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Hammer Unit
From TF2 Wiki
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Hammer units viewed in Hammer.
Hammer units, also known as HU, are a unit of measurement used by Source Engine games. It is also used to judge the speed of objects and players in-game, mostly for Competitive play. 1 Hammer Unit is the minimum distance the Source Engine can measure.
• For character models 1 Hammer unit corresponds to 1/12th of a foot (~ 25mm)
• For maps 1 Hammer unit corresponds to 1/16th of a foot (~ 19mm)
• Hammer units are also used for finding the range of a weapon
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Saturday, March 5, 2011
Crowdfunding meta search engine has arrived!
We had predicted this in our book, and I asked the question of the crowdfunding panel that I moderated earlier this week at Future of Money. Well, it has arrived! There are many more meta opportunities coming, including ones that private equity will be really keen on. More later, or send me a ping to find out more...
Thursday, March 3, 2011
Crowdfunding panel at Future of Money Conference went really well!
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Don't spoil the Breaking Bad finale for the rest of us
I'm hooked on Breaking Bad, but I can't binge-watch it. Fellow fans, remember some of us are a few episodes behind
• Jump to comments ()
Breaking Bad
This will end badly: Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul) and Walter White (Bryan Cranston) in Breaking Bad. Photograph: Frank Ockenfels/AMC
First, I should tell you, I have never ever, not once, watched Breaking Bad on TV. Certainly, not in the traditional way, plopped on the couch, remote control at the ready. I have, however watched it in the bathtub, on buses and on trains, in my bed and at the kitchen table, on iPads and on iPhones (thank you very much Netflix).
Second, I should tell you that when it comes to must-see TV, I am quite the late adopter. I didn't get hip to Dexter until two or three seasons in, when I finally gave it a try on iTunes, gobbling an entire season over a two-day span. Instantly addicted, I bought the next season and the next, gorging myself on all kinds of serial killer excess until I was suitably up to speed and fully prepared to watch Dexter in the conventional manner. As in, appointment television: Sunday nights at 9pm on Showtime, be there or be square. Mad Men got the same treatment, as did The Walking Dead.
But the truth is, there's no way I am going to be ready tonight for the series finale of Breaking Bad.
That's because Breaking Bad, is … hard. Don't get me wrong: I appreciate the craft behind it, am in awe of the thespian skills of Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul and Giancarlo Esposito and Anna Gunn and Dean Norris, love the eye-twitching, bell-ringing silence of Mark Margolis as Tio Salamanca.
I love being creeped out by those crazy killing cousins. I love falling headfirst into the morally compromised world that Vince Gilligan created. It's a morbidly twisted get-rich-quick fantasy that resonates for just about anyone who's been awake during the Great Recession.
You may have noticed by now that all of my Breaking Bad character references are a little … dated. There is a reason for this: I am stuck on Season 3, episode 12. To be specific, I am stuck on Season 3, Episode 13, minute 17:59.
The reality is, as hard as I try, I can't binge-watch Breaking Bad. I have pull away, close out my Netflix app and open … Solitaire. For me, Breaking Bad is best consumed in small, easily digestible portions.
"I only got through the first two episodes", my friend Akoto told me via Gchat as we bemoaned our out of touch-ness. "Too heavy! I'm like, I can't speed through this!"
I don't know why I must break from Breaking Bad while effortlessly ploughing through multiple seasons of the zombie apocalypse – or zip through episodes of imprisoned women in orange. Dexter's blood-soaked semi-incestous brother-sister relationship with Deb? Bring it. Don Draper's semi-suicidal descent into booze and pills? Hit me with another episode. I can take it.
But with Breaking Bad, not so much.
Sure, there are moments of levity in this story of the mild-mannered chemistry teacher turned craven meth manufacturer. You can root for Walt and his quest to provide for his family as he battles lung cancer, but you won't feel good about it. As each character grapples with the sliding scale of his/her moral relativity, it impacts another character, usually to devastating effect. Addiction cuts a wide swath.
SPOILER ALERT FOR THOSE WHO'RE EVEN FURTHER BEHIND THAN I AM: In Season 2, when Walt makes the self-interested decision not to help Jesse's stoned girlfriend (Krysten Ritter) as she chokes on her own vomit, it has a ricochet effect: her grieving father, an air traffic controller mistakenly crashes two planes. Debris and bodies fall all over Walt's neighborhood, including a disembodied glass eye. Everything here is rife with metaphor, from that glass eye to a pink stuffed animal to an errant fly in the meth lab.
I thought about skipping whole seasons just to watch the finale, but I know that I'd be hopelessly lost. So until I play catch up, I'm zealously avoiding spoilers. Which means Facebook must be approached with caution. Twitter is too dangerous. I Google at my own peril. (No good comes out of knowing that Krysten Ritter/Jane was only signed on for one season.) Today, I think it's best if if I don't turn on my laptop/iPad/iPhone at all. Just to be safe.
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Bike blog
Seat nav ... what are the best iPhone cycling satnav apps?
They've been around for a while, but has any bespoke satnav app managed to provide a perfect experience for cyclists?
Don't fancy following a blue dot on Google Maps? Try a tailor-made iPhone cycling navigation tool
If the app fits ... don't fancy following a blue dot on Google Maps? Try a tailor-made iPhone cycling satnav tool. Photograph: Alex Segre/Rex Features
One of the main attractions of an iPhone, for me, was the thought of using it as a cycling satnav. First, I found the piece of kit I needed – an iPhone bike-mount, which holds the handset in a kind of plastic vice – at a price I liked: £20 on eBay. The whole lot then clips firmly on to a mounting on the handlebars, padded to protect everything against vibration. It still takes a bit of a battering on bumpy roads, but so far my phone seems to have emerged unscathed.
The next issue was which app I was going to use. You could make do with the inbuilt Google maps, but following that little blue dot while coping with traffic isn't really feasible, so I bought the £19.99 CoPilot Live app over the more high-profile £49.99 TomTom. It works pretty well, with a clear 3D display which is easy to see, even in bright sunlight. There's a cycle mode, which is pretty savvy about cycle paths and bike shortcuts. In theory you can even tell it to avoid main roads, although it doesn't seem to make a lot of difference for journeys around central London. You can search for your destination using postcodes, addresses or via the map, and there's also a pretty comprehensive list of major landmarks.
Oh for a rotation lock, though! When you're throwing your bike around, the display does flip upside down, which is enraging. And it does pick some pretty eccentric routes, displaying a particular penchant for touring south London council estates. (I've heard, anecdotally, that the TomTom's algorithm for route-planning is better.) It's also a bit on the sluggish side – although that may be because I'm using a geriatric iPhone 3G – which can present something of a problem on winding backstreets. And of course, the first sign of rain and the whole game is off.
More recently, I've been using Fullpower-MotionX's simpler MotionX app, which gives you a compass and an arrow pointing in the direction of your destination, with the cyclist deciding the actual route. If you want a bit more freedom and you're not in a particular hurry, it's a great alternative.
Given satnav companies' obsession with keeping motorists up to date on, say, speed cameras, it would be nice to see a few more bike-friendly options. How about telling us where the nearest set of racks to our destination are, for example? Or maybe a directory of cycle shops and repair centres?
What are your tips and tricks for urban satnaving? And what features would you like to see on the next generation of apps?
• This article was amended on 28 June. The original version mistakenly said that Garmin manufactures the MotionX app. This has now been corrected.
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Wait, what?
Geekolinks: 2/15
1. 10 obscure punctuation marks that should really get more play (Flavorwire)
2. Community is doing pretty badly (The Mary Sue)
3. The 100 best video games of all time (GamesRadar)
4. Portable golf course toilet used as meth lab (SportsGrid)
5. Russian meteor memes are already everywhere (The Daily Dot)
6. Obama got grilled on drones on Google+ (Mediaite)
7. How a charm bracelet inspired the Monopoly tokens (Mental Floss)
(Title pic via Reddit)
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Marvel Releases Clip From "Item 47"
Marvel Releases Clip From
Source: First Clip From Marvel One-Shot: Item 47
The one-shot, which was shown at San Diego Comic-con 2012, is set to be included on the Avengers Blu-Ray release on September 25.
The short was announced shortly before Comic-con, revolves around a couple of regular joes (played by Lizzy Caplan and Jesse Bradford) finding a Chitauri weapon in the aftermath of the invasion of New York (seen in the Avengers movie).
Marvel Releases Clip From
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Linux on desktop not cost-effective for most, says Gartner
Next week: analysts do it in harmony...
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The smart choice: opportunity from uncertainty
The authors argue that although "Linux has had significant success on the server", "the environment for Linux on the desktop is significantly different" (So far, so good, can't quarrel with that). But it goes on: "Knowledge workers use PCs to run diverse combinations of applications. For these users, migration costs will be very high, because all Windows applications must be replaced or rewritten.
"As a result, migrating desktops to Linux only makes sense in a very narrow, limited range of situations. The Linux migration should be considered only if there are relatively few applications, and these applications are fixed-function or low-function, such as data entry, call center or bank teller/platform automation. In these cases, the cost of migration may be low enough to justify the move to Linux."
Which, if you accept the basic premise, justifies the claim that Linux is not cost-effective for most businesses - but should you? The term "knowledge worker" has always seemed fairly dubious to The Register - it's a doubtful catch-all we strongly suspect Microsoft made up to help its marketing droids feel good about themselves, and we think maybe Gartner is overplaying the importance and numerical strength of the knowledge worker here.
Many people, in most companies, use the kind of narrow range of applications Gartner is suggesting as applicable to Linux migration here, and many use them in a "fixed-function or low-function" way. But this 'narrow range' includes Microsoft Office or similar.
At this juncture we invite you to run a free Register migration Total Cost of Ownership model we've just thought of. Consider whether what we're saying here is true for your company, whether what Gartner is saying is true, or if neither, where in between the two it lies. If a lot of people in your company run Office, but not in anything you'd describe as power user mode, then you'll tend to agree with us. If a lot of people run quite a number of high power or bespoke Windows apps, and/or have done a lot of tweaking and customisation, then you'll agree more with Gartner.
And actually both points of view are sort of right, and sort of wrong, because practically all companies will contain a mix of the two. So our beef with Gartner here is largely about where they decided to place the bar. No cheating when you run the Reg free TCO test, by the way - be cynical, and keep in mind that a lot of people who claim they're knowledge workers are only pushing Powerpoints back and forth as an alternative to having to think.
There are however a couple of obvious areas where this mightn't be the case. In the case of Office, real power users may have effectively locked themselves in, while companies with a fine and detailed macro collection that may be used on a widespread basis within the organisation might find they've locked the whole company in. Similarly, if they've done a lot of application development under Windows then they'll face costs in terms of tools, skills and development time to switch them over.
Gartner's claim that "all Windows applications must be replaced or rewritten" is however extreme, and in most cases wrong. When costing out a migration you'd first identify the areas where functionality can be duplicated fairly easily in Linux equivalents, then put a lot of thought into figuring out how you deal with the exceptions. You might do this by retaining some Microsoft machines, by using emulation to run whatever Windows apps, or by using a thin client approach. Or you might rewrite some apps, but surely not all of them.
And once you've worked out how many exceptions you've got, and how much it will cost to cater for them, you'll be in a better position to judge whether the move makes sense, and therefore where the bar lies in your specific case.
Gartner also has a TCO analysis, but you've got to pay for it so we're only able to share with you the information that Gartner reckons that a Win9x to Linux migration might make sense, and that this could save $80 a year in hardware acquisition costs (does this make Windows hardware?) plus $74 a year saving for StarOffice over Office. It also suggests that StarOffice on Windows could net you the same software savings, which is worth bearing in mind, but only works if you have Windows lock-in because of non-Office apps you're using. Its point that a "locked-down environment is key" to the achievement of savings under Linux is also kind of sensible, although might have been better put as it being easier to achieve savings through lock-down via Linux.
Really, the document is nearly sensible (not rocket science, sure, but what do you expect for free?). You can save money from migration, but you need to figure out whether you will or not, rather than just assuming. Gartner's problem, we think, is that it's following the official Microsoft line on Windows versus Linux TCO too closely, and that it probably needs to update itself on what the distributions are doing to tackle the classic gotchas (i.e. the exceptions as we define them above). ®
Related links:
Gartner report
Delay Linux apps, look at Windows, Unix, says Gartner
Linux in Munich - Gartner gets retaliation in prematurely?
MS' Linux obsession - time to call in the shrinks
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Open source API dreams of The Meta Cloud
Calling the cloud of clouds
Securing Web Applications Made Simple and Scalable
The Meta Cloud is one step closer to meta-reality.
Last week, at OSCON, a San Jose startup known as Cloudkick unveiled an open source project that hopes to provide a single programming interface for a host of so-called infrastructure clouds, including Amazon EC2, Rackspace Cloud Servers, Slicehost, and GoGrid. Dubbed libcloud, the project reaches for a world where developers can build an app that's easily shuttled from one cloud to another.
You might call it The Meta Cloud API.
Cloudkick already offers its own RightScale-like management tool for overseeing the use of Amazon EC2-like infrastructure clouds - i.e. web services that provide on-demand access to scalable compute resources. And with this management tool, you can juggle multiple clouds from the same web dashboard. But with libcloud, the company has expanded on the cloud-of-clouds idea by providing a common API for such services.
"libcloud is useful for anyone who wants to write some sort of software that works between clouds," Cloudkick's Alex Polvi tells The Reg. "If you wanted to, say, develop tools that automatically move your loads to the cheapest provider, there could potentially be a libcloud implementation that does that."
Emphasis on potentially. At the moment, you can use a single API call to list server instances across Amazon EC2 and EC2 Europe, Rackspace Cloud Servers, Slicehost, VPS.net, and GoGrid. And another call lets you reboot servers across both EC2 and EC2 Europe. But that's the extent of it.
The ultimate goal is to create an API that handles just about everything across these disparate clouds - and others, including Flexiscale and the open source private cloud platform Eucalyptus.
OSCON also saw Rackspace open source its own Cloud Servers APIs, with the hope fostering an industry standard for infrastructure clouds. But for the foreseeable future, as Amazon continues to resist such efforts, we're stuck with incompatible interfaces ripe for a client library along the lines of libcloud.
Written entirely in Python, the project is hosted here on Github. ®
Bridging the IT gap between rising business demands and ageing tools
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Conversation Between lilabs and PierceBrosnan
Showing 1 to 10 of 26
My messages
1. PierceBrosnan
Yeah, I suppose but you know it's their life.
2. lilabs
Agreed! It's social, to do it all the time just becomes boring and people think less of you, whether they're right or wrong to do so.
3. PierceBrosnan
Well, that's not the right way to go about becoming a doctor. Although, if you're doing exams, drugs every weekend isn't the best thing. Once a month I can understand but not every weekend.
4. lilabs
haha! I had a guy in my biology, your typical nob, boasting about how great he is and how he does drugs every weekend, he gets U's in everything. When he got asked what he wanted to do after college he said he wanted to do medicine to be a doctor!!
There's no chance he'll get into A2.
5. PierceBrosnan
Yeah, I'm convinced that forbade is a word I finally managed to convince my brother who has just done A2 English Literature that forbade is a word. Yeah, same. But you also get some dip**** homophobes who are just dickheads. There was one in my Philosophy class, I'm not sure whether he'll be back at College any time soon.
6. lilabs
haha, must just be me! I've add it to my dictionary now anyway. I find a lot of words are like that, I always used to write aswell as one word, but it's two. We also had a huge debate in English about whether it's ment or meant.
It tends to be the people who think they're God's gift that no one likes, even though they think they hot and all that. Luckily, most people I know now agree that those people are just idiots and we all take the piss out of them
7. PierceBrosnan
Yeah but then you get those dick heads who think they're Gods gift. I always thought learnt was a word but learned is the correct word apparently. :O I put learnt but no red squiggly line.
8. lilabs
I've learnt that there is always idiots, who nine times out of ten just happen to be chav like!
oh, learnt has come up with a sqwiggly red line! I could have sworn it is a word :s
9. PierceBrosnan
I went to both a Catholic Primary and Secondary school I liked Primary school apart from Year Six where I had an absolute bitch of a teacher. Secondary School/Sixth form was just awful. College is just lovely albeit the occasional idiot in a class of mine.
10. lilabs
I go to a catholic sixth form, they have got quite a reputation for being posh snobs, but I foudn that they're actually all just fun and lovely people, with the occasional nob! Much nicer people than in highschool.
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Google is taking over management of NASA's massive, historic Hangar One. On Monday, the agency announced that Planetary Ventures, Google's real estate subdivision, is now in negotiations to lease Hangar One and the surrounding Moffett Federal Airfield. As part of the deal, Google will perform much-needed maintenance on a number of structures around the airfield, including Hangar One, and it will pay to operate the airfield, cutting NASA's costs. The deal "will allow NASA to focus its resources on core missions," says NASA administrator Charles Bolden, "while protecting the federal need to use Moffett Field as a continued, limited-use airfield."
Hangar One, built in the 1930s, has been badly in need of rehabilitation for years. The 8-acre hangar was originally built to house rigid airships, then repurposed as a more general-purpose hangar by the Navy. In 1994 it was turned over to NASA's Ames Research Center, but toxic chemicals were found leeching from the outer skin in 1997, and officials closed it, leaving its future uncertain. A few years ago, crews set to work skinning the facility, and today its skeleton sits vacant in the airfield. As part of its contract, Google has agreed to re-skin Hangar One and rehabilitate it along with Hangars 2 and 3, as well as create an educational and public use facility and maintain Moffett Field itself.
Google, whose Mountain View headquarters sits just a few miles from the Ames Research Center, has previously participated in joint research with Ames. The pair teamed up last year to launch the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab, a facility for developing quantum computers that would help business and government alike. More controversially, Google executive-owned company H211 signed contracts to operate and store executives' private jets at Moffett Field, paying an estimated $2 million a year and carrying out some scientific research with the planes. Part of the agreement apparently included a deep discount on fuel, with jets filling up at government prices. That fuel contract, however, expired last year. H211 has also previously offered to pay $33 million for the hangar's renovation, though this contract is with the officially Google-affiliated Planetary Ventures.
NASA, meanwhile, has been trimming its budget by handing over little-used spaces to private companies. Late last year, it began negotiations with SpaceX for a lease on a Kennedy Space Center launchpad. The deal with Google is also in the negotiation phase, so the exact specifics aren't known, but the hangar's future has finally been guaranteed.
Update: A previous version of the article referred to H211 as "Google-owned." It is instead a company owned by Google executives.
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1. Headline
1. Headline
Disney Hyperion Books
TODAY books
updated 7/18/2012 9:44:06 AM ET 2012-07-18T13:44:06
When eleven-year-old Neela’s prized possession – a traditional Indian stringed instrument given to her by her grandmother – suddenly goes missing, the young musician becomes involved in a strange journey to solve the mystery. Read an excerpt from the latest pick of Al’s Book Club for Kids.
It was close to midnight when the last train left the station. On board sat an American woman in a fluttery shirt, a famous musician on her way to the biggest music festival in Chennai. But the festival wasn’t the reason she was in India after so many years. If she could go back to the store, the shopkeeper might have the answer she was looking for.
Outside the air grew damp and foggy as the train rumbled through the darkness. The woman closed her eyes and fell asleep next to her husband, but not before wrapping her arm tightly around the instrument case on the other side of her.
Meet the kids in Al's Book Club
At dawn the fog thickened, creating a beautiful mist over the country-side. The fog was also nature’s way of covering up dusty village streets, roaming animals, and makeshift huts, brown with filth.
And then the unthinkable happened.
Several hundred feet ahead of the moving train, a large wispy mist, which wasn’t mist after all but something more solid, crept across the tracks. The engineer slammed the emergency brakes, but that didn’t stop the train from striking the cow, or from derailing and plunging into a ditch.
Rescue workers arrived on the scene, pulling out survivors from the wreckage. At the end of the day, one of the workers made a strange discovery.
Everyone gathered around as he unzipped the torn cover of what seemed to be an instrument case. “Not a crack, not a dent,” he said in surprise.
The others stared at the stringed instrument and the figure on the peg box, which was different from anything they had ever seen. The case had been found in a car where none of the passengers survived. It seemed like a miracle, but no one was sure if it was an act of God or something sinister.
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“Could it be?” wondered someone.
“Rubbish,” said his supervisor, who didn’t believe in curses.
But when the man came later to add a tag, the case was gone. Exhausted, he looked around the shadowy field as best as he could, then gave up and went home. It would be easier to search in the morning hours when there was light.
The next day came, but no more thought was given to the missing instrument, and it was soon forgotten, having never been officially recorded anywhere. Instead, its journey continued, passing through many hands, sounding lovely for those who could hang on to it.
There was no place in Ms. Reese’s sixth-grade class to form a circle. So when their teacher announced that they needed to make room, everyone pushed back their desks and chairs with a great clatter, curious to know what required so much space. Neela, who saw an ocean of blue carpeting open around her, wondered if she had made a big mistake.
“Dude, is that a harp?” Matt asked.
A harp! Hardly. Neela glanced at her friend Penny, who shrugged.
“A harp’s flat, stupid,” Amanda said. “That thing looks big and lumpy.”
“Amanda,” Ms. Reese reproached gently.
Neela unsnapped the case and pulled out her instrument.
The class leaned in to have a look.
“This is my veena.” She was going to add that it belonged to her grandmother until six months ago, when it literally arrived on her doorstep from India. But her knees began to shake, so she sat down and crossed her legs lotus-style, hoping no one would notice.
“So tell us more.” Ms. Reese flashed her smile where the skin crinkled around her eyes. It was the smile she reserved for students who were about to humiliate themselves.
Neela looked through her note cards. Would anyone want to know about Guru, the veena maker who put his initials on the neck of every instrument he made, and that she might even have a “Guru original”? She decided to stick with the first card. “A veena is a stringed instrument from India,” she read, “dating back to the eleventh century. It’s made from jackwood, and played by plucking the strings.”
“What’s on the top where the strings are connected?” Matt asked. “It looks like a ninja.”
“It’s a dragon.” In spite of her shaky knees, Neela fingered the peg box proudly. “All veenas have some kind of animal decoration. It’s for luck.”
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“Would you like to play something for us?” Ms. Reese asked. There was that smile again.
Actually, that was the last thing Neela wanted to do. She had heard about how some musicians got stage fright, but she was sure that what she had was far worse. At home she could play all the notes, and sometimes when she closed her eyes, she imagined herself in a concert hall with hundreds, even thousands of people watching her. But if there was a real, live person in the room other than her parents or her little brother, something happened, as if her notes stuck together and became an out-of-tune, out-of-rhythm mess. Something happened to her, too—shaky knees, a dry throat, and once or twice, she saw spots.
Sudha Auntie said the best cure was to keep playing in front of people. “It will teach you,” she said, “to forget your nerves.”
Neela wasn’t sure about Sudha Auntie’s theory. Just this summer, she was on the stage at the temple before her family, friends, and what seemed like the entire Indian community of Boston. She was performing for the first time on her grandmother’s veena, when halfway through, a string suddenly snapped, nearly whacking her in the face. Her teacher hissed from backstage, Keep going. But Neela could not keep going; she could only look helplessly at the tittering audience. Did people laugh at an eleven-year-old mortified onstage? Yes, they did.
With that performance fresh in her mind, Neela didn’t understand how she could end up bringing her veena to school. Last week when Ms. Reese announced the Instruments Around the World unit, a bunch of kids raised their hand to bring instruments no one had seen before: a Chinese dulcimer, a Brazilian berimbau, even a set of Caribbean steel drums. In the midst of all that hand-raising, Lynne, the new girl, turned to Neela and said, “Don’t you have that really big Indian instrument? I heard you telling Penny about it.” Then, before Neela knew it, she had volunteered to bring her four-foot veena to school. So here she was, with her veena, her nerves, and the whole of Ms. Reese’s class watching her. Neela took a deep breath and began.
From Vanished by Sheela Chari. © 2012 by Sheela Chari. Used by permission of Disney Hyperion Books, an imprint of Disney Book Group.
© 2012 MSNBC Interactive
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120045
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Whose sovereignty?
March 15, 2012, Thursday/ 12:50:00
MADRID -- Despite the huge sums expended to write down Greece's foreign debt, there has been an outcry of censure against “interference” with the country's national sovereignty. True, in exchange for considerable European aid, Greece's ability to maneuver independently will be limited. But are complaints that Greek sovereignty has been severely impaired justified?
The idea of a nation-state's sovereignty is rooted in the 17th-century Treaty of Westphalia, which embraced non-interference by external agents in states' domestic affairs as the guiding principle of international relations. But, taken to its logical extreme, national sovereignty would require the complete physical and social isolation of states from one another. Indeed, an excessive emphasis on national sovereignty leads to serious problems: After all, any international agreement, whether political or economic, entails a certain transfer of sovereignty.
Europe's aid to Greece is an example of a cooperative agreement whereby the various parties negotiate with the others' interests in mind. Greece asked its fellow European Union members for help, and they have obliged with an enormous amount of aid. In addition to 130 billion euros in loans (more than 40 percent of Greek GDP, on top of the 110 billion euros loaned to Greece in 2010), a 50 percent “haircut” has been imposed on Greece's private creditors, and the European Central Bank has waived expected returns on its holdings of Greek bonds.
Regardless of whether this is technically and economically the best solution to Greece's problem, it is logical that the EU participated in designing it. Participating in the collective life of the international community of states implies bearing others in mind and, when necessary, giving up certain prerogatives of sovereignty.
For example, when Spain decided to join the World Trade Organization (WTO), it ceded sovereignty by accepting the WTO's rules and regulations. It had to abandon commercially preferential treatment to some countries and treat all WTO members alike. Spain accepted this in exchange for being able to trade on equal terms with the rest of the world.
British sociologist Anthony Giddens rightly describes such examples as cases of integration or union in exchange for global influence. States cooperate because it is advantageous for them to do so, but at the same time they lose control over certain internal matters. They shift from unilateral to cooperative decision-making.
Whether this is a violation of sovereignty depends on our conception of sovereignty. As with the concept of individual freedom, national sovereignty depends on how its components are defined. In his classic “On Liberty,” John Stuart Mill used the “harm principle” to express the view that a person's individual liberty could be limited only in order to protect others and avoid harm. The debate consists in how we define “harm” to others.
In the same way, the debate about the meaning of national sovereignty consists in what we consider “domestic” matters. Depending on where we place the emphasis and how wide our focus is, we prioritize either a “global” (or at least “federal”) dimension to sovereignty, or a “national” dimension.
The EU seems to represent a halfway point between these two conceptions of sovereignty. But it is becoming increasingly difficult to determine the difference between purely domestic matters and those that require international collective action.
Globalization has made frontiers more porous. We see how one country's policies, whether pertaining to work, the environment, public health, taxation or myriad other issues, can have a direct impact on others. And we see such interdependence even more clearly in their economic performance: China's annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, for example, will slow by two percentage points this year, owing to sluggishness in the United States and the EU.
Likewise, more countries (and more varied in their character and historical trajectory) are emerging strongly on the global scene: Brazil's GDP recently surpassed that of the United Kingdom. Their emergence holds important implications for global governance at a time when the imbalance between existing problems/threats and the means available to states to guarantee their citizens' safety increases.
On a global scale, this complex and interdependent world needs an organization of states and structures of governance oriented towards responsible dialogue, the aim being to mitigate abuses of power and defend global public assets. Without such structures, the world risks a competitive and disorderly race to the bottom among states -- as often occurs with taxation -- together with a protectionist backlash. History has shown that such developments often lead to disastrous conflicts.
On the European level, legitimacy is essential and -- let's be realistic -- won't be achieved unless and until Europeans overcome certain antiquated ideas about sovereignty. Paradoxically, when the crisis struck, the EU was criticized for its lack of integration. Now that it seeks to advance in that direction, the Union is accused of crimping national sovereignty.
Citizens must have the feeling that the institutions that govern them account for their interests and make them part of the decision-making process, which implies a union based on rules rather than power. The fact that the EU does not instantly have all of the answers to a problem does not mean that it has no future. The EU is a new and marvelous experiment, which, as with all experiments, entails a degree of uncertainty. But that should not make us ignore the opportunity cost of a more “national” conception of sovereignty.
Indeed, the dynamics of interdependence have become well established -- so much so that they cannot be reversed. To adhere to a narrow Westphalian concept of sovereignty in this world is an unwise anachronism at best, and a dangerous gamble at worst.
*Javier Solana, former secretary-general of NATO and EU high representative for the common foreign and security policy, is distinguished senior fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution and president of the ESADE Center for Global Economy and Geopolitics. (c) Project Syndicate 2012
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Title: Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire
Author: Mack, Michelle C.; Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia; Hollingsworth, Teresa N.; Jandt, Randi R.; Schuur, Edward A.G.; Shaver, Gaius R.; Verbyla, David L.
Date: 2011
Source: Nature. 475: 489-492
Publication Series: Journal/Magazine Article (JRNL)
Description: Arctic tundra soils store large amounts of carbon (C) in organic soil layers hundreds to thousands of years old that insulate, and in some cases maintain, permafrost soils. Fire has been largely absent from most of this biome since the early Holocene epoch, but its frequency and extent are increasing, probably in response to climate warming. The effect of fires on the C balance of tundra landscapes, however, remains largely unknown. The Anaktuvuk River fire in 2007 burned 1,039 square kilometres of Alaska's Arctic slope, making it the largest fire on record for the tundra biome and doubling the cumulative area burned since 1950. Here we report that tundra ecosystems lost 2,016 ± 435 g Cm-2 in the fire, an amount two orders of magnitude larger than annual net C exchange in undisturbed tundra. Sixty percent of this C loss was from soil organic matter, and radiocarbon dating of residual soil layers revealed that the maximum age of soil C lost was 50 years. Scaled to the entire burned area, the fire released approximately 2.1 teragrams of C to the atmosphere, an amount similar in magnitude to the annual net C sink for the entire Arctic tundra biome averaged over the last quarter of the twentieth century. The magnitude of ecosystem C lost by fire, relative to both ecosystem and biome-scale fluxes, demonstrates that a climate-driven increase in tundra fire disturbance may represent a positive feedback, potentially offsetting Arctic greening and influencing the net C balance of the tundra biome.
Keywords: soil carbon, wildfire, arctic, permafrost, Alaska
Publication Notes:
Mack, Michelle C.; Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia; Hollingsworth, Teresa N.; Jandt, Randi R.; Schuur, Edward A.G.; Shaver, Gaius R.; Verbyla, David L. 2011. Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire. Nature. 475: 489-492.
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Some Kind of Hero - Recap
<-- Previous EpisodeNext Episode -->
Just then Linda receives a text saying that Chris Keenan; Mike’s father, hanged himself. Frank issues orders to pull out Jamie, as he rescuing the baby during his meal break was a breach of protocol. Jamie arrives at the office. They are worried as the press wants to meet the officer responsible for rescuing the baby and putting his picture on the front page of the papers in the uniform, could blow their undercover operation. Jamie and Frank have an alone time where Frank tells his son that he is really proud of him. Danny and his wife go to visit Keenan’s widow. Sean wants Danny to talk to Mike. Mike tells him that his dad had promised to take him to the Islander’s Rangers game. He also wants to know if Danny could prove that Keenan didn’t kill himself and Danny reluctantly agrees. Meanwhile, the baby’s rescue news is all over the television.
Anthony, the officer present with Jamie during the fire breakout, arrives at Frank’s office. Frank asks Anthony to take credit for Jamie’s action to satisfy the press’ appetite and also ensure Jamie’s safety. The hardest part is that Anthony cannot tell anyone the truth; not even his wife. Next, Danny goes to the autopsy lab to check on Keenan’s reports. The COD appears to be strangulation. There were others marks like trauma to the head, elbow scarped etc; but those were dismissed as he was a fire fighter. Danny wants the doctor to redo the autopsy and she asks him to come back with a strong reason. Danny’s officer asks him the reason for investigating a suicide. He tells him that it is his off and he is not going to cause any worry to the department. Danny goes to the fire station. Keenan’s friend and partner, Dylan, tells Danny that Keenan was going through a divorce he did not want and he also had some financial troubles. His house was up for foreclosure.
The friend also tells Danny that Keenan had a live insurance of 5 million dollars and Keenan knew that would help his family get by. So the friend tells him that Keenan had told him that it’s better to be dead than to be alive in this situation. Danny meets Frank and appraises him about the situation. Frank wants to help. Anthony is upset with Jamie that he did not tell him that he was an undercover. He feels that Jamie doesn’t trust him. Danny is at Keenan’s place and inspecting the suicide spot. Just then Detective Patellae arrives and tells Danny that he has closed the case. Danny tells Patellae that he found some footprints on the chair that Keenan used for committing suicide and that did not match Keenan’s size and he is not convinced with the report. Patellae takes offence and there is scuffle. Frank calls Danny and tells him that the ME had redone the autopsy and the report has been changed to pending investigation; as now the ME is not sure about the blow Kennan received on his head.
The Chief questions Danny about the tussle he had with Patellae. Just then Jackie arrives. They tell the Chief that Keenan died with a trauma that was caused by someone hitting him and the ME has confirmed that. Danny also points at the footprint size on the chair and tells him that it did not belong to Kennan. He is approved to carry on with the investigation; but NO FIGHTS! Meanwhile, Erin is at Frank’s office and she is upset that she wasn’t told about Jamie being undercover and also that his life is at risk. She is also upset that her father did not tell her about it and she had to know it through Danny. Frank tells her that its his job! No one in the family knows it other than Danny. He tells Erin that he can’t lose another son. Danny finds out Keenan had made a lot of calls to Dylan Carney, his partner and Jackie tells her officer that they had a huge disagreement the day Keenan died.
The co-workers heard the two shouting at each other and Dylan threatened him. Jackie and Danny meet Dylan. Dylan tells them that he wanted to bribe the building inspector for the house issue and Keenan did not agree to it. Dylan tells them that he did not want to jeopardize his standing. Keenan told Dylan that he was going to meet the inspector and set him straight. The inspector’s name is Thomas Reed. They decide to bring Reed in. Danny has a plan. He will call up Reed as a contractor finishing the Keenan job and set up a meeting and try offering him a bribe. Frank is addressing a press meet and they declare Anthony as the hero who saved the baby. Danny is at the house with the inspector. The inspector readily takes the bribe and Danny arrests him for bribery. Danny wants Erin to get him a search warrant to search the inspector’s house.
Jamie and Anthony are in a pub, at the bar counter. Anthony is upset because after all this his wife feels he is something special. Jamie tells him that he too does consider him to be special, as he has done him a great favor. Erin is upset that Danny asked her to get a warrant to search for evidence for bribery and instead got in a pair of shoes as some evidence of Keenan’s murder, again a breach of protocol. Danny tells Erin that the shoe patterns match with the print found on the chair. Also Reed’s GPS location matched with Keenan’s death spot at the time of his death. Erin warns Danny against questioning him without his lawyer but press charges on Reed for murder. Danny enters the room and tells Reed that he is under arrest for murder. His lawyer advices him against saying anything. But Reed panics and tells Danny that Keenan was shouting at him that he will not pay the bribe. There was a tussle between them. When Keenan took a swing at him, he panicked and took a 2x4 and swung at him. it was an accident and Reed says that he didn’t mean to kill him. And he tried to make it look like a suicide.
Danny meets Mike and tells him about the investigation. He also tells him that he is as brave as his father was; as both fight for the right. And also that not many 11 year olds would be brave enough to have their father’s death investigated. Danny tells Mike that he would take him to the Islander’s game. Next, the Reagan family is enjoying a special meal; and all of Jamie’s favorite dishes. So we know the reason! But Sean wants this to be his father’s day; as Danny helped his friend in finding his father’s killer. Erin raises a toast to her brothers. Next, Frank and Jamie are having a talk. Jamie tells him that it is hard on him; but Frank tells him that there is no greater reward than saving a life. He calls it a day and leaves. Jamie finds a small box in his jacket. It’s a reward from his father, for his act of valor. He is now, proud and happy. The episode ends.
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Lore:Staff of Magnus
The UESPWiki – Your source for The Elder Scrolls since 1995
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The Staff of Magnus is one of the elder artifacts of Tamriel. It was created by Arch-Mage Magnus, the God of Magic who served Lorkhan in designing Mundus. It served Magnus as a metaphysical battery, but remained behind when the god fled Mundus in the Dawn Era. Since then, it has served mortals. In appearance it is a metallic staff, sometimes made of Daedric Ebony, often with a sphere at the end of it. It has the ability to protect its bearer from magical attacks, restore the bearer's health, or allow the bearer to absorb spells. It can also be used offensively as a blunt weapon, and to absorb an enemy's magicka, and eventually their life force. In time, the staff will abandon its owner before he becomes too powerful and upsets the mystical balance it is sworn to protect. The staff can be used to manipulate the Eye of Magnus, although their true relationship is unknown.
The staff was uncovered by the Eternal Champion during the Imperial Simulacrum in either Elsweyr or Valenwood (accounts vary).[1] Some time in the Third Era, the staff was taken from a wizard by the Mages Guild. In death, the wizard's spirit remained bound to Nirn, until one of his descendants sent an adventurer to recover the staff from the Mages Guild. A fake copy of the staff also appeared in the Iliac Bay before the events of the Warp in the West; it was created by a mage in an attempt to bribe an agent of Nocturnal who has been sent to assassinate him. The fake staff functioned identically to the true artifact, but after several days it crumbled to dust.[2]
By 3E 427, the staff had come into the possession of Dreveni Hlaren, a Dunmer sorceress and summoner. She dwelled in Assu, a cave on the slopes of Mount Kand, on the island of Vvardenfell. The Mages Guild learned of the artifact's location, and the Nerevarine was sent to slay Dreveni and claim the staff.[3] Later that year, the Nerevarine sold the staff to Torasa Aram, who put it on display in her Museum of Artifacts in Mournhold.[4]
[edit] Previous Owners:
[edit] Gallery
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
1. ^ Events of Arena
2. ^ Events of Daggerfall
3. ^ Events of Morrowind
4. ^ Events of Tribunal
5. ^ Skyrim loading screen
6. ^ Events of Skyrim
[edit] See Also
For game-specific information, see:
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120180
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UNITAR Hiroshima Activities 2007
Main Activities not including Public Sessions
Management and Conservation of World Heritage Sites
15 - 20 April: Hiroshima
Training Session on World Heritage Management: "Management Over Time - Maintaining Values and Significance"
- Executive Summary
- Participant List
UNDP/UNITAR/KIWC Workshop on Biodiversity and Climate Chang
29 June - 4 July: Dehradun, India
Training Workshop on Biodiversity and Climate Change: "Mountain and Forest Ecosystems: Challenges, Issues and Ways Forward"
- Executive Summary
- Leaflet
Sea and Human Security
14 - 19 October: Hiroshima
Training Session on Sea and Human Security
“Towards a comprehensive security for seas and oceans: The Hiroshima Initiative”
- Executive Summary
- Participant List
Post-Conflict Reconstruction and the Hiroshima Fellowship for Afghanistan
Final Evaluation Report
Workshop I: Leadership and Organizational Development for Performance and Result, 12-14 August 2007, Dehradun, India
Workshop II: Introduction to Project Management, 15-17 August 2007, Dehradun, India
Study trip to Japan and Workshop III: Leading and Mentoring Teams for Development and Change, 10-19 November 2007, Hiroshima, Japan
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look up any word, like bae:
A strain of marijuana resembling plant found exculsively on Lyall avenue. (Toronto On)
Yo, I got some dank wanna buy it?
No way man thats gold rush, where'd u get it Lyall?
by reinprecht October 09, 2007
towards the end of school/university, everyone in the year that you normally walk past and have a groin clench/minge twinge as you walk past, you now have the confidence to try it on with, on the basis that you wont be seeing them next year.
J: Its nearly the end of term. Have you got your gold rush list ready?
A: Mate, not only have i got my list ready i've got my soundtrack, its Kanye West:Power, so motivational!
It was like a gold mine in there, everyone from our year was there and they were all up for some. I gold rushed the shit out of {insert name} and boy did i strike gold (ker-ching!)
Walked past {insert name} and had the biggest minge twinge/groin clench, as it was gold rush season i thought why not, and gold rushed them till i struck gold.
by WeeWilly April 27, 2011
A tiny squirt of pee in your pants from laughing too hard.
That was so funny I got li'l gold rush.
by Woah woah WOAH October 27, 2006
when a man or woman undertakes too much anal sex and can no longer control when they poo. This results in a constant stream of fecal matter coming from their asshole.
me and jane had so much fun last night, shame about the bedsheets this morning, must have caused a bit of goldrush.
by sandy123noodle November 16, 2008
After ingestging copious amounts of vitamin B, you fill a ribbed condom with your now-DayGlo urine then place it in the freezer until nearly solid. You then proceed to sodomize your lover with this makeshift dildo, covertly tearing the tip open before inserting it into the orifice of your choice. When your partner's body heat inevitably thaws the urine inside and a golden geyeser erupts from her vagina or anus, you yell "Eureka!" as you withdraw the empty, dripping condom and slap her with it, and then she wants some more.
I have to get a new mattress this weekend because my boyfriend surprised me with a Gold Rush last night, and now it's soaking wet and smells like pee! I might keep it in a back room though, because I think I want some more.
by soksniffer August 08, 2010
A rush of people interested in dating East Asians
Guy 2: You're into Asian girls...?
Guy 1: Yeah man. They're hott.
Guy 2: You're such a gold miner...
Guy 2: Nothing. I'm just not attracted to them.
Guy 4: I can't believe you're not interested in Asians.
by Scotty Shaw March 04, 2008
The wonderful feeling you get after consuming a large amount of Goldschlager, a cinamin schnaps drink that contains real 24k gold chips inside of the drink.
Gold rush this weekend?
Hell yeah.
by Chris Haas November 08, 2005
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120199
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look up any word, like plopping:
A classy way to say you were cheating on your wife or husband.
Adulteror: Yes, I am guilty of a Marital transgression but I would like the public to know I reget it.
Average person: :| you mean you cheated on your wife.
by problemo_official February 01, 2011
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120200
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look up any word, like plopping:
A most excellent sandwich, namely, one of such high quality that its perfections are comparable to those of the conjugal act
Damn bro, with that wasabi mayonnaise and apple-smoked bacon, that ain't a sandwich - that a smangwich.
by This Statement is False April 18, 2011
Is a sandwich you eat while smangin a chick from behind. You can rest it on her back. Shit, if you have one of them baller ass tempurpedic beds you have your drink on the side too.
by Kaylngetssmangwiched.com January 26, 2012
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Clinical Trials Resource Center
Actions for an FDA Inspection
First, alert us upon receiving the call or letter from the FDA to schedule the inspection. Please fill out this form immediately.
The following actions are to be taken during an FDA inspection from the time the FDA inspector is greeted to the time the exit interview is conducted and a response to the FDA’s observations are made.
Investigators are required to permit the FDA to inspect and copy any records pertaining to the investigation including, in certain situations, those which identify subjects.
Designate a person to serve as escort who will oversee the inspection (usually the research coordinator for the study). The FDA investigator must not be permitted free access to areas where files are kept, and the escort serves as an institutional monitor as well as guide and general study contact person.
1. Before the site inspection, complete the FDA AUDIT CHECKLIST, and identify records the FDA are likely to audit, including:
1. Identify all subjects, enrollment/screening log, and ALL Informed Consents.
2. Selected Case Report Forms and all supportive source documentation.
3. Sequester these records and your reviews in readiness for easy access, but do not volunteer a list of them to the inspector.
Always wait for a specific request to provide information.
1. Arrival of inspector- Please also refer to your department policy for how to deal with site inspections.
1. There may be times when persons at other institutions (e.g., department directors at MHHS) should be notified that the FDA is conducting an inspection in the building.
2. Where a sign in log is used for the practice: if the inspector will not sign in, make a note in the sign in log of the name, date/time, purpose and escort name.
3. The escort will walk the inspector to an appropriate meeting room. The inspector will present his/her credentials to verify that they are in order; do not expect the investigator to permit a copy to be made of the badge/credentials.
4. The inspector will then present a Notice of Inspection (482) to the Principal Investigator, this notice authorizes the inspection and its presentation officially begins the inspection.
5. The inspector will explain the intended purpose and scope of the inspection, then ask the PI to summarize the study.
2. The inspection
1. The escort should have made arrangements for a comfortable work area for the FDA inspector(s) for the duration of the inspection. The room must contain no confidential records, including clinical or research related. The inspector should be accompanied by the escort or designee at all times while in the presence of study related documents, samples, or other confidential information. If the inspector needs to make a phone call and requires some privacy, they should have access to a “sterile” room (no study related information is present) or public area where they can conduct their business. In general, while an inspector is here in an official capacity, they should not be left alone.
2. The inspector must never have access to any site records not specifically provided by the host. Standard procedure is for the inspector to request files for review, starting with the “general” study materials including the regulatory documents binders, then all signed informed consent forms, followed by a sampling of specific patient records. Study finances and personnel records are not included in the standard inspection.
3. The Principal Investigator should set aside time each day to talk with the inspector, as well as being available for questions that may arise.
4. The escort’s role is to coordinate all FDA requests and see that the inspector’s questions are answered honestly and completely. Listen to the question; answer the question that was asked. Defer to others if you don't know; when possible use documents already provided for support of answers. Stop when the question is fully answered. There is nothing wrong with silence: when you have answered, wait for the next questions.
5. How to answer FDA Questions
1. Be concise; answer only the question that is asked.
2. Always be clear with the answers to questions.
3. Be positive and confident.
4. Take corrective actions if possible, commit only to what you can deliver.
5. DO NOT volunteer information. DO NOT guess or speculate.
6. DO NOT lie. DO NOT argue.
7. DO NOT panic.
8. DO NOT sign affidavits.
6. Inspection of Documents
1. Escort the inspector to an information sterile room away from sources of casual conversation to review requested documents. Always sequester the reviewer in an isolated room and bring the requested documents to them..
2. Only documents specifically requested by the inspector shall be provided for review. The escort may need to obtain patient records from the hospital or clinic records to supplement or corroborate the research records.
3. Gather the documents requested for review. When documents are copied for inspectors, either a copy is also made to retain or identify each copied document by maintaining an inspection record log. All copies provided should be stamped “Confidential”. Usually copies are provided without charge to the FDA; however, if the inspector requests an inordinate number of copies, notify the inspector that an invoice will be provided.
4. Documents that the inspector is not entitled to review or copy: financial, personnel (except for training/qualification records), and internal audits (section 704(a) FDC Act).
7. Photographs- If the FDA insists on taking photographs, take duplicates at the same time
8. Samples- If the FDA requests a reasonable quantity of samples, fill the request but pull identical samples to retain. Ask the FDA to issue a receipt for the samples (form 484). Depending on the nature of the samples requested, advise the FDA that an invoice will be presented.
1. Exit Interview
1. The FDA will usually hold an exit interview at the conclusion of the inspection. The escort, Principal Investigator, a representative from Institutional Compliance, and other individuals as appropriate should be notified of the time and place and expect to attend. During this exchange, if serious deficiencies have been found during the inspection, an Inspectional Observations form 483 will follow from the regional office, listing the deficiencies. If no deficiencies are found, or the inspector has comments that she or he believes are not serious enough to warrant a 483, no form will be issued.
2. During the exit interview:
The Principal Investigator will seek to correct any errors in the findings.
1. Both the FDA and Principal Investigator will make sure everything is clear and understood.
2. Observations, comments, and commitments will be noted in the escort inspection notes.
1. Response to FDA 483
1. The PI or designated shall draft a response to an FDA 483. The PI is responsible for sending the draft of the response to the UTHealth departmental contacts within the Clinical Trials Resource Center, Institutional Compliance, and Auditing and Advisory Services. The PI is also responsible for sending the written response to the FDA.
2. The written response should include specifics:
1. Determine if a finding was an oversight/one-time occurrence; or systemic, where a change of procedure is indicated.
2. Delineate corrective actions: including justification of why the proposed response will remediate the issue; and a realistic timeline for correction.
3. If the PI disagrees with an observation: respond factually, providing clear and verifiable evidence.
4. Address each particular observation or finding, point by point.
5. The reply should be sent within two weeks. Keep a copy of the final signed response in your office.
6. To request an EIR (establishment inspection report)
1. The FDA inspector will file an EIR within approximately 30 days. This report is subsequently available through FOI. It may be requested from:
Freedom of Information
Division of Dockets Management
5630 Fishers Lane, Room 1061, Mail Stop HFA-305
Rockville, MD 20852.
7. Institutional follow up
1. Please provide a copy of the final establishment inspection report (EIR) and/or the Inspectional Observation Form 483 upon receipt to the UTHealth departmental contacts of the Clinical Trials Resource Center, Institutional Compliance, and Auditing and Advisory Services.
Related documents:
General Guidance for Site Inspections
FDA Inspection Information
FDA Pre-Inspection Checklist
FDA Inspection Reporting
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How to Manage a Freelance Article Writing Schedule
Freelance article writing is a proven and legitimate work-at-home job that any mom with writing skills should consider. Whether it's writing for content creation websites, or finding your own clients to write for, it's possible to earn a steady paycheck that can provide additional or all the income your family needs. That often means you'll have a demanding article writing schedule, but once you learn how to manage it, you'll be a successful and profitable writer.
Step #1: Determine Work Hours and Days
The first thing you need to do is figure out your working hours. The best schedule is one that fits around your family schedule. You may only be able to work certain days, because of other duties and responsibilities. Write it down so that you know exactly what days and hours you can work.
Step #2: List Clients and Content Websites
Make a list of all the clients your currently have, or any content websites you write for as a freelancer. Order the list according to the volume of articles you produce. For example, if you write for a content generating website and are under contract to write 10 articles per week, make that number one. If you write 20 blog posts per month for a business client, and that's your second highest volume, make that number 2 on the list. Keep going until you've prioritized your list by the number of articles you're required to produce.
Step #3: Figure out How Long It Takes
Every article is different, and some freelance article writing assignments require more research than others. There's a point though when you've done enough articles to estimate that it will take you "X" amount of time to write it. How long it takes may depend on the subject matter as well as the requirements. For example, it may take you one hour and 30 minutes to write and submit a 500 word article for one company, because they also require you to upload photos and write a meta description. Another company may require you to write and submit a 500 word article on a subject that requires little or no research on your part. That may take you only 30 to 45 minutes to write. For each client and content website, write down how long it takes per article.
Step #4: Assign Days of the Week
Now that you've prioritized the clients or websites, write down what days of the week you'll devote to writing for them. Knowing how long it takes to write articles for each will help you assign days. Let's say you have to write 10 articles a week for content website "A." Each article takes one hour to write. You only have two hours of writing time on Monday, but Tuesday through Friday, you have five hours of writing time. The best thing to do is to schedule writing for that website Tuesday and Wednesday. You could write for another client that requires less articles on Monday.
Step #5: Checking out Assignments
Managing your freelance article writing schedule includes getting assignments from clients, or checking out or claiming article assignments from a general pool of assignments on content creation websites. You should not wait until the day you're writing to select assignments. That's a daily task that you need to schedule, much like checking email. When you do it, depends on the client or the website. You may need to contact your client at a certain hour when you know they'll be at their desk. Some websites upload assignments at a certain time each day, and if you want to check out assignments that you want to write about, you need to be ready to check them out at the point. Editors of other websites may send emails notifying writers that new assignments are available to be claimed or check out, and you can respond as soon as you get the email or check that website often.
Managing a freelance article writing schedule is all about developing a system. Use these steps to help you create your own.
Work From Home Jobs
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Love Creek by firelight
Heroic encounters with edible napalm on a stick.
If you don't see the moray eel, talk to Gary.
Low-light digital snapshots... truly fooling around. The first three were hand-held (slow exposures from 1/30 to 1/7 of a second); the last one used flash to fill in.
1. Salon at Love Creek -- 2. The place: daytime shots -- 3. Dancing in the dust -- 4. Firelight
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Credit: ABC
On Revenge most characters seem to have a purpose — Daniel writes poems, Emily burns things, Nolan pops collars — except for wayward seaman Jack Porter. This angsty captain and his ever-changing head of hair are so focused on sinking into a deep depression, that Jack’s never even picked up a hobby.
Well, he was a wannabe sailor for a little bit, but then his boat blew up and killed his wife. Womp.
But a new photo ABC released from Season 3 indicates that there might be more to Jack than his coiffed locks.
The pic shows Papa Porter looking a little bruised and beat up and staring longingly at an acoustic guitar. Is music his only release now?
Perhaps Nolan will set him up with a YouTube account and Jack can sing painful songs about marrying a stripper and losing his labrador (too soon?).
Really, the possibilities are endless, and if Jack’s half as good a songwriter as Danny is a wordsmith, then we see a folky, chart-topping record in his future.
What do you think of Jack’s new hobby? Tell us below!
Credit: Celebified Photo: Smallville Alum Justin Hartley Joins The Cast Of Revenge Season 3 As Victoria Grayson's Long-lost Son!
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Edit Article
Edited by ArtFul, Samantha, Jeffery Huang, Chris and 2 others
Keeping alloy wheels clean can prevent corrosion. While using soap and water to clean alloy wheels is sufficient, they will shine when you use solutions and cleaning methods created specifically for alloy products. Use these tips to clean alloy wheels and ensure they look their best for years.
1. Clean Alloy Wheels Step 1.jpg
2. Clean Alloy Wheels Step 2.jpg
3. Clean Alloy Wheels Step 3.jpg
Remove dirt and debris from alloy wheels with a store bought cleaner. Avoid acid based cleaners because they tear the lacquer off the wheel.
4. Clean Alloy Wheels Step 4.jpg
5. Clean Alloy Wheels Step 5.jpg
Dry the wheels with a microfiber cloth or chamois.
6. Clean Alloy Wheels Step 6.jpg
Remove stubborn stains from alloy wheels with household items.
7. Clean Alloy Wheels Step 7.jpg
Add your own method
Things You'll Need
• Hose with sprayer attachment
• Sponge
• Chamois or microfiber cloth
• Bucket
• Alloy wheel cleaner
• Toothbrush
• Wheel wax
• White or cider vinegar
• Lemon juice
• Cola
• Aluminum foil
Article Info
Categories: Car Maintenance and Repair
Recent edits by: Steve, Chris, Jeffery Huang
In other languages:
Español: Cómo limpiar llantas de aleación (rines de aleación), Português: Como Limpar Rodas de Liga Leve, Deutsch: Aluminiumfelgen reinigen, Italiano: Come Pulire i Cerchi in Lega, Русский: очистить литые диски
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120401
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Edit Article
Edited by Flickety, Williambellson, Maluniu, Teresa and 2 others
Two Methods:Corrugated Cardboard CatcherMolasses Trap
Codling moth larvae are a major garden and agricultural pest. The codling larvae attacks apple orchards and also crab apples, pears, walnut and other fruit trees.[1] If these little pests are bothering your apple, nut and other fruit trees, it's time to take charge!
• 1 cup vinegar
• 1/3 cup dark molasses
• 1/8 tsp ammonia
• 4 2/3 cup water
1. Control Codling Moth Organically Step 1.jpg
Try two methods. The first method is to use cardboard to attract the larvae. The second method is to create a trap that attracts the larvae away from the apples and to a sticky meal somewhere else that traps them.
Method 1 of 2: Corrugated Cardboard Catcher
1. Control Codling Moth Organically Step 2.jpg
Obtain corrugated cardboard.
2. Control Codling Moth Organically Step 3.jpg
Wrap several layers of the cardboard around the trunk of the tree in early spring. The larvae are attracted to the "homes" available in the corrugations of the cardboard.
3. Control Codling Moth Organically Step 4.jpg
Remove the cardboard in the summer and burn.
Method 2 of 2: Molasses Trap
1. Control Codling Moth Organically Step 5.jpg
Cut off the base of a plastic milk container.
2. Control Codling Moth Organically Step 6.jpg
Mix together the ingredients listed above.
3. Control Codling Moth Organically Step 7.jpg
Pour the mixture into the base of the milk container. Fill it to a depth of 7.5cm / 3".
4. Control Codling Moth Organically Step 8.jpg
Hang in the tree. This trap will be most effective if you hang 2 to 3 traps per tree.
5. Control Codling Moth Organically Step 9.jpg
Empty periodically and refill with new solution.
Add your own method
• Note that if you intend making more than one molasses trap, you will need to increase the ingredients or make several batches.
• This is likely to be effective only in your backyard. If you have an apple orchard infestation, talk to the professionals. Organic control is very hard but it is possible. Latest technology uses pheromone traps (mating disruption lures) to disrupt the moth's breeding cycle.[2] There is also the possibility of using parasitic wasps but you should seek professional advice first.
• The corrugated cardboard and molasses trap methods will only work if you are diligent in removing the items and replacing them with fresh versions regularly. The aim is to reduce the population considerably in one season, so that there will be less infestations in subsequent years. Be diligent in following years also, or likely you will suffer a reinfestation.
Things You'll Need
• Corrugated cardboard
• Plastic milk container with handle (large size) (as many as you need traps)
• Scissors or knife
• String for hanging and tying on cardboard
Sources and Citations
Article Info
Categories: Garden Pests and Weeds
Recent edits by: Ruffkins, Teresa, Maluniu
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 21,438 times.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120402
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Edit Article
Edited by misbahu, Teresa, Nota, SilverSparkz and 10 others
Having to cope with a cheating girlfriend may be extremely bad for you confidence.You may feel abandoned,useless and you may have low self-esteem. It is a very sensitive situation and here is a guide to deal with that cheating girlfriend.
1. Deal With a Cheating Girlfriend Step 1.jpg
Make sure she is cheating on you. Follow her if possible.
• Trust your instincts.
• Ask friends.
• Observe the way she behaves and talks to you.
Deal With a Cheating Girlfriend Step 1Bullet3.jpg
• Is she a little bit more friendly? Or flirty? Check this out.
2. Deal With a Cheating Girlfriend Step 2.jpg
Talk with her and ask her. If she replies with something like that: Oh my dear, would I ever cheat on a boyfriend like you? There is no one like you. I love only you then you will have to be able to tell whether she is lying or not.
3. Deal With a Cheating Girlfriend Step 3.jpg
Ask a friend, or a relative for advice. What would they do if it happened to them? What advice would you give them?
4. Deal With a Cheating Girlfriend Step 4.jpg
Discuss with her. If you are a boyfriend who has been next to her through difficult and happy times and she treats you this way then you don't deserve a person like her.
5. Deal With a Cheating Girlfriend Step 5.jpg
Discuss about the future. As you see, is she willing to change? Are you willing to forgive her? Do you think this relationship could continue after this "episode" ? These are just some questions to ask yourself and talk about them with your cheating girlfriend.
6. Deal With a Cheating Girlfriend Step 6.jpg
If you have both done mistakes in this relationship then decide either to break up or to apologize to each other and start over this relationship.
7. Deal With a Cheating Girlfriend Step 7.jpg
If she has cheated on you with your best friend, brother or anyone person you are close to then talk with both of them. Try to make up with the other person and just let that girl go.
Add your own method
• Be smart at each conversation.
• Always stay calm no matter the outcome.
• Don't be extremely jealous after you find out.
• Make sure she is cheating on you because if she is innocent, then you have lost her trust and insulted her too. You may lose her in the process.
• Don't be harsh.
Article Info
Categories: Cheating in Relationships
Recent edits by: Jordan, Jeff, Lameece Amoudi
In other languages:
Español: Cómo lidiar con una novia infiel, Italiano: Come Avere a che Fare con una Fidanzata Infedele, Português: Como Lidar com uma Namorada Infiel, Русский: поступить с девушкой, которая вам изменяет
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 62,868 times.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120403
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Edit Article
Edited by Wired Magazine, Ben Rubenstein, Flickety, Marilyn Haight and 9 others
1. Suck up to Your Boss Step 1.jpg
2. Suck up to Your Boss Step 2.jpg
3. Suck up to Your Boss Step 3.jpg
4. Suck up to Your Boss Step 4.jpg
Offer to help him/her with some paperwork and do it somewhat often (but be sure to get your own done first!!!), because if it seems like you are willing to help him/her with the dullest of things, he or she will know that you are someone they can count on.
5. Suck up to Your Boss Step 5.jpg
Keep up on the recurring article Stuff Managers Like By keeping up on the latest items that managers enjoy, it increases the odds of occupying the corner office you've been jonseing for. Stuff Managers Like link provided below.
6. Suck up to Your Boss Step 6.jpg
Save reminder on your phone for bosses anniversary and Kids Birthdays
7. Suck up to Your Boss Step 7.jpg
Make a note of boss personal conversation over the phone, and pass it to him once done
8. Suck up to Your Boss Step 8.jpg
Note down all the jargons what boss speak and use them frequently.
9. Suck up to Your Boss Step 9.jpg
Take your bosses dog for walk, so that others would say that 2 dogs are walking
10. Suck up to Your Boss Step 10.jpg
Praise your boss even in his absence, practice makes the man perfect
11. Suck up to Your Boss Step 11.jpg
Hug your boss, and then excuse your boss that your deodorant is working. Especially works with boss of opposite sex.
12. Suck up to Your Boss Step 12.jpg
Take your boss to Kennel and don't you think I am amazing.
13. Suck up to Your Boss Step 13.jpg
Take your boss to the Kennel and show him the tail. And tell him to confirm that your tongue is longer
14. Suck up to Your Boss Step 14.jpg
Take a shower and immediately rush to your boss office in towel, holding 2 underpants in both heads. Ask him which one to wear?
Add your own method
Sources and Citations
• BigBadBoss.com http://www.bigbadboss.com
Article Info
Categories: Boss and Colleague Interaction
Recent edits by: Eric, Whoze, Zoe Volt
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120422
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Brent Clark
In 1981, two psychologists documented a now famous illusion when they asked students a simple question: "how many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark?" Eighty-one per cent of the students answered with "two". It wasn't until later that 96 per cent of them correctly added that the animals actually joined Noah -- not Moses -- on the Ark.
The Moses Illusion occurs because most of the time our minds glide along a mental highway, rarely slowing to consider the landscape more closely. Consequently, we tend to miss obvious flaws that elude us because we aren't paying attention. So what's the solution?
One answer is to challenge the over-applied mantra to "keep it simple", where "it" ranges from written communication to ideas shared aloud. As mantras go, this one usually makes good sense; it suggests that people have limited processing capacity and they're more likely to take a new idea on board when the idea is uncomplicated, accessible and memorable. Unfortunately, since simpler messages are less likely to challenge us, we're also more likely to overlook them.
Researchers have shown, then, that small bursts of mental complexity -- also known as cognitive disfluency -- encourage us to think more clearly. In one demonstration, psychologists found that students fell for the Moses Illusion 88 per cent of the time when the question was presented in an easy-to-read typeface, whereas only 53 per cent of the students in a second sample committed the error when the question was printed in a harder-to-read, grey Brush Script typeface.
Why should printing the question in fuzzy letters make a difference? It turns out that we assume the task is difficult and requires additional mental effort when the font is hard to read. We respond by recruiting additional mental resources to overcome that challenge, and our responses tend to be more accurate. In fact, this effect holds across a wide range of situations. For example, some of my colleagues and I have shown that people are less likely to rely on simplifying stereotypes when they're asked to furrow their brows. Like fuzzy fonts, a furrowed brow suggests that the task must be difficult, encouraging the person who adopts the expression to think more deeply before reaching a conclusion.
Replacing simplicity with complexity has other benefits. In one experiment, students in English, physics and chemistry classes at a public high school in Ohio achieved higher scores when their textbooks were printed in a disfluent font rather than a standard, clear one. In other experiments, we found that people completed mental puzzles more accurately and read a product review more closely when the materials were printed disfluently.
Disfluency also has the benefit of encouraging people to think more abstractly, which is useful when you are trying to recognise high-level associations between novel concepts. Abstraction is one of the key skills that enable children to learn as they develop.
Like the students who failed to see that Moses had replaced Noah on the Ark, we tend to blindly follow mantras such as "keep it simple" without questioning when complexity should replace simplicity. Communicating simply and clearly is better most of the time -- but strategic bursts of complexity encourage people to leave the mental highway for slower but steadier side roads.
Adam Alter wrote Drunk Tank Pink (Oneworld), and is assistant professor of marketing and psychology at New York University's Stern School of Business.
Latest on
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120469
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2 entries found for pi.
To select an entry, click on it.
Main Entry: pi
Pronunciation: primarystresspimacr
Function: noun
Inflected Form(s): plural pis /primarystresspimacrz/
1 : the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet -- Π or π
2 a : the symbol π representing the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter b : the ratio itself having a value of approximately 3.1416
Search for "pi" in the Student Thesaurus.
Browse words next to "pi."
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120471
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Skip to definition.
Noun: hassle ha-sul
1. An angry disturbance
- fuss, trouble, bother, stink
2. Disorderly fighting
- scuffle, tussle, dogfight, rough-and-tumble
Verb: hassle ha-sul
1. Annoy continually or chronically
"This man hassles his female co-workers";
Derived forms: hassled, hassles, hassling
Type of: annoy, bother, chafe, combat, devil, disturbance, fight, fighting, get at, get to, gravel [US], irritate, nark [Brit], nettle, perturbation, rag, rile, scrap, vex
Encyclopedia: Hassle
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120488
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Icon-revert-48x48 To revert vandalism either:
Don't forget to report the vandal on WoWWiki:Violations.
• (cur | prev) 04:09, April 9, 2010Coobra (Talk | contribs) . . (758 bytes) (+758) . . (Created page with '{{Disambig}} * {{questlong|alliance|20|Learn to Ride in Elwynn Forest|race=human}} * {{questlong|alliance|20|Learn to Ride in Darnassus|race=Night elf}} * {{questlong|alliance|2…')
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120489
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Grihm Bloodtusk/Amal'Gam Society
101,314pages on
this wiki
< User:Grihm Bloodtusk
This article is fan fiction
Neutral 32 Amal'Gam Society
Main leaderLady Sathriah (current)
Secondary leadersN/A
Race(s)Dark Iron Dwarves, Dark Trolls, Dwarves, Foraken, Forest Trolls, Gnomes, Goblins, Harpies, Humans, Jungle Trolls, Kal'dorei, Kobolds, Leper Gnomes, Naga, Orcs, Quilboars, Satyrs, Sin'dorei, Taunka, Tauren, Tuskarr
Other major citiesUnspecified
Main languageCommon
Secondary languagesAll members speak their own native tongues as well.
Theater of operationsAzeroth
History Edit
Origins Edit
Because of the clandestine attitude of the society as a whole, the origins are sketchy at best. It did begin in the Eastern Kingdoms, far from the eyes of any creature on Kalimdor. It seems to be an ancient group, possibly coming into existence after the Burning Legion first attacked Azeroth; this may indicate that it was started with Highborne Elves crossing the newly-formed seas, or perhaps started with a group of Trolls, or even a mix of the two.
Current Operations Edit
Currently, the society kidnap unwitting citizens from any town they can, or kidnap lesser sapient races from their tribes and camps, leading to some myths about shadowy monsters stealing people to feast upon in many of the cultures. These are then magically altered into chimeric hybrids and sic'd against one another in a gladiatorial match, both for entertainment but also to attempt to create the most powerful being in existence.
Members of the Amal'Gam Society Edit
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120491
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Scripting: Retrieving css values via javascript
started by David on Jan 15, 2005 — RSS Feed
David David
Posts: 40
Hi guys,
I know you can change CSS values by using:
var doodhah = document.getElementById('name') = 'value'
But what do I do if I want to find out what the value of already is?
Joe Gillespie Joe Gillespie
Posts: 528
David David
Posts: 40
hmm, that didn't work.
I also tried putting it into a function but that didn't work either. I'll paste the relevant code below. (For the time being I've put the values directly into the script but I changed the first element in the array to show what I'd like to do).
var homeInfo = document.getElementById('home');
var homeBgCol =;
bgCol[1] = [homeBgCol];
bgCol[2] = ['#aa7a00'];
bgCol[3] = ['#dab372'];
bgCol[4] = ['#bc8860'];
If I examine the js console in Firefox I get told:
Error: homeInfo has no properties.
Of course, it does have properties and the same code works fine elsewhere in the script. The relevant css is reproduced below:
position: absolute;
height: 1.1em;
width: auto;
margin-top: 1em;
margin-left: 0px;
margin-right: 0px;
background-color: #ca7e02
Baxter Baxter
Posts: 157
I'm pretty dim when it comes to js, but I think you want background instead of backgroundcolor, and I think you need something after background to refer to the array.
David David
Posts: 40
backgroundColor is right because it works elsewhere in the script. I think background is for an image.
I didn't relate all of the code above but I've got a function calling the array elements later on in the script which actually sets the stuff. That works fine as well. The script works fine if I put the values directly into the array; it's only when I try to call the colours from the CSS that I run into problems. It's doesn't matter too much having the colours described in the script but I'd rather keep them in the CSS where they idealy belong.
I don't understand why the parser returns that error either because I have similar code elsewhere in the script that produces no such error.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120540
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The Latest
The time I met C Rayz Walz
So yeah, I spent the weekend overdoing it at the Pitchfork Music Festival in Chicago. I just pulled in off the road at 4:00 this morning, and I'm still tired as shit, so you'll have to bear with me. If you ...
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Verbal Murder
“I don’t wanna have a meeting and I don’t want to talk to Russell.” —Jadakiss Reckless Monday continues. Forget Remy, you wanna talk tough rap talk on wax look no further than The Lox. Here’s some furious freestyles from the Fuck the ...
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120609
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Letters to the Editor
Another alternative to Ark park
I have a suggesstion to offer the letter writer Richard Honeck in regards to visiting the Ark Park (“Celebrate science, not creationism,” Jan. 18). Rather than build a museum to celebrate Darwin’s thoroughly bogus theory of evolution, how about we build a learning center where we explore the reality of purposeful, theistic evolution. We can exclude the Genesis account of creation from our curriculum because all we need do is concede the indisputable, thoroughly documented truth of the existence of God, from whom all good things come.
The scientific question becomes: What process in the created nature of the universe did God put in place to bring the biological component of man’s humanity into existence?
Ronald C. Dressman
Green Township
Posted in: education, Entertainment, Greater Cincinnati, Northern Kentucky
Tags: , ,
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120612
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Skip to Main Content
Underwood, Dr. James
James Underwood has been in Community College education for forty-three years, including Central Community College, University of Arkansas at Fort Smith, Arkansas, Richland Community College, Northeast Community College (Nebraska), and at Kaskaskia College in Centralia, Illinois. His experiences include teaching business/economics classes, Vice President of Administrative Services, Vice President of Finance/Administration, Vice President for Instruction, and College President at Kaskaskia College. Dr. Underwood discusses his experience of community College operations in Nebraska, Arkansas, and Illinois, along with the history of Kaskaskia Community College.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120614
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Massachusetts General Hospital
Neurocircuit refers to the extensive network of pathways created by neurons in the brain.
Neurodevelopmental Evaluation
See Neuropsychological Evaluation.
Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the NF1 or NF2 gene. Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is characterized by multiple benign tumors and patches of skin pigmentation called cafe au lait spots. Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is characterized by tumors of the hearing and balance nerve.
Neurological refers to the nerves and nervous system, including the brain.
A neurologist is a physician who specializes in disorders of the nervous system. A neurologist who treats people with epilepsy is trained to recognize abnormal patterns of brain activity in EEGs and brain abnormalities. A pediatric neurologist is a neurologist who specializes in treating children affected by disorders of the nervous system. An epileptologist is a neurologist who specializes in the treatment of epilepsy.
brain sectionsclick to enlarge photograph
A neuron is a specialized cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals in the body's nervous system. Also known as a nerve cell. The term neuronal refers to the neuron. The term neural refers to the nerves and the nervous system.
Neuropsychological Evaluation
A neuropsychological evaluation involves a battery of tests used to assess cognitive and behavioral functions and identify areas of cognitive impairment. Also known as neurodevelopmental evaluation.
A neuropsychologist is a licensed psychologist with specialized training in brain-behavior relationships and the evaluation of cognitive functions. Neuropsychologists use a battery of standardized tests to assess specific cognitive and behavioral functions and identify areas of cognitive strengths and impairment as they relate to brain functioning.
A neuroradiologist is a physician who interprets images, including x-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRIs, of the central nervous system, including the brain. A neuroradiologist is trained to recognize abnormalities in brain structure.
A neurosurgeon is a surgeon who specializes in performing surgery on the nervous system, including the brain. A neurosurgeon who treats people with epilepsy is trained in the identification and resection (surgical removal) of brain regions where seizures originate. Neurosurgeons are often also qualified to treat epilepsy with implants such as the vagus nerve stimulator (VNS).
Neurotransmitters are specialized chemicals released at the synapse that act as messengers between nerve cells.
Occipital Lobe
brain sectionsclick to enlarge photograph
Parietal Lobe
brain sectionsclick to enlarge photograph
Paroxysmal refers to the sudden occurrence of a symptom, like an attack or a seizure.
Partial Seizures
Partial seizures are seizures that begin in one area, or focus, of the brain. They may or may not affect consciousness, depending on where in the brain they occur and the specialized brain structures they might involve. A partial seizure that does not affect consciousness is called a simple partial seizure. A partial seizure that alters consciousness is called a complex partial seizure.
Partial Seizure with Secondary Generalization
A partial seizure with secondary generalization is a seizure that begins focally, meaning in one area, and progresses very rapidly to involve the entire brain. Sometimes referred to as secondary generalized seizure.
Petit Mal Seizure
See Absence Seizure.
Pharmacological refers to pharmacology, which is the study of drugs and their properties, interactions, and reactions on living organisms.
Plasticity is the brain's astounding capacity to create new connections and relearn information or behaviors that were lost due to seizures or other insults to the brain. The developing brain does this by creating new functional neuronal networks. The brain has the greatest plasticity in childhood, and the potential for plasticity diminishes over time.
Polypharmacy or Polytherapy
Polypharmacy or polytherapy is the use of more than one anticonvulsant medication simultaneously for the treatment of epilepsy. Polytherapy may also be the use of an anticonvulsant medication in combination with a dietary therapy or the vagus nerve stimulator. Also known as combination therapy.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Postictal refers to the period of time after a seizure during which an individual may be recovering from the effects of the seizure, including feelings of drowsiness and disorientation. Postictal also refers to the changes on an EEG following a seizure.
Pruning is the process by which unused or unnecessary portions of the brain's complex network of neural connections are periodically eliminated. This natural process improves the efficiency of brain's neurocircuitry.
A pseudoseizure is a nonepileptic event resembling a seizure, which results from subconscious mental activity. May also be referred to as a nonepileptic event.
A psychologist is a licensed professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral problems, and may be involved in evaluation, testing, counseling, and/or psychotherapy.
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This content was last reviewed on November 20, 2006.
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120626
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Xbox LIVE Indie Games
code sample details
Content Manifest Extensions
Code Sample
This sample shows how to build a list of deployed content for your game.
Sample Overview
In XNA Game Studio 3.1 and earlier, games could use Directory.GetFiles along with StorageContainer.TitleLocation to get a list of all files in the game directory. This was useful for games that didn’t want to hard code level files or other assets. However, this method no longer works with XNA Game Studio 4.0 because the framework no longer exposes the TitleLocation property. This means that games will need to generate a list of files they want to be able to load if they wish to avoid hard coding those files into their game code.
This sample shows a method of generating this list automatically by using the content pipeline. With the provided content pipeline extension, games can simply load a list of strings that the pipeline generates for them, and use that list to load all of the content the game has access to. This method is not only useful due to the lack of the TitleLocation, but also because file I/O is generally a slow operation on Xbox. By creating this list as part of the build process, you ensure that the files actually exist and can be loaded without having to get a list of files or verify the files exist.
Games looking to incorporate this functionality will either need to add the project to their solution or build the project into a DLL. Then the developer should add a reference to the extension library to their content project. Finally a “.manifest” file should be added and set to use the ManifestImporter and ManifestProcessor. When the content project is built, all compiled content, as well as files marked with “Copy if newer” or “Copy always” will be recorded and built into an asset that the game can load in order to open or load other files.
GS 4.0
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global_05_local_4_shard_00000656_processed.jsonl/120633
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yaminoyume's Art Blog!
I’m going to have neon afterimage burned into my eyes for days. Here you go, I got tired of messing with it
next image will probably be Amy and Duke fighting over Babs…. followed by Babs kicking both their asses cause she fights for herself.
Moturbance is the official tag for this now right?
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Friday, September 30, 2011
Esquire's 75 Best Dressed of All Time
Put little stock in these dumb lists. See for yourself:
The List (from 2010).
Either way, these are some of the images that I found the most pleasant, starting with Arnold Palmer. Note his masculinity that does not rely on freakishly built biceps or tight clothing.
There is little that needs to be said about this fellow.
Clint shows us that tough guys can wear V-neck sweaters.
Paul Newman makes boating/painting/floor scrubbing clothes look great.
He was odd, but he often wrapped himself in good clothing.
Obviously, the list was thrown together by a small team of young people under a deadline. Missing are actors like William Powell, David Niven, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Gary Cooper, etc., though they listed characters in films. The list could go on and on, but at least they're putting something out.
1. Glad to see these guys made the list. Never thought of Peter Sellers in connection to classic men's style, but he certainly looks good here.
Best Regards,
Ulrich von B.
2. Paul Newman - the man could do no wrong. And, love the image of Cary Grant as well. Sigh. :)
3. As JMW said, Paul Newman was absolutely awesome. He and Redford were both just awesome in "The Sting" and "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid."
Also, I'm probably in the minority here, but I thought Redford was rocking it in "All The Presidents Men." His 70s style was loose and always on the cusp of slightly disheveled, but great (especially the corduroy suit!).
Of course Grant is mentioned above, but really you could pick out just about anyone from any Hitchcock film and you'd have style for miles. Stewart, Granger, and Dall in "Rope"; Stewart in "Vertigo"; Granger and Walker in "Strangers On A Train." Oh, and I haven't even mentioned the ladies in those films... daaaaaaaang.
Okay, I'll stop now.
4. Agree w/ Mr. Midwester on Redford in ATPM, though I'd argue that he nailed the fashion of the day rather than a style that was timeless. No points off, naturally, just not a look that's translatable across eras.
And I'll go ahead and third Newman and second McQueen. Dignity.
And yes, Arnie does not by today's standards sport a gym-swollen physique. But in his day it was often remarked -- by the sporting press, at least -- that he was a much more robust figure than the average golfer. A deal was made about his "steel town roots" and blue-collar up-bringing. I believe the word "brawny" may have been deployed.
5. How 'bout that smoke dangling from Jack's mouth on the golf course...awesome!
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Syntax is frequently defined by means of a grammar. The most relevant characteristic of syntax for programmers is that it needs to be parsed or rendered.
» The old syntax of PSYC resides at whereas the new syntax is defined in Spec:Syntax of the Specification document series using ABNF grammar notation. «
The PSYC syntax allows for binary or otherwise transparent data transfer, but is not binary itself. RFC 1324 states:
Given that most of the widely used Internet protocols such as SMTP, NNTP and FTP are all based on commands which are given via ASCII strings, there seems no reason why a conferencing protocol should be any different. The gains from going to binary are marginal and debugging/testing is not as easy as with ASCII. However, it is not unreasonable for some part of the protocol to be done in binary.
Today, of course, we speak of plaintext and encodings such as UTF-8.
The reason why PSYC was kept textual and not changed to a binary syntax like Thrift is because of its suitability to be processed as templates in text formatting tools. It is very convenient, that simple tools like git2psyc just need to throw some variables into a template string to have a valid PSYC packet. A binary syntax like Google's Protocol Buffers, DNS or RTMP, even a formally text-based syntax like BitTorrent's bencode always requires a renderer implementation to produce a valid packet, whereas PSYC's textuality even led to textdb - a major simplification of rendering operations using a text template engine.
Still PSYC is lightning fast as the benchmarks show. PSYC is probably the fastest protocol syntax to unite the following characteristics:
1. truly text-based, you can edit it and use templates to produce it
2. for simple purposes simple enough that you can code it yourself
3. can efficiently store binary data and binary metadata
4. can hold data structures up to a certain depth (to be improved with coming versions)
5. can be processed as efficiently as a binary protocol
So you may very well consider using libpsyc for serialization purposes beyond what PSYC was originally designed for. There's nothing wrong with storing data in PSYC packet form in files.
History of PSYC Syntax
Since the early drafts from 1995 until 2007, PSYC had a syntax easily differentiated by the leading period character '.' instead of the new pipe glyph '|'. It has proven quite powerful in many ways, so the new syntax is just an update, and psyced will support the old syntax for as long as it doesn't hurt, given the existing deployments and dozens of source codes using it.
The old syntax suffered of some details which made parsing unnecessarily complicated, in particular the list and multi-line continuation. We dropped those in favour of opaque data variables and lists, that means you can now transmit a list containing 4 gifs, for example.
The new features make the parser roughly as complicated as it was before, but more powerful. See also: history of PSYC.
The W3C Feature Checklist
The term binary XML popularly resumes the wish to fix all the problems with XML in a brilliant new yet equivalent format, in this vein the XBC Working Group of the W3C collected a beautiful wishlist of properties XBC should implement, the ultimate perfect data format syntax. After 2 years of research they conclude as follows:
The XBC WG developed 18 extensive use cases and documented 38 different format properties and considerations which those use cases might require. The sheer number of requirements has suggested to some that either Binary XML is not achievable or, in attempt to satisfy too many requirements, is destined to collapse under its own weight.
They also conclude that, dropping many of the properties would still result in a useful Binary XML standard which the W3C should produce. Six years later they have in fact come up with Efficient XML which is a binary encoding of XML.
As an exercise for us to know where we stand and for inspiration, let's look at that XBC feature wishlist and see how the PSYC syntax handles those. PSYC isn't truly binary and certainly not XML, yet it has answers for many of the requirements the W3C experts have collected.
XML maps onto PSYC at best as a sort of list of values assigned to XQuery-like variables. The same information is thus flattened out. This sounds quite respect lacking, but when considering uppercase compact variables, it may actually be a viable approach to map the XML tree structure into that, depending on the depth and complexity of the data. It could work out for mere structural uses of XML, such as XMPP, while it probably explodes into too many elements if applied to a text markup such as XHTML.
Text markup therefore belongs into the body, which isn't very surprising really, while having complex structures accessible in a flat manner brings several advantages, as the analysis below elaborates. To understand the context of the comments following, you may want to open the property wishlist into a separate window.
4 Algorithmic Properties
4.1 Processing Efficiency
Looks like PSYC scores pretty well here, we worked hard to optimize parsing and rendering, and since we do not try to handle tree-like complexity, our data binding is pretty nice and straightforward.
4.2 Small Footprint
4.3 Space Efficiency
Certainly smaller than any XML parser. Even with advanced features we are very good at this.
5 Format Properties
5.1 Accelerated Sequential Access
No indexing built-in, but it doesn't make much difference whether a packet is in memory in raw form or if it is parsed. Once parsed, a hash is a natural storage medium, thus making it easy to access specific elements immediately.
5.2 Compactness
In the words of the XBC document, PSYC is clearly delta-based as it continuously modifies state using its + and - operators. A schema-based approach is also planned using signatures while a lossy plan isn't considered.
5.3 Content Type Management
Hm, what about psyc/whatever as a content type? ;) I like the sound of that - Coyo
5.4 Deltas
PSYC supports both +/- deltas, but also inheritance.
5.5 Directly Readable and Writable
The newly invented uppercase characters in compact mode, which applications can use freely, should do the trick since PSYC will simply pass them around transparently.
5.6 Efficient Update
Updating parts of a document, which in our model is the state of a particular entity, is obviously trivial with our +/-/=/: operators. Doing in-depth updates of complex data structures like lists and tables isn't considered yet. Wouldn't it be sufficient that all parts that may need dynamic updating are flattened out into top-level variables?
If you really insist on having dynamic changes of subparts of complex data structures, a suitable syntax can be developed (or may even exist in embryonic state in some experimental projects like ppp) but it should only be an optional module rather than a core feature of PSYC, since we don't want the job of implementing PSYC become too complex and torturous.
5.7 Embedding Support
PSYC can handle arbitrary binary data in body, variables and even in fragments. Guess we are winning this one.
5.8 Encryptable
We don't have encryption beyond outer TLS yet, but it doesn't look like it could turn into a problem to create extensions to the protocol, that provide for more detail. With our layer separation we can even define encryption to be applied on interentity level, while leaving routing unaffected. Not just end-to-end like OTR, but carrying all the variables in the entity layer over into the encrypted part of the message.
5.9 Explicit Typing
Yes, see types.
5.10 Extension Points
Yes, plenty. One of them being inheritance. Another the ability to simply add more variables.
5.11 Format Version Identification
The first character serves that purpose. Our old format used ., the new one has |. We tend to change the basic syntax format once in a decade, so one character does scale.
5.12 Fragmentable
Yes, fragments.
5.13 Generality
To be able to reuse the uppercase compact namespace, you need to have separate sending and receiving entities for each application. In a flat file format, you could still use routing-like headers to achieve the same effect, or use a content type approach. On XML details, see below in Roundtrip.
5.14 Human Language Neutral
5.15 Human Readable and Editable
Yes!! PSYC isn't generally binary, so it is still easy to edit manually. Even when binary data is transferred, you can still tweak the outer structure. A good renderer will not apply lengths to things that don't need it, so you can edit them and might just have to fix a general packet length, if what you are editing qualifies as a packet at all. A single packet file format doesn't need a packet length of course.
5.16 Integrable into XML Stack
Okay, this was certainly not our goal, and when I started looking into this list I didn't expect we could even consider becoming an XML optimization, but if there is a proper mapping from PSYC to XML and back, then all of the typical XML operations can be applied after conversion, thus making PSYC a possible binary-like encoding of XML, or at least of certain suitable types of schemas.
Structure yes, mark-up not easily, but I can't assure you it wouldn't work out. To transform something like XHTML into PSYC syntax would need extensive use of psyctext with a massive number of variables for all the subparts or an altogether smarter template strategy. The result may be less bandwidth efficient than the current XHTML syntax, but it would allow to skip the traditional parsing process: A web browsing renderer would be able to quickly act on data in variables and maybe turn out faster in operation.
5.17 Localized Changes
5.18 No Arbitrary Limits
The limitation on available tokens may be impractical as it requires multibyte tokens as soon as the basic 26 are used up, but it's not a physical limit.
5.19 Platform Neutrality
5.20 Random Access
PSYC does not provide such an ability, but you can define your own index variable type to implement something like that. It is not advisable for every application, anyway, but a standardized strategy on indexing could be interesting.
5.21 Robustness
Checksums may be added, but PSYC's syntax is focused on compactness, not the ability to recover from a data integrity error which lower layer transport protocols are supposed to handle. PSYC can detect errors, but there is no master plan for recovering. Exotic radio applications, that cannot afford retransmissions, as described in the document, should probably wrap PSYC into a redundancy improvement encoding, similar to the strategy used by the ISO CDROM format. It is certainly a bad idea making this a requirement for normal Internet-based applications.
5.22 Roundtrip Support
Unlikely to provide identical XML, but lossless equivalent XML could be feasible. It is however a major minus that XML comes with both attributes and children. Encoding this into PSYC is certainly ugly. Being allowed to map all attributes to children would be a plus.
The combination of signatures and XML schemas may solve this issue by allowing a most optimal PSYC encoding and defining a mapping how such encoding is to fill the XML document like a template, then the children vs attributes bug of XML doesn't matter.
psyctext may prove useful to this purpose. In that case even whitespace can be maintained, if all documents share the same spacing style.
5.23 Schema Extensions and Deviations
That is the normal way for PSYC to see things. Enforcing schemas is the harder job. ;)
5.24 Schema Instance Change Resilience
Now that's a complicated way to describe inheritance.
5.25 Self Contained
PSYC as a format does make sense by itself, so.. yes here.
5.26 Signable
5.27 Specialized codecs
Sounds like adding own types or embedding binary data.
5.28 Streamable
5.29 Support for Error Correction
May be easy, may be difficult. See Robustness above.
5.30 Transport Independence
6 Additional Considerations
6.1 Forward Compatibility
Yes, this is very likely to work out.
6.2 Implementation Cost
We win here. ;) <coyo> Indeed.
6.3 Royalty Free
I wished I was making money with this.
6.4 Single Conformance Class
No, the modularity of PSYC into a base syntax and optional extensions in form of modules is good. So single is out, but a test suite is welcome.
6.5 Widespread Adoption
That I just can't answer. ;)
Looks like the PSYC syntax is pretty useful in a large variety of situations. Only when there is a large amount of fields in a deep structure, it may turn out more useful to encode things differently. With the concept of extensible types and the ability for both variables and body to contain arbitrary information, PSYC may not come with a standard solution, but with an open interface to address the problem.
So, concluding, although PSYC is neither binary nor XML, its syntax might be good enough for what you were looking for. Of course my considerations may be totally wrong and your accurate inspection of this will lead to different conclusions. Conversion prototypes could be an interesting experiment, however.
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Dear preceptor - page 6
1. Visit naturallyred profile page
Once again....amen, amen, amen!!!
2. Visit Ivanna_Nurse profile page
Quote from respectall
WHY was this conduct permitted or even tolerated. There's NO place in my unit that this SORT of narcissistic and condescending behavior is endulge. I am a preceptor and it broke my heart TO SEE how tretous and painful your orientation was. This preceptor should have been given a discipllinary action and sent to remidial class. As a preceptor in our facility, we are required to take a class geard specifically to accomodate the need of the preceptee and NOT to place punitive criticism. Did you REPORT this preceptor's behavior to your DIRECTOR? this preceptor has a case of CONDUCT UNBECOMING! I advice you to report this event and so NO other new NUrse has to go thru this MALTREATMENT. nURSING IS A WONDERFUL AND FULFILING JOB, YOU DONT HAVE TO HATE IT BECAUSE SOMEONE ELSE DOES.
I went into the boss's office and laid it out... I know what happened on my end, on the preceptor side, I haven't a clue. ~Ivanna
3. Visit Ivanna_Nurse profile page
Quote from naturallyred
OMG! Did you have the same preceptor as myself. AMEN, AMEN, AMEN! I actually hate to make someone feel stupid in front of someone else..........I think it makes ME look stupid for doing it. Thanks for pointing out that nurses DO eat their young.......I have seen so many nurses on here state that it is NOT true.....but believe me they are out there slashing throats every single day.
Amen Amen Amen that I am on my own!!!! SO glad! :spin: Ivanna
4. Visit Ivanna_Nurse profile page
Quote from cheesecurls
i experienced the same thing,, i'm a new nurse then in a special area.. too bad, i quitted because of her.. now i'm back to square one, looking for a job. by the way, i'm a Filipino nurse
You can always find your specialty just remember, don't let anyone make you quit! Dig in your heels and STAY.... they want you to run for the hills! Good luck, just know you aren't alone :redpinkhe ~Ivanna
5. Visit nurse jackie profile page
I am a new LPN and have also had a bad experience. I am so discouraged that I am considering going back to Accounting/Finance rather than go on and be an RN. Not only is it disappointing that nurses have to be treated like this from other nurses, but also from patient's families (or the patient), doctors, etc. After being on the "inside" of healthcare, it scares me to death to think that I (or my family) could get sick. No way would I want to be the patient...rude doctors, nurses, nurses who don't know what they are doing because someone didn't want to help them learn. I am quickly losing my compassion and desire to make a difference!
6. Visit zebsmom2002 profile page
Part of me is curious. Some facilities require nurses to perform in a "leadership" role for staff nurse III or IV status. You may have run across someone who is doing this only to complete thier clinical ladder--not because they want to do it. Also, it's sometimes really difficult to get nurses to be preceptors--potentially another case of someone doing it who really doesn't want to. Not that any of this excuses their behavior, but it may explain it.
7. Visit Ivanna_Nurse profile page
Quote from zebsmom2002
Im pretty sure that this is exactly the case ~Ivanna
8. Visit zebsmom2002 profile page
Quote from Ivanna_Nurse
Im pretty sure that this is exactly the case ~Ivanna
I always feel doubly bad for the new grad when this happens. somehow it seems worse when someone isn't invested in preceptorship at all than when someone really wants to, but is just bad at it.
9. Visit RN_that_was_bullied profile page
this is also considered horizontal violence or bullying. This woman is a bully and then she aligns other to bully you with her when she rolls her eyes at the woman at the desk. If the woman at the desk did nothing - she also participated in the bullying. More girls and adult women "bully" more than men. This comes from a deep sense of insecurity. The best thing to do when someone treats you like this is NOT to react to their behavior. Report them and let your supervisor know. Be very specific and factual not emotional about the behavior when you describe. Address her even though she is your preceptor. Do not be disrespectful but just mention to her some of the behaviors you noticed and them also advise your supervisor that you talked with her and what the outcome is. Being around someone like that is very stressful and lead to medication errors, poor patient care, etc. SO be very careful when you are around her. Find some articles on bullying or horizontal violence and bring them with you when you talk to your supervisor about your preceptor experience. There is NO reason for someone to treat you like this. This woman and ALL nurses who act like this need to be reported and their behavior addressed. DO NOT stand by and just let this happen to you. I know - I went through the same thing with a nurse and it was very painful but I GREW so much from the experience. I actually had to get into therapy b/c I was so afraid and so hurt and so STRESSED. I have learned to address these issues the very MINUTE I see them in someone else - tactfully - but I address I them. Good luck, God bless you for being a nurse.
Ivanna_Nurse likes this.
10. Visit RN_that_was_bullied profile page
I SOOOO totally agree. This woman's preceptor is narcissistic and a BULLY - I posted below comments about bullies. Nurses in leadership roles particularly with new nurses - have a long history of BULLY them. That's why nurses get the recognition as "the only profession that eat their young". Its nurses like your preceptor that gives nursing such a bad name. She needs to be reported and written. All NEW grads reading this - if you get a preceptor like this go to your supervisor IMMEDIATELY and discuss the situation - DO NOT allow this to happen you. This person is a BULLY!!! pure and simple.
EMTandstudentmurse likes this.
11. Visit RN_that_was_bullied profile page
TO: Registered User
Age: 51
Years Exp: 22
Nursing Specialty: cardiac cardiovascular surg.
re: your quote: Second, most of the nurses who precept do so because they are the most senior staff. They know more and have seen more than the other nurses on the unit. As a result they tend to hold thier preceptees to a higher standard than thier peers. If I precept someone, I expect they will know almost as much as me before they take over patient care- anything else is a disservice to the patient.
I'd like to comment on that most nurses who precept do so b/c they are most senior staff. They know more and they have seen more than other nurses... this is such a "general" statement. In some hospitals this is NOT always the case. The preceptor this woman is talking about does NOT sound like "senior staff" person with leadership skills. She sounds like a bully. A nurse in a leadership role would NOT roll their eyes at their nursing student/preceptee or talk about them behind their backs. A good preceptor would address issues directly with her student - not behind her back. This nurse sounds like she might indeed have good qualities but by no means is she a good preceptor. She really should be written up - she is basically a bully.
12. Visit KarenBuley profile page
Wow! Glad you perserved, and I hope your smile and energy were waiting for you at the end of your orientation. My best to you!
Ivanna_Nurse likes this.
13. Visit phoenixfire profile page
This made me laugh, and cry at the same time as I considered my own experience, so I thought I would share.
Dear Preceptor,
I came to your unit full of eagerness and excitement, willing to take whatever tasks you felt I was capable of. You dutifully gave me report and then vanished into thin air, leaving me with a critical patient while you filed your nails and texted on your cell phone. I want to thank you for that, because it gave me the opportunity to practice thinking on my feet, fending for myself, and reaching through my mental rolodex for facts I learned in class that applied to this patient. Thank you for making me realize that though I may not be ready to care for a critical patient on my own, I am no where near as incompetent as you made me feel. When I asked for help, you were nowhere to be found because lunch is so much more important that patients, but I appreciated the opportunity to learn to help myself and not depend on you. I thank you for the way you said "You need to drown" when I said to you "Help" because it illustrated for me what type of nurse I DONT want to be. Thank you for the scathing remarks about both my appearance and my intelligence, because it reminded me that it is only my opinion of myself that matters.
Thank you for telling my instructor that I was a loose cannon, because it forced me to work twice as hard to gain her respect after I was reassigned to another preceptor. Thank you for telling me to my face that my patient would not have survived the shift without the care I provided while you stabbed me in the back by telling my instuctor that I had no skills with patients or their families. Thank you for doing absolutely no charting whatsoever because it gave me that chance to prove that I can document my actions and rationales more thoroughly than ever before. But most of all, thank you for remining me why I will be the best nurse I can be: because I care.
Your Nursing Student.
TLCfromSC, fiveofpeep, zebsmom2002, and 2 others like this.
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Need help from Nurse Researchers or EBP Participants!!
1. 0 Hello guys!
I was wondering if anyone could do me a huge favor, I'm in an accelerated program and I've got an EBP class where I need to ask a "mentor" a couple questions about an EBP project they were a part of, lead, or wrote. If anyone would have the time to help, it would be greatly appreciated. The more responses the merrier, I know other students have had issues finding people involved with research in our area.
The assignment reads:
Call or email a nurse researcher currently or very recently involved in a nursing based research project to begin this mentoring aspect of this course. Explain the purpose of this interview in relationship to your enrollment in this course (honestly we haven't had a face-to-face class yet, so i'm not sure what this entails, though I am very sure it is NOT a huge commitment, most likely asking some more in-depth questions at a later date)
1. How did you become interested in the topic or subject matter (what was your inspiration)?
2. How do you view or project application of this study to evidence based nursing practice?
3. What are your goals and hopes in terms of the outcomes of this study?
4. What is or has been the greatest challenge in conducting this study?
(if you could please include: the title/name of your "project" and your nursing titles/credentials)
Thank you so much guys!!!
2. Visit bbbarber profile page
About bbbarber
From 'Hendersonville, NC, US'; Joined Nov '10; Posts: 9; Likes: 11.
3 Comments so far...
3. Visit bbbarber profile page
bump for some help!
4. Visit tnbutterfly profile page
Moved to Nursing Student Assistance forum. Hopefully you get some response here.
5. Visit bbbarber profile page
bump for some help if anyone can...
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Letters To The Editor: Certified Nursing Assistants perform miracles daily
Posted: Monday, June 04, 2001
The first week in June is National Certified Nursing Assistant week.
Have you ever encouraged someone to become a CNA? Why not? It is a very noble profession.
CNAs provide assistance with the activities of daily living (eating, dressing, bathing and walking) for elderly and disabled Americans. They work in nursing homes, home health care, hospitals and assisted-living homes throughout our community. As Americans age, the demand for CNAs grows exponentially.
If you want to watch miracles happen, watch CNAs at work.
I've seen them accomplish wonders where other highly trained professionals fail. Encouraging the consumption of solid and liquid nourishment is an art form. Many times I've seen a frustrated family member or nurse fail in attempts to get someone to eat, only to have a CNA succeed.
I've seen an individual adamantly refuse to have lab work performed. However, once approached by a CNA, he or she will smile into the eyes of a loving caregiver and submit to a needed test.
CNAs succeed because they are the individuals who speak softly and gently touch the spirit of those in need.
Not everyone shares my respect for this profession.
I've heard family members of patients call them idiots. Television news programs portray CNAs as criminal elements. If our society continues to degrade this noble profession, who will care for us when we need help?
Encourage someone to explore the possibility of entering this profession. Amarillo is blessed with a small, vital group of CNAs who perform miracles every day. When you are the one who needs the specialized care of a CNA, you, too, will see miracles. You then will see CNAs through my eyes.
Judabeth Bural
Amarillo Nursing Center
Which is it: Did president lie or did newspaper goof?
In your May 27 front-page story, "Tax cut ends tumultuous week: Bush claims biggest 'W,' " either you goofed big time or President Bush just flat-out lied on May 26 when he said that every "single" taxpayer will get a check for $300 and every "married" taxpayer will get a check for $600.
I watched his speech live, and he did not say, as you did, "up to" $300 or "up to" $600.
So let's get it right - did you goof or did Bush lie?
Ben Larson
Sen. Jeffords' move sheds light on 17th Amendment
In light of Vermont Sen. James Jeffords' announcement that he's leaving the Republican Party, perhaps every citizen and voter should sit down and read the U.S. Constitution with a view toward demanding the repeal of the 17th Amendment.
This would return the power of senatorial appointments to the states, as originally set forth in the Constitution. Under this system, the 100 senators appointed would not be beholden to special interests or any party, liberal or conservative - only to the Constitution, which they are there to "preserve, protect and defend," along with the rights of the states as set forth in the 10th Amendment.
P.A. Kern
God's grace still covers hypothetical sister
Gene Shelburne, in his May 26 column, asks devout Christians, "How would you respond if your sister announced ... that she's a lesbian and proud of it"?
"...(S)hould you," he asks, "smile and act like everything is OK, even if the whole situation violates your deepest convictions? ... Or should you ... tell her bluntly how wrong and foolish her life choices are? ... Do you owe it to her to tell her the truth?"
I am a "devout Christian" with "deep convictions," and at age 74, I'm still searching for the "truth." I'll take a stab at responding to this hypothetical sister's announcement.
Honestly, Sis, I wish you were heterosexual, but like millions of other people, you became, through factors that still are not absolutely clear, a member of a sexual minority.
It will hurt me when people call you a "pervert." The term "dyke" is even worse. Both labels, as they are commonly used, imply that you made a conscious choice to be part of what many in our society see as a sleazy, sick, sinful subculture.
We have learned a lot about homosexuality in recent years. More and more people have "come out," and as they have, their stories indicate firmly that sexual orientation is not a choice. In fact, many indicate they fought it for years.
The American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association have deleted homosexuality as a "sickness." Yet many Christians still call it a sin, and some don't even make a distinction between sexual orientation, as such, and behavior.
Please, dear sister, remember above all that you are made in the image of God. His grace covers you, too. So be proud of who you are and go and help others who, like yourself, need some support.
Travis McBride
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. and that is there's been indecision and uncertainty in washington on our middle east policy, whether it's being tougher on benjamin netanyahu for defending israel than they've been on iran for not having nuclear weapons. whether it is the conflicting approaches to the middle east peace process, et cetera. so there's a vacuum that has to be filled. the u.s. has to step up and provide leadership. president morsi in cairo called mr. jabari, the terrorist who was killed, a martyr. the muslim brotherhood does have a close relationship with hamas. iran has given hundreds of millions of dollars to hamas in recent months. so the region is in turmoil. the u.s. should step up firm for our ally, make clear where we are, try to get turkey and egypt -- both of whom have been sympathetic to hamas -- to stand down. >> that's not happening. john, u.s. foreign policy in the middle east, maybe elsewhere, but in the middle east right now in the wake of libya and benghazi, we are at low ebb, john, in the eyes i dare say of middle eastern countries and in the eyes of european countries and maybe in the eyes of asia
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irresponsible. jonathan, you look at the fact that they're not being honestabout it. senator scott brown wrote heading back to d.c. just learned the president reached out to senate gop leadership with a proposal. it is the first such proposal to be put forth. first proposal? the president put multiple proposals on the table. but he's not the only one, jonathan, that has said this. just listen to senator mcconnell today. listen to this. >> i say i'm a little frustrated because we've been asking the president and the democrats to work with us on a bipartisan agreement for months. the president chose to spend his time on the campaign trail. now, republicans have bent over backwards. we stepped way, way out of our comfort zone. we wanted an agreement. but we had no takers. >> just to be factual, on november 29th, the president made his opening offer to the gop. mcconnell actually burst into laughter. you can't laugh at a non-proposal. on november 17th, the president made a second offer with concessions on taxes and entitlement. so here's three occasions. yet, they claim no proposal. or this is the
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Infinite Loop / The Apple Ecosystem
Unleash the power of Unicode on your Mac
Use the Character Palette, the Keyboard Viewer, and TextEdit to find, type, …
In English, letters with accents (diacritics) are pretty rare. Since Midæval times, diacritics have apparently fallen into disfavor. These days, people would rather cooperate than coöperate and are no longer in the habit of reading Brontë in a café while enjoying their latte. But in most other European languages, accented letters are still very much in use, and then there are the languages that use non-Latin scripts, such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew, and Russian. In the 1980s, every country or language had one or more different character sets or "code pages" that made it possible to write in that language on a computer. However, this meant that Greek letters could magically be transformed into Cyrillic ones when moving a file to a different computer, and using several different scripts in one document was extremely hard, if possible at all.
Fortunately, these days we have Unicode, which can encode pretty much every character in every script used by any language, dead or alive. So today, accents and non-Latin scripts simply work... most of the time, at least. The Mac has a series of tools that make it easier to work with Unicode. The first one can be found under the "Edit" menu as "Special characters." This menu item opens the character palette, which allows you to browse through the Unicode table in a variety of ways. Every character even has a name, which is searchable, and you can add characters to a list of favorites for easy access. Clicking on "Insert" inserts the currently-selected character in the active application, just like you typed it.
You can actually type a good number of characters on the keyboard. For instance, the ë in Brontë is created by first typing Alt-U (or Option-U, if you prefer) and then E. If you type some other letter in place of the E, you'll get the umlaut on that letter, if the combination makes sense. Similar working "dead keys" are available with Alt-E for é, Alt-I for ô, Alt-` for ù and Alt-n for ñ. If you go to "International" in the System Preferences, there is an option Input Menu. This lets you select "Input methods" that are appropriate for different languages. Even if you want to stick to just standard US, you may want to select the Keyboard Viewer and enable "Show input menu in the menu bar." Not only will this give you a nice, patriotic flag in your menu bar, but clicking on the flag will give you the option of bringing up the Keyboard Viewer, which does mostly what its name implies: it shows you a representation of a keyboard, showing you what letter is attached to what key. This is extremely helpful when you use a non-standard keyboard layout, or if you want to discover what letters hide under the alt and shift keys.
Should you ever run into improperly-displayed text in Safari or Mail, then you can override the standard text encoding using the View > Text Encoding menu in Safari or the the Message > Text Encoding menu in Mail. Just go through the options until the text makes sense. You can use this mechanism in Safari if you have a text file in a strange encoding: open the text file in Safari, select the appropriate encoding, copy the text from the Safari window into another application, such as TextEdit, and save the text as Unicode UTF-8.
TextEdit will also save your life when you have a text file that's in Unicode, but not in UTF-8. The original Unicode specification allowed for some 65,000 characters, and the current one for more than a million. A byte in memory, on the other hand, can only hold numbers between 0 and 255. With two bytes, it's possible to encode a little over 65,000 characters, and four bytes will give you everything Unicode has to offer and then some. So Unicode text can show up in a format called UTF-16 or UCS-2, which uses two bytes (16 bits) for almost all characters, or as UTF-32 or UCS-4, which uses four bytes (32 bits). However, the most common Unicode format on the Mac, Unix, Linux, and the web is UTF-8. UTF-8 uses a variable number of bytes per character. Plain Latin unaccented letters use one byte per character, accented letters, non-Latin scripts and other more esoteric characters use two or three or even more bytes. Programs that were made to work with simple ASCII text can work with UTF-8 without too many problems, hence its popularity. Should you ever encounter a text file in UTF-16 or UTF-32, open the file in TextEdit with the appropriate encoding, and save it back out again in UTF-8 so you can work on the file with other applications that only understand Unicode in UTF-8, which is most of them. For an example of what Unicode can do, see the UTF-8 sampler.
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I want to list all PDF files in the directories of the current working directory. What command can do this?
I remember a combination of ls and */*.pdf but don't remember what exact combination.
share|improve this question
Do you want a list of all pdf files or a list of all files which have the filenameextension ".pdf"? – Ocaso Protal Jan 31 '12 at 10:51
5 Answers 5
up vote 12 down vote accepted
You can use:
find -iname '*.pdf'
with ls maybe:
ls -lR | grep '/\|pdf$'
share|improve this answer
Firs command does not work, output: ls: cannot access *.pdf: No such file or directory – ashim Jan 31 '12 at 4:21
ups, sorry. that command is indeed wrong. I'll edit – zetah Jan 31 '12 at 4:24
Always quote find patterns (as in -name '*.pdf'), to prevent the shell to expand the glob pattern (this would happen if you have some pdf file in the current directory). – enzotib Jan 31 '12 at 5:43
ok, thanks. edited yet again... – zetah Jan 31 '12 at 6:23
In case you happen to have files named with inconsistent character case, use -iname \*.pdf to also find files ending in .PDF, .PdF, etc. – Tom Regner Jan 31 '12 at 7:55
Use find
find . -name '.pdf'
See also: http://content.hccfl.edu/pollock/unix/findcmd.htm
share|improve this answer
Shouldn't this be find . -name '*.pdf'? – nispio Sep 4 '13 at 22:24
You do not need a wildcard with find – bodhi.zazen Sep 5 '13 at 16:30
The easiest way (if you are using Ubuntu Desktop):
Go to your home folder in Nautilus, press Ctrl+F and search for .pdf.
Screenshot showing search process
@WarriorIng64 Note that this on its own will locate all files with .pdf occurring anywhere in the filename. If you specifically want files that the system identifies as PDFs, click the green + button next to "Reload", add the "File Type" "Pdf / Postscript" filter and click "Reload" to get only actual PDFs. enter image description here
share|improve this answer
@WarriorIng64 UPDATED – One Zero Jan 31 '12 at 10:24
Beautiful. Crazy I forgot how simple this was. – don.joey May 22 '14 at 9:26
Simplest way will be:
locate *.pdf
This command will find all the PDF files present in your system.
share|improve this answer
Watch out for shell globbing doing magic here for you. If the *.pdf expands to files in the current working directory, then these will be provided to the locate command, not the raw *.pdf argument. – gertvdijk Aug 19 '13 at 18:32
Use the command:
ls | grep .pdf
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/147
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am trying to enable flash in my Quickly app.
I have a WebKit/webview in a scrolledwindow.
I know on Android you need to enable javascript an plugins.
I have look in the WebKit2GTK+ Reference Manual
So my code look like this:
#gets the WebView and scrolledwindow wiget object.
self.scrolledwindow = builder.get_object("scrolledwindow")
self.webview = WebKit.WebView()
self.settings = self.webview.get_settings()
self.settings.set_property("enable-plugins", True)
self.settings.set_property("enable-javascript", True)
But it does not work :( Or in fact, I can hear the sound from the video, just not see images.
The terminal response look like this:
self.settings.set_property("enable-javascript", True)
TypeError: object of type `WebKitWebSettings' does not have property `enable-javascript'
It can run with out the self.settings.set_property("enable-javascript", True) line, but so again no image on the video.
NB: I'm on my first week with python, so I am a noob to Python ;)
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
Here's a rendition of some working code. Note how the settings are instantiated and later the browser is told to set those settings.
self._browser = webkit.WebView()
browser_settings.set_property('user-agent', ' '.'abc')
(Looks like the useragent= line is superfluous.)
share|improve this answer
John thank you very much :) your code actually helped me lot, I have added an ipod-user-agent then it run on my laptop.. Voidcode ;) – Voidcode Aug 18 '12 at 21:48
You don't have a variable on the object returned. Terminal has no idea what the "object" is.
share|improve this answer
Yes.. but in the WebKit2GTK+ Reference Manual there is property call 'enable-javascript' and it gets no error with the 'enable-plugins'. – Voidcode Jul 24 '12 at 2:53
After trying John S Gruber´s code.
I try with a ipod-user-agent.
This works :)
I don´t know how, I´am using an Aspira 5750 Laptop for testing.
It looks like it switch to an default-player, and not the dr.dk´s flash-player. but it works!!
self.webview = WebKit.WebView()
#gets webview.get_settings object.
self.browser_settings = self.webview.get_settings()
self.browser_settings.set_property('user-agent', 'Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 3_2 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/531.21.10 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0.4 Mobile/7B334b Safari/531.21.10')
NB: If I try with user-agent like this Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:14.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/14.0.1 Then the video runs slow and do NOT work !!
share|improve this answer
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/148
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I tried to prevent my digital photos (.jpg files) from accidental deletion using chmod 444 *.jpg. All permissions are set and displayed correctly in a terminal (ls -la) as well as in thunar's file properties > permissions. The files are displayed with a lock symbol. Even though, whenever I press "delete", the marked file is moved to trash. My expectation was that files without write permission could not be moved to trash. Is it a bug or am I just wrong assuming that moving a file requires write permission?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
Actually, Nautilus behaves the same (as does bash terminal). You can delete a read-only file, because it is the directory permissions that control that operation. In theory, you can't write to a read-only file, although many editors will delete the original (or make a backup), then write to a new file, so it seems that you can write to the read-only file.
If you were to make the permissions for a directory r-x, then you would not be able to delete any files (but you could still write to the files, assuming they are not read-only).
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/149
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I've received a font and it has all the Cyrillic letters in Latin-1 block, thus replacing phonetic characters. So I have to type "òåñò" to get "тест". Can it be fixed?
share|improve this question
I don't have the option "MagistralC". Is it your specific font? – Avio Oct 3 '12 at 14:34
Type it ;) Ubuntu is not in the main list either. – int_ua Oct 3 '12 at 14:53
No, I don't really have it in the list, typing it or not. If it's not in the list, typing brings you to the closest match, so I reach "Marker Felt". It's not in the list. – Avio Oct 3 '12 at 14:57
oh, it doesn't have fonts included, I see =( removing the update, sorry. – int_ua Oct 3 '12 at 15:02
Your Answer
Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/150
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Recently, I've been experiencing an error with programs that have a fullscreen mode with low resolution (80xx600 and below) in Unity. The problem isn't valid in gnomeshell. Whenever I launch an application, unity would enlarge the screen more than it should be and would only show me the upper left corner of the screen (I only see a magnified quarter of the screen). At first I thought that it was an issue related to wine but I later found out that native applications (such as world of goo) are affected as well. Apps that taken on the full screen but have a larger resolution don't face such an issue. Is it possible to get this fixed manually? Or do I have to wait for updates?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Yes same case for me to play the old Age of Empires in wine in 800x600 or 1024x768 resolutions while my screen is natively in 1280x1024. Solution : switch to the target resolution before launching the app so that it does not need to switch to the lower resolution itself:
xrandr -s 1024x768; wine etc.;xrandr -s 1280x1024
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/151
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I wonder if system will call my script located in /etc/network/if-up.d/ or /etc/network/if-down.d/ with start or stop. The reason I am asking is that I have a script which can be called with start/stop command line arguments. In order to use with if-up.d I have to split the script into 2 parts. Is there a better way to place the script into /etc/network/if-up.d/ without splitting?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
You could put the real script in one directory, and a symlink to it in the other. Then you could check $0 each time the script gets called, to see which version was invoked. This way you would retain the conveniance to edit the script in one place.
$0 is the variable, which contains the entire path to the script itself when it gets called. You would find a "if-up" or "if-down" as part of the path, and this could be interpreted as start and stop.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/152
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm using Ubuntu 12.04 with Unity and LXDE. I use a phonetic keyboard layout to write Bengali in Unity. Now, I want to use LXDE, because of its better performance on my PC, but problem is that, I can't get that specific layout on LXDE.
How can I get that on LXDE?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
This might help: http://www.pclinuxos.com/forum/index.php?topic=87702.0 Basically it says to put a keyboard config thingy on the main panel and then use it to change your layout.
share|improve this answer
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Document: Digitisation Volunteer Handbook
View document
Digitisation Volunteer Handbook.
This document contains information which is provided specifically for the induction of volunteers in the DigiVol program (formerly Rapid Digitisation Project) at the Australian Museum. This document and content is the copyright of the Australian Museum.
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Today on Blogcritics
Home » The Challenger Disaster and the Spirit of Space Exploration
The Challenger Disaster and the Spirit of Space Exploration
Twenty-five years ago today the space shuttle Challenger exploded. The dead crew included the much-publicized first ordinary citizen to be sent into space, schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe.
I’ll never forget the date, because it was my birthday. But I’ll never forget the event for much bigger reasons. The Challenger disaster seemed to signify more than the fallibility of NASA and its technology. It seemed to crystallize a feeling that had been settling over us for years: that the best days of the U.S. space program were in the past.
Nothing has happened since then to change that impression. The shuttle program felt unambitious from the start, since it wasn’t really taking us anywhere we hadn’t already gone. Also, by 1986 it had become in one sense a victim of its own success—half a dozen successful launches had begun to make space flight seem routine.
It was a far cry from the days of Apollo, when they’d pull us out of our elementary school classes to watch the moon missions on live TV. There we’d be, the whole school massed in the auditorium, squinting from afar at a single black-and-white television set that had been creakily wheeled onto the stage. Apollo was more important than class. It was about how great our country was; even more, it was about the limitless prospects for mankind itself.
The shuttle program could never generate that level of excitement, and while neither the Challenger disaster nor the loss of the Columbia and its crew 17 years later could kill the program, old age has now done so: 2011 is expected to be its retirement year. After that, what? Will the ambitious space programs of nations new to space flight pick up where we and the Russians left off? Will private enterprise do it?
Or will the grandeur of space flight fade into myth and metaphor? President Obama referred to “our generation’s Sputnik moment” in his State of the Union address this week. He was talking about investment in research and development—in areas like clean energy and biomedicine and information technology. Not space.
Is continued exploration of the solar system simply beyond our collective powers of focus and imagination? With earthbound disasters—natural and man-made and hybrid—striking on an almost daily basis, is there any hope that humanity will ever find the time, the money, and the spirit to reach for Mars and beyond? If saving our own planet from ourselves seems beyond our political will, how can we resume a push to worlds beyond?
It’s sobering to think that a small boy who watched the moon landings might live out a full life and finally die of old age without ever seeing that kind of exploratory spirit return.
Challenger photo: Bruce Weaver/AP Photo
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About Jon Sobel
• duane
It should be clear that the manned space program is intended to generate enthusiasm among the taxpaying public. Beyond that, it does not have a well-defined mission. We went to the Moon not to explore the Moon but to show up the Soviets. There is no particular scientific or economic reason to send humans to the Moon — no reason that would justify the cost and effort. Even less reason to go to Mars. If anyone could make a compelling case as to why we need to send humans to Mars, we could do it, given the funding.
And let’s not forget that the Moon program was also marred by deaths, and most everyone knows the Apollo 13 story. Failures shouldn’t be dismissed as “fallibility” but as a recognition that it’s VERY difficult. Failures happen when you’re working out on the edge.
The unmanned space program, where actual science gets done, lives off the table scraps of the manned program. The unmanned space program has been a stunning success, although the occasional failure grabs headlines. The scientific wealth of knowledge that has come from the unmanned mission is simultaneously staggering and of little interest to the taxpayer.
It’s true, the near future doesn’t look great. But I have to disagree with your contention that the end of the Apollo era ended our best days in space. Sadly, scientific progress doesn’t generate excitement among 95% of Americans.
• Jon Sobel
Duane, thanks for your well-considered comment. I fully agree that great science comes out of unmanned missions. But there’s a reason the manned program is what captures the public imagination: human nature. If we’re not putting ourselves out there – in harm’s way, and “where no one has gone before” – it just doesn’t feel the same.
Also, while it may be true that the manned program “does not have a well-defined mission,” that could change if we keep rendering our planet more and more uninhabitable!
• Dr Dreadful
Good post as usual, Duane, but I have to disagree with you on one point. There is an economically compelling case for sending humans to various other lumps of rock (and when I say sending them I mean it in the sense of not bringing the buggers back again), and that is that it would be a really, really good idea to get the hell off the planet and start doing it pretty sharpish.
It is, however, a highly unpleasant case, so nobody wants to hear it.
• duane
Hello, gents. Jon and Dr. D. touch on the habitability of Earth, what with dwindling resources and the possibility of various types of wipeout scenarios.
So, we need an off-Earth colony. Sure. Where? When? How? I would be interested in your ideas.
• Jon Sobel
I think we’d have to start by building enclosed environments on the surface of other worlds which have (at the very least) water. The Moon would be by far the easiest in terms of getting there, but Mars and various asteroids might be candidates as well. The biggest challenge would be to make these colonies ultimately self-sustaining.
Then there’s also the Rendezvous with Rama method of creating huge spaceships big enough to support lots and lots of people on an indefinite voyage…
• Dr Dreadful
In my opinion, we need to get away from the Columbian/Apollo idea of explorers boldly going, etc, and then returning home in triumph.
The model I’m thinking of is analogous to the 17th century Puritan migrations to North America. Most of the emigrants left Europe without any intention of ever returning.
On the minus side, they had very little idea of whether they would find anything habitable once they got there, but on the plus side (and this, in the case of spaceflight, is an extra-double-big plus with knobs on) a one-way ticket was a heck of a lot cheaper than a return.
It needn’t be a death sentence. Mars, in particular, is a roughly Earth-like environment (an atmosphere, abundant water, a relatively benign climate, almost the same length of day), and we could probably cope there with adaptations of existing technology.
Once established, settlers in the New England colonies often sent for their wives and families to join them. Very occasionally, a few of them went back to England.
No reason why future Martians couldn’t have a view to that same sort of future, once their colony is up and running.
• roger nowosielski
You are a geek, Dreadful, by your own admission, must I remind you?
Is this the latest in the English/Welsh mind?
• duane
Yeah, Dr. D., “once the colony is set up” there are all sorts of possibilities. I don’t see how you would set up a colony. You could have a “station,” where people could work for 6 months, then come home. But no one would actually want to live there. There’s nothing there. It’s a desert that makes the Sahara seem pleasant. The New World, in spite of the tough times the colonists had, was a paradise compared to Mars. There’s a reason that there are no big cities in the Antarctic, which is actually a nicer place than Mars.
Jon: Rendezvous with Rama. Well, remember, Rama was empty when it was discovered. Whaddaya think happened?
Just being difficult ….
And a geek ….
• Christopher Rose
Personally, I’m going to feel cheated if I don’t get off this planet before I die.
Space exploration and colonization is probably one of the top three scientific challenges we face right now and in general terms should have as much resources spent on it as possible.
• El Bicho
I got off the planet at a few Grateful Dead shows during the late ’80s/early ’90s
• Jon Sobel
Either way it’ll be a long strange trip…
• Dr Dreadful
Duane, I have a feeling you’re playing devil’s advocate here, but I’ll bite.
It takes a particularly odd type of person to want to up sticks and piss off to a new and hostile place, but there are such odd people around.
Given enough invitation and opportunity, people will move anywhere. Sure, there are no cities in Antarctica… yet. (Hopefully there never will be.) But there are in other inhospitable places. Phoenix, anyone? Las Vegas? New Orleans? Compton?
And granted that Massachusetts has an atmosphere substantial enough to breathe and warm enough that your eyeballs don’t turn instantaneously into Jawbreakers the moment you step off the Mayflower. But the Puritans were also working with a lot less sophisticated technology.
remember, Rama was empty when it was discovered.
Actually, the crew of the Endeavour never proved that definitively…
• duane
Dr. D.: Ha. Yes, you make a good point. There will always be volunteers. A few casino hotels with a view of Olympus Mons should do the trick.
Anyway, with all due respect for the Challenger crew and their loved ones….
• Dr Dreadful
[geek turbo on]
Duane, you are aware, are you not, that a view of Olympus Mons, anywhere other than from orbit, would be underwhelming?
It’s a vast shield volcano, with slopes so gentle that, although the summit is 14 miles above mean Martian surface level, if you were standing on the thing you wouldn’t even realize it was a mountain.
[/geek turbo off]
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public marks
PUBLIC MARKS from recommend with tags plans & plan
24 February 2007 03:30
Write a Business Plan that Works [Get Started]
by 7 others
Finally, remember that your plan is for a Web design/development firm, not the next Microsoft (yet). You only need a finite number of clients or projects per month to meet your financial goals. Moreover, in most markets, that number is achievable by those
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“You Lie!” Why the U.S. Needs a Presidential “Question Time” Like the Brits
Barack Obama (AP)“You lie!!! . . . [a couple of hours later] Ummm, Mr. Emmanuel, please tell the President that I got a little carried away there, and I am very sorry for the disrespect. I will, ummm, limit myself to murmuring under my breath and sitting in stony silence during the ovations of the President’s partisans in the future. I really didn’t mean to interrupt the ritual, but you see, ummm, I was thinking that this was still town hall meeting season.”
When we woke up to discover that the “big news” from President Obama’s “big speech” on health care was Joe Wilson’s (R-SC) outburst (barely audible on the NPR feed) and subsequent apology, we might have concluded that Representative Wilson had done the media an immense favor. If there weren’t some flap of decorum or teleprompter malfunction, they might have to report on the substance of the address, and everyone wanted to avoid that.
Our ever-present willingness to make the style or the presentation or the protestors or the minutiae into the story persistently undermines the level of policy discussion in this country. If it was not about Representative Wilson, the “big story” might have focused on who sat in Ted Kennedy’s favorite chair or how John McCain fidgeted when the President called him out by name or whether the presence of Kennedy’s family was a respectful honoring or a cheap political stunt. But of course, instead, we received the news copy gift of Wilson’s gaffe that gave everyone something to talk about.
One wonders whether British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is snickering a little at all the hoopla over this single shouted accusation. Of course, Brown hears far worse than one little “Liar!” every Wednesday in the House of Commons at Question Time. The clamoring, shifting, and occasional shouts from the opposition backbenchers are sometimes more accusatory but always more clever than Representative Wilson’s outburst. And yet we apparently consider one audible “You lie!” so out of order that apologies must be delivered before bedtime.
I am willing to give Representative Wilson a little, but only a little, sympathy for failing to suppress the urge to challenge the President’s assertion that no illegal aliens would receive medical coverage (which they do not already enjoy in our emergency rooms) from the plans the President and his congressional allies have proposed. He was, no doubt, quite frustrated with being used as a stage prop and setting for a formal speech that contained little that members of Congress have not heard before and no opportunity to express anything other than the bluntest approbation (by rapturous applause) or disapproval (by stony silence). Surely, Representative Wilson might have said to himself, “I have my own opinions on these matters and ought to be able to engage the President in a meaningful conversation.” Stifled by the restrictive rules of a formal address, Representative Wilson had no choice but to express his frustration in two sharp words shouted from the audience.
But these are the rules, right?
There is no other way that Presidents could communicate publicly with Congress about pending legislation, is there?
Well, there is.
Consider John McCain’s under-appreciated claim in the 2008 presidential campaign to make himself available “every couple of weeks” to answer questions from members of the Congress. He suggested, apparently quite sincerely, that we should have something like Question Time here in the U.S.
If we made that change, the exchange between Representative Wilson and the President might actually get us somewhere:
“Mr. President, I would object. Insofar as your proposal never specifies a mechanism by which those claiming medical care under this plan would have their identity and immigration status checked, isn’t it true that your plan might provide medical care for illegal aliens in the U.S.?”
“The gentleman from South Carolina errs because sections _________, ____________, and __________ of the Senate Finance Committee proposal make clear that no illegal aliens can receive treatment under this plan. Perhaps the gentleman should read the bill before critiquing it. The ______________ section, in particular, clearly states . . .” At this point, I think that we might hear some backbenchers from the Republicans letting loose with exclamations that the President is less than truthful, but the President and members would have the possibility of an illustrative exchange, “Would the gentleman or members of his caucus care to specify what stronger language for those sections they would think more airtight than those currently contained in the bills before the house? If this strong language is an inadequate protection, what language would the gentleman add or change?”
What our current practices of public theater and the “Presidential Address to Congress” (whether the “Annual Message” or a “Special Session”) lack is a mechanism by which the President and his congressional opponents are encouraged (even forced) to engage in debates in which each side must explain and document its claims in a forum in which the other side has its own opportunity to make its substantive points before the public audience. Only in the committee rooms (which is to say the dead of night on C-Span) are the real nitty-gritty details of legislation debated in any meaningful way.
The disruptive and chaotic spectacles of the August town halls reflect our most august public events – including the State of the Union address – more than we might like to admit. They are one-sided affairs in which the “Leader” in the room speaks in scripted, screen-tested lines that may or may not be responsive to the questions people have about the issues at hand. The dissenting audience is left to express its disapproval by shouting the “Leader” down or calling the “Leader” a “liar.” Rarely is chapter or verse of actual legislative proposals cited; still more rarely are competing versions of those proposals debated and compared. All too often the facts about what is proposed or what its alternatives might be are completely beside the point.
As I have written elsewhere for the Britannica Blog, there is nothing in the Constitution that requires us to maintain this stilted, formal, decidedly one-sided, and occasionally dishonest relationship in presidential “discussions” with Congress. Instead of flogging Representative Wilson for his breach of etiquette (or celebrating him as the only man in the room willing to tell truth to power, as some are now lauding him), I would give him a time each week at which he can ask a real question (and yes, toss a few epithets if he is in the minority) and get a real answer. He might even have to field a counter-question that would reveal whether he is paying attention and proposing a productive alternative, or just scoring politically convenient points. Then we might actually be debating policy.
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The curtain has been raised on a whole slew of news related to Silverlight, formerly codenamed "WPF/E". Today at Mix '07 (no, unfortunately I'm not attending) and via blogs, several announcements have been made:
.NET Programming and Tool Support for Silverlight
From Soma's Mix07 post:
"We have made available the Microsoft Silverlight 1.1 CTP, offering broader tools and language support for the future of Silverlight. The CTP focuses on Visual Studio-based support for Web standards development, including ASP.NET AJAX with full IntelliSense editing for client and server code, powerful cross-platform debugging, and rich language support for JavaScript, C#, VB, Ruby, Python, and more."
(Actually, take a moment to read Soma's post now. There's a ton of other announcements in it and I don't want to copy full his post... IronRuby, DLR, Dynamic Languages shared source, and more!)
This is very cool news. .NET, Silverlight, PC & Mac... Mike Harsh has posted on the .NET support in Silverlight and the new community site. He also points out there are quickstarts and samples based on v1.0 and v1.1, including v1.1 managed code samples in C#, VB.NET, IronPython and more.
Silverlight 1.0 Beta Available (with Go Live License)
Released today, sites can now use the Silverlight 1.0 Beta to deploy production Silverlight applications. Here's a list of changes with the 1.0 Beta.
Silverlight Streaming
From the Silverlight streaming homepage:
As of today, you can get hosted space for 4GB Silverlight streaming media and videos of up to 10 minutes in length at! Tim Sneath (who posted a zillion entries today) has an introductory post.
Silverlight "How To" Screencasts
Several dozen "how to" screencasts have now been made available by the Silverlight team. [Via Tim Sneath's Blog.]
Scott Guthrie Interview
If you're more of a "listen" than "read" person, there's an interview of Scott Guthrie on Channel 9 where Scott discusses the announcements made today.
Some game-changing announcements. Take some time to digest them and, if you're in the Northeast, catch our next Bob & Chris' MSDN Roadshow where one of the day's four sessions will be on Silverlight.
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A customer from a major software vendor asked, "What is the significance of the command value that can be found under HKCR\⟨progid⟩\shell\open\command. It appears to be a copy of the default value, but with the program name replaced with apparent garbage. We've seen this both with Microsoft products as well as products by other companies. There is no mention of this value in the documentation on static verbs."
Name Type Data
(Default) REG_SZ "C:\Program Files\Contoso\CONTOSO.exe" /NOLOGO "%1"
command REG_MULTI_SZ 34GY`{XL?{Y)2S($,PP>c=@0l{Ja0N8KUwy@4JdO /NOLOGO "%1"
The customer didn't explain why they were interested in this particular registry value. Maybe they thought it was enabling some super magical powers, and they wanted to get in on that action. (If that was the case, then they failed to notice that the same command value also existed in the verb registration for their own program!)
That strange garbage-looking string was placed there by Windows Installer (also known as MSI). It is the so-called Darwin descriptor that Windows Installer uses to figure out what program to run when the verb is invoked by the shell. For compatibility with programs that read the registry directly (because everybody knows that reading the registry is much cooler than using the API), the default value is set to something approximating the local executable's path. That default value might be incorrect if the application has moved in the meantime, and it might be missing entirely if the application is marked as install-on-demand and has never been used, but at least it keeps those rogue programs working 99% of the time.
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Search for content in message boards
Blanche Nef Shipwreck
Replies: 0
Blanche Nef Shipwreck
Posted: 23 Mar 2012 11:38AM GMT
Classification: Death
Surnames: Lupus, King Henry I, William the Aethling, Matilda the Countess of Perche, Matilda of Blois, Earl of Chester
In researching Matilda Lupus - only a couple of people have her occasion of death correctly. She died on the shipwreck of the Blanche Nef in 1120. Here is the story:
The Wreck of the White Ship
On the 25th November 1120 a disaster struck in the English Channel which had a dramatic effect, not only on the families of those involved, but on the very fabric of English Government. Some of the following is simply speculation, since only one man survived and he was not one of the crew and would not have known much of what took place on deck with the captain, Thomas Fitz Stephen, and the crew.
The Norman dynasty had not long established itself on the English throne and King Henry I was eager that his line should continue to wear the crown for many generations to come. Despite having numerous bastard offspring, he had but two surviving legitimate children and his hopes for his family were firmly secured by the birth of his only son, William the Aethling: called by the Saxon princely title to stress that his parents had united both Saxon and Norman Royal Houses. William was a warrior prince who, even at the age of seventeen, fought alongside his father to reassert their rights in their Norman lands on the Continent.
After the successful campaign of 1119 which culminated in King Louis VI of France's defeat and humiliation at the Battle of Brémule, King Henry and his entourage were finally preparing to return to England. Henry was offered a fine vessel, the White Ship, in which to set sail for England, but the King had already made his traveling arrangements and suggested that it would be an excellent choice for his son, William.
As the rising star of the Royal Court, Prince William attracted the cream of society to surround him. He was to be accompanied by some three hundred fellow passengers: 140 knights and 18 noblewomen; his half-brother, Richard; his half-sister, Matilda the Countess of Perche; his cousins, Stephen and Matilda of Blois; the nephew of the German Emperor Henry V; the young Earl of Chester and most of the heirs to the great estates of England and Normandy. There was a mood of celebration in the air and the Prince had wine brought aboard ship by the barrel-load to help the party go with a swing. Both passengers and crew soon became highly intoxicated: shouting abuse at one another and ejecting a group of clerics who had arrived to bless the voyage. Some passengers, including Stephen of Blois, who was ill with diarrhea, appear to have sensed further trouble and decided to take a later craft.
The onboard revelries had delayed the White Ship's departure and it only finally set out to sea, after night had already fallen. The Prince found that most of the King's forces had already left him far behind yet, as with all young rabble-rousers, he wished to be first back home. He therefore ordered the ship's master to have his oarsmen row full-pelt and overtake the rest of the fleet. Being as drunk as the rest of them, Thomas Fitz Stephen complied and the ship soon began to race through the waves.
An excellent vessel though the White Ship was, sea-faring was not as safe as it is today. Many a boat was lost on the most routine of trips and people did not travel over the water unless they really had to. With a drunken crew in charge moreover, it seems that fate had marked out the White Ship for special treatment. It hit a rock in the gloom of the night and the port-side timbers cracked wide-open to reveal a gaping whole.
Prince William's quick-thinking bodyguard immediately rushed him on deck and bundled him into a small dinghy. They were away to safety even before the crew had begun to make their abortive attempts to hook the vessel off the rocks. However, back aboard ship, the Prince could hear his half-sister calling to him, begging him not to leave her to the ravages of the merciless sea. He ordered his little boat to turn round, but the situation was hopeless. As William grew nearer once more, the White Ship began to descend beneath the waves. More and more people were in the water now and they fought desperately for the safety of the Royal dinghy. The turmoil and the weight were too much. The Prince's little boat was capsized and sank without trace.
It is said that the only person to survive the wreck to tell the tale was a Rouen butcher, called Berold, who had only been on board to collect debts owed him by the noble revellers. Finely dressed bodies, such as the Earl of Chester's, were washed up along the Norman shoreline for months after.
After King Henry heard of the disaster, it is said that he never smiled again. Desperate to secure his family's succession, he had the English barons swear an oath to uphold the rights of his only remaining legitimate child: his daughter Matilda who they were to recognize as their Queen after Henry's death. But the time had not yet come for a woman to be accepted on the English throne. When King Henry died, his nephew, Stephen of Blois seized the crown and four years later, the status quo degenerated into a patchy Civil War.
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The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
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Investing/Strategies / Retirement Investing
Subject: Re: new limit on roth ira Date: 12/27/2000 10:38 AM
Author: Ringfinger Number: 26803 of 77570
What site was that? Too bad it wasn't the IRS site!!
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The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
Previous Page
International Investing / China Connection
Subject: China eco data Date: 10/14/2011 6:38 AM
Author: MrPlunger Number: 3415 of 3435
A pretty interesting factual outline of Chinese data collection and associated issues - plus some key historical anecdotes.
Speech by Tom Orlik
WJS, Beijing office
at the Hong Kong Foreign Correspondants Club.
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The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
Previous Page
Investment Analysis Clubs / Macro Economic Trends and Risks
Subject: Re: Poll: OT?: Environmental Terrorism Date: 2/10/2013 12:38 PM
Author: tim443 Number: 415524 of 474092
Yup, many advanced nations are effectively paying people to have kids. C. got a full year maternity leave with full pay (topped up by her employer) for each of hers.
I think the US has the least amount of benefits in the advanced world?
I don't buy the "Fracking near communities' groundwater supplies" as I think the statement is deliberately inflammatory, how many places actually do that? I'm sure there may be cases where someone's well is close by but that person is probably being well paid for the risk?
OT - Drones.
What's with all the whining about killing Americans, are these guys enemy combatants? If so and they are killing Americans why would they have some sort of special exemptions? Of course I'm watching GPS again. What can I say we doubled up on the snowfall from the storm last night. }};-()
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The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
Previous Page
Personal Finances / Credit Cards and Consumer Debt
Subject: Re: Debt vs emergency fund Date: 10/24/2013 12:40 PM
Author: vkg Number: 307397 of 309316
How will the deferred compensation be paid? Once you receive the first payment, it is likely that you will not be able to change the terms. Any change delays the first payment. You do understand that deferred compensation is an asset of the company? If the company has financial problems, the funds could be lost.
What is the interest rates on the credit card debt? What are the monthly payments?
How long before your husband finishes school?
Take a deep breath.
You used the term retire. Will you be receiving any pension? It also implies that you won't be eligible for unemployment.
Trying to refinance when leaving your job in 3 months could be dicey anyway.
You are starting to put together a budget?
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HOME > Chowhound > U.K./Ireland >
Aug 12, 2007 10:07 AM
Dear God, what did I eat in Petticoat Lane market?
So, I was in Middlesex street today and, being a big fan of street food the world round, smelled the familiar smell of cooking oil and spotted a long queue centred around a small kiosk. On closer inspection (but not quite close enough), they appeared to be deep-frying large prawns and serving them up with various sauces. As I say, there was a long queue and I am a culinary optimist at heart, so I joined the queue. I was reassured by the fact that the people in the line knew the routine. They were clearly repeat customers. My adventurousness bolstered by this knowledge, I got my 3 quid ready and started to salivate. When it was my turn, I asked for chili mayo and hot sauce and got an obscenely large pile of these prawns. When I finally found a spot to tuck into my booty, it was immediately clear to this life-long prawn consumer that these were no animal known to mankind. They were kind of like a kamaboko crab of prawns, but more glutinous and deeply, deeply wrong. Don't get me wrong, they tasted OK (what doesn't with enough garlic and chili?) and vaguely prawn-like, but I'm having difficulty banishing the disturbing image of them from my mind.
Can anyone tell me what these things are? And how worried should I be?
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1. re: CTownFeedR
yup, it sounds like you got some kind of surimi. when i was in whitstable, one of the seafood stands was selling giant "prawns" molded from a mixture of white fish. i assume that you had something similar.
2. i believe they are known as 'prawnies'.......
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HOME > Chowhound > Ontario (inc. Toronto) >
Sep 6, 2007 06:39 AM
Tawny Thick Cut Marmalade
About 7 years ago my sister came back from England with an amazing pot of marmalade for me. It was dark brown, full of giant chunks of peel, and had the most incredible flavour. As I recall the ingredients were just oranges and sugar. I used to stand beside the open fridge door with a spoon in my mouth and just savour a spoonful or two, it was so incredible. Or I would spread it on some Commisso's Italian whole wheat toast with butter.
I do not think it was Wilkin's, as I recall the label was not like that. Does anybody have an idea of what brand it could be or where I might find such incredible ambrosia again? Willing to order online if necc.
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1. re: MMRuth
Yes I think so, even if it's not the description "vintage marmalade" seems to bring up exactly what I'm looking for online. Any ideas on where to get it in Toronto?
1. re: celestica
Not off hand I'm afraid - I'm in NY - though used to live in TO years ago. Though - have you tried the Whole Foods - there's one in Hazelton Lanes, right? Good luck!
2. sounds yummy did you check the marks & spencers website..they have an amazing cherry confit that you cant get anywhere else either. Sometimes loblaws carries the thick cut marmelades...check them out.
1. I found out the best way to get a WOW out of eating marmalade was to make it myself, when the Seville oranges come out, (January, I think). I got the recipe in the newspaper, but can be found online too.Takes a little effort, but it is worth it!
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HOME > Chowhound > Ontario (inc. Toronto) >
Oct 16, 2007 09:17 AM
Can we revisit the PATH?
It's been awhile and it's getting colder so I'm looking for any favourites I can get to indoors or a short walk outdoors.
Looking for favourites, new places or healthy options.
I'll add my favs...
New and Good
Petit Four Bakery for Foccacia Sandwiches in Commerce Court
Good Regular place
The noodle / salad / soup from Saveur Saigon in Richmond Adelaide Foodcourt
Salads from Fresh in Commerce Court
LF / NC Soup from Soup Nutsy in TD Centre
Just Outside
Sweet Lulu at 350 Bay St, but really just around the corner on Temperance St
I was quite impressed by Sweet Lulu which I just tried yesterday. Had the rice stick noodles with shrimp and a laksa sauce. The noodles, vegetables were perfectly cooked and the 4 really (really) big shrimp were amazingly perfectly cooked. The laksa needed a little help that was retificed by the addition of sirachna and salt. $12.95
Let me know your favourites.
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1. Challenging topic Mila.
The PATH offers quantity of choice rather than quality, but I've scoped out a few favs over the last 6 months...and I'm interested in finding more. Sweet Lulu sound interesting, and I've not gotten past the lineups at Petit Four yet, but soon.
I like Sushi Q, just across from Fresh. There is another Sushi place in 1st Cdn that is more expensive, but very good. Sushi Q is closer and they are reliable and consistent in quality.
Fresh is pretty good (not as good as the Sandwich Box), but the servers are so surley--so I tend to avoid it.
When I am feeling like vege options, I like the vege tortillas at Zteca in CC. Messy, but very tasty.
I have also found that all chain locales are not the same. The Edo at CC does a good Tofu dinner. Lots of tofu and quite tasty. The Edo at BCE - not so good.
But other than that, packing my own is still a better option than the PATH. I'll be watching for more reviews.
1 Reply
1. I prefer Sandwich Box over Petit Four. Petit Four doesn't allow you to customize your sandwiches, they're expensive, and they don't grill 'em (maybe if you asked). Sandwich Box has recently raised their prices a bit but it's still a much better deal in terms of price and variety over Petit Four. I guess it's the rent in the PATH to blame.
One interesting thing is that Petit Four gives you the glass that your Petit Fours (desserts) come in.
Soup Nutsy is really good, even though it's kind of pricey for soup. At least it's still under $10. I try not to spend more than that for my average daily lunch.
Please do not bother with any of the new burrito places (Zteca or Quesada). If you can't make it to Burrito Boyz find your way to Freshwest Grill in TD. I don't think it's as good as BB but still a lot better than the new places.
When in doubt I go to Pumpernickels. Though selection there can be slim pickings if you go too late. I also noticed they don't seem to change their sandwiches much anymore.
Weather is still decent enough to go to St. Lawrence, but this is a PATH thread.
1. I'm glad you mentioned Sweet Lulu. Just walked by it the other day and was wondering if it was worth trying.
I like Petit Four, although it is precious - I got a cup of soup yesterday (literally a large coffee cup) for 4.70something (I don't remember the exact change). The soup was good though, so I would go back (curry lentil). The 4" wholegrain focaccia with smoked salmon, medium boiled egg (nice and squishy, not over boiled) was good - I think it was $7. It was fresh, nice chewy focaccia.
I like the salads at Fresh at CC - preferred dressings are the light raspberry, caribbean mango and dill poppyseed, sometimes they don't mix it well enough though.
cheap standbys - spicy eggplant, beef w/broccoli with white rice from the Chinese take out in CC; tofu with vegetables from Edo, small roast beef with cheese toasted from Mr. Sub. Haven't tried Zteca yet.
Naturally Yours in First Canadian - I like the lentil loaf with the gravy and the mexican lasagna with hot sauce. Their take out salads are good too - pricey because they are weighed.
I've had decent takeout middle eastern from the place in the TD food court. Has anyone tried the new place in the Scotia food court - I can't remember the name, but the potato guy used to be there (sigh, I did occasionally enjoy a baked potato from that guy with light sour cream and salsa - feeling and oh so cheap).
1 Reply
1. re: pescatarian
I tried it not too long ago. It is a bit of a bizarre combination of South American and Asian (but it is about as South American as Bourbon Grill or whatever is Cajun). It does have a pretty nice mango salad, but otherwise what I tried was about as good as, if not worse, as Manchu Wok next door.
2. This Fresh in CC, is it a Fresh by the Juice for Life people or something different?
On another note, I tried the meal salad at Toasty Jacks on the recommendation of this board and it was tastier than the salads at Lettuce Eatery and at least 2 or 3 dollars cheaper. I am hopelessly lost in the PATH, so I'm not sure exactly of the location. There is a Wendy's and a Tim's there (I know that describes 2/3 of the PATH foodcourts, sorry).
11 Replies
1. re: basileater
Fresh in CC and Fresh by Juice for Life are different owners.
You are describing Scotia Plaza to me - with the Wendy's and Tim's - not sure where Toasty Jacks is though.
1. re: pescatarian
Roasty Jack's is the The Exchange Tower. Where is Sandwich Box?
Great bakery in FC is Furama.
1. re: sake
Unfortunately, the Sandwich Box is not in the path...Fresh is a weak copy IMHO. Find them in the St. Patrick st food court across from City TV. Just look for the longest line.
I take that back, a post below says there is an SB on Richmond near Bay. If so, I'll be going there from now on. I only hope it is as good.
1. re: dinin and dishin
I agree that the sandwiches aren't worth it at Fresh(Fast Foods), but the salads are a decent option.
2. re: pescatarian
Which route do you guys take? Is this all on the University line or the Yonge?
1. re: Merriam
Well, I like Noodle King in the Sheraton Food court after dropping by today for beef brisket and rice noodle soup. Tasty! Nice to have another noodle shop option in the PATH.
1. re: deabot
Yes, I like the King too!!! The King is king .... I looooooooooooove the noodle soup, .... the soup is sooooo rich! ask for extra spice!
2. re: pescatarian
The Fresh in CC is Fresh Fast Foods. It's across from Petit Four/Soul of the Vine. Looks just like Lettuce Eatery.
As sake said, Roasty Jack's is in the Exchange Tower, west FCP (same food court as Burger King, Tim Hortons, etc.). They advertise that nothing is fried there. It's a pretty good option if you want something relatively healthy. I found their chicken salad just adequate. I didn't like that dressing with the chicken.
Sandwich Box is on Richmond just west of Bay, so it's not necessarily in the PATH. Sweet Lulu is just south of it on Temperance, once again just west of Bay St. I've yet to try it, but I notice there's always cops or security on that street.
Also right beside Noodle King in the Sheraton food court is the cheapest Mr. Souvlaki in the PATH. Under $5 for a pork souvlaki dinner with rice, potatoes and salad. It's not the best souvlaki, but hey, it's under $5. That food court is kind of dingy though, and the hair place makes the hallway smell. I always take my food to go.
Although if you're that close to Bay already check out T Spot in the concourse or Great Cooks on 8 if you're looking for a good sitdown meal.
1. re: Negaduck
I had no idea there was a Sandwich Box on Richmond near Bay. Is this the same owner and quality as the one across from City TV?
3. re: basileater
Just to note, Lettuce Eatery appears to have changed their name to Freshii now. I don't know what's changed though since I haven't been there for a while.
1. re: Negaduck
I believe the owner has re-branded to expand the product line. In the U.S., Freshii has much more than just salads; I guess they figured out they can't survive long-term serving $15 salads.
4. FYI Saveurs de Saigon died a few weeks ago... R.I.P. because it was the only place you could get pho in PATH.
I disagree about Sweet Lulu; I feel it is very over-priced for what you get. Although Noodle Concept (also Richmond-Adelaide Centre) isn't as good as Sweet Lulu, for half the price I feel it's better value for money. As my friend said "we got hosed"--and not in a good way!
Another fave of mine, also in R-A C, is Sandwich World. For $6 you get homemade chicken curry on biryani with salad ($4) and a fresh fruit cup ($2).
Interesting FYI: if you're into Subway, the one at Richmond and Bay (not in PATH) is far better than the one in the food court at R-A C--more generous fillings, and tidier sandwiches.
Thanks for the heads up on Noodle King everyone; I'll check it out.
7 Replies
1. re: Olivia
Oh no, say it's not so. I'll really miss Saveurs de Saigon, but I suppose they never really stood a chance in the foodcourt world of Hero burgers.
Sweet Lulu really was expensive but I was pleasantly suprised at the quality of ingredients and cooking.
A few more favs:
Oasis Cafe in Exchange Tower - Kosher meals with quality ingredients, a bit pricey, great falafel and baked spicy fries
For anyone who likes Soup Nutsy, here is a link to their daily menu.
Yesterday I checked out Cafe Supreme which is at ground level at the TD Centre. Tasty sandwiches and salads.
Mercatto takeout counter has some good sandwiches and salads.
1. re: Mila
I've been keen to try Oasis; thanks for the recommendation.
As for Mercatto... am I the only one who finds the smell of their raunchy hood exhaust being blown all over the sidewalk nauseating? In the name of good food though, I'll give it a shot (and hold my breath!). Thanks for the tip.
1. re: Olivia
Oasis Cafe's menu is online.
Oasis Cafe
100 King St W, Toronto, ON M5X, CA
1. re: toveggiegirl
Thanks for the link. It says falafel on their menu but I never see it there since the reno. Maybe you need to ask for it.
Had lunch today at King Shawarma at the Eaton Centre. Just a heads up, it was absolutely disgusting, undercooked greasy chicken.
2. re: Olivia
I am pretty much in love with the mixed Italian sandwich from Mercatto on Bay. Aside from the meats and cheese it has an artichoke pesto and arugula, plus the most delicious multigrain baguette with nuts and seeds... YUM!
3. re: Mila
Forgot about Cafe Supreme...probably because they are on ground level. Very tasty stuff there.
4. re: Olivia
so after reading this thread today, I was so excited about the prospect of Laksa nearby.. that I wen straight to Sweet Lulu's for lunch...
Since the comments here was that it was over-priced.. I shamlessly picked the lowest price point - the Vegetarian Laksha (Hokkien Mein, chili flakes, lime leaves) and Ice Tea.. comes out to just over $10... a tolerable price point for lunch.
I didn't miss not having any meat in that dish.. still a quite filling lunch. I echo the sentiments about the quality of ingredients.. and the setup is very hawker-esque..a plus in my books. You can place your order and sit at the long communal tables and they'll bring your order to you when ready.
Not that there's anything wrong with it, but when I saw the young kitchen stuff (non-asian) cooking stir fry.. I instinctively start to worry .. when my Laksa camed.. confirmed! The laksha soup was more like green curry?
The laksa soup (and I really wanted to like it) was overwhelming with coconut flavor... So though the soup was flavorful... at the same time it was truly bland (no excitement, no heat) by laksa standards. I know that didn't make any sense. But there just wasn't that rustic, earthiness quality that laksa's should have.
If you're looking for a good vegetarian eat, Sweet Lulu's laksa might be just the thing.. but if you're looking for authenticity.. this is a miss for me.
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HOME > Chowhound > Not About Food >
Oct 18, 2007 08:22 AM
Embarrassed to Order a Dish in a Restaurant?
While I enjoy eating liver, it takes me a bit of nerve to order it in a restaurant. I know this is my own insecurity and lack of confidence. It probably reminds of the time I was teased in school for bringing in a chopped liver sandwich. Just curious if others felt this way about ordering any specific dishes?
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1. sometimes i don't order things b/c i know my hubby will think them gross... like liver, but not out of embarrasment, just don't want to ruin his appetite I guess.
1 Reply
1. re: jujuthomas
What, is the waiter going into the back and snickering "Table 40 just ordered the calamari etc"
It's hard to be embarassed in front of no one and if you are worried about your companion, well, then you should be worried about your companion and not your entree.
2. I like organ meat, too and get excited when I see it on the menu. Unfortunately I know some very picky eaters who are grossed out by foods that in any way resemble their raw state so often have to pass so as to not put them off their dinner.
1. The only dishes I'm embarrassed to order are the skeevily named maki at some sushi places. I'm sorry, but I won't say "I want a Sexy Roll" out loud in a restaurant.
2 Replies
1. re: Humbucker
Yeah, I refuse to order the 69 roll and the orgasm roll at a sushi place we frequent, even though thry both sound tasty.
1. re: Megiac
Same as ordering the one-night-stand roll when you're with your co-worker. It's got lobster in it and I am dying to try it!
2. They put it on the menu, so fire away and order whatever sounds tasty. You can be pretty sure the chef will be pleased if nothing else.
1. i've never been embarrassed to order something.
the most recent example would probably be the lamb fries (or testicles) at an iranian restaurant but after the little jokes died down and i got a couple of people to try it, they really did enjoy it. it often happens like that, at least with my dining companions, that they'll find a new appreciation for something they would never have expected to like. as long as you dont' act finicky about it they seem to figure out that hey, it's not so bad.
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HOME > Chowhound > Greater Boston Area >
Dec 11, 2009 06:38 AM
Coming from Barbara Lynch - Menton
Devra First posted details here: http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/food/...
Named for a village on the French/Italian border (pronounce it nasally with the accent on the second syllable), it will be a high end Provençale/Mediterranean venue, with set menus only from around $85 - $145. She wants it to be a special occasion restaurant, a place to dress up for (good luck with that in Boston). And she modestly states, "It's not going to be precious, it's just going to be brilliant."
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1. I find this to be particularly well-timed in light of the current economy etc.
Also with regard to "a special occasion restaurant, a place to dress up," I have a huge collection of ascots, bow ties, and cravats that I just never have a chance to wear... now I do!
It's not going to be precious, it's just going to be brilliant." I'm so excited.
4 Replies
1. re: StriperGuy
When you're a celeb chef you can do anything you want. If she wants Bostonians to dress up, they must.
Striperguy, don't forget to shine your shoes.
1. re: CocoDan
Well, it will be interesting to see whether she institutes a dress code for the place. My guess is no.
2. re: StriperGuy
Thanks, SG - I just snorted my green tea.
RE: Name - "I think people have a hard time saying Au Bon Pain," Lynch says. Ha !
Menton rhymes with Louis Vuitton, which immediately started the soundtrack in my mind of Vampire Weekend's "Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa," which somehow really seems appropriate.
1. re: StriperGuy
Actually, starting this at the nadir of a recession makes a certain amount of sense, in the way that "things can only get better?"
2. this sounds like it will be great! I hope it is open by 2/21 (my bday) because it sounds like a great place for a celebration
1 Reply
1. re: cassoulady
She is aiming for a February opening, so keep your fingers crossed.
2. Not to sound too cynical (b/c like any new restaurant, I hope it thrives), and she must have done market research, but can Boston support another restaurant that is so pricey that people go "only once in a while" (as Lynch herself predicts)?
1. So it's pronounced "Mehn-tawwwwwwwn"? That actually hurts when I try to say it!
I wonder what will be $85 -- a bistro burger, perhaps? Man, this Oracle stock better start doing something or I don't think I'll be going there anytime soon.
3 Replies
1. re: hiddenboston
Ha! Maybe you would get the truffled mornay with your gougeres, too. Or perhaps the full "menu" from Drink done as courses : )
1. re: bostonbroad
I'll stick with the toasted raviolis, thank you. :-b
2. re: hiddenboston
From Devra's report it sounds like the $85 menu will be at least four courses.
3. Ok, this is all very funny - but since I don't go to her restaurants in general due to what I perceive as a poor price/quality/quantity ratio, what is it about the food that is inspiring all of these sarcastic statements?
5 Replies
1. re: Bob Dobalina
Just a guess, but this seems like a particularly egregious example of poor price/quality ratio; coupled with an economic climate that is not exactly robust.
I happen to be a fan of Barbara Lynch's cuisine; mainly #9, but I too wonder whether the timing is right for a more "up market" venue. Don't get me wrong. It might be wonderful and well worth the higher cost... for those seeking fine dining. Today I'm thorouhjly enjoying my left over from Xinh Xinh..:)
Maybe that helps to explain the sarcastic comments...:)
1. re: 9lives
If feel like we were saying the same thing about Drink and her seemingly overpriced lunch-counter restaurant last year. Opening budget breaking, singularly focused, restaurants in a downtrodden environment seemed silly to most of us. But the products are well executed and people, though expensive, do go. She knows what she's doing.
1. re: cannedmilkandfruitypebbles
I don't disagreewith you.. see my comments below. I was responding to Bob D's post about the high level of sarcasm.
2. re: Bob Dobalina
For me, it was really just a ridiculous pricing structure for the current climate, coupled with some left over annoyance at the surreptitious price hike at Drink. I'm actually a fan of her food and go to Drink more than I should (both for the sake of my liver and my wallet).
1. re: bostonbroad
this concept was on the boards for quite some time before the economy tanked. it's been delayed because of that, but she never pulled the plug.
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HOME > Chowhound > Home Cooking >
Nov 25, 2012 08:11 PM
Home Cooking Dish of the Month (December 2012) - Voting
Welcome to the voting thread for the Home Cooking Dish of the Month!
We had over 30 nominations for the December dish, but the great majority of nominations went to only two dishes.
If you'd like to view the nomination thread, and all the exciting discussion, click here:
Now it's time to vote for the dish we'll be cooking in December Please write your vote in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS, only one vote per person. Reply to this original post when you are voting. And please, if you are discussing a dish after your vote, please keep the dish name in lower case. It makes it much easier to count that way!
Here are the two contenders for December:
Once again, I'm going to ask that you say a little something about how you imagine the dish, in other words, what are the ingredients and the techniques that make it a dish.
Voting will remain open until November 30th at 8pm Pacific time, 11pm Eastern time, and 3am December 1st GMT. The reporting thread will go up on December 1st.
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Savory filling wrapped in a thin, elastic piece of dough skin. They have to be cooked, but can use a variety of techniques such as boiling, steaming, pan frying or deep frying. (I don't think there are uncooked filled dumplings, but maybe there are)! Examples are Chinese jiaozi and wonton, Japanese gyoza and Italian tortellini and ravioli.
1 Reply
1. re: Berheenia
I think you need to define gratin better. I make potato or sweet potato gratins with cream only.
Potato gratin
I make this one often since I bought Ottolenghi
And potato dauphinoise has no cheese either
(Though I think dauphinoise is basically potato gratin. Someone might correct me again)!
1. re: lilham
There are any number of varieties on gratin -- w/breadcrumbs or without, w/cheese or without, w/cream or without. FWIW, my potato gratin has cream AND cheese, but no breadcrumbs. It's still a gratin, though.
I think we can agree on the fact that it is generally a layered dish that is baked in the oven.
oh, and...
1. re: linguafood
not to mention the many varities of vegetables used in gratins, no need for just potatoes.
2. DUMPLINGS
If dumplings win, here's the definition I'll use, it's straight out of Wikipedia:
I'd add that to me, a dumpling can be eaten in one or two bites. (So apple dumplings are too big for this category!)
I think the filled ones are more interesting, and more fun to make, but I'd like to learn to do matzoh balls (Jewish soup dumplings) too.
12 Replies
1. re: blue room
Gratin just hasn't yet interested me. This is a personal idiosyncrasy, and one hopes I will try a recipe here that changes my mind, but if I am going to cook, I want to cook dumplings. Kneidlach, spaetzel, wonton, gnocchi - I can't wait to see what everyone comes up with.
1. re: blue room
I think filled dumplings are more interesting too. Hence why I narrowed it to just filled ones.
1. re: blue room
This makes me feel that samosas are technically considered dumplings, no? But I am confused when they mention gnocchi, which I adore, but would not consider it a dumpling, more like a pasta, as compared to ravioli, if we are using this definition.
1. re: Dirtywextraolives
Gnocchi falls into the the dumpling definition of 'dough that is cooked in liquid such as water or soup'. google the definition for gnocchi and it's a dumpling : )
I think of the samosa as a fried or baked pastry or turnover.
1. re: Dirtywextraolives
a samosa is not a dumpling - it is a filled, friedflaky pastry - like a hand pie. A dumpling will be a piece of dough, either filled or not that -usually it is cooked in fluid but sometimes fried. gnocchi is clearly a dumpling though an italian type.
2. re: blue room
They aren't balls of dough if they are Southern dumplings. Those are Northern dumplings.
1. re: perrottwilliamson
perrottwilliamson: <<They aren't balls of dough if they are Southern dumplings. Those are Northern dumplings.>>
Do tell.
1. re: Jay F
My grandmother's Southern dumplings were flat.
1. re: mariacarmen
I think a knedlik is boiled round but sliced into many knedliky before serving.
1. re: rasputina
dumplings. I think filled are more interesting, including perogies, gyoza, potstickers, wontons. But I would think the 'matzo ball' style dumpling could be included too?
1. re: cleopatra999
cleopatra999, votes must be in ALL CAPS to count!
1. re: blue room
(thanks blue room, reading thoroughly is not my forte, gets me in trouble with recipes too LOL)
2. re: cleopatra999
yes, most certainly, matzo balls are dumplings.
2. My vote is for GRATIN
As you can see in my profile, dumplings are my favorite type of food, but I personally think it's a bit too broad for this project. If we narrowed it down a bit in the future (for example, *just* do wontons or ravioli or gyoza), then I'd definitely be on board.
2 Replies
1. re: Dave MP
Good point, I agree. There are just too many variations of dumplings, as we've already covered in the nominating thread. If one makes a gnocchi, one makes some wontons, and another makes pierogies, it's really not the same as we are cooking the same type of thing but with different ingredients or methods, like enchiladas or meatballs.
1. re: Dirtywextraolives
Seriously! I think gnocchi itself has so many variations that I would be inclined to nominate it one month. I don't know for sure if I can participate but my vote is for GRATIN!
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HOME > Chowhound > Not About Food >
Jan 1, 2013 04:22 PM
horror stories...why not alert management?
I see a lot of "horror story" posts on this board, and my curiosity has the best of me. Why go home with a bad experience to report, or wait until the end of the meal to consult management? When I am dining out, If I receive a glass with a lipstick stain, for example, I immediately notify the staff. If I get a rude server, i immediately ask for management. Is this not the norm? Rather than have a bad night all together, why not address the problem as it occurs as opposed to writing a bad review after the fact. I worked many years as a fine dining manager, and would want to be notified of issues to I could rectify them right away. opinions??
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1. Just because a person notifies a manager, about a complaint, doesn't necessarily mean it will be rectified or even considered.
If I find I like a place and little problems happen here and there I'll either let it go or talk to someone about it.
However, if it's a place I don't particularly care about, don't think I'll be back, then I'll leave the place without saying anything.
The way I look at is this...the restaurant business is a difficult, time consuming venture. It's a venture that requires total hands-on, 24/7 attention. If the owner/management waits for the problems *they're creating*, to be addressed by customers then they're, obviously, not doing their job.
Why should, I, the customer, be the one to notify them of 'issues' when it's their job to make sure my dining experience is excellent and I don't leave the business anything but totally blown away by the food and the experience?
1. Well, one reason is that you don't want an already iffy evening to get worse. Another is that you don't want your fellow diners to be made uncomfortable. A third is that sometimes the manager doesn't see it your way, or give a crap in any case, so you wonder why you didn't remember Reason One. For what it's worth, I don't post negative reviews and always point out lipstick stains at the time (usually to rueful, not hard, feelings by all and a grin all around),
1. A manager doesn't always solve the problem. Managers are not always around or make themselves unavailable.
Sometimes, the manager IS the problem.
1. Ooooh. Just want to say really good answers so far.
Personally, I often feel like the wait person just won't care. And I hate to be a "squeaky wheel".
I must say a good recent experience was at Pizzology in Indianapolis Indiana (of all places!).
I felt the the waitress ~really wanted to know~ what we thought of our food. That went a long way with us.
I think if chef/owners really and seriously want customer feedback they need a way to train the waitstaff so that that sentiment can be conveyed.
1. The chance of angering someone who will be taking care of your food.
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Eatman tweet Marinelli on board
Discussion in 'Fan Zone' started by LatinMind, Jan 17, 2013.
1. LatinMind
LatinMind iPhotoshop
10,300 Messages
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Nick Eatman ‏@nickeatman Lots of action here at valley ranch .Nothing official - but does sound like former bears DC Rod Marinelli is on board to replace brian baker
2. elcocinero
elcocinero Member
482 Messages
4 Likes Received
3. InmanRoshi
InmanRoshi Zone Scribe
18,334 Messages
79 Likes Received
Hope Baker falls on his feet. I think he's a good guy and a good coach.
4. CaptainMorgan
CaptainMorgan Well-Known Member
2,087 Messages
556 Likes Received
5. tommydo08
tommydo08 Member
78 Messages
17 Likes Received
Pretty cool.
6. john van brocklin
john van brocklin Captain Comeback
1,638 Messages
276 Likes Received
Wahoo !!!
Something to feel good about !!!
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#!perl # -*- coding: utf-8; -*- =head1 NAME testlib.pm - Utility functions for testing L. =cut use strict; use warnings; use Test::Cmd; use Config; =head2 I Returns a newly-constructed L object using the Perl interpreter currently running as the command, with an @INC appropriately copied from the one we are currently running under. This is for testing live test snippets. =cut sub perl_cmd { return Test::Cmd->new (prog => join(' ', $Config{perlpath}, (map { ("-I", $_) } @INC), '-'), workdir => ''); } =head2 I Works like L, except that the result of the test is not sent upwards to L but instead returned as a reference to an instance of . E.g. here is how to check that a test group does B pass: my $status = tg_test_test "foo" => sub { # ... }; ok($status->is_failed); Also, test diagnostics are suppressed in I unless $ENV{DEBUG} is set. =cut sub tg_test_test ($&) { my ($name, $sub) = @_; # This is just a dummy adapter to protect the test suite # against future changes of Test::Group's internals. my ($callerpack) = caller(0); my $subtest = Test::Group::_Runner->new($name, $callerpack, $sub); $subtest->mute(1) unless $ENV{DEBUG}; $subtest->run; return $subtest; } =head2 I Parses the source code of L and extracts the snippets of code that are in the POD therein, identified by C<=for tests> markers. =cut use IO::File; sub get_pod_snippet { my ($name) = @_; my $source = join("", IO::File->new($INC{"Test/Group.pm"})->getlines); my ($snip) = ($source =~ m/=for tests "$name" begin(.*)=for tests "$name" end/s); die "Did not find snippet $name" if (! defined $snip); return $snip; } =head2 Mixins to Test::Group::_Runner I defines additional methods for the L, which are trivial wrappers around the API that that class already provides and only exist to make the test suite more easy to read and write. =head3 prints_OK =head3 prints_TODO_string Return respectively the first and second items from the list returned by L, except if L is true in which case they return respectively 1 and undef. =cut sub Test::Group::_Runner::prints_OK { my $self = shift; return 1 if $self->is_skipped; my ($retval, undef) = $self->as_Test_Builder_params; return $retval; } sub Test::Group::_Runner::prints_TODO_string { my $self = shift; return if $self->is_skipped; my (undef, $retval) = $self->as_Test_Builder_params; return $retval; } =head2 I Returns true iff this test group failed from the point of view of L. This is computed from the negation of the C of L and L, just as I would. =cut sub Test::Group::_Runner::is_failed { my ($self) = @_; return ! ($self->prints_TODO_string xor $self->prints_OK); } 1;
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You are viewing daikishlicious
Ryana [ リヤナ ]
26 August 2012 @ 09:01 pm
Banner made by: infanta_pics
FANFICTION INDEX! || Twitter: @tinytinymelody
About me, a little bit of this and that:
→ I go by the name of Ryana in the cyber world. In other words, this is not my real name.
→ I live in one of the urban provinces, somewhere in the land of the Orient Pearl.
→ I am a year younger to Dai-chan and also, sharing the same birthdate with Kyosuke-kun.
→ I like J-POP, anime/manga, dorama, cosplay (Jin Joson!), kawaii-ness and a lot more.
→ I love BL/yaoi/member-ai so much that everyday, I never forget to read/watch/imagine it.
→ I admire everything about Japan, and when I say everything, I mean everything.
→ I am a fan of Hey! Say! JUMP since 2009. I am a fan of Arashi since 2011.
→ I love Sho-kun and Dai-chan equally, though sometimes, one exceeds more than expected.
→ I write fictions occasionally, randomly, out of the blue and when I feel that I want to.
→ I am shy, silent, not so friendly fangirl. But I can be your friend once we know each other.
If you really want to read my crappy fanfiction(s) or just want to befriend me, what you need to do is to leave an introductory comment below (comments are screened), add me as your friend, and wait for my reply.
And yes, thank you for dropping by! :)
Current Mood: loved
Current Music: OVER - Hey! Say! JUMP
Ryana [ リヤナ ]
26 August 2012 @ 09:10 pm
Last update: 12-20-14.
Notes: As of July 2014, everything in this list are all friends-locked. To gain access (such as to read and write comments), please see the introduction post for the details.
The complete list of my crappy writings, lol.Collapse )
Current Mood: accomplished
Current Music: ROCK YOU! - Arashi
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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
[duhb-uh l-tuhng] /ˈdʌb əlˌtʌŋ/
verb (used without object), double-tongued, double-tonguing. Music.
Compare triple-tongue. Unabridged
Cite This Source
British Dictionary definitions for double-tongue
verb -tongues, -tonguing, -tongued
(music) to play (fast staccato passages) on a wind instrument by rapid obstruction and uncovering of the air passage through the lips with the tongue Compare single-tongue, triple-tongue
Derived Forms
double tonguing, noun
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
orbicular zone
orbicular zone in Medicine
orbicular zone n.
The fibers of the articular capsule of the hip joint encircling the neck of the femur. Also called zonular band.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
[trig-er-fish] /ˈtrɪg ərˌfɪʃ/
noun, plural (especially collectively) triggerfish (especially referring to two or more kinds or species) triggerfishes.
any of various compressed, deep-bodied fishes of the genus Balistes and allied genera, chiefly inhabiting tropical seas, having an anterior dorsal fin with three stout spines: some are edible while others are poisonous.
Origin of triggerfish
1880-85; trigger + fish Unabridged
Cite This Source
British Dictionary definitions for triggerfish
noun (pl) -fish, -fishes
any plectognath fish of the family Balistidae, of tropical and temperate seas. They have a compressed body with erectile spines in the first dorsal fin
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
vice versa
[vahy-suh vur-suh, vahys, vahy-see] /ˈvaɪ sə ˈvɜr sə, ˈvaɪs, ˈvaɪ si/
Copernicus was the first to suggest that the earth revolves around the sun, and not vice versa.
Origin of vice versa
1595-1605; < Latin, equivalent to vice vice3 + versā, ablative singular feminine of versus, past participle of vertere to turn Unabridged
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Examples from the web for vice versa
British Dictionary definitions for vice versa
vice versa
/ˈvaɪsɪ ˈvɜːsə/
with the order reversed; the other way around
Word Origin
C17: from Latin: relations being reversed, from vicis change + vertere to turn
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin and History for vice versa
c.1600, Latin, from vice, ablative of vicis "a turn, change" (see vicarious) + versa, feminine ablative singular of versus, past participle of vertere "to turn, turn about" (see versus).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Sun Ultra 27 Workstation Service Manual
Performing an External Visual Inspection of the Workstation
Improperly set controls and loose or improperly connected cables are common causes of problems with hardware components. When investigating a system problem, first perform an external visual inspection of the workstation. Check all external switches, controls, and cable connections.
ProcedureTo Perform an External Visual Inspection
1. Power off the workstation using the power-off procedures described in the section, To Power Off the Workstation.
2. Power off any attached peripherals.
3. Verify that all power cables are properly connected to the workstation, the monitor, and the workstation peripherals.
4. Inspect connections from the workstation to any attached devices, including network cables, keyboard, monitor, and mouse.
5. Reset and tighten any loose connectors.
6. Power on the workstation.
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Sun Java System Directory Server Enterprise Edition 6.1 Evaluation Guide
Automated Migration Tool (dsmig)
The dsmig tool migrates a single Directory Server instance. The dsmig tool included with Directory Server 6.1 allows you to migrate your schema, security information, and configuration information, including replication data, from Directory Server 5.1 to 6.1.
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You are viewing drgaellon
29 June 2012 @ 07:27 am
An open letter
To those people wanting to boycott Oreos for their gay pride ad:
You will have to give up your Mac, or stop using Microsoft Windows. Both Apple and Microsoft support gay rights. Oh, and don't use Facebook, either. Don't go to see any Disney movies, or visit their parks, or buy their merchandise. You can't drink Starbucks coffee, eat General Mills cereals, or drive a Ford vehicle. Don't shop at the Gap or Old Navy or any of dozens of other stores.
In fact, it's probably best not to buy anything, eat anything, or use anything ever made, because gay people are great in number and work at every company in America. So stay at home, don't watch TV, just read your Bible and stay out of society, so we don't have to deal with your hateful ways.
Comment on this at Dreamwidth (comment count unavailable comments)
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Boston Area on Lockdown for Manhunt; Heavy Police Activity in Watertown
Aired April 19, 2013 - 12:30 ET
WOLF BLITZER, CNN ANCHOR: What are you picking up, Deb?
DEBORAH FEYERICK, CNN CORRESPONDENT (via telephone): Wolf, right now we can tell you that it looks like a young man is being arrested. This does not -- it's not clear. This is definitely not the suspect.
This is definitely not the guy that they're looking for, but he's a young man. He's got a backpack, a red hat, red baseball cap. He's got his hands on his head right now, and a state police officer has his hand on the person's shoulder, the other hand on his arm. And there's another state trooper who's also sort of standing guard.
It could be just coincidental that this young guy was trying to walk towards an area right now is being investigated. There's no -- for example, he's wearing a backpack but no sort of bomb squad.
Looks like this person was trying to get some place he shouldn't have been trying to get to, so they've stopped him.
Right now he's got his hands on his head and standing there with two state police.
BLITZER: That's a pretty dramatic scene, Chris Cuomo, as we hear the words from Deb about this individual. We have no idea who this person is.
CHRIS CUOMO, CNN ANCHOR: No idea who he is, why they're taking him into custody. We do know they asked for a Russian translator earlier. We don't know if this is connected to that.
Again, 30 different government agencies, Boston's Finest, 10 different locations we're told they're looking at now, so there's going to be a lot of activity.
There's going to be an abundance of caution, especially as this picture of this suspect starts to emerge, all of his friends saying he's such a sweet kid and a great wrestler, is in stark contrast to pictures of him in jihadi situations and searches he did on Instagram and some things that they're finding from him online.
And then the other layer, Wolf, that we're learning now is this nonchalance in the aftermath of the bombings, the tweets that he was putting out that seemed indifferent to them, and tweeting about Claritin, which is an allergy medicine, things of that sort, very different looks at who this man could be.
BLITZER: And if you looked -- we haven't seen the video, but law enforcement authorities who have seen the video after the bombs went off at that Boston marathon, they describe the two suspects, we believe they are these two brothers, one of whom is now dead and one is still on the loose, as sort of nonchalantly, cavalierly simply walking away very confident, very cool as if nothing really had happened, even though two bombs within a matter of 12 or 14 seconds went off.
All right, let's go to this news conference and get an update on what's going on.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Testing. Is that better? Thank you.
Governor first. Governor?
GOVERNOR DEVAL PATRICK (D), MASSACHUSETS: Are you done? Do you need to do something?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: No. When you're done.
Good afternoon, everyone. Just a couple of points we want to make, myself, the mayor, Colonel Alben and the chief of the Watertown police force, Chief Deveau.
We're not going to be able to take questions. I'm sorry. I know you have many.
First of all, I want to -- we all want to thank the members of the public who have respected our request to stay indoors. We know what an inconvenience it is in Watertown and in Cambridge, in particular, but really throughout the areas that we've asked for this.
But it's been enormously important and helpful to the many, many in law enforcement who are trying to do their jobs. And we thank all of you for helping to get that message out.
The stay-indoor request continues for the time being. That is unchanged.
There are continuing developments in the investigation, which we will be able to talk about. Not now, but later.
But it is important that folks remain indoors and not open the door -- keep the doors locked and not open the door unless there is a uniformed identified law enforcement officer on the other side of it requesting to come inside.
I think that's all I want to offer, Mr. Mayor.
MAYOR TOM MENINO (D), BOSTON: Thank you, Governor. Thank you all for being with us today and thank you for your patience.
We're so proud of the work that the public safety officials have done, state police, Boston police, national guard, proud of what they've done over the last several days, and also the citizens (inaudible).
The shelter-in-place is working. People are staying at home. Like the governor said, don't let anybody here in your apartment or home unless they're identified as public safety official and then go forward.
And for the next few days, hours. while we continue to gather information, that's the public safety job. Our job is to make sure that the public safety responds as best we can.
We'll keep the public informed as we get the information. So be patient, but as the mayor of the city of Boston, we are one city. We're a city and a community. We're a city that's not going to let the terrorists win over.
We're going to continue to work hard. We're going to get through this. We're going to be a stronger city as we move forward. Thank you very much.
COLONEL TIMOTHY ALBEN, MASSACHUSETTS STATE POLICE: Good afternoon, folks. My name is Timothy Alben. I'm the colonel superintendent of the Massachusetts state police.
I want to thank you for your patience. I know we said we'd be out here at 10:30 and we're obviously way behind. It's indicative of the leads that we continue to run down here. And things change, they change quickly, and sometimes we have to change direction.
I want to begin by saying we are progressing through this neighborhood, going door-to-door, street-to-street. We're well over 60 percent or 70 percent of what we want to cover up there.
We do not have any development to tell you in terms of that search up there. There has been no apprehension at this point.
The second thing I want to talk about just briefly is this afternoon there will be a controlled explosion, if you will, by some of the explosive ordnance folks over in Cambridge.
That's going to happen on Norfolk Street at a house that we have secured earlier today. It's done out of an abundance of caution. It's done for the safety of the law enforcement officials that are over there before they proceed with a search of that premises, so that will be happening this afternoon as well.
Our plan at this point is we are going to continue with the following up in that neighborhood. We've got several other new leads that just developed within the last few minutes and we're working on that.
And I will be back here, I hope, within an hour or slightly above that to give you the next briefing. Should we have any development between now and then, I'll be back even sooner. So I want to turn it over to Chief Deveau from Watertown.
I want to thank the media for getting the word out. There's been a lot of heroic actions as you'll hear about in the next few days, what happened last night, early this morning and over the last couple of days as everybody knows.
But I want to also speak to the Watertown community. You've done great. We've done everything we've asked, but we need some more time.
You have to stay in your homes, stay in place. We have, as the colonel said, we still have some work to do. Even after we clear the area, there's a major crime scene down there that's going to take some time.
But I've been assured to all the gentlemen behind me that they're not going to leave until the town is safe.
So it may go today, tomorrow and over the weekend before we have the whole crime scene under control.
But the Watertown community has always stood strong and I've asked them to do that this morning and they've done terrific. I want to thank them. Thank you.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Thank you, folks.
BLITZER: All right. So we just heard from the governor of Massachusetts, the mayor of Boston, the Massachusetts state police, Watertown police.
One interesting note that I want to point out, Chris, is that they're going to have what they call a controlled explosion which suggests that they found some more remnants (ph).
CUOMO: Absolutely. That's been the been the concern from the beginning here is that, when they shot the first suspect and he had the vest on, because they'd used bombs before and were supposedly throwing them out the window of the car they stole during the hot pursuit, they were worried about explosives.
They must have found some. Controlled explosion, just to keep everybody calm when they hear it later on this afternoon. And the search continues.
BLITZER: That could be a powerful explosion.
Tom Fuentes, our CNN law enforcement analyst, is here, former assistant director of the FBI. When you heard what law enforcement, Massachusetts state police, Watertown police, what they had to say, of course the governor and mayor, what was your immediate bottom line on the state, Tom, of this effort to apprehend this suspect, this alleged killer?
TOM FUENTES, FORMER FBI ASSISTANT DIRECTOR: Wolf, I thought it's a good job on their part to come out and just let everybody know that they're methodically working through these issues.
When they say they're 60 percent, 70 percent through with what they're trying to accomplish, when they say what they're doing in the neighborhoods and a controlled explosion, I think it's basically telling everybody they're there, they're making everybody safe, they're going to resolve this, they're working through the public safety issues.
And I think that, again, it's an example of each agency of a task force brings to the table their expertise.
So, yes, you've got the federal investigators off trying to cover leads all over the world and resolve issues on the subjects of the case, but then you also have the police doing their responsibility of local public safety and making sure these neighborhoods are safe and they're going to get these apartments and other physical locations secured.
BLITZER: And if they do go ahead with that controlled explosion, if you will, they've got to be really careful.
And it's a good thing, Tom and Chris, that they notify everyone that they're going to be doing this to make sure people aren't overly alarmed when they hear a big boom.
CNN has now confirmed, and I want to relay this to our viewers, that this 19-year-old suspect Dzokhar Tsarnaev was, in fact, a naturalized U.S. citizen. He received his U.S. citizenship September of last year.
His older brother, Tomar Tsarnaev, 26-years-old, now dead killed in a shootout with police, he was also a naturalized U.S. citizen.
Apparently both, Chris, had claimed asylum. As a result they got green cards and eventually became U.S. citizens.
CUOMO: Horrible irony that a place decided to protect them and give them a chance at a new life they decided to turn against.
Now, that does seem to be reading into motive, but the more we understand, even placing aside that investigators and authorities believe that they are the bombers, that they told a hostage that they had last night that they were the bombers, online, the activity of the suspect that they're pursuing right now does suggest an interest in extremism.
So the picture's becoming much more full of this man.
BLITZER: Yeah. There's some activity going on in Cambridge right now.
Brooke is on the scene for us. Brooke, that's where the suspects, these two brothers, lived. What are you seeing? What are you hearing?
BROOKE BALDWIN, ANCHOR, "CNN NEWSROOM": Hey, Wolf, you're exactly right.
So we're on this live picture right now. We have zoomed in to see the firefighters -- there they go. Actually, I'm moving closer down Norfolk. So that is the street.
So just about, I would say, maybe a football field and a half from where you see those firefighters down Norfolk is where we believe is that apartment complex where these two guys have been living here in Cambridge.
I have been here for several hours this morning, and what we just learned in that news conference from police jives with this tremendous law enforcement presence.
You know, we have additional ambulances on standby, possibly in the case that there could be injuries with this controlled explosion, but we saw firefighters pulling out the hose.
We're sort of waiting for possibly signaling, cover your ears, waiting, waiting to see when the explosion happens because, you know, you never know what could be inside of that apartment before they can go in.
Before they know they have the all-clear to search, they need to make sure it's safe, Wolf.
BLITZER: Brooke, so just to repeat and I want to make sure that we were hearing this right, but there will be what they call this controlled explosion in the Cambridge area where you are right now?
Do we have any idea when that's going to occur?
BALDWIN: We don't know yet. You know as best as I do, given what we just heard in that news conference, but we have seen quite a presence, a lot of FBI agents. They've continuously through the course of the morning, Wolf, back this up farther and farther.
So, as we await that, I would like to provide a little color on this 19-year-old, Dzhokhar, because I was just speaking in the last 20 minutes or so with a couple of his friends.
They were buddies. They went to the same high school together here in Cambridge. It was the Cambridge Rindge and Latin High School. And I just want to play a piece of this interview because they talk about Dzhokhar as a leader.
He was the captain of the wrestling team their senior year here in Cambridge. He was a volunteer in the community, volunteered for a group called Best Buddies, helping out disabled kids here in Cambridge.
Take a listen to this.
BALDWIN: Let's start with, when is the last time you saw Dzhokhar?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I saw Dzhokhar maybe last year. Just around, hi and bye kind of thing.
BALDWIN: You both wrestled with Dzhokhar, what kind of kid was he?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: he was a fun kid. You know, he liked a lot of people. He had a lot of friends. Diverse type of friends. He was cheerful. Never really -- mellow. He was like never really mad at the world. He was just mellow and all that, you know.
BALDWIN: Can you tell me what -- you were his same weight class on the wrestling team. What was he like with you?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Well, I went to college with him. And the last time I saw him it was at U Mass Dartmouth. And he was a really nice kid. And it was the wrestling. He was a really nice kid, you know?
He was the kind of kid that would push me harder. Like, he knew all kind of -- he was a good fighter. He was an all-star wrestler, and I was new to wrestling, so he really helped me. He would push me all the time.
BALDWIN: He would push you? Was he like a leader?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: He was the captain his senior year, but before that he knew how to fight. And I wasn't so good at fighting and he would help me fight. He would show me moves. Help me run faster. He would just help me - help me do better, you know.
BALDWIN: Is he someone you respected?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Yes, someone I would look up to, I guess. You know like -- I kind of thought, you know, this is the kind of kid that would go to like UFC or something like that. He was - he was someone I could trust my life over, I think.
BALDWIN: Tell me - tell me a story. Something that you recall with you and Dzhokhar. An anecdote.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: One of the things I can remember is, one of the wrestling matches, we went to wrestling matches, and I lost my match and he won the match. And even though I lost the match, you know, he was like - I really felt bad because the coach was - he was pushing me really hard. He was like, you're got to pin this guy. You can pin this guy. I lost the match by a couple of points and the guy - Dzhokhar, he was like, it's cool, dude, you're going to win the next match. And he was someone that always motivated me.
BALDWIN: Did you guys ever, at any point in time, hear him talking about hating Americans, plotting anything?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: He was - he was -- at first when I saw him, I think he was white, like regular American.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Yes. Yes, like - like I said before, like he loved -- he had a wide variety of friends. He loved everybody. He partied. You know he likes - he never hated Americans. He tried to be a typical American boy, you know. He was - like I said, he's an excellent wrestler.
BALDWIN: Did - did he have -
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: An excellent boxer. He did lots of stuff. He volunteered, apparently, for the Best Buddies Club, which is like people who volunteer for Down Syndrome, help out the Down Syndrome. So he's loved people in general. He's cheerful. But he did boxing. I know like he's a small person, so I used to make fun of him. And he would just laugh it off and prove like, you know, that he's good at everything and he's very motivational like (INAUDIBLE).
BALDWIN: What about his relationship with his older brother? What kind of relationship did they have?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: He never mentioned anything about his family or any - like he never mentioned his background at all.
BALDWIN: Did you - did you guys even know where he was originally from?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Yes, he told me he was from some part of Russia. Chechkl (ph) or something. I'm not sure exactly.
BALDWIN: Chechnya.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Yes. That's all he told me.
BALDWIN: When he talked about where he was from, what did he say?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I just asked him, because I didn't know where he was from. He asked me where I was from. I told him I'm from Nepal. And then I asked him where he was from, because I thought he was American. He looked white to me. I think he was regular American. His English was really good. I think he was American. And then he told - its - like we're just talking about racism like we're friends from all different countries, but sometimes we just make fun of each other, we're all friends. All our other friend, he was saying he was from Moscow so -- not Moscow, Chechkl (ph), Russia. That's all I know about him, his background.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Sorry. But the one example is, like me and him, we sat -- all sit in lunch together in high school. And everybody used to criticize us because we'd be -- I'm Hispanic, so it would be me, Dzhokhar, Sunjidon (ph), you know, this guy right here, you know, and we would all just hang out together. And it would all be like one big community, one big family. That's one of the motives in our Cambridge (INAUDIBLE), opportunity, diversity and respect. So we had respect for all type of people. We just joke around. Never really hated anybody.
BALDWIN: So if you're telling me that he - you're saying he had respect for all kinds of people, all walks of life. When you heard that he may be the one capable of doing what happened here in Boston on Monday, your reaction is?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I'm shocked. Like -- I feel like it's a dream, to tell you the truth. I feel like I haven't woke up today. I mean -- I'm not sure if it's possible or not. It could be. It could not be. But I'm really shocked. I mean, I would never expect this to happen.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: It's -- when I first heard it, I thought it was a joke. I would never expect that - that thing to happen. It just - it sounded impossible to me. It's such a nice kid, I would never expect any of that. No.
BALDWIN: Final question. You said you were at U Mass Dartmouth and so you saw him. How recently did you see Dzhokhar?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: It's been a year. About a year. I met him at Target, because I was staying off campus, so he was staying on the campus. I was -- and I met him at Target. I was buying something and I talk to him about school - school and stuff and he was telling me he had to take Calculus 2, because he didn't take Calculus 2 during the spring fall -- spring semester. So the registrar, they were making him take Calculus 2 and he was doing - he was doing summer. That was last year.
BALDWIN: So how come, if you guys were such buddies, how come you haven't seen him in a year? Did he stop reaching out to you?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: When we're buddies, we don't like - we don't call each other. If we meet, we just say, hey, what's up? How's it going? We didn't call -- in high school, it was the same thing, you know, we used to get our lunch, get to the table. If a friend shows up, he shows up. If he doesn't show up, he doesn't show up. It's the same thing in college. We go to college. If we see him, we just say, hey, what's up? How you doing? If we don't see him, it's just we don't.
BALDWIN: Not a big deal.
BALDWIN: So there you have it, two young voices, two youngsters here in Cambridge who knew and really respected this 19-year-old Dzhokhar, who they called him, just one other and they clearly - they didn't want their faces on camera. They were fearful and they were shocked.
One other note, Wolf and Chris. We talked to one other young person who also was on the wrestling team with him and he was absolutely convinced - and again this is just his opinion -- convinced that it was this older brother that would have talked him potentially into committing such a heinous act if, in fact, these two are the ones who did it. We will keep watching the scene here in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as we await a controlled explosion at this home, this apartment complex. Live pictures of the firefighters waiting to go, in in Cambridge. As soon as we see any more movement here, we'll come back out here.
Meantime, Chris, Wolf, back to you.
BLITZER: Brooke, a quick question. I may have missed it in your interview with these two guys. When, like everybody else almost in the world, when they saw the video and the pictures that the FBI released yesterday, did it even enter their minds that they knew at least one of these suspects?
BALDWIN: Absolutely. When they saw -- and I talked to a couple other people out here in Cambridge who went to - all -- actually one young woman went all the way, elementary, middle and high school. And she said the second that she saw the picture that the FBI released yesterday, she said, you know, he looked familiar. But it was that surveillance video from the 7-Eleven that, you know, that was when her -- she had a lump in her throat and her heart sunk and she said, absolutely I knew that was Dzhokhar.
BLITZER: Yes, that's what happens.
All right, Brooke, once you get word of that controlled explosion in Cambridge, we'll, of course, get back to you. We'll see what's going on. Brooke Baldwin is on the scene in Cambridge, right next door to Boston, home of Harvard, home of MIT. No indication either one of these two brothers had anything directly - were ever involved in any of those universities.
CUOMO: No. And it's also important to keep in mind, Wolf, as we've been learning from experts and profiling and counterterrorism all day, just because people had positive experiences with them, it's not mutually exclusive with them being capable of doing terrible things. It's not as if we have an idea of people who do this as if they are all in one place and this is all they're about. People snap at different moments. They change quickly. We saw it with Faisal Shahzad, the Times Square bomber, he was a good neighbor, everybody liked him. He was moving his way through American life. And yet, at a certain point, he changed and he had very different intentions and motives. And just because people had a good experience with one or both of these suspects doesn't mean that they weren't capable of this.
BLITZER: Yes, and they could have been inspired. There's a magazine online, "Inspire," which is put out by the late Anwar al-Awlaki's organization, an al Qaeda affiliate, to inspire individuals like. Major Nidal Hasan, at Ft. Hood, Texas, he was inspired to go out and start randomly shooting and killing some of his fellow troops.
CUOMO: It's also important to note, you know, we're seeing military helicopters and lots of different vehicles. That's to be expected when you have 30 different agencies involved. Everybody wants eyes and ears on the ground. So it doesn't mean that there's a need for certain capabilities, but that there's such a big operation here, you're going to see lots of military and different authorities and agencies involved.
BLITZER: As it should be. This is a huge operation. A lot of people are nervous here in the Boston area. They want this over with. They want it over with as quickly as possible. So does law enforcement. So does the military, the National Huard, they are on the scene.
Let's take a quick break. Our continuing coverage will resume in just a moment.
ANNOUNCER: This is CNN breaking news.
BLITZER: We're watching the breaking news. We're having continuing coverage here in the Boston bombing investigation and the manhunt for a suspected terrorist. I'm Wolf Blitzer in Boston.
CUOMO: I'm Chris Cuomo.
BLITZER: Chris Cuomo is here. We're watching this nonstop. It's a very, very tense moment right now.
CUOMO: And very fluid. Lots of agencies involved. We've been seeing police activity. I can't get too far ahead of ourselves. We just know that it is active and ongoing. The search for suspects certainly became -- suddenly became a police chase and manhunt Thursday evening. That's when there was a call that went out that an MIT security officer had been shot. His name is now Sean Collins, we know, 26 years old.
BLITZER: Sean Collier.
CUOMO: Sean Collier, 26 years old. We don't know whether or not he confronted these suspects after they had robbed a 7-Eleven or they simply came upon him, but either way shots fired. He was killed.
Once police were on the scene, they developed an understanding that these were their suspects. It became a very intense car chase. There were improvised explosive devices, grenades thrown out the window. Eventually one of the suspects exited the vehicle, was shot and killed, allegedly run over by his own brother while he was trying to escape.
BLITZER: The key word "allegedly" because a lot of this information is initial, it's murky. The FBI released the pictures of the two young men and they announced that the hunt was beginning. And as Chris just said, that hunt intensified overnight with these dramatic developments.
The older brother, as you say, his name Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the older brother, is now dead. Twenty-six years old. The younger brother, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, 19 years old, he remains at large right now, even though this manhunt continues nonstop.
CUOMO: And the investigators are trying to figure out what changed. Why they did something so brazen as to rob a convenience store and steal a car, other than just necessity. Maybe putting out the photos and videos --
BLITZER: Maybe they need money. They thought they could get - do - get away. They had no money or whatever.
CUOMO: And maybe in that rashness, it's somewhat of a window into whether or not there was a well-developed plan here or not. But the key is that they became very concerned about explosives. Since about 5:30 this morning, little has changed in terms of the disposition of this chase, this search. They've been in one main area here in Boston. They've been asking us not to give away tactical positions. They have a delay on our video in case something happens that we can't control in the moment. But they're worried about this suspect having explosives. We believe they have found some ordnance in the home where the two men lived. That they're going to have a controlled explosion later this afternoon. Not to scare people. But if you hear that and you're in the Boston area -
BLITZER: That's in Cambridge.
CUOMO: In Cambridge. That's where they were living. Don't panic. But they do believe he could be very dangerous because of the access to explosives.
BLITZER: And the older brother who was killed we believe to be wearing an explosive vest, a suicide bombing vest or whatever. And that raised all sorts of suspicions. And that's why virtually this whole city, this whole area, is on lockdown right now.
CUOMO: So we'll check in with Don Lemon. He's at one of the areas that's seen intense police activity.
Don, what's the latest?
DON LEMON, CNN CORRESPONDENT: Yes, intense police activity.
Listen, a lot of times the press conferences quite frankly it's the latest information they know, but it can also be like a newspaper, it can be the oldest thing that is out there, because when they're holding those press conferences, there's activity going on. And we saw that as they were holding the press conference, as they were saying, hey, listen, some areas have been cleared but we're still going to other areas.
Some of the other areas that they're going to, here where we are. We have seen tactical units that have been dispatched to our area. A couple of them. Some are turning off before they get to us. Other pass us and they turn into a neighborhood. Still seeing the helicopter overhead that was down at one point, back up and still doing that orbit around this particular neighborhood.
Just a short while ago, just before that press conference, I spoke with the city manager. He talked to me about what they were doing to keep people in place. And also he said he wouldn't go into specifics of the investigation, but said it was far from over in this particular neighborhood, in the Watertown community.
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Conlang/Advanced/Sounds/Unusual sounds
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
< Conlang | Advanced | Sounds
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Common sounds
Unusual sounds
Alien Sounds
Radicals are sounds produced in the back of the throat. They are divided into two categories: pharyngeals and epiglottals. Pharyngeals/epiglottals are commonly found in North Africa/Middle East (Arabic and related languages) and in British Columbia, in the Salishan languages. Pharyngeal plosives are thought to be impossible. Very few languages contrast epiglottal and pharyngeal consonants.
The pharyngeals possible are the voiceless pharyngeal fricative and the voiced pharyngeal fricative, actually an approximant. The epiglottals possible are the epiglottal plosive, the voiceless epiglottal fricative, the voiced epiglottal fricative, actually an approximant, the epiglottal trill, and the epiglottal flap, which is not known to occur in any language.
The click consonants[edit]
Click consonants are consonants that do not require air coming up from the lungs or glottis. As such, they cannot be voiced. The air steam they use is ingressive, pulling air in with the tongue. The most common click sound familiar to speakers of English is the 'tsk tsk' sound used to signal disapproval. which is a dental click transcribed [||].
They are very rare, but several languages of southern Africa use them.
Click consonants are famous to the Western world mainly because of the 1980s movie, The Gods Must Be Crazy. And a singer who used them heavily in her songs, drawing on their exotic sound.
Ingressive airstream[edit]
An Ingressive airstream is what is generated when, instead of breathing out, you breath in. Ingressive consonants are voiced, note that an unvoiced ingressive stop is a click. I myself cannot produce a creaky ingressive, but that is not to say it is impossible. All of the egressive stops have an ingressive analogue.
• b - ɓ
• d -ɗ
• ɟ - ʄ
• g - ɠ
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This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Achaemenid Assyria
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Persian Assyria redirects here. See Asuristan for post-Achaemenid Assyria.
Province of Achaemenid Empire
539 BC–330 BC
Location of Athura
Assyria in the Achaemenid Empire, 500 BC.
- Established 539 BC
- Disestablished 330 BC
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Middle Ages
Muslim conquest of Syria (630s)
Abbasid rule (750–1258)
Emirs of Mosul (905–1383)
Buyid amirate of Iraq (945–1055)
Principality of Antioch (1098–1268)
Ilkhanate Empire (1258–1335)
Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432)
Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)
Aq Qoyunlu (1453–1501)
Modern History
Safavid Empire (1508-1555)
Ottoman Empire (1555–1917)
Schism of 1552 (16th c.)
Massacres of Badr Khan (1840s)
Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)
Rise of nationalism (19th c.)
Adana Massacre (1909)
Assyrian genocide (1914–1920)
Independence movement (since 1919)
Simele massacre (1933)
Post-Saddam Iraq (since 2003)
See also
Assyrian continuity
Assyrian diaspora
Athura[1] (Neo-Aramaic for Assyria) was a geographical area within the Persian Achaemenid Empire held by the last nobility of Aššur (Akkadian), known as Athura (Neo-Aramaic) or Atouria[2] (Greek), during the period of 539 BC to 330 BC as a military protectorate state of Persia under the rule of Cyrus the Great. Although sometimes regarded as a satrapy,[3][4] Achaemenid royal inscriptions list it as a dahyu, a concept generally interpreted as meaning either a group of people or both a country and its people, without any administrative implication.[5]
It mostly incorporated the original Assyrian kingdom, corresponding with modern northern Iraq in the upper Tigris, the middle and upper Euphrates, modern-day north eastern Syria (Eber-Nari) and part of south-east Anatolia (modern Turkey).[6][7] The Neo-Assyrian Empire collapsed after a period of violent civil wars, followed by an invasion by a coalition of some of its former subject peoples, the Iranian peoples (Medes and Persians), Babylonians, Scythians, and Cimmerians in the late 7th century BC, culminating in the Battle of Nineveh, and Assyria had fallen completely by 605 BC. Between 605 and 559 BC, Assyria was divided between the Median Empire to the east and the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the west. Both parts were subsumed into the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC, and it has been argued that they constituted the satrapies of Media and Athura, respectively.[4] In Herodotus' account the Ninth Tributary District comprised "Babylonia and the rest of Assyria", and excluded Eber-Nari.[8]
Despite a few rebellions, Assyria functioned as an important part of the Achaemenid Empire. The Assyrian people were given the right to govern themselves throughout Achaemenid rule, and the Assyrian (Aramaic) language was used diplomatically by the Persians.[9] Known for their combat skills, Assyrian soldiers (along with the Lydians) constituted the main heavy infantry of the Achaemenid empire's military.[10] Due to the major destruction of Assyria during the fall of its empire, some early scholars described the area as an "uninhabited wasteland." Other Assyriologists, however, such as John Curtis and Simo Parpola, have strongly disputed this claim, citing how Assyria would eventually become one of the wealthiest regions among the Achaemenid Empire.[11] This wealth was due to the land's great prosperity for agriculture that the Persians used effectively for almost 200 years. In contrast to the policy of the Assyrian Empire, the Achaemenid Persians did not intervene in the internal affairs of their ruling satrapies as long as they continued the flow of tribute and taxes back to Persia.[12]
Fall of the Assyrian Empire[edit]
Assyrians lay waste to Susa, Elam, 647 BC. In less than 40 years the same fate would befall Assur, Nineveh and Harran.
Between the mid 14th centuries and late 11th century BC, and again between the late 10th and late 7th centuries BC, the respective Middle Assyrian Empire and Neo-Assyrian Empire dominated the Middle East militarily, culturally, economically and politically,[13] and the Persians and their neighbours the Medes, Parthians, Elamites and Manneans were vassals of Assyria and paid tribute. In the late 7th century BC, however, the Assyrian empire descended into a period of civil war in 626 BC, which drastically weakened it, and eventually led to a number of its former subject peoples; the Babylonians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians, forming an alliance and attacking the civil war ridden Assyrians in 616 BC. The Battle of Nineveh in 612 BC eventually left Assyria destroyed for years to come. The Assyrians continued to fight on, with the aid of another of their former vassals, Egypt who feared the rise of these new powers. Harran, the new Assyrian capital, was eventually taken in 608 BC.[14] Despite this, the Assyrians continued to fight on until final defeat at Carchemish in 605 BC.[15]
A costly but victorious battle at Megiddo against the forces of Judah allowed the Egyptians to advance to the rescue, only to be defeated by the Babylonian-Median-Scythian alliance. Assyria was conquered by the alliance.[15] Babylonian rule was unpopular, but did not last long. In 539, Cyrus the Great defeated the Babylonian King Nabonidus (ironically himself an Assyrian from Harran), took Babylon and made it, along with Assyria, into provinces of the Persian Empire.[15]
Athura as part of the Achaemenid Empire[edit]
The former major Assyrian capitals of Nineveh, Dur Sharrukin and Kalhu were only sparsely populated during the Achaemenid rule. Much Assyrian settlement was mostly in smaller cities, towns and villages at plain level, in the mountains, or on mounds such as Tell ed-Darim. However according to more recent Assyriologists such as Georges Roux, cities such as Arrapkha, Guzana and Arbela remained intact, and Ashur was to revive. Despite many of the Assyrian cities being left largely in ruins from the battles that led to the fall of its empire in the previous century, rural Assyria was prosperous according to the Greek scholar Xenophon.[16] After passing Kalhu and Nineveh (which he described in ruins with only a handful of Assyrians dwelling amongst them), Xenophon and the Greeks turned north-west, following the east bank of the Tigris River, he described rural Assyria as:
The testimony is an example of the rich agricultural resources of Assyria's region and the existence of a satrap’s palace. It is not known exactly where this palace was located, but Layard suggest it may have been near Zakho.[18]
An inscription found in Egypt written by Arsames describes Assyrian cities whom obtained administrative centres within Achaemenid rule:[19]
• Lair: Assyrian Lahiru (Eski Kifri), by the Diyala Valley
• Arzuhina: Tell Chemchemal, 40 kilometers east of Kirkuk
• Arbela
• Halsu: Location unknown
• Matalubash: Assyrian Ubaše (Tell Huwaish), 20 kilometers north of ancient city of Assur
Prior to the Persian rule of Assyria, The Achaemenids were greatly Assyrianized,[20] and Aramaic continued as the lingua franca of the Empire in the region, with the Assyrian script being the everyday writing system. Assyrian (Sumero-Akkadian) religion within the empire were tolerated, and the judicial system, calendar and imperial standards imposed by the Assyrians remained in force everywhere.[21]
The Assyrians, like all other tributary peoples of the Persian Empire, were obliged to pay taxes to the King of Persia and, whenever the King campaigned, supply troops as well. Reliefs of Assyrian tribute bearers carved on the east and north sides of the Apadana, consist of seven bearded men: one carrying animal skins, one carrying a length of cloth, two carrying bowls, and two leading Mouflons.[22]
Rise of Aramaic[edit]
The Assyrian Empire resorted to a policy of deporting troublesome conquered peoples (predominantly fellow Semitic Aramean tribes as well as many Jews) into the lands of Mesopotamia. While this allowed some integration, it may have also led to the various rebellions within the Empire in the 7th century. By the 6th century, the indigenous and originally Akkadian speaking Semites of Assyria and Babylonia, spoke Akkadian infused dialects of Eastern Aramaic, which still survive among the Assyrian people to this day. Consequently, during the Persian rule of Assyria, Aramaic gradually became the main language spoken by the Assyrians.[23] Even before the Empire fell, the Assyrians had made the language the lingua franca of its empire, and many could speak Aramaic, and the ruling elite of Assyria needed to have been bilingual, capable of speaking both Akkadian and Aramaic.[23] The conquest of Assyria and the violent destruction of the cities meant that many of these bilingual skilled individuals died with their language and the Aramaic script was incorporated into the Assyrian culture by around the late 6th century BC.[23]
Inscriptional Pahlavi text from Shapur III at Taq-e Bostan, 4th century. Pahlavi script is derived from the Aramaic script that was used under the Achaemenid rule.
Following the Achaemenid conquest of Assyria under Darius I, the Aramaic language was adopted as the "vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages."[24] The use of a single official language, which modern scholarship has dubbed "Official Aramaic" or "Imperial Aramaic", and be assumed to have greatly contributed to the success of the Achaemenids in holding their far-flung empire together for as long as they did.[24] Imperial Aramaic was highly standardized; its orthography was based more on historical roots than any spoken dialect, and the inevitable influence of Persian gave the language a new clarity and robust flexibility. In 1955, Richard Frye questioned the classification of Imperial Aramaic as an "official language", noting that no surviving edict expressly and unambiguously accorded that status to any particular language.[25] Frye reclassifies Imperial Aramaic as the "lingua franca" of the Achaemenid territories, suggesting then that the Achaemenid-era use of Aramaic was more pervasive than generally thought.
For centuries after the fall of the Achaemenids, Imperial Aramaic – or near enough for it to be recognizable – remained an influence on the various native Iranian languages. Aramaic script and – as ideograms – Aramaic vocabulary survived as the essential characteristics of the Pahlavi writing system.[26]
A group of thirty Imperial Aramaic documents from Bactria were recently discovered, and an analysis was published in November 2006. The texts, which were rendered on leather, reflect the use of Aramaic in the 4th century BCE Achaemenid provinces of Bactria and Sogdiana.[28]
Aramaic dialects and written script survive to this day among the Christian Assyrian people of Iraq, south eastern Turkey, north eastern Syria and north western Iran.
Revolts of Assyria, 546 and 520 BC[edit]
In 546BC and 520 BC the two Assyrian Provinces of Mada and Athura revolted against the Persian Empire.[29] Though the revolts were suppressed, it illustrated that the two regions acted in unison, suggesting perhaps an ethnic and cultural link. Having said this a rebellion could occur in several different parts of an Empire for geographical reasons and it may have been that the whole of the Mesopotamia region became swept with rebellion.
Although the effectiveness of the once invincible Assyrian army was shown to be greatly depleted by the time of its eventual collapse, the soldiers of Assyria continued to be brave and fierce warriors. Most soldiers at the time would not wear heavy armour, but rather than act as melee troops, would serve as skirmishers. The Assyrian troops were different however, since they fought as archers, cavalry and heavy infantry and were useful as front line troops. The Assyrian infantry was specifically trained to engage in hand-to-hand.[30] A massive army was assembled by Xerxes in the early 5th century BC. Contemporary estimates place the numbers between 100,000 to over a million. Whatever the number, it was enormous and the Persians summoned troops from all across their realm. Herodotus remarks that Assyrian soldiers were employed in Xerxes' expedition to Greece.[29]
Influence of Assyrian art on Achaemenid sculpture[edit]
Assyrians of Athura were responsible for the glazing of the Palace and have influenced Persian art to some extent.
The Assyrians continued to serve the Persians under King Darius who was at his time considered the greatest ruler, often styling himself as "King of Kings." He ruled as a king over many other powerful subordinates and, as such, it was believed that a great palace should be built at the Persian city of Susa. The Assyrians were employed in the construction of this building, albeit with many other tributary peoples as well as Persians themselves. The Western Assyrians of Athura were closer to Mount Lebanon, where fine trees could be found and timber processed for Darius' grand Palace. The Eastern Assyrians of Mada were charged with excavating gold.[29]
Assyrian influence over Achaemenid art and sculpture can be seen in various areas of the empire. Examples include the doorway relief of the palaces in Pasargadae,[32] and in the Bukan area (near Urmia) where various tiles are decorated with human-headed winged figures, lions, and ibexes.[33] The symbol of the Assyrian God, Ashur, was chosen as the symbol of the Zoroastrian faith's God, Ahuramazda during the Achaemenid rule of Assyria.[34] But perhaps the best example of Assyrian influence can be observed in the "Gate of all Nations" in Persepolis, with two Lamassus (human-headed winged bull) in the entrance.[32] The Assyrian lamassu, however, was used to protect the palace from evil spirits, while those of Persepolis expressed meditative calm and humanity. Iranologists and Assyriologists have tried to answer the question of how was the influence transmitted. Possibilities include contacts between Athura and Persia were frequent and Achaemenid architects visited the Assyrian palaces. Other suggest Assyrian slaves were brought back to Persia to have them work on the new palaces.[35]
As with many other countries, the primary occupation was farming.[36] The large output of Mesopotamian farms resulted in highly populated civilizations.[36] The chief crop that fueled the ever-growing civilizations in the region was the grain barley and enumer wheat though sesame seeds also provided a source of nourishment.[36] Like much of the rest of the world at the time, the economy of Athura relied heavily upon the produce of the farms and the rivers, including fish and what fruit and meat could be raised in the Euphrates' fertile soils. The agricultural year began with sowing after summer. Flooding posed a serious risk to farmers, whilst rodents were supposedly driven off by prayers to the rodent god.[37] To ensure that such prayers were answered, tall silos were built to house the grain and keep out the mice.
Trees were grown for their fruit. To prevent the hot winds of the region from destroying the crops, tall palm trees were planted around the smaller trees, thus breaking the wind and shading the plants from the heat of the sun, the intensity of which provided plenty for the plants, even when shaded.[37] Following the Persian conquest, peaches were added to the original Assyrian mix of apples, cherries, figs, pears, plums and pomegranates.[37] Tree growing was an art mastered with tree-cutting and even "artificial mating" in order to have the Palm trees yield fruit.[37] In the north, rainfall in Athura met the demands of farming but in the more southernly parts (covering Mada) Shadufs were used to assist in irrigation.[38]
Oxen, donkeys, cattle and sheep were raised, the latter for their milk (which could be turned into butter) and the former as draught animals. Pigs, ducks, geese and chickens were all raised for their meat. Hunting supplemented the food supply with birds and fish.[39]
The down-time resulting from farming and the seasons allows men and women to master other skills in life such as the arts, philosophy and leisure. Without the fertile soils of the Euphrates river valley, civilization would not have come to be.[36]
Archaeological findings[edit]
Kalhu (Nimrud)'s buildings were dramatically destroyed during the sacking of 614–612 BC. However, evidence of reoccupation during the "post-Assyrian period" (612–539 BC) is noted in various areas, including the Palace of Adad-nirari III, the North-West Palace, the Burnt Palace and Nabu Temple complex, Fort Shalmaneser, and the Town-Wall Houses.[40]
Xenephon passed by Nimrud (which he called Larissa) in 401 BC along with 10,000 Greek soldiers and described the city as
Despite Xenephon’s description of the city as being abandoned, archaeological evidence seems to show that there was some Achaemenid-period occupation. Phase 3 or H in the Nabu Temple complex and Burnt Palace is described as Achaemenid occupation.[42] They include traces of kilns on the south side of Room 47 in the Burnt Palace, together with red glass ingots and slag, which after a radiocarbon analysis yielded a date of 425 +/- 50 BC.[43] In the Nabu Temple, a pipe lamp and a group of seven pottery vessels are considered to be "ascribed to the Achaemenid period."[44] There was also some Achaemenid occupation in the South-East Palace: a deep footed bowl, a hemispherical bowl (which is compared with pottery from the Achaemenid village at Susa),[45] and three pottery vessels.[46] Also in the South-East Palace were two "eye of Horus" amulets, often regarded as hallmarks of Achaemenid period material culture. Another eye of Horus amulet has been found in the Town Hall Houses. In the palace of Adad-nirari III, three bronze kohl sticks with castellated heads having been identified as Achaemenid period.
Like other Assyrian capitals, Assur was greatly destroyed during the battles of the century before. The importance of the city thereafter is not clear, but much evidence indicate it was a flourishing city during the Achaemenid rule. After the Babylonian conquest by Cyrus the Great, the "Cyrus Cylinder" mentions Assur as one of the cities of which cult statues were returned.[47] In 401 BC, Xenephon describes the city as
At the Assur Temple, two shrines have been identified as being built during 5th to 3rd century BC.[51] A few graves at the site also may have been belonged to the Achaemenid period. From the grave site, a pair of circular earrings with globules has clearly been identified as Achaemenid.[52] These earrings are similar to the silver earring found at Khorsabad, near Nineveh. In another grave, Haller dates grave number 811 as Achaemenid period.[53] The grave contained three bodies, a stamp-seal showing the goddess, Ishtar, standing on the back of a lion. This might indicate that Ashurism was still being practiced within the Assyrian population during the Achaemenid rule. Other objects from the grave 811 include a bronze fibula; another earring, but gold rather than the earlier described silver; different kinds of beads of silver, agate, frit and glass; an alabastron; a bowl made of copper; and two pottery bottles.[53] It is not clear, however, if all the items are Achaemenid in date.
Tel ed-Daim[edit]
To the northeast of Kirkuk, the site of Tel ed-Daim shows significant evidence of Achaemenid rule.[54] A small fortified palace (most probably for a local governor) includes a bronze wall-plaques, a bronze snaffle-bit of a type well-known from Achaemenid contexts at Persepolis, kohl tubes with ribbed decoration tapering, and pottery.[55] The pottery in the palace show similarities with the pottery from Nimrud that has been identified as Achaemenid.[56]
Eski Mosul Dam Salvage Project[edit]
In Eski Mosul Dam Salvage Project, a few items have been identified as Achaemenid period. The project was located to the northwest of Mosul, in the upper Tigirs valley, and within the Assyrian heartland. In the Kharabeh Shattani site, various amounts of pottery have been dated Achaemenid. These include, four bowls of which have similarities of Achaemenid bowls in Susa and Pasargadae.[57] Other times include clay spindle whorls, two iron sickle blades, and a bronze plate optimistically identified as a horse’s forehead plaque. A bronze finger-ring with a crouching animal engraved on the bezel was also found in the site and is considered to be widespread in the Achaemenid empire.[11] Also in the project, a grave site excavated found bodies that included a conical kohl pot and a bronze pin with a castellated top. These objects are considered to be distinctive Achaemenid type.[58]
Assyria after the Achaemenid Period[edit]
Main articles: Asuristan, Adiabene and Osroene
Coin of Alexander bearing an Aramaic inscription reflect the continuous impact of the Assyrian language after the Achaemenid period.
In the late 4th century BC Alexander the Great led his Greco-Macedonian army to conquer the Achaemenid Empire. The empire's vast territory and numerous tributary peoples ensured that rebellion would be a constant problem. This new Greek Empire relied upon the administrative system put in place by the Persians to govern these new lands; consequently, the Assyrian lands of Athura and Mada were administrated as such by their own Satraps. When Alexander the Great died, the Greek successor state of the Seleucid Empire, created in the struggle over Babylonia, retained control of much of the Persian Empire. The Babylonian Chronicles of the Hellenistic Period now show the vitality of Greek culture in ancient cities like Babylon.
Whilst Greek rule beyond the Euphrates was subject to constant and eventually successful Iranian incursions, Assyria was forced to take the role of a frontier province, first defending the Seleucid Empire against the Parthians, later defending the Parthan Empire against the Romans. Greek rule in the East did not last long even though the cultural impacts did - by the mid-3rd century BC the Satraps, administrators of the various provinces in the Seleucid Empire began revolting against the Seleucid Empire in Persia and Bactria establishing their own domains. A temporary revival of Seleucid Power re-established Imperial authority in these regions in the late 3rd and early 2nd century BC but after which the Parthians soon came to incorporate the lands known as Assyria once again by the mid-2nd century BC.
Parthian rule aimed to emulate that of their Persian predecessors, the Achaemenids with a similar system of administration involving Satraps and smaller provinces. Indeed the main rebel behind the rise of Parthia from Seleucia was a Satrap himself.[59] On top of this, the Parthian Empire was more decentralized and power was shared amongst clan leaders,[59] hinting at the possibility of the retention of the provinces. Mesopotamia became the Heartland of the Seleucid Empire with a new capital, Seleucia on the Tigris founded. As a result, much culture and knowledge was exchanged between the Greeks and the Assyrians. The invasions of Alexander the Great consisted not only of soldiers but scientists and Historians.[60]
Beginning in the 1st century BC, the Romans began expanding their Empire at the cost of the Parthians. Initially the Nomadic military tactic of circling and shooting worked to deadly effect against the slow heavy moving infantry of the Romans.[61] In time however, superior technology and strategy drove the Parthians out of the Mediterranean and most of Asia Minor. The Parthians continued to resist Roman rule, invading and in turn being invaded by the Romans many times, with their capital Ctesiphon being sacked three times.[62] The consequence of these bloody and inconclusive wars meant that the Assyrian provinces bore the brunt of the fighting, with Assyrian troops fighting for one side and then, at the change of the governing of the lands of Mada and Athura, fighting for the other side. Naturally such events served to undermine the Assyrians.
By the 2nd century AD under the Emperor Trajan, the Romans began to achieve the upper hand against the Parthians and established the Roman Province of Assyria along the Euphrates and Tigris.
From 226 AD Assyria became a province of the Sassanid Persian Empire, and was renamed Asuristan. The Assyrians had begun to adopt Christianity from the 1st Century AD, and Aramaic remained the spoken language of the region.
In 650 AD the area fell to the Arabs, however the region remained Aramaic speaking and largely Christian well into the Middle Ages. Assyrians still remain in the area to this day, and there are a number of Assyrian towns and villages in the region of ancient Assyria, in addition cities such as Mosul, Dohuk, Erbil and Kirkuk have Assyrian populations. The Assyrians remain Christian and retain the Aramaic language and written script.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Shabani, Reza. Iranian History at a Glance. p. 11. Assyria became part of the Achaemenian Dynasty under the title of "Athura".
2. ^ Y Odisho, George (1998). The sound system of modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic). Harrowitz. p. 8. ISBN 3-447-02744-4.
3. ^ Maspero, Gaston (1900). Passing of the Empires 850 BC to 330 BC. p. 688.
4. ^ a b Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies (JAAS) 18 (2): 18. With the fall of Nineveh, the Empire was split in two, the western half falling in the hands of a Chaldean dynasty, the eastern one in the hands of Median kings. In 539 BC, both became incorporated in the Achaemenid Empire, the western one as the megasatrapy of Assyria (Aθūra), the eastern one as the satrapy of Media (Māda).
5. ^ Cameron, George (1973): "The Persian satrapies and related matters", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 32, pp. 47–56; Cook, J.M.: "The rise of the Achaemenids and establishment of their empire", pp. 261–262, in Ilya Gershevitch, The Cambridge History of Iran; Briant, Pierre (2002): From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, pp. 177, 390-391, 909.
6. ^ Curtis, John (November 2003). "The Achaemenid Period in Northern Iraq" (PDF). L’archéologie de l’empire achéménide (Paris, France): 3–4.
7. ^ Dandamatev, Muhammad: "Assyria. ii- Achaemenid Aθurā", Encyclopaedia Iranica
8. ^ Briant, Pierre, op. cit. p. 391.
9. ^ Rosenthal, "Aramaic", in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
10. ^ Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War By Kaveh Farrokh. Page 176.
11. ^ a b Curtis, John (November 2003). "The Achaemenid Period in Northern Iraq" (PDF). L’archéologie de l’empire achéménide (Paris, France).
12. ^ "The Culture And Social Institutions Of Ancient Iran" by Muhammad A. Dandamaev, Vladimir G. Lukonin. Page 104
13. ^ Healy, Mark. The Ancient Assyrians. New York: Osprey, 1991. (various pages) ISBN 1-85532-163-7
14. ^ "Wisdom of Egypt and the Old Testament" By W. O. E. Oesterley. Page 31.
15. ^ a b c Grant, R.G. (2005). "Battle a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat". London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 19.
16. ^ Arrian, Anabasis, III.7.3.
17. ^ Anabasis, book III.IV. pages 18, 24-32.
18. ^ Layard, A.H., 1853. Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, p. 61 and 686
20. ^ "The 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project", Muhammad Dandamayev, R. M. Whiting. 41–48.
21. ^ "Syria-Palestine under Achemenid Rule", by Israel Eph'Al. in: The Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Edition, Vol. 4. Page 147–161.
22. ^ Briant, P., 2002. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Winona Lake, Indiana. Page 175.
24. ^ a b Shaked, Saul (1987). "Aramaic". Encyclopedia Iranica 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 250–261. p. 251
29. ^ a b c Parpola, Simo (1999-09-04). "Assyrians after Assyria". University of Helsinki.
30. ^ Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War By Kaveh Farrokh, Page 76.
31. ^ Herodotus, The Histories, transl. Harry Carter, Book Seven (New York: The Heritage Press, 1958), p 431.
32. ^ a b Forgotten empire: the world of Ancient Persia By John Curtis, Nigel Tallis, Béatrice André-Salvini. Page 54.
33. ^ Birth of the Persian Empire By Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, Sarah Stewart. Page 5.
34. ^ The Culture and Social Institutions of Ancient Iran By Muhammad A. Dandamaev, Vladimir G. Lukonin. p 342.
36. ^ a b c d Bertman, Stephen (2005). Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. New York: Oxford UP. p. 244.
37. ^ a b c d Bertman, Stephe. p. 245.
38. ^ Bertman, Stephen. p. 264.
39. ^ Bertman, Stephen. p. 265.
40. ^ Curtis, John. (2004) "The Assyrian heartland in the period 612-539 BC."
41. ^ Anabasis book III by Xenophon.
42. ^ Mallowan, M.E.L., (1966.) "Nimrud and its Remains." London.
43. ^ Barag, D., 1985. "Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass in the British Museum I", p. 108–9. London.
44. ^ Oates, D. and J., 1958. "Nimrud 1957: the Hellenistic settlement", Iraq 20: 114-157.
45. ^ Ghirshman, R., 1954. Village Perse-Achéménide, p.25
46. ^ Oates, D. and J., 1958. "Nimrud 1957: the Hellenistic settlement", p. 12–14
48. ^ Andrae, W., 1977. Das wiedererstandene Assur, new impression edited by B.Hrouda, München.
49. ^ Oates, D., 1968. Studies in the Ancient History of Northern Iraq, p. 60
50. ^ Anabasis, book II. IV. 28
51. ^ Roaf, M.D., 1983. "Sculptures and Sculptors at Persepolis."
52. ^ Curtis, John (November 2003). "The Achaemenid Period in Northern Iraq" (PDF). L’archéologie de l’empire achéménide (Paris, France): 12–3.
53. ^ a b Haller, A., 1954. Die Gräber und Grüfte von Assur, WVDO-G 65, Berlin.
54. ^ al-Tekriti, A.Q., 1960. "The excavations at Tell ed-Daim (Dokan)", Sumer XVI: 93-109
55. ^ Forgotten empire: the world of Ancient Persia By John Curtis, Nigel Tallis, Béatrice André-Salvini. Page 40.
57. ^ Simpson, St.J., 1990. ‘Iron Age crop storage and ceramic manufacture in rural Mesopotamia: a review of the British Museum excavations at Qasrij Cliff and Khirbet Qasrij in Northern Iraq’, 119-140.
58. ^ The Achaemenid Period in Northern Iraq, by John Curtis. Paris, Collège de France, Novembre 2003
59. ^ a b Bentley, Jerry H.; Herb F. Ziegler (2006). Traditions & Encounters a Global Perspective on the Past 1. New York: McGraw-Hill. .
60. ^ Parker, Geoffrey. Compact History of the World. 4th ed. London: Times Books, 2005 pg 33 ISBN 0-7607-2575-6
61. ^ Grant, R.G. (2005). Battle a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 43. , "Carrhae was a disaster for the Roman empire in the east."
62. ^ Parker, Geoffrey (2005). Compact History of the World. London: Times Books. p. 37. map shows temporary acquisitions of "Assyria" and "Mesopotamia" provinces
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Ak-Sar-Ben (arena)
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Ak-Sar-Ben Race Track and Coliseum
Location 6800 Mercy Rd
Omaha, NE 68196-2627
Owner Ak-Sar-Ben Future Trust
Douglas County
Capacity 11,500 (Grandstand)
7,200 (Coliseum)
Opened July 6, 1919 (1919-07-06) (Race track)
June 9, 1929 (1929-06-09) (Coliseum)
Renovated 1921, 1938, 1965, 1986
Expanded 1928, 1975
Closed August 8, 1995 (1995-08-08) (Race track)
September 2002 (2002-09) (Coliseum)
Demolished October 8, 2004 (2004-10-08)
Construction cost $1 million
($13.6 million in 2015 dollars[1])
Ak-Sar-Ben 4-H Youth Exposition (1927-2002)
Ak-Sar-Ben Rodeo (1947-2002)
Omaha Knights (IHL) (1959-63)
Omaha Knights (CHL) (1963-75)
Omaha Lancers (USHL) (1986-2002)
Omaha Racers (CBA) (1989-97)
The Ak-Sar-Ben Race Track and Coliseum was an indoor arena and horse racing complex in Omaha, Nebraska. Built to fund the civic and philanthropic activities of the Knights of Ak-Sar-Ben, the thoroughbred race track was built in 1919[2] and the Coliseum was built in 1929. The racetrack closed in 1995 and the arena in 2002; the facility was demolished in 2005, and is currently being redeveloped for a variety of uses, including dormitory housing for the University of Nebraska Omaha and the Aksarben Village development. Ak-Sar-Ben is "Nebraska" spelled backwards. The Knights originally said they were turning Nebraska around, thus "Ak-Sar-Ben."
Ak-Sar-Ben Coliseum was the premiere ice rink and concert arena in Omaha for more than 70 years. Popular acts ranging from Frank Sinatra to Elvis Presley to Nirvana all performed to sold-out crowds. It was also home to the Omaha Knights, a minor league hockey team from 1959–75. The Knights began operations in 1959 in the IHL, and later moved to the now-defunct CHL, with teams affiliated with the NHL's Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers, and both the Calgary and Atlanta Flames. The arena hosted the USHL's Omaha Lancers for its final dozen years and the Omaha Racers basketball of the CBA from 1989–97.[3][4] The Coliseum also hosted world-class boxing, was a major stop on the PBR and attracted many popular comedians.
In the racetrack's glory days, the Coliseum housed a cinema-sized screen and betting windows to handle the overflow of fans. In the mid-1980s, Ak-Sar-Ben was tenth in the nation in racetrack attendance, with up to 25,000 betting $2 million per day on weekends. Many festivals were also held in the Coliseum annually, including a Greek Festival and River City Roundup booths.
Following his death in 1959, the 1935 Triple Crown winner Omaha was buried at the racetrack's Circle of Champions. The thoroughbred spent his final nine years at a farm outside of Nebraska City and made promotional appearances at the Ak-Sar-Ben racetrack during the 1950s.
Horse racing at Ak-Sar-Ben ended in August 1995, just ten years after its record season of 1985. Dog racing began in Iowa in 1986 and other forms of gambling followed, and attendance rapidly declined at Ak-Sar-Ben. A portion of the property was the sold to First Data Resources under the agreement that FDR would donate part of land for the University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO) for its Aksarben Campus to build a UNO's new College of Information and Technology.[5]
After the remaining buildings and grandstand were torn down in early 2005, a proposal was put forth to create a mixed-use development called Aksarben Village.[6] Construction began in 2006 and the first businesses opened in 2008.[7] UNO is building a new arena at Aksarben Village that is scheduled to open in fall 2015.[8]
Following the closure of the racetrack, a simulcast facility, Horsemen's Park, was opened in Omaha in 1998. The horse racing industry in Nebraska is now confined to live racing dates rotating from Fonner Park in Grand Island, to the Lincoln Race Course in Lincoln, and finishing at Agricultural Park in Columbus, plus a four-day meet at Horseman's Park (the latter required to keep their simulcasting license).[9]
See also[edit]
2. ^ "Ak-Sar-Ben Race Track and Coliseum". HistoricOmaha.com. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
3. ^ "History of the Continental Basketball Association".
4. ^ Jernstrom, Ross (August 24, 2013). "Omaha Racers Reunite 20 Years After Winning CBA Title". WOWT. Gray Television. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
5. ^ (nd) College of Information and Technology.
6. ^ (nd) Aksarben Village. Retrieved 7/17/07.
7. ^ http://www.allbusiness.com/real-estate/commercial-residential-property-commercial/12149041-1.html
8. ^ Burbach, Christopher (October 6, 2014). "UNO's rising arena, finances both solid". Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
9. ^ [1]
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 41°14′23″N 96°0′45″W / 41.23972°N 96.01250°W / 41.23972; -96.01250
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Alberto Cavos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Alberto Cavos (Russified to Albert Katerinovich Kavos, Russian: Aльберт Катeринович Кавос, December 22, 1800 – May 22, 1863) was a Russian–Italian architect best known for his theatre designs, the builder of the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg (1859–1860) and the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow (1853–1856).
Early years[edit]
Alberto Cavos was born in Saint Petersburg to Venetian opera composer Catterino Cavos (see Cavos family), and his wife, Camilla Baglioni, who had settled in Russia in 1798, after the fall of the Republic of Venice. Alberto Cavos was educated in the University of Padua and then returned to Russia to complete practical training in Carlo Rossi's workshop. His brother Giovanni (Ivan, 1805–1861) was trained in music and assisted his father in Saint Petersburg opera.
Bolshoi Theatre (Saint Petersburg)[edit]
In 1826 Cavos received his first commission – rebuilding of the former Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre (the Stone Theatre). Built by Antonio Rinaldi in 1770,[1] the theatre burnt down in 1811; restoration was interrupted by the death of its supervisor, Jean-François Thomas de Thomon, in 1813, and slowly dragged until 1818. Cavos dedicated ten years to this project; the theatre reopened as Saint Petersburg's main opera stage in 1836.[1] However, the art of opera found little attention at the court; operas by Russian composers were banned in 1843 and in 1846 the Russian opera company migrated to Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre,[2] built in the same period by Joseph Bové. Nevertheless, the theatre retained its Italian company and became a home stage for Marius Petipa ballet and operated until 1886, when it was rebuilt it into the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.
Mariinsky Theatre (Saint Petersburg)[edit]
Mariinsky Theatre.
In 1847–1848 Cavos designed and built a wooden Equestrian Circus Theatre in Saint Petersburg, on a square now known as Theatre Square. The Circus opened on January 20, 1849, and soon became a home stage for the Russian opera company that returned from Moscow in 1850. Nine years later, on January 26, 1859, the Circus burnt down; Alexander II ordered Cavos to rebuild the theatre "with all the improvements that had been needed to be made when the circus building was turned into a theatre.The Czar further orders that the Architect preserve the interior decoration as it used to be".[3] Cavos retained the Romanesque facade of the Circus, but completely redesigned the interiors, replacing the old circular arena with a horseshoe-shapes "Italian" opera hall. The new theatre opened in October 1860 as Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, named after Empress Maria Alexandrovna, and immediately became Saint Petersburg's principal opera stage.
Bolshoi Theatre (Moscow)[edit]
Bolshoi Theatre in Cavos times
Main hall of Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow
On March 11, 1853, Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow was destroyed by fire that left only exterior wall standing. Cavos secured the contract to rebuild the theatre and substantially expanded and altered Bove's original plan, creating Bolshoi as it was known before closing down for restoration in 2005.[4] Despite the economic downturn that accompanied the disastrous Crimean War, the work rushed through, especially after the death of tsar Nicholas I of Russia – according to Alexander Benois, to reopen the theatre in time for his successor's coronation.[4][5] Bolshoi indeed reopened in the presence of Alexander II of Russia on August 20, 1856, featuring a new grand hall for 2,150 spectators. In line with the eclecticism of the period, Cavos described his work as "making the auditorium as magnificent as possible and to produce a light effect, if possible, in the Renaissance style in combination with the Byzantine style. White colour, the bright crimson drapings, overstrewn with golden interior decoration of the boxes, different on each storey, the plaster arabesques and the main effect of the auditorium – its grand chandelier...".[4] Cavos retained a personal "architect's box" at the Bolshoi, which later passed to his descendants from the Benois family.[6]
Henry Sutherland Edwards, contemporary British journalist, praised Cavos as being "not only an architect, but also an acoustician, if we may use the term ... he understands what does not appear to be understood in London...".[7] According to Edwards, Cavos ridiculed the idea that acoustical properties of a building cannot be ensured by design; he deliberately designed, built and outfitted his theatres for sound. "It (the Bolshoi) is constructed as a musical instrument", commented Cavos.[7]
Modern architects add a sober note: despite excellent acoustics, the Bolshoi suffered from poor build quality and poor planning of its public areas. The former may be in part blamed on local contractors, 16-month rush schedule and a modest budget of 900,000 roubles.[8] Ivan Rerberg, who restored Bolshoi in 1920–1932, bitterly commented on the architect's decision to close and fill with earth the original groundfloor galleries that housed cloakrooms before the 1853 fire.[8] Large spans of load-bearing brick walls were laid without mortar; weak foundations underneath, placed in the bend of subterranean Neglinnaya River, were shifting erratically since 19th century. By the end of the 20th century, salvaging Bolshoi required a complete replacement of foundations.[8]
Private life and legacy[edit]
In 1859 Cavos completed the rebuilding of Mikhaylovsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg. The architect's last work was a competition entry for the design of the Paris opera; according to Alexander Benois, his drafts were approved by Napoleon III of France[9] but when Cavos died, at Peterhof, the job was awarded to Charles Garnier.[5] Apart from theatres, Cavos is credited with design of dozens of buildings in Saint Petersburg and its suburbs. Most of these buildings were subsequently expanded and rebuilt, losing their original architectural trim.
The private life of Alberto Cavos and his family has been made public by his grandson, Alexander Benois. According to Benois, Cavos was overwhelmed by lucrative contracts and quickly made a fortune that allowed him, in addition to Saint Petersburg lifestyle, to keep a luxurious home on the Grand Canal in Venice and amass a vast collection of art there. After his death these treasures were brought to Saint Petersburg and split between his numerous heirs.[5]
Alberto's first wife, Aloysia Carolina (née Carobio), died of tuberculosis in 1835.[10][11] She and Alberto had four children. Alberto Cavos married Xenia, his second wife, when she was only 17; they had three children. However, his extramarital adventures destroyed the marriage; in the end, Alberto Cavos bequeathed his business interests to his new mistress, having nearly ruined his legitimate wife and children.[12] Among these children,
1. ^ a b Fitzlyon, p. 253
2. ^ Fitzlyon, p. 255
3. ^ "Mariinsky theatre at Decca Classics".
4. ^ a b c Bereson, p. 123
5. ^ a b c Benois, volume 1 chapter 5
6. ^ Wachtel, p. 51
7. ^ a b Edwards, p. 179
8. ^ a b c Melnikova
9. ^ Taruskin, p. 426
10. ^ Benois, Alexandre. (1960). ""Memoirs", Vol. 1, London: Chatto & Windus
11. ^ Amburger, Erik. "Erik-Amburger-Datenbank: Auslander im vorrevolutionaren Russland". Accessed January 26, 2012.
12. ^ Benois, volume 1 chapter 6
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Azar (Persian: آذر, Persian pronunciation: [ɒːˈzæɾ][1]) is the ninth month of the Iranian calendar.[1] Azar has thirty days.[1] It begins in November and ends in December by the Gregorian calendar[citation needed].
Azar is the third month of autumn, and is followed by Dey.[1]
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Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bhumihar Brahmin)
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Regions with significant populations
East India Estimated 6 % of Bihari population (i.e. over 5 million) plus significant population in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and West Bengal[1]
Hindi, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili, Angika, Bajjika, Bundeli
Bhumihar is a Hindu caste native to East India. They are mainly found in Bihar, the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bengal, the Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh, and Nepal.[2] There is also a significant migrant population of Bhumihars in Mauritius,[3] Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago and Guyana.
The Bhumihars claim Brahmin status, and are therefore, also referred to as Bhumihar Brahmin.[4] In Bihar, they are also known as Babhan[5] and they have also been called Bhuinhar.[6]
The Bhumihars were a prominent land-owning group of eastern India until the 20th century, and controlled nine small princely states in the region. The Bhumihar community played an important role in the peasant movements of India, and was highly influential in politics of Bihar in the 20th century.
The word Bhumihar is of relatively recent origin, first used in the records of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh in 1865. It derives from the word bhoomi ("land"), referring to the caste's landowner status. The term Bhumihar Brahmin was adopted by the community in the late-19th century to emphasise their claim of belonging to the priestly Brahmin class.[7] The alternate name "Babhan" has been described as a distorted colloquial term for "Brahmin".[8]
As with many castes in India, there are numerous mythical stories regarding the origins of the Bhumihar community. One legend claims that their ancestors were Brahmins who were set up to take place of the Kshatriyas slayed by Parashurama.[9] Other legends state that they are the offspring of a union between Rajput men and Brahmin women, or that they derive from Brahman-Buddhists who lost their high position in the Hindu society. The Bhumihars themselves dislike these narratives involving "hybridity" or "fallen status", and claim to be pure Brahmins.[7]
Ruler of the Benares State in 1870s
By the 16th century, the Bhumihars controlled vast stretches of land in eastern India, particularly in north Bihar. By the late eighteenth century, along with Rajputs, they had established themselves as the most prominent landholders of the region.[10] Oral legends suggest that along with Muslims and Rajputs, they displaced the Bhar and Chero natives of the region.[11] The weakening of the Mughal suzerainty over the region gave rise to several small Bhumihar states. For example, the revenue contractors for the Mughal province of Awadh declared themselves the Maharaja of Benares. They successfully defended their independence against the Nawab of Awadh in the 1750s and 1760s, before becoming a British dependency.[12] Other princely states and fiefdoms ruled by Bhumihars included Bettia, Tekari, Hathwa, Tamukhi, Sheohar, Mahishadal, Pakur and Maheshpur.[9]
The distinctive Bhumihar caste identity was largely created through military service.[13] During early days of British expansion in India, a large number of Bhumihars participated in battles and revolts against the East India Company.[14] The Company also recruited Bhumihar sepoys in large numbers.[15]
Campaign for higher varna status
Bhumihars claim to be descendants of Brahmins who held land grants, a theory supported by scholars such as Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya.[9] However, other communities did not give them the ritual status of Brahmins, as most of them were cultivators during the British Raj.[4] Some of the early censuses of British India categorized Bhumihars with Shudras, the lowest of the four varnas. This was considered insulting, especially since several zamindars (land-owning aristocrats) were Bhumihars.[16]
Like many other aspirational castes, the Bhumihars followed the process of sanskritisation to achieve their end. The Bhumihar zamindars and princely state rulers established caste-based associations (sabhas) to form a community network and to advance their claims to Brahmin status. The Pradhan Bhumihar Brahman Sabha ("Chief Assembly of Bhumihar Brahmins") was established in Patna in 1889. Its objective was "to improve moral, social and educational reforms of the community and to represent the wants of the community to the government".[17] The Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha ("great assembly") was established in 1896.[18] The local Bhumihar Brahmin Sabhas included the ones at Muzaffarapur (1899), Patna (1899), Gaya (1900) and Saran (1908).[19] These associations filed numerous petitions to be classified as Brahmins in the 1901 census report. Edward Albert Gait, the author of the census report, stated that the Bhumihars did not remain Brahmins, although there was evidence favouring their Brahmin origin. He wrote that the general Hindu public considered them a separate caste, which is "generally, but not always, regarded as slightly superior" to the Rajput Kshatriyas.[20] Herbert Hope Risley, the Census Commissioner of British India, believed them to be an offshoot of the Rajputs.[9] Persistent pressure from the Mahasabha, who glorified the history of the community, led to official recognition of the Bhumihars as Brahmins in the later Raj censuses. According to Ashwani Kumar, the Bhumihar claim to Brahmin status means that today "unlike other upper castes, [they] guard the local caste hierarchy more zealously for they perpetually feel the pressure of being dislocated and discredited in the topsy-turvy world of caste."[7]
Besides campaigning for the Brahmin status, the caste associations also played an important role in general welfare of the community. In 1899, the Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha, with financial aid from a zamindar, established a college at Muzaffarpur. This was accredited to award degrees in the following year and it was a significant development because education in the area was improving rapidly but students desirous of furthering it had to travel to Bhagalpur, Calcutta or Patna. By 1920, 10 per cent of Bhumihars in Bihar were literate, making them one of the few literate castes; in this achievement, however, they were well behind the Kayasthas (33 per cent) and some other groups.[21] In the first half of the 20th century, the Bhumihars suffered increasing economic hardships due to the steady fragmentation of land rights among heirs and the decline in agricultural prices during the Great Depression. During this period, the Bhumihar associations served as community networks that facilitated access to English education and urban employment.[16] As with the Rajputs, Kayasthas and other high castes of Bihar — and as opposed to the methods used by most lower castes — neither the Mahasabha nor any other formal body exercised power to make and enforce caste rules.[22]
The Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha held annual sessions in different parts of present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Among its prominent leaders was Sahajanand Saraswati, a leader of the Bhumihar Brahmin Sabha of Patna. During the Balia session of 1914, Sahajanand defended the Brahmin status of the Bhumihars, using quotes from Hindu scriptures to argue that priestly functions do not alone define Brahmins. In 1916, he published a book titled Bhumihar Brahmin Parichay ("Introduction to Bhumihar Brahmins"), which outlined these arguments. He classified Brahmins into two categories — begging (yachak) and non-begging (ayachak) — and stated that the Bhumihars were among the non-begging Brahmins. The Bhumihars of Uttar Pradesh attempted to popularize the term "Bhumihar Brahmin", while discarding the term "Babhan". However, the term "Babhan" remained popular in Bihar.[19] The recognized Brahmins did not favour the Bhumihar attempts to claim an equal status, and even stopped going to Bhumihar homes to perform ceremonies.[23]
Political influence
Being traditional landlords and one of the early literate castes, the Bhumihars have been influential in the politics of Bihar since the British days. Noted Bhumihar princely state rulers included Harendra Kishore Singh (Raja of Bettiah) and Vibhuti Narayan Singh (Raja of the Benares).
The Bhumihars played a pioneering role in organizing peasant, leftist and indepdence movements since 1910s.[24] In 1914 and 1916, the Bhumihars of Pipra and Turkaulia revolted against indigo cultivation.[25] When Mahatma Gandhi launched satyagraha against indigo cultivation in Motihari in 1917, a number of Bhumihar intellectuals joined the protest. These included Krishna Sinha, Ram Dayalu Singh, Ramnandan Mishra, Shilbhadra Yaji, Karyanand Sharma and Sahajanand Saraswati.[26]
While a section of Bhumihars were landowners, the vast majority belonged to tenantry. Starting in 1914, two factions emerged in the Bhumihar Mahasabha: the landowner-dominated faction led by Ganesh Dutt, and the tenant-dominated faction led by Sahajanand Saraswati. Sahajanand came from a zamindar family, which had been reduced to tenant status. He attracted a large number of followers who, as tenants, were exploited by the rich landlords. His support for the non-cooperation movement also alarmed the landlords, who were loyal to the British colonial administration. The growing differences between the two factions resulted in a split in the Mahasabha, in 1925-26. Sahajanand established an ashram at Bihta, which started attracting tenants and peasants from other castes as well. When the rich Bhumihar landlords stopped supporting Sahajanand's activities, he declared that caste associations were a means to continue their supremacy.[4] He established an caste-agnostic peasants movement, which later evolved into All India Kisan Sabha. In Bihar, Kisan Sabha, as well as the Communist Party of India (which was heavily inspired by Kisan Sabha), were identified as Bhumihar-dominated organizations for years.[16]
After Sahajanand gave up caste politics, Ganesh Dutt emerged as the leader of Bhumihar Mahasabha. He later entered the Legislative Council, and distributed patronage to other members of his caste. This patronage was extended further, when Krishna Singh, a Bhumihar, became the Premier and Chief Minister of Bihar.[27] His tenure saw the rise of a number of influential Bhumihar leaders including Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishnakant Singh, LP Shahi, Basawan Sinha, and Kailashpati Mishra.[28] Sinha also worked for the welfare of the lower castes. He was the first chief minister in India to abolish the zamindari system.[24] He also led Dalits' entry into Baidyanath Temple.[1]
After Sinha's death in 1961, the Bhumihar political hegemony gradually declined. A small number of Bhumihar leaders continued to play a significant role in the state unit of the Indian National Congress. These included Ramashray Prasad Singh, Rajo Singh, Ramjatan Sinha, Shyam Sunder Singh Dhiraj and Maha Chandra Singh.[28] The Congress parliamentarians Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha) and Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra also belonged to the Bhumihar community.[29][26] Chandrashekhar Singh, the Chief Minister of Bihar during 1983-85, was also a Bhumihar.[26]
The Bhumihar influence in Bihar politics declined considerably after electoral defeat of Congress in the Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 1990. The backward OBC castes like Yadav, led by Lalu Prasad Yadav, replaced them in the political circles. In the Indian general election, 1999, only three Bhumihars were elected: C. P. Thakur (BJP), Kailashpati Mishra (BJP) and Rajo Singh (Congress). A few Bhumihar leaders also emerged in the political parties dominated by the lower castes. These included Akhilesh Prasad Singh (RJD) and Arun Kumar (Samata Dal; now Rashtriya Lok Samata Party).[28]
As their power in the electoral politics declined, a number of Bhumihars were attracted to Ranvir Sena, a private militia established in 1994.[28] The group has carried out armed operations against the Naxals in the region, and has been involved in atrocities against the lower castes, such as the Laxmanpur Bathe massacre.[30]
Influence in other fields
Being one of the early literate groups of British India, the Bhumihar community produced several prominent literary figures. These include Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Rahul Sankrityayan, Rambriksh Benipuri and Gopal Singh Nepali.[26] The ancestors of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul were also Bhumihars.[31]
Customs and traditions
The Bhumihars follow a subset of the Brahmin rituals, and claim to be "tri-karma" Brahmins.[5] The Christian missionary M. A. Sherring wrote in 1872 that the Bhumihars performed only three of the six prescribed Brahmanical duties: "They give alms, but do not receive them; they offer sacrifices to their idols, but do not perform the duties and offices of a priesthood; they read the sacred writings, but do not teach them."[32]
Some Bhumihars in Muzaffarpur trace their lineage to Husseini Brahmins, and participate in the Muharram processions.[33] The Bhumihars outside Purvanchal-Bihar region may follow the respective local customs and traditions. For example, in Chandipur village of Murshidabad district (West Bengal), a section of Bhumihars became the landlords after death of the British indigo plantation owners. They are now "thoroughly Bengali". They worship Kali as their primary deity, and regarded as Brahmins by others in the village.[34]
Common surnames
Bhumihars use the same surnames as those of north Indian Brahmins as well as some surnames in common with Rajputs.[9] In Bihar, the Bhumihars started using the surname Sharma and the title Pandit in the 20th century.[35] Other common traditional Brahmin surnames used by the Bhumihars include Mishra, Dikshit, Tivan, Patak, Pande and Upadhyaya.[36] It is also common for Bhumihars to affix Singh (usually identified with Kshatriyas, especially Rajputs) to their name.[37][36]
1. ^ a b Kumar (25 January 2005). "Bhumihars rooted to the ground in caste politics". The Times of India. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
2. ^ Nedumpara, Jose J. Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study. Anmol. Retrieved 2012-07-12. [page needed]
3. ^ Thapan, Meenakshi, ed. (2005). Transnational Migration and the Politics of Identity. SAGE. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-7619-3425-7.
4. ^ a b c Das, Arvind N. (1982). Agrarian Movements in India: Studies on 20th Century Bihar. Psychology Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-7146-3216-2.
5. ^ a b Jain, Ravindra K. (2012). Nation, Diaspora, Trans-nation: Reflections from India. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-136-70414-7.
6. ^ Freitag, Sandra B. (1992). Culture and Power in Banaras: Community, Performance, and Environment, 1800-1980. University of California Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-52008-094-2.
7. ^ a b c Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. pp. 125–127. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
8. ^ Sinha, Gopal Sharan; Sinha, Ramesh Chandra (September 1967). "Exploration in Caste Stereotypes". Social Forces (University of North Carolina Press) 46 (1): 42–47. doi:10.1093/sf/46.1.42. JSTOR 2575319.
9. ^ a b c d e Bhattacharya, Jogendra Nath (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects. Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya. p. 109-113.
10. ^ Yang, Anand A. (1998). Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar. University of California Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-520-91996-9.
11. ^ Yang, Anand A. (1989). The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920. University of California Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-520-05711-1.
12. ^ Bayly, Christopher A. (19 May 1988). Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870. CUP Archive. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-521-31054-3.
13. ^ Bayly, Susan (22 February 2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6.
14. ^ Barua, Pradeep (2005). The State at War in South Asia. U of Nebraska Press. p. 76. ISBN 0-8032-1344-1.
15. ^ Roy, Kaushik (2004). India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Orient Blackswan. p. 98. ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8.
16. ^ a b c Witsoe, Jeffrey (5 November 2013). Democracy against Development: Lower-Caste Politics and Political Modernity in Postcolonial India. University of Chicago Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-226-06350-8.
17. ^ Action Sociology and Development. Concept Publishing Company. 1 January 1992. p. 121. ISBN 978-81-7022-726-7.
18. ^ Kshirasagara, Ramacandra (1 January 1994). Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 385. ISBN 978-81-85880-43-3.
19. ^ a b Kumar, Ashwani (2008). Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar. Anthem Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-84331-709-8.
20. ^ Pinch, William R. (19 May 1996). Peasants and Monks in British India. University of California Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-520-91630-2.
21. ^ Pandey, Shreedhar Narayan (1975). Education and Social Changes in Bihar, 1900-1921: A Survey of Social History of Bihar from Lord Curzon to Noncooperation Movement. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 6–7, 161, 172–173. ISBN 9780842609869.
22. ^ Pandey, Shreedhar Narayan (1975). Education and Social Changes in Bihar, 1900-1921: A Survey of Social History of Bihar from Lord Curzon to Noncooperation Movement. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 171. ISBN 9780842609869.
23. ^ Sinha, Arun (1991). Against the few: struggles of India's rural poor. Zed Books. ISBN 978-0-86232-718-7.
24. ^ a b Singh, Abhay (6 July 2004). "BJP, Cong eye Bhumihars as Rabri drops ministers". The Times of India. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
25. ^ Brown, Judith M. (26 September 1974). Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922. CUP Archive. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-09873-1.
26. ^ a b c d "These days, their poster boys are goons". The Economic Times. 16 March 2004. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
27. ^ Sajjad, Mohammad (13 August 2014). Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-317-55982-5.
28. ^ a b c d Kumar, Ashwani. Community Warriors. Anthem Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-85728-684-0.
29. ^ Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (2003). Kayasthas in making of modern Bihar. Impression Publication. p. vi. J.P's most intimate friend was Ganga Sharan Singh, a Bhumihar
30. ^ Kumar, Ashwani (6 June 2012). "No gentlemen in this army". The Hindu.
31. ^ "Who’s afraid of VS Naipaul?". DNA. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
32. ^ Sherring, M.A. (1872). Hindu Tribes and Castes as Reproduced in Benaras. london: Trübner & Co. ISBN 978-81-206-2036-0.
33. ^ Ahmad, Faizan (21 January 2008). "Hindus participate in Muharram". The Times of India. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
34. ^ Nicholas, Ralph W. (1 January 2003). Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal. Orient Blackswan. p. 35. ISBN 978-81-8028-006-1.
35. ^ Gupta, N. L. (1974). Transition from capitalism to socialism and other essays. Kalamkar Prakashan. p. 165.
36. ^ a b Singh, Virendra Prakash (1992). Community And Caste In Tradition. Commonwealth Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7169-242-2.
37. ^ Asian Studies at Hawaii. Asian Studies Program, University of Hawaii. 1978. p. 64.
Further reading
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Franz Boas
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Franz Boas
Born (1858-07-09)July 9, 1858
Minden, Westphalia, Germany[1]
Died December 21, 1942(1942-12-21) (aged 84)
New York, U.S.
Education Ph.D. in Physics, University of Kiel (1881)
Occupation Anthropologist
Spouse(s) Marie Krackowizer Boas (1861–1929)
• Helene Boas Yampolsky (1888–1963)
• Ernst Philip Boas (1891–1955)
• Hedwig Boas (1893/94)
• Gertrud Boas (1897–1924)
• Henry Herbert Donaldson Boas (1899–1925)
• Marie Franziska Boas (1902–1987)
• Meier Boas (1823–1899),
• Sophie Meyer Boas (1828–1916)
Signature Franz Boas signature.svg
Franz Uri Boas (/ˈfrɑːnz ˈb.æz/; German: [ˈboːas]; July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942)[2] was a German-American[3] anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology".[4][5]
Studying in Germany, Boas was awarded a doctorate in 1881 in physics while also studying geography. He then participated in a geographical expedition to northern Canada where he became fascinated with the culture and language of the Baffin Island Inuit. He went on to do field work with the indigenous cultures and languages of the Pacific Northwest. In 1887 he emigrated to the United States where he first worked as a museum curator at the Smithsonian, and in 1899 became professor of anthropology at Columbia University where he remained for the rest of his career. Through his students, many of whom went on to found anthropology departments and research programmes inspired by their mentor, Boas profoundly influenced the development of American anthropology. Among his most significant students were A. L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, Edward Sapir, Margaret Mead, and Zora Neale Hurston.[6]
Boas was one of the most prominent opponents of the then popular ideologies of scientific racism, the idea that race is a biological concept and that human behavior is best understood through the typology of biological characteristics.[7] In a series of groundbreaking studies of skeletal anatomy he showed that cranial shape and size was highly malleable depending on environmental factors such as health and nutrition, in contrast to the claims by racial anthropologists of the day that held head shape to be a stable racial trait. Boas also worked to demonstrate that differences in human behavior are not primarily determined by innate biological dispositions, but are largely the result of cultural differences acquired through social learning. In this way, Boas introduced culture as the primary concept for describing differences in behavior between human groups, and as the central analytical concept of anthropology.[6]
Among Boas's main contributions to anthropological thought was his rejection of the then popular evolutionary approaches to the study of culture, which saw all societies progressing through a set of hierarchic technological and cultural stages, with Western-European culture at the summit. Boas argued that culture developed historically through the interactions of groups of people and the diffusion of ideas, and that consequently there was no process towards continuously "higher" cultural forms. This insight led Boas to reject the "stage"-based organization of ethnological museums, instead preferring to order items on display based on the affinity and proximity of the cultural groups in question. Boas also introduced the ideology of cultural relativism which holds that cultures cannot be objectively ranked as higher or lower, or better or more correct, but that all humans see the world through the lens of their own culture, and judge it according to their own culturally acquired norms. For Boas the object of anthropology was to understand the way in which culture conditioned people to understand and interact with the world in different ways, and to do this it was necessary to gain an understanding of the language and cultural practices of the people studied. By uniting the disciplines of archaeology, the study of material culture and history, and physical anthropology, the study of variation in human anatomy, with ethnology, the study of cultural variation of customs, and descriptive linguistics, the study of unwritten indigenous languages, Boas created the four field subdivision of anthropology which became prominent in American anthropology in the 20th century.[6]
Early life and education[edit]
Boas' dissertation: Beiträge zur Erkenntniss der Farbe des Wassers (Faculty of Philosophy, University of Kiel 1881)
Franz Boas was born in Minden, Westphalia. Although his grandparents were observant Jews, his parents embraced Enlightenment values, including their assimilation into modern German society. Boas's parents were educated, well-to-do, and liberal; they did not like dogma of any kind. Due to this, Boas was granted the independence to think for himself and pursue his own interests. Early in life he displayed a penchant for both nature and natural sciences. Boas vocally opposed anti-Semitism and refused to convert to Christianity, but he did not identify himself as a Jew;[8] indeed, according to his biographer, "He was an 'ethnic' German, preserving and promoting German culture and values in America."[9] In an autobiographical sketch, Boas wrote:
From kindergarten on, Boas was educated in natural history, a subject he enjoyed.[11] In gymnasium, he was proudest of his research on the geographic distribution of plants.
When he started his university studies, Boas first attended Heidelberg University for a semester followed by four terms at Bonn University, studying physics, geography, and mathematics at these schools.[12][13][14] In 1879, he hoped to transfer to Berlin University to study physics under Hermann von Helmholtz, but ended up transferring to the University of Kiel instead due to family reasons.[14] At Kiel, Boas studied under Theobald Fischer[15][16][17][18] and received a doctorate in physics in 1881 for his dissertation entitled "Contributions to the Understanding of the Color of Water,"[19][20][21][22] which examined the absorption, reflection, and the polarization of light in seawater.[23][24] Although technically Boas' doctorate degree was in physics, his advisor Fischer, a student of Carl Ritter, was primarily a geographer and thus some biographers view Boas as more of a geographer than a physicist at this stage.[25][26] The combination of physics and geography also may have been accomplished through a major in physics and a minor in geography.[24] For his part Boas self-identified as a geographer by this time,[14] prompting his sister, Toni, to write in 1883 "After long years of infidelity, my brother was re-conquered by geography, the first love of his boyhood."[27]
In his dissertation research, Boas' methodology included investigating how different intensities of light created different colors when interacting with different types of water,[24] however he encountered difficulty in being able to objectively perceive slight differences in the color of water and as a result became intrigued by this problem of perception and its influence on quantitative measurements.[24][28] Boas had already been interested in Kantian philosophy since taking a course on aesthetics with Kuno Fischer at Heidelberg. These factors led Boas to consider pursuing research in psychophysics, which explores the relationship between the psychological and the physical, after completing his doctorate, but he had no training in psychology.[29][30] Boas did publish six articles on psychophysics during his year of military service (1882-1883), but ultimately he decided to focus on geography, primarily so he could receive sponsorship for his planned Baffin Island expedition.[31]
Post-graduate studies[edit]
Boas took up geography as a way to explore his growing interest in the relationship between subjective experience and the objective world. At the time, German geographers were divided over the causes of cultural variation.[32]:11 Many argued that the physical environment was the principal determining factor, but others (notably Friedrich Ratzel) argued that the diffusion of ideas through human migration is more important. In 1883, encouraged by Theobald Fischer, Boas went to Baffin Island to conduct geographic research on the impact of the physical environment on native Inuit migrations. The first of many ethnographic field trips, Boas culled his notes to write his first monograph titled The Central Eskimo, which was published in the 6th Annual Report from the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1888. Boas lived and worked closely with the Inuit peoples on Baffin Island, and he developed an abiding interest in the way people lived.[33]
In the perpetual darkness of the Arctic winter, Boas reported, he and his traveling companion became lost and were forced to keep sledding for twenty-six hours through ice, soft snow, and temperatures that dropped below −46 °C. The following day, Boas penciled in his diary,[34]:33
—Franz Boas to Marie Krackowizer, 23 December 1883
Boas went on to explain in the same entry that "all service, therefore, which a man can perform for humanity must serve to promote truth." Boas was forced to depend on various Inuit groups for everything from directions and food to shelter and companionship. It was a difficult year filled with tremendous hardships that included frequent bouts with disease, mistrust, pestilence, and danger. Boas successfully searched for areas not yet surveyed and found unique ethnographic objects, but the long winter and the lonely treks across perilous terrain forced him to search his soul to find a direction for his life as a scientist and a citizen.[33][citation needed]
Boas's interest in indigenous communities grew as he worked at the Royal Ethnological Museum in Berlin where he was introduced to members of the Nuxalk Nation of British Columbia, which sparked a lifelong relationship with the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest.
He returned to Berlin to complete his studies. In 1886, Boas defended (with Helmholtz's support) his habilitation thesis, Baffin Land, and was named privatdozent in geography.
While on Baffin Island he began to develop his interest in studying non-Western cultures (resulting in his book, The Central Eskimo, published in 1888). In 1885, Boas went to work with physical anthropologist Rudolf Virchow and ethnologist Adolf Bastian at the Royal Ethnological Museum in Berlin. Boas had studied anatomy with Virchow two years earlier, while preparing for the Baffin Island expedition. At the time, Virchow was involved in a vociferous debate over evolution with his former student, Ernst Haeckel. Haeckel had abandoned his medical practice to study comparative anatomy after reading Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species, and vigorously promoted Darwin's ideas in Germany. However, like most other natural scientists prior to the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics in 1900 and the development of the modern synthesis, Virchow felt that Darwin's theories were weak because they lacked a theory of cellular mutability. Accordingly, Virchow favored Lamarckian models of evolution. This debate resonated with debates among geographers. Lamarckians believed that environmental forces could precipitate rapid and enduring changes in organisms that had no inherited source; thus, Lamarckians and environmental determinists often found themselves on the same side of debates.
While at the Royal Ethnological Museum Boas became interested in the Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest, and after defending his habilitation thesis, he left for a three-month trip to British Columbia via New York. In January 1887, he was offered a job as assistant editor of the journal Science. Alienated by growing antisemitism and nationalism as well as the very limited academic opportunities for a geographer in Germany, Boas decided to stay in the United States. Possibly he received additional motivation for this decision from his romance with Marie Krackowizer, whom he married in the same year.
Aside from his editorial work at Science, Boas secured an appointment as docent in anthropology at Clark University, in 1888. Boas was concerned about university president G. Stanley Hall's interference in his research, yet in 1889 he was appointed as the head of a newly created department of anthropology at Clark University. In the early 1890s, he went on a series of expeditions which were referred to as the Morris K. Jesup Expedition. The primary goal of these expeditions was to illuminate Asiatic-American relations.[35][36] In 1892 Boas, along with another member of the Clark faculty, resigned in protest of the alleged infringement by Hall on academic freedom.
World's Columbian Exposition[edit]
Anthropologist Frederic Ward Putnam, director and curator of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University, who had been appointed as head of the Department of Ethnology and Archeology for the Chicago Fair in 1892, chose Boas as his first assistant at Chicago to prepare for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition or Chicago World's Fair, the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas.[37][38] Boas had a chance to apply his approach to exhibits. Boas directed a team of about one hundred assistants, mandated to create anthropology and ethnology exhibits on the Indians of North America and South America that were living at the time Christopher Columbus arrived in America while searching for Japan. Putnam intended the World's Columbian Exposition to be a celebration of Columbus' voyage. Putman argued that showing late nineteenth century Inuit and First Nations (then called Eskimo and Indians) "in their natural conditions of life" would provide a contrast and celebrate the four centuries of western accomplishments since 1493.[39]
Franz Boas traveled north to gather ethnographic material for the Exposition. Boas had intended public science in creating exhibitions for the Exposition where visitors to the Midway could learn about other cultures. Boas arranged for fourteen Kwakiutl aboriginals from British Columbia to come and reside in a mock Kwakiutl village, where they could perform their daily tasks in context. Inuit were there with 12' long whips made of sealskin, wearing sealskin clothing and showing how adept they were in sealskin kayaks. His experience with the Exposition provided the first of a series of shocks to Franz Boas' faith in public anthropology. The visitors were not there to be educated. By 1916, Boas had come to recognize with a certain resignation that "the number of people in our country who are willing and able to enter into the modes of thought of other nations is altogether too small....The American who is cognizant only of his own standpoint sets himself up as arbiter of the world."[40][41]:170
After the exposition, the ethnographic material collected formed the basis of the newly created Field Museum in Chicago with Boas as the curator of anthropology.[42] He worked there until 1894, when he was replaced (against his will) by BAE archeologist William Henry Holmes.
In 1896, Boas was appointed Assistant Curator of Ethnology and Somatology of the American Museum of Natural History under Putnam. In 1897, he organized the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, a five-year-long field-study of the natives of the Pacific Northwest, whose ancestors had migrated across the Bering Strait from Siberia. He attempted to organize exhibits along contextual, rather than evolutionary, lines. He also developed a research program in line with his curatorial goals: describing his instructions to his students in terms of widening contexts of interpretation within a society, he explained that "...they get the specimens; they get explanations of the specimens; they get connected texts that partly refer to the specimens and partly to abstract things concerning the people; and they get grammatical information". These widening contexts of interpretation were abstracted into one context, the context in which the specimens, or assemblages of specimens, would be displayed: "...we want a collection arranged according to tribes, in order to teach the particular style of each group". His approach, however, brought him into conflict with the President of the Museum, Morris Jesup, and its director, Hermon Bumpus. By 1900 Boas had begun to retreat from American museum anthropology as a tool of education or reform (Hinsley 1992: 361). He resigned in 1905, never to work for a museum again.
Fin de Siècle debates[edit]
Science versus history[edit]
Some scholars, like Boas's student Alfred Kroeber, believed that Boas used his research in physics as a model for his work in anthropology. Many others, however—including Boas's student Alexander Lesser, and later researchers such as Marian W. Smith, Herbert S. Lewis, and Matti Bunzl—have pointed out that Boas explicitly rejected physics in favor of history as a model for his anthropological research.
This distinction between science and history has its origins in 19th-century German academe, which distinguished between Naturwissenschaften (the sciences) and Geisteswissenschaften (the humanities), or between Gesetzwissenschaften (jurisprudence) and Geschichtswissenschaften (history, historiography). Generally, Naturwissenschaften and Gesetzwissenschaften refer to the study of phenomena that are governed by objective natural laws, while the latter terms in the two oppositions refer to those phenomena that have meaning only in terms of human perception or experience. In 1884, Kantian philosopher Wilhelm Windelband coined the terms nomothetic and idiographic to describe these two divergent approaches. He observed that most scientists employ some mix of both, but in differing proportions; he considered physics a perfect example of a nomothetic science, and history, an idiographic science. Moreover, he argued that each approach has its origin in one of the two "interests" of reason Kant had identified in the Critique of Judgement—one "generalizing", the other "specifying". (Winkelband's student Heinrich Rickert elaborated on this distinction in The Limits of Concept Formation in Natural Science : A Logical Introduction to the Historical Sciences; Boas's students Alfred Kroeber and Edward Sapir relied extensively on this work in defining their own approach to anthropology.)
Historians working in the Humboldtian tradition developed ideas that would become central in Boasian anthropology. Leopold von Ranke defined the task of the historian as "merely to show as it actually was", which is a cornerstone of Boas's empiricism. Wilhelm Dilthey emphasized the centrality of "understanding" to human knowledge, and that the lived experience of an historian could provide a basis for an empathic understanding of the situation of an historical actor.[43] For Boas, both values were well-expressed in a quote from Goethe: "A single action or event is interesting, not because it is explainable, but because it is true."[citation needed]
Although context and history were essential elements to Boas's understanding of anthropology as Geisteswissenschaften and Geschichtswissenschaften, there is one essential element that Boasian anthropology shares with Naturwissenschaften: empiricism. In 1949, Boas's student, Alfred Kroeber summed up the principles of empiricism that define Boasian anthropology as a science:
2. Science is dispassionate inquiry and therefore cannot take over outright any ideologies "already formulated in everyday life", since these are themselves inevitably traditional and normally tinged with emotional prejudice.
3. Sweeping all-or-none, black-and-white judgements are characteristic of categorical attitudes and have no place in science, whose very nature is inferential and judicious.
Orthogenetic versus Darwinian evolution[edit]
One of the greatest accomplishments of Boas and his students was their critique of theories of physical, social, and cultural evolution current at that time. This critique is central to Boas's work in museums, as well as his work in all four fields of anthropology. As historian George Stocking noted, however, Boas's main project was to distinguish between biological and cultural heredity, and to focus on the cultural processes that he believed had the greatest influence over social life.[44] In fact, Boas supported Darwinian theory, although he did not assume that it automatically applied to cultural and historical phenomena (and indeed was a lifelong opponent of 19th-century theories of cultural evolution, such as those of Lewis H. Morgan and Edward Burnett Tylor).[45] The notion of evolution that the Boasians ridiculed and rejected was the then dominant belief in orthogenesis—a determinate or teleological process of evolution in which change occurs progressively regardless of natural selection. Boas rejected the prevalent theories of social evolution developed by Edward Burnett Tylor, Lewis Henry Morgan, and Herbert Spencer not because he rejected the notion of "evolution" per se, but because he rejected orthogenetic notions of evolution in favor of Darwinian evolution.
Furthermore, Darwin built up his theory through a careful examination of considerable empirical data. Boasian research revealed that virtually every claim made by cultural evolutionists was contradicted by the data, or reflected a profound misinterpretation of the data. As Boas's student Robert Lowie remarked, "Contrary to some misleading statements on the subject, there have been no responsible opponents of evolution as 'scientifically proved', though there has been determined hostility to an evolutionary metaphysics that falsifies the established facts".
I hope I may have succeeded in presenting to you, however imperfectly, the currents of thought due to the work of the immortal Darwin which have helped to make anthropology what it is at the present time. (Boas, 1909 lecture; see Lewis 2001b.)
Early career: museum studies[edit]
"Franz Boas posing for figure in US Natural History Museum exhibit entitled "Hamats'a coming out of secret room" 1895 or before. Courtesy of National Anthropology Archives. (Kwakiutl culture)
Boas's rejection of Morgan's theories led him, in an 1887 article, to challenge Mason's principles of museum display. At stake, however, were more basic issues of causality and classification. The evolutionary approach to material culture led museum curators to organize objects on display according to function or level of technological development. Curators assumed that changes in the forms of artefacts reflect some natural process of progressive evolution. Boas, however, felt that the form an artefact took reflected the circumstances under which it was produced and used. Arguing that "[t]hough like causes have like effects, like effects have not like causes", Boas realized that even artefacts that were similar in form might have developed in very different contexts, for different reasons. Mason's museum displays, organized along evolutionary lines, mistakenly juxtapose like effects; those organized along contextual lines would reveal like causes.
Later career: academic anthropology[edit]
Columbia University library in 1903
During this time Boas played a key role in organizing the American Anthropological Association (AAA) as an umbrella organization for the emerging field. Boas originally wanted the AAA to be limited to professional anthropologists, but W. J. McGee (another geologist who had joined the BAE under Powell's leadership) argued that the organization should have an open membership. McGee's position prevailed and he was elected the organization's first president in 1902; Boas was elected a vice-president, along with Putnam, Powell, and Holmes.
In his 1907 essay, "Anthropology", Boas identified two basic questions for anthropologists: "Why are the tribes and nations of the world different, and how have the present differences developed?" Amplifying these questions, he explained the object of anthropological study thus:
Historians and social theorists in the 18th and 19th centuries had speculated as to the causes of this differentiation, but Boas dismissed these theories, especially the dominant theories of social evolution and cultural evolution as speculative. He endeavored to establish a discipline that would base its claims on rigorous empirical study.
Physical anthropology[edit]
These findings were radical at the time and continue to be debated. In 2002, the anthropologists Corey S. Sparks and Richard L. Jantz claimed that differences between children born to the same parents in Europe and America were very small and insignificant, and that there was no detectable effect of exposure to the American environment on the cranial index in children. They argued that their results contradicted Boas's original findings and demonstrated that they may no longer be used to support arguments of plasticity in cranial morphology.[50] However Jonathan Marks—a well-known physical anthropologist and former president of the General Anthropology section of the American Anthropological Association—has remarked that this revisionist study of Boas's work "has the ring of desperation to it (if not obfuscation), and has been quickly rebutted by more mainstream biological anthropology".[51] In 2003 anthropologists Clarence C. Gravlee, H. Russell Bernard, and William R. Leonard reanalyzed Boas's data and concluded that most of Boas's original findings were correct. Moreover, they applied new statistical, computer-assisted methods to Boas's data and discovered more evidence for cranial plasticity.[52] In a later publication, Gravlee, Bernard and Leonard reviewed Sparks and Jantz's analysis. They argue that Sparks and Jantz misrepresented Boas's claims, and that Sparks's and Jantz's data actually support Boas. For example, they point out that Sparks and Jantz look at changes in cranial size in relation to how long an individual has been in the United States in order to test the influence of the environment. Boas, however, looked at changes in cranial size in relation to how long the mother had been in the United States. They argue that Boas's method is more useful, because the prenatal environment is a crucial developmental factor.[53]
A further publication by Jantz based on Gravlee et al. claims that Boas had cherry picked two groups of immigrants (Sicilians and Hebrews) which had varied most towards the same mean, and discarded other groups which had varied in the opposite direction. He commented, "Using the recent reanalysis by Gravlee et al. (2003), we can observe in Figure 2 that the maximum difference in cranial index due to immigration (in Hebrews) is much smaller than the maximum ethnic difference, between Sicilians and Bohemians. It shows that long headed parents produce long headed offspring and vice versa. To make the argument that children of immigrants converge onto an "American type" required Boas to use the two groups that changed the most."[54]
Boas also contributed greatly to the foundation of linguistics as a science in the United States. He published many descriptive studies of Native American languages, and wrote on theoretical difficulties in classifying languages, and laid out a research program for studying the relations between language and culture which his students such as Edward Sapir, Paul Rivet, and Alfred Kroeber followed.[55][56][57][58][59][60]
Cultural anthropology[edit]
Drawing of a Kwakiutl mask from Boas's The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians (1897). Wooden skulls hang from below the mask, which represents one of the cannibal bird helpers of Bakbakwalinooksiwey.
The essence of Boas's approach to ethnography is found in his early essay on "The Study of Geography". There he argued for an approach that
When Boas's student Ruth Benedict gave her presidential address to the American Anthropological Association in 1947, she reminded anthropologists of the importance of this idiographic stance by quoting literary critic A. C. Bradley: "We watch 'what is', seeing that so it happened and must have happened".
• Empiricism (with a resulting skepticism of attempts to formulate "scientific laws" of culture)
• A notion of culture as fluid and dynamic
In a programmatic essay in 1920, "The Methods of Ethnology", Boas argued that instead of "the systematic enumeration of standardized beliefs and customs of a tribe", anthropology needs to document "the way in which the individual reacts to his whole social environment, and to the difference of opinion and of mode of action that occur in primitive society and which are the causes of far-reaching changes". Boas argued that attention to individual agency reveals that "the activities of the individual are determined to a great extent by his social environment, but in turn his own activities influence the society in which he lives, and may bring about modifications in form". Consequently, Boas thought of culture as fundamentally dynamic: "As soon as these methods are applied, primitive society loses the appearance of absolute stability ... All cultural forms rather appear in a constant state of flux..." (see Lewis 2001b)
Before his death in 1942, he appointed Helen Codere to edit and publish his manuscripts about the culture of the Kwakiutl people.
Franz Boas and folklore[edit]
Franz Boas was an immensely influential figure throughout the development of folklore as a discipline. At first glance, it might seem that his only concern was for the discipline of anthropology—after all, he fought for most of his life to keep folklore as a part of anthropology. Yet Boas was motivated by his desire to see both anthropology and folklore become more professional and well-respected. Boas was afraid that if folklore was allowed to become its own discipline the standards for folklore scholarship would be lowered. This, combined with the scholarships of "amateurs", would lead folklore to be completely discredited, Boas believed.
In order to further professionalize folklore, Boas introduced the strict scientific methods which he learned in college to the discipline. Boas championed the use of exhaustive research, fieldwork, and strict scientific guidelines in folklore scholarship. Boas believed that a true theory could only be formed from thorough research, and that even once you had a theory it should be treated as a "work in progress" unless it could be proved beyond doubt. This rigid scientific methodology was eventually accepted as one of the major tenets of folklore scholarship, and Boas's methods remain in use even today. Boas also nurtured many budding folklorists during his time as a professor, and some of his students are counted among the most notable minds in folklore scholarship.
Boas was passionate about the collection of folklore, and believed that the similarity of folktales amongst different folk groups was due to dissemination. Boas strove to prove this theory, and his efforts produced a method for breaking a folktale into parts and then analyzing these parts. His creation of "catch-words" allowed for categorization of these parts, and the ability to analyze them in relation to other similar tales. Boas also fought to prove that not all cultures progressed along the same path, and that, therefore, cultures unlike those of Europe were not primitive, but different.
Boas remained active in the development and scholarship of folklore throughout his life. He became the editor of the Journal of American Folklore in 1908, regularly wrote and published articles on folklore (often in the Journal of American Folklore), and helped to elect Louise Pound as president of the American Folklore Society in 1925.
Scientist as activist[edit]
Boas was known for passionately defending what he believed to be right.[62] During his lifetime (and often through his work), Boas combated racism, berated anthropologists and folklorists who used their work as a cover for espionage, worked to protect German and Austrian scientists who fled the Nazi regime, and openly protested Hitlerism.[63]
This emphasis on the relationship between anthropologists and those they study—the point that, while astronomers and stars; chemists and elements; botanists and plants are fundamentally different, anthropologists and those they study are equally human—implied that anthropologists themselves could be objects of anthropological study. Although Boas did not pursue this reversal systematically, his article on alternating sounds illustrates his awareness that scientists should not be confident about their objectivity, because they too see the world through the prism of their culture.
This emphasis also led Boas to conclude that anthropologists have an obligation to speak out on social issues. Boas was especially concerned with racial inequality, which his research had indicated is not biological in origin, but rather social. Boas is credited as the first scientist to publish the idea that all people—including white and African-Americans—are equal. He often emphasized his abhorrence of racism, and used his work to show that there was no scientific basis for such a bias. An early example of this concern is evident in his 1906 commencement address to Atlanta University, at the invitation of W. E. B. Du Bois. Boas began by remarking that "If you did accept the view that the present weakness of the American Negro, his uncontrollable emotions, his lack of energy, are racially inherent, your work would still be noble one". He then went on, however, to argue against this view. To the claim that European and Asian civilizations are, at the time, more advanced than African societies, Boas objected that against the total history of humankind, the past two thousand years is but a brief span. Moreover, although the technological advances of our early ancestors (such as taming fire and inventing stone tools) might seem insignificant when compared to the invention of the steam engine or control over electricity, we should consider that they might actually be even greater accomplishments. Boas then went on to catalogue advances in Africa, such as smelting iron, cultivating millet, and domesticating chickens and cattle, that occurred in Africa well before they spread to Europe and Asia (evidence now suggests that chickens were first domesticated in Asia; the original domestication of cattle is under debate). He then described the activities of African kings, diplomats, merchants, and artists as evidence of cultural achievement. From this, he concluded, any social inferiority of Negroes in the United States cannot be explained by their African origins:
Despite Boas's caveat about the intractability of white prejudice, he also considered it the scientist's responsibility to argue against white myths of racial purity and racial superiority, and to use the evidence of his research to fight racism.
Although Boas did not name the spies in question, he was referring to a group led by Sylvanus G. Morley,[64] who was affiliated with Harvard University's Peabody Museum. While conducting research in Mexico, Morley and his colleagues looked for evidence of German submarine bases, and collected intelligence on Mexican political figures and German immigrants in Mexico.
Boas's stance against spying took place in the context of his struggle to establish a new model for academic anthropology at Columbia University. Previously, American anthropology was based at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington and the Peabody Museum at Harvard, and these anthropologists competed with Boas's students for control over the American Anthropological Association (and its flagship publication American Anthropologist). When the National Academy of Sciences established the National Research Council in 1916 as a means by which scientists could assist the United States government prepare for entry into the war in Europe, competition between the two groups intensified. Boas's rival, W. H. Holmes (who had gotten the job of Director at the Field Museum for which Boas had been passed over 26 years earlier), was appointed to head the NRC; Morley was a protégé of Holmes.
When Boas's letter was published, Holmes wrote to a friend complaining about "the Prussian control of anthropology in this country" and the need to end Boas's "Hun regime".[65] Opinion was influenced by anti-German and probably also by anti-Jewish sentiment. The Anthropological Society of Washington passed a resolution condemning Boas's letter for unjustly criticizing President Wilson; attacking the principles of American democracy; and endangering anthropologists abroad, who would now be suspected of being spies (a charge that was especially insulting, given that his concerns about this very issue were what had prompted Boas to write his letter in the first place). This resolution was passed on to the American Anthropological Association (AAA) and the National Research Council. Members of the American Anthropological Association (among whom Boas was a founding member in 1902), meeting at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard (with which Morley, Lothrop, and Spinden were affiliated), voted by 20 to 10 to censure Boas. As a result, Boas resigned as the AAA's representative to the NRC, although he remained an active member of the AAA. The AAA's censure of Boas was not rescinded until 2005.
Boas continued to speak out against racism and for intellectual freedom. When the Nazi Party in Germany denounced "Jewish Science" (which included not only Boasian Anthropology but Freudian psychoanalysis and Einsteinian physics), Boas responded with a public statement signed by over 8,000 other scientists, declaring that there is only one science, to which race and religion are irrelevant. After World War I, Boas created the Emergency Society for German and Austrian Science. This organization was originally dedicated to fostering friendly relations between American and German and Austrian scientists and for providing research funding to German scientists who had been adversely affected by the war,[66] and to help scientists who had been interned. With the rise of Nazi Germany, Boas assisted German scientists in fleeing the Nazi regime. Boas helped these scientists not only to escape, but to secure positions once they arrived.[67] Additionally, Boas addressed an open letter to Paul von Hindenburg in protest against Hitlerism.
Boas, and his students such as Melville J. Herskovits opposed the racist pseudoscience developed at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics under its director Eugen Fischer: "Melville J. Herskovits (one of Franz Boas's students) pointed out that the health problems and social prejudices encountered by these children (Rhineland Bastards) and their parents explained what Germans viewed as racial inferiority was not due to racial heredity. This "...provoked polemic invective against the latter [Boas] from Fischer. "The views of Mr. Boas are in part quite ingenious, but in the field of heredity Mr. Boas is by no means competent" even though "a great number of research projects at the KWI-A which had picked up on Boas' studies about immigrants in New York had confirmed his findings—including the study by Walter Dornfeldt about Eastern European Jews in Berlin. Fischer resorted to polemic simply because he had no arguments to counter the Boasians' critique."[68][69][70][71]
Students and influence[edit]
Franz Boas died of a stroke at the Columbia University Faculty Club on December 21, 1942 in the arms of Claude Lévi-Strauss.[72][73][74] By that time he had become one of the most influential and respected scientists of his generation.
Between 1901 and 1911, Columbia University produced seven PhDs in anthropology. Although by today's standards this is a very small number, at the time it was sufficient to establish Boas's Anthropology Department at Columbia as the preeminent anthropology program in the country. Moreover, many of Boas's students went on to establish anthropology programs at other major universities.[75]
Boas's first doctoral student at Columbia was Alfred L. Kroeber (1901),[76] who, along with fellow Boas student Robert Lowie (1908), started the anthropology program at the University of California, Berkeley. He also trained William Jones (1904), one of the first Native American Indian anthropologists (the Fox nation) who was killed while conducting research in the Philippines in 1909, and Albert B. Lewis (1907). Boas also trained a number of other students who were influential in the development of academic anthropology: Frank Speck (1908) who trained with Boas but received his PhD. from the University of Pennsylvania and immediately proceeded to found the anthropology department there; Edward Sapir (1909) and Fay-Cooper Cole (1914) who developed the anthropology program at the University of Chicago; Alexander Goldenweiser (1910), who, with Elsie Clews Parsons (who received her doctorate in sociology from Columbia in 1899, but then studied ethnology with Boas), started the anthropology program at the New School for Social Research; Leslie Spier (1920) who started the anthropology program at the University of Washington together with his wife Erna Gunther, also one of Boas's students, and Melville Herskovits (1923) who started the anthropology program at Northwestern University. He also trained John R. Swanton (who studied with Boas at Columbia for two years before receiving his doctorate from Harvard in 1900), Paul Radin (1911), Ruth Benedict (1923), Gladys Reichard (1925) who had begun teaching at Barnard College in 1921 and was later promoted to the rank of professor, Ruth Bunzel (1929), Alexander Lesser (1929), Margaret Mead (1929), and Gene Weltfish (who defended her dissertation in 1929, although she did not officially graduate until 1950 when Columbia reduced the expenses required to graduate), E. Adamson Hoebel (1934), Jules Henry (1935), Ashley Montagu (1938).
His students at Columbia also included Mexican anthropologist Manuel Gamio, who earned his M.A. after studying with Boas from 1909 to 1911, and became the founding director of Mexico's Bureau of Anthropology in 1917; Clark Wissler, who received his doctorate in psychology from Columbia University in 1901, but proceeded to study anthropology with Boas before turning to research Native Americans; Esther Schiff, later Goldfrank, worked with Boas in the summers of 1920 to 1922 to conduct research among the Cochiti and Laguna Pueblo Indians in New Mexico; Gilberto Freyre, who shaped the concept of "racial democracy" in Brazil;[77] Viola Garfield, who carried forth Boas's Tsimshian work; Frederica de Laguna, who worked on the Inuit and the Tlingit; and anthropologist, folklorist and novelist Zora Neale Hurston, who graduated from Barnard College, the women's college associated with Columbia, in 1928.
Boas and his students were also an influence on Claude Lévi-Strauss, who interacted with Boas and the Boasians during his stay in New York in the 1940s.[78]
Several of Boas's students went on to serve as editors of the American Anthropological Association's flagship journal, American Anthropologist: John R. Swanton (1911, 1921–1923), Robert Lowie (1924–1933), Leslie Spier (1934–1938), and Melville Herskovits (1950–1952). Edward Sapir's student John Alden Mason was editor from 1945 to 1949, and Alfred Kroeber and Robert Lowie's student, Walter Goldschmidt, was editor from 1956 to 1959.
Leadership roles and honors[edit]
1. ^ "further information about the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Boas's birth at Minden e. g. an exposition, a scientific meeting, a theatre play, a special medal, an edition of the diary of Wilhelm Weike, Boas´ servant on Baffin Island".
2. ^ Norman F. Boas, 2004, p. 291 (photo of the graveyard marker of Franz and Marie Boas, Dale Cemetery, Ossining, N.Y.)
3. ^ Boas, Franz. A Franz Boas reader: the shaping of American anthropology, 1883–1911. University of Chicago Press, 1989. p. 308
4. ^ Holloway, M. (1997) The Paradoxical Legacy of Franz Boas—father of American anthropology. Natural History. November 1997.[3]
5. ^ Stocking. George W., Jr. 1960.Franz Boas and the Founding of the American Anthropological Association. AmericanAnthropologist62: 1–17.
7. ^ Gossett, Thomas (1997) [1963]. Race: The History of an Idea in America. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 418. It is possible that Boas did more to combat race prejudice than any other person in history.
8. ^ Glick, L. B. (1982), Types Distinct from Our Own: Franz Boas on Jewish Identity and Assimilation. American Anthropologist, 84: 545–565.
9. ^ Douglas Cole 1999 Franz Boas: The Early Years, 1858–1906 p. 280. Washington: Douglas and MacIntyre.
10. ^ Boas, Franz. 1938. An Anthropologist's Credo. The Nation 147:201–204. part 1, part 2 (PDF).
11. ^ Koelsch, 2004, p.1
12. ^ Lowie, Robert H. 1947. Franz Boas, 1858-1942. National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs 24:303-322. p. 303.
13. ^ Harris, 1968, p. 253.
14. ^ a b c Koelsch, 2004, p.1.
15. ^ Lowie, 1947, p. 303.
16. ^ Harris, 1968, p. 265.
17. ^ Bohannan, Paul, and Mark Glazer (eds.). 1988. High Points in Anthropology (2nd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 81
18. ^ Speth, William W. 1999. How It Came to Be: Carl O. Sauer, Franz Boas and the Meanings of AnthropogographyEllensburg: Ephemera Press. p.128.
19. ^ Kroeber, A.L. 1943. Franz Boas: The Man. American Anthropological Association, Memoirs. 61:5-26. p. 5.
20. ^ Bohannan and Glazer, 1988, p. 81
21. ^ Murray, Stephen O. 1993. Theory Groups and the Study of Language in North America: A Social History. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 47
22. ^ Williams, Vernon J., Jr. 1998. Franz Boas Paradox and the African American Intelligentsia. In V.P. Franklin (ed.) African Americans and Jews in the Twentieth Century: Studies in Convergence and Conflict. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 54-86. p. 57.
23. ^ Kroeber, 1943, p. 5.
24. ^ a b c d Williams, 1998, p. 57.
25. ^ Harris, 1968, 265
26. ^ Bohannan and Glaser, 1988, p. 81.
27. ^ quoted in Koelsch, 2004, p.1.
28. ^ Murray, 1993, p. 47.
29. ^ Liss, Julia E. 1995 Patterns of Strangeness: Franz Boas, Modernism, and the Origins of Anthropology. In Prehistories of the Future: The Primitivist Project and the Culture of Modernism. E. Barkan and R. Bush, eds. Pp. 114–130. Stanford. CA: Stanford University Press.
30. ^ Liss, Julia E. 1996. "German Culture and German Science in the Bildung of Franz Boas". In History of Anthropology, vol. 8. Volksgeist as Method and Ethic. G. W. Stocking Jr., ed. Pp. 155–184. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
31. ^ Harris, 1968, p. 264.
32. ^ Smith, W. D. (1991), Politics and the sciences of culture in Germany, 1840–1920, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195362275
33. ^ a b Boas, Franz (1888), "The Central Eskimo", Smithsonian Institution via Gutenberg, Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1884-1885, Government Printing Office (Washington): 399–670, retrieved 13 January 2015
34. ^ Cole, Herbert, ed. (1983), Franz Boas’ Baffin Island Letter-Diary, 1883–1884
35. ^ Cole, Douglas 1983 "The Value of a Person Lies in His Herzensbildung": Franz Boas's Baffin Island Letter-Diay, 1883–1884. In Observers Observed: Essays on Ethnographic Fieldwork. George W. Stocking Jr., ed. pp. 13–52. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
36. ^ Cole, Douglas. 1999/ Franz Boas: Te Early Years. 1858–1906. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
37. ^ Truman, Benjamin (1893). History of the World's Fair: Being a Complete and Authentic Description of the Columbian Exposition From Its Inception. Philadelphia, PA: J. W. Keller & Co.
39. ^ Lorini, Alessandra (2003), "Alice Fletcher and the Search for Women's Public Recognition in Professionalizing American Anthropology", Cromohs (Florence, Italy) 8: 1–25
40. ^ Boas, Franz (1945), "Race and Democratic Society", J. J. Augustin (1 ed.) (New York) A collection of 33 public addresses by the late Boas
41. ^ Boas, Franz (1969), Race and Democratic Society A collection of 33 public addresses by the late Boas
42. ^ Stocking, Jr., George W. (1982), "A Franz Boas Reader: The Shaping of American Anthropology, 1883–1911", University of Chicago Press (Chicago): 354
43. ^ A Franz Boas Reader: The Shaping of American Anthropology, 1883-1911, University of Chicago Press, 1989, p. 11.
44. ^ Stocking, George W., Jr. I968. Race, culture, and evolution: Essays in the history of anthropology. New York: Free Press. 264
45. ^ Alexander Lesser, 1981 "Franz Boas" p. 25 in Sydel Silverman, ed. From Totems to Teachers New York: Columbia University Press
46. ^ (The first American Ph.D in anthropology was actually granted from Clark University, though still under the leadership of Boas.) Moore, Jerry D. (2009). "Franz Boas: Culture in Context". Visions of Culture: an Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists. Walnut Creek, California: Altamira. pp. 33.
47. ^ Franz Boas's Physical Anthropology: The Critique of Racial Formalism Revisited. John S. Allen. Current Anthropology, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Feb., 1989), pp. 79–84
50. ^ Sparks, Corey S. and Richard L. Jantz 2002. A reassessment of human cranial plasticity: Boas revisited. PNAS November 12, 2002 vol. 99 no. 23 14636-14639
51. ^ Marks, Jonathan What it Means to be 98% Chimpanzee: Apes, People, and Their Genes, University of California Press, 2003 ISBN 0-520-24064-2 p. xviii [4]
52. ^ New Answers to Old Questions: Did Boas Get It Right? Heredity, Environment, and Cranial Form: A Reanalysis of Boas's Immigrant Data.
53. ^ Did Boas Get It Right or Wrong?
55. ^ Franz Boas' Approach to Language. Roman Jakobson and Franz Boas. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Oct., 1944), pp. 188–195
56. ^ Boas' view of grammatical meaning. R Jakobson – American Anthropologist, 1959
57. ^ Mackert, Michael. The Roots of Franz Boas' View of Linguistic Categories As a Window to the Human Mind. Historiographia Linguistica, Volume 20, Numbers 2–3, 1993
58. ^ Darnell, Regna. Franz Boas, Edward Sapir, and the Americanist Text Tradition. Historiographia Linguistica, Volume 17, Numbers 1–2, 1990, pp. 129–144(16)
59. ^ Stocking, G. W. 1974. "The Boas plan for the study of American Indian languages," in Studies in the history of linguistics: Traditions and paradigms. Edited by D. Hymes, pp. 454–83. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
60. ^ Boas and the Development of Phonology: Comments Based on Iroquoian. Paul M. Postal. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Jul., 1964), pp. 269–280
61. ^ Berlin, Bretnt and Paul Kay 1969 Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution
62. ^ Lewis, H. S. (2001), "The Passion of Franz Boas". American Anthropologist, 103: 447–467.
63. ^ Liss, J. E. (1998), Diasporic Identities: The Science and Politics of Race in the Work of Franz Boas and W. E. B. Du Bois, 1894–1919. Cultural Anthropology, 13: 127–166.
64. ^ David L. Browman, "Spying by American Archaeologists in World War I", Bulletin of the History of Archaeology, 2011, 21(2), pp. 10–17, DOI:
65. ^ Adam Kuper, 1988 The Invention of Primitive Society p. 149. London: Routledge
66. ^ Robert F. Barsky. 2011. Zellig Harris: From American Linguistics to Socialist Zionism. MIT Press, Apr 15, 2011 p. 196
67. ^ Lewis 2001:458-59
68. ^ Hans-Walter Schmuhl, The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics, 1927–1945, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen, 2003, pp. 212–213
69. ^ Lee D. Baker, 2004. "Franz Boas out of the ivory tower". Anthropological Theory Vol 4(1): 29–51
70. ^ "Boasian Anthropology and the Critique of American Culture". Richard Handler. American Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jun., 1990), pp. 252–273
71. ^ Beardsley, Edward H. 1973. "The American Scientist as Social Activist: Franz Boas, Burt G. Wilder, and the Cause of Racial Justice, 1900–1915". Isis 64:50–66.
72. ^ Totems and teachers: key figures in the history of anthropology, Sydel Silverman, Rowman Altamira, 2004 p 16
73. ^ Anthropology in the Ironic Mode: The Work of Franz Boas, Arnold Krupat and Franz Boas, Social Text No. 19/20 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 105–118
74. ^ McVICKER, D. (1989), Parallels and Rivalries: Encounters Between Boas and Starr. Curator: The Museum Journal, 32: 212–228
75. ^ Briggs, Charles, and Richard Baumann 1999 "The Foundation of All Future Researches": Franz Boas. George Hunt, Native American Texts, and the Construction of Modernity. American Quarterly 51:479–528.
76. ^ Jacknis, I. (2002), The First Boasian: Alfred Kroeber and Franz Boas, 1896–1905. American Anthropologist, 104: 520–532. doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.2.520
77. ^ That Freyre was ever Boas's student is under contention. Boas was opposed to racism, as were students such as Ashley Montagu, etc. It seems unlikely that the "father" of the modern racist theory of Lusotropicalism had ever worked closely with Boas. "The invention of Freyre included his self-invention. For example, he too presented himself as if he had been a follower of Boas ever since his student days." See Peter Burke, Maria Lucia G. Pallares-Burke: "Gilberto Freyre: social theory in the tropics", Peter Lang, 2008, p. 19
Sources/further reading[edit]
Writings by Boas[edit]
• Boas n.d. "The relation of Darwin to anthropology", notes for a lecture; Boas papers (B/B61.5) American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Published on line with Herbert Lewis 2001b.
• Boas, Franz (1911). The Mind of Primitive Man. ISBN 0-313-24004-3 (Online version of the 1938 revised edition at the Internet Archive)
• Boas, Franz (1912). "Changes in the Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants". American Anthropologist, Vol. 14, No. 3, July–Sept, 1912. Boas
• Boas, Franz (1912). "The History of the American Race". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. XXI, pp. 177–183.
• Boas, Franz (1917). Folk-tales of Salishan and Sahaptin tribes (DJVU). Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Published for the American Folk-Lore Society by G.E. Stechert.
• Boas, Franz (1914). "Mythology and folk-tales of the North American Indians". Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 27, No. 106, Oct.-Dec. pp. 374–410.
• Boas, Franz (1922). "Report on an Anthropometric Investigation of the Population of the United States". Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 1922.
• Boas, Franz (1906). The Measurement of Differences Between Variable Quantities. New York: The Science Press. (Online version at the Internet Archive)
• Boas, Franz (1927). "The Eruption of Deciduous Teeth Among Hebrew Infants". The Journal of Dental Research, Vol. vii, No. 3, September, 1927.
• Boas, Franz (1927). Primitive Art. ISBN 0-486-20025-6
• Boas, Franz (1935). "The Tempo of Growth of Fraternities". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 413–418, July, 1935.
• Boas, Franz (1940). Race, Language, and Culture ISBN 0-226-06241-4
• Boas, Franz (1945). Race and Democratic Society, New York, Augustin.
• Stocking, George W., Jr., ed. 1974 A Franz Boas Reader: The Shaping of American Anthropology, 1883–1911 ISBN 0-226-06243-0
• Boas, Franz (1928). Anthropology and Modern Life (2004 ed.) ISBN 0-7658-0535-9
• Boas, Franz, edited by Helen Codere (1966), Kwakiutl Ethnography, Chicago, Chicago University Press.
• Boas, Franz (2006). Indian Myths & Legends from the North Pacific Coast of America: A Translation of Franz Boas' 1895 Edition of Indianische Sagen von der Nord-Pacifischen Küste-Amerikas. Vancouver, BC: Talonbooks. ISBN 0-88922-553-2
Writings on Boas and Boasian anthropology[edit]
• Baker, Lee D. 1994. "The Location of Franz Boas Within the African American Struggle". Critique of Anthropology, Vol 14(2):199–217.
• Baker, Lee D. 2004. "Franz Boas Out of the Ivory Tower". Anthropological Theory 4(1):29–51.
• Bashkow, Ira 2004. "A Neo-Boasian Conception of Cultural Boundaries" in American Anthropologist 106(3): 443–458 Bashkow
• Benedict, Ruth. "Franz Boas." Science. New Series, Vol. 97, No. 2507. January 15, 1943. Pages 60–62. The American Association for the Advancement of Science. JSTOR. Print. Franz Boas.
• Boas, Norman F. 2004. Franz Boas 1858–1942: An Illustrated Biography ISBN 0-9672626-2-3
• Bunzl, Matti 2004. "Boas, Foucault, and the 'Native Anthropologist'", in American Anthropologist 106(3): 435–442 Bunzl
• Cole, Douglas 1999. Franz Boas: The Early Years, 1858–1906. ISBN 1-55054-746-1
• Darnell, Regna 1998. And Along Came Boas: Continuity and Revolution in Americanist Anthropology. ISBN 1-55619-623-7
• Evans, Brad 2006. "Where Was Boas During the Renaissance in Harlem? Diffusion, Race, and the Culture Paradigm in the History of Anthropology." ISBN 0299219208.
• Kroeber, Alfred 1949. "An Authoritarian Panacea" in American Anthropologist 51(2) 318–320 Kroeber
• Krupnik, Igor; Müller-Wille, Ludger (2010). "Franz Boas and Inuktitut terminology for ice and snow: from the emergence of the field to the "great Eskimo vocabulary hoax"". In Igor Krupnik, Claudio Aporta, Shari Gearheard, Gita J. Laidler, Lene Kielsen Holm (eds.). SIKU: knowing our ice: documenting Inuit sea ice knowledge and use. Dordrecht; London: Springer Netherlands. pp. 377–400. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_16.
• Kuper, Adam. 1988. The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion ISBN 0-415-00903-0
• Lesser, Alexander 1981. "Franz Boas" in Sydel Silverman, ed. Totems and Teachers: Perspectives on the History of Anthropology ISBN 0-231-05087-9
• Lewis, Herbert 2001a. "The Passion of Franz Boas" in American Anthropologist 103(2): 447–467
• Lewis, Herbert 2001b. "Boas, Darwin, Science and Anthropology" in Current Anthropology 42(3): 381–406 (On line version contains transcription of Boas's 1909 lecture on Darwin.)
• Lewis, Herbert 2008. "Franz Boas: Boon or Bane" (Review Essay). Reviews in Anthropology 37 (2–3): 169–200.
• Lowie, Robert H. "Franz Boas (1858–1942)." The Journal of American Folklore: Franz Boas Memorial Number. Vol. 57, No. 223. January–March 1944. Pages 59–64. The American Folklore Society. JSTOR. Print. Franz Boas (1858–1942).
• Lowie, Robert H. "Bibliography of Franz Boas in Folklore." The Journal of American Folklore: Franz Boas Memorial Number. Vol. 57, No. 223. January–March 1944. Pages 65–69. The American Folklore Society. JSTOR. Print. Bibliography of Franz Boas in Folklore.
• Maud, Ralph. 2000. Transmission Difficulties: Franz Boas and Tsimshian Mythology. Vancouver, BC: Talonbooks. ISBN 0-88922-430-7
• Price, David 2000 "Anthropologists as Spies" The Nation Vol. 271, Number 16, 24–27, November 20, 2000.
• Price, David 2001 ‘The Shameful Business’: Leslie Spier On The Censure Of Franz Boas History of Anthropology Newsletter Vol. XXVII(2):9–12.
• Stocking, George @., Jr. 1960. "Franz Boas and the Founding of the American Anthropological Association." American Anthropologist. Vol. 62, No. 1. Stocking
• Stocking, George W., Jr. 1968. Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology ISBN 0-226-77494-5
• Williams, Vernon J. Jr. 1996. Rethinking Race: Franz Boas and His Contemporaries. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
• Zumwalt, Rosemary Lévy. American Folklore Scholarship: A Dialogue of Dissent. Ed. Alan Dundes. Bloomington and Indianapolis; Indiana University Press, 1988. Print.
Boas, anthropology, and Jewish identity[edit]
• Glick, Leonard B. 1982. "Types Distinct from Our Own: Franz Boas on Jewish Identity and Assimilation" in American Anthropologist 84(3) pp. 545–565. [1]
• Frank, Gelya. 1997. "Jews, Multiculturalism, and Boasian Anthropology" in American Anthropologist 99(4), pp. 731–745. [2]
• Mitchell Hart, 2003. "Franz Boas as German, American, Jew." In German-Jewish Identities in America, eds. C. Mauch and J. Salomon (Madison: Max Kade Institute), pp. 88–105.
External links[edit]
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C. H. Sisson
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C. H. Sisson
C. H. Sisson, by Patrick Swift, c. 1960
Born (1914-04-22)22 April 1914
Died 5 September 2003(2003-09-05) (aged 89)
Occupation Poet, Writer, Translator.
Nationality English
Education University of Bristol
Charles Hubert Sisson CH (22 April 1914 – 5 September 2003), usually cited as C. H. Sisson, was a British writer, best known as a poet and translator.
Sisson's parents were Richard Percy Sisson and Ellen Minnie Sisson (née Worlock). He was educated at the University of Bristol where he read English and Philosophy, and in France and Germany.[2] As a poet he first came to light through the London Arts Review, X,[3] founded by the painter Patrick Swift and the poet David Wright. He reacted against the prevailing intellectual climate of the 1930s, particularly the Auden Group, preferring to go back to the anti-romantic T. E. Hulme, and to the Anglican tradition. The modernism of his poetry follows a 'distinct genealogy' from Hulme to Eliot, Pound, Ford Madox Ford and Wyndham Lewis.[4] His novel Christopher Homm experiments with form and is told backwards.
Sisson entered the Ministry of Labour as Principal Assistant in 1936. During the Second World War he served in the British Army, in the ranks, in India (1942–45).[2] He was Simon Senior Research Fellow (1956–57), Director of Establishments, Ministry of Labour (1962–68), and Director of Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Employment (1972).[2] 1972 was also the year of his retirement from the Civil Service, with the rank of Under-Secretary.[5] A standard text, The Spirit of British Administration (1959), was the product of his Simon Senior Research Fellowship;[6] it contains the main fruit of his reflection on the British Civil Service. The work notably compares British with French, (then West) German, Swedish, Austrian, and Spanish administrative methods; Sisson sees the British Civil Service as emerging favourably from the comparison.[7] Only slight and negative mention is made of the United States of America.[8] Sisson was no blind admirer of British methods, however. He was a 'severe critic of the British Civil Service and some of his essays caused controversy'.[9] In his collection The London Zoo he writes this epitaph 'Here lies a civil servant. He was civil/ To everyone, and servant to the devil.'[10]
Sisson was married, in 1937, to Nora Gilbertson (d. 2003) and they had two daughters.[11] In 1993 C.H. Sisson was appointed a Companion of Honour for his services to Literature. He died on 5 September 2003.[11]
Poetry collections[edit]
Critical works (books)[edit]
Collected translations[edit]
• Versions and Perversions of Heine (1955) translations
• The Poetry of Catulus, C. H. Sisson (Trans.), The Viking Press, New York, 1966
• The Poetry of Catullus (1966 MacGibbon and Kee, 1966) translator
• The Poetic Art, Horace (Carcanet Press, 1978)
• Some Tales of La Fontaine, La Fontaine, Translated by C.H.Sisson, (Carcanet Press, 1979)
• The Divine Comedy, Alighieri, Dante; Sisson, C. H. (translator), (Carcanet Press, 1980)
• Song of Roland trans. C.H. Sisson. (Carcanet Press, 1983)
• The Aeneid (Translator) (Carcanet Press, 1986)
• Collected Translations Carcanet, 1996
• Britannicus, Phaedra, Athaliah by Jean Racine (1987), Jean Racine; C.H. Sisson (translator), Oxford Paperbacks, 2001(ISBN 0-19-283827-X)
• Letters to an Editor, ed. M. Fisher, Manchester : Carcanet, 1989, prints sixty-three letters from Sisson to the Carcanet Press. In the same volume Robert Hass (Letter 145, pp. 126–28) assesses Sissons' political thought.
1. ^ Schmidt, Michael: Lives of the Poets, 749. Wiedenfeld and Nicolson, 2007.
2. ^ a b c Who's Who, 1974, London : A. & C. Black, 1974, p. 3016)
3. ^ Michael Schmidt (founder of Carcanet Press, editor of Poetry Nation Review and Professor of Poetry at the University of Glasgow) writing in The Guardian in 2006 [1]
4. ^ Schmidt, Michael: Lives of the Poets, p754. Wiedenfeld and Nicolson, 2007.
5. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440839/C-H-Sisson.html
6. ^ E.W. Bard, Public Adminitration Review, 20, No. 3, 1960 : p.171
7. ^ Steven Muller, Administrative Science Quarterly, 5, No. 1, 1960 : pp.169-72
8. ^ Steven Muller, Administrative Science Quarterly, 5, No. 1, 1960 : p.171.
9. ^ Schmidt, Michael: Lives of the Poets, p 750. Wiedenfeld and Nicolson, 2007.
10. ^ Schmidt, Michael: Lives of the Poets, p. Wiedenfeld and Nicolson, 2007.
11. ^ a b Obituary Guardian 9 September 2003
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cerebritis is an infection of the brain that normally leads to the formation of an abscess within the brain itself. It is the inflammation of the cerebrum, a structure within the brain, which performs a number of important functions, including most of the things which people associate with being human, such as memory and speech. It is also defined as a purulent nonencapsulated parenchymal infection of brain which is characterized by nonspecific features on CT (ill-defined low density area with peripheral enhancement) and cannot reliably be distinguished from neoplasms.[1]
Cerebritis usually occurs as a result of an underlying condition, which causes the inflammation of the brain tissue. It is commonly found in patients with lupus. Lupus cerebritis may occur in adults and children. The duration of the central nervous system involvement may vary from a few minutes, as in classic migraine or a transient ischemic attack, to years, as in dementia. Resulting neurological deficits may be transient or permanent, occasionally resulting in death.[2]
The symptoms of cerebritis may range from mild to severe.[3]
The severity of the symptoms varies based on the degree of swelling and on how elevated is the intracranial pressure. Mild symptoms include headaches, depression, anxiety and in some cases, memory loss. In some cases inflammation of brain can be seen if the brain or the nervous system is attacked as a result of problems with the immune system. The serious problems caused because of inflammation include headaches, seizures, vision problems, dizziness, behavior changes and even stroke.[4]
Severe lupus cerebritis symptoms include psychosis, dementia, peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia (failure of muscular coordination, usually on one side of the body), and chorea (jerky, involuntary movements). Stroke incidence is 3-20% in systemic lupus patients, and is highest in the first five years of the disease. Peripheral neuropathy (carpal tunnel syndrome, for example) occurs in more than 20% of systemic lupus patients and cranial nerve palsies occur in 10-15%.[5]
Lupus systemic erythematosus is one of the most common causes of cerebritis as it is believed that more than half of the patients with lupus from the United States suffer from a degree or another of lupus cerebritis.[6]
The exact pathophysiological process of lupus cerebritis is unknown. The proposed mechanisms are likely due to the assault of several autoimmune system changes, including the following:
• Circulating immune complexes. The immune complexes, which consist of DNA and anti-DNA, cause an inflammatory response as well as a disruption of the blood–brain barrier. These circulating complexes have been found trapped in the highly vascular choroid plexus of SLE patients upon autopsy. True vasculitis, however, is found only in about 10% of patients with cerebral lupus.[7]
• Anti-neuronal antibodies. The three identified anti-neuronal antibodies postulated in CNS involvement are the lympho-cytotoxic antibodies (LCAs), which somehow react with brain tissue and interfere with the neuron's ability to respond. LCAs have a specific role and are found in both the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of lupus patients with cerebritis. These antibodies also correlate with cognitive and visual spatial defects. Second, the anti-neuronal membrane antibodies are targeted directly to neuronal antigens. They, too, are found in the serum of SLE patients with cerebritis. And third, the intracytoplasmic antibodies target the constituents of the neuron cells and they are found in the CSF and serum. These antibodies are seen in 90% of SLE patients with psychosis.[8]
• Antiphospholipid antibodies. The two antibodies implicated are anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant. Anticardiolipin antibodies attach to the endothelial lining of cells, causing endothelial damage, platelet aggregation, inflammation, and fibrosis.[9]
• Cytokine release. The final mechanism of lupus cerebritis involves the cytokines. The cytokines trigger edema, endothelial thickening, and infiltration of neutrophils in brain tissue. Two cytokines, interferon alpha and interleukin-6, have been found in the CSF of SLE patients with psychosis.[10]
However, it is not clear which mechanism is the actual cause of cerebritis in lupus patients. Specialists believe that all mechanisms may be present at the same time or they may act independently.
In very rare cases, cerebritis may occur as a result of a Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.[11]
One other reason to develop cerebritis is an infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or other organisms. Infections can occur when infectious agents enter the brain through the sinuses or as a result of trauma. Some pathogens are also capable of passing over the blood–brain barrier and entering the brain through the bloodstream, despite the fact that the body has evolved defenses which are specifically designed to prevent this.
Lupus is a condition with no known cure. Lupus cerebritis however is treated by suppressing the autoimmune activity.[12]
When it is caused by infections, treatment consists of medication that will primarily cure the infection. For inflammation, steroids can be used to bring down the swelling. If the swelling appears to have increased to a dangerous level, surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain. The formation of an abscess also calls for surgery as it will be necessary to drain the abscess.
1. ^ "Cerebritis (Brain)". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
2. ^ "Lupus cerebritis: a case study". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
3. ^ "Lupus Cerebritis". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
4. ^ "Lupus Cerebritis". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
5. ^ "Lupus". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
6. ^ "Cerebritis Symptoms and Treatment Alternatives". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
7. ^ "Mechanisms of CNS Involvement in SLE". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
8. ^ "Anti-neuronal Antibodies". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
9. ^ "Antiphospholipid Antibodies". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
10. ^ "Cytokine Release". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
11. ^ "Cerebritis: An unusual complication of Klebsiella pneumoniae". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
12. ^ "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Treatment & Medication". Retrieved 2010-04-20.
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Christabel Chamarette
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Christabel Chamarette
Senator for Western Australia
In office
12 March 1992 – 30 June 1996
Preceded by Jo Vallentine
Personal details
Born (1948-05-01) 1 May 1948 (age 67)
Hyderabad, India
Nationality Indian Australian
Political party Greens WA
Occupation Community worker
Christabel Marguerite Alain Chamarette, sometimes Christabel Bridge (born 1 May 1948) was a Greens Senator for Western Australia from 1992 to 1996.[1]
Personal life[edit]
Born in Hyderabad, India in 1948,[1] Chamarette is of Anglo-Indian [2] and French Huguenot ancestry.[3] She has worked as a community worker in Bangladesh and later as a clinical psychologist at Fremantle Prison,[3] after gaining a Bachelor, and later a Masters, in Psychology from the University of Western Australia. She also has a Certificate of Tropical Community Medicine and Hygiene from the University of Liverpool.
In 1998, Chamarette led an eight-week discussion group called "Conversations for the 21st Century", while working as a psychologist with child sexual abuse cases and completing a doctorate on the psychopathology of politics.[4] She has been a member of the Anglican Social Responsibilities Commission, the Aboriginal Driver Training Programme, the Psychologists for the Prevention of War and the Christian Justice Association.[3]
Chamarette was appointed to the Senate in 1992, following the resignation of Jo Vallentine.[1] In 1995, she proposed an Export Control Amendment Bill that would ban woodchip exports from old-growth forests.[5] She was opposed to privatising Telstra[6] and delayed the Mabo legislation by demanding the inclusion of mineral rights in the compensation package for native title holders.[7]
She was defeated at the 1996 general election; her term ending several months later on 30 June 1996.[1] Chamarette said that when working in the Senate, she thought it was the most important work of her life, but she now refers to it as simply "useful experience".[8]
After politics[edit]
After leaving politics, Chamarette was Clinical Director of SafeCare, formerly the Sexual Assault in Families Program, from 1997 to 2008.
She was an expert consultant to the Department of Justice and was appointed to the Western Australian parole board in 2002. She was one of four members who resigned in 2005 in protest against the State Government's response to the Mahoney inquiry.[9][10]
She is currently in private practice which involves individual and group therapy, supervision and teaching. She is also a single expert witness appointed by the Family Court of Western Australia and a supervisor/consultant to Acacia Prison.
1. ^ a b c d "Senate Biography". Retrieved 2008-02-15.
2. ^ James Jupp, 2001, The Australian People: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press, pp. 437, 438.
3. ^ a b c "Who are the Green senators?". Sunday Age. 1993-08-22. p. 6.
4. ^ Miller, Nick (1998-07-13). "Former senator sees no answers in politics". The West Australian. p. 12.
5. ^ Boreham, Gareth (1995-11-21). "Greens test forest policy". The Age. p. 6.
6. ^ Chamberlin, Paul (1996-03-12). "Telstra senate warning". The Age. p. 6.
7. ^ "The limits of power". The Age. 1993-12-11. p. 19.
8. ^ Crompton, Helen (2002-11-16). "Vision ends ex-senator's lavender days". The West Australian.
9. ^ Dodd, Mark (2005-12-29). "Parole board members resign". The Australian. p. 5.
10. ^ Mahoney, Hon. Dennis Inquiry into the Management of Offenders in Custody and in the Community Parliament of Western Australia, November 2005
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Constitution of North Korea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Emblem of North Korea.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
North Korea
Foreign relations
The Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), commonly known as North Korea. It lays out the framework of the national government and the functions of the ruling state party, the Workers' Party of Korea in relation to the Cabinet and Parliament. The constitution is divided into 166 articles, split between three sections.
Previous constitutions were adopted in 1948,[1] 1972,[2] 1992,[3] and 1998.[4] The constitution currently in force dates from 2012.
1948 Stalin constitution[edit]
The original North Korean constitution was devised by the Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin personally edited the constitution alongside Terentii Shtykov, de facto Soviet governor of North Korea, in Moscow. Some articles were later rewritten by Soviet supervisors.[5]
1972 revision[edit]
Proposing a DPRK new constitution had been discussed as early as 1960. However, in the changing international environment made North Korea could no longer postpone a constitutional revision.[6] This can be seen in Kim Il-sung’s speech at the first session of the fifth Supreme People's Assembly on December 25, 1972:
"…our realities today urgently demand the establishment of a new socialist constitution legally to consolidate the great achievements of our people in the socialist revolution and building of socialism and lay down principles for the political, economic, and cultural spheres in socialist society"
Under the new constitution, Kim Il-sung became the President of the DPRK. He became the head of state serving as commander of the armed forces and chairman of the National Defense Committee, he had the power to issue edicts, grant pardons, and conclude or abrogate treaties. Under the old constitution, there was no one designated as the head of state. The chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People’s Assembly represented the state which followed the Soviet practice.
2009 and 2012 revisions[edit]
The new, amended in 2009 version of DPRK Constitution is six articles longer than the previous version adopted in of 1998. Section 2 of Chapter VI “Chairman of the National Defence Commission” is entirely new and the said post was constitutionally declared to be the supreme leader of North Korea. In Articles 29 and 40 (Economy and Culture respectively) the word 공산주의 (“communism”) was dropped.[7]
The Constitution was again amended in 2012 during the 5th Session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) to include changes in the preamble that states the legacy of Kim Jong-il in nation building and North Korea being a "nuclear-armed state",[8] Section 2 of Chapter VI, and several articles and provisions were revised accordingly due to provisions of Articles 91 and 95 that provide for constitutional amendments that are to be done by the SPA in its plenary sessions.
The constitution establishes North Korea's official name and its status as a socialist state.[9] Article 12 defines the country as a "dictatorship of people's democracy" (a wording that closely follows the Chinese model of the people's democratic dictatorship) under the leadership of the Workers' Party. It provides for civil and political rights, such as freedom of expression, the right to elect officials, the right to a fair trial, and freedom of religion. It asserts the right of every citizen to work, education, food, and healthcare.
In practice, however, these rights are limited by Article 81, which requires that all citizens "firmly safeguard the political and ideological unity and solidarity of the people," and Article 82, which requires that citizens observe "the socialist standards of life."
See also[edit]
Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System
1. ^ Kim, Hyung-chan; Kim, Tong-gyu (2005). Human remolding in North Korea: a social history of education. University Press of America. p. 134.
2. ^ Constitution of North Korea (1972). Wikisource.
3. ^ Hale, Christopher (2002). 'North Korea in Evolution: The Correlation Between the Legal Framework and the Changing Dynamic of Politics and the Economy.' Korea Observer, Vol. 33 No. 3
4. ^ North Korea drops Communism from its Constitution. Azerbaijan Press Agency. September 28, 2009.
5. ^ "Terenti Shtykov: the other ruler of nascent North Korea" by Andrei Lankov. "...even the North Korean constitution was edited by Stalin himself and became law of the land only after a lengthy discussion in Moscow, where Shytkov and Stalin sat together looking through the draft of the country’s future supreme law. They approved it, but not completely, since some articles were rewritten by Soviet supervisors. So Shytkov, together with Stalin himself, can be seen as the authors of the North Korean constitution." Korea Times
6. ^ “Korea Today”. Foreign Languages Pub. House, (196), 1987. p. 3.
7. ^ DPRK has quietly amended its Constitution | Leonid Petrov's KOREA VISION. (2009-10-12). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
8. ^ North Korea proclaims itself a nuclear state in new constitution - Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
9. ^ Scalapino, Robert A.; Kim, Chun-yŏp (1983). North Korea today: strategic and domestic issues. Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Center for Korean Studies. p. 24.
External links[edit]
• Current text of the Constitution (April 2009) in English
• Text of the Constitution from "Naenara" (DPRK based site) in English
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David Denby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from David Denby (film critic))
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This article is about the film critic. For the academic, see David Denby (academic).
David Denby
Denby at Berkeley.jpg
Denby speaking at the Berkeley School of Journalism, January 2009
Born 1943 (age 71–72)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Occupation Film critic, journalist
Nationality American
Subject Film criticism
Spouse Cathleen Schine (1981–2000; divorced; 2 children)
David Denby (born 1943) is an American journalist, best known as a film critic for The New Yorker magazine.[1]
Early life and education[edit]
Denby grew up in New York City. He received a B.A. from Columbia University in 1965, and a master's degree from its journalism school in 1966.
In a modern corporate state, good and evil may not be clear, and many people wander around in a fog of compromise, torn between ambition and guilt.
David Denby
In a December 20, 1982 review of the 1982 film The Verdict directed by Sidney Lumet.[2]
Denby began writing film criticism while a graduate student at Stanford University's Department of Communication.[3] He began his professional life in the early 1970s as an adherent of the film critic Pauline Kael—one of a group of film writers informally, and sometimes derisively, known as "the Paulettes."[4] Denby wrote for The Atlantic and New York before arriving at The New Yorker; his first article for the magazine was published in 1993, and beginning in 1998 he served as a staff writer and film critic, alternating his critical duties week by week with Anthony Lane. In December 2014, it was announced that Denby will step down as film critic in early 2015, continuing with The New Yorker as a staff writer.[5]
Denby's Great Books (1996) is a non-fiction account of the Western canon-oriented Core Curriculum at his alma mater, Columbia University. Denby reenrolled after three decades, and the book operates as a kind of double portrait, as well as a sort of great-thinkers brush-up.[citation needed] In The New York Times, the writer Joyce Carol Oates called the book "a lively adventure of the mind," filled with "unqualified enthusiasm."[6]Great Books was a New York Times bestseller. In The Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th century, Peter Watson called "Great Books" the "most original response to the culture wars."[7] The book has been published in 13 foreign editions.
In 2004, Denby published American Sucker, a memoir which details his investment misadventures in the dot-com stock market bubble, along with his own bust years as a divorcé from writer Cathleen Schine, leading to a major reassessment of his life. Allan Sloan in the New York Times called the author "formidably smart," while noting this paradox: "Mr. Denby is even smart enough to realize how paradoxical it is that he not only has a good, prestigious job, but that he is also in a position to make money by relating how he lost money in the stock market."[8]
Snark, Denby's latest book, is a polemical dissection of public speech.
1. ^ "Contributors: David Denby". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
2. ^ Denby, David (December 20, 1982). "Rough Justice". New York (Movies ed.) (New York Media) 15 (50): 62, 64.
3. ^ "Biography: David Denby". World Leaders Forum: Columbia University.
4. ^ Denby, David (October 20, 2003). "My Life As a Paulette". The New Yorker.
5. ^ Hayden, Erik (December 13, 2014). "David Denby to Step Down as New Yorker Film Critic". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
6. ^ Oates, Joyce Carol (September 1, 1996). "Back to School". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
7. ^ Watson, Peter (July 2002). The Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th century. Harper Perennial. p. 733. ISBN 0-06-008438-3.
8. ^ Sloan, Allan (January 28, 2004). "O.K., Sharp Film Critic, Not-So-Shrewd Investor". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
External links[edit]
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Delfin Basin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Delfin Basin (delfín is Spanish for "dolphin") is a pair of interconnected submarine depressions located on the seabed of the northern Gulf of California.[1] The northernmost of these is called the Upper Delfin Basin while the southernmost is called the Lower Delfin Basin. Both of these features are areas of subsidence caused by extensional forces imparted by a spreading center associated with the East Pacific Rise. The two basins are linked by a short transform fault which was the apparent source of an earthquake of magnitude 5.5 on November 26, 1997.
The Delfin Basin is linked to the Guaymas Basin located about 325 km to the south by a series of four transform faults called the Guaymas Transform Fault System. It is also linked to the north with the Consag Basin by way of a poorly defined deformation zone.
See also[edit]
Coordinates: 29°45′14″N 113°42′29″W / 29.754°N 113.708°W / 29.754; -113.708
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Fabio Cudicini
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Fabio Cudicini
Personal information
Full name Fabio Cudicini
Date of birth (1935-10-20) October 20, 1935 (age 79)
Place of birth Trieste, Italy
Height 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)
Playing position Goalkeeper (retired)
Youth career
1950–1953 Ponziana
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
1953–1955 Ponziana 0 (0)
1955–1958 Udinese 30 (0)
1958–1966 AS Roma 165 (0)
1966–1967 Brescia 18 (0)
1967–1972 AC Milan 127 (0)
Total 340 (0)
† Appearances (Goals).
Fabio Cudicini (born October 20, 1935) is an Italian former professional football (soccer) goalkeeper, who played from 1955 to 1973. With his 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) he was one of the tallest goalkeepers of his time. He is also regarded as one of the best goalkeepers of his generation, and as one of Italy's best ever goalkeepers.[1]
Born in Trieste, Cudicini frequently wore all-black goalkeeping attire, earning him the nickname Il Ragno Nero ('The Black Spider'), also due to his agility, reactions, and shot-stopping ability, as well as his tall and slender build and long limbs.[2][3] Cudicini is mostly remembered for his highly successful and dominant stint with A.C. Milan, and he is one of the most celebrated goalkeepers in the club's history, helping them win the 1969 European Cup Final in particular.[2][3][4]
Cudicini played for Milan from 1967–73, making 183 appearances, and achieving notable domestic and international success; with the club, he won the Cup Winners' Cup in 1968, the European Cup in 1969, and the Intercontinental Cup in 1969, as well as the Serie A in 1968, and the Coppa Italia in 1972. He had previously also played for Udinese (1955–58), Roma (1958–66) and Brescia (1966–67). With Roma he won a Coppa Italia in 1964, and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1960-61.
Despite his club achievements, Cudicini never played for the Italian national team, mainly because of the contemporary presence of several other notable players in his role such as Dino Zoff, Lorenzo Buffon and Enrico Albertosi.[2][3][4][1]
Personal life[edit]
Fabio Cudicini is the father of former Chelsea, Tottenham, and Los Angeles Galaxy goalkeeper Carlo Cudicini.[1] He is also the son of ex Ponziana Trieste defender Guglielmo Cudicini (deceased).
• A.C. Milan Hall of Fame[3]
1. ^ a b c d e "FABIO CUDICINI NELLA TELA DEL "RAGNO NERO"". Retrieved 31 December 2014.
2. ^ a b c "Fabio CUDICINI: "Il Ragno Nero"". Retrieved 31 December 2014.
3. ^ a b c d "A.C. Milan Hall of Fame: Fabio Cudicini". Retrieved 31 December 2014.
4. ^ a b "FABIO CUDICINI". Retrieved 31 December 2014.
External links[edit]
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Felice Nazzaro
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Felice Nazzaro at the 1910 American Grand Prix
Felice Nazzaro (December 4, 1881 - March 21, 1940) was an Italian racecar driver, a native of Turin. He won the Kaiserpreis in 1907 as well as the French Grand Prix in 1907 and 1922 and Targa Florio in 1907[1][2] and 1913. His European wins in 1907 resulted in an invitation to compete in the 1908 American Grand Prize in Savannah, Georgia, where he finished third. He returned to the United States for the 1910 event but a damaged rear axle forced him out of the race.
1. ^ Higham, Peter (1995). The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing. Guinness Publishing. pp. 194–195. ISBN 0-85112-642-1.
2. ^ "1907 Grand Prix.". Retrieved 2007-10-29.
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