are the poisonous snakes in the united states | Venomous Snakes | NIOSH | CDC | Venomous snakes found in the United States include rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths/water moccasins, and coral snakes. A venomous bite is called an “envenomation.” Although death from venomous snake bites is rare, a worker with a severe envenomation or allergy to snake venom can die from a venomous bite. Each year, an estimated 7,000–8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes in the United States, and about 5 of those people die. The number of deaths would be much higher if people did not seek medical care.
Workers are far more likely to suffer long-term injuries from snake bites than to die from them. For those bitten by rattlesnakes, 10–44 percent will have lasting injuries. An example of a disability or permanent injury is the ability to use a finger or losing part or all of it.
Employers should train their workers about their risk of exposure to venomous snakes, how workers can prevent and protect themselves from snake bites, and what they should do if they are bitten.
Copperhead: Photo courtesy of Sean P. Bush. Some venomous snakes can be difficult to see in the environment. | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/snakes/default.html | 100 |
when did in god we trust go on money | 8th Circuit: “In God We Trust” on money is constitutional | "In God We Trust" first appeared on American currency in 1864 and was placed on all currency in 1955. The 8th Circuit Court of Appeals on Aug. 28 affirmed that the motto does not violate the First Amendment's protection from government endorsing a religion or a person's reight under the Religious Freedom Restoral Act.
The inscription of the national motto “In God We Trust” on currency does not violate the Establishment Clause, amount to compelled speech, violate the Free Exercise Clause or infringe on person’s rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), a federal appeals court has ruled.
Twenty-seven individuals, who identity themselves as atheists or children of atheists, and two organizations sued in federal court, contending that the actions of the United States and its Treasury violated the First Amendment.
The motto first appeared on American currency in 1864 and was placed on all currency many years later in 1955. Those who filed the lawsuit argued that the placement of the motto violated the Establishment Clause, because it showed the Government endorsing or advancing Christianity and monotheism. They also argued that the practice of placing the religious message on money coerced them into supporting Christianity.
A federal district court dismissed the lawsuit. On appeal, a three-judge panel of the 8 th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed in New Doe Child #1 v. United States . In its August 28, 2018, opinion, the panel majority first examined the Establishment Clause issue.
Establishment Clause Claim
The majority opinion focused on the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014), in which the high court rejected an Establishment Clause challenge to prayers offered by town hall meetings. The Supreme Court in Galloway emphasized that “[t]he Establishment Clause must be interpreted by reference to historical practices and understandings.” The Court also determined that having the prayers before town hall meetings was not coercive.
The panel majority considered the Supreme Court’s emphasis in Galloway on historical practices to represent a major change in Establishment Clause jurisprudence. To the panel majority, if history sanctioned a particular practice involving religion, that goes a long way toward settling the constitutional question of whether the practice amounts to an impermissible blending of church and state. The panel majority concluded that placing “In God We Trust” on “coins and currency is consistent with historical practices.”
The panel majority also determined that the placing of the motto on currency does not amount to impermissible coercion . The panel reasoned that if prayer before a town meeting is not coercive, “it is difficult to see how the unobtrusive appearance of the national motto on the coinage and paper money could amount to coerced participation in a religious practice.”
Compelled Speech Claim
The panel majority next addressed the plaintiffs’ compelled speech claim. The plaintiffs contended that forcing them to carry currency bearing the national motto is akin to the State of New Hampshire forcing individuals to have on their cars license plates with the state motto “Live Free or Die.” In Wooley v. Maynard (1977), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the state of New Hampshire could not compel a Jehovah's Witness couple to display that motto.
However, the 8 th Circuit panel majority distinguished coin and currency from license plates. License plates are displayed to the public, while people don’t publicly display money. The panel wrote that “the use or possession of U.S. money does not require a person to express, adopt, or risk association with any particular viewpoint.”
Free Exercise Clause and RFRA Claims
The panel majority next addressed the plaintiffs’ Free Exercise Clause claim. The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment protects individuals’ rights to religious liberty and prohibits the government from burdening individuals’ religious beliefs. Under Free Exercise Clause jurisprudence, there is a significant difference between a neutral law of general applicability and one that directly targets religion.
Here, the panel majority reasoned that the inscription of the national motto on currency was a neutral law of general applicability that did not burden the plaintiffs’ religious beliefs.
The plaintiffs also asserted a claim under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), a federal statute that prohibits the government from substantially burdening an individual’s religious liberty rights unless the government has a compelling, or very strong, reason for the law. Congress passed RFRA in 1993 to provide greater statutory protection for free-exercise of religion rights than the Court provided in interpreting the Free Exercise Clause.
However, the plaintiffs also lost on their RFRA claim, because the panel majority reasoned that the inscription of the “In God We Trust” on money did not amount to a substantial burden.
Concurring Opinion
One of the three judges on the 8 th Circuit panel, Judge Jane Kelly, wrote separately in a concurring opinion. She agreed that the inscription of “In God We Trust” on money did not violate the First Amendment.
However, she disagreed with her two colleagues that the Supreme Court’s decision in Galloway represented a major doctrinal shift in Establishment Clause jurisprudence. She wrote: “But Galloway does not read like a sea change; it reads like a clarification.”
She reasoned that the better approach in the case was not to focus so much on the Galloway decision but simply to rely on what the U.S. Supreme Court has already intimated about the motto. She quoted the Court’s earlier decision in Lynch v. Donnelly (1984), a religious display case in which the Court listed the national motto as a permissible “reference” of our national heritage.
Significance
The 8 th Circuit’s decision comports with various other federal court of appeals decisions that have upheld the constitutionality of the national motto on currency and coin. There is an impressive array of decisions that have rejected similar lawsuits.
The First Amendment Encyclopedia collection has more than 1,500 articles on First Amendment topics, court cases and history. Browse our table of contents and learn more about searching and using the encyclopedia. | https://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/post/177/8th-circuit-in-god-we-trust-on-money-is-constitutional | 101 |
when did in god we trust go on money | Why Is "In God We Trust" on US Money? | - 2019 23 Oct
In God We Trust is a phrase that we regularly see on our change and bills, while also gracing several of our car license plates, our government buildings, and even as tattoos on people’s bodies. Despite efforts to remove In God We Trust from several places, the faith -based motto has stayed in our lives for centuries. This is because it has a background that goes far beyond being a novelty logo or recognized as part of our currency. It came into existence thanks to some strong Christians who felt a nation going through a painful, costly war needed a constant reminder about God and His provision, and this should be something we take note of every day. It even went into law, becoming an intricate part of our nation’s history for life.
As many may recall, from 1861 to 1865 , the United States was in the midst of a terrible inner war among its people called the Civil War, pitting the North against the South. It still is the one war in our history that sustained the most casualties, 620,000 deaths to be exact. So, it was evident that the nation’s division left many in need of hope and reassurance that God was there with them. On November 13, 1861 , Secretary of Treasury Salmon P. Chase began receiving petitions from several people of faith around the United States who wanted to put God’s name on the nation’s currency.
The first letter was sent by Rev. M.R. Watkinson, Minister of the Gospel, from Ridleyville, Pennsylvania. Rev. Watkinson mentioned, in his letter, for the words God, Liberty, and Law to be somewhere in the currency, as he felt God’s protection needed to be recognized during this difficult time for the nation. Mottos had always been on United States coins and currency due to an act by Congress signed on January 18, 1837 , which stated also that legislation had to be done if a request was made to change those mottos.
Secretary Chase felt that Rev. Watkinson’s request wasn’t too much to ask and contacted the director of the mint, James Pollock, in Philadelphia to create a motto with this sentiment in mind, stating this in a letter sent to Pollock on November 20, 1861 . By December 1863, Pollock sent designs to Secretary Chase for the coins (one-cent, two-cent, and three-cent) with the options of Our Country, Our God and Our God, Our Trust . Secretary Chase replied back approving the designs and adding the suggestion of rephrasing it to In God We Trust .
The name then had to be approved by Congress, which it was in the Act of April 22, 1864 , which allowed the design change for the one-cent coin and minting of the two-cent coin. The first display of In God We Trust was on the two-cent coin in 1864. Fast forward almost a year later and another act by Congress was passed on March 3, 1865 with the motto being inscribed on all silver and gold coins. It appeared on the gold half-eagle coin, the gold eagle coin, the gold double-eagle coin, the silver dollar coin, quarter dollar coin, half dollar coin, and, in 1866, the three-cent nickel coin.
The Coinage Act of 1873 , signed on February 12, 1873, stated that In God We Trust was to be on all coins, if there was room for the motto to fit.
Although In God We Trust hasn’t been entirely removed from currency since the Coinage Act of 1873, it was removed for a time, beginning in 1883, from the five-cent coin and made a return appearance in 1938 on the Jefferson nickel. All coins made in the United States have displayed the motto since 1938.
July 30, 1956 marked when Congress and then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved In God We Trust to become the American nation’s motto, a year after it was authorized and signed to be on all paper money and coinage through the Public Law 140 ( July 11, 1955 ). It began showing up on money starting in 1957 , appearing first on the one-dollar bill.
The state of Florida adopted In God We Trust as part of its state seal by the Florida legislature in 1868. The first motto in Florida was “In God is our Trust,” but it officially became In God We Trust as part of the state seal in 2006.
If you are wondering where the actual terminology of In God We Trust came from, we need only look as far as our National Anthem , written by Francis Scott Key in 1814. As part of the original version of Key’s anthem, this stanza was included at the song’s end:
“And this be our motto: In God is our trust. And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave, O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.”
The recognition in the National Anthem, as well as using the motto on American currency, is in part due to what the United States were founded on: a relationship with God and living out Christian principles that governed not just our individual lives, but how we handle our communities, jobs, and interactions with other nations/countries. Those that came over from England to settle in North America did so to escape persecution from a corrupt church and that pursuit of religious freedom is still guaranteed from the First Amendment of the Constitution.
So, how does knowing the origins of In God We Trust impact our lives today? If anything, those that pushed for the motto to be on our money knew that whether we were in peaceful times or in a war, God’s protection and love was always going to be needed by people. The book of Proverbs, in Proverbs 3:5-6 , celebrates this trust in God by encouraging believers to trust more in God instead of their own understanding, as He knows best how to direct their paths. Psalm 118:8 also brings attention to the benefits of trusting in the Lord, both for the present and eternally:
“Better to trust the Lord than put confidence in man.”
Considering that money is what a lot of people put their trust in, the fact that In God We Trust is on it is a reminder that God is truly the only one to trust with everything precious to you. The fact, also, that the phrase continues to remain as the nation’s motto and can be found among several governmental buildings means that despite the distance some people may feel God is to them, He still is present and still is a foundation of our lives.
Though He can’t be physically seen, heard, or touched, at times, God’s love and provision remain with us, and there is evidence in your wallet to prove it!
Blair Parke is a freelance writer for BibleStudyTools.com and editor for Xulon Press . A graduate of Stetson University with a Bachelor's in Communications, Blair previously worked as a writer/editor for several local magazines in the Central Florida area, including Celebration Independent and Lake Magazine in Leesburg, Florida and currently freelances for the Southwest Orlando Bulletin .
Photo credit: ©GettyImages/filipfoto | https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/spiritual-life/in-god-we-trust-on-the-us-currency.html | 101 |
when did in god we trust go on money | Why Is "In God We Trust" on US Money? | - 2019 23 Oct
In God We Trust is a phrase that we regularly see on our change and bills, while also gracing several of our car license plates, our government buildings, and even as tattoos on people’s bodies. Despite efforts to remove In God We Trust from several places, the faith -based motto has stayed in our lives for centuries. This is because it has a background that goes far beyond being a novelty logo or recognized as part of our currency. It came into existence thanks to some strong Christians who felt a nation going through a painful, costly war needed a constant reminder about God and His provision, and this should be something we take note of every day. It even went into law, becoming an intricate part of our nation’s history for life.
As many may recall, from 1861 to 1865 , the United States was in the midst of a terrible inner war among its people called the Civil War, pitting the North against the South. It still is the one war in our history that sustained the most casualties, 620,000 deaths to be exact. So, it was evident that the nation’s division left many in need of hope and reassurance that God was there with them. On November 13, 1861 , Secretary of Treasury Salmon P. Chase began receiving petitions from several people of faith around the United States who wanted to put God’s name on the nation’s currency.
The first letter was sent by Rev. M.R. Watkinson, Minister of the Gospel, from Ridleyville, Pennsylvania. Rev. Watkinson mentioned, in his letter, for the words God, Liberty, and Law to be somewhere in the currency, as he felt God’s protection needed to be recognized during this difficult time for the nation. Mottos had always been on United States coins and currency due to an act by Congress signed on January 18, 1837 , which stated also that legislation had to be done if a request was made to change those mottos.
Secretary Chase felt that Rev. Watkinson’s request wasn’t too much to ask and contacted the director of the mint, James Pollock, in Philadelphia to create a motto with this sentiment in mind, stating this in a letter sent to Pollock on November 20, 1861 . By December 1863, Pollock sent designs to Secretary Chase for the coins (one-cent, two-cent, and three-cent) with the options of Our Country, Our God and Our God, Our Trust . Secretary Chase replied back approving the designs and adding the suggestion of rephrasing it to In God We Trust .
The name then had to be approved by Congress, which it was in the Act of April 22, 1864 , which allowed the design change for the one-cent coin and minting of the two-cent coin. The first display of In God We Trust was on the two-cent coin in 1864. Fast forward almost a year later and another act by Congress was passed on March 3, 1865 with the motto being inscribed on all silver and gold coins. It appeared on the gold half-eagle coin, the gold eagle coin, the gold double-eagle coin, the silver dollar coin, quarter dollar coin, half dollar coin, and, in 1866, the three-cent nickel coin.
The Coinage Act of 1873 , signed on February 12, 1873, stated that In God We Trust was to be on all coins, if there was room for the motto to fit.
Although In God We Trust hasn’t been entirely removed from currency since the Coinage Act of 1873, it was removed for a time, beginning in 1883, from the five-cent coin and made a return appearance in 1938 on the Jefferson nickel. All coins made in the United States have displayed the motto since 1938.
July 30, 1956 marked when Congress and then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved In God We Trust to become the American nation’s motto, a year after it was authorized and signed to be on all paper money and coinage through the Public Law 140 ( July 11, 1955 ). It began showing up on money starting in 1957 , appearing first on the one-dollar bill.
The state of Florida adopted In God We Trust as part of its state seal by the Florida legislature in 1868. The first motto in Florida was “In God is our Trust,” but it officially became In God We Trust as part of the state seal in 2006.
If you are wondering where the actual terminology of In God We Trust came from, we need only look as far as our National Anthem , written by Francis Scott Key in 1814. As part of the original version of Key’s anthem, this stanza was included at the song’s end:
“And this be our motto: In God is our trust. And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave, O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.”
The recognition in the National Anthem, as well as using the motto on American currency, is in part due to what the United States were founded on: a relationship with God and living out Christian principles that governed not just our individual lives, but how we handle our communities, jobs, and interactions with other nations/countries. Those that came over from England to settle in North America did so to escape persecution from a corrupt church and that pursuit of religious freedom is still guaranteed from the First Amendment of the Constitution.
So, how does knowing the origins of In God We Trust impact our lives today? If anything, those that pushed for the motto to be on our money knew that whether we were in peaceful times or in a war, God’s protection and love was always going to be needed by people. The book of Proverbs, in Proverbs 3:5-6 , celebrates this trust in God by encouraging believers to trust more in God instead of their own understanding, as He knows best how to direct their paths. Psalm 118:8 also brings attention to the benefits of trusting in the Lord, both for the present and eternally:
“Better to trust the Lord than put confidence in man.”
Considering that money is what a lot of people put their trust in, the fact that In God We Trust is on it is a reminder that God is truly the only one to trust with everything precious to you. The fact, also, that the phrase continues to remain as the nation’s motto and can be found among several governmental buildings means that despite the distance some people may feel God is to them, He still is present and still is a foundation of our lives.
Though He can’t be physically seen, heard, or touched, at times, God’s love and provision remain with us, and there is evidence in your wallet to prove it!
Blair Parke is a freelance writer for BibleStudyTools.com and editor for Xulon Press . A graduate of Stetson University with a Bachelor's in Communications, Blair previously worked as a writer/editor for several local magazines in the Central Florida area, including Celebration Independent and Lake Magazine in Leesburg, Florida and currently freelances for the Southwest Orlando Bulletin .
Photo credit: ©GettyImages/filipfoto | https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/spiritual-life/in-god-we-trust-on-the-us-currency.html | 101 |
when did in god we trust go on money | In God We Trust - Wikipedia | " In God We Trust " (also rendered as " In God we trust ") is the official motto of the United States [1] [2] [3] as well as the motto of the U.S. state of Florida . [4] [5] It was adopted by the U.S. Congress in 1956, replacing E pluribus unum ("Out of many, one"), which had been the de facto motto since the initial design of the Great Seal of the United States . [6]
While the earliest mentions of the phrase can be found in the mid-19th century, the origins of this phrase as a political motto lie in the American Civil War , where Union supporters wanted to emphasize their attachment to God and to boost morale. [7] The capitalized form "IN GOD WE TRUST" first appeared on the two-cent piece in 1864 and initially only appeared on coins, but it gradually became accepted among Americans. [8] Much wider adoption followed in the 1950s. First postage stamps with the motto appeared in 1954. A law passed in July 1955 by a joint resolution of the 84th Congress ( Pub. L. 84–140 ) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower requires that "In God We Trust" appear on all American currency . This law was first implemented on the updated one-dollar silver certificate that entered circulation on October 1, 1957. [8] The 84th Congress later passed legislation ( Pub. L. 84–851 ), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto. [8] [a] Several states have also mandated or authorized its use in public institutions or schools; [9] [10] while Florida , Georgia and Mississippi have incorporated the phrase in some of their state symbols. The motto has also been used in some cases in other countries, most notably on Nicaragua 's coins. [11]
The motto remains popular among the American public. According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today , CNN , and Gallup , 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins; [12] and a 2019 student poll by College Pulse showed that 53% of students supported its inclusion in currency. [13] Some groups and people in the United States, however, have objected to its use, contending that its religious reference violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . [14] These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property, which has resulted in numerous lawsuits. This argument has not overcome the interpretational doctrine of accommodationism and the notion of " ceremonial deism ". The former allows the government to endorse religious establishments as long as they are all treated equally, while the latter states that a repetitious invocation of a religious entity in ceremonial matters strips the phrase of its original religious connotation. [15] The New Hampshire Supreme Court , as well as the Second , Fourth , Fifth , Sixth , Eighth , Ninth , and Tenth Circuits , have all upheld the constitutionality of the motto in various settings. The Supreme Court has discussed the motto in footnotes but has never directly ruled on its compliance with the U.S. constitution . [16]
The earliest recorded usage of the motto in English was in January 1748, when The Pennsylvania Gazette reported on the colours of Associators regiments, namely that of Benjamin Franklin 's Pennsylvania militia, one of which said: "IX. A Coronet and Plume of Feathers. Motto, In God we Trust ." [17] [18] [19] According to Thomas S. Kidd , an American historian , this appears to be an isolated instance of an official usage, which could be traced to some renderings of Psalm 56:11 . [20]
The precise phrase, “In God We Trust” is also found in a publication of Isaac Watts’ Psalter which was revised and printed in America in 1785. Watts had translated Psalm 115:9-11 with the words, “Britain, trust the Lord.” An American publisher, Joel Barlow, sought to revise Watts’ Psalter for an American audience. Barlow's goal was to modify Watts in such a way as to purge the un-American flavor. Barlow simply translated Psalm 115: 9–11 with the words “In God we Trust.” [21]
There were several other unrelated recordings of the motto. It can be encountered in some literary works of the early 19th century. [24] One of them, "Defence of Fort M'Henry", contained a version of the motto and subsequently became the national anthem of the United States . It also appeared in 1845, when D.S. Whitney published an anti-slavery hymn in The Liberator . [25] [26] Odd Fellows have also used the phrase as their motto from the 1840s at least into the 1870s. [7] [26] [27]
In a letter dated November 13, 1861, Rev. Mark R. Watkinson of Ridleyville, Pennsylvania (pastor of the Prospect Hill Baptist Church in present-day Prospect Park, Pennsylvania ), petitioned the Treasury Department to add a statement recognizing " Almighty God in some form on our coins" in order to "relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism". [8] [28] [29] At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the Civil War , [7] [8] given that the Confederacy's constitution , unlike the Union's, invoked God. [b] This sentiment was shared by other citizens who supported such inclusion in their letters. [30] Indeed, the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto "In God we trust" in early August 1862. [31]
In the South, the phrase has also gained significant traction. A Confederate bunting with “In God We Trust” printed in the center, dated to late 1861 or early 1862 and attributed to the 37th Arkansas Infantry Regiment , was probably captured by the 33rd Iowa Infantry Regiment at the Battle of Helena and is currently in possession of the Iowa Historical Society . [32] [33] Another flag with exactly the same motto, this time of the 60th Tennessee Infantry Regiment , was captured in the course of the Battle of Big Black River Bridge . [34] Additionally, in 1864, Harper's Weekly reported that the Union Navy had captured a flag whose motto said: " Our cause is just, our duty we know; In God we trust, to battle we go. " [35] Other Confederate symbols included close paraphrasing of the motto, such as the banner of the Apalachicola Guard of Florida ( In God is our trust ) [36] and "The Star-Spangled Cross and the Pure Field of White", a popular song in the Southern military whose refrain contains the following passage: " Our trust is in God, who can help us in fight, And defend those who ask Him in prayer. " [37]
President Abraham Lincoln 's Treasury Secretary , Salmon P. Chase , a lifelong evangelical Episcopalian who was known for his public shows of piety, [7] [38] acted swiftly on the proposal to include a motto referring to God and directed the then-Philadelphia Director of the Mint and member of the National Reform Association , James Pollock , to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase. [28] Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to the Congress for the new designs in late 1863. He then decided on the final version of the new motto, "In God We Trust," in December 1863. [39] Walter H. Breen , a numismatist , wrote that Chase drew inspiration from the motto of Brown University of Providence, Rhode Island , In Deo speramus , which is Latin for a similarly sounding "In God we hope". [40] Lincoln's degree of involvement in the process of the motto's approval was unclear, though he was aware of such talks. [c]
As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress, it was found that the federal legislature passed a bill on January 18, 1837, which determined the mottos and devices that should be stamped on U.S. coins. This meant that enactment of some additional legislation was necessary before "In God We Trust" could be engraved. Such bill was introduced and passed as the Coinage Act of 1864 on April 22, 1864, allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one-cent and two-cent coins. [8]
On March 3, 1865, the U.S. Congress passed a bill, which Lincoln subsequently signed as the last act of Congress prior to his assassination , [26] that allowed the Mint Director to place "In God We Trust" on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon", subject to the Secretary's approval. [8] [41] In 1873, Congress passed another Coinage Act, granting the Secretary of the Treasury the right to "cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto". [42]
In God We Trust (or, rarely, its variation, God We Trust) first appeared on 2¢ coins, which were first minted in 1863 and went into mass circulation the following year. [43] According to David W. Lange, a numismatist, the inclusion of the motto on a coin was a major driver for the popularisation of the slogan. [44] Other coins, that is, nickels , quarter dollars , half dollars , half eagles and eagles , have had In God We Trust engraved from 1866 on. [45] Dollar coins got the motto in 1873 for trade dollars and 1878 for common circulation Morgan dollars . [45] However, there was no obligation for the motto to be used, so some denominations still didn't have it. Others, such as nickels, have seen the phrase disappear after a redesign , so that by the late 19th century, most of the coins did not bear the motto. [46] Finally, in 1892, an oversight during the amendment of the Coinage Act struck out the language that mandated inclusion of the phrase. [47]
Banknotes did not have formal authorization, or mandate, to have "In God We Trust" engraved until 1955. However, a version of the motto ( In God Is Our Trust ) first made a brief appearance on the obverse side of the 1864 $20 interest-bearing and compound interest treasury notes , along with the motto "God and our Right". [48] [49]
The initial reactions of the general populace was far from unanimous approval. On the one hand, Christian newspapers were generally happy with the phrase being included in coins, though some advocated for more religiously connotated mottos, such as "In God alone is our trust" or "God our Christ". [26] On the other, non-religious press was less impressed by the developments. The New York Times editorial board asked to "let us try to carry our religion—such as it is—in our hearts, and not in our pockets" and criticized the Mint for including the motto only on golden and larger silver coins. [50] New York Illustrated News ridiculed the new coins for marking "the first time that God has ever been recognized on any of our counters of Mammon ," [26] with a similar comparison made by the Detroit Free Press . [7] The different opinions on its inclusion eventually grew into a dispute between secularists and faith congregations. [7] Others still started to make jokes of "In God We Trust". The American Journal of Numismatics suggested that people would misread the motto as "In Gold we Trust", which they said was "much nearer the fact". [51] Newspapers also started reporting on puns made of the slogan. Already in 1860s, newspapers reported signs reading "In God we Trust — terms cash," "In God we trust. All others are expected to pay cash" and the like. [18] [52]
The phrase, however, gradually became a symbol of national pride. Just six years after it first appeared on coins, the San Francisco Chronicle called it "our nation's motto"; similarly, groups as diverse as prohibitionists and suffragists , pacifists and nativists , Democrats and Republicans , Christians and Jews all adopted the motto or endorsed its usage by the end of the 19th century. [7] The motto stayed popular even as fewer denominations had "In God We Trust" embossed on coins. [26]
In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt sought to beautify American coinage and decided to give the task to his friend, Augustus Saint-Gaudens , [40] who, after several delays and technical issues with his design, produced a new design for eagles and double eagles . Roosevelt specifically instructed Saint-Gaudens not to include "In God We Trust" on the coins, as the President feared that these coins would be used to further ungodly activities, such as gambling, and facilitate crime. [40] [53] Saint-Gaudens did not oppose the order, as he thought that the phrase would distract from the coin's design features. [53]
The coin, whose ultra-high relief version is now considered one of the most beautiful coins ever struck in the U.S., [53] [54] was indeed appreciated for its esthetics by art critics. [55] However, a scandal immediately erupted over the lack of "In God We Trust" on the eagles and double eagles. [56] [57] Theodore Roosevelt insisted that while he was in favor of placing the motto on public buildings and monuments, doing so for money (or postage stamps and advertisements) would be "dangerously close to sacrilege ": [39]
"My own feeling in the matter is due to my very firm conviction that to put such a motto on coins, or to use it in any kindred manner, not only does no good, but does positive harm, and is in effect irreverence, which comes dangerously close to sacrilege. ... Any use which tends to cheapen it, and, above all, any use which tends to secure its being treated in a spirit of levity, is from every standpoint profoundly to be regretted. ... it seems to me eminently unwise to cheapen such a motto by use on coins ... In all my life I have never heard any human being speak reverently of this motto on the coins or show any signs of its having appealed to any high emotion in him, but I have literally, hundreds of times, heard it used as an occasion of and incitement to ... sneering ... Every one must remember the innumerable cartoons and articles based on phrases like 'In God we trust for the 8 cents,' ... Surely, I am well within bounds when I say that a use of the phrase which invites constant levity of this type is most undesirable."— President Theodore Roosevelt, 13 November 1907 [58]
Press response was largely negative. Most news outlets affiliated with Christian organisations, as well as The Wall Street Journal , The Philadelphia Press and other newspapers were critical of the decision, with accusations amounting to the President being guilty of premeditated assault on religion and disregard for Americans' religious sentiments. [55] Atlanta Constitution wrote that people were to choose between "God and Roosevelt", while The New York Sun published a poem mocking Roosevelt's attitude. [39] In contrast, The New York Times , Chicago Tribune , and some religious newspapers such as The Churchman , sided with the President, [7] [55] who was both stunned and irritated by people's opposition to excluding the motto. This prompted debate in Congress, which quickly decided to reinstate the motto on the coins in an act adopted in 1908. As a result of controversy, relevant design changes were subsequently introduced by the Mint Chief Engraver, Charles E. Barber . [47]
Other coins have also retained or renewed the usage of the motto. All gold coins and silver $1 coins, half dollars and quarters have had the motto engraved since July 1, 1908; pennies followed in 1909 and dimes in 1916. [8] Since 1938, all U.S. coins have borne the "In God We Trust" inscription on them. [8]
It is generally thought that during the Cold War era, the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union , which promoted state atheism and thus implemented antireligious legislation , [59] therefore, a debate for further usage of religious motto was started in Congress. However, Kevin M. Kruse argues in his book [60] that the opposition of the conservatives against the New Deal , and their subsequent successful campaigns to expand the influence of religion, were the main factors that contributed to further adoption of "In God We Trust".
The Eisenhower administration struck a deeply religious tone, which proved a fertile ground for lobbying for inclusion of the motto in further usages, [61] often attributed to the influence of Billy Graham , a prominent evangelist of the time. [62] After intense public pressure for inclusion of the national motto, it appeared for the first time on some postage stamps of the 1954 Liberty Issue , [63] [64] [65] though lobbying for universal inclusion by Michigan Senator Charles E. Potter and Representative Louis C. Rabaut failed. [61]
The following year, Democratic Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced H. R. 619, which obliged "In God we trust" to be printed on all banknotes and struck on all coins, in the House, arguing that "[in] these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom". [66] [67] The American Numismatic Association and the American Legion concurred and made resolutions urging to promote further usage of "In God We Trust". [68] [69]
On July 11, 1955, the bill, having passed with bipartisan support of both chambers of Congress, was signed into law by President Eisenhower . [70] [71] Since all coins already complied with the law, the only changes were made to the paper currency. The motto first appeared on the $1 silver certificate in 1957, followed by other certificates. Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes [72] were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination. [8] [73] [74] [d]
On July 30, 1956, the 84th Congress passed a joint resolution "declaring 'IN GOD WE TRUST' the national motto of the United States." [75] The resolution passed both the House and the Senate unanimously and without debate. [76] [77] [e] It replaced E pluribus unum , which had existed before as a de facto official motto. [6] The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302 , now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto." The resolution was reaffirmed in 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, by the Senate, [78] and in 2011 by the House of Representatives, in a 396 to 9 vote. [79] [80] In 2000, the House additionally encouraged to publicly display the motto. [81] [82]
The House of Representatives features the motto above the rostrum of the Speaker , which was carved in the wall in December 1962. [83]
Three states have adopted "In God We Trust" as part of official symbolics of the state.
In Florida , HB 1145 provided for the adoption of "In God We Trust" as the official state motto, instead of fairly similar "In God Is Our Trust", effective July 1, 2006. [4] [5] [84] The motto has also appeared on the seal of Florida [85] and on the flag of Florida , as the seal is one of its elements, since 1868. [86]
Georgia's flag features the motto since 2001, which was retained after a redesign two years later. [87]
In Mississippi , the Mississippi Senate voted to add the words, "In God We Trust" to the state seal , justifying it as an effort to protect religious freedom. The change was made effective on July 1, 2014. [88] [89] Six years later, Mississippi Governor Tate Reeves signed into law a bill requiring that the state's flag , which had contained the Confederate battle emblem , be replaced with a new one containing the phrase "In God We Trust." [90] A new flag containing the motto was approved by voters in a referendum , and it became the official state flag in January 2021. [91]
Display in schools mandated
Display in at least some government buildings mandated
Display in schools mandated if a copy of the motto is donated
Display in schools allowed
Display in government buildings allowed
- Arkansas : In March 2017, Act 911, sponsored by state Representative Jim Dotson , made it a requirement of Arkansas state law for public schools to display posters with the national motto, if these were donated. [92] [93] In 2019, the law was later amended to require public display of the national motto in public schools, higher education institutions and state government buildings, if funds are available for that purpose. [10]
- Florida : In early 2018, Kimberly Daniels , a Democrat who served as a representative for the Florida House of Representatives , introduced HB 839, a bill that requires public schools to display the motto "In God We Trust" in a conspicuous place. On February 21, 2018, the bill passed 97 to 10 in the House. [94] [95] Governor Rick Scott then signed the mandate into law. [96] [97]
- Idaho : House Concurrent Resolution 32, adopted in March 2020, mandates that the national motto be placed over the chairs of presiding officers of both chambers of Idaho Legislature . [98]
- Kentucky : In 2014, a law was passed that obliged display of the national motto in legislative buildings and in committees. [99] In June 2019, a bill sponsored by state Representative Brandon Reed of Hodgenville was passed that required Kentucky public schools to display the motto "in a prominent location", beginning from the 2019–20 school year. [100] [101] To protest the requirement, Fayette County Public Schools , a school district which serves Lexington , complied by posting framed one-dollar bills , which bear the slogan, [101] [102] while in LaRue County , of which Hodgenville is seat, schools were using oversized images of pennies . [101]
- Louisiana : A bill requiring public display of the motto in public schools was introduced by state Senator Regina Ashford Barrow in March 2018. It was passed unanimously both in the Senate (33 to 0) and in the House (93 to 0). [103] It was signed into law by Governor John Bel Edwards in May that year. [104] [105] The bill also mandated school instruction about "In God We Trust" as part of the social studies curriculum. [103] [106]
- Mississippi : In March 2001, Governor of Mississippi Ronnie Musgrove signed legislation requiring the motto "In God We Trust" to be displayed in every public school classroom, as well as the school auditoriums and cafeterias, throughout the state. [107]
- Ohio : Ohio requires public schools to hang material featuring the motto if school districts receive it as donation, or if money is donated with the stated purpose of buying such materials. [10] [108]
- South Dakota : In March 2019, South Dakota required public schools to prominently display "In God We Trust" motto on their walls, starting from the 2019–20 school year. [109] [110] [111]
- Tennessee : In March 2018, a bill sponsored by state Representative Susan Lynn , which requires Tennessee schools to prominently display "In God We Trust" passed the state House with 81 of the 99 members voting in favor of it. [112] After being approved unanimously in the Senate , it was signed by Governor Bill Haslam into law the following month. [113]
- Texas : Texas allowed display of the motto in public schools and higher education institutions since 2003. [9] [114] A 2021 Senate bill to mandate donated copies of the motto to be hung in a "conspicuous place" has passed the Texas House of Representatives on May 25, 2021. [115] [116] It was signed by the Governor on June 16 that year.
- Virginia : A regulation that obliges all Virginia schools to publicly display the motto was signed into law in May 2002. [117] [118]
- Utah : Utah's law to oblige schools to publicly display "In God We Trust" was signed into law in March 2002 by Governor Mike Leavitt . [119] The law also mandates school instruction about the motto. [120]
- Alabama : A 2018 law allows display of the motto in schools, libraries, government buildings, and on law enforcement vehicles. [10] [121]
- Arizona : Arizona allows public display of the motto in public schools. [10]
- Georgia : Georgia allows for usage of the national motto in schools and government buildings, provided they have funds for pay for its display. [10]
- Indiana : Indiana allows display of the national motto in public schools since 2005. [10]
- Michigan : Michigan allows and encourages the display of the motto in and on public schools as well as state and local government buildings. [10] [122]
- New Hampshire : HB 69, introduced in April 2021, initially proposed to require schools to display the national and state motto's, and passed the House 204–169. It was amended in the Senate to allow publication of the mottos and approved on May 13, 2021, [123] which was approved by the House the following month. [124] The bill was signed into law by Governor Chris Sununu on July 30, 2021. [125] [126]
- North Dakota : North Dakota statute allows display of the national motto in public schools. [10]
- Oklahoma : A bill was passed in 2004 that allowed public schools to display "In God We Trust" and E pluribus unum in classrooms, auditoriums and cafeterias; [127] a 2018 Senate bill to mandate such display died in the House . [128]
- South Carolina : South Carolina allows political subdivisions and schools to post a display detailing the foundations of the American law and government, of which the national motto is one of thirteen documents, while providing context to these documents in terms detailed by the state statute. [129]
In addition to that, several local governments have introduced the display of the motto in government buildings and municipal cars. [130] [131] [132] [133] School boards have also seen voluntary introduction of the motto, particularly after the September 11 attacks , when the American Family Association supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to their display. [134]
Multiple scholars have noted that "In God We Trust" motto is one of the main elements of civil religion in the United States. [135]
In Judaism and Christianity , the official motto "In God We Trust" is not found verbatim in any verses from the Bible , but the phrase is translated in similar terms in Psalm 91:2 , in the Old Testament ("I will say of the LORD, He is my refuge and my fortress: my God; in him will I trust") and in the New Testament in 2 Corinthians 1:10 ("Who delivered us from so great a death, and doth deliver: in whom we trust that he will yet deliver us .") The concept is paraphrased in Psalm 118:8 , Psalm 40:3 , Psalm 73:28 , and Proverbs 29:25 . [136] According to Philip Jenkins , a historian of religion, some Bible translations rendered Psalm 56:11 as " In God I trust ; I will not fear", [137] which could lead to substitution of the first "I" for "we". [20]
In Islam the word for the concept of reliance on God is called Tawakkul ; the phrase "In God We Trust" is closely paraphrased in two places of the Quran , in surah 10 Yunus , as well as surah Al-A'raf (7:89), and several other verses reinforce this concept. [138] Melkote Ramaswamy, a Hindu American scholar, writes that the presence of the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency is a reminder that "there is God everywhere, whether we are conscious or not." [139]
As of May 25, 2021, the following U.S. states currently offer an "In God We Trust" license plate (vanity and standard issues): Alaska , Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas , Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina , Ohio, [140] Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia , and Wisconsin . [141] [142]
Among the states that use the motto in standard issues, the Mississippi 's current standard plate features the motto as displayed on its state seal , [142] [143] while Utah offers a standard option license plate. [144] Florida, which also offers a specialty plate, has an option to place "In God We Trust" instead of the official nickname or county name; [145] Georgia also provides for such an option, [146] while North Carolina offers an option with North Carolina's state motto and "In God We Trust" instead of "First in Flight" or "First in Freedom". [147] In Tennessee, the 2022 issue license plates have two versions: with and without the national motto. [148] As of March 2023, about 60% of the state's license tags feature "In God We Trust", but this falls to 21% in Davidson County , which includes the state capital, Nashville . [149]
According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today , CNN , and Gallup , 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins. [12] MSNBC launched a similar live survey online that ran for several years in the late 2000s and yielded overwhelming opposition to the removal of the motto. [150] However, a more recent student poll in 2019 by College Pulse made for The College Fix showed that just over a half of students supports inclusion of the national motto in currency, with two-thirds of those who recognised themselves as Democrats opposing and 94% of Republicans in favor of the measure. [13]
"In God We Trust" has long been controversial as an official motto due to what opponents perceive as being a religious statement, and as such, violating the separation of church and state . Secular and atheist organisations, such as Americans United for Separation of Church and State , [151] [152] Freedom From Religion Foundation , [153] [154] as well as The Satanic Temple [90] members, have all opposed inclusion of such motto. On the other hand, Project Blitz as well as conservative organisations and lawmakers have lobbied for its further adoption. [155] [156]
Proponents have extensively argued for inclusion of the national motto in more settings, grounding it in the traditional invocations of God that they say have now become an element of a civil religion and should express the will of the founders, who believed in God. [7] [82] [157] [158] Opponents, on the other hand, argue that not only does the motto violate the secular character of the United States, but it also predefines the type and number of gods (if any) to be trusted, [159] [152] [160] with some taking their arguments to the courts.
The constitutionality of the phrase "In God We Trust" has been repeatedly upheld according to the judicial interpretation of accommodationism , whose adherents state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty, is not coercive, and does not prefer one religious denomination over another. [161] In Zorach v. Clauson (1952), the Supreme Court also wrote that the nation's "institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the U.S. constitution's authors intended to prohibit. [162] The courts also rely on the notion of " ceremonial deism " (as defined in Brennan's dissent in Lynch v. Donnelly , 1984), [163] i.e. that there exist religious references that, through their repetitious and customary usage, have become secular and are thus constitutional. [164] While opponents of such rulings argue that Jefferson 's notion of "wall of separation between church and state" prohibits any aid, direct or indirect, to any religious institution, and therefore any ruling to the contrary goes counter to Founders ' intent, this separationist view has not gained significant ground in judicial settings. [161] [165]
Even though not directly related to the motto, Engel v. Vitale (1962) elicited much speculation on the future of "In God We Trust" in public settings. In the ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a New York law that encouraged public schools to recite a prayer as written in state law on First Amendment grounds. The ruling sparked widespread outrage and was extremely unpopular at the time, even as the judges' decision was near-unanimous. [166] Almost 4/5 of Americans disapproved of the ruling, according to a Gallup poll. [167] Congressmen were afraid that "In God We Trust" would have to disappear from coins and banknotes, [168] the feeling shared by the then president of the American Bar Association , John C. Salterfield. [7] Senator Sam Ervin , a Democrat from North Carolina, went so far as to wonder if God was declared unconstitutional by that decision. [169] Congressmen tried to direct federal funds to buy Bibles for the Supreme Court justices and to propose a constitutional amendment allowing school prayer (both measures failed). [166] A similar ruling the following year in Abington Township v. Schempp prompted senators to attempt to force the Supreme Court to hang the national motto in the courtroom, which also did not succeed. [7]
Even though the Supreme Court has never ruled directly on the constitutionality of "In God We Trust", [16] several appellate federal courts and some state courts have, and the Supreme Court itself did not seem to have any problem with the phrase being inscribed on coins and banknotes. [45]
Aronow v. United States (1970) was the first case to challenge the inclusion of "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency . [170] The passage of the statute that the lawsuit challenged ("the inscription 'In God we Trust'...shall appear on all United States currency and coins", 31 U.S.C. § 324a ) [170] stood, and the Ninth Circuit stated that: " its [motto's] use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise ". In O'Hair v. Blumenthal (1978), the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas also upheld the law. A similar decision was reached on appeal to the Fifth Circuit in 1979, which affirmed that the "primary purpose of the slogan was secular". [42] The same decision was reached in Gaylor v. United States (1996) when it was appealed to the Tenth Circuit . [171]
A series of lawsuits attempting to outlaw "In God We Trust" was filed, with support of the Freedom From Religion Foundation, by Michael Newdow , who was known for his previous case Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004), in which the Ninth Circuit issued a ruling removing "under God" from the Pledge of Allegiance (the ruling was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court). A federal judge in California rejected his reasoning in a June 2006 ruling, and the same conclusion was reached by the Ninth Circuit. Because the Supreme Court denied certiorari , the appellate court's decision, which said that "the national motto is of a "patriotic or ceremonial character," has no "theological or ritualistic impact," and does not constitute "governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise,"" remained unchanged and in force. [172] A lawsuit filed by Newdow and Freedom from Religion Foundation in 2013 in New York also failed, both on trial [173] and on appeal to the Second Circuit ; [174] yet another one, filed in Ohio in 2016, was dismissed by the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio and the Sixth Circuit . [175] The same happened with the lawsuit in the Eighth Circuit , which was unrelated to Newdow's efforts. [176] [177]
In 2015, David F. Bauman , a New Jersey state judge, dismissed a case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens". [178] [179] Bauman noted that "as a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787." [180]
Additionally, several courts have agreed that "In God We Trust" on public buildings did not violate the Establishment Clause: the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1967) [181] and the Fourth Circuit (2005) [182] did so for public schools, with the same appellate federal court arguing the same for a county government office (2005). [183] [184]
Even though efforts to remove "In God We Trust" in most settings were largely fruitless, mandatory display of mottos in general on license plates drew some skepticism from the judiciary. In Wooley v. Maynard (1977), the Supreme Court struck down a New Hampshire law mandating that every person carry the state motto on their license plates. The Supreme Court noted in the case that the state can't force its citizens to "use their private property as a 'mobile billboard' for the State's ideological message". Applying Wooley in Griggs v. Graham (2023), a federal judge in Mississippi ruled that under the Free Speech Clause , the state may not force individuals to display "In God We Trust" as it appears on the state seal on their license plates (see above ). The judge suggested that objectors to the statement may deface the part of the license tag containing it even though a Mississippi statute may arguably punish this behavior, but declined to order the state to issue religiously neutral license plates free of charge. [185]
The Supreme Court never processed a case deciding the question of whether "In God we Trust" is constitutional. But in obiter dicta , the majority of the Supreme Court in Wooley indicated they would reject the line of argument that the plaintiffs used in that case to declare the presence of the national motto on currency unconstitutional. They argued that unlike license plates, currency was not something that was either associated directly with the owner or made to display. [45] [186]
The Spanish equivalent of "In God We Trust", En Dios Confiamos , is an unofficial motto of the Republic of Nicaragua . The phrase can be seen on most of Nicaragua's coins. [11]
Additionally, the phrase has been used in heraldic settings. In 1860, the phrase was included in the coat of arms of New Westminster , British Columbia , and it stayed there ever since. [187] [188] Also, until 1997, the heraldic motto of Brighton, England was the Latin equivalent of the phrase, In Deo Fidemus . [189] [190] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust | 101 |
when did in god we trust go on money | President Eisenhower signs “In God We Trust” into law | On July 30, 1956, two years after pushing to have the phrase “under God” inserted into the pledge of allegiance, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs a law officially declaring “In God We Trust” to be the nation’s official motto. The law, P.L. 84-140, also mandated that the phrase be printed on all American paper currency. The phrase had been placed on U.S. coins since the Civil War when, according to the historical association of the United States Treasury, religious sentiment reached a peak. Eisenhower’s treasury secretary, George Humphrey, had suggested adding the phrase to paper currency as well.
Although some historical accounts claim Eisenhower was raised a Jehovah’s Witness, most presidential scholars now believe his family was Mennonite. Either way, Eisenhower abandoned his family’s religion before entering the Army, and took the unusual step of being baptized relatively late in his adult life as a Presbyterian. The baptism took place in 1953, barely a year into his first term as president.
Although Eisenhower embraced religion, biographers insist he never intended to force his beliefs on anyone. In fact, the chapel-like structure near where he and his wife Mamie are buried on the grounds of his presidential library is called the “Place of Meditation” and is intentionally inter-denominational. At a Flag Day speech in 1954, he elaborated on his feelings about the place of religion in public life when he discussed why he had wanted to include “under God” in the pledge of allegiance: “In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America’s heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country’s most powerful resource in peace and war.”
The first paper money with the phrase “In God We Trust” was not printed until 1957. Since then, religious and secular groups have argued over the appropriateness and constitutionality of a motto that mentions “God,” considering the founding fathers dedication to maintaining the separation of church and state. | https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-eisenhower-signs-in-god-we-trust-into-law | 101 |
when did in god we trust go on money | In God We Trust - Wikipedia | " In God We Trust " (also rendered as " In God we trust ") is the official motto of the United States [1] [2] [3] as well as the motto of the U.S. state of Florida . [4] [5] It was adopted by the U.S. Congress in 1956, replacing E pluribus unum ("Out of many, one"), which had been the de facto motto since the initial design of the Great Seal of the United States . [6]
While the earliest mentions of the phrase can be found in the mid-19th century, the origins of this phrase as a political motto lie in the American Civil War , where Union supporters wanted to emphasize their attachment to God and to boost morale. [7] The capitalized form "IN GOD WE TRUST" first appeared on the two-cent piece in 1864 and initially only appeared on coins, but it gradually became accepted among Americans. [8] Much wider adoption followed in the 1950s. First postage stamps with the motto appeared in 1954. A law passed in July 1955 by a joint resolution of the 84th Congress ( Pub. L. 84–140 ) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower requires that "In God We Trust" appear on all American currency . This law was first implemented on the updated one-dollar silver certificate that entered circulation on October 1, 1957. [8] The 84th Congress later passed legislation ( Pub. L. 84–851 ), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto. [8] [a] Several states have also mandated or authorized its use in public institutions or schools; [9] [10] while Florida , Georgia and Mississippi have incorporated the phrase in some of their state symbols. The motto has also been used in some cases in other countries, most notably on Nicaragua 's coins. [11]
The motto remains popular among the American public. According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today , CNN , and Gallup , 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins; [12] and a 2019 student poll by College Pulse showed that 53% of students supported its inclusion in currency. [13] Some groups and people in the United States, however, have objected to its use, contending that its religious reference violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . [14] These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property, which has resulted in numerous lawsuits. This argument has not overcome the interpretational doctrine of accommodationism and the notion of " ceremonial deism ". The former allows the government to endorse religious establishments as long as they are all treated equally, while the latter states that a repetitious invocation of a religious entity in ceremonial matters strips the phrase of its original religious connotation. [15] The New Hampshire Supreme Court , as well as the Second , Fourth , Fifth , Sixth , Eighth , Ninth , and Tenth Circuits , have all upheld the constitutionality of the motto in various settings. The Supreme Court has discussed the motto in footnotes but has never directly ruled on its compliance with the U.S. constitution . [16]
The earliest recorded usage of the motto in English was in January 1748, when The Pennsylvania Gazette reported on the colours of Associators regiments, namely that of Benjamin Franklin 's Pennsylvania militia, one of which said: "IX. A Coronet and Plume of Feathers. Motto, In God we Trust ." [17] [18] [19] According to Thomas S. Kidd , an American historian , this appears to be an isolated instance of an official usage, which could be traced to some renderings of Psalm 56:11 . [20]
The precise phrase, “In God We Trust” is also found in a publication of Isaac Watts’ Psalter which was revised and printed in America in 1785. Watts had translated Psalm 115:9-11 with the words, “Britain, trust the Lord.” An American publisher, Joel Barlow, sought to revise Watts’ Psalter for an American audience. Barlow's goal was to modify Watts in such a way as to purge the un-American flavor. Barlow simply translated Psalm 115: 9–11 with the words “In God we Trust.” [21]
There were several other unrelated recordings of the motto. It can be encountered in some literary works of the early 19th century. [24] One of them, "Defence of Fort M'Henry", contained a version of the motto and subsequently became the national anthem of the United States . It also appeared in 1845, when D.S. Whitney published an anti-slavery hymn in The Liberator . [25] [26] Odd Fellows have also used the phrase as their motto from the 1840s at least into the 1870s. [7] [26] [27]
In a letter dated November 13, 1861, Rev. Mark R. Watkinson of Ridleyville, Pennsylvania (pastor of the Prospect Hill Baptist Church in present-day Prospect Park, Pennsylvania ), petitioned the Treasury Department to add a statement recognizing " Almighty God in some form on our coins" in order to "relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism". [8] [28] [29] At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the Civil War , [7] [8] given that the Confederacy's constitution , unlike the Union's, invoked God. [b] This sentiment was shared by other citizens who supported such inclusion in their letters. [30] Indeed, the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto "In God we trust" in early August 1862. [31]
In the South, the phrase has also gained significant traction. A Confederate bunting with “In God We Trust” printed in the center, dated to late 1861 or early 1862 and attributed to the 37th Arkansas Infantry Regiment , was probably captured by the 33rd Iowa Infantry Regiment at the Battle of Helena and is currently in possession of the Iowa Historical Society . [32] [33] Another flag with exactly the same motto, this time of the 60th Tennessee Infantry Regiment , was captured in the course of the Battle of Big Black River Bridge . [34] Additionally, in 1864, Harper's Weekly reported that the Union Navy had captured a flag whose motto said: " Our cause is just, our duty we know; In God we trust, to battle we go. " [35] Other Confederate symbols included close paraphrasing of the motto, such as the banner of the Apalachicola Guard of Florida ( In God is our trust ) [36] and "The Star-Spangled Cross and the Pure Field of White", a popular song in the Southern military whose refrain contains the following passage: " Our trust is in God, who can help us in fight, And defend those who ask Him in prayer. " [37]
President Abraham Lincoln 's Treasury Secretary , Salmon P. Chase , a lifelong evangelical Episcopalian who was known for his public shows of piety, [7] [38] acted swiftly on the proposal to include a motto referring to God and directed the then-Philadelphia Director of the Mint and member of the National Reform Association , James Pollock , to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase. [28] Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to the Congress for the new designs in late 1863. He then decided on the final version of the new motto, "In God We Trust," in December 1863. [39] Walter H. Breen , a numismatist , wrote that Chase drew inspiration from the motto of Brown University of Providence, Rhode Island , In Deo speramus , which is Latin for a similarly sounding "In God we hope". [40] Lincoln's degree of involvement in the process of the motto's approval was unclear, though he was aware of such talks. [c]
As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress, it was found that the federal legislature passed a bill on January 18, 1837, which determined the mottos and devices that should be stamped on U.S. coins. This meant that enactment of some additional legislation was necessary before "In God We Trust" could be engraved. Such bill was introduced and passed as the Coinage Act of 1864 on April 22, 1864, allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one-cent and two-cent coins. [8]
On March 3, 1865, the U.S. Congress passed a bill, which Lincoln subsequently signed as the last act of Congress prior to his assassination , [26] that allowed the Mint Director to place "In God We Trust" on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon", subject to the Secretary's approval. [8] [41] In 1873, Congress passed another Coinage Act, granting the Secretary of the Treasury the right to "cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto". [42]
In God We Trust (or, rarely, its variation, God We Trust) first appeared on 2¢ coins, which were first minted in 1863 and went into mass circulation the following year. [43] According to David W. Lange, a numismatist, the inclusion of the motto on a coin was a major driver for the popularisation of the slogan. [44] Other coins, that is, nickels , quarter dollars , half dollars , half eagles and eagles , have had In God We Trust engraved from 1866 on. [45] Dollar coins got the motto in 1873 for trade dollars and 1878 for common circulation Morgan dollars . [45] However, there was no obligation for the motto to be used, so some denominations still didn't have it. Others, such as nickels, have seen the phrase disappear after a redesign , so that by the late 19th century, most of the coins did not bear the motto. [46] Finally, in 1892, an oversight during the amendment of the Coinage Act struck out the language that mandated inclusion of the phrase. [47]
Banknotes did not have formal authorization, or mandate, to have "In God We Trust" engraved until 1955. However, a version of the motto ( In God Is Our Trust ) first made a brief appearance on the obverse side of the 1864 $20 interest-bearing and compound interest treasury notes , along with the motto "God and our Right". [48] [49]
The initial reactions of the general populace was far from unanimous approval. On the one hand, Christian newspapers were generally happy with the phrase being included in coins, though some advocated for more religiously connotated mottos, such as "In God alone is our trust" or "God our Christ". [26] On the other, non-religious press was less impressed by the developments. The New York Times editorial board asked to "let us try to carry our religion—such as it is—in our hearts, and not in our pockets" and criticized the Mint for including the motto only on golden and larger silver coins. [50] New York Illustrated News ridiculed the new coins for marking "the first time that God has ever been recognized on any of our counters of Mammon ," [26] with a similar comparison made by the Detroit Free Press . [7] The different opinions on its inclusion eventually grew into a dispute between secularists and faith congregations. [7] Others still started to make jokes of "In God We Trust". The American Journal of Numismatics suggested that people would misread the motto as "In Gold we Trust", which they said was "much nearer the fact". [51] Newspapers also started reporting on puns made of the slogan. Already in 1860s, newspapers reported signs reading "In God we Trust — terms cash," "In God we trust. All others are expected to pay cash" and the like. [18] [52]
The phrase, however, gradually became a symbol of national pride. Just six years after it first appeared on coins, the San Francisco Chronicle called it "our nation's motto"; similarly, groups as diverse as prohibitionists and suffragists , pacifists and nativists , Democrats and Republicans , Christians and Jews all adopted the motto or endorsed its usage by the end of the 19th century. [7] The motto stayed popular even as fewer denominations had "In God We Trust" embossed on coins. [26]
In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt sought to beautify American coinage and decided to give the task to his friend, Augustus Saint-Gaudens , [40] who, after several delays and technical issues with his design, produced a new design for eagles and double eagles . Roosevelt specifically instructed Saint-Gaudens not to include "In God We Trust" on the coins, as the President feared that these coins would be used to further ungodly activities, such as gambling, and facilitate crime. [40] [53] Saint-Gaudens did not oppose the order, as he thought that the phrase would distract from the coin's design features. [53]
The coin, whose ultra-high relief version is now considered one of the most beautiful coins ever struck in the U.S., [53] [54] was indeed appreciated for its esthetics by art critics. [55] However, a scandal immediately erupted over the lack of "In God We Trust" on the eagles and double eagles. [56] [57] Theodore Roosevelt insisted that while he was in favor of placing the motto on public buildings and monuments, doing so for money (or postage stamps and advertisements) would be "dangerously close to sacrilege ": [39]
"My own feeling in the matter is due to my very firm conviction that to put such a motto on coins, or to use it in any kindred manner, not only does no good, but does positive harm, and is in effect irreverence, which comes dangerously close to sacrilege. ... Any use which tends to cheapen it, and, above all, any use which tends to secure its being treated in a spirit of levity, is from every standpoint profoundly to be regretted. ... it seems to me eminently unwise to cheapen such a motto by use on coins ... In all my life I have never heard any human being speak reverently of this motto on the coins or show any signs of its having appealed to any high emotion in him, but I have literally, hundreds of times, heard it used as an occasion of and incitement to ... sneering ... Every one must remember the innumerable cartoons and articles based on phrases like 'In God we trust for the 8 cents,' ... Surely, I am well within bounds when I say that a use of the phrase which invites constant levity of this type is most undesirable."— President Theodore Roosevelt, 13 November 1907 [58]
Press response was largely negative. Most news outlets affiliated with Christian organisations, as well as The Wall Street Journal , The Philadelphia Press and other newspapers were critical of the decision, with accusations amounting to the President being guilty of premeditated assault on religion and disregard for Americans' religious sentiments. [55] Atlanta Constitution wrote that people were to choose between "God and Roosevelt", while The New York Sun published a poem mocking Roosevelt's attitude. [39] In contrast, The New York Times , Chicago Tribune , and some religious newspapers such as The Churchman , sided with the President, [7] [55] who was both stunned and irritated by people's opposition to excluding the motto. This prompted debate in Congress, which quickly decided to reinstate the motto on the coins in an act adopted in 1908. As a result of controversy, relevant design changes were subsequently introduced by the Mint Chief Engraver, Charles E. Barber . [47]
Other coins have also retained or renewed the usage of the motto. All gold coins and silver $1 coins, half dollars and quarters have had the motto engraved since July 1, 1908; pennies followed in 1909 and dimes in 1916. [8] Since 1938, all U.S. coins have borne the "In God We Trust" inscription on them. [8]
It is generally thought that during the Cold War era, the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union , which promoted state atheism and thus implemented antireligious legislation , [59] therefore, a debate for further usage of religious motto was started in Congress. However, Kevin M. Kruse argues in his book [60] that the opposition of the conservatives against the New Deal , and their subsequent successful campaigns to expand the influence of religion, were the main factors that contributed to further adoption of "In God We Trust".
The Eisenhower administration struck a deeply religious tone, which proved a fertile ground for lobbying for inclusion of the motto in further usages, [61] often attributed to the influence of Billy Graham , a prominent evangelist of the time. [62] After intense public pressure for inclusion of the national motto, it appeared for the first time on some postage stamps of the 1954 Liberty Issue , [63] [64] [65] though lobbying for universal inclusion by Michigan Senator Charles E. Potter and Representative Louis C. Rabaut failed. [61]
The following year, Democratic Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced H. R. 619, which obliged "In God we trust" to be printed on all banknotes and struck on all coins, in the House, arguing that "[in] these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom". [66] [67] The American Numismatic Association and the American Legion concurred and made resolutions urging to promote further usage of "In God We Trust". [68] [69]
On July 11, 1955, the bill, having passed with bipartisan support of both chambers of Congress, was signed into law by President Eisenhower . [70] [71] Since all coins already complied with the law, the only changes were made to the paper currency. The motto first appeared on the $1 silver certificate in 1957, followed by other certificates. Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes [72] were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination. [8] [73] [74] [d]
On July 30, 1956, the 84th Congress passed a joint resolution "declaring 'IN GOD WE TRUST' the national motto of the United States." [75] The resolution passed both the House and the Senate unanimously and without debate. [76] [77] [e] It replaced E pluribus unum , which had existed before as a de facto official motto. [6] The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302 , now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto." The resolution was reaffirmed in 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, by the Senate, [78] and in 2011 by the House of Representatives, in a 396 to 9 vote. [79] [80] In 2000, the House additionally encouraged to publicly display the motto. [81] [82]
The House of Representatives features the motto above the rostrum of the Speaker , which was carved in the wall in December 1962. [83]
Three states have adopted "In God We Trust" as part of official symbolics of the state.
In Florida , HB 1145 provided for the adoption of "In God We Trust" as the official state motto, instead of fairly similar "In God Is Our Trust", effective July 1, 2006. [4] [5] [84] The motto has also appeared on the seal of Florida [85] and on the flag of Florida , as the seal is one of its elements, since 1868. [86]
Georgia's flag features the motto since 2001, which was retained after a redesign two years later. [87]
In Mississippi , the Mississippi Senate voted to add the words, "In God We Trust" to the state seal , justifying it as an effort to protect religious freedom. The change was made effective on July 1, 2014. [88] [89] Six years later, Mississippi Governor Tate Reeves signed into law a bill requiring that the state's flag , which had contained the Confederate battle emblem , be replaced with a new one containing the phrase "In God We Trust." [90] A new flag containing the motto was approved by voters in a referendum , and it became the official state flag in January 2021. [91]
Display in schools mandated
Display in at least some government buildings mandated
Display in schools mandated if a copy of the motto is donated
Display in schools allowed
Display in government buildings allowed
- Arkansas : In March 2017, Act 911, sponsored by state Representative Jim Dotson , made it a requirement of Arkansas state law for public schools to display posters with the national motto, if these were donated. [92] [93] In 2019, the law was later amended to require public display of the national motto in public schools, higher education institutions and state government buildings, if funds are available for that purpose. [10]
- Florida : In early 2018, Kimberly Daniels , a Democrat who served as a representative for the Florida House of Representatives , introduced HB 839, a bill that requires public schools to display the motto "In God We Trust" in a conspicuous place. On February 21, 2018, the bill passed 97 to 10 in the House. [94] [95] Governor Rick Scott then signed the mandate into law. [96] [97]
- Idaho : House Concurrent Resolution 32, adopted in March 2020, mandates that the national motto be placed over the chairs of presiding officers of both chambers of Idaho Legislature . [98]
- Kentucky : In 2014, a law was passed that obliged display of the national motto in legislative buildings and in committees. [99] In June 2019, a bill sponsored by state Representative Brandon Reed of Hodgenville was passed that required Kentucky public schools to display the motto "in a prominent location", beginning from the 2019–20 school year. [100] [101] To protest the requirement, Fayette County Public Schools , a school district which serves Lexington , complied by posting framed one-dollar bills , which bear the slogan, [101] [102] while in LaRue County , of which Hodgenville is seat, schools were using oversized images of pennies . [101]
- Louisiana : A bill requiring public display of the motto in public schools was introduced by state Senator Regina Ashford Barrow in March 2018. It was passed unanimously both in the Senate (33 to 0) and in the House (93 to 0). [103] It was signed into law by Governor John Bel Edwards in May that year. [104] [105] The bill also mandated school instruction about "In God We Trust" as part of the social studies curriculum. [103] [106]
- Mississippi : In March 2001, Governor of Mississippi Ronnie Musgrove signed legislation requiring the motto "In God We Trust" to be displayed in every public school classroom, as well as the school auditoriums and cafeterias, throughout the state. [107]
- Ohio : Ohio requires public schools to hang material featuring the motto if school districts receive it as donation, or if money is donated with the stated purpose of buying such materials. [10] [108]
- South Dakota : In March 2019, South Dakota required public schools to prominently display "In God We Trust" motto on their walls, starting from the 2019–20 school year. [109] [110] [111]
- Tennessee : In March 2018, a bill sponsored by state Representative Susan Lynn , which requires Tennessee schools to prominently display "In God We Trust" passed the state House with 81 of the 99 members voting in favor of it. [112] After being approved unanimously in the Senate , it was signed by Governor Bill Haslam into law the following month. [113]
- Texas : Texas allowed display of the motto in public schools and higher education institutions since 2003. [9] [114] A 2021 Senate bill to mandate donated copies of the motto to be hung in a "conspicuous place" has passed the Texas House of Representatives on May 25, 2021. [115] [116] It was signed by the Governor on June 16 that year.
- Virginia : A regulation that obliges all Virginia schools to publicly display the motto was signed into law in May 2002. [117] [118]
- Utah : Utah's law to oblige schools to publicly display "In God We Trust" was signed into law in March 2002 by Governor Mike Leavitt . [119] The law also mandates school instruction about the motto. [120]
- Alabama : A 2018 law allows display of the motto in schools, libraries, government buildings, and on law enforcement vehicles. [10] [121]
- Arizona : Arizona allows public display of the motto in public schools. [10]
- Georgia : Georgia allows for usage of the national motto in schools and government buildings, provided they have funds for pay for its display. [10]
- Indiana : Indiana allows display of the national motto in public schools since 2005. [10]
- Michigan : Michigan allows and encourages the display of the motto in and on public schools as well as state and local government buildings. [10] [122]
- New Hampshire : HB 69, introduced in April 2021, initially proposed to require schools to display the national and state motto's, and passed the House 204–169. It was amended in the Senate to allow publication of the mottos and approved on May 13, 2021, [123] which was approved by the House the following month. [124] The bill was signed into law by Governor Chris Sununu on July 30, 2021. [125] [126]
- North Dakota : North Dakota statute allows display of the national motto in public schools. [10]
- Oklahoma : A bill was passed in 2004 that allowed public schools to display "In God We Trust" and E pluribus unum in classrooms, auditoriums and cafeterias; [127] a 2018 Senate bill to mandate such display died in the House . [128]
- South Carolina : South Carolina allows political subdivisions and schools to post a display detailing the foundations of the American law and government, of which the national motto is one of thirteen documents, while providing context to these documents in terms detailed by the state statute. [129]
In addition to that, several local governments have introduced the display of the motto in government buildings and municipal cars. [130] [131] [132] [133] School boards have also seen voluntary introduction of the motto, particularly after the September 11 attacks , when the American Family Association supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to their display. [134]
Multiple scholars have noted that "In God We Trust" motto is one of the main elements of civil religion in the United States. [135]
In Judaism and Christianity , the official motto "In God We Trust" is not found verbatim in any verses from the Bible , but the phrase is translated in similar terms in Psalm 91:2 , in the Old Testament ("I will say of the LORD, He is my refuge and my fortress: my God; in him will I trust") and in the New Testament in 2 Corinthians 1:10 ("Who delivered us from so great a death, and doth deliver: in whom we trust that he will yet deliver us .") The concept is paraphrased in Psalm 118:8 , Psalm 40:3 , Psalm 73:28 , and Proverbs 29:25 . [136] According to Philip Jenkins , a historian of religion, some Bible translations rendered Psalm 56:11 as " In God I trust ; I will not fear", [137] which could lead to substitution of the first "I" for "we". [20]
In Islam the word for the concept of reliance on God is called Tawakkul ; the phrase "In God We Trust" is closely paraphrased in two places of the Quran , in surah 10 Yunus , as well as surah Al-A'raf (7:89), and several other verses reinforce this concept. [138] Melkote Ramaswamy, a Hindu American scholar, writes that the presence of the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency is a reminder that "there is God everywhere, whether we are conscious or not." [139]
As of May 25, 2021, the following U.S. states currently offer an "In God We Trust" license plate (vanity and standard issues): Alaska , Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas , Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina , Ohio, [140] Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia , and Wisconsin . [141] [142]
Among the states that use the motto in standard issues, the Mississippi 's current standard plate features the motto as displayed on its state seal , [142] [143] while Utah offers a standard option license plate. [144] Florida, which also offers a specialty plate, has an option to place "In God We Trust" instead of the official nickname or county name; [145] Georgia also provides for such an option, [146] while North Carolina offers an option with North Carolina's state motto and "In God We Trust" instead of "First in Flight" or "First in Freedom". [147] In Tennessee, the 2022 issue license plates have two versions: with and without the national motto. [148] As of March 2023, about 60% of the state's license tags feature "In God We Trust", but this falls to 21% in Davidson County , which includes the state capital, Nashville . [149]
According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today , CNN , and Gallup , 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins. [12] MSNBC launched a similar live survey online that ran for several years in the late 2000s and yielded overwhelming opposition to the removal of the motto. [150] However, a more recent student poll in 2019 by College Pulse made for The College Fix showed that just over a half of students supports inclusion of the national motto in currency, with two-thirds of those who recognised themselves as Democrats opposing and 94% of Republicans in favor of the measure. [13]
"In God We Trust" has long been controversial as an official motto due to what opponents perceive as being a religious statement, and as such, violating the separation of church and state . Secular and atheist organisations, such as Americans United for Separation of Church and State , [151] [152] Freedom From Religion Foundation , [153] [154] as well as The Satanic Temple [90] members, have all opposed inclusion of such motto. On the other hand, Project Blitz as well as conservative organisations and lawmakers have lobbied for its further adoption. [155] [156]
Proponents have extensively argued for inclusion of the national motto in more settings, grounding it in the traditional invocations of God that they say have now become an element of a civil religion and should express the will of the founders, who believed in God. [7] [82] [157] [158] Opponents, on the other hand, argue that not only does the motto violate the secular character of the United States, but it also predefines the type and number of gods (if any) to be trusted, [159] [152] [160] with some taking their arguments to the courts.
The constitutionality of the phrase "In God We Trust" has been repeatedly upheld according to the judicial interpretation of accommodationism , whose adherents state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty, is not coercive, and does not prefer one religious denomination over another. [161] In Zorach v. Clauson (1952), the Supreme Court also wrote that the nation's "institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the U.S. constitution's authors intended to prohibit. [162] The courts also rely on the notion of " ceremonial deism " (as defined in Brennan's dissent in Lynch v. Donnelly , 1984), [163] i.e. that there exist religious references that, through their repetitious and customary usage, have become secular and are thus constitutional. [164] While opponents of such rulings argue that Jefferson 's notion of "wall of separation between church and state" prohibits any aid, direct or indirect, to any religious institution, and therefore any ruling to the contrary goes counter to Founders ' intent, this separationist view has not gained significant ground in judicial settings. [161] [165]
Even though not directly related to the motto, Engel v. Vitale (1962) elicited much speculation on the future of "In God We Trust" in public settings. In the ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a New York law that encouraged public schools to recite a prayer as written in state law on First Amendment grounds. The ruling sparked widespread outrage and was extremely unpopular at the time, even as the judges' decision was near-unanimous. [166] Almost 4/5 of Americans disapproved of the ruling, according to a Gallup poll. [167] Congressmen were afraid that "In God We Trust" would have to disappear from coins and banknotes, [168] the feeling shared by the then president of the American Bar Association , John C. Salterfield. [7] Senator Sam Ervin , a Democrat from North Carolina, went so far as to wonder if God was declared unconstitutional by that decision. [169] Congressmen tried to direct federal funds to buy Bibles for the Supreme Court justices and to propose a constitutional amendment allowing school prayer (both measures failed). [166] A similar ruling the following year in Abington Township v. Schempp prompted senators to attempt to force the Supreme Court to hang the national motto in the courtroom, which also did not succeed. [7]
Even though the Supreme Court has never ruled directly on the constitutionality of "In God We Trust", [16] several appellate federal courts and some state courts have, and the Supreme Court itself did not seem to have any problem with the phrase being inscribed on coins and banknotes. [45]
Aronow v. United States (1970) was the first case to challenge the inclusion of "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency . [170] The passage of the statute that the lawsuit challenged ("the inscription 'In God we Trust'...shall appear on all United States currency and coins", 31 U.S.C. § 324a ) [170] stood, and the Ninth Circuit stated that: " its [motto's] use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise ". In O'Hair v. Blumenthal (1978), the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas also upheld the law. A similar decision was reached on appeal to the Fifth Circuit in 1979, which affirmed that the "primary purpose of the slogan was secular". [42] The same decision was reached in Gaylor v. United States (1996) when it was appealed to the Tenth Circuit . [171]
A series of lawsuits attempting to outlaw "In God We Trust" was filed, with support of the Freedom From Religion Foundation, by Michael Newdow , who was known for his previous case Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004), in which the Ninth Circuit issued a ruling removing "under God" from the Pledge of Allegiance (the ruling was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court). A federal judge in California rejected his reasoning in a June 2006 ruling, and the same conclusion was reached by the Ninth Circuit. Because the Supreme Court denied certiorari , the appellate court's decision, which said that "the national motto is of a "patriotic or ceremonial character," has no "theological or ritualistic impact," and does not constitute "governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise,"" remained unchanged and in force. [172] A lawsuit filed by Newdow and Freedom from Religion Foundation in 2013 in New York also failed, both on trial [173] and on appeal to the Second Circuit ; [174] yet another one, filed in Ohio in 2016, was dismissed by the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio and the Sixth Circuit . [175] The same happened with the lawsuit in the Eighth Circuit , which was unrelated to Newdow's efforts. [176] [177]
In 2015, David F. Bauman , a New Jersey state judge, dismissed a case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens". [178] [179] Bauman noted that "as a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787." [180]
Additionally, several courts have agreed that "In God We Trust" on public buildings did not violate the Establishment Clause: the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1967) [181] and the Fourth Circuit (2005) [182] did so for public schools, with the same appellate federal court arguing the same for a county government office (2005). [183] [184]
Even though efforts to remove "In God We Trust" in most settings were largely fruitless, mandatory display of mottos in general on license plates drew some skepticism from the judiciary. In Wooley v. Maynard (1977), the Supreme Court struck down a New Hampshire law mandating that every person carry the state motto on their license plates. The Supreme Court noted in the case that the state can't force its citizens to "use their private property as a 'mobile billboard' for the State's ideological message". Applying Wooley in Griggs v. Graham (2023), a federal judge in Mississippi ruled that under the Free Speech Clause , the state may not force individuals to display "In God We Trust" as it appears on the state seal on their license plates (see above ). The judge suggested that objectors to the statement may deface the part of the license tag containing it even though a Mississippi statute may arguably punish this behavior, but declined to order the state to issue religiously neutral license plates free of charge. [185]
The Supreme Court never processed a case deciding the question of whether "In God we Trust" is constitutional. But in obiter dicta , the majority of the Supreme Court in Wooley indicated they would reject the line of argument that the plaintiffs used in that case to declare the presence of the national motto on currency unconstitutional. They argued that unlike license plates, currency was not something that was either associated directly with the owner or made to display. [45] [186]
The Spanish equivalent of "In God We Trust", En Dios Confiamos , is an unofficial motto of the Republic of Nicaragua . The phrase can be seen on most of Nicaragua's coins. [11]
Additionally, the phrase has been used in heraldic settings. In 1860, the phrase was included in the coat of arms of New Westminster , British Columbia , and it stayed there ever since. [187] [188] Also, until 1997, the heraldic motto of Brighton, England was the Latin equivalent of the phrase, In Deo Fidemus . [189] [190] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust | 101 |
when did in god we trust go on money | "In God We Trust" History & Purpose | Why is "In God We Trust" on Money? | Study.com | Congress approved adding "In God We Trust" to the one-cent and two-cent coins on February 22, 1864. The first two-cent coin minted with "In God We Trust" was issued later that year.
On July 11, 1955, Congress passed H.R. 619, which mandated "In God We Trust" be included on all U.S. currency. The first paper money to include "In God We Trust" was printed in 1957.
In Antebellum America, it was considered unconstitutional to place "In God We Trust" on currency as it may have violated the First Amendment. During the Civil War, however, in response to increased religious fervor, Congress passed legislation to allow for the motto to be used on coins.
The history of "In God We Trust" becoming the official motto of the United States spans nearly a century. Originally used on coins during the Civil War and later adopted as the official motto of the United States in 1956, the meaning of "In God We Trust" denotes that the political and economic prosperity of the nation is in God's hands. This idea has been met with controversy over the decades. Some people have suggested that legislation invoking God is in violation of the anti-establishment clause of the First Amendment , which states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." Prior to 1956, the unofficial motto of the nation was E. Pluribus Unum , meaning "from many, one". The origins of "In God We Trust" can be found in the early history of the country. In 1748, the Pennsylvania Gazette printed descriptions of colors of the Pennsylvania militia. Designed by Benjamin Franklin, one of the descriptions read "A Coronet and Plume of Feathers. Motto, In God we Trust". During the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key penned the poem Defence of Fort M'Henry , the first stanza of which later became the lyrics to the national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner . The fourth stanza includes the line "And this be our motto--In God is our trust".
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when did in god we trust go on money | History of 'In God We Trust' - In God We Trust | History of ‘In God We Trust’
On July 30, 1956, President Eisenhower signed into law the establishment of “In God We
Trust” as our national motto. But it is more than just a motto. It is our country’s foundation and an important part of our identity as Americans.
Several years ago, the appearance of “In God We Trust” on our money was challenged in the federal courts. The challenge was rejected by the lower federal courts, and the Supreme Court of the United States declined to review the case.
The motto IN GOD WE TRUST was placed on United States coins largely because of the increased religious sentiment existing during the Civil War. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase received many appeals from devout persons throughout the country, urging that the United States recognize the Deity on United States coins. From Treasury Department records, it appears that the first such appeal came in a letter dated November 13, 1861. It was written to Secretary Chase by Rev. M. R. Watkinson, Minister of the Gospel from Ridleyville, Pennsylvania, and read:
Dear Sir: You are about to submit your annual report to the Congress respecting the affairs of the national finances.
One fact touching our currency has hitherto been seriously overlooked. I mean the recognition of the Almighty God in some form on our coins.
You are probably a Christian. What if our Republic were not shattered beyond reconstruction? Would not the antiquaries of succeeding centuries rightly reason from our past that we were a heathen nation? What I propose is that instead of the goddess of liberty we shall have next inside the 13 stars a ring inscribed with the words PERPETUAL UNION; within the ring the allseeing eye, crowned with a halo; beneath this eye the American flag, bearing in its field stars equal to the number of the States united; in the folds of the bars the words GOD, LIBERTY, LAW.
This would make a beautiful coin, to which no possible citizen could object. This would relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism. This would place us openly under the Divine protection we have personally claimed. From my hearth I have felt our national shame in disowning God as not the least of our present national disasters.
To you first I address a subject that must be agitated.
As a result, Secretary Chase instructed James Pollock, Director of the Mint at Philadelphia, to prepare a motto, in a letter dated November 20, 1861:
Dear Sir: No nation can be strong except in the strength of God, or safe except in His defense. The trust of our people in God should be declared on our national coins.
You will cause a device to be prepared without unnecessary delay with a motto expressing in the fewest and tersest words possible this national recognition.
It was found that the Act of Congress dated January 18, 1837, prescribed the mottoes and devices that should be placed upon the coins of the United States. This meant that the mint could make no changes without the enactment of additional legislation by the Congress. In December 1863, the Director of the Mint submitted designs for new one-cent coin, two-cent coin, and three-cent coin to Secretary Chase for approval. He proposed that upon the designs either OUR COUNTRY; OUR GOD or GOD, OUR TRUST should appear as a motto on the coins. In a letter to the Mint Director on December 9, 1863, Secretary Chase stated:
I approve your mottoes, only suggesting that on that with the Washington obverse the motto should begin with the word OUR, so as to read OUR GOD AND OUR COUNTRY. And on that with the shield, it should be changed so as to read: IN GOD WE TRUST.
The Congress passed the Act of April 22, 1864. This legislation changed the composition of the one-cent coin and authorized the minting of the two-cent coin. The Mint Director was directed to develop the designs for these coins for final approval of the Secretary. IN GOD WE TRUST first appeared on the 1864 two-cent coin.
Another Act of Congress passed on March 3, 1865. It allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary’s approval, to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that “shall admit the inscription thereon.” Under the Act, the motto was placed on the gold double-eagle coin, the gold eagle coin, and the gold half-eagle coin. It was also placed on the silver dollar coin, the half-dollar coin and the quarter-dollar coin, and on the nickel three-cent coin beginning in 1866. Later, Congress passed the Coinage Act of February 12, 1873. It also said that the Secretary “may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto.”
The use of IN GOD WE TRUST has not been uninterrupted. The motto disappeared from the five-cent coin in 1883, and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938. Since 1938, all United States coins bear the inscription. Later, the motto was found missing from the new design of the double-eagle gold coin and the eagle gold coin shortly after they appeared in 1907. In response to a general demand, Congress ordered it restored, and the Act of May 18, 1908, made it mandatory on all coins upon which it had previously appeared. IN GOD WE TRUST was not mandatory on the one-cent coin and five-cent coin. It could be placed on them by the Secretary or the Mint Director with the Secretary’s approval.
The motto has been in continuous use on the one-cent coin since 1909, and on the ten-cent coin since 1916. It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins, half-dollar coins, and quarter-dollar coins struck since July 1, 1908.
A law passed by the 84th Congress (P.L. 84-140) and approved by the President on July 30, 1956, the President approved a Joint Resolution of the 84th Congress, declaring IN GOD WE TRUST the national motto of the United States. IN GOD WE TRUST was first used on paper money in 1957, when it appeared on the one-dollar silver certificate. The first paper currency bearing the motto entered circulation on October 1, 1957. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) was converting to the dry intaglio printing process. During this conversion, it gradually included IN GOD WE TRUST in the back design of all classes and denominations of currency.
As a part of a comprehensive modernization program the BEP successfully developed and installed new high-speed rotary intaglio printing presses in 1957. These allowed BEP to print currency by the dry intaglio process, 32 notes to the sheet. One-dollar silver certificates were the first denomination printed on the new high-speed presses. They included IN GOD WE TRUST as part of the reverse design as BEP adopted new dies according to the law. The motto also appeared on one-dollar silver certificates of the 1957-A and 1957-B series.
BEP prints United States paper currency by an intaglio process from engraved plates. It was necessary, therefore, to engrave the motto into the printing plates as a part of the basic engraved design to give it the prominence it deserved.
One-dollar silver certificates series 1935, 1935-A, 1935-B, 1935-C, 1935-D, 1935-E, 1935-F, 1935-G, and 1935-H were all printed on the older flat-bed presses by the wet intaglio process. P.L. 84-140 recognized that an enormous expense would be associated with immediately replacing the costly printing plates. The law allowed BEP to gradually convert to the inclusion of IN GOD WE TRUST on the currency. Accordingly, the motto is not found on series 1935-E and 1935-F one-dollar notes. By September 1961, IN GOD WE TRUST had been added to the back design of the Series 1935-G notes. Some early printings of this series do not bear the motto. IN GOD WE TRUST appears on all series 1935-H one-dollar silver certificates.
Below is a listing by denomination of the first production and delivery dates for currency bearing IN GOD WE TRUST:
|DENOMINATION||PRODUCTION||DELIVERY|
|$1 Federal Reserve Note||February 12, 1964||March 11, 1964|
|$5 United States Note||January 23, 1964||March 2, 1964|
|$5 Federal Reserve Note||July 31, 1964||September 16, 1964|
|$10 Federal Reserve Note||February 24, 1964||April 24, 1964|
|$20 Federal Reserve Note||October 7, 1964||October 7, 1964|
|$50 Federal Reserve Note||August 24, 1966||September 28, 1966|
|$100 Federal Reserve Note||August 18, 1966||September 27, 1966|
SOURCE: https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx
You can join millions of Americans who are affirming their trust in God – and the freedom to proclaim it – by displaying this 3″ x 6 ” window decal in your home, office or vehicle. Actual decal has clear background. | https://ingodwetrust.com/about/history-of-in-god-we-trust/ | 101 |
when did in god we trust go on money | In God We Trust Day | In God We Trust Day, celebrated on April 22, came about as a result of a law that the U.S. Congress passed to effect the inscription of the same phrase on U.S. coins. On April 22, 1864, the United States Congress passed an act allowing for ‘In God We Trust’ to begin appearing on U.S. coins. From 1864 until 1938 it appeared on various U.S. coins, each for a different duration. It has appeared on the penny since 1909, the dime since 1916, and on all gold coins, silver dollars, half dollars, and quarter-dollar coins since 1908. ‘In God We Trust’ is also the official motto of the United States, and can be found in most federal institutions.
‘In God We Trust’ is the official motto of the United States. The U.S. Congress adopted the phrase in 1956, replacing ‘E Pluribus Unum,’ which had been the motto since 1776 when the Great Seal of the United States was initially designed. The origins of this phrase as a political motto date back to the American Civil War, during which Union supporters aimed to solidify their faith in God and boost morale for the battle ahead. In 1864, the capitalized form of the phrase ‘IN GOD WE TRUST’ made its first appearance on the two-cent piece; it was also printed on paper currency from 1957 and on several post stamps since 1954.
In July 1955 President Dwight Eisenhower endorsed a law passed by a joint resolution of the 84th Congress, that requires the words ‘In God We Trust’ to appear on all American currency. This came into effect two years after the law was made when it was used on paper money for the first time. Congress would later pass a follow-up law, also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase the national motto. This provision has also been authorized in public institutions or schools, while the states of Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi have incorporated the phrase in some of their state symbols. The motto is also used in other countries’ currencies such as Nicaragua’s coins.
The ‘In God We Trust’ motto is still popular in America to this day. According to a 2019 student poll by “College Pulse” showed that 53% of students supported the inclusion of the ‘In God We Trust’ phrase in the American national currency
1776
The United States Gains Independence
The United States of America becomes an independent sovereign country in 1776.
1864
The Phrase is Included on Coins
In 1864, the United States Congress passes a law allowing the phrase ‘In God We Trust’ to appear on U.S. coins.
1956
The U.S. Officially Adopts the Phrase
The United States officially adopts the ‘In God We Trust’ phrase.
1957
Phrase Appears on All American Currency
In 1957, following a law that was passed two years prior, the phrase ‘In God We Trust’ becomes part of all American currency.
Collect some coins
This holiday is the perfect opportunity to do some coin collecting. Go ahead, get collecting today!
Exchange some American currency
We’re saying you should spend some money. All American currency notes have the phrase on them, so you might as well do some buying and let money change hands, right?
Post on social media
Whether you’re collecting, or spending, be sure to share on social media using the #InGodWeTrustDay hashtag. Start a conversation online!
Only one woman appears on a bill
Martha Wright is the only woman to appear on a dollar bill.
First coins were minted in 1792
The first American coins were minted in 1792.
Paper money is dirty money
Paper bills are characteristically dirty because of the material they’re made from and the fact that they exchange hands so much.
Most bills test positive for cocaine residue
About 90% of American dollar bills test positive for cocaine residue.
There used to be a $10,000 bill
It might sound crazy now, but the highest denomination of a dollar bill to ever be in circulation was a $10,000 bill.
Today's Question
LIVE POLL | https://nationaltoday.com/in-god-we-trust-day/ | 101 |
when did in god we trust go on money | 8th Circuit: “In God We Trust” on money is constitutional | "In God We Trust" first appeared on American currency in 1864 and was placed on all currency in 1955. The 8th Circuit Court of Appeals on Aug. 28 affirmed that the motto does not violate the First Amendment's protection from government endorsing a religion or a person's reight under the Religious Freedom Restoral Act.
The inscription of the national motto “In God We Trust” on currency does not violate the Establishment Clause, amount to compelled speech, violate the Free Exercise Clause or infringe on person’s rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), a federal appeals court has ruled.
Twenty-seven individuals, who identity themselves as atheists or children of atheists, and two organizations sued in federal court, contending that the actions of the United States and its Treasury violated the First Amendment.
The motto first appeared on American currency in 1864 and was placed on all currency many years later in 1955. Those who filed the lawsuit argued that the placement of the motto violated the Establishment Clause, because it showed the Government endorsing or advancing Christianity and monotheism. They also argued that the practice of placing the religious message on money coerced them into supporting Christianity.
A federal district court dismissed the lawsuit. On appeal, a three-judge panel of the 8 th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed in New Doe Child #1 v. United States . In its August 28, 2018, opinion, the panel majority first examined the Establishment Clause issue.
Establishment Clause Claim
The majority opinion focused on the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014), in which the high court rejected an Establishment Clause challenge to prayers offered by town hall meetings. The Supreme Court in Galloway emphasized that “[t]he Establishment Clause must be interpreted by reference to historical practices and understandings.” The Court also determined that having the prayers before town hall meetings was not coercive.
The panel majority considered the Supreme Court’s emphasis in Galloway on historical practices to represent a major change in Establishment Clause jurisprudence. To the panel majority, if history sanctioned a particular practice involving religion, that goes a long way toward settling the constitutional question of whether the practice amounts to an impermissible blending of church and state. The panel majority concluded that placing “In God We Trust” on “coins and currency is consistent with historical practices.”
The panel majority also determined that the placing of the motto on currency does not amount to impermissible coercion . The panel reasoned that if prayer before a town meeting is not coercive, “it is difficult to see how the unobtrusive appearance of the national motto on the coinage and paper money could amount to coerced participation in a religious practice.”
Compelled Speech Claim
The panel majority next addressed the plaintiffs’ compelled speech claim. The plaintiffs contended that forcing them to carry currency bearing the national motto is akin to the State of New Hampshire forcing individuals to have on their cars license plates with the state motto “Live Free or Die.” In Wooley v. Maynard (1977), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the state of New Hampshire could not compel a Jehovah's Witness couple to display that motto.
However, the 8 th Circuit panel majority distinguished coin and currency from license plates. License plates are displayed to the public, while people don’t publicly display money. The panel wrote that “the use or possession of U.S. money does not require a person to express, adopt, or risk association with any particular viewpoint.”
Free Exercise Clause and RFRA Claims
The panel majority next addressed the plaintiffs’ Free Exercise Clause claim. The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment protects individuals’ rights to religious liberty and prohibits the government from burdening individuals’ religious beliefs. Under Free Exercise Clause jurisprudence, there is a significant difference between a neutral law of general applicability and one that directly targets religion.
Here, the panel majority reasoned that the inscription of the national motto on currency was a neutral law of general applicability that did not burden the plaintiffs’ religious beliefs.
The plaintiffs also asserted a claim under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), a federal statute that prohibits the government from substantially burdening an individual’s religious liberty rights unless the government has a compelling, or very strong, reason for the law. Congress passed RFRA in 1993 to provide greater statutory protection for free-exercise of religion rights than the Court provided in interpreting the Free Exercise Clause.
However, the plaintiffs also lost on their RFRA claim, because the panel majority reasoned that the inscription of the “In God We Trust” on money did not amount to a substantial burden.
Concurring Opinion
One of the three judges on the 8 th Circuit panel, Judge Jane Kelly, wrote separately in a concurring opinion. She agreed that the inscription of “In God We Trust” on money did not violate the First Amendment.
However, she disagreed with her two colleagues that the Supreme Court’s decision in Galloway represented a major doctrinal shift in Establishment Clause jurisprudence. She wrote: “But Galloway does not read like a sea change; it reads like a clarification.”
She reasoned that the better approach in the case was not to focus so much on the Galloway decision but simply to rely on what the U.S. Supreme Court has already intimated about the motto. She quoted the Court’s earlier decision in Lynch v. Donnelly (1984), a religious display case in which the Court listed the national motto as a permissible “reference” of our national heritage.
Significance
The 8 th Circuit’s decision comports with various other federal court of appeals decisions that have upheld the constitutionality of the national motto on currency and coin. There is an impressive array of decisions that have rejected similar lawsuits.
The First Amendment Encyclopedia collection has more than 1,500 articles on First Amendment topics, court cases and history. Browse our table of contents and learn more about searching and using the encyclopedia. | https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/post/177/8th-circuit-in-god-we-trust-on-money-is-constitutional | 101 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | Mary Anderson (inventor) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mary Anderson
|Born|
Mary Anderson
February 19, 1866
|Died|| June 27, 1953 (aged 87) |
|Occupation(s)||Real estate developer , rancher , viticulturist , inventor|
|Known for||Invention of the windshield wiper|
Mary Elizabeth Anderson (February 19, 1866 – June 27, 1953) [1] was an American real estate developer, rancher , viticulturist , and inventor of the windshield wiper . On November 10, 1903 Anderson was granted her first patent for an automatic car window cleaning device controlled from inside the car, called the windshield wiper . [2] [3]
Mary Anderson was born in Burton Hill Plantation, Greene County, Alabama , at the start of Reconstruction in 1866. Her parents were John C. and Rebecca Anderson. Anderson was one of at least two daughters. The other daughter was Fannie, who remained close to Anderson all her life. Their father died in 1870, and the young family was able to live on the proceeds of John’s estate. In 1889 she moved with her widowed mother and sister to the booming town of Birmingham, Alabama . Anderson’s education is unknown. She was never married and did not have any children. [4] [5]
In Birmingham, Anderson became a real estate developer soon after settling and built the Fairmont Apartments on Highland Avenue. In 1893, Anderson left Birmingham to operate a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California . In 1898, she returned to Birmingham to help care for an ailing aunt. Anderson and her aunt moved into the Fairmont Apartments with Anderson’s mother, her sister Fannie, and Fannie’s husband G. P. Thornton. Anderson’s ailing aunt brought a trunk with her that contained a collection of gold and jewelry. From that time forward, Anderson’s family lived comfortably. [5]
In a visit to New York City in the winter of 1902, [6] [a] Anderson sat in a trolley car on a frosty day. Anderson observed that the trolley car driver struggled to see past the windows because of the falling sleet . The trolley car’s front window was designed for bad-weather visibility, but its multi-pane windshield system worked very poorly. Therefore, to clear the sights, the driver needed to open the window, lean out of the vehicle, or stop the car to go outside in order to wipe the windscreen with his hands. Anderson, who was not an engineer but an entrepreneur, identified the problem and its opportunity. She envisioned a windshield wiper blade that the trolley driver could operate from the inside. At that time, it rarely occurred to anyone else to eliminate the problem. It was something drivers simply accepted and dealt with. [7] [8]
When she returned to Alabama she hired a designer for a hand-operated device to keep a windshield clear and had a local company produce a working model. She applied for, and in 1903 was granted, a 17-year patent for a windshield wiper. The patent application was filed on June 18, 1903. On November 10, 1903, the United States Patent Office awarded Anderson patent number 743,801 for her Window Cleaning device. [6] [1]
Her device consisted of a lever inside the vehicle that controlled a rubber blade on the outside of the windshield. The lever could be operated to cause the spring-loaded arm to move back and forth across the windshield. A counterweight was used to ensure contact between the wiper and the window. The device could be easily removed if desired after the winter was over. Similar devices had been made earlier, but Anderson's was the first windshield clearing device to be effective. Anderson’s simple mechanism and basic design have remained much the same, but unlike today’s windscreen wipers, Anderson’s could be removed when not needed. [9] [8]
In 1903 when Anderson applied for the patent, cars were not very popular. Henry Ford ’s Model A automobile had not been manufactured yet. Therefore, when Anderson tried to sell the rights to her invention through a noted Canadian firm of Dinning and Eckenstein in 1905, they rejected her application. They argued, "we do not consider it to be of such commercial value as would warrant our undertaking its sale." Furthermore, many could not see the value of her invention and stressed the risk that the driver would be distracted by operating the device and the moving wipers. [9]
By 1913 the automobile manufacturing business had grown exponentially and windshield wipers were standard equipment. [9] In 1922, Cadillac became the first car manufacturer to adopt them as standard equipment. [8] However, Anderson never profited from her invention, [6] the patent expiring in 1920. [1]
In 1917, Charlotte Bridgewood patented the “electric storm windshield cleaner,” the first automatic wiper system that used rollers instead of blades. [10] [11] Like Anderson, Bridgewood never made any money from her invention. Sara-Scott Wingo, rector of Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Richmond, Va., and Anderson’s great-great niece suspect Anderson’s invention never went anywhere because Anderson was an independent woman. Wingo said in an interview with NPR News, “She didn't have a father. She didn't have a husband. And the world was kind of run by men back then.” [6]
By the 1920s, Anderson’s brother-in-law had died, and Anderson was again living in the Fairmont Apartments in Birmingham with her sister Fannie and her mother. She continued to manage the Fairmont Apartments until her death at the age of 87. At the time of her death, she was the oldest member of South Highland Presbyterian Church. She died at her summer home in Monteagle, Tennessee . Her funeral was conducted by Dr. Frank A. Mathes at South Highland and she was buried at Elmwood Cemetery . [1] [5]
Anderson's invention of the windshield wiper helped people so they did not have to use a rag.
Anderson's windshield wiper invention is also briefly mentioned on the British panel/quiz show; QI (Quite Interesting); Season 10, Episode 16 - "Just the Job".
"When was the windshield wiper invented?" was the Weather Channel "Question of the Day" for July 6, 2016.
NPR's Morning Edition produced a profile, including an interview with her great-great-niece into her legacy and societal context on July 25, 2017. [6]
In 2011 Anderson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. [8] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anderson_(inventor) | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | The History of Windshield Wipers - The News Wheel | If you find yourself driving in a rainstorm, it is instinctual to turn on your vehicle’s windshield wipers . In modern times, windshield wipers are an expected — and vital — feature on any automobile ( except maybe McLarens ), but this wasn’t always the case. The history of windshield wipers is a rich one, stretching back to the turn of the 20 th Century.
The first ever windshield wiper was patented by Mary Anderson , a real estate developer, cattle rancher, and winemaker, in 1903. While riding a streetcar in New York City in 1902 during a rainstorm, Anderson noticed that the streetcar operator was struggling with extremely poor visibility, causing him to open his window and stick his head out. Upon seeing this, Anderson automatically began drawing up the design for a windshield wiper operated by the driver to help improve visibility.
This manual mechanism operated a set of wood and rubber arms with a lever, helping clear away snow, rain, and debris. Anderson’s invention never took off, though, and she never truly benefited financially from the invention. Maybe it was the name : “window cleaning device for electric cars and other vehicles to remove snow, ice or sleet from the window.” Doesn’t quite roll off the tongue like “windshield wiper” does!
It wasn’t until 1916 that windshield wipers were standard equipment on most vehicles, allowing for further advancements in the technology.
William M. Folberth , an inventor, patented the first automatic, non-hand-driven windshield wipers in 1919. These automatic windshield wipers used a vacuum-powered system to clear the windshield, which became standard equipment on automobiles. This vacuum-powered system was widely used until 1960s, when the use of intermittent wipers became more common.
Over the course of many decades, different inventors patented the idea of intermittent wipers, but the idea truly took hold thanks to Robert Kearns, an engineering professor at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. Kearns’ invention was brought to the attention of the Ford Motor Company when he proposed manufacturing the design. While this proposal led to a patent dispute between the American carmaker and Kearns , the invention also led us to the windshield wipers we have today.
Now, windshield wipers are commonplace on vehicles and a variety of options are available. The automotive industry has even introduced rain-sensing wipers that start themselves. With this technology, the view of the road is sure to stay clear. | https://thenewswheel.com/the-history-of-windshield-wipers/ | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | Mary Anderson (inventor) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mary Anderson
|Born|
Mary Anderson
February 19, 1866
|Died|| June 27, 1953 (aged 87) |
|Occupation(s)||Real estate developer , rancher , viticulturist , inventor|
|Known for||Invention of the windshield wiper|
Mary Elizabeth Anderson (February 19, 1866 – June 27, 1953) [1] was an American real estate developer, rancher , viticulturist , and inventor of the windshield wiper . On November 10, 1903 Anderson was granted her first patent for an automatic car window cleaning device controlled from inside the car, called the windshield wiper . [2] [3]
Mary Anderson was born in Burton Hill Plantation, Greene County, Alabama , at the start of Reconstruction in 1866. Her parents were John C. and Rebecca Anderson. Anderson was one of at least two daughters. The other daughter was Fannie, who remained close to Anderson all her life. Their father died in 1870, and the young family was able to live on the proceeds of John’s estate. In 1889 she moved with her widowed mother and sister to the booming town of Birmingham, Alabama . Anderson’s education is unknown. She was never married and did not have any children. [4] [5]
In Birmingham, Anderson became a real estate developer soon after settling and built the Fairmont Apartments on Highland Avenue. In 1893, Anderson left Birmingham to operate a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California . In 1898, she returned to Birmingham to help care for an ailing aunt. Anderson and her aunt moved into the Fairmont Apartments with Anderson’s mother, her sister Fannie, and Fannie’s husband G. P. Thornton. Anderson’s ailing aunt brought a trunk with her that contained a collection of gold and jewelry. From that time forward, Anderson’s family lived comfortably. [5]
In a visit to New York City in the winter of 1902, [6] [a] Anderson sat in a trolley car on a frosty day. Anderson observed that the trolley car driver struggled to see past the windows because of the falling sleet . The trolley car’s front window was designed for bad-weather visibility, but its multi-pane windshield system worked very poorly. Therefore, to clear the sights, the driver needed to open the window, lean out of the vehicle, or stop the car to go outside in order to wipe the windscreen with his hands. Anderson, who was not an engineer but an entrepreneur, identified the problem and its opportunity. She envisioned a windshield wiper blade that the trolley driver could operate from the inside. At that time, it rarely occurred to anyone else to eliminate the problem. It was something drivers simply accepted and dealt with. [7] [8]
When she returned to Alabama she hired a designer for a hand-operated device to keep a windshield clear and had a local company produce a working model. She applied for, and in 1903 was granted, a 17-year patent for a windshield wiper. The patent application was filed on June 18, 1903. On November 10, 1903, the United States Patent Office awarded Anderson patent number 743,801 for her Window Cleaning device. [6] [1]
Her device consisted of a lever inside the vehicle that controlled a rubber blade on the outside of the windshield. The lever could be operated to cause the spring-loaded arm to move back and forth across the windshield. A counterweight was used to ensure contact between the wiper and the window. The device could be easily removed if desired after the winter was over. Similar devices had been made earlier, but Anderson's was the first windshield clearing device to be effective. Anderson’s simple mechanism and basic design have remained much the same, but unlike today’s windscreen wipers, Anderson’s could be removed when not needed. [9] [8]
In 1903 when Anderson applied for the patent, cars were not very popular. Henry Ford ’s Model A automobile had not been manufactured yet. Therefore, when Anderson tried to sell the rights to her invention through a noted Canadian firm of Dinning and Eckenstein in 1905, they rejected her application. They argued, "we do not consider it to be of such commercial value as would warrant our undertaking its sale." Furthermore, many could not see the value of her invention and stressed the risk that the driver would be distracted by operating the device and the moving wipers. [9]
By 1913 the automobile manufacturing business had grown exponentially and windshield wipers were standard equipment. [9] In 1922, Cadillac became the first car manufacturer to adopt them as standard equipment. [8] However, Anderson never profited from her invention, [6] the patent expiring in 1920. [1]
In 1917, Charlotte Bridgewood patented the “electric storm windshield cleaner,” the first automatic wiper system that used rollers instead of blades. [10] [11] Like Anderson, Bridgewood never made any money from her invention. Sara-Scott Wingo, rector of Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Richmond, Va., and Anderson’s great-great niece suspect Anderson’s invention never went anywhere because Anderson was an independent woman. Wingo said in an interview with NPR News, “She didn't have a father. She didn't have a husband. And the world was kind of run by men back then.” [6]
By the 1920s, Anderson’s brother-in-law had died, and Anderson was again living in the Fairmont Apartments in Birmingham with her sister Fannie and her mother. She continued to manage the Fairmont Apartments until her death at the age of 87. At the time of her death, she was the oldest member of South Highland Presbyterian Church. She died at her summer home in Monteagle, Tennessee . Her funeral was conducted by Dr. Frank A. Mathes at South Highland and she was buried at Elmwood Cemetery . [1] [5]
Anderson's invention of the windshield wiper helped people so they did not have to use a rag.
Anderson's windshield wiper invention is also briefly mentioned on the British panel/quiz show; QI (Quite Interesting); Season 10, Episode 16 - "Just the Job".
"When was the windshield wiper invented?" was the Weather Channel "Question of the Day" for July 6, 2016.
NPR's Morning Edition produced a profile, including an interview with her great-great-niece into her legacy and societal context on July 25, 2017. [6]
In 2011 Anderson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. [8] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anderson_(inventor) | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | Alabama Woman Stuck In NYC Traffic In 1902 Invented The Windshield Wiper | Heard on Morning Edition
Mary Anderson's illustration of her 1903 patented "window cleaning device."
Even the most commonplace devices in our world had to be invented by someone.
Take the windshield wiper. It may seem hard to imagine a world without windshield wipers, but there was one, and Mary Anderson lived in that world.
In 1902, Anderson was visiting New York City.
"She was riding a streetcar and it was snowing," says the Rev. Sara-Scott Wingo , rector of Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Richmond, Va., and Anderson's great-great-niece. Wingo never met Anderson, but the story of the invention was passed down to her.
Wingo says while Anderson was riding the streetcar that snowy day, "She observed that the streetcar driver had to get out and continually clean off the windshield."
Naturally, that caused delays, and got Anderson wondering: What if there were some sort of blade that could wipe off the windshield without making the driver get out of the streetcar?
Anderson went back to Birmingham, made a sketch of her device, and wrote up a description of it. Then she applied for a patent.
The patent application describes how the wiper was to be operated by a handle inside the vestibule of the motor car, and be easily removable — "thus leaving nothing to mar the usual appearance of the car during fair weather," according to patent language.
Sponsor Message
The application was filed June 18, 1903. On November 10, 1903, the United States Patent Office awarded Anderson patent number 743,801 for her Window Cleaning Device .
Wingo says her great-great-aunt tried to interest manufacturing firms in making this device for the emerging motorcar industry, but got no takers. A letter from the firm of Dinning and Eckenstein is one of Wingo's prized possessions.
"Dear madam," the letter begins," We beg to acknowledge receipt of your recent favor with reference to the sale of your patent. In reply, we regret to state we do not consider it to be of such commercial value as would warrant our undertaking its sale."
Alabama native Mary Anderson (1866-1953) is credited with inventing the first operational windshield wiper.
"They missed out," says Wingo. "Don't you think?"
Wingo doesn't know for sure why Anderson's invention never went anywhere, but she suspects it might have been because Anderson was such an independent woman.
"She didn't have a father; she didn't have a husband and she didn't have a son," Wingo says. "And the world was kind of run by men back then."
It doesn't seem as if Mary Anderson was the sort of woman to be crushed by the rejections. She lived another 50 years, long enough to see windshield wipers become ubiquitous.
Certainly Anderson's accomplishments loom large for Wingo and her family.
Sponsor Message
"We're all really proud of her," says Wingo. "I have three daughters. We talk about Mary Anderson a lot. And we all sort of feel like we want to be open and receptive to sort of our own Mary Anderson moments."
If Anderson didn't get any money for her invention, at least she finally got some credit. In 2011 she was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame . | https://www.npr.org/2017/07/25/536835744/alabama-woman-stuck-in-nyc-traffic-in-1902-invented-the-windshield-wiper | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | NIHF Inductee Mary Anderson, Who Invented Windshield Wipers | Windshield Wiper
U.S. Patent No. 743,801
Inducted in 2011
Born Feb. 19, 1866 - Died June 27, 1953
While touring the city of New York in a trolley car on a snowy day in the early 1900s, Mary Anderson conceived her idea of a windshield wiper blade that could be operated from the inside by the trolley driver.
Anderson observed that streetcar drivers often had to open their windows in order to see during inclement weather, sometimes even stopping the streetcar to go outside to clear the window. Her idea consisted of a lever inside the vehicle that controlled a spring-loaded arm with a rubber blade. The lever, with a counterweight to keep the wiper in contact with the window, could move the blade across the windshield, removing rain or snow. With her 1903 patent, Anderson's invention proved to be the first windshield-clearing device to be effective.
As driving became more and more common, the windshield wiper was eventually adapted for automotive use. In 1922, Cadillac began installing the wiper as a piece of standard equipment on its cars.
During her lifetime, Anderson established herself as an entrepreneur. In addition to building and managing an apartment building in Birmingham, Alabama, she operated a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California. | https://www.invent.org/inductees/mary-anderson | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | Mary Anderson patents windshield wiper | The patent office awards U.S. Patent No. 743,801 to a Birmingham, Alabama woman named Mary Anderson for her “window cleaning device for electric cars and other vehicles to remove snow, ice or sleet from the window.” When she received her patent, Anderson tried to sell it to a Canadian manufacturing firm, but the company refused: The device had no practical value, it said, and so was not worth any money. Though mechanical windshield wipers were standard equipment in passenger cars by around 1913, Anderson never profited from the invention.
As the story goes, on a freezing, wet winter day around the turn of the century, Mary Anderson was riding a streetcar on a visit to New York City when she noticed that the driver could hardly see through his sleet-encrusted front windshield. Although the trolley’s front window was designed for bad-weather visibility—it was split into parts so that the driver could open it, moving the snow- or rain-covered section out of his line of vision—in fact the multi-pane windshield system worked very poorly. It exposed the driver’s uncovered face (not to mention all the passengers sitting in the front of the trolley) to the inclement weather, and did not improve his ability to see where he was going in any case.
Anderson began to sketch her wiper device right there on the streetcar. After a number of false starts, she came up with a prototype that worked: a set of wiper arms that were made of wood and rubber and attached to a lever near the steering wheel of the drivers’ side. When the driver pulled the lever, she dragged the spring-loaded arm across the window and back again, clearing away raindrops, snowflakes or other debris. When winter was over, Anderson’s wipers could be removed and stored until the next year. (This feature was presumably designed to appeal to people who lived in places where it did not rain in the summertime.)
People scoffed at Anderson’s invention, saying that the wipers’ movement would distract the driver and cause accidents. Her patent expired before she could entice anyone to use her idea.
In 1917, a woman named Charlotte Bridgewood patented the “Electric Storm Windshield Cleaner,” an automatic wiper system that used rollers instead of blades. (Bridgewood’s daughter, the actress Florence Lawrence, had invented the turn signal.) Like Anderson, Bridgewood never made any money from her invention. | https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mary-anderson-patents-windshield-wiper | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | NIHF Inductee Mary Anderson, Who Invented Windshield Wipers | Windshield Wiper
U.S. Patent No. 743,801
Inducted in 2011
Born Feb. 19, 1866 - Died June 27, 1953
While touring the city of New York in a trolley car on a snowy day in the early 1900s, Mary Anderson conceived her idea of a windshield wiper blade that could be operated from the inside by the trolley driver.
Anderson observed that streetcar drivers often had to open their windows in order to see during inclement weather, sometimes even stopping the streetcar to go outside to clear the window. Her idea consisted of a lever inside the vehicle that controlled a spring-loaded arm with a rubber blade. The lever, with a counterweight to keep the wiper in contact with the window, could move the blade across the windshield, removing rain or snow. With her 1903 patent, Anderson's invention proved to be the first windshield-clearing device to be effective.
As driving became more and more common, the windshield wiper was eventually adapted for automotive use. In 1922, Cadillac began installing the wiper as a piece of standard equipment on its cars.
During her lifetime, Anderson established herself as an entrepreneur. In addition to building and managing an apartment building in Birmingham, Alabama, she operated a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California. | https://www.invent.org/inductees/mary-anderson | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | Alabama Woman Stuck In NYC Traffic In 1902 Invented The Windshield Wiper | Heard on Morning Edition
Mary Anderson's illustration of her 1903 patented "window cleaning device."
Even the most commonplace devices in our world had to be invented by someone.
Take the windshield wiper. It may seem hard to imagine a world without windshield wipers, but there was one, and Mary Anderson lived in that world.
In 1902, Anderson was visiting New York City.
"She was riding a streetcar and it was snowing," says the Rev. Sara-Scott Wingo , rector of Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Richmond, Va., and Anderson's great-great-niece. Wingo never met Anderson, but the story of the invention was passed down to her.
Wingo says while Anderson was riding the streetcar that snowy day, "She observed that the streetcar driver had to get out and continually clean off the windshield."
Naturally, that caused delays, and got Anderson wondering: What if there were some sort of blade that could wipe off the windshield without making the driver get out of the streetcar?
Anderson went back to Birmingham, made a sketch of her device, and wrote up a description of it. Then she applied for a patent.
The patent application describes how the wiper was to be operated by a handle inside the vestibule of the motor car, and be easily removable — "thus leaving nothing to mar the usual appearance of the car during fair weather," according to patent language.
Sponsor Message
The application was filed June 18, 1903. On November 10, 1903, the United States Patent Office awarded Anderson patent number 743,801 for her Window Cleaning Device .
Wingo says her great-great-aunt tried to interest manufacturing firms in making this device for the emerging motorcar industry, but got no takers. A letter from the firm of Dinning and Eckenstein is one of Wingo's prized possessions.
"Dear madam," the letter begins," We beg to acknowledge receipt of your recent favor with reference to the sale of your patent. In reply, we regret to state we do not consider it to be of such commercial value as would warrant our undertaking its sale."
Alabama native Mary Anderson (1866-1953) is credited with inventing the first operational windshield wiper.
"They missed out," says Wingo. "Don't you think?"
Wingo doesn't know for sure why Anderson's invention never went anywhere, but she suspects it might have been because Anderson was such an independent woman.
"She didn't have a father; she didn't have a husband and she didn't have a son," Wingo says. "And the world was kind of run by men back then."
It doesn't seem as if Mary Anderson was the sort of woman to be crushed by the rejections. She lived another 50 years, long enough to see windshield wipers become ubiquitous.
Certainly Anderson's accomplishments loom large for Wingo and her family.
Sponsor Message
"We're all really proud of her," says Wingo. "I have three daughters. We talk about Mary Anderson a lot. And we all sort of feel like we want to be open and receptive to sort of our own Mary Anderson moments."
If Anderson didn't get any money for her invention, at least she finally got some credit. In 2011 she was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame . | https://www.npr.org/2017/07/25/536835744/alabama-woman-stuck-in-nyc-traffic-in-1902-invented-the-windshield-wiper | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | Mary Anderson (inventor) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mary Anderson
|Born|
Mary Anderson
February 19, 1866
|Died|| June 27, 1953 (aged 87) |
|Occupation(s)||Real estate developer , rancher , viticulturist , inventor|
|Known for||Invention of the windshield wiper|
Mary Elizabeth Anderson (February 19, 1866 – June 27, 1953) [1] was an American real estate developer, rancher , viticulturist , and inventor of the windshield wiper . On November 10, 1903 Anderson was granted her first patent for an automatic car window cleaning device controlled from inside the car, called the windshield wiper . [2] [3]
Mary Anderson was born in Burton Hill Plantation, Greene County, Alabama , at the start of Reconstruction in 1866. Her parents were John C. and Rebecca Anderson. Anderson was one of at least two daughters. The other daughter was Fannie, who remained close to Anderson all her life. Their father died in 1870, and the young family was able to live on the proceeds of John’s estate. In 1889 she moved with her widowed mother and sister to the booming town of Birmingham, Alabama . Anderson’s education is unknown. She was never married and did not have any children. [4] [5]
In Birmingham, Anderson became a real estate developer soon after settling and built the Fairmont Apartments on Highland Avenue. In 1893, Anderson left Birmingham to operate a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California . In 1898, she returned to Birmingham to help care for an ailing aunt. Anderson and her aunt moved into the Fairmont Apartments with Anderson’s mother, her sister Fannie, and Fannie’s husband G. P. Thornton. Anderson’s ailing aunt brought a trunk with her that contained a collection of gold and jewelry. From that time forward, Anderson’s family lived comfortably. [5]
In a visit to New York City in the winter of 1902, [6] [a] Anderson sat in a trolley car on a frosty day. Anderson observed that the trolley car driver struggled to see past the windows because of the falling sleet . The trolley car’s front window was designed for bad-weather visibility, but its multi-pane windshield system worked very poorly. Therefore, to clear the sights, the driver needed to open the window, lean out of the vehicle, or stop the car to go outside in order to wipe the windscreen with his hands. Anderson, who was not an engineer but an entrepreneur, identified the problem and its opportunity. She envisioned a windshield wiper blade that the trolley driver could operate from the inside. At that time, it rarely occurred to anyone else to eliminate the problem. It was something drivers simply accepted and dealt with. [7] [8]
When she returned to Alabama she hired a designer for a hand-operated device to keep a windshield clear and had a local company produce a working model. She applied for, and in 1903 was granted, a 17-year patent for a windshield wiper. The patent application was filed on June 18, 1903. On November 10, 1903, the United States Patent Office awarded Anderson patent number 743,801 for her Window Cleaning device. [6] [1]
Her device consisted of a lever inside the vehicle that controlled a rubber blade on the outside of the windshield. The lever could be operated to cause the spring-loaded arm to move back and forth across the windshield. A counterweight was used to ensure contact between the wiper and the window. The device could be easily removed if desired after the winter was over. Similar devices had been made earlier, but Anderson's was the first windshield clearing device to be effective. Anderson’s simple mechanism and basic design have remained much the same, but unlike today’s windscreen wipers, Anderson’s could be removed when not needed. [9] [8]
In 1903 when Anderson applied for the patent, cars were not very popular. Henry Ford ’s Model A automobile had not been manufactured yet. Therefore, when Anderson tried to sell the rights to her invention through a noted Canadian firm of Dinning and Eckenstein in 1905, they rejected her application. They argued, "we do not consider it to be of such commercial value as would warrant our undertaking its sale." Furthermore, many could not see the value of her invention and stressed the risk that the driver would be distracted by operating the device and the moving wipers. [9]
By 1913 the automobile manufacturing business had grown exponentially and windshield wipers were standard equipment. [9] In 1922, Cadillac became the first car manufacturer to adopt them as standard equipment. [8] However, Anderson never profited from her invention, [6] the patent expiring in 1920. [1]
In 1917, Charlotte Bridgewood patented the “electric storm windshield cleaner,” the first automatic wiper system that used rollers instead of blades. [10] [11] Like Anderson, Bridgewood never made any money from her invention. Sara-Scott Wingo, rector of Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Richmond, Va., and Anderson’s great-great niece suspect Anderson’s invention never went anywhere because Anderson was an independent woman. Wingo said in an interview with NPR News, “She didn't have a father. She didn't have a husband. And the world was kind of run by men back then.” [6]
By the 1920s, Anderson’s brother-in-law had died, and Anderson was again living in the Fairmont Apartments in Birmingham with her sister Fannie and her mother. She continued to manage the Fairmont Apartments until her death at the age of 87. At the time of her death, she was the oldest member of South Highland Presbyterian Church. She died at her summer home in Monteagle, Tennessee . Her funeral was conducted by Dr. Frank A. Mathes at South Highland and she was buried at Elmwood Cemetery . [1] [5]
Anderson's invention of the windshield wiper helped people so they did not have to use a rag.
Anderson's windshield wiper invention is also briefly mentioned on the British panel/quiz show; QI (Quite Interesting); Season 10, Episode 16 - "Just the Job".
"When was the windshield wiper invented?" was the Weather Channel "Question of the Day" for July 6, 2016.
NPR's Morning Edition produced a profile, including an interview with her great-great-niece into her legacy and societal context on July 25, 2017. [6]
In 2011 Anderson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. [8] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anderson_(inventor) | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | Mary Anderson | Lemelson | Windshield Wipers
Consumer Devices
In 1903, it rarely occurred to anyone that rain on a moving vehicle’s windshield was a problem that could be eliminated. It was something drivers simply accepted and dealt with in their own ways, usually by stopping every once in a while and manually scraping off the windshield moisture that was causing them to see poorly while they were driving. A young woman named Mary Anderson changed all of that with her invention of the windshield wiper, an idea that leapt into her mind as she traveled from Alabama to New York City.
Little is known about Mary Anderson, except for the incident that inspired her infamous creation. She was born in Greene County, Alabama in 1866. She moved with her widowed mother and sister in 1889 to Birmingham, Alabama, where she became a real estate developer shortly after, building the Fairmont Apartments. In the winter of 1903, she visited New York via trolley car. During her trip, Anderson had a hard time seeing the sights because of harsh weather. Her driver even had a hard time seeing clearly too. In order to see, her driver drove with both windows open and would wipe down the snow and ice off the windshields with his hands. Anderson decided this method could be improved. So she drew up plans for a device that could be activated from inside the car to clear the windshield.
Anderson applied for and was awarded a patent for a swinging arm with a rubber blade in 1903. The device consisted of a lever that could be operated from inside a car by the driver. The lever caused a spring-loaded arm with a rubber blade to swing across the windshield and then back again to their original position, thus removing droplets of rain or flakes of snow from the windshield’s surface. Similar devices had been made earlier than Anderson’s was, but hers was the first that actually worked. Additionally, the device could be easily removed if so desired, after winter was over.
At the time she applied for her patent, cars were not very popular. Henry Ford’s Model A automobile had not even been manufactured yet, and he would not create his famed Model T vehicle until 1908. Anderson, meanwhile, was teased and laughed at by many people because of her idea for the windshield wipers. Many felt the movement of the windshield wipers would distract the drivers. However, that laughter did not last long. By 1913, thousands of Americans were driving their own cars, and mechanical windshield wipers were standard equipment. Now, a century later, it’s almost impossible to imagine what drivers would ever do without windshield wipers. | https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/mary-anderson | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | Mary Anderson (inventor) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mary Anderson
|Born|
Mary Anderson
February 19, 1866
|Died|| June 27, 1953 (aged 87) |
|Occupation(s)||Real estate developer , rancher , viticulturist , inventor|
|Known for||Invention of the windshield wiper|
Mary Elizabeth Anderson (February 19, 1866 – June 27, 1953) [1] was an American real estate developer, rancher , viticulturist , and inventor of the windshield wiper . On November 10, 1903 Anderson was granted her first patent for an automatic car window cleaning device controlled from inside the car, called the windshield wiper . [2] [3]
Mary Anderson was born in Burton Hill Plantation, Greene County, Alabama , at the start of Reconstruction in 1866. Her parents were John C. and Rebecca Anderson. Anderson was one of at least two daughters. The other daughter was Fannie, who remained close to Anderson all her life. Their father died in 1870, and the young family was able to live on the proceeds of John’s estate. In 1889 she moved with her widowed mother and sister to the booming town of Birmingham, Alabama . Anderson’s education is unknown. She was never married and did not have any children. [4] [5]
In Birmingham, Anderson became a real estate developer soon after settling and built the Fairmont Apartments on Highland Avenue. In 1893, Anderson left Birmingham to operate a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California . In 1898, she returned to Birmingham to help care for an ailing aunt. Anderson and her aunt moved into the Fairmont Apartments with Anderson’s mother, her sister Fannie, and Fannie’s husband G. P. Thornton. Anderson’s ailing aunt brought a trunk with her that contained a collection of gold and jewelry. From that time forward, Anderson’s family lived comfortably. [5]
In a visit to New York City in the winter of 1902, [6] [a] Anderson sat in a trolley car on a frosty day. Anderson observed that the trolley car driver struggled to see past the windows because of the falling sleet . The trolley car’s front window was designed for bad-weather visibility, but its multi-pane windshield system worked very poorly. Therefore, to clear the sights, the driver needed to open the window, lean out of the vehicle, or stop the car to go outside in order to wipe the windscreen with his hands. Anderson, who was not an engineer but an entrepreneur, identified the problem and its opportunity. She envisioned a windshield wiper blade that the trolley driver could operate from the inside. At that time, it rarely occurred to anyone else to eliminate the problem. It was something drivers simply accepted and dealt with. [7] [8]
When she returned to Alabama she hired a designer for a hand-operated device to keep a windshield clear and had a local company produce a working model. She applied for, and in 1903 was granted, a 17-year patent for a windshield wiper. The patent application was filed on June 18, 1903. On November 10, 1903, the United States Patent Office awarded Anderson patent number 743,801 for her Window Cleaning device. [6] [1]
Her device consisted of a lever inside the vehicle that controlled a rubber blade on the outside of the windshield. The lever could be operated to cause the spring-loaded arm to move back and forth across the windshield. A counterweight was used to ensure contact between the wiper and the window. The device could be easily removed if desired after the winter was over. Similar devices had been made earlier, but Anderson's was the first windshield clearing device to be effective. Anderson’s simple mechanism and basic design have remained much the same, but unlike today’s windscreen wipers, Anderson’s could be removed when not needed. [9] [8]
In 1903 when Anderson applied for the patent, cars were not very popular. Henry Ford ’s Model A automobile had not been manufactured yet. Therefore, when Anderson tried to sell the rights to her invention through a noted Canadian firm of Dinning and Eckenstein in 1905, they rejected her application. They argued, "we do not consider it to be of such commercial value as would warrant our undertaking its sale." Furthermore, many could not see the value of her invention and stressed the risk that the driver would be distracted by operating the device and the moving wipers. [9]
By 1913 the automobile manufacturing business had grown exponentially and windshield wipers were standard equipment. [9] In 1922, Cadillac became the first car manufacturer to adopt them as standard equipment. [8] However, Anderson never profited from her invention, [6] the patent expiring in 1920. [1]
In 1917, Charlotte Bridgewood patented the “electric storm windshield cleaner,” the first automatic wiper system that used rollers instead of blades. [10] [11] Like Anderson, Bridgewood never made any money from her invention. Sara-Scott Wingo, rector of Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Richmond, Va., and Anderson’s great-great niece suspect Anderson’s invention never went anywhere because Anderson was an independent woman. Wingo said in an interview with NPR News, “She didn't have a father. She didn't have a husband. And the world was kind of run by men back then.” [6]
By the 1920s, Anderson’s brother-in-law had died, and Anderson was again living in the Fairmont Apartments in Birmingham with her sister Fannie and her mother. She continued to manage the Fairmont Apartments until her death at the age of 87. At the time of her death, she was the oldest member of South Highland Presbyterian Church. She died at her summer home in Monteagle, Tennessee . Her funeral was conducted by Dr. Frank A. Mathes at South Highland and she was buried at Elmwood Cemetery . [1] [5]
Anderson's invention of the windshield wiper helped people so they did not have to use a rag.
Anderson's windshield wiper invention is also briefly mentioned on the British panel/quiz show; QI (Quite Interesting); Season 10, Episode 16 - "Just the Job".
"When was the windshield wiper invented?" was the Weather Channel "Question of the Day" for July 6, 2016.
NPR's Morning Edition produced a profile, including an interview with her great-great-niece into her legacy and societal context on July 25, 2017. [6]
In 2011 Anderson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. [8] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anderson_(inventor) | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | NIHF Inductee Mary Anderson, Who Invented Windshield Wipers | Windshield Wiper
U.S. Patent No. 743,801
Inducted in 2011
Born Feb. 19, 1866 - Died June 27, 1953
While touring the city of New York in a trolley car on a snowy day in the early 1900s, Mary Anderson conceived her idea of a windshield wiper blade that could be operated from the inside by the trolley driver.
Anderson observed that streetcar drivers often had to open their windows in order to see during inclement weather, sometimes even stopping the streetcar to go outside to clear the window. Her idea consisted of a lever inside the vehicle that controlled a spring-loaded arm with a rubber blade. The lever, with a counterweight to keep the wiper in contact with the window, could move the blade across the windshield, removing rain or snow. With her 1903 patent, Anderson's invention proved to be the first windshield-clearing device to be effective.
As driving became more and more common, the windshield wiper was eventually adapted for automotive use. In 1922, Cadillac began installing the wiper as a piece of standard equipment on its cars.
During her lifetime, Anderson established herself as an entrepreneur. In addition to building and managing an apartment building in Birmingham, Alabama, she operated a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California. | https://www.invent.org/inductees/mary-anderson | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | Biography of Mary Anderson, Inventor of the Windshield Wiper | - Share
Updated on July 28, 2019
Mary Anderson (February 19, 1866–June 27, 1953) was hardly a likely candidate to invent the windshield wiper—especially considering she filed her patent before Henry Ford even started manufacturing cars. Unfortunately, Anderson failed to reap financial benefits from her invention during her lifetime, and as a result she's been relegated to a footnote in the history of automobiles .
- Known For : Inventing the windshield wiper, before a single one of Henry Ford's automobiles was made
- Born : February 19, 1866 on Burton Hill Plantation, Greene County, Alabama
- Parents : John C. and Rebecca Anderson
- Died : June 27, 1953 in Monteagle, Tennessee
- Education : Unknown
- Spouse(s) : None
- Children : None.
Mary Anderson was born on February 19, 1866, to John C. and Rebecca Anderson on Burton Hill Plantation in Greene County, Alabama. She was one of at least two daughters; the other was Fannie, who remained close to Mary all her life. Their father died in 1870, and the young family was able to live on the proceeds of John's estate. In 1889, Rebecca and her two daughters moved to Birmingham and built the Fairmont Apartments on Highland Avenue soon after their arrival.
In 1893, Mary left home to operate a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California but returned in 1898 to help care for an ailing aunt. She and her aunt moved into the Fairmont Apartments with her mother, her sister Fannie, and Fannie's husband G.P. Thornton. Anderson's aunt brought an enormous trunk with her, which when opened contained a collection of gold and jewelry that allowed her family to live comfortably from that point forward.
In the thick of winter in 1903, Anderson took some of that inheritance from her aunt and, eager to make exciting use of the money, took a trip to New York City.
It was during this trip that inspiration struck. While riding a streetcar during a particularly snowy day, Anderson observed the agitated and uncomfortable behavior of the vehicle’s cold driver, who had to rely on all sorts of tricks—sticking his head out of the window, stopping the vehicle to clean the windshield—to see where he was driving. Following the trip, Anderson returned to Alabama and, in response to the problem she witnessed, drew up a practical solution: a design for a windshield blade that would connect itself to the interior of the car, allowing the driver to operate the windshield wiper from inside the vehicle. She filed an application for a patent on June 18, 1903.
For her “window cleaning device for electric cars and other vehicles to remove snow, ice, or sleet from the window,” on November 10, 1903, Anderson was awarded U.S. Patent No. 743,801 . However, Anderson was unable to get anyone to bite on her idea. All the corporations she approached—including a manufacturing firm in Canada—turned her wiper down, out of a perceived lack of demand. Discouraged, Anderson stopped pushing the product, and, after the contracted 17 years, her patent expired in 1920. By this time, the prevalence of automobiles (and, therefore, the demand for windshield wipers) had skyrocketed. But Anderson removed herself from the fold, allowing corporations and other business-people access to her original conception.
Although little is known about Mary Anderson, by the 1920s, her brother-in-law had died, and Mary, her sister Fannie, and their mother were again living in the Fairmont Apartments in Birmingham. Mary was managing the building where they lived when she died at their summer home in Monteagle, Tennessee on June 27, 1953. Mary Anderson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2011.
The windshield wiper, May Anderson's legacy, was adapted for automotive use, and in 1922, Cadillac began installing the wiper as a piece of standard equipment on its cars. | https://www.thoughtco.com/mary-anderson-inventor-of-the-windshield-wiper-1992654 | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | How an Alabama woman invented the windshield wiper | The unsung hero of any vehicle is probably the windshield wiper.
It’s not the first feature anyone sees when admiring a car. It doesn’t help the car speed up when a driver wants to be fast and furious, nor does it help the car slow down when a driver goes a little too fast and too furiously.
So, oftentimes, the windshield wiper goes unnoticed.
But anyone who’s ever been behind the wheel of a car would never want to be without windshield wipers. They’ve become a standard part of vehicles for decades, and many drivers are tested on how they access their wipers, as part of getting their license.
This oft-forgotten yet significant component of cars came about over a century ago, thanks to an oft-forgotten woman who made a significant contribution to the automotive industry.
Mary Anderson, inventor of the windshield wiper.
"When I think of Mary Anderson, I think of a pioneer, I think of an entrepreneur and I think of a woman who was really interested in forging her own path," said Rini Paiva, executive vice president of selection at the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
Anderson was an entrepreneur during the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century.
"She is a woman who was really ahead of her time," Paiva said. "She was a go getter."
Anderson hailed from Alabama and spent much of her time in places like California and Tennessee. But a trip to New York City became the ignition that led her down the road to becoming an inventor.
According to Paiva, Anderson was riding a trolley car during inclement weather when she noticed the trolley driver struggling to see through his windshield.
Trolleys like these were used in the early 20th century.
(Library of Congress / Corbis / VCG / Getty Images)
"He would reach his arm outside the window, and sometimes he would even have to stop the car to get out to clear the window," Paiva said.
When Anderson returned home, she thought there has to be a better way.
"She actually worked with the designer to come up with the idea and ended up filing a patent that ended up being granted pretty quickly in in the early 1900s," Paiva said.
According to her original U.S. Patent Office form , Anderson submitted her filing in June 18, 1903 and received her patent on November 10. The patent titled Anderson’s invention as a ‘window cleaning device.’
A section of Mary Anderson's patent, showcasing how her window cleaning device would work.
(U.S. Patent Office)
The window cleaning device included a radially swinging metal arm attached to a window that cleared away snow, rain and sleet from the window. The device was manually controlled by using a handle inside a car.
Also, as Anderson wrote in her patent, the arm component was removable "thus leaving nothing to mar the usual appearance of the car during fair weather."
Given the success of Anderson’s patent and the ubiquitous nature of windshield wipers today, one can imagine that the invention became an immediate hit.
Unfortunately, the opposite was true for the device and for Anderson.
"She did some outreach, but there really wasn't any company or individual that showed any interest in her windshield wiper invention," Paiva said.
"You have to remember that this was the early 1900s. So, automobiles really weren't as widespread as they would be even a couple of decades later."
Drivers of early automobiles didn't have windshield wipers.
(Eugene L. Armbruster / The New York Historical Society / Getty Images)
Apart from the relative rarity of cars, according to Paiva, Anderson’s device didn’t catch on because some people thought the windshield wiper would be a distraction for drivers.
It wouldn’t be until decades later, after automobiles became more widespread, did the windshield wiper gain popularity.
By the time windshield wipers were being installed on vehicles, Anderson’s patent had expired. So, she did not receive any royalties that came from the development and spread of windshield wipers.
While such a circumstance has left many inventors poor and destitute, Anderson prevailed. Because as she worked on her invention, she was also helping care of a wealthy aunt, who left behind an inheritance for Anderson and her family.
Actress Jean Harlow poses next to a car with windshield wipers in the early 1930s.
(Bettmann / Getty Images)
Today’s windshield wipers can be traced back over a century to one of the few early women inventors.
"I think that being an independent inventor is tough, and it had to be tough for [Anderson] as a woman inventor at that time, coming up with something that really wasn't even needed yet," Paiva said.
"I do think it's important for people to know that Mary Anderson is a very unique individual for the time," she said.
"Uncovering the stories of people like her will serve as great inspiration for the upcoming generation."
Tags | https://www.foxweather.com/lifestyle/how-an-alabama-woman-invented-the-windshield-wiper | 102 |
when did mary anderson invented the windshield wiper | Alabama Woman Stuck In NYC Traffic In 1902 Invented The Windshield Wiper | Heard on Morning Edition
Mary Anderson's illustration of her 1903 patented "window cleaning device."
Even the most commonplace devices in our world had to be invented by someone.
Take the windshield wiper. It may seem hard to imagine a world without windshield wipers, but there was one, and Mary Anderson lived in that world.
In 1902, Anderson was visiting New York City.
"She was riding a streetcar and it was snowing," says the Rev. Sara-Scott Wingo , rector of Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Richmond, Va., and Anderson's great-great-niece. Wingo never met Anderson, but the story of the invention was passed down to her.
Wingo says while Anderson was riding the streetcar that snowy day, "She observed that the streetcar driver had to get out and continually clean off the windshield."
Naturally, that caused delays, and got Anderson wondering: What if there were some sort of blade that could wipe off the windshield without making the driver get out of the streetcar?
Anderson went back to Birmingham, made a sketch of her device, and wrote up a description of it. Then she applied for a patent.
The patent application describes how the wiper was to be operated by a handle inside the vestibule of the motor car, and be easily removable — "thus leaving nothing to mar the usual appearance of the car during fair weather," according to patent language.
Sponsor Message
The application was filed June 18, 1903. On November 10, 1903, the United States Patent Office awarded Anderson patent number 743,801 for her Window Cleaning Device .
Wingo says her great-great-aunt tried to interest manufacturing firms in making this device for the emerging motorcar industry, but got no takers. A letter from the firm of Dinning and Eckenstein is one of Wingo's prized possessions.
"Dear madam," the letter begins," We beg to acknowledge receipt of your recent favor with reference to the sale of your patent. In reply, we regret to state we do not consider it to be of such commercial value as would warrant our undertaking its sale."
Alabama native Mary Anderson (1866-1953) is credited with inventing the first operational windshield wiper.
"They missed out," says Wingo. "Don't you think?"
Wingo doesn't know for sure why Anderson's invention never went anywhere, but she suspects it might have been because Anderson was such an independent woman.
"She didn't have a father; she didn't have a husband and she didn't have a son," Wingo says. "And the world was kind of run by men back then."
It doesn't seem as if Mary Anderson was the sort of woman to be crushed by the rejections. She lived another 50 years, long enough to see windshield wipers become ubiquitous.
Certainly Anderson's accomplishments loom large for Wingo and her family.
Sponsor Message
"We're all really proud of her," says Wingo. "I have three daughters. We talk about Mary Anderson a lot. And we all sort of feel like we want to be open and receptive to sort of our own Mary Anderson moments."
If Anderson didn't get any money for her invention, at least she finally got some credit. In 2011 she was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame . | https://www.npr.org/2017/07/25/536835744/alabama-woman-stuck-in-nyc-traffic-in-1902-invented-the-windshield-wiper | 102 |
how many different star trek shows are there | List of Star Trek television series | Star Trek is an American media franchise based on the science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry . The first television series, simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series , debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on NBC . The Star Trek canon includes eight live-action television series, three animated series and one short-form companion series, as well as a series of feature films .
Twelve television series make up the bulk of the Star Trek franchise: The Original Series , The Animated Series , The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine , Voyager , Enterprise , Discovery , Short Treks , Picard , Lower Decks , Prodigy , and Strange New Worlds . All series in total amount to 880 episodes across 44 seasons of television.
|Series||Season||Episodes||Originally released||Executive producers||Status|
|First released||Last released||Network|
|The Original Series||1||29||September 8, 1966||April 13, 1967||NBC||Gene Roddenberry||Concluded|
|2||26||September 15, 1967||March 29, 1968|
|3||24||September 20, 1968||June 3, 1969||Fred Freiberger [1]|
|The Animated Series||1||16||September 8, 1973||January 12, 1974||Gene Roddenberry and D. C. Fontana|
|2||6||September 7, 1974||October 12, 1974|
|The Next Generation||1||26||September 28, 1987||May 16, 1988||Syndication||Gene Roddenberry|
|2||22||November 21, 1988||July 17, 1989||Gene Roddenberry and Maurice Hurley|
|3||26||September 25, 1989||June 18, 1990||Gene Roddenberry, Rick Berman and Michael Piller|
|4||26||September 24, 1990||June 17, 1991|
|5||26||September 23, 1991||June 15, 1992||Rick Berman and Michael Piller|
|6||26||September 21, 1992||June 21, 1993|
|7||26||September 20, 1993||May 23, 1994||Rick Berman and Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor|
|Deep Space Nine||1||20||January 3, 1993||June 21, 1993||Michael Piller|
|2||26||September 27, 1993||June 13, 1994|
|3||26||September 26, 1994||June 19, 1995|
|4||26||October 2, 1995||June 17, 1996||Ira Steven Behr|
|5||26||September 30, 1996||June 16, 1997|
|6||26||September 29, 1997||June 15, 1998|
|7||26||September 28, 1998||May 31, 1999|
|Voyager||1||16||January 16, 1995||May 22, 1995||UPN||Michael Piller|
|2||26||August 28, 1995||May 20, 1996|
|3||26||September 4, 1996||May 21, 1997||Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor|
|4||26||September 3, 1997||May 20, 1998|
|5||26||October 14, 1998||May 26, 1999||Brannon Braga|
|6||26||September 22, 1999||May 24, 2000|
|7||26||October 4, 2000||May 23, 2001||Kenneth Biller|
|Enterprise||1||26||September 26, 2001||May 22, 2002||Brannon Braga and Rick Berman [2]|
|2||26||September 18, 2002||May 21, 2003|
|3||24||September 10, 2003||May 26, 2004|
|4||22||October 8, 2004||May 13, 2005||Brannon Braga, Rick Berman and Manny Coto [3]|
|Discovery||1||15||September 24, 2017 [a]||February 11, 2018|| CBS All Access |
Paramount+ [b]
|Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts [6]||Released|
|2||14||January 17, 2019||April 18, 2019||Alex Kurtzman [7]|
|3||13||October 15, 2020||January 7, 2021||Alex Kurtzman and Michelle Paradise [8]|
|4||13||November 18, 2021||March 17, 2022|
|5||10 [9]||2024 [10]||TBA||Post-production|
|Short Treks||1||4||October 4, 2018||January 3, 2019||Alex Kurtzman [11]||Concluded|
|2||6||October 5, 2019||January 9, 2020|
|Picard||1||10||January 23, 2020||March 26, 2020||Michael Chabon [12]|
|2||10||March 3, 2022||May 5, 2022||Akiva Goldsman and Terry Matalas [13]|
|3||10||February 16, 2023||April 20, 2023||Terry Matalas [14]|
|Lower Decks||1||10||August 6, 2020||October 8, 2020||Mike McMahan [15]||Released|
|2||10||August 12, 2021||October 14, 2021|
|3||10||August 25, 2022||October 27, 2022|
|4||10 [9]||Mid 2023 [16]||TBA||In production|
|5||10 [16]||TBA||TBA||In development|
|Prodigy||1||20||October 28, 2021||December 29, 2022||Kevin and Dan Hageman [17]||Released|
|2||20 [18]||Late 2023 [16]||TBA||In production|
|Strange New Worlds||1||10||May 5, 2022||July 7, 2022||Akiva Goldsman and Henry Alonso Myers [19]||Released|
|2||10 [9]||June 15, 2023 [16]||TBA||Post-production|
|3||10 [16]||TBA||TBA||In development|
|Starfleet Academy||1 [20]||TBA||TBA||TBA||Alex Kurtzman and Noga Landau [20]||Pre-production|
The lead actor of each Star Trek series
Star Trek , also known as Star Trek: The Original Series , often abbreviated as TOS , [c] debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. [21] The series tells the tale of the crew of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission "to boldly go where no man has gone before ." The original 1966–69 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk , Leonard Nimoy as Spock , DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy , James Doohan as Montgomery "Scotty" Scott , Nichelle Nichols as Uhura , George Takei as Hikaru Sulu , and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov . [22] During the series' original run, it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and won twice: for the two-part episode " The Menagerie ", and the Harlan Ellison -written episode " The City on the Edge of Forever ". [23]
NBC canceled the series after three seasons; the last original episode aired on June 3, 1969. [24] A petition near the end of the second season to save the series signed by many Caltech students and its multiple Hugo nominations would indicate that despite low Nielsen ratings , it was highly popular with science fiction fans and engineering students. [25] The series later became popular in reruns and found a cult following . [21] In the 2000s, the series was remastered for television , which included special-effect changes including CGI versions of the ships. [26]
Star Trek , later marketed as Star Trek: The Animated Series ( TAS ) to differentiate it from the live-action series, was produced by Filmation , and ran for two seasons from 1973 to 1974. Most of the original cast performed the voices of their characters from The Original Series , and some of the writers who worked on The Original Series returned, including D. C. Fontana , David Gerrold and Paul Schneider . While the animated format allowed the producers to create more exotic alien landscapes and life forms, animation errors and liberal reuse of shots and musical cues have tarnished the series' reputation. [27] Although it was originally sanctioned by Paramount, which owned the Star Trek franchise following its acquisition of Desilu in 1967, Gene Roddenberry often spoke of TAS as non-canon . [28] As of June 2007, it has references in the library section of the official Star Trek website. [29]
The Animated Series won Star Trek ' s first Emmy Award on May 15, 1975. [30] The Animated Series briefly returned to television in the mid-1980s on the children's cable network Nickelodeon . Nickelodeon parent Viacom would purchase Paramount in 1994; in the early 1990s, the Sci-Fi Channel also began rerunning TAS . The complete series was also released on Laserdisc format during the 1980s. [31] The complete series was first released in the United States on eleven volumes of VHS tapes in 1989. All 22 episodes were released on DVD in 2006.
Star Trek: The Next Generation , frequently abbreviated as TNG , takes place about a century after The Original Series (2364–2370). It features a new starship, Enterprise -D , and a new crew led by Captain Jean-Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) and Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ). Some crew members represent new alien races, including Deanna Troi , a half- Betazoid counselor played by Marina Sirtis . Michael Dorn plays Worf , the first Klingon officer in Starfleet, alongside Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher , LeVar Burton as chief engineer Geordi La Forge , the android Data portrayed by Brent Spiner , and Dr. Crusher's son Wesley Crusher played by Wil Wheaton .
The series premiered on September 28, 1987 and ran for seven seasons, ending on May 23, 1994. It had the highest ratings of any of the Star Trek series and became the #1 syndicated show during the last few years of its original run, allowing it to act as a springboard for ideas in other series. Many relationships and races introduced in TNG became the basis of episodes in Deep Space Nine and Voyager . [32] During its run, it earned several Emmy Awards and nominations—including a nomination for Best Dramatic Series during its final season—two Hugo Awards and a Peabody Award for Outstanding Television Programming for the episode " The Big Goodbye ". [33] The series was released in high definition on Blu-Ray and Netflix with some special effect changes in the 2010s. [34]
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine , frequently abbreviated as DS9 , takes place during the last years and the immediate post-years of The Next Generation (2369–2375) and aired for seven seasons, from January 3, 1993 to June 2, 1999. Like The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine aired in syndication in the United States and Canada. Unlike the other Star Trek series, DS9 takes place primarily on a space station rather than aboard a starship.
The series begins in the aftermath of the brutal occupation of the planet Bajor by the imperialistic Cardassians . The liberated Bajoran people ask the United Federation of Planets to help run a Cardassian-built space station, Deep Space Nine , near Bajor. After the Federation takes control of the station, the protagonists of the series discover a uniquely stable wormhole that provides immediate access to the distant Gamma Quadrant making Bajor and the station one of the most strategically important locations in the galaxy. [35] The series chronicles the adventures of the station's crew, led by Commander (later Captain) Benjamin Sisko , played by Avery Brooks , and Major (later Colonel) Kira Nerys , played by Nana Visitor . Recurring plot elements include the repercussions of the Cardassian occupation of Bajor, Sisko's role as a figure in Bajoran religious prophecy, and in later seasons a war with an empire from the Gamma Quadrant known as the Dominion .
Deep Space Nine stands apart from earlier Trek series for its lengthy serialized storytelling, conflict within the crew, and religious themes—all elements that critics and audiences praised but Roddenberry forbade in the original series and The Next Generation . [36]
Star Trek: Voyager ran for seven seasons, airing from January 16, 1995, to May 23, 2001, launching a new Paramount-owned television network, UPN . It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway , the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a Star Trek series, and Commander Chakotay , played by Robert Beltran . [37]
Voyager takes place at about the same time period as Deep Space Nine and the years following that series' end (2371–2378). The premiere episode has the USS Voyager and its crew pursue a Maquis (Federation rebels) ship. Both ships become stranded in the Delta Quadrant about 70,000 light-years from Earth. [38] Faced with a 75-year voyage to Earth, the crew must learn to work together to overcome challenges on their long and perilous journey home while also seeking ways to shorten the voyage. Like Deep Space Nine , early seasons of Voyager feature more conflict between its crew members than seen in later episodes. Such conflict often arises from friction between "by-the-book" Starfleet crew and rebellious Maquis fugitives forced by circumstance to work together on Voyager. Eventually, though, they settle their differences, after which the overall tone becomes more reminiscent of The Original Series . Isolated from its home, the starship Voyager faces new cultures and dilemmas not possible in other series based in the Alpha Quadrant. Later seasons brought in an influx of characters and cultures from prior series, such as the Borg , Q , the Ferengi , Romulans , Klingons , Cardassians and cast members of The Next Generation .
Star Trek: Enterprise , originally titled Enterprise , is a prequel to the original Star Trek series. It aired from September 26, 2001 to May 13, 2005. [39] Enterprise takes place in the 2150s, some 90 years after the events of Zefram Cochrane 's first warp flight and about a decade before the founding of the Federation. The series centers on the voyages of Earth's first warp 5 capable starship, Enterprise , commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer (played by Scott Bakula ), and the Vulcan Sub-Commander T'Pol (played by Jolene Blalock ). The series originally did not include " Star Trek " in its name and logo, adding it later on in the series' run.
During the series' first two seasons, Enterprise featured self-contained episodes, like The Original Series , The Next Generation and Voyager . The entire third season consisted of one arc related to the Xindi , and had a darker tone and serialized nature similar to that of Deep Space Nine . The fourth and final season consisted of several mini-arcs composed of two to three episodes. The final season showed the origins of some elements of previous series, and resolved some of their continuity problems. Ratings for Enterprise started strong but declined rapidly. Although critics received the fourth season well, both fans and the cast criticized the series finale , partly because of the episode's focus on the guest appearance of cast members of The Next Generation . [40] [41] [42] The cancellation of Enterprise ended an 18-year run of back-to-back new Star Trek television series, which began with The Next Generation in 1987.
Star Trek: Discovery begins as a prequel to The Original Series , set roughly ten years prior. [43] It premiered September 24, 2017 in the United States and Canada on CBS before moving to CBS All Access , [4] while Netflix streams the series outside the United States and is also providing most of the series' funding. [44] [45] [46]
The series centers on the voyages of the USS Discovery , a unique starship with an experimental "spore drive", commanded in Season 1 by Captain Gabriel Lorca ( Jason Isaacs ), in Season 2 by Captain Christopher Pike ( Anson Mount ), and in Season 3 by Captain Saru ( Doug Jones ). The protagonist of the series is Michael Burnham ( Sonequa Martin-Green ), a science specialist who becomes captain of Discovery at the end of the third season. The first season focuses on Discovery ' s involvement in a war between the United Federation of Planets and the Klingon Empire; [47] [48] later seasons see the Discovery crew fighting a rogue artificial intelligence and, sent into the distant future, trying to reunite a fractured Federation.
Star Trek: Short Treks is a spin-off companion series of stand-alone short films which focus on characters and situations from Discovery . Some of the episodes are animated. [49]
Star Trek: Picard is a serialized drama revisiting The Next Generation ' s protagonist Jean-Luc Picard : some 30 years after the events of TNG, Picard, now retired, seeks redemption for what he sees as his past failures. [50] [51]
Star Trek: Lower Decks was announced on October 25, 2018, by CBS All Access as a two-season order for a half-hour adult animated comedy series created by Mike McMahan , the head writer and executive producer of Rick and Morty . It focuses on the support crew of "one of Starfleet's least important ships", and its name is taken from a Next Generation episode that similarly focused on low-ranking starship crew members. [52] [53] The first season premiered on August 6, 2020, and consists of 10 episodes. [54]
In February 2019, it was announced that an animated series developed for young viewers was in development. The series is being co-written and created by Dan and Kevin Hageman and will air on Nickelodeon as a joint-venture with CBS. [55] It focuses on a group of teens who embark on an adventure upon an abandoned Starfleet ship. [56] On July 23, 2020, it was announced that the title would be Star Trek: Prodigy ; [57] the series premiered on October 28, 2021. [58]
Announced in May 2020, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds depicts the early days of the Enterprise and features Discovery actors Anson Mount , Ethan Peck and Rebecca Romijn reprising their roles as Pike, Spock and Number One , respectively. [59] [d] Creator Akiva Goldsman intended for the series to use an episodic format similar to The Original Series and The Next Generation . [61] It was released on Paramount+. [59] The series debuted on May 5, 2022. [62]
Further live-action television series are currently in development. [63] In February 2021, it was announced that further series would only move forward once at least one of the current slate of five concurrent series ( Discovery , Picard , Lower Decks , Prodigy and Strange New Worlds ) concludes its run. [64]
In June 2018, a series by Stephanie Savage and Josh Schwartz that is set at Starfleet Academy was reportedly in development, [11] and aimed at a younger audience. [65] [11] By February 2022, Gaia Violo had taken over the project, which was said to be the next in the pipeline following Section 31 . [66] In March 2023, the series was greenlit by Paramount+, and is set to go into production in 2024. Alex Kurtzman and Noga Landau serve as the showrunners, while Violo now serves as an executive producer. [20]
Star Trek: Phase II was a 1970s follow-up live-action television series to The Original Series . Though sets were constructed, scripts written, characters cast, and production started, the series was cancelled in favor of The Motion Picture , the first Star Trek feature film. The series would have anchored a fourth U.S. television network, the Paramount Network . This would later happen when Star Trek: Voyager anchored the launch of UPN, the United Paramount Network in the 1990s. [67]
In June 2017, Nicholas Meyer revealed he had begun development of a 3-episode limited series titled Ceti Alpha V , based around the character Khan Noonien Singh and acting as a prequel to his The Wrath of Khan storyline. [68] By September 2022, the series had been redeveloped into a scripted podcast series titled Star Trek: Khan – Ceti Alpha V . [69]
Announced in January 2019, a live-action television series, with a tentative title Section 31 will focus on the mirror universe's Philippa Georgiou and her adventures as a member of Starfleet's Section 31 division. Michelle Yeoh will reprise her role from Discovery , with Bo Yeon Kim and Erika Lippoldt serving as co-showrunners. The series was reported to feature an ensemble cast. [70] In April 2023, the project was announced to be redeveloped as a film for Paramount+, with Olatunde Osunsanmi directing from a script by Craig Sweeny . [71]
Each television series and season is linked to the critical response section of its article.
|Title||Season||Rotten Tomatoes||Metacritic|
|The Original Series||1||92% (25 reviews) [72]||—|
|2||100% (6 reviews) [73]||—|
|3||50% (10 reviews) [74]||—|
|The Animated Series||1||94% (17 reviews) [75]||—|
|The Next Generation||1||88% (24 reviews) [76]||51 (8 reviews) [77]|
|2||50% (6 reviews) [78]||—|
|3||100% (8 reviews) [79]||—|
|4||100% (7 reviews) [80]||—|
|5||100% (6 reviews) [81]||—|
|6||100% (5 reviews) [82]||—|
|7||100% (10 reviews) [83]||—|
|Deep Space Nine||1||81% (21 reviews) [84]||74 (14 reviews) [85]|
|2||100% (5 reviews) [86]||—|
|3||100% (5 reviews) [87]||—|
|4||100% (7 reviews) [88]||—|
|5||100% (6 reviews) [89]||—|
|6||57% (7 reviews) [90]||—|
|7||100% (13 reviews) [91]||—|
|Voyager||1||85% (20 reviews) [92]||66 (10 reviews) [93]|
|2||33% (6 reviews) [94]||—|
|3||100% (8 reviews) [95]||—|
|4||100% (6 reviews) [96]||—|
|5||80% (5 reviews) [97]||—|
|7||60% (10 reviews) [98]||—|
|Enterprise||1||72% (18 reviews) [99]||66 (18 reviews) [100]|
|2||33% (6 reviews) [101]||—|
|3||57% (7 reviews) [102]||—|
|4||60% (5 reviews) [103]||—|
|Discovery||1||82% (373 reviews) [104]||72 (20 reviews) [105]|
|2||81% (209 reviews) [106]||72 (10 reviews) [107]|
|3||91% (34 reviews) [108]||75 (8 reviews) [109]|
|4||93% (15 reviews) [110]||—|
|Picard||1||87% (253 reviews) [111]||76 (27 reviews) [112]|
|2||85% (94 reviews) [113]||69 (7 reviews) [114]|
|3||100% (46 reviews) [115]||83 (14 reviews) [116]|
|Lower Decks||1||67% (46 reviews) [117]||59 (17 reviews) [118]|
|2||100% (11 reviews) [119]||—|
|3||100% (5 reviews) [120]||—|
|Prodigy||1||93% (15 reviews) [121]||68 (5 reviews) [122]|
|Strange New Worlds||1||99% (78 reviews) [123]||76 (14 reviews) [124]|
- ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access. [4] [5]
- ^ CBS All Access was rebranded as Paramount+ on March 4, 2021; seasons released before this date were initially released on CBS All Access and seasons released after were released on Paramount+.
- ^ Originally titled Star Trek . Marketed as Star Trek: The Original Series to distinguish it from its sequels and the franchise as a whole.
- ^ These characters first appeared on the original Star Trek pilot, " The Cage ". [60]
- ^ Solow, Herbert F. and Justman, Robert H., Inside Star Trek: The Real Story , Pocket Books, New York, 1996. p. 399
- ^ "Manny Coto (Executive Producer, Star Trek: Enterprise)" . Star Trek . CBS Interactive . October 8, 2004. Archived from the original on October 17, 2004 . Retrieved June 27, 2015 .
- ^
- ^ Birnbaum, Debra; Ryan, Maureen; Littleton, Cynthia (October 26, 2016). "Bryan Fuller Stepping Back From Showrunner Role on 'Star Trek: Discovery' (Exclusive)" . Variety . Archived from the original on October 27, 2016 . Retrieved October 27, 2016 .
- ^ Goldberg, Lesley (June 14, 2018). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Showrunners Out; Alex Kurtzman to Take Over (Exclusive)" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 16, 2018 .
- ^ Otterson, Joe (February 27, 2019). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Renewed for Season 3, Michelle Paradise Upped to Co-Showrunner" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 27, 2019 .
- ^
- ^ Otterson, Joe (June 27, 2019). "'Star Trek: Picard' Names Michael Chabon Showrunner" . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6, 2019 . Retrieved October 6, 2019 .
- ^ Vary, Adam B. (April 5, 2022). "'Star Trek: Picard' Beams Up 'The Next Generation' Main Cast for Season 3" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 5, 2022 . Retrieved April 6, 2022 .
- ^
- ^ Goldberg, Lesley (May 15, 2020). "'Star Trek' Pike and Spock Series Set at CBS All Access" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 15, 2020 . Retrieved May 16, 2019 .
- ^
- ^ Turnbull 1979 , p. 210
- ^ Turnbull 1979 , p. 231
- ^ Rioux 2005 , pp. 194–196
- ^ Trimble 1986 , p. 33
- ^ Wired Staff (September 15, 2006). "Original Star Trek Gets Upgraded" . Wired . Archived from the original on August 3, 2020 . Retrieved March 30, 2019 .
- ^ Dursin, Andre (November 14, 2006). "The Aisle Seat by Andy Dursin" . www.andyfilm.com . Archived from the original on October 3, 2011 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ Ayers 2006 , p. 232
- ^ " The Animated Series Gets Real" . Star Trek . Archived from the original on July 3, 2010 . Retrieved May 16, 2020 .
- ^ "Star Trek Animated - The Series that ran from 1973 - 1974" . Science Fiction Buzz . Archived from the original on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ "Star Trek - A Short History" . www.ee.surrey.ac.uk . Archived from the original on December 5, 2010 . Retrieved August 21, 2006 .
- ^ TrekCore Staff (August 26, 2015). "Netflix Brings VFX Fixes to STAR TREK: TNG in HD" . TrekCore Blog . Archived from the original on March 30, 2019 . Retrieved March 30, 2019 .
- ^ "Emissary, Part I | Star Trek" . Star Trek . Archived from the original on October 11, 2010 . Retrieved August 21, 2006 .
- ^ Sturgis, Amy H. "RevolutionSF - Star Trek Voyager : Final Episode : Review" . RevolutionSF . Archived from the original on January 16, 2004 . Retrieved August 24, 2006 .
- ^ "Star Trek: Enterprise Summary" . Starpulse . Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved August 24, 2006 .
- ^ Lee, Patrick (May 14, 2005). "Star Trek: Enterprise Series Finale | Movie and TV Reviews | SCI FI Weekly" . Syfy . Archived from the original on January 1, 2007 . Retrieved January 16, 2009 .
- ^ Leao, Gustavo (December 17, 2005). "TrekWeb.com - Anthony Montgomery Says "These Are The Voyages..." Not an Effective Finale" . trekweb.com . Archived from the original on March 7, 2006 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ Slotek, Jim (May 13, 2005). "Star Trek: E lamely goes away". Toronto Sun . p. E4.
- ^ Frankel, Daniel (December 7, 2016). "Moonves: Netflix international sales pay for entire 'Star Trek' production cost | FierceCable" . FierceVideo . Archived from the original on January 18, 2017 . Retrieved January 16, 2017 .
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 17, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Gets Order Increase & Companion Show On CBS All Access" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 19, 2017 . Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
- ^ Stanhope, Katie (May 17, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Official Trailer Unveiled" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17, 2017 . Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
- ^ Hibberd, James (July 17, 2017). "Star Trek: Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17, 2017 . Retrieved July 18, 2017 .
- ^ Anderton, Ethan (July 21, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Exhibit Reveals Starfleet, Klingon and Vulcan Props, Costumes & Ships [Comic-Con 2017]" . /Film . Archived from the original on July 22, 2017 . Retrieved July 22, 2017 .
- ^ Holloway, Daniel (January 8, 2020). "'Star Trek: Picard': Patrick Stewart on Why He Returned to the Final Frontier" . Variety . Archived from the original on January 8, 2020 . Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
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- ^ Joe Otterson (February 13, 2019). " Star Trek Animated Kids Show in the Works at Nickelodeon" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 14, 2019 . Retrieved July 9, 2020 .
- ^ "CG Animated Star Trek Show Coming To Nickelodeon Officially Announced" . TrekMovie.com . April 24, 2019. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019 . Retrieved April 25, 2019 .
- ^ Labonte, Rachel (January 13, 2020). "2 More Unannounced Star Trek TV Shows in the Works After Picard" . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 17, 2020 . Retrieved February 23, 2020 .
- ^ Sperling, Nicole (August 1, 2021). "Can Paramount+ Succeed? One Producer Hopes to Make It So" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved August 5, 2021 .
- ^ White, Peter; Patten, Dominic; Andreeva, Nellie (February 2, 2022). "'Starfleet Academy' Series In Works As Paramount+ Looks To Further Expand 'Star Trek' Universe" . Deadline . Retrieved January 8, 2023 .
- ^ "Nicholas Meyer Gives Update On Khan Mini-Series And Talks 'Star Trek: Discovery'" . TrekMovie.com . November 21, 2018. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019 . Retrieved April 1, 2019 .
- ^ Patten, Dominic (January 14, 2019). "It's Official! Michelle Yeoh 'Star Trek' Spinoff In Development At CBS All Access" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 14, 2019 . Retrieved March 17, 2019 .
- ^ Otterson, Joe (April 18, 2023). "Paramount+ Greenlights 'Star Trek: Section 31' Film Starring Michelle Yeoh" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 18, 2023 . Retrieved April 18, 2023 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_television_series | 103 |
how many different star trek shows are there | How Many Star Trek Series Are There? | The television series Star Trek has been going for over fifty years, and shows no signs of slowing down.
During those five plus decades, it has been on screen for a lot of that time, and there were often movies when it wasn’t on the air. There have been 12 Star Trek series, and more are on the way! (As of 2022)
Over all this time, it hasn’t been just one single series, rather lots of different series set within the same universe.
But how many Star Trek series are there in total? Well, we’ve got the answers.
In our handy guide below, you’ll find out about each and every series of Star Trek that there has been.
Along with that, we have information about each of them.
To answer the big question outright, the answer is that there are 12 different series of Star Trek, though more are always on the way.
List of All Star Trek TV Series:
- Star Trek: The Original Series – 1966-1969
- Star Trek: The Animated Series – 1973-1974
- The Next Generation – 1987-1994
- Deep Space Nine – 1993-1999
- Voyager – 1995-2001
- Enterprise – 2001-2005
- Discovery – 2017-Onwards
- Short Treks – 2018-2020
- Picard – 2020-Onwards
- Lower Decks – 2020-Onwards
- Prodigy – 2021-Onwards
- Strange New Worlds – 2022-Onwards
Below, we’ll get into each of them and what makes them different.
This is the series that began it all, and is one of the most famous and beloved Star Trek series there are.
Of course, when it aired, it was just called Star Trek.
However, as time went on and more shows were created, it had to be retroactively referred to as The Original Series.
It ran for almost three years and had three seasons, where it was mostly popular with science fiction lovers and, interestingly, engineering students.
Clearly, the show and its use of science appealed to many people who were smart on that subject.
However, it wasn’t until later on, after it had been canceled and instead rerun on television a lot, that it would find an even wider fanbase.
The show was about the crew of a spaceship called the USS Enterprise and their adventures through space.
The key crew members were Captain James T. Kirk, his science officer Spock, and their doctor Bones.
On top of that, other key crew members were Sulu, Uhura, and Scotty.
This animated version of the The Original Series featured much of the same cast for its voices.
The animation allowed the show to go to more expansive worlds that couldn’t be visualized on the live action budgets of before.
However, some don’t count this series to be canon.
This is the series that proved Star Trek could and would be something more than its original show, and there were countless other stories to tell.
This particular story is set a century after the original show, and involves a new crew on a new starship.
Well-regarded English actor Patrick Stewart played the new captain, Jean-Luc Picard, while his commander William Riker was played by Jonathan Frakes.
Other key crew members include the android Data, a Klingon named Worf, and half-human, half-Betazoid counselor named Deanna Troi.
Set shortly after The Next Generation, this story within the Star Trek universe especially stands out because it is set on a space station, instead of a starship like they had been previously.
It also was the first of the series to use long, serialized stories.
The crew is headed by Benjamin Sisko, while other key members included their security chief Odo and chief medical officer Julian Bashir.
This Star Trek series is notable for being the first to have a woman as the commanding officer heading up the show’s crew.
It took place around the same time as Deep Space Nine and follows the starship USS Voyager as it tries to get home.
The crew is headed up by Captain Janeway, while also involving a First officer named Chakotay and a Chief Engineer named B’Elanna Torres.
This series took place before the time period of The Original Series, acting as a prequel to that show.
It mixed its episodes up between single standalone adventures and season-long arcs, offering a wealth of storytelling.
The crew of the Enterprise ship is led by Captain Archer, while other key members of the crew included a Chief Engineer named Trip Tucker.
This is also a prequel to the original show, and is the first Star Trek show in 12 years. It involves a ship called the USS Discovery.
When the show started, fans could say hello to Jason Isaacs as the ship’s commander, Captain Lorca.
However, this changed as the seasons went on.
In season 2, the commander was Captain Pike, while season 3 saw Captain Saru take over.
Through this all, though, the main character of the show is the science specialist Michael Burnham.
This spin-off was a series of small short films expanding the universe of Discovery.
This show resurrects the Jean-Luc Picard character from The Next Generation, sending him on a redemptive adventure.
While seasons 1 and 2 brought back some other cast members from The Next Generation, season 3 brought back almost the entire crew.
This is an animated adult show set in the Star Trek universe, the first to be an outright comedy . ( My Personal favorite!)
This is a Star Trek show for children, featuring a gang of teenagers who find themselves on a disused starship.
This takes some of the cast from Discovery and sends them on a prequel adventure, depicting the early voyages of the USS Enterprise.
That select crew includes young versions of Pike and Spock, allowing us to learn more about their history.
There have been 12 Star Trek series, and more are on the way! It’s interesting to note that between 1966 and 2005, there were six Star Trek shows, spanning almost 40 years. However, since 2017 there have been just as many Star Trek series in just 5 years! | https://starships.com/how-many-star-trek-series-are-there/ | 103 |
how many different star trek shows are there | Where to watch every 'Star Trek' movie and TV show, from 'The Original Series' to 'Strange New Worlds' | When you buy through our links, Insider may earn an affiliate commission. Learn more.
- There are now 12 shows and 13 movies in the "Star Trek" franchise.
- The iconic sci-fi series focuses on the lives of Starfleet members as they explore the universe.
- Most "Star Trek" titles are available to stream on Paramount Plus ($5/month).
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The "Star Trek" franchise continues to boldly go where no man has gone before. From "The Original Series" in 1966 to the spin-offs, sequels, and prequels of today, "Star Trek" has been a pop culture mainstay for more than 50 years.
The franchise focuses on the adventures of various Starfleet crew members as they travel throughout the universe. And beneath the series' fun escapism, "Star Trek" movies and shows have used science fiction to comment on issues like racism, sexism, human rights, and politics. By exploring new worlds in "The Original Series," creator Gene Roddenberry was able to tell allegorical stories with thoughtful themes that relate to our own experiences.
In many ways, "Star Trek" has always highlighted diverse storytelling. In fact, one of the first interracial kisses ever aired on TV was in an episode of "The Original Series." This mix of sci-fi entertainment and social commentary is still present in the latest "Star Trek" installments, most of which air as Paramount Plus originals. "Star Trek: Discovery" introduced multiple queer leads, including the first transgender and non-binary characters in the "Star Trek" universe.
If you're a new fan looking to explore the world of "Star Trek" for the first time, or you're a devoted Trekkie who just wants to watch it all over again, we've compiled a list of every "Star Trek" movie and TV show, along with details on where you can stream them all right now.
There are 12 "Star Trek" shows in total, including nine live-action series and three animated shows. All of the shows are available on Paramount Plus, and many are also available to buy or rent from video-on-demand (VOD) services. One series, "Deep Space Nine," is also streaming on Netflix.
Title
Era
Subscription service
Rent or buy
"Star Trek: The Original Series" (1966-1969)
TOS
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek: The Animated Series" (1973-1974)
TOS
N/A
"Star Trek: The Next Generation" (1987-1994)
TNG
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine" (1993-1999)
TNG
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek: Voyager" (1995-2001)
TNG
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek: Enterprise" (2001-2005)
Pre-TOS
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek: Discovery" (2017-present)
Pre-TOS
Seasons 1-3 on Prime Video , Vudu
"Star Trek: Short Treks" (2018)
Pre-TOS
N/A
"Star Trek: Picard" (2020-present)
TNG
Season 1 on Prime Video , Vudu
"Star Trek: Lower Decks" (2020-present)
TNG
Season 1 on Vudu
"Star Trek: Prodigy" (2020-present)
TNG
N/A
"Star Trek: Strange New Worlds"
Pre-TOS
N/A
The "Star Trek" franchise includes 13 movies from 1979 to 2016. A new movie is also set to begin production in spring 2022. You can currently watch every "Star Trek" film on Paramount Plus. The movies are also available to buy or rent without a subscription through different VOD services, and you can stream a couple for free with ads.
Title
Era
Subscription service
Rent or buy
"Star Trek: The Motion Picture" (1979)
TOS
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek: The Motion Picture - The Director's Edition" (1979)
TOS
Prime Video , Vudu ,
"Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan" (1982)
TOS
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek III: The Search for Spock" (1984)
TOS
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home" (1986)
TOS
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek V: The Final Frontier" (1989)
TOS
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country" (1991)
TOS
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek: Generations" (1994)
TNG
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek: First Contact" (1996)
TNG
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek: Insurrection" (1998)
TNG
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek: Nemesis" (2002)
TNG
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek" (2009)
Kelvin
Paramount Plus , Pluto TV (with ads)
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek Into Darkness" (2013)
Kelvin
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek Beyond" (2016)
Kelvin
Paramount Plus , Pluto TV (with ads)
Prime Video , Vudu , Apple TV
"Star Trek" movies and TV shows all take place in different time periods that focus on different crews and starships. These time periods are generally categorized by fans and creators into four distinct eras: Pre-TOS, TOS, TNG, and Kelvin
Movies and TV shows set during the Pre-The Original Series (Pre-TOS) era take place at some point before James T. Kirk becomes captain of the Enterprise.
A few notable series set during this early time period include "Star Trek: Enterprise," "Star Trek: Discovery," and " Star Trek: Strange New Worlds ."
The Original Series (TOS) era of movies and TV shows follows the crew members on the starship USS Enterprise after Kirk (William Shatner) becomes captain. Other notable characters featured during this period include Spock (Leonard Nimoy), Dr. McCoy (DeForest Kelley), Nyota Uhura (Nichelle Nichols), and Hikaru Sulu (George Takei).
The Original Series era includes the first "Star Trek" TV show from the 1960s, as well as several spin-off movies that feature Captain Kirk and his crew.
The Next Generation (TNG) era is set 100 years after Kirk's adventures during "The Original Series," and includes movies and TV shows about the new crew of the USS Enterprise with Patrick Stewart as Captain Picard.
"Deep Space Nine" and "Voyager" are set during this time period as well, but focus on other crews and starships. Captain Picard's story also continues after "The Next Generation" in the Paramount Plus original series "Star Trek: Picard."
The Kelvin Timeline was introduced in 2009 with the release of director J.J. Abrams' first "Star Trek" movie starring Chris Pine as Captain Kirk and Zachary Quinto as Commander Spock. This film features the crew from "The Original Series" but takes place in an alternate universe that's separate from the main "Star Trek" timeline.
In this version of events, Kirk still becomes Captain of the USS Enterprise but his path to get there is brand new, which gives the writers freedom to explore different storylines with familiar characters.
The Kelvin Timeline includes "Star Trek" (2009), "Star Trek Into Darkness" (2013), and "Star Trek Beyond" (2016). An upcoming fourth movie in the Kelvin Timeline is set to begin production in spring 2022. | https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/streaming/where-to-watch-star-trek-movies-and-shows | 103 |
how many different star trek shows are there | List of Star Trek television series | Star Trek is an American media franchise based on the science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry . The first television series, simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series , debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on NBC . The Star Trek canon includes eight live-action television series, three animated series and one short-form companion series, as well as a series of feature films .
Twelve television series make up the bulk of the Star Trek franchise: The Original Series , The Animated Series , The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine , Voyager , Enterprise , Discovery , Short Treks , Picard , Lower Decks , Prodigy , and Strange New Worlds . All series in total amount to 880 episodes across 44 seasons of television.
|Series||Season||Episodes||Originally released||Executive producers||Status|
|First released||Last released||Network|
|The Original Series||1||29||September 8, 1966||April 13, 1967||NBC||Gene Roddenberry||Concluded|
|2||26||September 15, 1967||March 29, 1968|
|3||24||September 20, 1968||June 3, 1969||Fred Freiberger [1]|
|The Animated Series||1||16||September 8, 1973||January 12, 1974||Gene Roddenberry and D. C. Fontana|
|2||6||September 7, 1974||October 12, 1974|
|The Next Generation||1||26||September 28, 1987||May 16, 1988||Syndication||Gene Roddenberry|
|2||22||November 21, 1988||July 17, 1989||Gene Roddenberry and Maurice Hurley|
|3||26||September 25, 1989||June 18, 1990||Gene Roddenberry, Rick Berman and Michael Piller|
|4||26||September 24, 1990||June 17, 1991|
|5||26||September 23, 1991||June 15, 1992||Rick Berman and Michael Piller|
|6||26||September 21, 1992||June 21, 1993|
|7||26||September 20, 1993||May 23, 1994||Rick Berman and Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor|
|Deep Space Nine||1||20||January 3, 1993||June 21, 1993||Michael Piller|
|2||26||September 27, 1993||June 13, 1994|
|3||26||September 26, 1994||June 19, 1995|
|4||26||October 2, 1995||June 17, 1996||Ira Steven Behr|
|5||26||September 30, 1996||June 16, 1997|
|6||26||September 29, 1997||June 15, 1998|
|7||26||September 28, 1998||May 31, 1999|
|Voyager||1||16||January 16, 1995||May 22, 1995||UPN||Michael Piller|
|2||26||August 28, 1995||May 20, 1996|
|3||26||September 4, 1996||May 21, 1997||Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor|
|4||26||September 3, 1997||May 20, 1998|
|5||26||October 14, 1998||May 26, 1999||Brannon Braga|
|6||26||September 22, 1999||May 24, 2000|
|7||26||October 4, 2000||May 23, 2001||Kenneth Biller|
|Enterprise||1||26||September 26, 2001||May 22, 2002||Brannon Braga and Rick Berman [2]|
|2||26||September 18, 2002||May 21, 2003|
|3||24||September 10, 2003||May 26, 2004|
|4||22||October 8, 2004||May 13, 2005||Brannon Braga, Rick Berman and Manny Coto [3]|
|Discovery||1||15||September 24, 2017 [a]||February 11, 2018|| CBS All Access |
Paramount+ [b]
|Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts [6]||Released|
|2||14||January 17, 2019||April 18, 2019||Alex Kurtzman [7]|
|3||13||October 15, 2020||January 7, 2021||Alex Kurtzman and Michelle Paradise [8]|
|4||13||November 18, 2021||March 17, 2022|
|5||10 [9]||2024 [10]||TBA||Post-production|
|Short Treks||1||4||October 4, 2018||January 3, 2019||Alex Kurtzman [11]||Concluded|
|2||6||October 5, 2019||January 9, 2020|
|Picard||1||10||January 23, 2020||March 26, 2020||Michael Chabon [12]|
|2||10||March 3, 2022||May 5, 2022||Akiva Goldsman and Terry Matalas [13]|
|3||10||February 16, 2023||April 20, 2023||Terry Matalas [14]|
|Lower Decks||1||10||August 6, 2020||October 8, 2020||Mike McMahan [15]||Released|
|2||10||August 12, 2021||October 14, 2021|
|3||10||August 25, 2022||October 27, 2022|
|4||10 [9]||Mid 2023 [16]||TBA||In production|
|5||10 [16]||TBA||TBA||In development|
|Prodigy||1||20||October 28, 2021||December 29, 2022||Kevin and Dan Hageman [17]||Released|
|2||20 [18]||Late 2023 [16]||TBA||In production|
|Strange New Worlds||1||10||May 5, 2022||July 7, 2022||Akiva Goldsman and Henry Alonso Myers [19]||Released|
|2||10 [9]||June 15, 2023 [16]||TBA||Post-production|
|3||10 [16]||TBA||TBA||In development|
|Starfleet Academy||1 [20]||TBA||TBA||TBA||Alex Kurtzman and Noga Landau [20]||Pre-production|
The lead actor of each Star Trek series
Star Trek , also known as Star Trek: The Original Series , often abbreviated as TOS , [c] debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. [21] The series tells the tale of the crew of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission "to boldly go where no man has gone before ." The original 1966–69 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk , Leonard Nimoy as Spock , DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy , James Doohan as Montgomery "Scotty" Scott , Nichelle Nichols as Uhura , George Takei as Hikaru Sulu , and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov . [22] During the series' original run, it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and won twice: for the two-part episode " The Menagerie ", and the Harlan Ellison -written episode " The City on the Edge of Forever ". [23]
NBC canceled the series after three seasons; the last original episode aired on June 3, 1969. [24] A petition near the end of the second season to save the series signed by many Caltech students and its multiple Hugo nominations would indicate that despite low Nielsen ratings , it was highly popular with science fiction fans and engineering students. [25] The series later became popular in reruns and found a cult following . [21] In the 2000s, the series was remastered for television , which included special-effect changes including CGI versions of the ships. [26]
Star Trek , later marketed as Star Trek: The Animated Series ( TAS ) to differentiate it from the live-action series, was produced by Filmation , and ran for two seasons from 1973 to 1974. Most of the original cast performed the voices of their characters from The Original Series , and some of the writers who worked on The Original Series returned, including D. C. Fontana , David Gerrold and Paul Schneider . While the animated format allowed the producers to create more exotic alien landscapes and life forms, animation errors and liberal reuse of shots and musical cues have tarnished the series' reputation. [27] Although it was originally sanctioned by Paramount, which owned the Star Trek franchise following its acquisition of Desilu in 1967, Gene Roddenberry often spoke of TAS as non-canon . [28] As of June 2007, it has references in the library section of the official Star Trek website. [29]
The Animated Series won Star Trek ' s first Emmy Award on May 15, 1975. [30] The Animated Series briefly returned to television in the mid-1980s on the children's cable network Nickelodeon . Nickelodeon parent Viacom would purchase Paramount in 1994; in the early 1990s, the Sci-Fi Channel also began rerunning TAS . The complete series was also released on Laserdisc format during the 1980s. [31] The complete series was first released in the United States on eleven volumes of VHS tapes in 1989. All 22 episodes were released on DVD in 2006.
Star Trek: The Next Generation , frequently abbreviated as TNG , takes place about a century after The Original Series (2364–2370). It features a new starship, Enterprise -D , and a new crew led by Captain Jean-Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) and Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ). Some crew members represent new alien races, including Deanna Troi , a half- Betazoid counselor played by Marina Sirtis . Michael Dorn plays Worf , the first Klingon officer in Starfleet, alongside Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher , LeVar Burton as chief engineer Geordi La Forge , the android Data portrayed by Brent Spiner , and Dr. Crusher's son Wesley Crusher played by Wil Wheaton .
The series premiered on September 28, 1987 and ran for seven seasons, ending on May 23, 1994. It had the highest ratings of any of the Star Trek series and became the #1 syndicated show during the last few years of its original run, allowing it to act as a springboard for ideas in other series. Many relationships and races introduced in TNG became the basis of episodes in Deep Space Nine and Voyager . [32] During its run, it earned several Emmy Awards and nominations—including a nomination for Best Dramatic Series during its final season—two Hugo Awards and a Peabody Award for Outstanding Television Programming for the episode " The Big Goodbye ". [33] The series was released in high definition on Blu-Ray and Netflix with some special effect changes in the 2010s. [34]
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine , frequently abbreviated as DS9 , takes place during the last years and the immediate post-years of The Next Generation (2369–2375) and aired for seven seasons, from January 3, 1993 to June 2, 1999. Like The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine aired in syndication in the United States and Canada. Unlike the other Star Trek series, DS9 takes place primarily on a space station rather than aboard a starship.
The series begins in the aftermath of the brutal occupation of the planet Bajor by the imperialistic Cardassians . The liberated Bajoran people ask the United Federation of Planets to help run a Cardassian-built space station, Deep Space Nine , near Bajor. After the Federation takes control of the station, the protagonists of the series discover a uniquely stable wormhole that provides immediate access to the distant Gamma Quadrant making Bajor and the station one of the most strategically important locations in the galaxy. [35] The series chronicles the adventures of the station's crew, led by Commander (later Captain) Benjamin Sisko , played by Avery Brooks , and Major (later Colonel) Kira Nerys , played by Nana Visitor . Recurring plot elements include the repercussions of the Cardassian occupation of Bajor, Sisko's role as a figure in Bajoran religious prophecy, and in later seasons a war with an empire from the Gamma Quadrant known as the Dominion .
Deep Space Nine stands apart from earlier Trek series for its lengthy serialized storytelling, conflict within the crew, and religious themes—all elements that critics and audiences praised but Roddenberry forbade in the original series and The Next Generation . [36]
Star Trek: Voyager ran for seven seasons, airing from January 16, 1995, to May 23, 2001, launching a new Paramount-owned television network, UPN . It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway , the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a Star Trek series, and Commander Chakotay , played by Robert Beltran . [37]
Voyager takes place at about the same time period as Deep Space Nine and the years following that series' end (2371–2378). The premiere episode has the USS Voyager and its crew pursue a Maquis (Federation rebels) ship. Both ships become stranded in the Delta Quadrant about 70,000 light-years from Earth. [38] Faced with a 75-year voyage to Earth, the crew must learn to work together to overcome challenges on their long and perilous journey home while also seeking ways to shorten the voyage. Like Deep Space Nine , early seasons of Voyager feature more conflict between its crew members than seen in later episodes. Such conflict often arises from friction between "by-the-book" Starfleet crew and rebellious Maquis fugitives forced by circumstance to work together on Voyager. Eventually, though, they settle their differences, after which the overall tone becomes more reminiscent of The Original Series . Isolated from its home, the starship Voyager faces new cultures and dilemmas not possible in other series based in the Alpha Quadrant. Later seasons brought in an influx of characters and cultures from prior series, such as the Borg , Q , the Ferengi , Romulans , Klingons , Cardassians and cast members of The Next Generation .
Star Trek: Enterprise , originally titled Enterprise , is a prequel to the original Star Trek series. It aired from September 26, 2001 to May 13, 2005. [39] Enterprise takes place in the 2150s, some 90 years after the events of Zefram Cochrane 's first warp flight and about a decade before the founding of the Federation. The series centers on the voyages of Earth's first warp 5 capable starship, Enterprise , commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer (played by Scott Bakula ), and the Vulcan Sub-Commander T'Pol (played by Jolene Blalock ). The series originally did not include " Star Trek " in its name and logo, adding it later on in the series' run.
During the series' first two seasons, Enterprise featured self-contained episodes, like The Original Series , The Next Generation and Voyager . The entire third season consisted of one arc related to the Xindi , and had a darker tone and serialized nature similar to that of Deep Space Nine . The fourth and final season consisted of several mini-arcs composed of two to three episodes. The final season showed the origins of some elements of previous series, and resolved some of their continuity problems. Ratings for Enterprise started strong but declined rapidly. Although critics received the fourth season well, both fans and the cast criticized the series finale , partly because of the episode's focus on the guest appearance of cast members of The Next Generation . [40] [41] [42] The cancellation of Enterprise ended an 18-year run of back-to-back new Star Trek television series, which began with The Next Generation in 1987.
Star Trek: Discovery begins as a prequel to The Original Series , set roughly ten years prior. [43] It premiered September 24, 2017 in the United States and Canada on CBS before moving to CBS All Access , [4] while Netflix streams the series outside the United States and is also providing most of the series' funding. [44] [45] [46]
The series centers on the voyages of the USS Discovery , a unique starship with an experimental "spore drive", commanded in Season 1 by Captain Gabriel Lorca ( Jason Isaacs ), in Season 2 by Captain Christopher Pike ( Anson Mount ), and in Season 3 by Captain Saru ( Doug Jones ). The protagonist of the series is Michael Burnham ( Sonequa Martin-Green ), a science specialist who becomes captain of Discovery at the end of the third season. The first season focuses on Discovery ' s involvement in a war between the United Federation of Planets and the Klingon Empire; [47] [48] later seasons see the Discovery crew fighting a rogue artificial intelligence and, sent into the distant future, trying to reunite a fractured Federation.
Star Trek: Short Treks is a spin-off companion series of stand-alone short films which focus on characters and situations from Discovery . Some of the episodes are animated. [49]
Star Trek: Picard is a serialized drama revisiting The Next Generation ' s protagonist Jean-Luc Picard : some 30 years after the events of TNG, Picard, now retired, seeks redemption for what he sees as his past failures. [50] [51]
Star Trek: Lower Decks was announced on October 25, 2018, by CBS All Access as a two-season order for a half-hour adult animated comedy series created by Mike McMahan , the head writer and executive producer of Rick and Morty . It focuses on the support crew of "one of Starfleet's least important ships", and its name is taken from a Next Generation episode that similarly focused on low-ranking starship crew members. [52] [53] The first season premiered on August 6, 2020, and consists of 10 episodes. [54]
In February 2019, it was announced that an animated series developed for young viewers was in development. The series is being co-written and created by Dan and Kevin Hageman and will air on Nickelodeon as a joint-venture with CBS. [55] It focuses on a group of teens who embark on an adventure upon an abandoned Starfleet ship. [56] On July 23, 2020, it was announced that the title would be Star Trek: Prodigy ; [57] the series premiered on October 28, 2021. [58]
Announced in May 2020, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds depicts the early days of the Enterprise and features Discovery actors Anson Mount , Ethan Peck and Rebecca Romijn reprising their roles as Pike, Spock and Number One , respectively. [59] [d] Creator Akiva Goldsman intended for the series to use an episodic format similar to The Original Series and The Next Generation . [61] It was released on Paramount+. [59] The series debuted on May 5, 2022. [62]
Further live-action television series are currently in development. [63] In February 2021, it was announced that further series would only move forward once at least one of the current slate of five concurrent series ( Discovery , Picard , Lower Decks , Prodigy and Strange New Worlds ) concludes its run. [64]
In June 2018, a series by Stephanie Savage and Josh Schwartz that is set at Starfleet Academy was reportedly in development, [11] and aimed at a younger audience. [65] [11] By February 2022, Gaia Violo had taken over the project, which was said to be the next in the pipeline following Section 31 . [66] In March 2023, the series was greenlit by Paramount+, and is set to go into production in 2024. Alex Kurtzman and Noga Landau serve as the showrunners, while Violo now serves as an executive producer. [20]
Star Trek: Phase II was a 1970s follow-up live-action television series to The Original Series . Though sets were constructed, scripts written, characters cast, and production started, the series was cancelled in favor of The Motion Picture , the first Star Trek feature film. The series would have anchored a fourth U.S. television network, the Paramount Network . This would later happen when Star Trek: Voyager anchored the launch of UPN, the United Paramount Network in the 1990s. [67]
In June 2017, Nicholas Meyer revealed he had begun development of a 3-episode limited series titled Ceti Alpha V , based around the character Khan Noonien Singh and acting as a prequel to his The Wrath of Khan storyline. [68] By September 2022, the series had been redeveloped into a scripted podcast series titled Star Trek: Khan – Ceti Alpha V . [69]
Announced in January 2019, a live-action television series, with a tentative title Section 31 will focus on the mirror universe's Philippa Georgiou and her adventures as a member of Starfleet's Section 31 division. Michelle Yeoh will reprise her role from Discovery , with Bo Yeon Kim and Erika Lippoldt serving as co-showrunners. The series was reported to feature an ensemble cast. [70] In April 2023, the project was announced to be redeveloped as a film for Paramount+, with Olatunde Osunsanmi directing from a script by Craig Sweeny . [71]
Each television series and season is linked to the critical response section of its article.
|Title||Season||Rotten Tomatoes||Metacritic|
|The Original Series||1||92% (25 reviews) [72]||—|
|2||100% (6 reviews) [73]||—|
|3||50% (10 reviews) [74]||—|
|The Animated Series||1||94% (17 reviews) [75]||—|
|The Next Generation||1||88% (24 reviews) [76]||51 (8 reviews) [77]|
|2||50% (6 reviews) [78]||—|
|3||100% (8 reviews) [79]||—|
|4||100% (7 reviews) [80]||—|
|5||100% (6 reviews) [81]||—|
|6||100% (5 reviews) [82]||—|
|7||100% (10 reviews) [83]||—|
|Deep Space Nine||1||81% (21 reviews) [84]||74 (14 reviews) [85]|
|2||100% (5 reviews) [86]||—|
|3||100% (5 reviews) [87]||—|
|4||100% (7 reviews) [88]||—|
|5||100% (6 reviews) [89]||—|
|6||57% (7 reviews) [90]||—|
|7||100% (13 reviews) [91]||—|
|Voyager||1||85% (20 reviews) [92]||66 (10 reviews) [93]|
|2||33% (6 reviews) [94]||—|
|3||100% (8 reviews) [95]||—|
|4||100% (6 reviews) [96]||—|
|5||80% (5 reviews) [97]||—|
|7||60% (10 reviews) [98]||—|
|Enterprise||1||72% (18 reviews) [99]||66 (18 reviews) [100]|
|2||33% (6 reviews) [101]||—|
|3||57% (7 reviews) [102]||—|
|4||60% (5 reviews) [103]||—|
|Discovery||1||82% (373 reviews) [104]||72 (20 reviews) [105]|
|2||81% (209 reviews) [106]||72 (10 reviews) [107]|
|3||91% (34 reviews) [108]||75 (8 reviews) [109]|
|4||93% (15 reviews) [110]||—|
|Picard||1||87% (253 reviews) [111]||76 (27 reviews) [112]|
|2||85% (94 reviews) [113]||69 (7 reviews) [114]|
|3||100% (46 reviews) [115]||83 (14 reviews) [116]|
|Lower Decks||1||67% (46 reviews) [117]||59 (17 reviews) [118]|
|2||100% (11 reviews) [119]||—|
|3||100% (5 reviews) [120]||—|
|Prodigy||1||93% (15 reviews) [121]||68 (5 reviews) [122]|
|Strange New Worlds||1||99% (78 reviews) [123]||76 (14 reviews) [124]|
- ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access. [4] [5]
- ^ CBS All Access was rebranded as Paramount+ on March 4, 2021; seasons released before this date were initially released on CBS All Access and seasons released after were released on Paramount+.
- ^ Originally titled Star Trek . Marketed as Star Trek: The Original Series to distinguish it from its sequels and the franchise as a whole.
- ^ These characters first appeared on the original Star Trek pilot, " The Cage ". [60]
- ^ Solow, Herbert F. and Justman, Robert H., Inside Star Trek: The Real Story , Pocket Books, New York, 1996. p. 399
- ^ "Manny Coto (Executive Producer, Star Trek: Enterprise)" . Star Trek . CBS Interactive . October 8, 2004. Archived from the original on October 17, 2004 . Retrieved June 27, 2015 .
- ^
- ^ Birnbaum, Debra; Ryan, Maureen; Littleton, Cynthia (October 26, 2016). "Bryan Fuller Stepping Back From Showrunner Role on 'Star Trek: Discovery' (Exclusive)" . Variety . Archived from the original on October 27, 2016 . Retrieved October 27, 2016 .
- ^ Goldberg, Lesley (June 14, 2018). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Showrunners Out; Alex Kurtzman to Take Over (Exclusive)" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 16, 2018 .
- ^ Otterson, Joe (February 27, 2019). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Renewed for Season 3, Michelle Paradise Upped to Co-Showrunner" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 27, 2019 .
- ^
- ^ Otterson, Joe (June 27, 2019). "'Star Trek: Picard' Names Michael Chabon Showrunner" . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6, 2019 . Retrieved October 6, 2019 .
- ^ Vary, Adam B. (April 5, 2022). "'Star Trek: Picard' Beams Up 'The Next Generation' Main Cast for Season 3" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 5, 2022 . Retrieved April 6, 2022 .
- ^
- ^ Goldberg, Lesley (May 15, 2020). "'Star Trek' Pike and Spock Series Set at CBS All Access" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 15, 2020 . Retrieved May 16, 2019 .
- ^
- ^ Turnbull 1979 , p. 210
- ^ Turnbull 1979 , p. 231
- ^ Rioux 2005 , pp. 194–196
- ^ Trimble 1986 , p. 33
- ^ Wired Staff (September 15, 2006). "Original Star Trek Gets Upgraded" . Wired . Archived from the original on August 3, 2020 . Retrieved March 30, 2019 .
- ^ Dursin, Andre (November 14, 2006). "The Aisle Seat by Andy Dursin" . www.andyfilm.com . Archived from the original on October 3, 2011 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ Ayers 2006 , p. 232
- ^ " The Animated Series Gets Real" . Star Trek . Archived from the original on July 3, 2010 . Retrieved May 16, 2020 .
- ^ "Star Trek Animated - The Series that ran from 1973 - 1974" . Science Fiction Buzz . Archived from the original on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ "Star Trek - A Short History" . www.ee.surrey.ac.uk . Archived from the original on December 5, 2010 . Retrieved August 21, 2006 .
- ^ TrekCore Staff (August 26, 2015). "Netflix Brings VFX Fixes to STAR TREK: TNG in HD" . TrekCore Blog . Archived from the original on March 30, 2019 . Retrieved March 30, 2019 .
- ^ "Emissary, Part I | Star Trek" . Star Trek . Archived from the original on October 11, 2010 . Retrieved August 21, 2006 .
- ^ Sturgis, Amy H. "RevolutionSF - Star Trek Voyager : Final Episode : Review" . RevolutionSF . Archived from the original on January 16, 2004 . Retrieved August 24, 2006 .
- ^ "Star Trek: Enterprise Summary" . Starpulse . Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved August 24, 2006 .
- ^ Lee, Patrick (May 14, 2005). "Star Trek: Enterprise Series Finale | Movie and TV Reviews | SCI FI Weekly" . Syfy . Archived from the original on January 1, 2007 . Retrieved January 16, 2009 .
- ^ Leao, Gustavo (December 17, 2005). "TrekWeb.com - Anthony Montgomery Says "These Are The Voyages..." Not an Effective Finale" . trekweb.com . Archived from the original on March 7, 2006 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ Slotek, Jim (May 13, 2005). "Star Trek: E lamely goes away". Toronto Sun . p. E4.
- ^ Frankel, Daniel (December 7, 2016). "Moonves: Netflix international sales pay for entire 'Star Trek' production cost | FierceCable" . FierceVideo . Archived from the original on January 18, 2017 . Retrieved January 16, 2017 .
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 17, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Gets Order Increase & Companion Show On CBS All Access" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 19, 2017 . Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
- ^ Stanhope, Katie (May 17, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Official Trailer Unveiled" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17, 2017 . Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
- ^ Hibberd, James (July 17, 2017). "Star Trek: Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17, 2017 . Retrieved July 18, 2017 .
- ^ Anderton, Ethan (July 21, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Exhibit Reveals Starfleet, Klingon and Vulcan Props, Costumes & Ships [Comic-Con 2017]" . /Film . Archived from the original on July 22, 2017 . Retrieved July 22, 2017 .
- ^ Holloway, Daniel (January 8, 2020). "'Star Trek: Picard': Patrick Stewart on Why He Returned to the Final Frontier" . Variety . Archived from the original on January 8, 2020 . Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
- ^ Drew, Brian (August 6, 2019). "STLV19: 'Star Trek: Lower Decks' Panel Talks Second Contacts, Cleaning Holodecks, And Canon" . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 8, 2019 . Retrieved January 19, 2020 .
- ^ Joe Otterson (February 13, 2019). " Star Trek Animated Kids Show in the Works at Nickelodeon" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 14, 2019 . Retrieved July 9, 2020 .
- ^ "CG Animated Star Trek Show Coming To Nickelodeon Officially Announced" . TrekMovie.com . April 24, 2019. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019 . Retrieved April 25, 2019 .
- ^ Labonte, Rachel (January 13, 2020). "2 More Unannounced Star Trek TV Shows in the Works After Picard" . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 17, 2020 . Retrieved February 23, 2020 .
- ^ Sperling, Nicole (August 1, 2021). "Can Paramount+ Succeed? One Producer Hopes to Make It So" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved August 5, 2021 .
- ^ White, Peter; Patten, Dominic; Andreeva, Nellie (February 2, 2022). "'Starfleet Academy' Series In Works As Paramount+ Looks To Further Expand 'Star Trek' Universe" . Deadline . Retrieved January 8, 2023 .
- ^ "Nicholas Meyer Gives Update On Khan Mini-Series And Talks 'Star Trek: Discovery'" . TrekMovie.com . November 21, 2018. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019 . Retrieved April 1, 2019 .
- ^ Patten, Dominic (January 14, 2019). "It's Official! Michelle Yeoh 'Star Trek' Spinoff In Development At CBS All Access" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 14, 2019 . Retrieved March 17, 2019 .
- ^ Otterson, Joe (April 18, 2023). "Paramount+ Greenlights 'Star Trek: Section 31' Film Starring Michelle Yeoh" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 18, 2023 . Retrieved April 18, 2023 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_television_series | 103 |
how many different star trek shows are there | List of Star Trek television series | Star Trek is an American media franchise based on the science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry . The first television series, simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series , debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on NBC . The Star Trek canon includes eight live-action television series, three animated series and one short-form companion series, as well as a series of feature films .
Twelve television series make up the bulk of the Star Trek franchise: The Original Series , The Animated Series , The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine , Voyager , Enterprise , Discovery , Short Treks , Picard , Lower Decks , Prodigy , and Strange New Worlds . All series in total amount to 880 episodes across 44 seasons of television.
|Series||Season||Episodes||Originally released||Executive producers||Status|
|First released||Last released||Network|
|The Original Series||1||29||September 8, 1966||April 13, 1967||NBC||Gene Roddenberry||Concluded|
|2||26||September 15, 1967||March 29, 1968|
|3||24||September 20, 1968||June 3, 1969||Fred Freiberger [1]|
|The Animated Series||1||16||September 8, 1973||January 12, 1974||Gene Roddenberry and D. C. Fontana|
|2||6||September 7, 1974||October 12, 1974|
|The Next Generation||1||26||September 28, 1987||May 16, 1988||Syndication||Gene Roddenberry|
|2||22||November 21, 1988||July 17, 1989||Gene Roddenberry and Maurice Hurley|
|3||26||September 25, 1989||June 18, 1990||Gene Roddenberry, Rick Berman and Michael Piller|
|4||26||September 24, 1990||June 17, 1991|
|5||26||September 23, 1991||June 15, 1992||Rick Berman and Michael Piller|
|6||26||September 21, 1992||June 21, 1993|
|7||26||September 20, 1993||May 23, 1994||Rick Berman and Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor|
|Deep Space Nine||1||20||January 3, 1993||June 21, 1993||Michael Piller|
|2||26||September 27, 1993||June 13, 1994|
|3||26||September 26, 1994||June 19, 1995|
|4||26||October 2, 1995||June 17, 1996||Ira Steven Behr|
|5||26||September 30, 1996||June 16, 1997|
|6||26||September 29, 1997||June 15, 1998|
|7||26||September 28, 1998||May 31, 1999|
|Voyager||1||16||January 16, 1995||May 22, 1995||UPN||Michael Piller|
|2||26||August 28, 1995||May 20, 1996|
|3||26||September 4, 1996||May 21, 1997||Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor|
|4||26||September 3, 1997||May 20, 1998|
|5||26||October 14, 1998||May 26, 1999||Brannon Braga|
|6||26||September 22, 1999||May 24, 2000|
|7||26||October 4, 2000||May 23, 2001||Kenneth Biller|
|Enterprise||1||26||September 26, 2001||May 22, 2002||Brannon Braga and Rick Berman [2]|
|2||26||September 18, 2002||May 21, 2003|
|3||24||September 10, 2003||May 26, 2004|
|4||22||October 8, 2004||May 13, 2005||Brannon Braga, Rick Berman and Manny Coto [3]|
|Discovery||1||15||September 24, 2017 [a]||February 11, 2018|| CBS All Access |
Paramount+ [b]
|Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts [6]||Released|
|2||14||January 17, 2019||April 18, 2019||Alex Kurtzman [7]|
|3||13||October 15, 2020||January 7, 2021||Alex Kurtzman and Michelle Paradise [8]|
|4||13||November 18, 2021||March 17, 2022|
|5||10 [9]||2024 [10]||TBA||Post-production|
|Short Treks||1||4||October 4, 2018||January 3, 2019||Alex Kurtzman [11]||Concluded|
|2||6||October 5, 2019||January 9, 2020|
|Picard||1||10||January 23, 2020||March 26, 2020||Michael Chabon [12]|
|2||10||March 3, 2022||May 5, 2022||Akiva Goldsman and Terry Matalas [13]|
|3||10||February 16, 2023||April 20, 2023||Terry Matalas [14]|
|Lower Decks||1||10||August 6, 2020||October 8, 2020||Mike McMahan [15]||Released|
|2||10||August 12, 2021||October 14, 2021|
|3||10||August 25, 2022||October 27, 2022|
|4||10 [9]||Mid 2023 [16]||TBA||In production|
|5||10 [16]||TBA||TBA||In development|
|Prodigy||1||20||October 28, 2021||December 29, 2022||Kevin and Dan Hageman [17]||Released|
|2||20 [18]||Late 2023 [16]||TBA||In production|
|Strange New Worlds||1||10||May 5, 2022||July 7, 2022||Akiva Goldsman and Henry Alonso Myers [19]||Released|
|2||10 [9]||June 15, 2023 [16]||TBA||Post-production|
|3||10 [16]||TBA||TBA||In development|
|Starfleet Academy||1 [20]||TBA||TBA||TBA||Alex Kurtzman and Noga Landau [20]||Pre-production|
The lead actor of each Star Trek series
Star Trek , also known as Star Trek: The Original Series , often abbreviated as TOS , [c] debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. [21] The series tells the tale of the crew of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission "to boldly go where no man has gone before ." The original 1966–69 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk , Leonard Nimoy as Spock , DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy , James Doohan as Montgomery "Scotty" Scott , Nichelle Nichols as Uhura , George Takei as Hikaru Sulu , and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov . [22] During the series' original run, it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and won twice: for the two-part episode " The Menagerie ", and the Harlan Ellison -written episode " The City on the Edge of Forever ". [23]
NBC canceled the series after three seasons; the last original episode aired on June 3, 1969. [24] A petition near the end of the second season to save the series signed by many Caltech students and its multiple Hugo nominations would indicate that despite low Nielsen ratings , it was highly popular with science fiction fans and engineering students. [25] The series later became popular in reruns and found a cult following . [21] In the 2000s, the series was remastered for television , which included special-effect changes including CGI versions of the ships. [26]
Star Trek , later marketed as Star Trek: The Animated Series ( TAS ) to differentiate it from the live-action series, was produced by Filmation , and ran for two seasons from 1973 to 1974. Most of the original cast performed the voices of their characters from The Original Series , and some of the writers who worked on The Original Series returned, including D. C. Fontana , David Gerrold and Paul Schneider . While the animated format allowed the producers to create more exotic alien landscapes and life forms, animation errors and liberal reuse of shots and musical cues have tarnished the series' reputation. [27] Although it was originally sanctioned by Paramount, which owned the Star Trek franchise following its acquisition of Desilu in 1967, Gene Roddenberry often spoke of TAS as non-canon . [28] As of June 2007, it has references in the library section of the official Star Trek website. [29]
The Animated Series won Star Trek ' s first Emmy Award on May 15, 1975. [30] The Animated Series briefly returned to television in the mid-1980s on the children's cable network Nickelodeon . Nickelodeon parent Viacom would purchase Paramount in 1994; in the early 1990s, the Sci-Fi Channel also began rerunning TAS . The complete series was also released on Laserdisc format during the 1980s. [31] The complete series was first released in the United States on eleven volumes of VHS tapes in 1989. All 22 episodes were released on DVD in 2006.
Star Trek: The Next Generation , frequently abbreviated as TNG , takes place about a century after The Original Series (2364–2370). It features a new starship, Enterprise -D , and a new crew led by Captain Jean-Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) and Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ). Some crew members represent new alien races, including Deanna Troi , a half- Betazoid counselor played by Marina Sirtis . Michael Dorn plays Worf , the first Klingon officer in Starfleet, alongside Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher , LeVar Burton as chief engineer Geordi La Forge , the android Data portrayed by Brent Spiner , and Dr. Crusher's son Wesley Crusher played by Wil Wheaton .
The series premiered on September 28, 1987 and ran for seven seasons, ending on May 23, 1994. It had the highest ratings of any of the Star Trek series and became the #1 syndicated show during the last few years of its original run, allowing it to act as a springboard for ideas in other series. Many relationships and races introduced in TNG became the basis of episodes in Deep Space Nine and Voyager . [32] During its run, it earned several Emmy Awards and nominations—including a nomination for Best Dramatic Series during its final season—two Hugo Awards and a Peabody Award for Outstanding Television Programming for the episode " The Big Goodbye ". [33] The series was released in high definition on Blu-Ray and Netflix with some special effect changes in the 2010s. [34]
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine , frequently abbreviated as DS9 , takes place during the last years and the immediate post-years of The Next Generation (2369–2375) and aired for seven seasons, from January 3, 1993 to June 2, 1999. Like The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine aired in syndication in the United States and Canada. Unlike the other Star Trek series, DS9 takes place primarily on a space station rather than aboard a starship.
The series begins in the aftermath of the brutal occupation of the planet Bajor by the imperialistic Cardassians . The liberated Bajoran people ask the United Federation of Planets to help run a Cardassian-built space station, Deep Space Nine , near Bajor. After the Federation takes control of the station, the protagonists of the series discover a uniquely stable wormhole that provides immediate access to the distant Gamma Quadrant making Bajor and the station one of the most strategically important locations in the galaxy. [35] The series chronicles the adventures of the station's crew, led by Commander (later Captain) Benjamin Sisko , played by Avery Brooks , and Major (later Colonel) Kira Nerys , played by Nana Visitor . Recurring plot elements include the repercussions of the Cardassian occupation of Bajor, Sisko's role as a figure in Bajoran religious prophecy, and in later seasons a war with an empire from the Gamma Quadrant known as the Dominion .
Deep Space Nine stands apart from earlier Trek series for its lengthy serialized storytelling, conflict within the crew, and religious themes—all elements that critics and audiences praised but Roddenberry forbade in the original series and The Next Generation . [36]
Star Trek: Voyager ran for seven seasons, airing from January 16, 1995, to May 23, 2001, launching a new Paramount-owned television network, UPN . It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway , the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a Star Trek series, and Commander Chakotay , played by Robert Beltran . [37]
Voyager takes place at about the same time period as Deep Space Nine and the years following that series' end (2371–2378). The premiere episode has the USS Voyager and its crew pursue a Maquis (Federation rebels) ship. Both ships become stranded in the Delta Quadrant about 70,000 light-years from Earth. [38] Faced with a 75-year voyage to Earth, the crew must learn to work together to overcome challenges on their long and perilous journey home while also seeking ways to shorten the voyage. Like Deep Space Nine , early seasons of Voyager feature more conflict between its crew members than seen in later episodes. Such conflict often arises from friction between "by-the-book" Starfleet crew and rebellious Maquis fugitives forced by circumstance to work together on Voyager. Eventually, though, they settle their differences, after which the overall tone becomes more reminiscent of The Original Series . Isolated from its home, the starship Voyager faces new cultures and dilemmas not possible in other series based in the Alpha Quadrant. Later seasons brought in an influx of characters and cultures from prior series, such as the Borg , Q , the Ferengi , Romulans , Klingons , Cardassians and cast members of The Next Generation .
Star Trek: Enterprise , originally titled Enterprise , is a prequel to the original Star Trek series. It aired from September 26, 2001 to May 13, 2005. [39] Enterprise takes place in the 2150s, some 90 years after the events of Zefram Cochrane 's first warp flight and about a decade before the founding of the Federation. The series centers on the voyages of Earth's first warp 5 capable starship, Enterprise , commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer (played by Scott Bakula ), and the Vulcan Sub-Commander T'Pol (played by Jolene Blalock ). The series originally did not include " Star Trek " in its name and logo, adding it later on in the series' run.
During the series' first two seasons, Enterprise featured self-contained episodes, like The Original Series , The Next Generation and Voyager . The entire third season consisted of one arc related to the Xindi , and had a darker tone and serialized nature similar to that of Deep Space Nine . The fourth and final season consisted of several mini-arcs composed of two to three episodes. The final season showed the origins of some elements of previous series, and resolved some of their continuity problems. Ratings for Enterprise started strong but declined rapidly. Although critics received the fourth season well, both fans and the cast criticized the series finale , partly because of the episode's focus on the guest appearance of cast members of The Next Generation . [40] [41] [42] The cancellation of Enterprise ended an 18-year run of back-to-back new Star Trek television series, which began with The Next Generation in 1987.
Star Trek: Discovery begins as a prequel to The Original Series , set roughly ten years prior. [43] It premiered September 24, 2017 in the United States and Canada on CBS before moving to CBS All Access , [4] while Netflix streams the series outside the United States and is also providing most of the series' funding. [44] [45] [46]
The series centers on the voyages of the USS Discovery , a unique starship with an experimental "spore drive", commanded in Season 1 by Captain Gabriel Lorca ( Jason Isaacs ), in Season 2 by Captain Christopher Pike ( Anson Mount ), and in Season 3 by Captain Saru ( Doug Jones ). The protagonist of the series is Michael Burnham ( Sonequa Martin-Green ), a science specialist who becomes captain of Discovery at the end of the third season. The first season focuses on Discovery ' s involvement in a war between the United Federation of Planets and the Klingon Empire; [47] [48] later seasons see the Discovery crew fighting a rogue artificial intelligence and, sent into the distant future, trying to reunite a fractured Federation.
Star Trek: Short Treks is a spin-off companion series of stand-alone short films which focus on characters and situations from Discovery . Some of the episodes are animated. [49]
Star Trek: Picard is a serialized drama revisiting The Next Generation ' s protagonist Jean-Luc Picard : some 30 years after the events of TNG, Picard, now retired, seeks redemption for what he sees as his past failures. [50] [51]
Star Trek: Lower Decks was announced on October 25, 2018, by CBS All Access as a two-season order for a half-hour adult animated comedy series created by Mike McMahan , the head writer and executive producer of Rick and Morty . It focuses on the support crew of "one of Starfleet's least important ships", and its name is taken from a Next Generation episode that similarly focused on low-ranking starship crew members. [52] [53] The first season premiered on August 6, 2020, and consists of 10 episodes. [54]
In February 2019, it was announced that an animated series developed for young viewers was in development. The series is being co-written and created by Dan and Kevin Hageman and will air on Nickelodeon as a joint-venture with CBS. [55] It focuses on a group of teens who embark on an adventure upon an abandoned Starfleet ship. [56] On July 23, 2020, it was announced that the title would be Star Trek: Prodigy ; [57] the series premiered on October 28, 2021. [58]
Announced in May 2020, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds depicts the early days of the Enterprise and features Discovery actors Anson Mount , Ethan Peck and Rebecca Romijn reprising their roles as Pike, Spock and Number One , respectively. [59] [d] Creator Akiva Goldsman intended for the series to use an episodic format similar to The Original Series and The Next Generation . [61] It was released on Paramount+. [59] The series debuted on May 5, 2022. [62]
Further live-action television series are currently in development. [63] In February 2021, it was announced that further series would only move forward once at least one of the current slate of five concurrent series ( Discovery , Picard , Lower Decks , Prodigy and Strange New Worlds ) concludes its run. [64]
In June 2018, a series by Stephanie Savage and Josh Schwartz that is set at Starfleet Academy was reportedly in development, [11] and aimed at a younger audience. [65] [11] By February 2022, Gaia Violo had taken over the project, which was said to be the next in the pipeline following Section 31 . [66] In March 2023, the series was greenlit by Paramount+, and is set to go into production in 2024. Alex Kurtzman and Noga Landau serve as the showrunners, while Violo now serves as an executive producer. [20]
Star Trek: Phase II was a 1970s follow-up live-action television series to The Original Series . Though sets were constructed, scripts written, characters cast, and production started, the series was cancelled in favor of The Motion Picture , the first Star Trek feature film. The series would have anchored a fourth U.S. television network, the Paramount Network . This would later happen when Star Trek: Voyager anchored the launch of UPN, the United Paramount Network in the 1990s. [67]
In June 2017, Nicholas Meyer revealed he had begun development of a 3-episode limited series titled Ceti Alpha V , based around the character Khan Noonien Singh and acting as a prequel to his The Wrath of Khan storyline. [68] By September 2022, the series had been redeveloped into a scripted podcast series titled Star Trek: Khan – Ceti Alpha V . [69]
Announced in January 2019, a live-action television series, with a tentative title Section 31 will focus on the mirror universe's Philippa Georgiou and her adventures as a member of Starfleet's Section 31 division. Michelle Yeoh will reprise her role from Discovery , with Bo Yeon Kim and Erika Lippoldt serving as co-showrunners. The series was reported to feature an ensemble cast. [70] In April 2023, the project was announced to be redeveloped as a film for Paramount+, with Olatunde Osunsanmi directing from a script by Craig Sweeny . [71]
Each television series and season is linked to the critical response section of its article.
|Title||Season||Rotten Tomatoes||Metacritic|
|The Original Series||1||92% (25 reviews) [72]||—|
|2||100% (6 reviews) [73]||—|
|3||50% (10 reviews) [74]||—|
|The Animated Series||1||94% (17 reviews) [75]||—|
|The Next Generation||1||88% (24 reviews) [76]||51 (8 reviews) [77]|
|2||50% (6 reviews) [78]||—|
|3||100% (8 reviews) [79]||—|
|4||100% (7 reviews) [80]||—|
|5||100% (6 reviews) [81]||—|
|6||100% (5 reviews) [82]||—|
|7||100% (10 reviews) [83]||—|
|Deep Space Nine||1||81% (21 reviews) [84]||74 (14 reviews) [85]|
|2||100% (5 reviews) [86]||—|
|3||100% (5 reviews) [87]||—|
|4||100% (7 reviews) [88]||—|
|5||100% (6 reviews) [89]||—|
|6||57% (7 reviews) [90]||—|
|7||100% (13 reviews) [91]||—|
|Voyager||1||85% (20 reviews) [92]||66 (10 reviews) [93]|
|2||33% (6 reviews) [94]||—|
|3||100% (8 reviews) [95]||—|
|4||100% (6 reviews) [96]||—|
|5||80% (5 reviews) [97]||—|
|7||60% (10 reviews) [98]||—|
|Enterprise||1||72% (18 reviews) [99]||66 (18 reviews) [100]|
|2||33% (6 reviews) [101]||—|
|3||57% (7 reviews) [102]||—|
|4||60% (5 reviews) [103]||—|
|Discovery||1||82% (373 reviews) [104]||72 (20 reviews) [105]|
|2||81% (209 reviews) [106]||72 (10 reviews) [107]|
|3||91% (34 reviews) [108]||75 (8 reviews) [109]|
|4||93% (15 reviews) [110]||—|
|Picard||1||87% (253 reviews) [111]||76 (27 reviews) [112]|
|2||85% (94 reviews) [113]||69 (7 reviews) [114]|
|3||100% (46 reviews) [115]||83 (14 reviews) [116]|
|Lower Decks||1||67% (46 reviews) [117]||59 (17 reviews) [118]|
|2||100% (11 reviews) [119]||—|
|3||100% (5 reviews) [120]||—|
|Prodigy||1||93% (15 reviews) [121]||68 (5 reviews) [122]|
|Strange New Worlds||1||99% (78 reviews) [123]||76 (14 reviews) [124]|
- ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access. [4] [5]
- ^ CBS All Access was rebranded as Paramount+ on March 4, 2021; seasons released before this date were initially released on CBS All Access and seasons released after were released on Paramount+.
- ^ Originally titled Star Trek . Marketed as Star Trek: The Original Series to distinguish it from its sequels and the franchise as a whole.
- ^ These characters first appeared on the original Star Trek pilot, " The Cage ". [60]
- ^ Solow, Herbert F. and Justman, Robert H., Inside Star Trek: The Real Story , Pocket Books, New York, 1996. p. 399
- ^ "Manny Coto (Executive Producer, Star Trek: Enterprise)" . Star Trek . CBS Interactive . October 8, 2004. Archived from the original on October 17, 2004 . Retrieved June 27, 2015 .
- ^
- ^ Birnbaum, Debra; Ryan, Maureen; Littleton, Cynthia (October 26, 2016). "Bryan Fuller Stepping Back From Showrunner Role on 'Star Trek: Discovery' (Exclusive)" . Variety . Archived from the original on October 27, 2016 . Retrieved October 27, 2016 .
- ^ Goldberg, Lesley (June 14, 2018). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Showrunners Out; Alex Kurtzman to Take Over (Exclusive)" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 16, 2018 .
- ^ Otterson, Joe (February 27, 2019). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Renewed for Season 3, Michelle Paradise Upped to Co-Showrunner" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 27, 2019 .
- ^
- ^ Otterson, Joe (June 27, 2019). "'Star Trek: Picard' Names Michael Chabon Showrunner" . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6, 2019 . Retrieved October 6, 2019 .
- ^ Vary, Adam B. (April 5, 2022). "'Star Trek: Picard' Beams Up 'The Next Generation' Main Cast for Season 3" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 5, 2022 . Retrieved April 6, 2022 .
- ^
- ^ Goldberg, Lesley (May 15, 2020). "'Star Trek' Pike and Spock Series Set at CBS All Access" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 15, 2020 . Retrieved May 16, 2019 .
- ^
- ^ Turnbull 1979 , p. 210
- ^ Turnbull 1979 , p. 231
- ^ Rioux 2005 , pp. 194–196
- ^ Trimble 1986 , p. 33
- ^ Wired Staff (September 15, 2006). "Original Star Trek Gets Upgraded" . Wired . Archived from the original on August 3, 2020 . Retrieved March 30, 2019 .
- ^ Dursin, Andre (November 14, 2006). "The Aisle Seat by Andy Dursin" . www.andyfilm.com . Archived from the original on October 3, 2011 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ Ayers 2006 , p. 232
- ^ " The Animated Series Gets Real" . Star Trek . Archived from the original on July 3, 2010 . Retrieved May 16, 2020 .
- ^ "Star Trek Animated - The Series that ran from 1973 - 1974" . Science Fiction Buzz . Archived from the original on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ "Star Trek - A Short History" . www.ee.surrey.ac.uk . Archived from the original on December 5, 2010 . Retrieved August 21, 2006 .
- ^ TrekCore Staff (August 26, 2015). "Netflix Brings VFX Fixes to STAR TREK: TNG in HD" . TrekCore Blog . Archived from the original on March 30, 2019 . Retrieved March 30, 2019 .
- ^ "Emissary, Part I | Star Trek" . Star Trek . Archived from the original on October 11, 2010 . Retrieved August 21, 2006 .
- ^ Sturgis, Amy H. "RevolutionSF - Star Trek Voyager : Final Episode : Review" . RevolutionSF . Archived from the original on January 16, 2004 . Retrieved August 24, 2006 .
- ^ "Star Trek: Enterprise Summary" . Starpulse . Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved August 24, 2006 .
- ^ Lee, Patrick (May 14, 2005). "Star Trek: Enterprise Series Finale | Movie and TV Reviews | SCI FI Weekly" . Syfy . Archived from the original on January 1, 2007 . Retrieved January 16, 2009 .
- ^ Leao, Gustavo (December 17, 2005). "TrekWeb.com - Anthony Montgomery Says "These Are The Voyages..." Not an Effective Finale" . trekweb.com . Archived from the original on March 7, 2006 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ Slotek, Jim (May 13, 2005). "Star Trek: E lamely goes away". Toronto Sun . p. E4.
- ^ Frankel, Daniel (December 7, 2016). "Moonves: Netflix international sales pay for entire 'Star Trek' production cost | FierceCable" . FierceVideo . Archived from the original on January 18, 2017 . Retrieved January 16, 2017 .
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 17, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Gets Order Increase & Companion Show On CBS All Access" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 19, 2017 . Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
- ^ Stanhope, Katie (May 17, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Official Trailer Unveiled" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17, 2017 . Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
- ^ Hibberd, James (July 17, 2017). "Star Trek: Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17, 2017 . Retrieved July 18, 2017 .
- ^ Anderton, Ethan (July 21, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Exhibit Reveals Starfleet, Klingon and Vulcan Props, Costumes & Ships [Comic-Con 2017]" . /Film . Archived from the original on July 22, 2017 . Retrieved July 22, 2017 .
- ^ Holloway, Daniel (January 8, 2020). "'Star Trek: Picard': Patrick Stewart on Why He Returned to the Final Frontier" . Variety . Archived from the original on January 8, 2020 . Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
- ^ Drew, Brian (August 6, 2019). "STLV19: 'Star Trek: Lower Decks' Panel Talks Second Contacts, Cleaning Holodecks, And Canon" . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 8, 2019 . Retrieved January 19, 2020 .
- ^ Joe Otterson (February 13, 2019). " Star Trek Animated Kids Show in the Works at Nickelodeon" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 14, 2019 . Retrieved July 9, 2020 .
- ^ "CG Animated Star Trek Show Coming To Nickelodeon Officially Announced" . TrekMovie.com . April 24, 2019. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019 . Retrieved April 25, 2019 .
- ^ Labonte, Rachel (January 13, 2020). "2 More Unannounced Star Trek TV Shows in the Works After Picard" . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 17, 2020 . Retrieved February 23, 2020 .
- ^ Sperling, Nicole (August 1, 2021). "Can Paramount+ Succeed? One Producer Hopes to Make It So" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved August 5, 2021 .
- ^ White, Peter; Patten, Dominic; Andreeva, Nellie (February 2, 2022). "'Starfleet Academy' Series In Works As Paramount+ Looks To Further Expand 'Star Trek' Universe" . Deadline . Retrieved January 8, 2023 .
- ^ "Nicholas Meyer Gives Update On Khan Mini-Series And Talks 'Star Trek: Discovery'" . TrekMovie.com . November 21, 2018. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019 . Retrieved April 1, 2019 .
- ^ Patten, Dominic (January 14, 2019). "It's Official! Michelle Yeoh 'Star Trek' Spinoff In Development At CBS All Access" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 14, 2019 . Retrieved March 17, 2019 .
- ^ Otterson, Joe (April 18, 2023). "Paramount+ Greenlights 'Star Trek: Section 31' Film Starring Michelle Yeoh" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 18, 2023 . Retrieved April 18, 2023 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_television_series | 103 |
how many different star trek shows are there | How Many Star Trek Series Are There? | The television series Star Trek has been going for over fifty years, and shows no signs of slowing down.
During those five plus decades, it has been on screen for a lot of that time, and there were often movies when it wasn’t on the air. There have been 12 Star Trek series, and more are on the way! (As of 2022)
Over all this time, it hasn’t been just one single series, rather lots of different series set within the same universe.
But how many Star Trek series are there in total? Well, we’ve got the answers.
In our handy guide below, you’ll find out about each and every series of Star Trek that there has been.
Along with that, we have information about each of them.
To answer the big question outright, the answer is that there are 12 different series of Star Trek, though more are always on the way.
List of All Star Trek TV Series:
- Star Trek: The Original Series – 1966-1969
- Star Trek: The Animated Series – 1973-1974
- The Next Generation – 1987-1994
- Deep Space Nine – 1993-1999
- Voyager – 1995-2001
- Enterprise – 2001-2005
- Discovery – 2017-Onwards
- Short Treks – 2018-2020
- Picard – 2020-Onwards
- Lower Decks – 2020-Onwards
- Prodigy – 2021-Onwards
- Strange New Worlds – 2022-Onwards
Below, we’ll get into each of them and what makes them different.
This is the series that began it all, and is one of the most famous and beloved Star Trek series there are.
Of course, when it aired, it was just called Star Trek.
However, as time went on and more shows were created, it had to be retroactively referred to as The Original Series.
It ran for almost three years and had three seasons, where it was mostly popular with science fiction lovers and, interestingly, engineering students.
Clearly, the show and its use of science appealed to many people who were smart on that subject.
However, it wasn’t until later on, after it had been canceled and instead rerun on television a lot, that it would find an even wider fanbase.
The show was about the crew of a spaceship called the USS Enterprise and their adventures through space.
The key crew members were Captain James T. Kirk, his science officer Spock, and their doctor Bones.
On top of that, other key crew members were Sulu, Uhura, and Scotty.
This animated version of the The Original Series featured much of the same cast for its voices.
The animation allowed the show to go to more expansive worlds that couldn’t be visualized on the live action budgets of before.
However, some don’t count this series to be canon.
This is the series that proved Star Trek could and would be something more than its original show, and there were countless other stories to tell.
This particular story is set a century after the original show, and involves a new crew on a new starship.
Well-regarded English actor Patrick Stewart played the new captain, Jean-Luc Picard, while his commander William Riker was played by Jonathan Frakes.
Other key crew members include the android Data, a Klingon named Worf, and half-human, half-Betazoid counselor named Deanna Troi.
Set shortly after The Next Generation, this story within the Star Trek universe especially stands out because it is set on a space station, instead of a starship like they had been previously.
It also was the first of the series to use long, serialized stories.
The crew is headed by Benjamin Sisko, while other key members included their security chief Odo and chief medical officer Julian Bashir.
This Star Trek series is notable for being the first to have a woman as the commanding officer heading up the show’s crew.
It took place around the same time as Deep Space Nine and follows the starship USS Voyager as it tries to get home.
The crew is headed up by Captain Janeway, while also involving a First officer named Chakotay and a Chief Engineer named B’Elanna Torres.
This series took place before the time period of The Original Series, acting as a prequel to that show.
It mixed its episodes up between single standalone adventures and season-long arcs, offering a wealth of storytelling.
The crew of the Enterprise ship is led by Captain Archer, while other key members of the crew included a Chief Engineer named Trip Tucker.
This is also a prequel to the original show, and is the first Star Trek show in 12 years. It involves a ship called the USS Discovery.
When the show started, fans could say hello to Jason Isaacs as the ship’s commander, Captain Lorca.
However, this changed as the seasons went on.
In season 2, the commander was Captain Pike, while season 3 saw Captain Saru take over.
Through this all, though, the main character of the show is the science specialist Michael Burnham.
This spin-off was a series of small short films expanding the universe of Discovery.
This show resurrects the Jean-Luc Picard character from The Next Generation, sending him on a redemptive adventure.
While seasons 1 and 2 brought back some other cast members from The Next Generation, season 3 brought back almost the entire crew.
This is an animated adult show set in the Star Trek universe, the first to be an outright comedy . ( My Personal favorite!)
This is a Star Trek show for children, featuring a gang of teenagers who find themselves on a disused starship.
This takes some of the cast from Discovery and sends them on a prequel adventure, depicting the early voyages of the USS Enterprise.
That select crew includes young versions of Pike and Spock, allowing us to learn more about their history.
There have been 12 Star Trek series, and more are on the way! It’s interesting to note that between 1966 and 2005, there were six Star Trek shows, spanning almost 40 years. However, since 2017 there have been just as many Star Trek series in just 5 years! | https://starships.com/how-many-star-trek-series-are-there/ | 103 |
how many different star trek shows are there | List of Star Trek television series | Star Trek is an American media franchise based on the science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry . The first television series, simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series , debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on NBC . The Star Trek canon includes eight live-action television series, three animated series and one short-form companion series, as well as a series of feature films .
Twelve television series make up the bulk of the Star Trek franchise: The Original Series , The Animated Series , The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine , Voyager , Enterprise , Discovery , Short Treks , Picard , Lower Decks , Prodigy , and Strange New Worlds . All series in total amount to 880 episodes across 44 seasons of television.
|Series||Season||Episodes||Originally released||Executive producers||Status|
|First released||Last released||Network|
|The Original Series||1||29||September 8, 1966||April 13, 1967||NBC||Gene Roddenberry||Concluded|
|2||26||September 15, 1967||March 29, 1968|
|3||24||September 20, 1968||June 3, 1969||Fred Freiberger [1]|
|The Animated Series||1||16||September 8, 1973||January 12, 1974||Gene Roddenberry and D. C. Fontana|
|2||6||September 7, 1974||October 12, 1974|
|The Next Generation||1||26||September 28, 1987||May 16, 1988||Syndication||Gene Roddenberry|
|2||22||November 21, 1988||July 17, 1989||Gene Roddenberry and Maurice Hurley|
|3||26||September 25, 1989||June 18, 1990||Gene Roddenberry, Rick Berman and Michael Piller|
|4||26||September 24, 1990||June 17, 1991|
|5||26||September 23, 1991||June 15, 1992||Rick Berman and Michael Piller|
|6||26||September 21, 1992||June 21, 1993|
|7||26||September 20, 1993||May 23, 1994||Rick Berman and Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor|
|Deep Space Nine||1||20||January 3, 1993||June 21, 1993||Michael Piller|
|2||26||September 27, 1993||June 13, 1994|
|3||26||September 26, 1994||June 19, 1995|
|4||26||October 2, 1995||June 17, 1996||Ira Steven Behr|
|5||26||September 30, 1996||June 16, 1997|
|6||26||September 29, 1997||June 15, 1998|
|7||26||September 28, 1998||May 31, 1999|
|Voyager||1||16||January 16, 1995||May 22, 1995||UPN||Michael Piller|
|2||26||August 28, 1995||May 20, 1996|
|3||26||September 4, 1996||May 21, 1997||Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor|
|4||26||September 3, 1997||May 20, 1998|
|5||26||October 14, 1998||May 26, 1999||Brannon Braga|
|6||26||September 22, 1999||May 24, 2000|
|7||26||October 4, 2000||May 23, 2001||Kenneth Biller|
|Enterprise||1||26||September 26, 2001||May 22, 2002||Brannon Braga and Rick Berman [2]|
|2||26||September 18, 2002||May 21, 2003|
|3||24||September 10, 2003||May 26, 2004|
|4||22||October 8, 2004||May 13, 2005||Brannon Braga, Rick Berman and Manny Coto [3]|
|Discovery||1||15||September 24, 2017 [a]||February 11, 2018|| CBS All Access |
Paramount+ [b]
|Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts [6]||Released|
|2||14||January 17, 2019||April 18, 2019||Alex Kurtzman [7]|
|3||13||October 15, 2020||January 7, 2021||Alex Kurtzman and Michelle Paradise [8]|
|4||13||November 18, 2021||March 17, 2022|
|5||10 [9]||2024 [10]||TBA||Post-production|
|Short Treks||1||4||October 4, 2018||January 3, 2019||Alex Kurtzman [11]||Concluded|
|2||6||October 5, 2019||January 9, 2020|
|Picard||1||10||January 23, 2020||March 26, 2020||Michael Chabon [12]|
|2||10||March 3, 2022||May 5, 2022||Akiva Goldsman and Terry Matalas [13]|
|3||10||February 16, 2023||April 20, 2023||Terry Matalas [14]|
|Lower Decks||1||10||August 6, 2020||October 8, 2020||Mike McMahan [15]||Released|
|2||10||August 12, 2021||October 14, 2021|
|3||10||August 25, 2022||October 27, 2022|
|4||10 [9]||Mid 2023 [16]||TBA||In production|
|5||10 [16]||TBA||TBA||In development|
|Prodigy||1||20||October 28, 2021||December 29, 2022||Kevin and Dan Hageman [17]||Released|
|2||20 [18]||Late 2023 [16]||TBA||In production|
|Strange New Worlds||1||10||May 5, 2022||July 7, 2022||Akiva Goldsman and Henry Alonso Myers [19]||Released|
|2||10 [9]||June 15, 2023 [16]||TBA||Post-production|
|3||10 [16]||TBA||TBA||In development|
|Starfleet Academy||1 [20]||TBA||TBA||TBA||Alex Kurtzman and Noga Landau [20]||Pre-production|
The lead actor of each Star Trek series
Star Trek , also known as Star Trek: The Original Series , often abbreviated as TOS , [c] debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. [21] The series tells the tale of the crew of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission "to boldly go where no man has gone before ." The original 1966–69 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk , Leonard Nimoy as Spock , DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy , James Doohan as Montgomery "Scotty" Scott , Nichelle Nichols as Uhura , George Takei as Hikaru Sulu , and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov . [22] During the series' original run, it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and won twice: for the two-part episode " The Menagerie ", and the Harlan Ellison -written episode " The City on the Edge of Forever ". [23]
NBC canceled the series after three seasons; the last original episode aired on June 3, 1969. [24] A petition near the end of the second season to save the series signed by many Caltech students and its multiple Hugo nominations would indicate that despite low Nielsen ratings , it was highly popular with science fiction fans and engineering students. [25] The series later became popular in reruns and found a cult following . [21] In the 2000s, the series was remastered for television , which included special-effect changes including CGI versions of the ships. [26]
Star Trek , later marketed as Star Trek: The Animated Series ( TAS ) to differentiate it from the live-action series, was produced by Filmation , and ran for two seasons from 1973 to 1974. Most of the original cast performed the voices of their characters from The Original Series , and some of the writers who worked on The Original Series returned, including D. C. Fontana , David Gerrold and Paul Schneider . While the animated format allowed the producers to create more exotic alien landscapes and life forms, animation errors and liberal reuse of shots and musical cues have tarnished the series' reputation. [27] Although it was originally sanctioned by Paramount, which owned the Star Trek franchise following its acquisition of Desilu in 1967, Gene Roddenberry often spoke of TAS as non-canon . [28] As of June 2007, it has references in the library section of the official Star Trek website. [29]
The Animated Series won Star Trek ' s first Emmy Award on May 15, 1975. [30] The Animated Series briefly returned to television in the mid-1980s on the children's cable network Nickelodeon . Nickelodeon parent Viacom would purchase Paramount in 1994; in the early 1990s, the Sci-Fi Channel also began rerunning TAS . The complete series was also released on Laserdisc format during the 1980s. [31] The complete series was first released in the United States on eleven volumes of VHS tapes in 1989. All 22 episodes were released on DVD in 2006.
Star Trek: The Next Generation , frequently abbreviated as TNG , takes place about a century after The Original Series (2364–2370). It features a new starship, Enterprise -D , and a new crew led by Captain Jean-Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) and Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ). Some crew members represent new alien races, including Deanna Troi , a half- Betazoid counselor played by Marina Sirtis . Michael Dorn plays Worf , the first Klingon officer in Starfleet, alongside Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher , LeVar Burton as chief engineer Geordi La Forge , the android Data portrayed by Brent Spiner , and Dr. Crusher's son Wesley Crusher played by Wil Wheaton .
The series premiered on September 28, 1987 and ran for seven seasons, ending on May 23, 1994. It had the highest ratings of any of the Star Trek series and became the #1 syndicated show during the last few years of its original run, allowing it to act as a springboard for ideas in other series. Many relationships and races introduced in TNG became the basis of episodes in Deep Space Nine and Voyager . [32] During its run, it earned several Emmy Awards and nominations—including a nomination for Best Dramatic Series during its final season—two Hugo Awards and a Peabody Award for Outstanding Television Programming for the episode " The Big Goodbye ". [33] The series was released in high definition on Blu-Ray and Netflix with some special effect changes in the 2010s. [34]
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine , frequently abbreviated as DS9 , takes place during the last years and the immediate post-years of The Next Generation (2369–2375) and aired for seven seasons, from January 3, 1993 to June 2, 1999. Like The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine aired in syndication in the United States and Canada. Unlike the other Star Trek series, DS9 takes place primarily on a space station rather than aboard a starship.
The series begins in the aftermath of the brutal occupation of the planet Bajor by the imperialistic Cardassians . The liberated Bajoran people ask the United Federation of Planets to help run a Cardassian-built space station, Deep Space Nine , near Bajor. After the Federation takes control of the station, the protagonists of the series discover a uniquely stable wormhole that provides immediate access to the distant Gamma Quadrant making Bajor and the station one of the most strategically important locations in the galaxy. [35] The series chronicles the adventures of the station's crew, led by Commander (later Captain) Benjamin Sisko , played by Avery Brooks , and Major (later Colonel) Kira Nerys , played by Nana Visitor . Recurring plot elements include the repercussions of the Cardassian occupation of Bajor, Sisko's role as a figure in Bajoran religious prophecy, and in later seasons a war with an empire from the Gamma Quadrant known as the Dominion .
Deep Space Nine stands apart from earlier Trek series for its lengthy serialized storytelling, conflict within the crew, and religious themes—all elements that critics and audiences praised but Roddenberry forbade in the original series and The Next Generation . [36]
Star Trek: Voyager ran for seven seasons, airing from January 16, 1995, to May 23, 2001, launching a new Paramount-owned television network, UPN . It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway , the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a Star Trek series, and Commander Chakotay , played by Robert Beltran . [37]
Voyager takes place at about the same time period as Deep Space Nine and the years following that series' end (2371–2378). The premiere episode has the USS Voyager and its crew pursue a Maquis (Federation rebels) ship. Both ships become stranded in the Delta Quadrant about 70,000 light-years from Earth. [38] Faced with a 75-year voyage to Earth, the crew must learn to work together to overcome challenges on their long and perilous journey home while also seeking ways to shorten the voyage. Like Deep Space Nine , early seasons of Voyager feature more conflict between its crew members than seen in later episodes. Such conflict often arises from friction between "by-the-book" Starfleet crew and rebellious Maquis fugitives forced by circumstance to work together on Voyager. Eventually, though, they settle their differences, after which the overall tone becomes more reminiscent of The Original Series . Isolated from its home, the starship Voyager faces new cultures and dilemmas not possible in other series based in the Alpha Quadrant. Later seasons brought in an influx of characters and cultures from prior series, such as the Borg , Q , the Ferengi , Romulans , Klingons , Cardassians and cast members of The Next Generation .
Star Trek: Enterprise , originally titled Enterprise , is a prequel to the original Star Trek series. It aired from September 26, 2001 to May 13, 2005. [39] Enterprise takes place in the 2150s, some 90 years after the events of Zefram Cochrane 's first warp flight and about a decade before the founding of the Federation. The series centers on the voyages of Earth's first warp 5 capable starship, Enterprise , commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer (played by Scott Bakula ), and the Vulcan Sub-Commander T'Pol (played by Jolene Blalock ). The series originally did not include " Star Trek " in its name and logo, adding it later on in the series' run.
During the series' first two seasons, Enterprise featured self-contained episodes, like The Original Series , The Next Generation and Voyager . The entire third season consisted of one arc related to the Xindi , and had a darker tone and serialized nature similar to that of Deep Space Nine . The fourth and final season consisted of several mini-arcs composed of two to three episodes. The final season showed the origins of some elements of previous series, and resolved some of their continuity problems. Ratings for Enterprise started strong but declined rapidly. Although critics received the fourth season well, both fans and the cast criticized the series finale , partly because of the episode's focus on the guest appearance of cast members of The Next Generation . [40] [41] [42] The cancellation of Enterprise ended an 18-year run of back-to-back new Star Trek television series, which began with The Next Generation in 1987.
Star Trek: Discovery begins as a prequel to The Original Series , set roughly ten years prior. [43] It premiered September 24, 2017 in the United States and Canada on CBS before moving to CBS All Access , [4] while Netflix streams the series outside the United States and is also providing most of the series' funding. [44] [45] [46]
The series centers on the voyages of the USS Discovery , a unique starship with an experimental "spore drive", commanded in Season 1 by Captain Gabriel Lorca ( Jason Isaacs ), in Season 2 by Captain Christopher Pike ( Anson Mount ), and in Season 3 by Captain Saru ( Doug Jones ). The protagonist of the series is Michael Burnham ( Sonequa Martin-Green ), a science specialist who becomes captain of Discovery at the end of the third season. The first season focuses on Discovery ' s involvement in a war between the United Federation of Planets and the Klingon Empire; [47] [48] later seasons see the Discovery crew fighting a rogue artificial intelligence and, sent into the distant future, trying to reunite a fractured Federation.
Star Trek: Short Treks is a spin-off companion series of stand-alone short films which focus on characters and situations from Discovery . Some of the episodes are animated. [49]
Star Trek: Picard is a serialized drama revisiting The Next Generation ' s protagonist Jean-Luc Picard : some 30 years after the events of TNG, Picard, now retired, seeks redemption for what he sees as his past failures. [50] [51]
Star Trek: Lower Decks was announced on October 25, 2018, by CBS All Access as a two-season order for a half-hour adult animated comedy series created by Mike McMahan , the head writer and executive producer of Rick and Morty . It focuses on the support crew of "one of Starfleet's least important ships", and its name is taken from a Next Generation episode that similarly focused on low-ranking starship crew members. [52] [53] The first season premiered on August 6, 2020, and consists of 10 episodes. [54]
In February 2019, it was announced that an animated series developed for young viewers was in development. The series is being co-written and created by Dan and Kevin Hageman and will air on Nickelodeon as a joint-venture with CBS. [55] It focuses on a group of teens who embark on an adventure upon an abandoned Starfleet ship. [56] On July 23, 2020, it was announced that the title would be Star Trek: Prodigy ; [57] the series premiered on October 28, 2021. [58]
Announced in May 2020, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds depicts the early days of the Enterprise and features Discovery actors Anson Mount , Ethan Peck and Rebecca Romijn reprising their roles as Pike, Spock and Number One , respectively. [59] [d] Creator Akiva Goldsman intended for the series to use an episodic format similar to The Original Series and The Next Generation . [61] It was released on Paramount+. [59] The series debuted on May 5, 2022. [62]
Further live-action television series are currently in development. [63] In February 2021, it was announced that further series would only move forward once at least one of the current slate of five concurrent series ( Discovery , Picard , Lower Decks , Prodigy and Strange New Worlds ) concludes its run. [64]
In June 2018, a series by Stephanie Savage and Josh Schwartz that is set at Starfleet Academy was reportedly in development, [11] and aimed at a younger audience. [65] [11] By February 2022, Gaia Violo had taken over the project, which was said to be the next in the pipeline following Section 31 . [66] In March 2023, the series was greenlit by Paramount+, and is set to go into production in 2024. Alex Kurtzman and Noga Landau serve as the showrunners, while Violo now serves as an executive producer. [20]
Star Trek: Phase II was a 1970s follow-up live-action television series to The Original Series . Though sets were constructed, scripts written, characters cast, and production started, the series was cancelled in favor of The Motion Picture , the first Star Trek feature film. The series would have anchored a fourth U.S. television network, the Paramount Network . This would later happen when Star Trek: Voyager anchored the launch of UPN, the United Paramount Network in the 1990s. [67]
In June 2017, Nicholas Meyer revealed he had begun development of a 3-episode limited series titled Ceti Alpha V , based around the character Khan Noonien Singh and acting as a prequel to his The Wrath of Khan storyline. [68] By September 2022, the series had been redeveloped into a scripted podcast series titled Star Trek: Khan – Ceti Alpha V . [69]
Announced in January 2019, a live-action television series, with a tentative title Section 31 will focus on the mirror universe's Philippa Georgiou and her adventures as a member of Starfleet's Section 31 division. Michelle Yeoh will reprise her role from Discovery , with Bo Yeon Kim and Erika Lippoldt serving as co-showrunners. The series was reported to feature an ensemble cast. [70] In April 2023, the project was announced to be redeveloped as a film for Paramount+, with Olatunde Osunsanmi directing from a script by Craig Sweeny . [71]
Each television series and season is linked to the critical response section of its article.
|Title||Season||Rotten Tomatoes||Metacritic|
|The Original Series||1||92% (25 reviews) [72]||—|
|2||100% (6 reviews) [73]||—|
|3||50% (10 reviews) [74]||—|
|The Animated Series||1||94% (17 reviews) [75]||—|
|The Next Generation||1||88% (24 reviews) [76]||51 (8 reviews) [77]|
|2||50% (6 reviews) [78]||—|
|3||100% (8 reviews) [79]||—|
|4||100% (7 reviews) [80]||—|
|5||100% (6 reviews) [81]||—|
|6||100% (5 reviews) [82]||—|
|7||100% (10 reviews) [83]||—|
|Deep Space Nine||1||81% (21 reviews) [84]||74 (14 reviews) [85]|
|2||100% (5 reviews) [86]||—|
|3||100% (5 reviews) [87]||—|
|4||100% (7 reviews) [88]||—|
|5||100% (6 reviews) [89]||—|
|6||57% (7 reviews) [90]||—|
|7||100% (13 reviews) [91]||—|
|Voyager||1||85% (20 reviews) [92]||66 (10 reviews) [93]|
|2||33% (6 reviews) [94]||—|
|3||100% (8 reviews) [95]||—|
|4||100% (6 reviews) [96]||—|
|5||80% (5 reviews) [97]||—|
|7||60% (10 reviews) [98]||—|
|Enterprise||1||72% (18 reviews) [99]||66 (18 reviews) [100]|
|2||33% (6 reviews) [101]||—|
|3||57% (7 reviews) [102]||—|
|4||60% (5 reviews) [103]||—|
|Discovery||1||82% (373 reviews) [104]||72 (20 reviews) [105]|
|2||81% (209 reviews) [106]||72 (10 reviews) [107]|
|3||91% (34 reviews) [108]||75 (8 reviews) [109]|
|4||93% (15 reviews) [110]||—|
|Picard||1||87% (253 reviews) [111]||76 (27 reviews) [112]|
|2||85% (94 reviews) [113]||69 (7 reviews) [114]|
|3||100% (46 reviews) [115]||83 (14 reviews) [116]|
|Lower Decks||1||67% (46 reviews) [117]||59 (17 reviews) [118]|
|2||100% (11 reviews) [119]||—|
|3||100% (5 reviews) [120]||—|
|Prodigy||1||93% (15 reviews) [121]||68 (5 reviews) [122]|
|Strange New Worlds||1||99% (78 reviews) [123]||76 (14 reviews) [124]|
- ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access. [4] [5]
- ^ CBS All Access was rebranded as Paramount+ on March 4, 2021; seasons released before this date were initially released on CBS All Access and seasons released after were released on Paramount+.
- ^ Originally titled Star Trek . Marketed as Star Trek: The Original Series to distinguish it from its sequels and the franchise as a whole.
- ^ These characters first appeared on the original Star Trek pilot, " The Cage ". [60]
- ^ Solow, Herbert F. and Justman, Robert H., Inside Star Trek: The Real Story , Pocket Books, New York, 1996. p. 399
- ^ "Manny Coto (Executive Producer, Star Trek: Enterprise)" . Star Trek . CBS Interactive . October 8, 2004. Archived from the original on October 17, 2004 . Retrieved June 27, 2015 .
- ^
- ^ Birnbaum, Debra; Ryan, Maureen; Littleton, Cynthia (October 26, 2016). "Bryan Fuller Stepping Back From Showrunner Role on 'Star Trek: Discovery' (Exclusive)" . Variety . Archived from the original on October 27, 2016 . Retrieved October 27, 2016 .
- ^ Goldberg, Lesley (June 14, 2018). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Showrunners Out; Alex Kurtzman to Take Over (Exclusive)" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 16, 2018 .
- ^ Otterson, Joe (February 27, 2019). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Renewed for Season 3, Michelle Paradise Upped to Co-Showrunner" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 27, 2019 . Retrieved February 27, 2019 .
- ^
- ^ Otterson, Joe (June 27, 2019). "'Star Trek: Picard' Names Michael Chabon Showrunner" . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6, 2019 . Retrieved October 6, 2019 .
- ^ Vary, Adam B. (April 5, 2022). "'Star Trek: Picard' Beams Up 'The Next Generation' Main Cast for Season 3" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 5, 2022 . Retrieved April 6, 2022 .
- ^
- ^ Goldberg, Lesley (May 15, 2020). "'Star Trek' Pike and Spock Series Set at CBS All Access" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 15, 2020 . Retrieved May 16, 2019 .
- ^
- ^ Turnbull 1979 , p. 210
- ^ Turnbull 1979 , p. 231
- ^ Rioux 2005 , pp. 194–196
- ^ Trimble 1986 , p. 33
- ^ Wired Staff (September 15, 2006). "Original Star Trek Gets Upgraded" . Wired . Archived from the original on August 3, 2020 . Retrieved March 30, 2019 .
- ^ Dursin, Andre (November 14, 2006). "The Aisle Seat by Andy Dursin" . www.andyfilm.com . Archived from the original on October 3, 2011 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ Ayers 2006 , p. 232
- ^ " The Animated Series Gets Real" . Star Trek . Archived from the original on July 3, 2010 . Retrieved May 16, 2020 .
- ^ "Star Trek Animated - The Series that ran from 1973 - 1974" . Science Fiction Buzz . Archived from the original on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ "Star Trek - A Short History" . www.ee.surrey.ac.uk . Archived from the original on December 5, 2010 . Retrieved August 21, 2006 .
- ^ TrekCore Staff (August 26, 2015). "Netflix Brings VFX Fixes to STAR TREK: TNG in HD" . TrekCore Blog . Archived from the original on March 30, 2019 . Retrieved March 30, 2019 .
- ^ "Emissary, Part I | Star Trek" . Star Trek . Archived from the original on October 11, 2010 . Retrieved August 21, 2006 .
- ^ Sturgis, Amy H. "RevolutionSF - Star Trek Voyager : Final Episode : Review" . RevolutionSF . Archived from the original on January 16, 2004 . Retrieved August 24, 2006 .
- ^ "Star Trek: Enterprise Summary" . Starpulse . Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved August 24, 2006 .
- ^ Lee, Patrick (May 14, 2005). "Star Trek: Enterprise Series Finale | Movie and TV Reviews | SCI FI Weekly" . Syfy . Archived from the original on January 1, 2007 . Retrieved January 16, 2009 .
- ^ Leao, Gustavo (December 17, 2005). "TrekWeb.com - Anthony Montgomery Says "These Are The Voyages..." Not an Effective Finale" . trekweb.com . Archived from the original on March 7, 2006 . Retrieved October 19, 2011 .
- ^ Slotek, Jim (May 13, 2005). "Star Trek: E lamely goes away". Toronto Sun . p. E4.
- ^ Frankel, Daniel (December 7, 2016). "Moonves: Netflix international sales pay for entire 'Star Trek' production cost | FierceCable" . FierceVideo . Archived from the original on January 18, 2017 . Retrieved January 16, 2017 .
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 17, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Gets Order Increase & Companion Show On CBS All Access" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 19, 2017 . Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
- ^ Stanhope, Katie (May 17, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Official Trailer Unveiled" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17, 2017 . Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
- ^ Hibberd, James (July 17, 2017). "Star Trek: Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17, 2017 . Retrieved July 18, 2017 .
- ^ Anderton, Ethan (July 21, 2017). "'Star Trek: Discovery' Exhibit Reveals Starfleet, Klingon and Vulcan Props, Costumes & Ships [Comic-Con 2017]" . /Film . Archived from the original on July 22, 2017 . Retrieved July 22, 2017 .
- ^ Holloway, Daniel (January 8, 2020). "'Star Trek: Picard': Patrick Stewart on Why He Returned to the Final Frontier" . Variety . Archived from the original on January 8, 2020 . Retrieved January 26, 2020 .
- ^ Drew, Brian (August 6, 2019). "STLV19: 'Star Trek: Lower Decks' Panel Talks Second Contacts, Cleaning Holodecks, And Canon" . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 8, 2019 . Retrieved January 19, 2020 .
- ^ Joe Otterson (February 13, 2019). " Star Trek Animated Kids Show in the Works at Nickelodeon" . Variety . Archived from the original on February 14, 2019 . Retrieved July 9, 2020 .
- ^ "CG Animated Star Trek Show Coming To Nickelodeon Officially Announced" . TrekMovie.com . April 24, 2019. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019 . Retrieved April 25, 2019 .
- ^ Labonte, Rachel (January 13, 2020). "2 More Unannounced Star Trek TV Shows in the Works After Picard" . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 17, 2020 . Retrieved February 23, 2020 .
- ^ Sperling, Nicole (August 1, 2021). "Can Paramount+ Succeed? One Producer Hopes to Make It So" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved August 5, 2021 .
- ^ White, Peter; Patten, Dominic; Andreeva, Nellie (February 2, 2022). "'Starfleet Academy' Series In Works As Paramount+ Looks To Further Expand 'Star Trek' Universe" . Deadline . Retrieved January 8, 2023 .
- ^ "Nicholas Meyer Gives Update On Khan Mini-Series And Talks 'Star Trek: Discovery'" . TrekMovie.com . November 21, 2018. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019 . Retrieved April 1, 2019 .
- ^ Patten, Dominic (January 14, 2019). "It's Official! Michelle Yeoh 'Star Trek' Spinoff In Development At CBS All Access" . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 14, 2019 . Retrieved March 17, 2019 .
- ^ Otterson, Joe (April 18, 2023). "Paramount+ Greenlights 'Star Trek: Section 31' Film Starring Michelle Yeoh" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 18, 2023 . Retrieved April 18, 2023 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_television_series | 103 |
how many different star trek shows are there | How Many Star Trek Series Are There? | The television series Star Trek has been going for over fifty years, and shows no signs of slowing down.
During those five plus decades, it has been on screen for a lot of that time, and there were often movies when it wasn’t on the air. There have been 12 Star Trek series, and more are on the way! (As of 2022)
Over all this time, it hasn’t been just one single series, rather lots of different series set within the same universe.
But how many Star Trek series are there in total? Well, we’ve got the answers.
In our handy guide below, you’ll find out about each and every series of Star Trek that there has been.
Along with that, we have information about each of them.
To answer the big question outright, the answer is that there are 12 different series of Star Trek, though more are always on the way.
List of All Star Trek TV Series:
- Star Trek: The Original Series – 1966-1969
- Star Trek: The Animated Series – 1973-1974
- The Next Generation – 1987-1994
- Deep Space Nine – 1993-1999
- Voyager – 1995-2001
- Enterprise – 2001-2005
- Discovery – 2017-Onwards
- Short Treks – 2018-2020
- Picard – 2020-Onwards
- Lower Decks – 2020-Onwards
- Prodigy – 2021-Onwards
- Strange New Worlds – 2022-Onwards
Below, we’ll get into each of them and what makes them different.
This is the series that began it all, and is one of the most famous and beloved Star Trek series there are.
Of course, when it aired, it was just called Star Trek.
However, as time went on and more shows were created, it had to be retroactively referred to as The Original Series.
It ran for almost three years and had three seasons, where it was mostly popular with science fiction lovers and, interestingly, engineering students.
Clearly, the show and its use of science appealed to many people who were smart on that subject.
However, it wasn’t until later on, after it had been canceled and instead rerun on television a lot, that it would find an even wider fanbase.
The show was about the crew of a spaceship called the USS Enterprise and their adventures through space.
The key crew members were Captain James T. Kirk, his science officer Spock, and their doctor Bones.
On top of that, other key crew members were Sulu, Uhura, and Scotty.
This animated version of the The Original Series featured much of the same cast for its voices.
The animation allowed the show to go to more expansive worlds that couldn’t be visualized on the live action budgets of before.
However, some don’t count this series to be canon.
This is the series that proved Star Trek could and would be something more than its original show, and there were countless other stories to tell.
This particular story is set a century after the original show, and involves a new crew on a new starship.
Well-regarded English actor Patrick Stewart played the new captain, Jean-Luc Picard, while his commander William Riker was played by Jonathan Frakes.
Other key crew members include the android Data, a Klingon named Worf, and half-human, half-Betazoid counselor named Deanna Troi.
Set shortly after The Next Generation, this story within the Star Trek universe especially stands out because it is set on a space station, instead of a starship like they had been previously.
It also was the first of the series to use long, serialized stories.
The crew is headed by Benjamin Sisko, while other key members included their security chief Odo and chief medical officer Julian Bashir.
This Star Trek series is notable for being the first to have a woman as the commanding officer heading up the show’s crew.
It took place around the same time as Deep Space Nine and follows the starship USS Voyager as it tries to get home.
The crew is headed up by Captain Janeway, while also involving a First officer named Chakotay and a Chief Engineer named B’Elanna Torres.
This series took place before the time period of The Original Series, acting as a prequel to that show.
It mixed its episodes up between single standalone adventures and season-long arcs, offering a wealth of storytelling.
The crew of the Enterprise ship is led by Captain Archer, while other key members of the crew included a Chief Engineer named Trip Tucker.
This is also a prequel to the original show, and is the first Star Trek show in 12 years. It involves a ship called the USS Discovery.
When the show started, fans could say hello to Jason Isaacs as the ship’s commander, Captain Lorca.
However, this changed as the seasons went on.
In season 2, the commander was Captain Pike, while season 3 saw Captain Saru take over.
Through this all, though, the main character of the show is the science specialist Michael Burnham.
This spin-off was a series of small short films expanding the universe of Discovery.
This show resurrects the Jean-Luc Picard character from The Next Generation, sending him on a redemptive adventure.
While seasons 1 and 2 brought back some other cast members from The Next Generation, season 3 brought back almost the entire crew.
This is an animated adult show set in the Star Trek universe, the first to be an outright comedy . ( My Personal favorite!)
This is a Star Trek show for children, featuring a gang of teenagers who find themselves on a disused starship.
This takes some of the cast from Discovery and sends them on a prequel adventure, depicting the early voyages of the USS Enterprise.
That select crew includes young versions of Pike and Spock, allowing us to learn more about their history.
There have been 12 Star Trek series, and more are on the way! It’s interesting to note that between 1966 and 2005, there were six Star Trek shows, spanning almost 40 years. However, since 2017 there have been just as many Star Trek series in just 5 years! | https://starships.com/how-many-star-trek-series-are-there/ | 103 |
how many different star trek shows are there | Star Trek series | 0 of 30 seconds Volume 0%
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Since 1966 there have been fifteen televised Star Trek series, twelve main series and three companion series. All three companion series are associated with Star Trek: Discovery , with two being aftershows . Excepting the aftershow After Trek , the other two also became associated with Star Trek: Picard , which premiered in January 2020, and Star Trek: Strange New Worlds , which premiered in May 2022. Other series are planned, including one about the Terran Philippa Georgiou working for Section 31 . | https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Star_Trek_series | 103 |
how much land does the united states government own | Here's how much land the government owns in your state | Samuel Stebbins
24/7 Wall Street
The U.S. government owns over 640 million acres of land across 50 states – equal to more than one-quarter of the country’s total landmass. Federal land can serve a wide variety of purposes, from development of natural resources to preservation, and much of it is open to the public for recreation and enjoyment.
Of course, the federal government does not have an equal footprint in each state. In some states, less than 1% of land is federally owned and managed, while in others, Uncle Sam owns well over half of all land.
24/7 Wall St. reviewed the Congressional Research Service’s March 2017 report “Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data ” to identify how much land the federal government owns in every state. Federal lands are largely concentrated in the West, with only about 4% of federal land east of the Mississippi River. Data on the federal government employment as a share of total employment by state are from the Current Employment Statistics program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are as of 2018.
Federal land is primarily controlled by five agencies: the Bureau of Land Management, the Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and the Department of Defense. Nationwide, the BLM controls by far the most land, at 248.3 million acres – nearly all of which are in western states and Alaska.
While it is far from the largest federal land holder – controlling about 80 million acres – the National Park Service manages the lands many Americans are most likely to be familiar with. The NPS ensures the preservation of 61 national parks and hundreds of other natural and historic attractions in the United States for the enjoyment of the public.
50. Connecticut
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 0.3%
• Federal land acreage: 8,939 of 3.1 million
• Leading agency: National Park Service (5,846 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.1%
49. Iowa
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 0.3%
• Federal land acreage: 122,649 of 35.9 million
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (72,064 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.1%
48. Kansas
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 0.5%
• Federal land acreage: 272,987 of 52.5 million
• Leading agency: Department of Defense (134,381 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.8%
47. New York
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 0.6%
• Federal land acreage: 188,537 of 30.7 million
• Leading agency: Department of Defense (109,478 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
46. Rhode Island
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 0.7%
• Federal land acreage: 4,410 of 677,120
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (2,415 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.2%
45. Maine
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.1%
• Federal land acreage: 210,678 of 19.8 million
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (68,950 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.4%
44. Nebraska
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.1%
• Federal land acreage: 546,976 of 49.0 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (351,205 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
43. Illinois
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.1%
• Federal land acreage: 411,319 of 35.8 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (304,480 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.3%
42. Ohio
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.2%
• Federal land acreage: 307,180 of 26.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (244,420 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.4%
41. Massachusetts
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.2%
• Federal land acreage: 61,265 of 5.0 million
• Leading agency: National Park Service (32,961 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
40. Oklahoma
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.6%
• Federal land acreage: 700,996 of 44.1 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (399,425 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.9%
39. Indiana
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.7%
• Federal land acreage: 385,405 of 23.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (203,682 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
38. Texas
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.8%
• Federal land acreage: 3.0 million of 168.2 million
• Leading agency: National Park Service (1.2 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
37. Pennsylvania
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 2.1%
• Federal land acreage: 617,656 of 28.8 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (513,889 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
36. Delaware
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 2.4%
• Federal land acreage: 29,864 of 1.3 million
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (25,543 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
35. Alabama
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 2.7%
• Federal land acreage: 867,360 of 32.7 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (670,527 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.6%
34. Maryland
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 3.1%
• Federal land acreage: 192,948 of 6.3 million
• Leading agency: Department of Defense (102,157 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 5.3%
33. Missouri
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 3.7%
• Federal land acreage: 1.6 million of 44.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.5 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.9%
32. New Jersey
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 3.7%
• Federal land acreage: 179,792 of 4.8 million
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (73,106 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
31. North Dakota
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 3.9%
• Federal land acreage: 1.7 million of 44.5 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.1 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.1%
30. Kentucky
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 4.3%
• Federal land acreage: 1.1 million of 25.5 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (819,548 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.9%
29. South Carolina
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 4.7%
• Federal land acreage: 901,208 of 19.4 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (632,415 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
28. Georgia
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 4.7%
• Federal land acreage: 1.8 million of 37.3 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (867,381 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.2%
27. Tennessee
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 4.8%
• Federal land acreage: 1.3 million of 26.7 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (720,188 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
26. Louisiana
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 4.8%
• Federal land acreage: 1.4 million of 28.9 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (608,535 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
25. Wisconsin
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 5.1%
• Federal land acreage: 1.8 million of 35.0 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.5 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.0%
24. Mississippi
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 5.3%
• Federal land acreage: 1.6 million of 30.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.2 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.2%
23. South Dakota
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 5.4%
• Federal land acreage: 2.6 million of 48.9 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (2.0 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.6%
22. Minnesota
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 6.8%
• Federal land acreage: 3.5 million of 51.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (2.8 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.1%
21. West Virginia
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 7.4%
• Federal land acreage: 1.1 million of 15.4 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.0 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 3.2%
20. North Carolina
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 7.7%
• Federal land acreage: 2.4 million of 31.4 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.3 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
19. Vermont
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 7.8%
• Federal land acreage: 465,247 of 5.9 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (410,115 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.2%
18. Virginia
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 9.9%
• Federal land acreage: 2.5 million of 25.5 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.7 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 4.5%
17. Michigan
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 10.0%
• Federal land acreage: 3.6 million of 36.5 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (2.9 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
16. Arkansas
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 12.6%
• Federal land acreage: 4.2 million of 33.6 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (2.6 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
15. Florida
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 13.0%
• Federal land acreage: 4.5 million of 34.7 million
• Leading agency: National Park Service (2.5 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
14. New Hampshire
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 13.9%
• Federal land acreage: 799,740 of 5.8 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (748,479 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.1%
13. Hawaii
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 20.0%
• Federal land acreage: 820,836 of 4.1 million
• Leading agency: National Park Service (357,937 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 5.1%
12. Washington
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 28.6%
• Federal land acreage: 12.2 million of 42.7 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (9.3 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.2%
11. Montana
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 29.0%
• Federal land acreage: 27.0 million of 93.3 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (17.2 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.8%
10. New Mexico
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 35.4%
• Federal land acreage: 27.5 million of 77.8 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (14.1 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 3.4%
9. Colorado
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 35.9%
• Federal land acreage: 23.8 million of 66.5 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (14.5 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.9%
8. Arizona
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 38.7%
• Federal land acreage: 28.1 million of 72.7 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (12.2 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.9%
7. California
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 45.9%
• Federal land acreage: 46.0 million of 100.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (20.8 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.4%
6. Wyoming
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 48.4%
• Federal land acreage: 30.2 million of 62.3 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (18.6 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.6%
5. Oregon
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 53.0%
• Federal land acreage: 32.6 million of 61.6 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (16 .1 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.5%
4. Alaska
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 61.3%
• Federal land acreage: 224.1 million of 365.5 million
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (76.6 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 4.6%
3. Idaho
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 61.6%
• Federal land acreage: 32.6 million of 52.9 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (20.4 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.8%
2. Utah
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 63.1%
• Federal land acreage: 33.3 million of 52.7 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (22.8 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.4%
1. Nevada
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 79.6%
• Federal land acreage: 55.9 million of 70.3 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (47.0 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.4% | https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/10/29/how-much-land-government-owns-in-every-state/40453833/ | 104 |
how much land does the united states government own | How Much Land the Government Owns in Every State and What It’s Used For – 24/7 Wall St. | October 28, 2019 12:23 pm
Last Updated: February 17, 2020 12:32 pm
The U.S. government owns over 640 million acres of land across 50 states — equal to more than one-quarter of the country’s total landmass. Federal land can serve a wide variety of purposes, from development of natu ral resources to pre servation, and much of it is open to the public for recreation and enjoyment.
Of course, the federal government does not have an equal footprint in each state. In some states, less than 1% of land is federally owned and managed, while in others, Uncle Sam owns well over half of all land. 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the Congressional Research Service’s March 2017 report “Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data ” to identify how much land the federal government owns in every state. Federal lands are largely concentrated in the West, with only about 4% of federal land east of the Mississippi River. Data on the federal government employment as a share of total employment by state are from the Current Employment Statistics program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are as of 2018.
Federal land is primarily controlled by five agencies: the Bureau of Land Management, the Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and the Department of Defense. Nationwide, the BLM controls by far the most land, at 248.3 million acres — nearly all of which are in western states and Alaska.
While it is far from the largest federal land holder — controlling about 80 million acres — the National Park Service manages the lands many Americans are most likely to be familiar with. The NPS ensu res the pres ervation of 61 nat ional parks and hundreds of other natural and historic attractions in the United States for the enjoyment of the public. Due in large part to international tourist destinations like the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone, U.S. parks attract more than 330 milli on visitors annually. These are the most popular national parks by state .
Having large swaths of land owned by the federal government is not necessarily indicative of a large federal presence overall, such as government offices and services. In fact, in three out of the five states where the U.S. government owns the largest share of total land, the share of workers employed by the federal government is less than the 1.9% national employment concentration. Here is a look at the states where the most people work for the government . | https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/10/28/this-is-how-much-land-the-federal-government-owns-in-every-state/ | 104 |
how much land does the united states government own | Just How Much Land Does the Federal Government Own — and Why? | The rough beauty of the American West seems as far as you can get from the polished corridors of power in Washington DC.
The rough beauty of the American West seems as far as you can get from the polished corridors of power in Washington DC. Until you look at the title to the land. The federal government owns large tracts of the western states: from a low of 29.9% in Montana, already more than the national average, up to a whopping 84.5% in Nevada.
This map, depicting the distribution and share of federal land per state, was first published on this blog way back in 2008. Nevertheless, it keeps accumulating comments and hits at a steady pace, and is still frequently shared around. Unlike hundreds of other random maps, this one has become a perennial. That raises an interesting question for map geeks like yours truly: Which nerve, exactly, does this map strike with the Great Online Public?
Let’s start with the most obvious answer: the map is stunningly effective at bringing home its message. And that message is: Federal land ownership out west is huge .
Few minds will stir when they learn that the US federal government owns a grand total of 640 million acres of land: that figure is so vast that it becomes meaningless [1]. The sum of all that acreage adds up to about 28% of the nation’s total surface, 2.27 billion acres. That sounds like a lot, but since it is an average, and because we have nothing to compare it to, that percentage is, to use one of my favorite quotes, “the kind of information they conceal in books” [2].
Both issues – the blandness of averages, the lack of comparison – are eliminated by the map, which presents an immediate, jaw-droppingly clear frame of reference. In the blink of an eye, the contrast between the west and the rest becomes clear.
The clever device delivering that instant insight: 50 icons, each shaped like the particular state they are centered on and sized to reflect the percentage of the federal lands in each particular state.
Back east, but even in the Midwest, those icons – colored red for better contrast – barely amount to a distant mirror of the state they’re modelled on. In those parts, the federal share of state territory rarely runs into the double digits. It even stays below 2% for the Top 10 states with the lowest percentage of federally owned land:
The largest splotches of red are all in the 11 westernmost states of the Lower 48. The federal government’s enormous share of Alaska is only less obvious because as usual the largest state in the Union is shown in an inset map, at a much larger scale [3].
These red icons look like parasites, about to take over the body of the host. Take a look at poor Nevada, where non-public land is pushed out to a narrow band skirting the state’s borders – marginalized, in the most literal sense of the word. Even in most other western states, that ledge is not much wider than a toehold.
The Top 10 list of states with the highest percentage of federally owned land on this map looks like this:
Both because of its enormous total size and its huge percentage of federal lands, Alaska alone represents almost half the government-owned area in the 10 most ‘federalised’ states combined. The only two western states falling out of the Top 10 are Montana (29.9%) and Washington state (30.3%).
What is all that federal land for? And exactly who is in charge? According to the Congressional Research Service [4], a total area of just under 610 million acres – more than twice the size of Namibia – is administered by no more than 4 federal government agencies:
* The United States Forest Service (USFS), which oversees timber harvesting, recreation, wildlife habitat protection and other sustainable uses on a total of 193 million acres – almost the size of Turkey – mainly designated as National Forests.
* The National Park Service (NPS) conserves lands and resources on 80 million acres – a Norway-sized area – in order to preserve them for the public. Any harvesting or resource removal is generally prohibited.
* the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), managing 248 million acres [5] – an area the size of Egypt – has a multiple-use, sustained-yield mandate, supporting energy development, recreation, grazing, conservation, and other uses.
* the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) manages 89 million acres – an area slightly bigger than Germany – to conserve and protect animal and plant species.
The first agency is part of the Department of Agriculture, the latter three of the Department of the Interior. The Department of Defense manages an additional 20 million acres – a bit larger than the Czech Republic – as military bases, testing and training grounds, etc.
Back to the map – apart from making its point in such an excellent manner, why is it so popular? The aforementioned Congressional Overview of Federal Land Ownership provides a broad outline of the answer:
“47% of the 11 coterminous western states [is federally owned]. By contrast, the federal government owns only 4% in the other states. This western concentration has contributed to a higher degree of controversy over land ownership and use in that part of the country”.
“Throughout America’s history, federal land laws have reflected two visions: keeping some lands in federal ownership while disposing of others. From the earliest days, there has been conflict between these two visions. During the 19th century, many laws encouraged settlement of the West through federal land disposal. Mostly in the 20th century, emphasis shifted to retention of federal lands.”
That conflict came to a head very publicly last year with the case of Cliven Bundy, a Nevada rancher whose conflict with the Bureau of Land Management over grazing rights led to the federal government impounding his cattle [6].
But the federal government’s extra-extra-large involvement in the management of western lands is far more than a conflict about grazing, water, mining, logging and other development. It pits the principle of good stewardship of the land, for the welfare of present and future generations, against one of America’s foundational axioms: That government is best which governs least [7].
The former attitude requires a central government to assume authority, restrict access, punish rule-breakers – and increasingly so, since resource depletion is a growing threat.
The latter viewpoint holds government intervention to be the problem, not the solution, and the stated reasons for it – be it conservation or climate change – as convenient cover stories at best.
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Two quotes from the story’s comments section illustrate the gap between the two extremes:
“It’s too late [to take back our country]. Jump ship and buy land in a poor undeveloped country, Start a farm and build a new community.”
“Or we could stop wasting time with this nonsense and get back to the real issues.”
Ultimately, this map reverberates and keeps bouncing around the internet because it touches a divide in American politics and wider society that is about much more than land use. It pits libertarians versus federalists, with the gap between them increasing to such an extent that the former often seem to the latter to be no more than right-wing vigilantes, the latter to the former nothing less than world-government-promoting socialists. Until some middle ground emerges to bridge that divide, this map (and other incendiary devices) will continue to add fuel to the ideological fire.
Many thanks to Jonathan Leblang and Adam Hahn for signaling this map, which appeared as an illustration to ‘ Can the West Lead Us To A Better Place? ‘, an article in Stanford Magazine , a periodical for and about alumni from that university. Update: the map can be found in higher resolution – and with a long, long comments section – here on Reddit .
Strange Maps #291
Got a strange map? Let me know at [email protected] .
[1] Remember the Joseph Stalin quote: “One death is a tragedy, one million is a statistic”. Not that one acre is a tragedy. But you catch our meaning.
[2] Oliver Platt as Hector Cyr in Lake Placid (1999).
[3] Contrary to intuition, map objects shrunk to fit in with others are shown at a larger, not a smaller scale. See the scales at the bottom: Alaska’s 500-mile line is 4 times shorter than the Lower 48’s. Meaning (a) that Alaska is shown 4 times smaller than the Lower 48; and (b) that if Alaska’s scale would have been as long as the other, it would have measured 2,000 miles – i.e. would measure a larger distance.
[5] The BLM is also responsible for subsurface mineral resources in areas totaling 700 million acres.
[6] The sentiment is often attributed to Jefferson, but the quote as such is from the opening lines of Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience .
[7] Mr. Bundy refused to pay $1.2 million in grazing fees to the BLM, arguing that the land his cattle uses belongs not to the federal, but the state government. In the spring of last year, BLM officials agreed to leave his property and release his cattle after hundreds of armed supporters showed up at the Bundy ranch. As the Washington Post recently reported , the conflict remains unresolved.
Related | https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/291-federal-lands-in-the-us/ | 104 |
how much land does the united states government own | How Much Land the Government Owns in Every State and What It’s Used For – 24/7 Wall St. | October 28, 2019 12:23 pm
Last Updated: February 17, 2020 12:32 pm
The U.S. government owns over 640 million acres of land across 50 states — equal to more than one-quarter of the country’s total landmass. Federal land can serve a wide variety of purposes, from development of natu ral resources to pre servation, and much of it is open to the public for recreation and enjoyment.
Of course, the federal government does not have an equal footprint in each state. In some states, less than 1% of land is federally owned and managed, while in others, Uncle Sam owns well over half of all land. 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the Congressional Research Service’s March 2017 report “Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data ” to identify how much land the federal government owns in every state. Federal lands are largely concentrated in the West, with only about 4% of federal land east of the Mississippi River. Data on the federal government employment as a share of total employment by state are from the Current Employment Statistics program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are as of 2018.
Federal land is primarily controlled by five agencies: the Bureau of Land Management, the Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and the Department of Defense. Nationwide, the BLM controls by far the most land, at 248.3 million acres — nearly all of which are in western states and Alaska.
While it is far from the largest federal land holder — controlling about 80 million acres — the National Park Service manages the lands many Americans are most likely to be familiar with. The NPS ensu res the pres ervation of 61 nat ional parks and hundreds of other natural and historic attractions in the United States for the enjoyment of the public. Due in large part to international tourist destinations like the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone, U.S. parks attract more than 330 milli on visitors annually. These are the most popular national parks by state .
Having large swaths of land owned by the federal government is not necessarily indicative of a large federal presence overall, such as government offices and services. In fact, in three out of the five states where the U.S. government owns the largest share of total land, the share of workers employed by the federal government is less than the 1.9% national employment concentration. Here is a look at the states where the most people work for the government . | https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/10/28/this-is-how-much-land-the-federal-government-owns-in-every-state/ | 104 |
how much land does the united states government own | Federal lands - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Federal lands are lands in the United States owned by the federal government . Pursuant to the Property Clause of the United States Constitution ( Article 4 , section 3, clause 2), Congress has the power to retain, buy, sell, and regulate federal lands, such as by limiting cattle grazing on them. These powers have been recognized in a long line of United States Supreme Court decisions. [1] [2]
The only mention in the United States Constitution of the specific types of land the federal government is authorized to own outside Washington D.C. , in Article 1, Section 8, refers to "Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock-yards, and other needful Buildings."
The federal government owns about 640 million acres (2.6 million km 2 ) of land in the United States, about 28% of the total land area of 2.27 billion acres (9.2 million km 2 ). [3] [4] The majority of federal lands (610.1 million acres (2.469 million km 2 ) or 95 percent area in 2015) are administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Park Service (NPS), or United States Forest Service (USFS). BLM, FWS, and NPS are part of the United States Department of the Interior , while the Forest Service is part of the United States Department of Agriculture . An additional 11.4 million acres (46 thousand km 2 ) of land (about 2% of all federal land) is owned by the United States Department of Defense (DOD). [4] The majority of federal lands are located in Alaska and the Western states. [4]
The United States Supreme Court has upheld the broad powers of the federal government to deal with federal lands, for example having unanimously held in Kleppe v. New Mexico [5] that "the complete power that Congress has over federal lands under this clause necessarily includes the power to regulate and protect wildlife living there, state law notwithstanding." [1]
Lands held by the United States in trust for Native American tribes are generally not considered public lands. [6] There are some 55 million acres (0.22 million km 2 ) of land held in trust by the federal government for Indian tribes and almost 11 million acres (45 thousand km 2 ) of land held in trust by the federal government for individual Natives. Although the United States holds legal title to these lands, the tribe or individual holds beneficial title (the right to use and benefit from the property). [7] As a result, Indian Country is "quasi-private, not public, land." [6] Nevertheless, "because the United States is a legal title holder, the federal government is a necessary part in all leases and dispositions of resources including trust land. For example, the secretary of the interior must approve any contract for payment or grant by an Indian tribe for services for the tribe 'relative to their lands' (25 U.S.C. § 81)." [7]
The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original Thirteen Colonies ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution . [8] As additional lands were acquired by the United States from Spain , France , Native American Nations and other countries, the United States Congress directed that they be explored, surveyed, and made available for settlement. [8] During the Revolutionary War, military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies. [9] After the war, the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , signed by the United States, the Kingdom of Great Britain , France , and Spain , ceded territory to the United States. [10] [11] In the 1780s, other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern-day Ohio . [12] By this time, the United States needed revenue to function. [13] Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive. [13] In order to sell the land, surveys needed to be conducted. The Land Ordinance of 1785 instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors. [13] The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error; once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed, a modern public land survey system had been developed. [14] In 1812, Congress established the General Land Office as part of the Department of the Treasury to oversee the disposition of these federal lands. [12] By the early 1800s, promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled. [15]
In the 19th century, other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land. [8] [15] These included, among others, the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Desert Lands Entry Act of 1877. [4] Several different types of patents existed. [16] These include cash entry, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrants, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state selections, swamps, town sites, and town lots. [16] A system of local land offices spread throughout the territories, patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding Office of the Surveyor General of a particular territory. [16] This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States. [14] Homestead entries peaked in 1910, when they amounted to 18.3 million acres (0.074 million km 2 ), and sharply declined after 1935 and were eliminated in 1986. [4] The laws that spurred mass federal land transfers, with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act of 1877, have since been repealed or superseded. [17]
Between 1781 and 2018, the federal government divested itself of estimated 1.29 billion acres (5.2 million km 2 ) of public domain land. [4] The vast majority (97%) of transfers of federal land to private ownership occurred before 1940. [4] Beginning in the early 20th century, U.S. government policy shifted from disposing of public land to retaining and managing it. [4] Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the Executive Branch to manage activities on the remaining public lands. [17] The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as coal , oil , gas , and sodium to take place on public lands. [18] The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees. [19] [20] The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937, commonly referred as the O&C Act, required sustained yield management of the timberlands in western Oregon. [21]
Sagebrush Rebellion movement in the Western United States in the 1970s and the 1980s sought major changes to federal land control, use, and disposal policy in 13 western states in which federal land holdings include between 20% and 85% of a state's area. [22] [23] Supporters of the movement wanted more state and local control over the lands, if not outright transfer of them to state and local authorities and/or privatization. [24]
From 1990 to 2018, the overall acreage held by the federal government decreased by 4.9% (i.e., from 646.9 million acres (2.618 million km 2 ) to 615.3 million acres (2.490 million km 2 )). [4] Over that time period, the federal acreage held by the Bureau of Land Management and Department of Defense decreased by 10.2% and 56.8%, respectively, and the federal acreage held by the Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service increased by 0.8%, 2.7%, and 5.0%, respectively. [4] Over the 1990–2018 time period, the largest decline in federal acreage was in Alaska (a decrease of 9.4%, or 23.0 million acres (0.093 million km 2 )) and in the 11 contiguous states of the West (a 3% decrease in federal land, or 10.7 million acres (0.043 million km 2 )). [4]
The four primary federal land holders are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_lands | 104 |
how much land does the united states government own | The New York Times: Digital and Home Delivery Subscriptions | The United States government owns 47 percent of all land in the West. In some states, including Oregon, Utah and Nevada, the majority of land is owned by the federal government. Of course, it used to own nearly all of it.
And that remaining ownership and management of large tracts of forest and grazing lands is the core of the problem for antigovernment protesters in Oregon. They have taken over a federal building, the latest in a long history of fights between the government and Western settlers about how the lands should be used.
Advertisement | https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/06/upshot/why-the-government-owns-so-much-land-in-the-west.html | 104 |
how much land does the united states government own | Federal lands - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Federal lands are lands in the United States owned by the federal government . Pursuant to the Property Clause of the United States Constitution ( Article 4 , section 3, clause 2), Congress has the power to retain, buy, sell, and regulate federal lands, such as by limiting cattle grazing on them. These powers have been recognized in a long line of United States Supreme Court decisions. [1] [2]
The only mention in the United States Constitution of the specific types of land the federal government is authorized to own outside Washington D.C. , in Article 1, Section 8, refers to "Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock-yards, and other needful Buildings."
The federal government owns about 640 million acres (2.6 million km 2 ) of land in the United States, about 28% of the total land area of 2.27 billion acres (9.2 million km 2 ). [3] [4] The majority of federal lands (610.1 million acres (2.469 million km 2 ) or 95 percent area in 2015) are administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Park Service (NPS), or United States Forest Service (USFS). BLM, FWS, and NPS are part of the United States Department of the Interior , while the Forest Service is part of the United States Department of Agriculture . An additional 11.4 million acres (46 thousand km 2 ) of land (about 2% of all federal land) is owned by the United States Department of Defense (DOD). [4] The majority of federal lands are located in Alaska and the Western states. [4]
The United States Supreme Court has upheld the broad powers of the federal government to deal with federal lands, for example having unanimously held in Kleppe v. New Mexico [5] that "the complete power that Congress has over federal lands under this clause necessarily includes the power to regulate and protect wildlife living there, state law notwithstanding." [1]
Lands held by the United States in trust for Native American tribes are generally not considered public lands. [6] There are some 55 million acres (0.22 million km 2 ) of land held in trust by the federal government for Indian tribes and almost 11 million acres (45 thousand km 2 ) of land held in trust by the federal government for individual Natives. Although the United States holds legal title to these lands, the tribe or individual holds beneficial title (the right to use and benefit from the property). [7] As a result, Indian Country is "quasi-private, not public, land." [6] Nevertheless, "because the United States is a legal title holder, the federal government is a necessary part in all leases and dispositions of resources including trust land. For example, the secretary of the interior must approve any contract for payment or grant by an Indian tribe for services for the tribe 'relative to their lands' (25 U.S.C. § 81)." [7]
The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original Thirteen Colonies ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution . [8] As additional lands were acquired by the United States from Spain , France , Native American Nations and other countries, the United States Congress directed that they be explored, surveyed, and made available for settlement. [8] During the Revolutionary War, military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies. [9] After the war, the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , signed by the United States, the Kingdom of Great Britain , France , and Spain , ceded territory to the United States. [10] [11] In the 1780s, other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern-day Ohio . [12] By this time, the United States needed revenue to function. [13] Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive. [13] In order to sell the land, surveys needed to be conducted. The Land Ordinance of 1785 instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors. [13] The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error; once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed, a modern public land survey system had been developed. [14] In 1812, Congress established the General Land Office as part of the Department of the Treasury to oversee the disposition of these federal lands. [12] By the early 1800s, promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled. [15]
In the 19th century, other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land. [8] [15] These included, among others, the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Desert Lands Entry Act of 1877. [4] Several different types of patents existed. [16] These include cash entry, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrants, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state selections, swamps, town sites, and town lots. [16] A system of local land offices spread throughout the territories, patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding Office of the Surveyor General of a particular territory. [16] This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States. [14] Homestead entries peaked in 1910, when they amounted to 18.3 million acres (0.074 million km 2 ), and sharply declined after 1935 and were eliminated in 1986. [4] The laws that spurred mass federal land transfers, with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act of 1877, have since been repealed or superseded. [17]
Between 1781 and 2018, the federal government divested itself of estimated 1.29 billion acres (5.2 million km 2 ) of public domain land. [4] The vast majority (97%) of transfers of federal land to private ownership occurred before 1940. [4] Beginning in the early 20th century, U.S. government policy shifted from disposing of public land to retaining and managing it. [4] Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the Executive Branch to manage activities on the remaining public lands. [17] The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as coal , oil , gas , and sodium to take place on public lands. [18] The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees. [19] [20] The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937, commonly referred as the O&C Act, required sustained yield management of the timberlands in western Oregon. [21]
Sagebrush Rebellion movement in the Western United States in the 1970s and the 1980s sought major changes to federal land control, use, and disposal policy in 13 western states in which federal land holdings include between 20% and 85% of a state's area. [22] [23] Supporters of the movement wanted more state and local control over the lands, if not outright transfer of them to state and local authorities and/or privatization. [24]
From 1990 to 2018, the overall acreage held by the federal government decreased by 4.9% (i.e., from 646.9 million acres (2.618 million km 2 ) to 615.3 million acres (2.490 million km 2 )). [4] Over that time period, the federal acreage held by the Bureau of Land Management and Department of Defense decreased by 10.2% and 56.8%, respectively, and the federal acreage held by the Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service increased by 0.8%, 2.7%, and 5.0%, respectively. [4] Over the 1990–2018 time period, the largest decline in federal acreage was in Alaska (a decrease of 9.4%, or 23.0 million acres (0.093 million km 2 )) and in the 11 contiguous states of the West (a 3% decrease in federal land, or 10.7 million acres (0.043 million km 2 )). [4]
The four primary federal land holders are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_lands | 104 |
how much land does the united states government own | Here's how much land the government owns in your state | Samuel Stebbins
24/7 Wall Street
The U.S. government owns over 640 million acres of land across 50 states – equal to more than one-quarter of the country’s total landmass. Federal land can serve a wide variety of purposes, from development of natural resources to preservation, and much of it is open to the public for recreation and enjoyment.
Of course, the federal government does not have an equal footprint in each state. In some states, less than 1% of land is federally owned and managed, while in others, Uncle Sam owns well over half of all land.
24/7 Wall St. reviewed the Congressional Research Service’s March 2017 report “Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data ” to identify how much land the federal government owns in every state. Federal lands are largely concentrated in the West, with only about 4% of federal land east of the Mississippi River. Data on the federal government employment as a share of total employment by state are from the Current Employment Statistics program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are as of 2018.
Federal land is primarily controlled by five agencies: the Bureau of Land Management, the Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and the Department of Defense. Nationwide, the BLM controls by far the most land, at 248.3 million acres – nearly all of which are in western states and Alaska.
While it is far from the largest federal land holder – controlling about 80 million acres – the National Park Service manages the lands many Americans are most likely to be familiar with. The NPS ensures the preservation of 61 national parks and hundreds of other natural and historic attractions in the United States for the enjoyment of the public.
50. Connecticut
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 0.3%
• Federal land acreage: 8,939 of 3.1 million
• Leading agency: National Park Service (5,846 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.1%
49. Iowa
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 0.3%
• Federal land acreage: 122,649 of 35.9 million
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (72,064 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.1%
48. Kansas
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 0.5%
• Federal land acreage: 272,987 of 52.5 million
• Leading agency: Department of Defense (134,381 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.8%
47. New York
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 0.6%
• Federal land acreage: 188,537 of 30.7 million
• Leading agency: Department of Defense (109,478 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
46. Rhode Island
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 0.7%
• Federal land acreage: 4,410 of 677,120
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (2,415 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.2%
45. Maine
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.1%
• Federal land acreage: 210,678 of 19.8 million
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (68,950 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.4%
44. Nebraska
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.1%
• Federal land acreage: 546,976 of 49.0 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (351,205 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
43. Illinois
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.1%
• Federal land acreage: 411,319 of 35.8 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (304,480 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.3%
42. Ohio
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.2%
• Federal land acreage: 307,180 of 26.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (244,420 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.4%
41. Massachusetts
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.2%
• Federal land acreage: 61,265 of 5.0 million
• Leading agency: National Park Service (32,961 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
40. Oklahoma
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.6%
• Federal land acreage: 700,996 of 44.1 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (399,425 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.9%
39. Indiana
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.7%
• Federal land acreage: 385,405 of 23.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (203,682 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
38. Texas
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 1.8%
• Federal land acreage: 3.0 million of 168.2 million
• Leading agency: National Park Service (1.2 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
37. Pennsylvania
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 2.1%
• Federal land acreage: 617,656 of 28.8 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (513,889 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
36. Delaware
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 2.4%
• Federal land acreage: 29,864 of 1.3 million
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (25,543 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
35. Alabama
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 2.7%
• Federal land acreage: 867,360 of 32.7 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (670,527 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.6%
34. Maryland
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 3.1%
• Federal land acreage: 192,948 of 6.3 million
• Leading agency: Department of Defense (102,157 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 5.3%
33. Missouri
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 3.7%
• Federal land acreage: 1.6 million of 44.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.5 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.9%
32. New Jersey
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 3.7%
• Federal land acreage: 179,792 of 4.8 million
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (73,106 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
31. North Dakota
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 3.9%
• Federal land acreage: 1.7 million of 44.5 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.1 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.1%
30. Kentucky
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 4.3%
• Federal land acreage: 1.1 million of 25.5 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (819,548 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.9%
29. South Carolina
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 4.7%
• Federal land acreage: 901,208 of 19.4 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (632,415 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
28. Georgia
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 4.7%
• Federal land acreage: 1.8 million of 37.3 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (867,381 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.2%
27. Tennessee
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 4.8%
• Federal land acreage: 1.3 million of 26.7 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (720,188 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
26. Louisiana
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 4.8%
• Federal land acreage: 1.4 million of 28.9 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (608,535 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
25. Wisconsin
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 5.1%
• Federal land acreage: 1.8 million of 35.0 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.5 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.0%
24. Mississippi
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 5.3%
• Federal land acreage: 1.6 million of 30.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.2 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.2%
23. South Dakota
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 5.4%
• Federal land acreage: 2.6 million of 48.9 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (2.0 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.6%
22. Minnesota
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 6.8%
• Federal land acreage: 3.5 million of 51.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (2.8 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.1%
21. West Virginia
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 7.4%
• Federal land acreage: 1.1 million of 15.4 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.0 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 3.2%
20. North Carolina
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 7.7%
• Federal land acreage: 2.4 million of 31.4 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.3 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
19. Vermont
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 7.8%
• Federal land acreage: 465,247 of 5.9 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (410,115 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.2%
18. Virginia
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 9.9%
• Federal land acreage: 2.5 million of 25.5 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (1.7 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 4.5%
17. Michigan
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 10.0%
• Federal land acreage: 3.6 million of 36.5 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (2.9 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.2%
16. Arkansas
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 12.6%
• Federal land acreage: 4.2 million of 33.6 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (2.6 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
15. Florida
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 13.0%
• Federal land acreage: 4.5 million of 34.7 million
• Leading agency: National Park Service (2.5 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.6%
14. New Hampshire
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 13.9%
• Federal land acreage: 799,740 of 5.8 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (748,479 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.1%
13. Hawaii
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 20.0%
• Federal land acreage: 820,836 of 4.1 million
• Leading agency: National Park Service (357,937 acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 5.1%
12. Washington
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 28.6%
• Federal land acreage: 12.2 million of 42.7 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (9.3 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.2%
11. Montana
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 29.0%
• Federal land acreage: 27.0 million of 93.3 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (17.2 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.8%
10. New Mexico
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 35.4%
• Federal land acreage: 27.5 million of 77.8 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (14.1 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 3.4%
9. Colorado
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 35.9%
• Federal land acreage: 23.8 million of 66.5 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (14.5 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.9%
8. Arizona
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 38.7%
• Federal land acreage: 28.1 million of 72.7 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (12.2 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.9%
7. California
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 45.9%
• Federal land acreage: 46.0 million of 100.2 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (20.8 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.4%
6. Wyoming
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 48.4%
• Federal land acreage: 30.2 million of 62.3 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (18.6 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.6%
5. Oregon
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 53.0%
• Federal land acreage: 32.6 million of 61.6 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (16 .1 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.5%
4. Alaska
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 61.3%
• Federal land acreage: 224.1 million of 365.5 million
• Leading agency: Fish and Wildlife Service (76.6 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 4.6%
3. Idaho
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 61.6%
• Federal land acreage: 32.6 million of 52.9 million
• Leading agency: Forest Service (20.4 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.8%
2. Utah
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 63.1%
• Federal land acreage: 33.3 million of 52.7 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (22.8 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 2.4%
1. Nevada
• Pct. of land owned by federal gov't: 79.6%
• Federal land acreage: 55.9 million of 70.3 million
• Leading agency: Bureau of Land Management (47.0 million acres)
• Federal gov't as pct. of workforce: 1.4% | https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/10/29/how-much-land-government-owns-in-every-state/40453833/ | 104 |
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