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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
[chip] /tʃɪp/
a very thin slice or small piece of food, candy, etc.:
chocolate chips.
a mark or flaw made by the breaking off or gouging out of a small piece:
This glass has a chip.
Also called microchip. Electronics. a tiny slice of semiconducting material, generally in the shape of a square a few millimeters long, cut from a larger wafer of the material, on which a transistor or an entire integrated circuit is formed.
Compare microprocessor.
a small cut or uncut piece of a diamond or crystal.
anything trivial or worthless.
something dried up or without flavor.
a piece of dried dung:
buffalo chips.
wood, straw, etc., in thin strips for weaving into hats, baskets, etc.
Golf. chip shot.
Tennis. a softly sliced return shot with heavy backspin.
the strip of material removed by a recording stylus as it cuts the grooves in a record.
chips, Chiefly British. French fries.
verb (used with object), chipped, chipping.
to hew or cut with an ax, chisel, etc.
to cut, break off, or gouge out (bits or fragments):
He chipped a few pieces of ice from the large cube.
to disfigure by breaking off a fragment:
to chip the edge of a saucer.
to shape or produce by cutting or flaking away pieces:
to chip a figure out of wood.
Games. to bet by means of chips, as in poker.
Tennis. to slice (a ball) on a return shot, causing it to have heavy backspin.
Slang. to take (a narcotic drug) occasionally, especially only in sufficient quantity to achieve a mild euphoria.
Chiefly British Sports. to hit or kick (a ball) a short distance forward.
British Slang. to jeer or criticize severely; deride; taunt.
Australian. to hoe; harrow.
verb (used without object), chipped, chipping.
to break off in small pieces.
Golf. to make a chip shot.
Verb phrases
chip in,
1. to contribute money or assistance; participate.
2. Games. to bet a chip or chips, as in poker.
3. to interrupt a conversation to say something; butt in:
We all chipped in with our suggestions for the reunion.
chip off the old block, a person who resembles one parent in appearance or behavior:
His son is just a chip off the old block.
chip on one's shoulder, a disposition to quarrel:
You will never make friends if you go around with a chip on your shoulder.
in the chips, Slang. wealthy; rich:
Don't look down on your old friends now that you're in the chips.
when the chips are down, in a discouraging or disadvantageous situation; in bad or pressing times:
When the chips are down he proves to be a loyal friend.
Origin of chip1
late Middle English
1300-50; (noun) Middle English chip (compare Old English cipp plowshare, beam, i.e., piece cut off); (v.) late Middle English chippen (compare Old English -cippian in forcippian to cut off); akin to Middle Low German, Middle Dutch kippen to chip eggs, hatch
Related forms
chippable, adjective
unchippable, adjective Unabridged
Cite This Source
British Dictionary definitions for chip our shoulder
a small piece removed by chopping, cutting, or breaking
a mark left after a small piece has been chopped, cut, or broken off something
(in some games) a counter used to represent money
a thin strip of potato fried in deep fat
(US & Canadian) a very thin slice of potato fried and eaten cold as a snack Also called (in Britain and certain other countries) crisp
a small piece or thin slice of food
(sport) a shot, kick, etc, lofted into the air, esp over an obstacle or an opposing player's head, and travelling only a short distance
(NZ) a container for soft fruit, made of thin sheets of wood; punnet
(Brit, informal) cheap as chips, inexpensive; good value
(informal) chip off the old block, a person who resembles one of his or her parents in behaviour
(informal) have a chip on one's shoulder, to be aggressively sensitive about a particular thing or bear a grudge
(Brit, informal) have had one's chips, to be defeated, condemned to die, killed, etc
(informal) when the chips are down, at a time of crisis or testing
verb chips, chipping, chipped
to break small pieces from or become broken off in small pieces: will the paint chip?
(transitive) to break or cut into small pieces: to chip ice
(transitive) to shape by chipping
(sport) to strike or kick (a ball) in a high arc
Derived Forms
chipper, noun
Word Origin
Old English cipp (n), cippian (vb), of obscure origin
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin and History for chip our shoulder
Old English cipp "piece of wood," perhaps from PIE root *keipo- "sharp post" (cf. Dutch kip "small strip of wood," Old High German kipfa "wagon pole," Old Norse keppr "stick," Latin cippus "post, stake, beam;" the Germanic words perhaps borrowed from Latin).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
chip our shoulder in Science
See integrated circuit.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Cite This Source
Slang definitions & phrases for chip our shoulder
A flat piece of dung (1848+)
1. To hit a short, usually high shot onto the green (1920s+ Golf)
2. To use a drug or drugs clandestinely while abstaining from using the drug for which one is being treated or is undergoing psychotherapy: The men and women of the group also look at the man who is chipping. There is some palpable dismay (1960s+ Narcotics)
Related Terms
bargaining chip, blue-chip, have a chip on one's shoulder
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
Cite This Source
Related Abbreviations for chip our shoulder
Community Health Information Partnerships
The American Heritage® Abbreviations Dictionary, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Cite This Source
Idioms and Phrases with chip our shoulder
The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary
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Word of the Day
Difficulty index for chip
Most English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for chip
Scrabble Words With Friends
Nearby words for chip our shoulder
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18187
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Simon Cowell made what word trend?
girl Friday
noun, plural girl Fridays. Older Use: Sometimes Offensive.
Origin of girl Friday
1935-40; modeled on man Friday Unabridged
Cite This Source
British Dictionary definitions for girl Friday
girl Friday
a female employee who has a wide range of duties, usually including secretarial and clerical work
Word Origin
C20: coined on the pattern of man Friday
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
Slang definitions & phrases for girl Friday
gal Friday
noun phrase
girl Friday
Related Terms
gal friday
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
Cite This Source
Idioms and Phrases with girl Friday
girl Friday
Also, gal Friday. An efficient and faithful female assistant, as in I'll have my girl Friday get the papers together. The expression plays on man Friday, a name for a devoted male servant or assistant. The name Friday comes from Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, whose shipwrecked hero named the young native who became his faithful companion for the day of the week when he found him. In the mid-1900s Friday was applied to a male servant and then a women secretary or clerk who works for a man. The expression girl Friday gained currency through a motion picture starring Cary Grant and Rosalind Russell, His Girl Friday (1940). Today it tends to be considered condescending and, applied to a woman, sexist.
The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for girl Friday
Few English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for girl
Scrabble Words With Friends
Quotes with girl Friday
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18188
|
Simon Cowell made what word trend?
interactive voice response
interactive voice response in Technology
(IVR) A telecommunications system, prevelant with PBX and voice mail systems, that uses a prerecorded database of voice messages to present options to a user, typically over telephone lines. User input is retrieved via DTMF tone key presses.
When used in conjunction with voice mail, for example, these systems typically allow users to store, retrieve, and route messages, as well as interact with an underlying database server which may allow for automated transactions and data processing.
(15 Sept 1997)
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Word of the Day
Word Value for interactive
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18190
|
Simon Cowell made what word trend?
[ok-see-muh-taz-uh-leen, -met-uh-zoh-] /ˌɒk si məˈtæz əˌlin, -ˈmɛt ə zoʊ-/
noun, Pharmacology
a sympathomimetic drug, C 1 6 H 2 4 N 2 O, used as a topical, long-lasting nasal decongestant.
Origin of oxymetazoline
by rearrangement of parts of one of its chemical names Unabridged
Cite This Source
oxymetazoline in Medicine
oxymetazoline ox·y·me·taz·o·line (ŏk'sē-mĭ-tāz'ə-lēn', -mět'ə-zō-)
A vasoconstricting drug that is used topically in the form of its hydrochloride salt to reduce nasal congestion.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for oxymetazoline
Few English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for oxymetazoline
Scrabble Words With Friends
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18192
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Stow 18 February 2012 stow Manages installation process
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Dico 4 March 2012 GNU Dico a flexible modular implementation of DICT server (RFC 2229).
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Diffutils 24 March 2013 Diffutils Finds differences between and among files
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Barcode 30 March 2013 Barcode Converts text strings to printed bars
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Combine 30 July 2013 combine Extensible file matching and filtering
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Hyperbole 12 November 2013 Hyperbole Information and text management program
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Screen 27 April 2014 Screen Runs separate screens on a single terminal
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Gcc 22 April 2015 GCC GNU Compiler Collection
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Mailman 28 April 2015 GNU Mailman Manages discussion lists
Gawk 29 April 2015 GNU Awk String manipulation language
Linux-libre 17 May 2015 GNU Linux-libre UNIX-like monolithic kernel liberated and adopted by the GNU system
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Gxmessage 25 May 2015 gxmessage GTK-based xmessage clone.
Personal tools
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18196
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This chapter describes the VORD Projected Asset Cache business service, also referred to as "Projected Asset Cache." This chapter includes the following topics:
The "VORD" in the name of this business service originally stood for Vertical Order Management, but this business service is now used generally in Siebel Enterprise Applications as well as Siebel Industry Applications.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18197
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Sun Cluster 3.1 10/03 Data Services Developer's Guide
SUNW.xfnts Fault Monitor
The RGM does not directly call the PROBE method but rather calls the Monitor_start method to start the monitor after a resource is started on a node. The xfnts_monitor_start method starts the fault monitor under the control of PMF. The xfnts_monitor_stop method stops the fault monitor.
The SUNW.xfnts fault monitor performs the following operations:
xfonts_probe Main Loop
The xfonts_probe method implements a loop. Before implementing the loop, xfonts_probe
The xfnts_probe method implements the loop as follows.
for (ip = 0; ip < netaddr->num_netaddrs; ip++) {
* Grab the hostname and port on which the
* health has to be monitored.
hostname = netaddr->netaddrs[ip].hostname;
port = netaddr->netaddrs[ip].port_proto.port;
* HA-XFS supports only one port and
* hence obtain the port value from the
* first entry in the array of ports.
ht1 = gethrtime(); /* Latch probe start time */
scds_syslog(LOG_INFO, "Probing the service on port: %d.", port);
probe_result =
svc_probe(scds_handle, hostname, port, timeout);
* Update service probe history,
* take action if necessary.
* Latch probe end time.
ht2 = gethrtime();
/* Convert to milliseconds */
dt = (ulong_t)((ht2 - ht1) / 1e6);
* Compute failure history and take
* action if needed
(void) scds_fm_action(scds_handle,
probe_result, (long)dt);
} /* Each net resource */
} /* Keep probing forever */
The svc_probe() function implements the probe logic. The return value from svc_probe() is passed to scds_fm_action(), which determines whether to restart the application, failover the resource group, or do nothing.
svc_probe() Function
The svc_probe() function makes a simple socket connection to the specified port by calling scds_fm_tcp_connect(). If the connection fails, svc_probe() returns a value of 100 indicating a complete failure. If the connection succeeds, but the disconnect fails, svc_probe() returns a value of 50 indicating a partial failure. If the connection and disconnection both succeed, svc_probe() returns a value of 0, indicating success.
The code for svc_probe() is as follows.
int svc_probe(scds_handle_t scds_handle,
char *hostname, int port, int timeout)
int rc;
hrtime_t t1, t2;
int sock;
char testcmd[2048];
int time_used, time_remaining;
time_t connect_timeout;
* probe the data service by doing a socket connection to the port */
* specified in the port_list property to the host that is
* serving the XFS data service. If the XFS service which is configured
* to listen on the specified port, replies to the connection, then
* the probe is successful. Else we will wait for a time period set
* in probe_timeout property before concluding that the probe failed.
* Use the SVC_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_PCT percentage of timeout
* to connect to the port
connect_timeout = (SVC_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_PCT * timeout)/100;
t1 = (hrtime_t)(gethrtime()/1E9);
* the probe makes a connection to the specified hostname and port.
* The connection is timed for 95% of the actual probe_timeout.
rc = scds_fm_tcp_connect(scds_handle, &sock, hostname, port,
if (rc) {
"Failed to connect to port <%d> of resource <%s>.",
port, scds_get_resource_name(scds_handle));
/* this is a complete failure */
t2 = (hrtime_t)(gethrtime()/1E9);
* Compute the actual time it took to connect. This should be less than
* or equal to connect_timeout, the time allocated to connect.
* If the connect uses all the time that is allocated for it,
* then the remaining value from the probe_timeout that is passed to
* this function will be used as disconnect timeout. Otherwise, the
* the remaining time from the connect call will also be added to
* the disconnect timeout.
time_used = (int)(t2 - t1);
* Use the remaining time(timeout - time_took_to_connect) to disconnect
time_remaining = timeout - (int)time_used;
* If all the time is used up, use a small hardcoded timeout
* to still try to disconnect. This will avoid the fd leak.
if (time_remaining <= 0) {
"svc_probe used entire timeout of "
"%d seconds during connect operation and exceeded the "
"timeout by %d seconds. Attempting disconnect with timeout"
" %d ",
time_remaining = SVC_DISCONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS;
* Return partial failure in case of disconnection failure.
* Reason: The connect call is successful, which means
* the application is alive. A disconnection failure
* could happen due to a hung application or heavy load.
* If it is the later case, don't declare the application
* as dead by returning complete failure. Instead, declare
* it as partial failure. If this situation persists, the
* disconnect call will fail again and the application will be
* restarted.
rc = scds_fm_tcp_disconnect(scds_handle, sock, time_remaining);
if (rc != SCHA_ERR_NOERR) {
"Failed to disconnect to port %d of resource %s.",
port, scds_get_resource_name(scds_handle));
/* this is a partial failure */
time_used = (int)(t2 - t1);
time_remaining = timeout - time_used;
* If there is no time left, don't do the full test with
* fsinfo. Return SCDS_PROBE_COMPLETE_FAILURE/2
* instead. This will make sure that if this timeout
* persists, server will be restarted.
if (time_remaining <= 0) {
scds_syslog(LOG_ERR, "Probe timed out.");
* The connection and disconnection to port is successful,
* Run the fsinfo command to perform a full check of
* server health.
* Redirect stdout, otherwise the output from fsinfo
* ends up on the console.
(void) sprintf(testcmd,
"/usr/openwin/bin/fsinfo -server %s:%d > /dev/null",
hostname, port);
"Checking the server status with %s.", testcmd);
if (scds_timerun(scds_handle, testcmd, time_remaining,
SIGKILL, &rc) != SCHA_ERR_NOERR || rc != 0) {
"Failed to check server status with command <%s>",
return (0);
When finished, svc_probe() returns a success (0), partial failure (50), or complete failure (100) value. The xfnts_probe method passes this value to scds_fm_action().
Determining the Fault Monitor Action
The xfnts_probe method calls scds_fm_action() to determine the action to take. The logic in scds_fm_action() is as follows:
For example, suppose the probe makes a connection to the xfs server, but fails to disconnect. This indicates that the server is running, but could be hung or just under a temporary load. The failure to disconnect sends a partial (50) failure to scds_fm_action(). This value is below the threshold for restarting the data service, but the value is maintained in the failure history.
If during the next probe the server again fails to disconnect, a value of 50 is added to the failure history maintained by scds_fm_action(). The cumulative failure value is now 100, so scds_fm_action() restarts the data service.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18198
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Solaris Common Desktop Environment: User's Guide
To Change the Orientation of the Charts
By default, Performance Meter displays the performance charts horizontally (side-by-side). Depending on the number of parameters you monitor and the available space on your desktop, you may want to display them vertically.
1. Choose Setup from the Options menu.
Performance Meter displays the Setup dialog box.
2. Select Vertical or Horizontal to specify the type of chart required.
3. (Optional) Select the Show Limit Line checkbox if you want your charts to indicate the threshold value using a line.
4. Click Apply when you are satisfied with the changes you have made.
Performance Meter displays the performance information in the specified orientation.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18199
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Sun Java System Connector for Microsoft Outlook 7 2005Q4 Administration Guide
Servers Tab
The Servers tabbed panel is shown in Figure 2–5.
Figure 2–5 Deployment Configuration Program: Servers Tab
Desktop Deployment Configuration Program: Servers Tab
Server Name: The host name for each Sun Java System server: Incoming Mail, Outgoing Mail, LDAP (Global Address List and User Settings), Address Book, Calendar, and Free/Busy.
Port: The default port number for each server. The default changes if you use SSL to connect to the server.
Use SSL: Mark this box to require an SSL to connect to the associated server.
Note –
If the Use SSL box is not marked for the Calendar server, the Free/Busy server values will be the same as for the Calendar, and the Free/Busy line will therefore be grayed out in this panel. But if Use SSL is marked for the Calendar, then you must specify a different port for Free/Busy.
Default: Restores all Port numbers back to their original default values (if you have changed the values but now want to restore the defaults). The default values for SSL vs. non-SSL are different, and this feature will restore the appropriate default for any given server depending on whether the Use SSL box is marked.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18200
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Sun Java System Web Server 6.1 SP11 Administrator's Configuration File Reference
Applicable in ObjectType-class directives.
The force-type function assigns a type to requests that do not already have a MIME type. This is used to specify a default object type.
Make sure that the directive that calls this function comes last in the list of ObjectType directives, so that all other ObjectType directives have a chance to set the MIME type first. If there is more than one ObjectType directive in an object, all of the directives are applied in the order they appear. If a directive sets an attribute and later directives try to set that attribute to something else, the first setting is used and the subsequent ones are ignored.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18209
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According to 314.28 of the 2002 NEC, what are the minimum dimensions required for a metal junction box that has the following raceways (conduits) connected to it? The junction box has two 4-inch EMT raceways connected directly across from one another on opposite walls. Each raceway contains three 250 kcmil XHHW conductors. A 2-inch EMT raceway, which contains three 4/0 AWG XHHW conductors, is connected to the same wall as one of the 4-inch EMT raceways. In effect, one wall has a 4-inch and a 2-inch raceway. The opposite wall has only a 4-inch raceway. The wall at a right angle to the 4-inch and 2-inch raceways has a single 2-inch EMT raceway connected to it. The 4/0 AWG conductors are installed between the 2-inch raceways and are passing through the junction box. There's no raceway on the wall opposite the single 2-inch EMT raceway.
A) 32 inches x 12 inches
B) 32 inches x 32 inches
C) 26 inches x 12 inches
D) 34 inches x 12 inches
Answer: A)
Explanation: When sizing the junction box, based on a straight pull, 314.28(A)(1) requires a (minimum) multiplier of 8 times the trade diameter of the largest raceway (enclosing the conductors for the straight pull only). (8 x 4-in. raceway = 32 in. minimum) For angle or U-pulls, 314.28(A)(2) requires a minimum of 6 times the trade diameter of the largest raceway (containing conductors that are included in the angle or U-pull), plus the sum of the diameters of the other raceways on the same wall in the same group. Don’t forget to apply the 6 times multiplier only to the raceway(s) that contains the conductors that are included in the angle pull or U-pull.
In this example, the 4-inch raceways are aligned for a straight pull. The 2-inch raceways are aligned in an angle pull layout. When both straight pulls and angle pulls are involved on the same wall, both must be calculated. Use the greater dimension obtained by comparing both calculations.
Calculation #1 for wall 1: (side wall – horizontal)
Straight pull: 8 x 4 in. = 32 in.
Angle pull for same wall: 6 x 2 in. = 12 in. + 4 in. (for the 4-inch raceway) = 16 in.
The straight pull gives the larger dimension of 32 inches, which shall be used.
Calculation #2 for wall 2:
Angle pull: 6 x 2 in. = 12 in.
This is the only raceway on the bottom or top wall - (vertical).
Minimum dimensions: 32 inches (wide) x 12 inches (height)
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18210
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Q. As an engineer, I was taught that good wiring practices meant keeping the phase circuit conductors and control conductors (120V) separated. I agree that in many circumstances that's the ideal condition, but what does the NEC require?
A. The NEC permits Class 1 remote and power supply circuit conductors to occupy the same cable, enclosure, or raceway, but only where the equipment powered is functionally associated with the conductors [725.26(B)(1)] (Fig. 1 below.)
Q. There's an ongoing practice among electrical contractors in my area to connect a short piece of 14 AWG wire to the 12 AWG in a receptacle box to facilitate the use of the push-in connectors on the back of 15A receptacles installed on a 20A circuit. When I ask how this could be permitted, they cite the fact that the device is rated 15A and that therefore the practice is allowed according to the branch-circuit tap rules. Is this true?
A. No. The minimum size conductor for a 20A circuit is 12 AWG [240.4(D)], and a 15A duplex receptacle is permitted on a 20A circuit [Table 210.21(B)(3)]. Also, 210.19(A)(4) Ex. 1(c) doesn't permit 15A tap (14 AWG) conductors for a receptacle outlet on a 20A circuit.
Q. I work in a chemical laboratory and have been trying to get GFCI-protected outlets installed in the vicinity of any apparatus that uses running water (for cooling, for instance). I finally managed to convince my management to do it, but then when the electrician came, he insisted that it isn't necessary. Who's right?
A. The electrician's correct on this one. In commercial and industrial occupancies, GFCI protection is only required for receptacles in bathrooms, rooftops, and kitchens [210.8(B)].
Q. We put out a drawing with a detail showing the removal of the tabs on a 20A, 125V duplex receptacle, thus creating two single 20A devices. A separate 20A circuit supplies each receptacle, but the inspector rejected the installation, citing that it's against the Code. Is the inspector right?
A. Your design is fine. Each receptacle is individually rated 20A, 125V, so there's no problem. But where more than one branch circuit supplies more than one receptacle on the same yoke, a means to simultaneously disconnect the ungrounded conductors that supply those receptacles shall be provided at the panelboard where the branch circuits originated [210.7(C)].
Q. The NEC requires receptacle outlets to be located so no point measured horizontally along the floor line in any wall space is more than 6 feet from a receptacle outlet. Is there a similar requirement for receptacles in a commercial occupancy?
A. The NEC doesn't require receptacle outlets in the wall space of commercial or industrial occupancies. Simply locate receptacles per the plan.
Q. Can low-voltage and limited-energy cables be installed within an enclosure with power conductors?
A. Low-voltage and limited-energy conductors can be installed with power conductors in an enclosure, but only where the power circuit conductors are introduced solely to connect to the low-voltage or limited-energy equipment. In addition, a minimum of 0.25 inches of separation shall be maintained between the low-voltage and limited-energy conductors and power conductors [725.55(D)].
Q. What is the maximum run length permitted for flexible metal conduit?
A. Except for flexible nonmetallic conduit [356.12(3)], the NEC doesn't limit the length of any raceway of 0.5-inch trade size or larger. When using tap conductors in accordance with 410.67(C), the raceway length is limited to 6 feet.
Q. I would like your thoughts on a situation where my inspector is requiring the rebar within a building's footing to be bonded to the service grounding electrode. Sec. 250.50 indicates that if this item is available on the premises, then it's to be bonded so that it's part of the building's grounding electrode system. What if the concrete has already been poured? I remember reading somewhere that the NEC doesn't require the concrete to be chipped out to gain access to the footing steel. It seems that chipping out the footing creates other problems, and other reasonable methods are available to establish an earth ground.
A. Many inspections consider the concrete-encased electrode “available” unless there's no rebar in the foundation or footers. In addition, if it's shown on the drawings but not left accessible by the general contractor (GC), then it's the GC's responsibility to correct this construction error (Fig. 2).
Note: The 2005 NEC is likely to require the footing rebar to be used as part of the grounding electrode system in new buildings or structures.
Q. Two electricians told me that a disconnecting means is required within sight of a transformer if it's installed above a dropped ceiling. My problem with locating a disconnect in this space is the fact that I'd have to work around ductwork and pipes. Are they right?
A. No, a disconnecting means need not be installed within sight of a transformer.
Q. Can a GFCI receptacle be installed on an AFCI-protected circuit?
A. The NEC requires all equipment to be installed and used in accordance with any instructions included in the listing or labeling. There are no product restrictions on placing a GFCI receptacle on an AFCI-protected circuit. In addition, the devices shouldn't disturb each other. So yes, this is permitted.
Got a Code problem? E-mail your question to Mike at [email protected].
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18220
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Return to Transcripts main page
Blade Runner Indicted for Murder; Britain Detains Partner of Leaks Reporter; Diana Death Claim Accuses Military; Prince William Interview; New Al Qaeda Threat
Aired August 19, 2013 - 12:00 ET
Welcome to AROUND THE WORLD. I'm Suzanne Malveaux.
IVAN WATSON, CNN ANCHOR: And I'm Ivan Watson, filling in for Michael Holmes, who we hope is having a great vacation right now.
MALVEAUX: Yes. So nice to see you in person --
WATSON: Thanks.
MALVEAUX: Not dodging bullets in Cairo or in Turkey.
WATSON: And no tear gas on the set.
MALVEAUX: All right. Good deal.
He is an Olympic track star, a double amputee known as "the blade runner." Well, she was his girlfriend, this glamorous model with a promising career. Well, today, prosecutors indicted him for killing her on Valentine's Day. The saga of Oscar Pistorius and Reeva Steenkamp reads like a Hollywood movie script. But this, it is a real life tragedy. Pistorius insists he accidental shot and killed Steenkamp in his home after he mistook her for an intruder. But prosecutors say it was premeditated murder. I want to bring in Robyn Curnow, in court for today's hearing. And she joins us live from Pretoria, South Africa.
Robyn, tell us, what was this like to see him and to realize, this was her 30th birthday and now he has been indicted for killing her.
ROBYN CURNOW, CNN CORRESPONDENT: You know, it's a very small courtroom in this building behind me, so it's claustrophobic even at the best of times. But this courtroom was jammed full of reporters and cameras. A wall of cameras met Pistorius when he came in to the dock (ph).
And so much so I think it was so sort of abrasive to him that he turned his back. And when he did that, he held the hand of his sister and his brother, who were sitting behind him in the dock. And they seemed to be praying. And a number of times through that, he also seemed to be crying. So very emotional scenes. He - and this was all before he was formally indicted, I might just add.
But what adds quite a poignant aspect to all of this was just, less than a meter away from him in a different row of this court sat friends of Reeva SteenKamp, the family that she had been living with at the time of her death. And, of course, they wanted to remember that this was her birthday and that - that is - you know, should also -- light should also be cast on the fact that somebody has been lost and it wasn't just about this, you know, tragic story of a fallen hero. So I think from both sides, from the Pistorius side and from the Steenkamp side, a real realization of what has been lost here.
MALVEAUX: And, Robyn, we learned more details about the prosecution's case. The list of potential witnesses now, including more than a hundred people. Does that suggest that this is a strong case for them or they are going to have to call a lot of people to put this thing together?
CURNOW: You know I think that's -- that's the big question. I mean are they so confident that they really just want to nail this and want to get a conviction no matter what, or is this an indication that they're going to have to rely on circumstantial evidence because perhaps the forensic evidence really doesn't back up this charge of premeditated and planned murder. I mean that's the kind of question a lot of analysts are saying and putting that, you know, and raising that. So much so I spoke to Kelly Phelps. She's a legal analyst here in South Africa, a law professor at the University of Capetown (ph). Listen to what she had to say.
KELLY PHELPS, CNN LEGAL ANALYST: If they do end up calling all 107 witnesses, this could be a very, very long trial. After all, the defense will want to rebut the evidence of the state's witnesses. They'll be calling their own witnesses as well. And this -- it's a very unusual number of witnesses to have on a list at this stage.
CURNOW: So unusual but, of course, this hasn't been a trial or a case that's at all usual since that tragic Valentine's Day shooting. So she says potentially a long trial. That's more than months, she says. Potentially years. But it all kicks off, it all starts on March the 3rd next year.
MALVEAUX: All right, Robyn, thank you. Appreciate it. We'll be watching.
WATSON: Now, is it a case of retaliation or a government protecting itself from a potential threat. The man who broke this story about secret NSA surveillance programs says authorities who took his partner into custody at London's Heathrow Airport are going to, quote, "regret what they did." You may remember Glen Greenwald. He's the reporter who broke the spying story in "The Guardian" newspaper using information leaked from American contractor Edward Snowden, whose now living in Russia.
His partner, David Miranda, who you see here on the left, he was detained and questioned for nearly nine hours last night while passing through the airport on his way home to Brazil, where he and Greenwald live. Police say he was held under an anti-terrorism law. Greenwald says that going after journalists families is going too far and he says he won't be intimidated.
Atika Shubert joins us live from London.
Atika, tell us more about what happened and why British authorities are saying they detained Greenwald's partner.
ATIKA SHUBERT, CNN CORRESPONDENT: Well, basically, David Miranda was in Berlin. He was saying with Laura Poitras, who is another documentary filmmaker who has met Snowden before. She was part of that original leak that came out about the NSA. And he was then transiting through London Heathrow Airport when he was detained by British Police at around 8:00 in the morning. They did not release him until 5:00 in the evening.
Now, when you consider that 97 percent of the cases of people being stopped under this terrorism act are released within less than an hour, it really goes to show what an unusual case this is. He was kept for the fall nine hours. Only one in 2,000 cases does that ever happen to. So what people are asking now is, why was that the case? And it has outraged Brazilian diplomats and British MPs are saying this was an abuse of law. His DVDs, phone and laptop were taken and the only questions he were asked, according to Glenn Greenwald, were all about Edward Snowden and those NSA leaks, Ivan.
WATSON: And this raises some huge implications if you're pulling in journalists or the spouses or partners of journalists and perhaps their parents on links to terrorism, that says a lot about freedom of speech, press and expression, doesn't it?
SHUBERT: Well, exactly. And so this is why so many MPs here, members of parliament, are asking, why was he taken in this way. What were they looking for? There's some question as to whether or not he was carrying possible information or documents. "The Guardian." For example, did say they paid for his flights. But even then, many politicians here are saying that is still no reason to bring him in under this terrorism act.
Now, in the meantime, Glenn Greenwald has said that he will not be intimidated, he will not be bullied. In fact, he had this to say when he came - when he - when David Miranda arrived at Rio Airport. He said, quote, Glenn Greenwald said, "I am going to write my stories a lot more aggressively now. I am going to publish many more documents now. I am going to publish a lot about England too. I have a lot of documents about espionage - the espionage system in England. And now my focus is going to be that as well."
So it does seem that Glenn Greenwald is saying basically he has a lot more information and as a result of the treatment of his partner, he will be bringing out a lot more documents.
WATSON: Thank you, Atika. So potential intimidation, as some charge, from the British authorizes. And potential threats, now, from Glenn Greenwald to publish some more embarrassing documents.
MALVEAUX: Yes. And you wonder just how - how wide the net is going to be. I mean if they can intimidate him and intimidate his partner, are these going to be others who also are going to be intimidated as well?
WATSON: Absolutely.
MALVEAUX: All right.
WATSON: And what happens if we publish leaks? Could our partners be detained?
MALVEAUX: Yes, good - all good questions.
Tensions, they are simmering now. This is in Egypt. More violence erupting and protests, they continue. Suspected militants, they ambush two buses. This is in Sinai Peninsula. This happened just today. Now, (INAUDIBLE) TV is reporting that 25 soldiers were killed in this attack on the border between Egypt and Gaza. Yesterday, at least 36 jail members of the Muslim Brotherhood were killed. The interior ministry says they died in an attempted jailbreak.
About 900 people have been killed just in this past week, but that did not stop members of the Muslim Brotherhood from protesting over the weekend. The violence started when the military raided two camps occupied by supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsy.
Well, President Obama, he is now under pressure from some to cut off U.S. military aid to Egypt all together. It could create a whole new set of problems, however. So we want to talk with a Middle East expert, Fawad Jerges (ph), later this hour about the diplomatic dilemma that the United States is now facing.
WATSON: Right. And then U.N. inspectors are in Syria right now. They'll try to determine if chemical weapons have been used during the country's civil war. The war's been going on for more than two years. In June, the White House said Syrian government forces had crossed a red line by using chemical weapons, including the nerve agent sarin gas, against forces.
MALVEAUX: And now to the eastern India, where an express train slammed into a crowd killing at least 28 people. Just look that the. Unbelievable video there. You'll see the smoke billowing. Many of these victims Hindu pilgrims. They were headed to holy sites across the country. Well, authorities say that the people, they were getting off a local passenger train, you see it there, when the express train just hit them. Railway officials say that those who saw the accident, well, they're actually furious. They set the express train on fire and they beat the driver as well.
Here's more of what we're working on for AROUND THE WORLD. New allegations now fueling conspiracy theories about the death of Princess Diana and the car crash that killed her. We're going to go live to London for the latest and the claim that British special forces were directly involved.
Plus, Princess Diana's son all grown up, of course, and a new dad. Well now he's talking about the challenges and all of that, fatherhood, and that impressive moment when he took his wife and baby home from the hospital.
PRINCE WILLIAMS: Believe me, it wasn't my first time. And I know there's been speculation about it. I had to practice. I really did. I was terrified that I was going to do some - you know, it was going to fall off or it wasn't going to close properly.
In London, authorities are looking into a new conspiracy theory in the death of Princess Diana. Did the British military have something to do with the car crash that killed Diana, her boyfriend and their driver 16 years ago in Paris. Erin McLaughlin reports police are not re- opening the case, but they are reviewing this new claim.
ERIN MCLAUGHLIN, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): New questions launched by a shocking new allegation claiming British special forces were behind the death of Princess Diana and her boyfriend, Dodi Fayed. It's the latest conspiracy theory about Diana's death, coming almost 16 years after that horrific, middle of night car crash. A high speed paparazzi chase through a tunnel in Paris with a deadly end.
Scotland Yard put out a statement saying it is, quote, "scoping" new information, "assessing its relevance and credibility." According to the British newspaper "The Sunday People," the claim surfaced in a seven page letter written by the estranged in-law of an unidentified special forces sniper. In a handwritten letter they allege their former son-in-law boasted that the British SAS was behind the deaths.
MARK SAUNDERS, ROYAL ANALYST: People don't want to believe that somebody as beloved as Princess Diana can just die in a road accident. It just isn't enough. they want more.
MCLAUGHLIN: Scotland Yard has made it clear, for the moment the new claims will not reopen the exhaustive investigation, which concluded that Princess Diana and Dodi Fayed were killed by the gross negligence of their driver and that the paparazzi chasing them that night.
Buckingham Palace is not commenting but those who know the royal family have been quick to dismiss the claim. DICKIE ARBITER, FORMER ROYAL FAMILY PRESS SECRETARY: There's not a lot they can do about it. There will always be people coming out with conspiracy theories and the best they can do is just get on with their lives in a normal way.
MCLAUGHLIN: The 16th anniversary of Princess Diana's death is just days away. This information raising new questions about that tragic night in August when so many people had thought this had finally been put to rest.
WATSON: Erin McLaughlin, thanks for that report from London.
MALVEAUX: Diana's son, Prince William,. has given his first interview now since the birth of his son, George. And William, who is second in line to the British throne, he sat down with CNN royal correspondent Max Foster for a lively. personal one-on-one.
And, Max, we know that the prince is talking about being a dad, of course. He's very excited.
But I imagine, too, there's a reaction, family reaction, on this news that Scotland Yard now looking into this new claim about the death of his mother and who might be responsible.
Can you tell us, first of all, if there's any kind of response or reaction either from him or from other family?
MAX FOSTER, CNN ROYAL CORRESPONDENT: No response or reaction, officially, but certainly just from sort of speaking to them over the years, this is not the sort of news they'd want to hear. It's exactly what they want to leave behind.
They want to talk about Diana's legacy, Harry and William. They don't want to be talking about what happened that night. It was so difficult for them to get over. They are moving on, and this interview I did with William was part of that process.
It's about him becoming a father himself and really asserting himself as his own man, away from all of this. And he was on great form with the media for the first time really that I can remember.
And it's a shame that all of this Diana stuff has come up again. But it is, as Erin says, a police investigation of sorts, so it has to be taken seriously.
But in terms of William and the interview, I started off by asking about that huge bank of media that he faced as he came out hospital with his new family.
MCLAUGHLIN: The "Sunday People" is reporting it's had access to a seven-page handwritten letter from the in-laws of a special forces sniper who is yet to be named.
The letter was written following the breakdown of his marriage to their daughter and alleges that he boasted to his wife that the elite British SAS unit -
FOSTER: Problem with the tape there. Obviously, that was Erin's report again. showing those graphic images of Diana's car crash.
And when I talked to William about Diana, I did talk a bit about that because it was an interview based on conservation.
He talked about how his work and his charity work is very much about encouraging people to remember the legacy of Diana and for these sorts of things to keep coming up is sort of a worst nightmare.
Also because of the military involvement and Harry and William, huge supporters of the military and they wouldn't like the idea of them being involved in any way at all, of course.
But this is the positive side of William before this news came through, talking about leaving the hospital last month.
PRINCE WILLIAM, DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE: I think more shock and dauntingness was the feeling I felt. But it was -- the thing is it was -- I think I was on such a high anyway, and so was Catherine about George that really we were happy to show him off to whoever wanted to see him.
As any new parent knows, you're only too happy to show off your new child and, you know, pretend that he is the best looking or the best everything.
FOSTER: There's the baby, the new royal heir in the United Kingdom.
You were comfortable there?
WILLIAM: Yeah, I felt, again it's, it's not somewhere I enjoy being. I know that the position I'm in that's what's required of me to do.
And I think it's, you know, it's one of those things, I'm, you know, it's nice that people want to see George, so, you know, I'm just glad he wasn't screaming his head off the whole way through.
So I had actually practiced with that seat, but only once before.
FOSTER: And your decision to drive off. I remember that moment as well. That was the most nerve-wracking thing for me, having my family in the car.
But that was something that you were clearly determined to do.
WILLIAM: Where I can be I'm as independent I want to be, the same as Catherine and Harry. We've all grown up, you know, differently to other generations. And I very much feel if I can do it myself, I want to do it myself.
But I think driving your son and your wife away from hospital (inaudible) is very important to me. And I don't like fuss, so it's much easier to do it yourself.
FOSTER: And you didn't stall.
WILLIAM: I didn't -- well, it's an automatic, so that's all right.
FOSTER: The interpretation of the imagery we saw there AROUND THE WORLD was that this was a modern monarchy and a new way of monarchy.
But was it that? Are we reading too much into it? Is it just you doing it your way, you and your wife doing it your own way?
WILLIAM: I think so. I'm just doing it the way I know. And, you know, if it's the right way, then brilliant. If it's not wrong -- if it's the wrong way then I'll try to do it better.
But, you know, I'm just -- I'm quite -- I'm really headstrong about what I believe in and what I go for. And I've got6 fantastic people around me who give me great support and advice.
WILLIAM: Well, yeah, he's a little bit of a rascal. We'll put it that it. So he either reminds me of my brother or me when I was younger. I'm not sure.
But he's doing very well at the moment. He does like to keep having his nappy changed and --
FOSTER: You did the first nappy?
WILLIAM: I did the first nappy, yeah.
FOSTER: It was actually a badge of honor.
WILLIAM: Was a badge of honor, exactly. I wasn't allowed to get away with it. I had every midwife staring at me, going, you do it, you do it.
He's a little -- he's growing quickly, actually. But he's a little fighter. He kind of -- he wriggles around quite a lot, and he doesn't want to get in his seat that much, which is a little bit of a problem.
But he's --
FOSTER: So you're up a lot at night?
WILLIAM: A little bit.
FOSTER: Pretty tired?
WILLIAM: Not as much as Catherine, but you know, she's doing a fantastic job.
FOSTER: How is she? OK?
WILLIAM: Yes, very well. For me, Catherine and our little George are my priorities, and Lupo, so --
FOSTER: And how are you about going back to work?
FOSTER: Get some sleep.
FOSTER (voice-over): One of his great passions is saving endangered species in Africa. He has wants his son to experience the same Africa that he saw as a boy and a young man to spark in his son a passion for preserving the rarest wild animals much as his father did with him.
WILLIAM: Sweet nothings.
FOSTER: -- as a young boy.
WILLIAM: Probably. At this rate, I'll probably whisper sweet nothings in his ear. I'll have toy elephants and riders around the room. Cover it in sort of, you know, lot of bushes and things like that. Make him grow up as if he's in the bush.
FOSTER (voice-over): He says the possibility of his son carrying on royal family's legacy in Africa isn't his immediate concern.
WILLIAM: At the moment, the only legacy I want to pass on to him is to sleep more and maybe not change his nappy quite so many times.
FOSTER (voice-over): Like any new mother or father, parenthood has surprised and amazed Prince William.
FOSTER: So, Suzanne, I think what you're really seeing there is a prince getting insight to what it's like to be an ordinary father. And that's what makes it such a sort of fascinating insight to see him being normal, I guess.
MALVEAUX: Yeah, it is so, so sweet actually when you hear him. He's just like everybody else, you know? I mean, royalty aside, and he changes the nappies, right, all those nappies? Diapers we call them here.
FOSTER: Diapers, nappies, whatever you want to call them.
MALVEAUX: He's eager to get back to work.
All right, Max, appreciate it. Great interview. Appreciate it.
And, of course, if you want to see more of it, it's part of a documentary, "Prince William's Passion -- New Father, New Hope." It's going to premiere on CNN September 15th.
And on a more serious note, a new set of threats contained in an al Qaeda video, we're going to tell you what the terror group is calling for and why the threats are being issued by someone who is American.
MALVEAUX: There are new threats emerging today from al Qaeda leaders. Adam Gadahn is the American-born spokesman for al Qaeda. He has released a 39-minute video.
He calls for more attacks on U.S. ambassadors AROUND THE WORLD. Gadahn also praises the assassination of the U.S. ambassador Chris Stephens, who was killed.
Brian Todd has been following developments for us. And, Brian, first of all, tell us about the video. You've seen it. What are some of the specific threats he's making? BRIAN TODD, CNN CORRESPONDENT: The specific threats, Suzanne, have to do with him inciting others to try to kill American ambassadors throughout the Middle East. That's one of the larger threats that he makes in this video.
As you mentioned Adam Gadahn, the American-born propagandist for al Qaeda made this video. It was posted over the weekend.
The Site Intelligence Group, a private, U.S.-based monitoring service, has the video on its website.
From all indications this is legitimate. But U.S. officials we've spoken with this morning have no immediate comment on it.
In this video, Gadahn, who was born in Winchester, California, defends the murder last year of U.S. ambassador to Libya, Chris Stephens. Take a listen.
Actually, we don't have that video tape. We do have it now. Take a listen.
All right. I'm told we don't have it. I apologize. But in it, he says that the ambassador was killed to avenge the believers and to enrage the criminals. Among other thing, he e also tries to incite al Qaeda militants to kill other ambassadors in the Middle East.
The video was produced in March of this year, but not posted until this weekend. So we're asking U.S. officials whether this might have played some role in the closing of U.S. embassies in the region a couple of weeks ago. So far, they haven't given us specifics on this.
Also of note, I spoke a few minutes ago to Adam Gadahn's mother on the telephone. I asked here how she felt about this video and about other videos that her son has made over the years.
She sounded very upset. She said she didn't want to speak to us and asked me not to call her number again and then hung up on us.
MALVEAUX: And Brian, very quickly, do we have any idea where he might be AROUND THE WORLD?
TODD: Our security analyst Peter Bergen says from the information he's been able to gather in speaking with U.S. officials, the most logical and likely place is Pakistan.
And so that could be -- you know, that's probably the most likely area where he could seek shelter now, but there aren't really a lot of specifics on that.
We have a little more about him. He's 35-years-old, as we mentioned, born in California. His parents were goat farmers. They changed their last name to Gadahn from the name Pearlman after they were married.
Adam Gadahn converted to Islam in 1995.
And, again, as for where he is Peter Bergen, our security analyst, says from the information he's been gathering he thinks the most likely place is Pakistan right now.
MALVEAUX: All right, Brian, thank you. Appreciate it.
Of course, we're going to watch for more developments throughout the afternoon here.
You can see more of Brian Todd's story about this tonight on "THE SITUATION ROOM." That is at 6:00 p.m. Eastern.
WATSON: Now here's more of what we're working on this hour for AROUND THE WORLD. As Egypt falls deeper into violence, the question intensifies: what should the U.S. do? We'll look at the options.
Stay with us.
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Number Six
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Number Six
Number Six
Human Name
Shelly Godfrey
Gina Inviere
Natalie Faust
et al.
Age {{{age}}}
Colony {{{colony}}}
Birth place {{{birthplace}}}
Birth Name {{{birthname}}}
Birth Date {{{birthdate}}}
Callsign {{{callsign}}}
Nickname {{{nickname}}}
Introduced Miniseries
Death {{{death}}}
Parents {{{parents}}}
Siblings {{{siblings}}}
Children {{{children}}}
Marital Status {{{marital status}}}
Family Tree View
Role Cylon Infiltrator,
Heavy Raider Pilot,
Elected Delegate
Rank {{{rank}}}
Serial Number {{{serial}}}
Portrayed by Tricia Helfer
Number Six is a Cylon
Number Six is a Final Five Cylon
Number Six is a Human/Cylon Hybrid
Number Six is an Original Series Cylon
Additional Information
Number Six in the separate continuity
[[Image:|200px|Number Six]]
"Number Six" is a humanoid Cylon who plays several key roles in Cylon society. She is the first humanoid Cylon that viewers witness in the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica. Stunningly beautiful and highly religious, this highly driven model is marked by a ruthlessness against all who stand in her way. Number Sixes are typically sensual and use seduction in infiltration.
To date, more unique versions of the Six model have been witnessed than any other humanoid Cylon. Besides the use of numerous aliases, Six is also the only Cylon model known to have varied appearances and personalities: while most often seen as a platinum blonde, Six has also been seen with honey blonde and black hair in varying styles, and displaying personalities ranging from overtly sensual to wide-eyed and innocent, and from blindly supporting the attack on the Colonies to desiring peaceful coexistence. This differs from the other known models who generally display the same personality traits (Sharon Valerii and Sharon Agathon being exceptions), use the same name, and have fewer cosmetic differences in appearance.
Main article: Caprica-Six
The copy of Number Six that seduced Dr. Gaius Baltar into unwittingly betraying the Twelve Colonies by giving her access to the Colonial defense mainframe. Much later, she came to live on Galactica and fell in love with Saul Tigh and attempted to bear a child by him. After suffering a miscarriage, and as Tigh reunited with his wife, Ellen, Caprica pulled away from him. After this she participated in the Battle of The Colony and settled New Earth with Baltar.
Messenger Six
Main article: Messengers
An entity (also known as Baltar's Internal Six or, more commonly, as Head Six) appearing to Gaius Baltar in the form of Caprica Six shows herself immediately after his rescue from Caprica, and later gives him advice (from building a Cylon detector to asserting political power various times), predictions about the future (primarily about the birth of Hera Agathon) and insights into the past events of the human race. This entity, while imperceptible to everyone other than to Baltar and Caprica Six herself, is not affiliated with either the Cylons or Colonials and has repeatedly stated that she is an angel of God. Even after Baltar's death, this entity maintains the appearance of Six one hundred fifty thousand years later when discussing the possibility of the humans repeating the same mistakes as their progenitors.
Shelly Godfrey
Godfrey attempts to sweet talk Adama.
Main article: Shelly Godfrey
A copy of Number Six who appears aboard Galactica to try to discredit Baltar as a traitor. The evidence she used was flawed, and he ended up being more trusted than before. After being exposed, she is blown out an airlock by Cavil and presumably downloads into a new body (The Plan).
Gina Inviere
Main article: Gina Inviere
A copy of Number Six poses as a systems analyst assigned to the battlestar Pegasus, and enters into a romantic relationship with Admiral Helena Cain. After she was identified as a Cylon, she was captured and repeatedly tortured and sexually abused by the crew before escaping with the help of Gaius Baltar (TRS: "Resurrection Ship, Part II"). For a time, Inviere is a leading figure in the Demand Peace movement (TRS: "Epiphanies"). She eventually commits suicide by detonating a nuclear warhead aboard Cloud 9 and fails to download, making her death permanent (TRS: "Lay Down Your Burdens, Part II").
Natalie Faust
Main article: Natalie Faust
A Number Six copy who is leading a faction that advocates for the search for the Final Five Cylons, introduced in "Six of One". She is eventually killed by Sharon Agathon, distressed with visions of the Opera House and afraid Natalie will take her daughter Hera, with no chance to download (Sine Qua Non).
Lida with Gaius Baltar.
A Six with curly honey blonde hair and a noticeably more innocent disposition than her sisters, Lida[1][2] attempts to comfort and seduce Baltar aboard the rebel Basestar after he and President Roslin flee Galactica during the Zarek-Gaeta coup/mutiny. Lida approaches Gaius, initially misinterpreting his feelings of guilt (among the first he's ever shown) for leaving his flock behind as an injury; later, they sleep together. After speaking with her in bed, he decides that he needs to return to his followers (Blood on the Scales).
Sonja is one of the platinum blonde Sixes, similar in appearance to Caprica/Messenger Six. She is elected to represent the rebel Cylons in the Fleet's new Quorum. Her first duty is to request the Cylons be given custody of Sharon Valerii in order to put her on trial for treason (TRS: "Someone to Watch Over Me").
Given her new posistion, the Colonials have accepted at least part of the deal the Cylons offered through Galen Tyrol (TRS: "A Disquiet Follows My Soul") and now have the representation they wanted in the Colonial Government (TRS: "Someone to Watch Over Me").
She is later seen at a meeting of the new Quorum of Ships' Captains, representing the rebel Basestar, as they discuss the impending transfer of Admiral William Adama's command from the aging Galactica to the Basestar (TRS: "Islanded in a Stream of Stars").
Other copies
Armistice Station Copy
A six entering the Armistice Station.
This Number Six is a portent of doom for the peoples of the Twelve Colonies; she arrives on Armistice Station shortly before it is destroyed in what are the opening shots of the Cylon attack in the Miniseries. Dressed in a long-sleeved red tunic and matching knee-length skirt, she is the first and last "diplomat" ever sent to the station by the Cylons since its construction. She greets the Colonial officer present with the question "Are you alive?" When he answers that he is alive, she tells him to prove it - by kissing her. After he realizes that Armistice is under attack, she smiles and forces another kiss on him shortly before they are both destroyed.
Later, three Sixes in the same outfit are among the group of Cylons that rescue and debrief Aaron Doral, following his stranding on Ragnar Anchorage by the suspicious Colonials. One of them responds to a comment of the Eight in the group with "By your command," a trademark Cylon phrase in the Original Series.
It's possible that Caprica-Six may be one of the Sixes who rescues Doral, as she would have had time to be downloaded; however, the chronology of events in "Downloaded" make this extremely unlikely. It is far more likely that the Armistice Station copy might have been one of them.
Troop Leaders
A Six after seeing an Eight (later known as Sharon Agathon) killing another Six model.
At least three additional variants of Six have been operational on Caprica, and appear to lead Centurion squads and have a subservient role to the "overseer" Six variants. This variant of Six is distinguished by the white raincoat she wears.
One of these variants distracts Helo, enabling him to be captured. In this, she shares the same seductive characteristic as shown by her sisters at the armistice station and with Baltar - her first act on "freeing" the captured Agathon is to ask "Are you alive?" and kiss him. She is subsequently shot by the Caprica copy of Sharon Valerii (33).
The second acts as an observer to Helo's "escape", and this same variant may the one leading the Centurion troops into the Caprican farm Helo and Valerii are hiding in (The Hand of God).
The third is present at Delphi, taking orders from an "overseer" Six (Colonial Day).
Another Number Six in this role boards Pegasus from a Heavy Raider along with a group of Centurions during Pegasus's attack on a Cylon communications relay. She is shot and killed by Kendra Shaw, who then exposes the Pegasus network administrator Gina Inviere as another copy of this Cylon model (Razor).
When the Centurions suddenly stop their attack on the Caprica rescue team and the Caprica Resistance, the Caprica copy of Cavil visits one of these variants of Sixes who was presumably commanding the Centurions and she informs him of the decision to have a truce with the humans. When Cavil offers to deliver the message himself, this Six informs him that his model voted against the truce, but he still decides to deliver the message as he is sympathetic with the humans. (The Plan)
Overseer Copies
Number Six beating up Sharon Valerii on Caprica.[3]
On Caprica, Six performs the role of a Cylon overseer, working with a copy of Number Five (Aaron Doral) to ensure their experiment involving the stranded Karl Agathon and the Caprica copy of Sharon Valerii either reaches its desired conclusion, or is suitably terminated (Bastille Day, Act of Contrition, Litmus, Flesh and Bone, Tigh Me Up, Tigh Me Down). These copies of Number Six wear a militaristic black outfit, with a black body-suit underneath suited to martial arts.
Overseer Six demonstrates a certain vindictiveness towards Sharon, giving her a beating that goes far beyond the needs of the experiment and dismissing her belief in Agathon's love (Litmus, Flesh and Bone). The Five working with Six suggests that she is jealous of Sharon's chosen role in the proceedings, and Six does state that Agathon is "very handsome" (Bastille Day, Litmus). Six maintains that her dislike stems from Sharon acting like a human, which essentially makes her a human in the scheme of things (Flesh and Bone).
An overseer Six is present at the Cylon's established base at Delphi, and is briefly seen by Karl Agathon when he attempts to gain access to the base in order to steal a ship and get off the planet (Colonial Day).
Six surprises Kara Thrace in the Delphi Museum when she returns to Caprica to retrieve the Arrow of Apollo. They engage in an all-out brawl, reminiscent of the earlier beating of Sharon. Just as Six appears to be winning, Thrace rushes her, knocking both of them off of a ledge. The Six falls underneath Thrace, breaking her fall, and is impaled on building debris, killing her (Kobol's Last Gleaming, Part II).
An overseer Six is present at the "farm" where Thrace is taken after she is found by the Cylons after being left behind by the resistance during an ambush. While the Cylon doctor Simon operates on her, Six is there to relay orders and see that everything was proceeding smoothly. She notes that Simon seems to regret Thrace's impending move to processing, and he replies that this is none of her concern. This copy is later bashed over the head with a fire extinguisher by Thrace as she makes her escape (The Farm). (Note: a deleted scene from this episode shows a second Six in the same black outfit at the farm, taking instructions from the other copy. Thus, it's hard to be certain that the Six speaking to Simon was the same one brained by Thrace.)
One of these copies views D'Anna Biers' broadcast in a theater on Cylon-occupied Caprica (Final Cut). She remarks that the resilience displayed by the Colonials is impressive, and seems overjoyed that Sharon and the hybrid baby survived.
A Number Six in a gold tunic is one of four 'rebirth nurses' who greets the reincarnated Caprica-Six (this takes place shortly after the Cylon attack has run its course), and it is likely this same group who nurse Boomer as she returns to life several months later. The Six in the group welcomes Boomer home and refers to her as "little sister".
Several other copies of Six are seen on Caprica in a variety of different outfits.
"Tough Six"
This Six is not given a name onscreen, but is referred to in the script as "Tough Six"[4]. She typically wears a revealing chains-and-leather outfit and has brown hair with blonde streaks. This Six lives in the fleet and works as a prostitute. She is part of a Cylon meeting held by Brother Cavil, also including Leoben Conoy, Aaron Doral, and Shelly Godfrey. She later has a sexual relationship with Cavil, and gives him a sarcastic rundown of their fellows' failures. When Shelly Godfrey is exposed, she takes her place long enough for Shelly to escape (and be airlocked by Cavil) before escaping herself by presumably simply removing her disguise once far enough from the marines as she has a different hair color and style. Her fate is unknown as she is not killed on-screen, but she may have rejoined the Cylons after the settlement of New Caprica and likely became one of the rebels (The Plan).
New Caprica Copies
Two Six copies aboard Colonial One.
Various copies of Number Six form part of the Cylon occupation force that arrives on New Caprica one year after the Colonials settle in there. Throughout their four months stay there, they fall victim to various different attacks from the resistance movement.
When the resistance begins using suicide bombers, the Cylons decide to employ stronger measures against the human population. A vote is taken by six of the seven Cylon models on Colonial One, and while Caprica-Six disagrees with this, two other copies overrule her. This implies that Caprica-Six no longer has the same amount of power she used to have, not even with those of her own model (Precipice).
Another Six is drowned by Jean Barolay after taping her mouth and throwing her into a septic tank at New Caprica's water treatment plant, where she works during the occupation. Despite attempts at therapy after her resurrection, this Six bears lasting emotional trauma as a result. Roughly a year later, she is on the rebel baseship and meets up with her murderer. A brief altercation at the Raptor occurs, where she kills Barolay who shows no remorse for her actions, instead glibly offering to kill the Six again. Natalie kills this copy immediately after Barolay's murder, thus appeasing the Colonials they have allied themselves with. Just before her execution, the Six—knowing that her actions cannot be without consequences—admits that she is glad that Natalie, whom she views as a sister, will be the one to kill her permanently, as with no Resurrection Ship she is unable to download into a new body (Faith).
Rebel Copies
The Sixes vote along with the Number Twos and the majority of Number Eights to stop the lobotomization of the Raiders (Six of One). Several Sixes are members of the Cylon rebels. This includes Natalie and the Six who kills Jean Barolay. The latter one is distraught about her actions, and is subsequently killed by Natalie with Anders's sidearm (Faith).
Moreover, a number of them are Heavy Raider pilots alongside a number of Eights and these Sixes fly in battle alongside the Colonial Viper pilots in the battle to destroy the Resurrection Hub. They tow the Vipers into battle, allowing them to launch a surprise attack and fight alongside them against the enemy Raiders (The Hub).
Since Gaeta's Mutiny at least, some of the Cylons have joined in CAP and are even briefed by Starbuck in the briefing room. They are shown flying missions with Colonial pilots as an allied patrol, and flying solo missions in search of a habitable homeworld simultaniously with, and identical to, Colonial Raptor pilots. An example of the former is a Six copy who participated in the interception of Boomer's raptor, and identified Boomer's voice as that of an Eight. Some are also seen applying the organic resin to Galactica and walking freely about her passageways, and even participating in the human ritual of posting photographs of lost colleagues in the Memorial hallway.
Though serving in the integrated, allied CAPs under the command of Captain Kara "Starbuck" Thrace (CAG) and the Colonial military chain of command, the Sixes (like the pilot Eights other than Lt. Sharon Agathon) continue to wear black Cylon flight suits without insignia and do not appear to have been commissioned as Colonial officers. Neither do their pilot collegues appear to have bestowed individual call-signs upon them as yet. Nevertheless, the Sixes, Eights and Colonial pilots are intermixed in the briefing, and Starbuck distributes the flight assignments through a Six. They are addressed by their model number, making "Six" their de facto surname (Someone to Watch Over Me).
Yet more variations of Number Six's personality manifest themselves among the Cylons assigned to try and repair Galactica. A dark-blonde Six with a working-class/"knuckle-dragger" demeanor (or, at least, a learned demeanor) gets into a heated argument with one of Galactica's maintenance crew and has to be physically restrained by a Number Eight; soon after, however, this Six sacrifices her life to save the human from a breach (Islanded in a Stream of Stars).
All remaining copies of the Sixes, including Caprica (and presumably Sonja and Lida as well), have joined the human race with the rest of the survivors of their model after the Battle of the Colony.
Infected Basestar Copies
During a mission to investigate a basestar infected with a deadly disease, Gaius Baltar sees a number of Cylons, including Sixes, dead or dying from an infectious agent. One of these is a Number Six with black hair, who explains that the basestar brought onboard a mysterious beacon and the Cylons became sick afterwards. Baltar strangles her to death in a panic after she blames him for what's happening. This Six and the other ones who had died on the basestar's deaths are permanent as when the other Cylons came to investigate, they purposefully left the Resurrection Ship behind so the dying Cylons wouldn't download the virus into the rest of the Cylon population (Torn). Later, another surviving Six is found in the infected baseship by Galactica, and becomes a part of their plan to infect the Cylon race with the virus spawned from the ancient beacon. However, she and the other Cylons are killed by Karl Agathon before they are within download range of a Resurrection Ship, thereby killing this Six permanently (A Measure of Salvation).
• The name "Number Six" is, according to Battlestar Galactica: The Official Companion, an indirect tribute to Patrick McGoohan's cult 1967 television series The Prisoner — a series that addressed topics such as personal freedom and identity, mind control, illusionary experiences and the infiltration of society's supposed guardians (secret agents) by a nefarious force (those behind The Village). Ron Moore himself later confirmed in his blog that the name is an homage to The Prisoner. After many false starts, The Prisoner, like Battlestar Galactica, became the subject of a radical reimaging in 2008 when the American AMC and UK Granada networks announced plans to film a new version of the series, with James Caviezel in the role of No. 6 in a miniseries that aired in November 2009.
• Also according to Battlestar Galactica: The Official Companion, Edward James Olmos and Mary McDonnell were hand-picked for their roles, while the rest of the characters were cast by audition: among the actresses in the running for the role of "Number Six" was The O.C.'s Melinda Clarke, though the role ultimately went to Tricia Helfer.
• One of the main characters in the Philip K. Dick novel Flow My Tears the Policeman Said is the result of an eugenics experiment. All of the products of this experiment refer to themselves as "sixes" and look down on "normals." Their characteristic traits include great physical attractiveness, sexual promiscuity, superhuman strength, magnetic charisma and a propensity to control others which led to a coup attempt.
• The Sixes seem to take on a leadership role with the Rebel Cylons. Caprica-Six had led the movement promoting mercy toward the humans, which was one of the seeds leading to the Cylon Civil War. The first leader of the Rebels was Natalie Six before Sharon Agathon killed her. Later, another Six, Sonja, is elected as the Rebel's representative on the new Quorum. An unspecified pilot Six (referred to only by her de facto surname, Six) appears to hold a position of some authority and/or seniority under Starbuck; the other pilots (both human and Cylon) receive their color assignments and recognition codes from her in "Someone to Watch Over Me".
• Caprica producers Kevin Murphy and Jane Espenson have stated that one of various ideas for the future of the series discussed, but not finalized, by the writing staff was that Zoe Graystone became the archetype for the Number Six model.[5][6]
1. Episode writer Michael Angeli quoted in "The Watcher: Talking about 'Battlestar Galactica's' 'Blood on the Scales' with writer Michael Angeli", Maureen Ryan, Chicago Tribune, Feb. 6, 2009.
2. Tricia Helfer also identified this version of Six as Lida in her February 13, 2009 appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live.
3. Note that this is a behind-the-scenes photo, as indicated by the crane in the far background of this shot.
4. IGN article
5. The Caprica Times Exclusive Interview: Kevin Murphy
6. Tweet by Jane Espenson
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From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
< Indonesian | Lessons(Redirected from Indonesian/Lessons/How are you?)
Jump to: navigation, search
00%.svg Lessons
00%.svg Level One
00%.svg 1.01 This and that
00%.svg 1.02 Introduction
00%.svg 1.03 Rainbow
00%.svg 1.04 Family
00%.svg 1.05 School
00%.svg 1.06 The House
00%.svg 1.07 Weather
00%.svg 1.08 Travel
00%.svg 1.09 Art
00%.svg 1.10 Science
00%.svg TestPlanning
Talk : pagelessons
v d e ) Indonesian Language Course (discussion)
Learning the Indonesian Language • Downloadable and Print Versions
^ Indonesian ^ | << Lesson 6: Particles | Lesson 7: Introducing Yourself | Lesson 8: My Family >>
Dialog Pertama (1st Dialog)[edit]
Dialog (Dialogue)[edit]
MS.MERCY: Hai! Nama saya MS. MERCY. Siapa namamu?
AXEL: Hai MS. MERCY! Nama saya AXEL. Salam kenal.
MS. MERCY: Salam kenal juga.
AXEL: Apa kabar MS. MERCY?
MS. MERCY: Baik-baik, Anda?
AXEL: Baik-baik juga.
MS. MERCY: Anda tinggal di mana?
MS. MERCY: Saya juga!
AXEL: Permisi, saya harus pulang ke rumah.
MS. MERCY: Baik, baik, hati-hati AXEL!
AXEL: Haha terima kasih MS. MERCY.
MS. MERCY: Selamat tinggal!
AXEL: Selamat tinggal!
Terjemahannya (translation):
KERRY: Hi! My name is KERRY. What's your name?
AUDRIE: Hi, KERRY! My name is AUDRIE. Nice to meet you.
KERRY: Nice to meet you too.
AUDRIE: How are you KERRY?
KERRY: Good, and you?
AUDRIE: Also Good.
KERRY: Where do you live?
AUDRIE: In London, you?
KERRY: Me too!
AUDRIE: Sorry, I've got to go home.
KERRY: "Okay", be careful AUDRIE!
AUDRIE: Haha thank you KERRY.
KERRY: Goodbye!
AUDRIE: Goodbye!
Catatan (Note)[edit]
This dialogue illustrates typical informal introductions. Note here that the dialog use "nama saya" to mean to "my name" and "namamu" to mean to "your name". You can use the phrase "namaku" as well to mean "my name".
To refresh our memory, note that the informal possessive pronouns are -ku, -mu, and -nya, for first, second, and third singular person. For more review, you can click here. The noun "nama" is the root of "namaku" and "namamu"; and the suffixes -ku and -mu adding the possessive information.
Certainly, you can substitute "namamu" with "nama anda" for more formal situations.
The phrase "salam kenal" roughly means "nice to meet you". Note that unlike English, normally Indonesians don't say anything after the introduction and then carry on with the conversation. So, this phrase is not often used in introductions. It's up to you.
The word "juga" means too.
The word "pergi" and "pulang" both can be translated as "to go" in English. Only "pulang" is strongly associated with home. "pulang" means "to go home". "pergi" has always been used to point out where would you go to, anywhere else but your own house.
Dialog Kedua (2nd Dialogue)[edit]
Dialog (Dialogue)[edit]
KERRY: Selamat pagi, Pak! Perkenalkan, nama saya KERRY.
Pak WAKI: Oh! Selamat pagi, KERRY! Nama saya WAKI. Apa kabar?
KERRY: Baik-baik. Terima kasih.
Terjemahannya (translation):
KERRY: Good morning, Sir! Let me introduce myself, my name is KERRY.
Mr. WAKI: Oh! Good morning, KERRY! My name is WAKI. How are you?
KERRY: Good. Thank you.
Catatan (Note)[edit]
This is a formal introduction, in casual situation.
The word "kenal" means "to know someone". In this dialog, we use the inflected form "perkenalkan", which in this dialog context means "let me introduce myself". It is actually the command form of "memperkenalkan", which means "to introduce". Don't worry about how the words are composed. This time, you can just consider it as a single word.
The phrase "apa kabar" means "how are you". As we've already read from lesson 1, it literally means "what news".
The phrase "terima kasih" means "thank you". Actually, it literally means "receive love".
Dialog Ketiga (3rd Dialogue)[edit]
Dialog (Dialogue)[edit]
KERRY: AUDRIE, perkenalkan, ini Pak WAKI.
AUDRIE: Pak WAKI, nama saya AUDRIE.
Pak WAKI: Halo, AUDRIE! Salam kenal.
Terjemahannya (translation):
KERRY: AUDRIE, let me introduce you, this is Mr. WAKI.
AUDRIE: Mr. WAKI, my name is AUDRIE.
Mr. WAKI: Hello, AUDRIE! Nice to meet you.
Catatan (Note)[edit]
This dialogue is to introduce someone to someone else. You should introduce the older person to the younger one as a rule of courtesy, as demonstrated in the dialogue. The dialogue assumes that Mr. Waki is older than Audrie. The younger person must then respond by addressing the older one also for courtesy. You can follow it by stating your name again, like the example above. Or, you can just say "Hai, Pak Waki!" instead.
If both people are roughly of the same age, you can choose either one.
Note the usage of the word "perkenalkan". It is appropriate for both introducing yourself and introducing someone else.
Level One Lessons 50%.svg
1.01 This and That 100 percents.svg1.02 Introduction 100 percents.svg1.03 Rainbow 00%.svg1.04 Family 100 percents.svg1.05 School 00%.svg1.06 The House 00%.svg1.07 Weather 00%.svg1.08 Travel 50%.svg1.09 Art 00%.svg1.10 Science 00%.svgTest 00%.svg
(edit template)
Indonesian : Print VersionsLessonsGrammarAppendicesTextsAboutQ&APlanning
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Structural Biochemistry/Type IV Pili
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< Structural Biochemistry
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Type IV pili is a type of pili that uses twitching motility as a means of bacterial movement rather than the more common swimming motility. These pili are generally located at the poles of a bacterial cell. The usage of type IV pili as a means of transportation is predominantly seen in bacterial colonies in which twitching motility is present. Isolated cells that are not located to any inert surfaces have not been observed to use type IV pili. Movement reversals often times are related to alternating usage of type IV pili at opposite poles of the bacteria cell. This is better known as twitching motility.
Twitching Motility[edit]
Movement resulting from type IV pili is often observed to be sporadic and erratic rather than the smoother swimming motility. The principle force behind twitching motility results from pili retraction. Pili retraction on a cell are independent from each other. Movement via type IV pili is described as being similar to a “grappling hook” because type IV pili are too flexible to be used to push and propel a cell forward. Twitching motility is predominantly observed in a colonial setting. Colonies of cells use type IV pili and the proximity of neighboring cells as a means to move as a whole.
Type IV pili bind to inert surfaces through ambiguous and unclear adhesion at the tip of the structure. The adhesion resulting from the contact of type IV pili and a surface are not significant, weak, and only occur at the tips of the pili. On the other hand, type IV pili bind to mammalian cells and other cell types through specific receptors. These receptors bind with the tip of the pili. However, there are many structural variations of type IV pili, which results in different binding specificities. Essentially, binding varies based on the structural variation of the pili itself as well as the receptors of that which it is attempting to bind to. Pili retraction can be attributed to a protein that is specific to type IV pili known as PilT. It is believed that when pili retract, the pili are partially disassembled into smaller subunits. This action, the disassembly of the pili, is controlled by PilT. Likewise, PilT is responsible for pilin degredation. Type IV pili can bind to either surfaces or other cells. Specifically, type IV pili form a sort of “grappling hook” for the bacteria cell, in which the cell can pull itself around using the curved pili. As such, a proximity to other objects is an important aspect of using type IV pili. Studies of P. aeruginosa have indicated that the retraction of type IV pili seems to be partially reflexive. Specifically, exposure to an attachable surface has resulted in the retraction of the type IV pili, even if the pili was not directly attached to the cell.
Type IV pili are 5-7 nanometers in width and multiple micrometers in length. Type IV pili are predominantly composed of a small subunit known as pilin. Pilin is a protein that is 145-160 amino acids in length, depending on the species. The majority of the pilin is hydrophilic and experience structural variation. Structural variation of type IV pili is thought to occur as a result of changes in the environment, changes in the behavior and the needs of the host cell, changes in selection pressure from bacteriophages, and evolutionary drift. Through analysis of three-dimensional models of the crystal structure of different bacteria, pilin is shown to be extremely assymetrical. Pilin contain an alpha helical spine, which contain a sugar portion, an anti-parallel beta sheet, and a c-terminal beta sheet. This structure is stabilized through the existence of disulfide bridges and the attractive close-range forces of nearby residues. Another key characteristic of type IV pili is the fact that the pilin of one bacteria is often times interchangeable with the pilin of another bacteria. Though variation occurs in type IV pili, all type IV pili have extremely similar quarternary structures and fairly similar tertiary structures.
Mattick JS. Type IV pili and twitching motility. Annual Review of Microbiology. 2002;56:289-314. Epub 2002 Jan 30. PMID 12142488. Accessed 2012 Dec 6.
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Next-Generation Bomber
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the next-generation USAF bomber. For next generation Russian bomber, see PAK DA.
Next-Generation Bomber
Boeing/Lockheed Martin "2018 Bomber" concept image
Role Stealth bomber
National origin United States
Status In development
Primary user United States Air Force
Unit cost
no more than $550 million[1]
Developed into Long Range Strike Bomber
The Next-Generation Bomber (NGB; formerly called the 2018 Bomber) was originally a program to develop a new medium bomber for the United States Air Force. The NGB was originally projected to enter service around 2018 as a stealthy, subsonic, medium-range, medium payload bomber to supplement and possibly—to a limited degree—replace the U.S. Air Force's aging bomber fleet (B-52 Stratofortress and B-1 Lancer). The NGB program was superseded by the Long-Range Strike-B (LRS-B) heavy bomber program.
On 24 June 2010, Lieutenant General Philip M. Breedlove said that the term "next-generation bomber" was dead and that the Air Force was working on a long-range strike "family" that would draw on the capabilities of systems like the F-35 and F-22 to help a more affordable and versatile bomber complete its missions.[2] On 13 September 2010, U.S. Air Force Secretary Michael Donley said that long range strike would continue cautiously with proven technologies and that the plan to be submitted with the 2012 budget could call for either a missile or an aircraft.[3][4] The bomber will be nuclear-capable, but not certified for nuclear use until later. On 24 February 2012, Air Force Secretary Michael Donley announced that a competition was under way with a target delivery in the mid-2020s.[5]
2018 Bomber[edit]
The 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), directed the Air Force to develop a new long-range precision strike capability by 2018. Since then, the Air Force and Strategic Command have decided that the best initial option is to pursue a manned bomber to be designated B-3.[13][14]
USAF officials expect the new bomber to have top-end low-observability characteristics with the ability to loiter for hours over the battlefield area and respond to threats as they appear. Major General David E Clary, ACC vice-commander, summed it up by saying the new bomber will be expected to "penetrate and persist". Deployment of cruise missiles is another issue for the new bomber. The B-52 is the only aircraft currently in the Air Force inventory allowed under treaty to be armed with nuclear cruise missiles. Major consideration was paid to operation readiness and flexibility. In 2006, the program expected that a prototype could be flying as early as 2009.[15] In September 2007, Air Force generals stated that even though the development schedule for the bomber is short, it could be fielded by 2018.[16]
Long-range strike[edit]
On 11 December 2009, Gates said that the QDR had shown the need for both manned and unmanned long range strike and that the 2011 budget would most likely include funding for the future bomber.[32] The Air Force plans for the new bomber to be multi-role with intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities.[33] As a bomber the LRS-B will be under Air Force Global Strike Command, while ISR assets are managed by the 25th Air Force of Air Combat Command.[34]
Further developments[edit]
During the debate on the New START treaty in December 2010, several senators stated the project as a reason to oppose or delay its ratification.[40][41][42]
On 6 January 2011, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates made a speech on the U.S. defense budget for FY 2012, which announced major investment in developing a long-range, nuclear-capable bomber, also to be optionally remotely piloted. He also said the aircraft "will be designed and developed using proven technologies, an approach that should make it possible to deliver this capability on schedule and in quantity. It is important that we begin this project now to ensure that a new bomber can be ready before the current aging fleet goes out of service. The follow on bomber represents a key component of a joint portfolio of conventional deep-strike capabilities — an area that should be a high priority for future defense investment given the anti-access challenges our military faces."[43] In July 2011, Joint Chief Vice Chairman James Cartwright called for a large UAV instead of a manned aircraft, including for the nuclear mission.[44] Retired Air Force colonel and Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments analyst Mark Gunzinger has called for an optionally manned bomber, stating that purely unmanned bombers would be at a disadvantage without direct human pilot awareness and vulnerable to communication disruption.[45]
In March 2011, the Air Force intended to purchase from 80 to 100 of the aircraft.[46][47] The Global Strike Command has indicated that one requirement upon the bomber is to carry a weapon of similar effect to the existing Massive Ordnance Penetrator.[48][49] In addition to the strategic bombing, tactical bombing, and prompt global strike roles typical for a long-range bomber, the aircraft is to be part of a family of systems to be responsible for ground surveillance and electronic attack.[50] The Obama Administration in its 2012 budget request asked for $197 million and a total of $3.7 billion over five years to develop the bomber, which is to include modular payload options for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), electronic attack (EA), and communications.[51][52] The bomber is to be nuclear capable, but shall not be certified for the role until older bombers are set to retire.[53][54][55]
In 2011, the House Armed Services Committee added language that would require two engine programs for the bomber; Ashton Carter objected that the addition would interfere with plans to reuse an existing engine.[56] Reportedly, the two most likely engines are the Pratt & Whitney PW9000 engine, which uses a combination of Pratt & Whitney F135 and commercial turbofan technology, and a derivative of the General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136.[57][58] In May 2011, Air Force Undersecretary Erin Conaton announced that a program office was being set up for the bomber.[59]
The USAF asked for $292 million for the program in its 2013 budget request.[60] The program has also been referred to as "Long-Range Strike-B" (LRS-B).[61] In 2012, former Pentagon weapons tester Thomas P. Christie speculated that the bomber program had been initiated so that the Air Force would have a sacrificial program to offer during anticipated defense budget shortfalls.[62] The USAF seems committed to the program, given a lack of other non-nuclear options to deal with "deeply buried and/or hardened targets,"[63][64] and committed two percent of their investment budget to the project, compared to three percent to sustain existing bombers.[65]
As of August 2013, the Air Force believes that the LRS-B can reach Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 2025. Reportedly, the main risk to the program is funding, particularly in light of the F-35 Lightning II's acquisition difficulties and the lack of an "urgent threat". Prior bomber programs have been hindered due to lack of funding, as only 21 B-2 Spirits were produced out of 132 planned and fewer B-1 Lancers were built than were envisioned; both programs were scaled down due to spiraling per aircraft costs. Research funding has been allocated, as stealthy technologies to counter anti-access/area-denial threats were spared from budget cuts. The Air Force has said the LRS-B is a top priority as it is believed that China will overcome the B-2's low-observable features by the 2020s. Where possible, the use of existing technologies and proven subsystems will be undertaken in order to keep the program within budget, instead of developing new and riskier ones. Components such as engines and radars may be off-the-shelf or adaptions of existing models; derivative technologies of the F-35 may also be adopted. The LRS-B is intended to perform any long range mission, rather than have any one specialized mission, which drove up the cost of the B-2. The Air Force expects the plane to cost $1 billion each with development costs factored in, and aims for a per-aircraft cost of $550 million, which is considered reasonable for a limited production run military aircraft.[66]
On 25 October 2013, Boeing and Lockheed Martin announced they would be teaming up for the Long Range Strike Bomber program. Boeing will be the prime contractor. The two companies previous joined together for the program in 2008, but the partnership ended in 2010 when requirements shifted. Boeing believes that because the program had evolved since then, they can readdress their partnership to specifically address Air Force requirements. The team has Boeing's bomber experience and Lockheed's stealth experience. Northrop Grumman has the most recent experience with the stealthy B-2. At the time of the announcement, the only official details about the LRS-B were that it will likely be optionally manned and use stealth technology.[67] Although Northrop Grumman has not officially announced that it will compete for the LRS-B contract, on 30 January 2014 they revealed they intend to spend money on developing new technology that the bomber would need which could include stealth designs, mission management systems, and autonomous controls.[68]
In January 2014, former Air Force Chief of Staff Norton Schwartz said that the Pentagon should abandon plans to outfit the F-35 with nuclear weapons and give the role to the LRS-B. A 2010 Nuclear Posture Review stated that replacement of the F-16 with the F-35 would retain dual conventional and nuclear delivery capabilities for Air Force fighters. The Congressional Budget Office has determined that upgrading the F-35 for nuclear deployment capabilities would cost $350 million over the next decade. Schwartz said that without financial support from NATO, where some nuclear-capable Lightnings would be deployed, those funds should be transferred to the LRS-B effort. This occurred at the same time that Congress cut funding for the B61 nuclear bomb, stripping $10 million from F-35 integration and $34.8 million for service life extension. Schwartz believes that life extension for the B61 must continue but that the weapon should be deployed from the LRS-B instead of the F-35.[69]
On 20 February 2014, the US Air Force reasserted the need of the bomber at the annual Air Force Association Air Warfare Symposium in Orlando, Fla. It was stated the bomber will be fielded in the mid-2020s, and the service will procure between 80 and 100 of the bombers. Lt. Gen. Burton Field clarified the 80 to 100 range is due to uncertainty over the price rather than a figure representing the minimum number of bombers needed to mitigate risk.[70][71] Some Air Force leaders expect the unit cost limit of $550 million per aircraft will be exceeded with additional equipment added to the airframe. The cost goal is to set design constraints to prevent extra requirements for capability growth desires and untested technologies that would increase the price more from being incorporated in the development process. Though the final cost may be greater than planned, having a fixed price objective is expected to keep average procurement costs for production aircraft affordable.[72] Rather than the price ceiling being too low to meet requirements, the Air Force sees it as them and the potential contractor being disciplined about the bomber's missions and roles. Research and development expenses are likely to be "significant," but not expected to be double the cost of production aircraft.[73]
The Air Force intended to release a full request for proposals (RFP), a final RFP, and begin the competition for the Long-Range Strike Bomber in fall 2014. Two teams are working on pre-proposals in preparation for the competition, believed to be Northrop Grumman and a team between Boeing and Lockheed Martin.[74] In June 2014, the Air Force revealed that the LRS-B RFP would be released "soon," with proposals to be submitted by fall 2014 and evaluations completed in early 2015, with a contract award after that. Some public information about the program includes that it will be operational in the mid-2020s, based on existing technologies, have a large payload, may possibly be optionally-manned, and the bomber is being designed to work with a “family of systems” that includes ISR, electronic attack, and communication systems. Early aircraft will be designed around fixed requirements with mature technologies that will be adaptable through open architecture for future sensor and weapons capabilities.[75] Although the LRS-B RFP was to be released by the end of June, the Air Force hesitated to make its release in a public announcement. Not releasing information in the current acquisition stage is seen as keeping the process fair and less likely to give sensitive information to "potential adversaries." Public announcements of future acquisition milestones will also be "released as appropriate." A single contractor will be downselected in late spring 2015.[76]
Competitive phase[edit]
The USAF released its request for proposals to industry for the LRS-B on 9 July 2014. By entering the competitive phase of acquisition, the service is limited with what it is able to release, and few details are expected to be made public until the contract is awarded in the second quarter of 2015; what is known is that the platform must be adaptable with a large payload and based upon mature technology. The LRS-B is to replace the B-52 fleet, possibly replace a portion of the B-1 fleet, and be complemented by the B-2 fleet. Northrop Grumman could base their efforts in Florida if they won the contract, which would provide tax credits, while California passed a bill offering tax credits to the manufacturer if they build it in their state, which would mainly benefit the Lockheed-Boeing team.[77][78] On 14 August 2014, the California legislature passed a measure to apply tax benefits equally to prime and subcontractors. The previous measure only applied to a subcontractor, meaning Lockheed as part the Lockheed-Boeing team, allowing them to use their facility in Palmdale, California and leave Northrop Grumman at a near half-billion-dollar disadvantage in the bidding. The new measure levels the tax benefit field by also applying them to prime contractors, as Northrop Grumman has no subcontractor and also has operations in Palmdale.[79]
As of January 2015, the only unclassified information on the proposed LRS-B is that production is targeted at 80-100 planes, it will replace the B-52 and B-1 bomber fleets, it will be stealthy, mature technologies will be used rather than launching new developments, although it will have an open architecture for future features, and IOC is planned for the mid-2020s with certification to carry nuclear weapons approved two years later; optional manning is still being discussed. With a target price of $550 million per aircraft, a source with knowledge of the program predicted the LRS-B may be smaller than the B-2, perhaps half the size, powered by two engines in the F135 power class. This has led to concerns that the price figure may hurt the bomber's capabilities by producing the lowest cost plane without enough judgment given to performance. One of the main effects of the program will be its impact on the industrial base, as three of the country's five largest defense firms are competing. After the LRS-B, the Air Force will not have another large attack aircraft program until the 2030s for a new fighter, with a follow-on bomber after that. With that stretch of time in between, the loser may be put out of the military attack airframe industry entirely; Northrop Grumman would likely not retain the infrastructure required for the next program 15 years later, and Boeing's main aircraft field is now based on its commercial products. Industrial impact may cause any contract to be contested by Congress from representatives that receive campaign donations from a company whose award would create jobs for constituents. In addition to competing with other Air Force priorities, budgets may put the LRS-B at odds with other services' priorities like the Ohio Replacement Submarine.[80]
The design goals in January 2011 were:[81]
An August 2008 paper by Northrop Grumman highlighted the following trends and requirements:[85]
• The current USAF bomber force is small and largely outdated.
See also[edit]
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists
2. ^ "Leader says future bomber won't go solo". Air Force Times. Jul 2010.
3. ^ "Air Force secretary: 'Make hard choices now'". Govexec. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
4. ^ "State of the Air Force" (speech). US: U.S. Air Force. 2010. Archived from the original on Jul 19, 2012.
6. ^ "Affecting the Strategic Battlespace with Effects-Based Public Affairs", Air chronicles (Air force), Spring 2006 .
7. ^ "Bombs Away: How the Air Force Sold Its Risky New $55 Billion Plane", Wired, Mar 2012 .
8. ^ Grant 2007, pp. 17–20.
9. ^ Grant 2007, pp. 6–7.
13. ^ "Why the US Wants a New Bomber", The Diplomat, 6 May 2012.
15. ^ Hebert, Adam J (October 2006). "The 2018 Bomber and Its Friends". Air Force magazine. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
17. ^ Boeing, Lockheed to work on new bomber, UPI, Jan 25, 2008 .
18. ^ Boeing and Lockheed Martin Team for Next Generation Bomber Program (press release), Boeing, 2008 .
19. ^ "Boeing, Lockheed team up on bomber project", The Star .
20. ^ "Ultra Stealth", Aviation Week, 26 May 2008 .
21. ^ "Boeing, Lockheed Put Bomber Partnership on Ice". Defense news. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
22. ^ "Boeing, Lockheed to team up against Northrop for bomber contract", Seattle Times (NW source) .
23. ^ "Gates says next-generation bomber might fly without pilot", Congress Daily (Government Executive), 14 May 2009 .
24. ^ Gates sees more changes to US weapons in 2011, Reuters .
25. ^ "USAF Bomber Grounded by More than Budget", Aviation Week .
29. ^ Speech, Defense link
34. ^ "Air Combat Command to host new ISR Numbered Air Force". (Air Combat Command Public Affairs). 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
38. ^ "Us Fighter Modernization Plans: Near-Term Choices" (PDF). Retrieved 6 September 2011.
42. ^ "New Start votes expected Monday as GOP leaders decry process", The Cable, Foreign Policy, 2010-12-20, Thune is interested in this issue because South Dakota, his home state, stands to benefit greatly from production of Boeing's Next Generation Bomber, which is meant to replace the aging fleet of strategic bombers being limited under New START
44. ^ Tirpak, John A. "Confessions of a 'Bomber Hater'." Air Force Magazine, 15 July 2011.
45. ^
53. ^ "Conventional First". 13 September 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
55. ^
64. ^ "Air Force Wants A Bomber That Balances Cost With Capability."
65. ^ "Sec. Donley: Why The Air Force Can't Delay Modernization."
66. ^ "Budget Pressures Seen as Biggest Risk to Long Range Bomber Program"., September 2013.
67. ^ Boeing, Lockheed Team on Long Range Strike Bomber -, 25 October 2013
68. ^ Northrop to ‘position’ for future bomber work as LRS-B progresses -, 4 February 2014
69. ^ Mehta, Aaron (17 January 2014). "Schwartz: Move away from nuclear F-35". Gannett Government Media. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
70. ^ USAF Defends Need for New Long-Range Bomber Defense News, 20 February 2014
71. ^ "Next Generation Bomber Survives Budget Tightening". Defense tech. 22 April 2013.
72. ^ General: 'Of course' new Air Force bomber will be more than $550M per plane -, 5 March 2014
73. ^ Air Force Keeps Bomber Price Tag at $550 Million -, 12 March 2014
74. ^ MEHTA, AARON (26 February 2014). "James: USAF Expects Long-Range Bomber RFP in Fall". Gannett Government Media. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
75. ^ RFP for bomber coming soon, Air Force's top buyer says -, 13 June 2014
76. ^ Bomber RFP News to Stay Hidden -, 27 June 2014
77. ^ Air Force sends next-gen bomber requirements to industry, few details made public -, 10 July 2014
78. ^ USAF launches competition for new bomber -, 11 July 2014
79. ^ Northrop Bomber Team Relieved Over California Legislation -, 15 August 2014
80. ^ Shrouded in Mystery, New Bomber Makes Waves -, 19 January 2015
81. ^ a b c d e f g Majumdar, Dave. "U.S. Air Force May Buy 175 Bombers." Defense News, 23 January 2011.
External links[edit]
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54th Tactical Fighter Wing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 54th Fighter Wing)
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54th Tactical Fighter Wing
16th Tactical Fighter Squadron F-4E Phantom II 67-0231, Kusan AB, South Korea, 1970
Active 20 May 1943 – 31 May 1946 (USAAF)
1 June 1946 – 11 October 1950 (GA ANG)
5 June – 31 October 1970 (PACAF)
Country United States
Branch United States Air Force
Type Wing
Role Fighter
The 54th Tactical Fighter Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the Pacific Air Forces Fifth Air Force, being stationed at Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. It was inactivated on 31 October 1970.
During World War II, the 54th Troop Carrier Wing was a United States Army Air Forces Fifth Air Force transport wing that exercised command and control over five combat cargo and troop carrier groups in the South West Pacific theatre.
In the early postwar years, the 54th Fighter Wing commanded 56 units of the Air National Guard throughout the Southeastern United States.
World War II[edit]
The 54th Troop Carrier Wing commenced air transport and medical air evacuation operations in support of Fifth Air Force on 26 May 1943. advancing as battle lines permitted.
The wing employed C-47s almost exclusively, but during late 1943 and much of 1944 also used 13 converted B-17Es for armed transport missions in enemy-held territory. The 54th supported every major advance made by the allies in the Southwest Pacific Theater, operating from primitive airstrips carved from jungles and air-dropping cargo where airstrips unavailable.
The unit took part in the airborne invasion of Nadzab, New Guinea, in September 1943 by dropping paratroopers of the 503d Parachute Infantry Regiment as well as Australian engineers and heavy equipment. In July 1944, the wing dropped 1,418 paratroopers on Noemfoor Island to aid the allied invasion forces. Then assumed the task of handling all freight and personnel moving in troop carrier aircraft in the Southwest Pacific, in addition to scheduled and unscheduled air movement of cargo and troops, and air evacuation of wounded personnel.
Some C-46s began operating within the wing in late 1944, and during 1945 large numbers of C-46s were used in addition to C-47s. By late 1944 and during the early months of 1945, most wing missions were flown to the Philippines. In February 1945, the wing flew three more airborne operations, all in the Philippines, to help encircle Japanese concentrations. Wing C-47s dropped napalm on Carabao Island, in Manila Bay, in March 1945.
When hostilities ended, the wing moved the entire 11th Airborne Division (11,300 personnel) from the Philippines to Okinawa on short notice, and then began transporting occupation forces into Japan. During September 1945, the wing also evacuated over 17,000 former prisoners of war from Japan to the Philippines.
The wing served as part of the occupation forces in Japan from 25 September 1945 to about 26 January 1946, while con-tinuing routine air transport operations and a scheduled courier service. Beginning in December 1945 and continuing into mid-1946, most of the wing's components were reassigned to other units or inactivated, and on 15 January 1946 the wing became a component of the Far East (soon, Pacific) Air Service Command.
Moving to the Philippines, the wing gained new components and flew scheduled routes between Japan, the Philippines, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands. Replaced by the 403d Troop Carrier Group on 31 May 1946 and was inactivated.
Air National Guard[edit]
Allocated to the Georgia Air National Guard for command and control origination for units in the Southeastern region of the United States. Extended federal recognition and activated on 2 October 1946.
At the end of October 1950, the Air National Guard converted to the wing-base (Hobson Plan) organization. As a result, the wing was withdrawn from the Georgia ANG and was inactivated on 31 October 1950. The 116th Fighter Wing was established by the National Guard Bureau, allocated to the state of Georgia, recognized and activated 1 November 1950; assuming the personnel, equipment and mission of the inactivated 54th Fighter Wing.
United States Air Force[edit]
In June 1970, as the 54th Tactical Fighter Wing, was activated and replaced the 354th TFW at Kunsan AB, South Korea, assuming control of personnel and attached F-4C Phantom II squadrons. Was inactivated on 31 October 1970 when the deployed F-4 squadrons returned to the United States and the base was placed in a non-flying status. Base operations personnel were absorbed by the 6175th Air Base Group.
• Established as 54th Troop Carrier Wing on 26 February 1943
Activated on 13 March 1943
Inactivated on 31 May 1946
• Re-designated 54th Fighter Wing, and allotted to the Air National Guard on 1 June 1946
Organized in the Georgia Air National Guard on 8 July 1946
Extended federal recognition on 2 October 1946
Ordered to active service on 10 October 1950
Inactivated, and returned to the control of the Department of the Air Force, on 11 October 1950
• Re-designated 54th Tactical Fighter Wing on 5 June 1970
Activated on 15 June 1970
Inactivated on 31 October 1970
Attached to Detachment 1, Headquarters Fifth Air Force [5th ADVON], 15 July – 30 September 1970
World War II[edit]
Georgia Air National Guard[edit]
United States Air Force[edit]
See also[edit]
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9×18mm Makarov
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 9mm Makarov)
Jump to: navigation, search
"9×18mm" redirects here. For the German pistol cartridge developed in 1936, see 9×18mm Ultra.
9×18mm Makarov
9×18mm Makarov cartridge
(Full metal jacket bullet and steel case)
Type Pistol
Place of origin Soviet Union
Service history
Used by Russian Armed Forces,
Armed Forces of Ukraine,
Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces,
People's Army of Vietnam,
Military of Bulgaria,
People's Liberation Army,
Military of the Czech Republic,
Military of Slovakia, others
Production history
Designer B.V. Semin
Designed 1946
Produced 1951–present
Case type Rimless, tapered
Bullet diameter 9.27 mm (0.365 in)
Neck diameter 9.91 mm (0.390 in)
Base diameter 9.95 mm (0.392 in)
Rim diameter 9.95 mm (0.392 in)
Rim thickness 1.25 mm (0.049 in)
Case length 18.10 mm (0.713 in)
Overall length 25.00 mm (0.984 in)
Case capacity 0.83 cm3 (12.8 gr H2O)
Rifling twist 240.00 (1 in 9.45 in)
Primer type Berdan or Boxer small pistol
Maximum pressure 160.00 MPa (23,206 psi)
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
95 gr (6 g) FMJ 319 m/s (1,050 ft/s) 313 J (231 ft·lbf)
95 gr (6 g) FTX 305 m/s (1,000 ft/s) 286 J (211 ft·lbf)
Test barrel length: 97 mm
Source(s): C.I.P.[1]
The 9×18mm Makarov (designated 9mm Makarov by the C.I.P. and often called 9×18mm PM) is a Russian pistol and submachine gun cartridge. During the latter half of the 20th Century it was a standard military pistol cartridge of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, analogous to the 9×19mm Parabellum in NATO and Western military use.
During the Second World War and the early Cold War, the 7.62×25mm Tokarev was the standard automatic pistol round for the Soviet Union and its satellites in Eastern Europe. This ammunition is still in use by many of these countries today. During the war the Red Army had found a few shortcomings of its 7.62mm TT-33 pistol, one of which was a tendency to inadvertently drop its magazine while in operation. The army wanted something that was lighter, with a heel release instead of a button and different ammunition. A direct blowback design was chosen for the pistol's operation, since it would be quick and cheap to manufacture, as well as accurate, due to the fixed-barrel design allowed by direct blowback operation.
The 9×18mm Makarov round was designed by B.V. Semin in 1946, and was intended to be a relatively powerful round with modest bolt thrust that could function safely in a simple or direct blowback pistol. It was based on the 9×18mm Ultra cartridge which was developed in 1936 by Gustav Genschow & Co. for the German Luftwaffe, as a more powerful alternative to the 9×17mm used in the Walther PP, also a simple blowback design pistol. Nikolay Fyodorovich Makarov went on to design the Makarov PM pistol around the 9×18mm Makarov round in 1948.
The Soviet military required that their ammunition should be incompatible with NATO firearms, so that in the event of armed conflict a foreign power would be unable to use captured Soviet ammunition supplies. 9×18mm Makarov ammunition uses a larger diameter bullet than other common 9mm rounds, measuring 9.27mm (0.365 in), compared with 9.017mm (0.355 inches) for 9mm Parabellum. After its introduction in 1951, the 9×18mm Makarov round spread throughout the militaries of Eastern Bloc nations.
The 9×18mm Makarov has 0.83 ml (12.8 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.
9×18mm Makarov.png
9×18mm Makarov maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).
The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240mm (1 in 9.45in), 4 grooves, ø lands = 9.00 mm, ø grooves = 9.27mm, land width = 4.50mm and the primer type is small pistol.[2]
According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente Pour L'Epreuve Des Armes A Feu Portatives) rulings the 9×18mm Makarov case can handle up to 160.00 MPa (23,206 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.[2]
The 9×18mm Makarov is ballistically inferior to the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge. While there are no official SAAMI pressure specs for the 9×18mm Makarov cartridge, tests indicate that surplus ammunition develop pressures in the mid 20,000 psi, significantly less than the 35,000 psi or more generated by 9mm Parabellum loads.[3] As such it is designed to be used in low powered blowback semiautomatics, much like the .380 ACP cartridge, rather than locked breech designs encountered, but not always required, for higher pressure cartridges like the 9×19mm Parabellum.
Basic specifications of 21st century Russian service loads[edit]
The 9×18mm Makarov rounds in use with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are designed for pistols and submachine guns. In 2003, there are several variants of 9×18mm Makarov produced for various purposes. All use clad metal as case material.[4]
The 57-N-181S cartridge is loaded with a steel-core bullet and is designed to kill personnel at a range of up to 50 m (55 yd). The bullet has a clad metal envelope totally covering the core. The bullet’s nose is spherical with no distinguishing color of the tip. It can penetrate a 1.3 mm thick St3 steel plate or 5 mm ordinary steel plate at 20 m (22 yd).
The RG028 cartridge is loaded with an enhanced penetration bullet and is designed to kill personnel wearing body armour. The bullet has a core of hardened steel.
The SP-7 cartridge is loaded with an enhanced stopping effect bullet and is designed to defeat live targets. The bullet has a black tip.
The SP-8 cartridge is loaded with a low-penetration bullet and is designed to engage personnel.
Cartridge designation[5] 57-N-181S RG028 SP-7 SP-8
Cartridge weight 10 g (154 gr) 11 g (170 gr) 8 g (123 gr) 8.5 g (131 gr)
Bullet weight 6 g (92.6 gr) 6 g (92.6 gr) 6 g (92.6 gr) 5 g (77.2 gr)
Muzzle velocity 298 m/s (978 ft/s) 325 m/s (1,066 ft/s) 420 m/s (1,378 ft/s) 250 m/s (820 ft/s)
Muzzle energy 251 J (185 ft·lbf) 317 J (234 ft·lbf) 417 J (308 ft·lbf) 156 J (115 ft·lbf)
Accuracy of fire at
25 m (27 yd) (R50)
32 mm (1.3 in) 32 mm (1.3 in) 32 mm (1.3 in)
• R50 at 25 m (27 yd) means the closest 50 percent of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned diameter at 25 m (27 yd).
Firearms chambered for 9×18mm Makarov[edit]
Submachine guns[edit]
• 9 mm Makarov
• 9×18mm
• 9×18mm PM
• 9 mm Mak
• 9×18mm Soviet
See also[edit]
1. ^ "C.I.P. TDCC datasheet 9 mm Makarov" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-03-15.
2. ^ a b C.I.P. TDCC datasheet 9 mm Makarov
3. ^ Speer Reloading Manual No 12. Blount Inc. 1995. p. 495.
4. ^ 9mm CARTRIDGES
5. ^ Russian 5.45x39mm Assault Rifle Rounds, Land Forces Weapons Export Catalog, page 90
6. ^ Manowar [email protected]. "Fémáru FÉG R-61 Police Pistol Rendõrségi Pisztoly R61 Cal.9mm". Hungarian Weapons - FegArmy / FEG Pistols. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
7. ^ Manowar [email protected]. "FÉG RK-59 Police Pistol". Hungarian Weapons - Femaru FEG Pistols. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
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Almost Got 'Im
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Almost Got 'Im"
Batman: The Animated Series episode
Episode no. Season 1
Episode 35
Directed by Eric Radomski
Written by Paul Dini
Original air date November 10, 1992
Episode chronology
← Previous
"I Am the Night"
Next →
"Moon of the Wolf"
List of Batman: The Animated Series episodes
"Almost Got 'Im" is the forty-sixth episode of the Warner Bros. television program Batman: The Animated Series, which first aired on November 11, 1992, and was written by Paul Dini and directed by Eric Radomski. This episode features seven villains of Batman's rogues gallery, with five of them telling the stories of their "best" attempts at killing the Dark Knight, and the ending leading to a singular plot twist.
Plot summary[edit]
While hiding out from the police, the Joker, the Penguin, Two-Face, and Killer Croc gather at the criminals-only Stacked Deck Club, where they play cards and share theories about their mutual foe, Batman. Two-Face doubts that Batman is one person. The Penguin correctly theorizes that Batman suffered some crime related trauma in the past. Killer Croc believes that Batman is a robot, much to the skepticism of the other villains. Poison Ivy then arrives, orders an herbal tea, and then joins the game. Soon after, all five of the crooks begin to argue over who has come closest to killing Batman, and each tells their own story about how they "almost got 'im.".
Poison Ivy's story[edit]
Poison Ivy placed poisonous gas inside thousands of pumpkins on Halloween, causing the vegetables to go off when lit. When Gotham's residents started to feel the effects of the gas, Batman went to the city pumpkin patch to investigate just as Ivy hoped he would. Batman had approached the pumpkin-selling booth just as Poison Ivy lit a match. "Trick-or-treat," she said, as she dropped the match into one pumpkin and threw it to the ground, causing the others to explode. She attacked Batman with the gas and weakened him to the point where he was nearly unmasked. Nevertheless, Batman remotely controlled the Batmobile to run down Ivy and later retrieved a gas mask from the vehicle, before subsequently capturing Ivy.
Two-Face's story[edit]
Two-Face staged a robbery at a mint, stealing "$2,000,000 in two dollar bills." When Batman attempted to stop the heist, Two-Face's henchmen overpowered him. Two-Face flipped his coin to see whether he would kill Batman or let him live, with a negative "bad heads" result. Two-Face took Batman's utility belt, strapped him to a giant penny, and placed it on a catapult - "The coin lands face down, you'll be squashed flat. It lands face up, it'll just break every bone in your body..." In midair, Batman cut himself free of his bonds, using Two-Face's own coin. In return for apprehending Two-Face and his gang, the mint let Batman keep the giant penny.
Killer Croc's story[edit]
Killer Croc slammed his fist on the table and snarled, "ME!" when the Joker asked if anyone else wanted to tell their story. He stated that he threw a rock at Batman during a battle in a quarry. He turns his head, waiting for some sort of appreciation, but the other villains stare at him for a moment and continue telling their stories, while Croc mutters, "It was a big rock."
The Penguin's story[edit]
The Penguin turned a zoo aviary into a home for dangerous birds in his own plot to kill Batman. After luring Batman to the aviary the Penguin sprayed him with a vaporous nectar eaten by hummingbirds, and released several poison-beaked birds to attack the Dark Knight. After being bitten several times, Batman threw a batarang at a sprinkler; the resulting water spray slowed down the hummingbirds, makes their wings too heavy for them to fly. Before Batman could inject himself with an antidote, he was injured by a cassowary. In desperation, Batman stabbed the flightless bird with one of the hummingbirds, incapacitating it. Batman chased after the Penguin, but the villain escaped via his flying umbrella.
The Joker's story[edit]
The Joker makes it a point to note "there's more than one way to get someone." After capturing Batman, the Joker commandeered the set of a late-night talk show and held the studio audience hostage, intending to execute the Dark Knight on live television. Batman was strapped to a "laugh-powered electric chair" which rose in voltage the more the audience laughed. With the audience being forced to laugh at gunpoint, The Joker decided to ellicit more "honest" laughter by pumping the studio with laughing gas. However, Catwoman broke into the studio; in the ensuing fight, the Joker became too distracted to notice Batman escaping from the chair before it exploded from too much power. However, despite having failed to kill Batman, the Joker manages to take Catwoman as a hostage (thanks to Harley, who knocked Catwoman out at the last minute), the Joker instructed to take her to a cat food factory while he laid low at the Stacked-Deck Club.
Back to the present[edit]
The Joker explains to the other villains that he will soon meet Harley at the factory to kill Catwoman and chop her body into cat food, and personally deliver a can of it to Batman to taunt him of Catwoman's demise. At this point, Killer Croc attacks the Joker and throws him across the room, revealing himself to be Batman in disguise; it is also revealed that the other bar patrons are Gotham police officers, led by Detective Bullock and Commissioner Gordon. The whole thing was a sting operation to lure the Joker into revealing Catwoman's whereabouts. As the villains are arrested, Batman goes to the cat food factory to rescue Catwoman from Harley Quinn. Harley starts the conveyor belt, where Catwoman has been bound and gagged, taunting Batman that he can either capture her or save Catwoman. Batman manages to accomplish both, holding on to Harley with one hand while turning off the main power switch with the other.
Following the arrest of Harley, Catwoman thanks Batman for saving her life, to which Batman states that he owed her one for saving him from the Joker's act at the studio. The episode ends on a humorous note, as Catwoman makes a pass at Batman, suggesting of a possibility of building up their relationship outside Gotham, to which Batman is considering, before instantly pulling one of his trademark disappearing acts. Seeing this, Catwoman smiles, shakes her head and mutters to herself, "Hmm. Almost got 'im."
Voice Cast[edit]
Actor Role
Kevin Conroy Batman
Adrienne Barbeau Catwoman
Mark Hamill The Joker
Aron Kincaid Killer Croc
Richard Moll Two-Face
Diane Pershing Poison Ivy
Arleen Sorkin Harley Quinn
Paul Williams The Penguin
Sandra Dozier calls the episode "charming" and praises it for showing "the origin story for the Bat Cave's giant penny."[1] Internet comedian Doug Walker considers the episode to be the best of the entire series, praising the interaction between the villains and citing it as a direct influence on his writing style.[2]
DVD release[edit]
The episode features a commentary on the DVD release.[3]
• The story itself appears to be influenced by a four-issue story arc in Batman (1977) #291-294, entitled "Where Were You on the Night Batman Was Killed?" In each of the four issues, one of Catwoman, Lex Luthor, Riddler, and Joker all recount their claims to have killed the Batman.
• An edited audiobook version was released on audio cassette, omitting the character of Poison Ivy from the story completely for time reasons.
• Every time the viewer gets to see Two-Face's hand, he always has 2 deuces (twos), and two face cards, a play on his name. In one shot he also has a four (two times two) and is seen pouring "half and half" cream in his coffee. He also has two guns (.22s) pointed at Batman.
• The Joker's hand at the end is four aces and a Joker. Every time we see his hand he always has at least one ace (due to cheating). He also cheats by looking at Harvey's (Two-Face's) hand.
• The Penguin's and the Joker's stories all happened recently, with the Penguin having freshly escaped from his crime a few weeks before and the Joker's being just the night before. Poison Ivy's story is set the previous Halloween, and Two-Face's story is set between his introduction and the first appearance of the Batcave's giant penny.
• Two-Face's story is based on an original Two-Face deathtrap from the comics where both Batman and Robin were tied to the penny that was catapulted onto spikes. However this time they used the radios to create a "negative magnetic field" to repel the spikes and cause them to land "good side up", snapping the ropes and defeating Two-Face.
• Two-Face tells Ivy that they let Batman keep the giant penny, thus providing a new origin for the piece of memorabilia he keeps in the Batcave.
• Ivy makes a reference to the group that she and Two-Face used to date (while Harvey Dent was still the District Attorney), an event that occurred in the episode "Pretty Poison". Two-Face remarks to Ivy that half of him wants to strangle her and the other half wants him to run her over with a truck. Apparently killing Ivy is the only thing both halves agree on.
• The Joker makes a joke regarding Ivy's use of exploding pumpkins. Mark Hamill, the Joker's voice actor, would later voice the Hobgoblin in Spider-Man: The Animated Series, a villain who uses exploding pumpkins as a weapon.
• The Penguin's affectations are more pronounced than usual – he drinks tea at the table, and refers to the location of his trap as an "aviary of doom!" When this provokes laughter, he remarks that "you miscreants have no sense of poetry!" Joker reminds him that using big words would only confuse Croc (actually Batman in disguise), so he corrects himself to "big birdhouse".
• Teen Titans Go, a spin-off comic of the Teen Titans show featuring Robin, had an issue similar to this one. #40 "Nearly Nabbed Me" is where villains of the Titans recall when they were nearly caught by the heroes.
• The Batman Beyond season two episode "Once Burned" alludes to this episode, with Bruce noting that the high-stakes poker game run by Gotham's villains has been going on since before his time.
• Slight error occurred between scenes, in the 6;52min Batman is without his belt, 6;55 we can see him with his belt despite Two-Face removing it, in 7;08 he is without his belt again.
1. ^ Sandra Dozier, "Review of Batman: The Animated Series (Volume 2)," DVD Verdict (February 10, 2005).
2. ^ Batman TAS Commentary - ThatGuyWithTheGlasses
3. ^ Steve Butts, "Batman: The Animated Series, Volume Two: The Dark Knight swings into action once again," IGN (February 8, 2005).
External links[edit]
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Bath & Body Works
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bath and Body Works)
Jump to: navigation, search
Bath and Body Works, LLC
Industry Retail
Founded 1990
Founder Leslie Wexner
Headquarters Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Number of locations
• 1,665 company-owned stores
• 6 franchised stores (January 2011)[1]
Key people
Nick Coe, CEO,
Products Bath and beauty products
Revenue US$ $2.285 billion (FY '06)
Parent L Brands
Bath and Body Works location in Centerville, Ohio
Inside of the store
Bath & Body Works, LLC, is an American retail store under the L Brands (formerly Limited Brands) umbrella. It was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio, and has since expanded across the United States and Canada.[2] It specializes in shower gels, lotions, fragrance mists, perfumes, candles, and home fragrances.
Bath & Body store in Vaughan Mills
Bath & Body Works was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio. The company's first store opened in a Cambridge, Massachusetts mall in September 1990.[3] In 1997, a secondary brand called Bath & Body Works at Home was launched.[4] The division has since been renamed White Barn Candle Company.
The company launched both a seasonal catalog and a website in 2006. In November 2006, Bath & Body Works launched its first television commercial advertisement.[5] Net sales as of January 28, 2006, were $2.3 billion, significantly higher than all other L Brands companies other than Victoria's Secret.[citation needed]
In July 2008, the company announced that it was opening six locations in Canada. With the company acquiring Canadian-based La Senza, they felt it was the opportunity to move into a growing Canadian market, with The Body Shop being its main competition.[6][7]
Bath & Body Works operates more than 1,600 stores.[8] In October 2010, it opened its first stores outside of North America in Kuwait, by the franchise giant M.H. Alshaya.
1. ^ Brands 2010 Annual Report
2. ^ "Bath & Body Works at". 2006-03-23. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
3. ^ Tiffany Yannetta (December 3, 2014). "How Bath & Body Works Became America's Biggest Mall Beauty Brand". Racked.
4. ^ "Bath & Body Works: 'The McDonald's of Toiletries'". BusinessWeek. 4 August 1997. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
5. ^ Retrieved on 2013-07-26.
6. ^ The Canadian Press. "Bath & Body Works takes plunge into Canada". July 10, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
7. ^ Mah, Bill. "Body Shop aims to boost its green cred", The Edmonton Journal. August 8, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
8. ^ "Bath and Body Works Franchise Information". Retrieved 2011-10-10.
External links[edit]
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Logical block addressing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from CHS conversion)
Jump to: navigation, search
Logical block addressing (LBA) is a common scheme used for specifying the location of blocks of data stored on computer storage devices, generally secondary storage systems such as hard disks. LBA is a particularly simple linear addressing scheme; blocks are located by an integer index, with the first block being LBA 0, the second LBA 1, and so on.
IDE standard included 22-bit LBA as an option, which was further extended to 28-bit with the release of ATA-1 (1994) and to 48-bit with the release of ATA-6 (2003). Most hard drives released after 1996 implement logical block addressing.
In logical block addressing, only one number is used to address data, and each linear base address describes a single block.
The LBA scheme replaces earlier schemes which exposed the physical details of the storage device to the software of the operating system. Chief among these was the cylinder-head-sector (CHS) scheme, where blocks were addressed by means of a tuple which defined the cylinder, head, and sector at which they appeared on the hard disk. CHS did not map well to devices other than hard disks (such as tapes and networked storage), and was generally not used for them. CHS was used in early MFM and RLL drives, and both it and its successor, extended cylinder-head-sector (ECHS), were used in the first ATA drives. However, current disk drives use zone bit recording, where the number of sectors per track depends on the track number. Even though the disk drive will report some CHS values as sectors per track (SPT) and heads per cylinder (HPC), they have little to do with the disk drive's true geometry.
LBA was first introduced in SCSI as an abstraction. While the drive controller still addresses data blocks by their CHS address, this information is generally not used by the SCSI device driver, the OS, filesystem code, or any applications (such as databases) that access the "raw" disk. System calls requiring block-level I/O pass LBA definitions to the storage device driver; for simple cases (where one volume maps to one physical drive), this LBA is then passed directly to the drive controller.
In redundant array of independent disks (RAID) devices and storage area networks (SANs) and where logical drives (logical unit numbers, LUNs) are composed via LUN virtualization and aggregation, LBA addressing of individual disk should be translated by a software layer to provide uniform LBA addressing for the entire storage device.
Enhanced BIOS[edit]
See also: INT 13H
The earlier IDE standard from Western Digital introduced 22 bit LBA; in 1994, the ATA-1 standard allowed for 28 bit addresses in both LBA and CHS modes. The CHS scheme used 16 bits for cylinder, 4 bits for head and 8 bits for sector, counting sectors from 1 to 255. This means the reported number of heads never exceeds 16 (0–15), the number of sectors can be 255 (1–255; though 63 is often the largest used) and the number of cylinders can be as large as 65,536 (0–65535), limiting disk size to 128 GiB (≈137.4 GB), assuming 512 byte sectors. These values can be accessed by issuing the ATA command "Identify Device" (ECh) to the drive.[1]
However IBM BIOS implementation defined in the INT 13H disk access routines used quite a different 24-bit scheme for CHS addressing, with 10 bits for cylinder, 8 bits for head, and 6 bits for sector, or 1024 cylinders, 256 heads, and 63 sectors.[2] This INT 13H implementation had pre-dated the ATA standard, as it was introduced when the IBM PC had only floppy disk storage, and when hard disk drives were introduced on the IBM PC/XT, INT 13H interface could not be practically redesigned due to backward compatibility issues. Overlapping ATA CHS mapping with BIOS CHS mapping produced the lowest common denominator of 10:4:6 bits, or 1024 cylinders, 16 heads, and 63 sectors, which gave the practical limit of 1024×16×63 sectors and 528 Mbytes (504 MiB), assuming 512 byte sectors.
In order for BIOS to overcome this limit and successfully work with large hard drives, a CHS translation scheme had to be implemented in BIOS disk I/O routines which would convert between 24-bit CHS used by INT 13H and 28-bit CHS numbering used by ATA. The translation scheme was called Large or Bit Shift Translation. This method would remap 16:4:8 bit ATA cylinders and heads to 10:8:6 bit scheme used by INT 13H, generating much more "virtual" drive heads than the physical disk reported. This increased the practical limit to 1024×256×63 sectors, or 8.4 Gbytes (7.8 GiB).
To further overcome this limit, INT 13H Extensions were introduced with BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services specification, which removed practical limits on disk size for operating systems which are aware of this new interface, such as DOS 7.0 component in Windows 95. This Enhanced BIOS subsystem supports LBA addressing with LBA or LBA-Assist method, which uses native 28-bit LBA for addressing ATA disks and performs CHS conversion as needed.
The Normal or None method reverts to the earlier 10:4:6 bit CHS mode which does not support addressing more than 528 Mbytes.
Installation of Western Digital's EZ Drive, on a 3.5-inch floppy disk.
Until the release of ATA-2 standard in 1996, there were a handful of large hard drives which did not support LBA addressing, so only Large or Normal methods could be used. However using the Large method also introduced portability problems, as different BIOSes often used different and incompatible translation methods, and hard drives partitioned on a computer with BIOS from a particular vendor often could not be read on a computer with a different make of BIOS. The solution was to use conversion software such as OnTrack Disk Manager, EZ-Drive, etc., which installed to the disk's OS loader and replaced INT 13H routines at boot time with custom code. This software could also enable LBA and INT 13H Extensions support for older computers with non LBA-compliant BIOSes.
LBA-assisted translation[edit]
When the BIOS is configured to use a disk in LBA-assisted translation mode, the BIOS accesses the hardware using LBA mode, but also presents a translated CHS geometry via the INT 13H interface. The number of cylinders, heads, and sectors in the translated geometry depends on the total size of the disk, as shown in the following table.[3]
Disk size Sectors/track Heads Cylinders
1 < X ≤ 504 MiB 63 16 X / (63 × 16 × 512)
504 MiB < X ≤ 1008 MiB 63 32 X / (63 × 32 × 512)
1008 MiB < X ≤ 2016 MiB 63 64 X / (63 × 64 × 512)
2016 MiB < X ≤ 4032 MiB 63 128 X / (63 × 128 × 512)
4032 MiB < X ≤ 8032.5 MiB 63 255 X / (63 × 255 × 512)
The current 48-bit LBA scheme, introduced in 2003 with ATA-6 standard, allows addressing up to 128 PiB. Current PC-Compatible computers support INT 13H Extensions, which use 64-bit structures for LBA addressing and should encompass any future extension of LBA addressing, though modern operating systems implement direct disk access and do not use the BIOS subsystems, except at boot load time. However, the common DOS style Master boot record partition table only supports disk partitions up to 2 TiB in size. For large partitions this needs to be replaced by another scheme, for instance the GUID Partition Table which has the same 64-bit limit as the current INT 13H Extensions.
CHS conversion[edit]
LBA and CHS equivalence with 16 heads per cylinder
LBA value CHS tuple
0 0, 0, 1
1 0, 0, 2
2 0, 0, 3
62 0, 0, 63
945 0, 15, 1
1007 0, 15, 63
1008 1, 0, 1
1070 1, 0, 63
1071 1, 1, 1
1133 1, 1, 63
1134 1, 2, 1
2015 1, 15, 63
2016 2, 0, 1
16,127 15, 15, 63
16,128 16, 0, 1
32,255 31, 15, 63
32,256 32, 0, 1
16,450,559 16319, 15, 63
16,514,063 16382, 15, 63
In the LBA addressing scheme, sectors are numbered as integer indexes; when mapped to CHS (cylinder/head/sector) tuples, LBA numbering starts with the first cylinder, first head, and track's first sector. Once the track is exhausted, numbering continues to the second head, while staying inside the first cylinder. Once all heads inside the first cylinder are exhausted, numbering continues from the second cylinder etc. Thus, the lower the LBA value is, the closer the physical sector is to the hard drive's first (that is, outermost[4]) cylinder.
CHS tuples can be mapped to LBA address with the following formula:[5][6]
LBA = (C × HPC + H) × SPT + (S - 1)
• C, H and S are the cylinder number, the head number, and the sector number
• LBA is the logical block address
• HPC is the maximum number of heads per cylinder (reported by disk drive, typically 16 for 28-bit LBA)
• SPT is the maximum number of sectors per track (reported by disk drive, typically 63 for 28-bit LBA)
LBA addresses can be mapped to CHS tuples with the following formula ("mod" is the modulo operation, i.e. the remainder, and "÷" is integer division, i.e. the quotient of the division where any fractional part is discarded):
C = LBA ÷ (HPC × SPT)
H = (LBA ÷ SPT) mod HPC
S = (LBA mod SPT) + 1
According to the ATA specifications, "If the content of words (61:60) is greater than or equal to 16,514,064 then the content of word 1 [the number of logical cylinders] shall be equal to 16,383."[1] Therefore for LBA 16450559, an ATA drive may actually respond with the CHS tuple (16319, 15, 63), and the number of cylinders in this scheme must be much larger than 1024 allowed by INT 13H.[a]
Operating system dependencies[edit]
Operating systems that are sensitive to BIOS-reported drive geometry include Solaris, DOS and Windows NT family, where NTLDR (NT, 2000, XP, Server 2003) or WINLOAD (Vista, Server 2008, Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2) use Master boot record which addresses the disk using CHS; x86-64 and Itanium versions of Windows can partition the drive with GUID Partition Table which uses LBA addressing.
Some operating systems do not require any translation because they do not use geometry reported by BIOS in their boot loaders. Among these operating systems are BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 and ReactOS.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Though CHS addressing definitely uses the mathematical concept of tuple, it may also be considered an example of the general scheme called mixed radix by viewing its cylinders, heads and sectors as having different numerical bases; e.g., cylinders counting from 0 to 1023, heads from 0 to 254 and sectors from 1 to 63.
1. ^ a b Working Draft of ATA/ATAPI-5 Sections 6.2.1 and 8.12 of the T13 Technical Committee's, 29 February 2000.
2. ^ "KB224526: Windows NT 4.0 supports maximum of 7.8-GB system partition". Support.microsoft.com. 2007-02-23. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
3. ^ Steunebrink, Jan. "The BIOS IDE Harddisk Limitations". Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
4. ^ "Hard Disk Drive Basics". active-undelete.com. Retrieved 2015-02-10. Track numbers start at 0, and track 0 is the outermost track of the disk. The highest numbered track is next to the spindle.
5. ^ "Large Disk HOWTO, Section 3. Disk Access". tldp.org. 2004-11-08. Retrieved 2015-02-10.
6. ^ "The CHS to LBA Conversion Formulas". pcrepairclass.tripod.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
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Clayton Van Lydegraf
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Clayton Van Lydegraf (1915–1992) was a writer and activist of significant influence on the New Left in the 1960s. He served as Secretary of the Communist Party in Washington State in the late 1940s.[1][2]
Van Lydegraf served as a leader of the Progressive Labor Party Progressive Labor Party (United States) in Washington state in the 1960s before being expelled in the Spring of 1967.[3] During this time, and expanding on his Old Left background, Van Lydegraf was involved with young Seattle activists by 1966. His articles, "The Movement and the Workers" and "The Object is to Win" were particularly influential. This latter article is a noteworthy piece in the development of the ideas of the Weather Underground.
Over the years he was active in a number of groups and causes including the Communist Party, the Progressive Labor Party, Draft Resistance- Seattle, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), American Friends Service Committee, Anti-Fascist Front, Seattle Committee to End the War in Vietnam, and trade unions. He was also an advocate of working class power, Marxism, revolutionary organization and the Black Panthers. He took part in the preparations for the jailbreak of Timothy Leary while in the Weatherman organisation but was privately critical of the action.[4]
1. ^ "A brief profile of Van Lydegraf as part of the Communist Party in Washington State History Project". Retrieved 2012-08-22.
2. ^ Curwick, Stephanie (1948-04-22). "Identification of Van Lydegraf as state Communist Party Secretary during the Canwell Commission hearings". Retrieved 2012-08-22.
3. ^ "Biographical note". Retrieved 2012-08-22.
4. ^ Rudd, Mark. Underground. Pp. 225-7.
External links[edit]
Papers from Van Lydegraf dated 1944-91 are housed at the University of Washington Special Collections Library.
The papers include
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Great Leap Forward
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Communes in China)
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The Great Leap Forward The Great Stride (simplified Chinese: 大跃进; traditional Chinese: 大躍進; pinyin: Dà yuè jìn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1961. The campaign was led by Mao Zedong and aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. The campaign caused the Great Chinese Famine.
Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of mandatory agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter-revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure, although people also experienced forced labor.[1] Rural industrialization, officially a priority of the campaign, saw "its development ... aborted by the mistakes of the Great Leap Forward."[2]
The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of deaths.[3] Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million[4] to 45 million,[5] with estimates by demographic specialists ranging from 18 million to 32.5 million.[4] Historian Frank Dikötter asserts that "coercion, terror, and systematic violence were the very foundation of the Great Leap Forward" and it "motivated one of the most deadly mass killings of human history".[6]
The years of the Great Leap Forward in fact saw economic regression, with 1958 through 1962 being the only period between 1953 and 1985 in which China's economy shrank. Political economist Dwight Perkins argues, "enormous amounts of investment produced only modest increases in production or none at all. ... In short, the Great Leap was a very expensive disaster."[7]
In October 1949 after the defeat of the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), the Chinese Communist Party proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Immediately, landlords and wealthier peasants had their land holdings forcibly redistributed to poorer peasants. In the agricultural sectors, crops deemed by the Party to be "full of evil", such as opium, were destroyed and replaced with crops such as rice.
Within the Party, there was major debate about redistribution. A moderate faction within the party and Politburo member Liu Shaoqi argued that change should be gradual and any collectivization of the peasantry should wait until industrialization, which could provide the agricultural machinery for mechanized farming. A more radical faction led by Mao Zedong argued that the best way to finance industrialization was for the government to take control of agriculture, thereby establishing a monopoly over grain distribution and supply. This would allow the state to buy at a low price and sell much higher, thus raising the capital necessary for the industrialization of the country.
Agricultural collectives and other social changes[edit]
Before 1949, peasants had farmed their own small pockets of land, and observed traditional practices—festivals, banquets, and paying homage to ancestors.[1] It was realized that Mao's policy of using a state monopoly on agriculture to finance industrialization would be unpopular with the peasants and therefore it was proposed that the peasants should be brought under Party control by the establishment of agricultural collectives which would also facilitate the sharing of tools and draft animals. This policy was gradually pushed through between 1949 and 1958 in response to immediate policy needs, first by establishing "mutual aid teams" of 5-15 households, then in 1953 "elementary agricultural cooperatives" of 20-40 households, then from 1956 in "higher co-operatives" of 100-300 families. From 1954 onward peasants were encouraged to form and join collective-farming associations, which would supposedly increase their efficiency without robbing them of their own land or restricting their livelihoods.[1]
Memorial on the site in Jinan, Shandong where Mao triggered the formation of communes in 1958.
By 1958 private ownership was entirely abolished and households all over China were forced into state-operated communes. Mao insisted that the communes must produce more grain for the cities and earn foreign exchange from exports.[1] These reforms (sometimes now referred to as The Great Leap Forward) were generally unpopular with the peasants and usually implemented by summoning them to meetings and making them stay there for days and sometimes weeks until they "voluntarily" agreed to join the collective. Apart from progressive taxation on each household's harvest, the state introduced a system of compulsory state purchases of grain at fixed prices to build up stockpiles for famine-relief and meet the terms of its trade agreements with the Soviet Union. Together, taxation and compulsory purchases accounted for 30% of the harvest by 1957, leaving very little surplus. Rationing was also introduced in the cities to curb 'wasteful consumption' and encourage savings (which were deposited in state-owned banks and thus became available for investment), and although food could be purchased from state-owned retailers the market price was higher than that for which it had been purchased. This too was done in the name of discouraging excessive consumption.
Besides these economic changes the Party implemented major social changes in the countryside including the banishing of all religious and mystic institutions and ceremonies and replacing them with political meetings and propaganda sessions. Attempts were made to enhance rural education and the status of women (allowing them to initiate divorce if they desired) and ending foot-binding, child marriage and opium addiction. The old system of internal passports (the hukou) were introduced in 1956, preventing inter-county travel without appropriate authorization. Highest priority was given to the urban proletariat for whom a welfare state was created.
The first phase collectivization resulted in only modest improvements in output. Famine along the mid-Yangzi was averted in 1956 through the timely allocation of food-aid, but in 1957 the Party's response was to increase the proportion of the harvest collected by the state to ensure against further disasters. Moderates within the Party, including Zhou Enlai, argued for a reversal of collectivization on the grounds that the claiming the bulk of the harvest for the state had made the people's food-security dependent upon the constant, efficient, and transparent functioning of the government.
Hundred Flowers Campaign and Anti-Rightist Campaign[edit]
In 1957 Mao responded to the tensions in the Party by promoting free speech and criticism under the Hundred Flowers Campaign. In retrospect, some have come to argue that this was a ploy to allow critics of the regime, primarily intellectuals but also low ranking members of the party critical of the agricultural policies, to identify themselves.[8] Some claim that Mao simply swung to the side of the hard-liners once his policies gained strong opposition. Once he had done so, at least half a million were purged under the Anti-Rightist campaign, which effectively silenced any opposition from within the Party or from agricultural experts to the changes which would be implemented under the Great Leap Forward.
Surpass the UK and US[edit]
In November 1957, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution, party leaders of the communist countries gathered in Moscow. The first Secretary of the Central Committee Khrushchev proposed a goal to not only catch up with but exceed the United States in industrial output in the next 15 years through peaceful competition. Mao Zedong was so inspired by the slogan that China put forward its own objective: to catch up with and surpass the UK in 15 years.
Comrade Khrushchev has told us, the Soviet Union 15 years later will surpass the United States of America. I can also say, 15 years later, we may catch up with or exceed the UK."[9]
Organizational and operational factors[edit]
The Great Leap Forward campaign began during the period of the Second Five Year Plan which was scheduled to run from 1958 to 1963, though the campaign itself was discontinued by 1961.[10][11] Mao unveiled the Great Leap Forward at a meeting in January 1958 in Nanjing.
People's communes[edit]
Based on his fieldwork, Ralph A. Thaxton Jr. describes the people's communes as a form of "apartheid system" for Chinese farm households. The commune system was aimed at maximizing production for provisioning the cities and constructing offices, factories, schools, and social insurance systems for urban-dwelling workers, cadres and officials. Citizens in rural areas who criticized the system were labeled "dangerous." Escape was also difficult or impossible, and those who attempted were subjected to "party-orchestrated public struggle," which further jeopardized their survival.[14] Besides agriculture, communes also incorporated some light industry and construction projects.
People in the countryside working at night to produce steel.
Backyard furnaces[edit]
Main article: Backyard furnace
Backyard furnaces in China during the Great Leap Forward era.
With no personal knowledge of metallurgy, Mao encouraged the establishment of small backyard steel furnaces in every commune and in each urban neighborhood. Mao was shown an example of a backyard furnace in Hefei, Anhui in September 1958 by provincial first secretary Zeng Xisheng.[19] The unit was claimed to be manufacturing high quality steel.[19]
Substantial effort was expended during the Great Leap Forward on large-scale, but often poorly planned capital construction projects, such as irrigation works often built without input from trained engineers. Mao was well aware of the human cost of these water-conservancy campaigns. In early 1958, while listening to a report on irrigation in Jiangsu, he mentioned that:
Though Mao "criticized the excessive use of corvée for large-scale water conservancy projects" in late 1958,[22] mass mobilization on irrigation works continued unabated for the next several years, and claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of exhausted, starving villagers.[20] The inhabitants of Qingshui and Gansu referred to these projects as the "killing fields."[20]
Crop experiments[edit]
On the communes, a number of radical and controversial agricultural innovations were promoted at the behest of Mao. Many of these were based on the ideas of now discredited Soviet agronomist Trofim Lysenko and his followers. The policies included close cropping, whereby seeds were sown far more densely than normal on the incorrect assumption that seeds of the same class would not compete with each other.[23] Deep plowing (up to 2 m deep) was encouraged on the mistaken belief that this would yield plants with extra large root systems. Moderately productive land was left unplanted with the belief that concentrating manure and effort on the most fertile land would lead to large per-acre productivity gains. Altogether, these untested innovations generally led to decreases in grain production rather than increases.[24]
Treatment of villagers[edit]
The authors present a similar picture to Thaxton in depicting the Communist Party's destruction of the traditions of Chinese villagers. Traditionally prized local customs were deemed signs of "feudalism" to be extinguished, according to Mirsky. "Among them were funerals, weddings, local markets, and festivals. The Party thus destroyed "much that gave meaning to Chinese lives. These private bonds were social glue. To mourn and to celebrate is to be human. To share joy, grief, and pain is humanizing."[27] Failure to participate in the CPC's political campaigns—though the aims of such campaigns were often conflicting—"could result in detention, torture, death, and the suffering of entire families."[27]
Frank Dikötter writes that beatings with sticks was the most common method used by local cadres and roughly half of all cadres regularly pummeled or caned people. Other cadres devised harsher means to humiliate and torture those who failed to keep up. As mass starvation set in, ever greater violence had to be inflicted in order to coerce malnourished people to labor in the fields. Victims were buried alive, thrown bound into ponds, stripped naked and forced to labor in the middle of winter, doused in boiling water, forced to ingest excrement and urine, and subjected to mutilation (hair ripped out, noses and ears lopped off). In Guangdong, some cadres injected salt water into their victims with needles normally reserved for cattle.[29] Around 6 to 8 percent of those who died during the Great Leap Forward were tortured to death or summarily killed.[30]
However, J. G. Mahoney, Professor of Liberal Studies and East Asian Studies at Grand Valley State University, has said that "there is too much diversity and dynamism in the country for one work to capture ... rural China as if it were one place." Mahoney describes an elderly man in rural Shanxi who recalls Mao fondly, saying "Before Mao we sometimes ate leaves, after liberation we did not." Regardless, Mahoney points out that Da Fo villagers recall the Great Leap as a period of famine and death, and among those who survived in Da Fo were precisely those who could digest leaves.[32]
Lushan Conference[edit]
Main article: Lushan Conference
The initial impact of the Great Leap Forward was discussed at the Lushan Conference in July/August 1959. Although many of the more moderate leaders had reservations about the new policy, the only senior leader to speak out openly was Marshal Peng Dehuai. Mao responded to Peng's criticism of the Great Leap by dismissing Peng from his post as Defence Minister, denouncing Peng (who came from a poor peasant family) and his supporters as "bourgeois," and launching a nationwide campaign against "rightist opportunism." Peng was replaced by Lin Biao, who began a systematic purge of Peng's supporters from the military.
The failure of agricultural policies, the movement of farmers from agricultural to industrial work, and possibly weather conditions led to millions of deaths from severe famine. Many also died from quota-based executions instituted by government officials. The economy, which had improved since the end of the civil war, was devastated. In response to the severe conditions, there was resistance among the populace. The effects on the upper levels of government in response to the disaster were complex, with Mao purging the Minister of National Defense Peng Dehuai in 1959, the temporary promotion of Lin Biao, Liu Shaoqi, and Deng Xiaoping, and Mao losing some power and prestige following the Great Leap Forward, which led him to launch the Cultural Revolution in 1966.
Main article: Great Chinese Famine
The agricultural policies of the Great Leap Forward and the associated famine continued until January 1961, when, at the Ninth Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee, the restoration of agricultural production through a reversal of the Great Leap policies was started. Grain exports were stopped, and imports from Canada and Australia helped to reduce the impact of the food shortages, at least in the coastal cities.
Famine deaths[edit]
Great Leap Forward famine death estimates
Author(s) Year
23 Peng[35] 1987
27 Coale[36] 1984
30 Ashton, et al. [37] 1984
30 Banister[38] 1987
30 Becker[39] 1996
32.5 Cao[40] 2005
36 Yang[41] 2008
38 Chang and Halliday[42] 2005
38 Rummel[43] 2008
42 minimum Dikötter[5] 2010
43 to 46 Chen[44] 1980
The exact number of famine deaths is difficult to determine, and estimates range from 18[4] to upwards of 42 million people.[5] Because of the uncertainties involved in estimating famine deaths caused by the Great Leap Forward or any famine, it is difficult to compare the severity of different famines. However if a mid estimate of 30 million deaths is accepted, the Great Leap Forward was the deadliest famine in the history of China and in the history of the world.[37][45] This was in part due to China’s large population; in the Great Irish Famine, approximately 1 million[46] of a population of 8 million people died, or 12.5%. In the Great Chinese Famine approximately 30 million of a population of 600 million people died, or 5%.
The Great Leap Forward reversed the downward trend in mortality that had occurred since 1950,[36] though even during the Leap, mortality may not have reached pre-1949 levels.[47] Famine deaths and the reduction in number of births caused the population of China to drop in 1960 and 1961.[48] This was only the third time in 600 years that the population of China had decreased.[49] After the Great Leap Forward, mortality rates decreased to below pre-Leap levels and the downward trend begun in 1950 continued.[36]
The severity of the famine varied from region to region. By correlating the increase in death rates of different provinces, Peng Xizhe found that Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, and Anhui were the worst-hit regions, while Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tianjin, and Shanghai had the lowest increase in death rate during the Great Leap Forward (there was no data for Tibet).[50] Peng also noted that the increase in death rate in urban areas was about half the increase in rural areas.[50] Fuyang, a region in Anhui with a population of 8 million in 1958, had a death rate that rivaled Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge;[51] more than 2.4 million people perished there over three years.[52] In Gao Village in Jiangxi Province there was a famine, but no one actually died of starvation.[53]
Methods of estimating the death toll and sources of error[edit]
The number of famine deaths during Great Leap Forward has been estimated by different methods. Banister, Coale, and Ashton et al. compare age cohorts from the 1953, 1964, and 1982 censuses, yearly birth and death records, and results of the 1982 1:1000 fertility survey. From these they calculate excess deaths above a death rate interpolated between pre- and post-Leap death rates. All involve corrections for perceived errors inherent in the different data sets.[54][55][56] Peng uses reported deaths from the vital statistics of 14 provinces, adjusts 10% for under reporting, and expands the result to cover all of China assuming similar mortality rates in the other provinces. He uses 1956/57 death rates as the baseline death rate rather than an interpolation between pre- and post-GLF death rates.[57]
Cao uses information from "local annals" to determine for each locality the expected population increase from normal births and deaths, the population increase due to migration, and the loss of population between 1958 and 1961. He then adds the three figures to determine the number of excess deaths during the period 1959–1961.[58] Chang and Halliday use death rates determined by "Chinese demographers" for the years 1957–1963, subtract the average of the pre-and post-Leap death rates (1957, 1962, and 1963) from the death rates of each of the years 1958–1961, and multiply each yearly excess death rate by the year's population to determine excess deaths.[59]
Chen was part of a large investigation by the System Reform Institute think tank (Tigaisuo) which "visited every province and examined internal Party documents and records."[60]
Becker, Rummel, Dikötter, and Yang each compare several earlier estimates. Becker considers Banister's estimate of 30 million excess deaths to be "the most reliable estimate we have".[39] Rummel initially took Coale's 27 million as a "most likely figure",[61] then accepted the later estimate of 38 million by Chang and Halliday after it was published.[62] Dikötter judged Chen's estimate of 43 to 46 million to be "in all likelihood a reliable estimate."[63] Yang takes Cao's, Wang Weizhi's, and Jin Hui's estimates ranging from 32.5 to 35 million excess deaths for the period 1959–1961, adds his own estimates for 1958 (0.42 million) and 1962 (2.23 million) "based on official figures reported by the provinces" to get 35 to 37 million, and chooses 36 million as a number that "approaches the reality but is still too low."[41]
Estimates contain several sources of error. National census data was not accurate and even the total population of China at the time was not known to within 50 million to 100 million people.[64] The statistical reporting system had been taken over by party cadre from statisticians in 1957,[65] making political considerations more important than accuracy and resulting in a complete breakdown in the statistical reporting system.[65][66][67][68][69] Population figures were routinely inflated at the local level, often in order to obtain increased rations of goods.[63] During the Cultural Revolution, a great deal of the material in the State Statistical Bureau was burned.[65]
Under-reporting of deaths was also a problem. The death registration system, which was inadequate before the famine,[70] was completely overwhelmed by the large number of deaths during the famine.[70][71][72] In addition, many deaths went unreported so that family members of the deceased could continue to draw the deceased's food ration. Counting the number of children who both were born and died between the 1953 and 1964 censuses is problematic.[71] However, Ashton, et al. believe that because the reported number of births during the GLF seems accurate, the reported number of deaths should be accurate as well.[73] Massive internal migration made both population counts and registering deaths problematic,[71] though Yang believes the degree of unofficial internal migration was small[74] and Cao's estimate takes internal migration into account.[58]
Coale's, Banister's, Ashton et al. 's, and Peng's figures all include adjustments for demographic reporting errors, though Dikötter believes that their results, as well as Chang and Halliday's, Yang's, and Cao's, are still underestimates.[75] The System Reform Institute's (Chen's) estimate has not been published and therefore it cannot be verified.[58]
Causes of the famine and responsibility[edit]
The policies of the Great Leap Forward, the failure of the government to respond quickly and effectively to famine conditions, as well as Mao's insistence on maintaining high grain export quotas in the face of clear evidence of poor crop output were responsible for the famine. There is disagreement over how much, if at all, weather conditions contributed to the famine. Also there is considerable evidence the famine was intentional or due to willful negligence.
Economist Steven Rosefielde argues that Yang's account "shows that Mao's slaughter was caused in considerable part by terror-starvation; that is, voluntary manslaughter (and perhaps murder) rather than innocuous famine."[79] Yang notes that local party officials were indifferent to the large number of people dying around them, as their primary concern was the delivery of grain, which Mao wanted to use to pay back debts to the USSR totaling 1.973 billion yuan. In Xinyang, people died of starvation at the doors of grain warehouses.[80] Mao refused to open the state granaries as he dismissed reports of food shortages and accused the peasants of hiding grain.[81]
From his research into records and talks with experts at the meteorological bureau, Yang concludes that the weather during the Great leap forward was not unusual compared to other periods and was not a factor.[82] Yang also believes that the Sino-Soviet split was not a factor because it did not happen until 1960, when the famine was well under way.[82]
Chang and Halliday argue that "Mao had actually allowed for many more deaths. Although slaughter was not his purpose with the Leap, he was more than ready for myriad deaths to result, and had hinted to his top echelon that they should not be too shocked if they happened."[83] Democide historian R.J. Rummel had originally classified the famine deaths as unintentional.[84] In light of evidence provided in Chang and Halliday’s book, he now believes that the mass dyings associated with Great Leap Forward constitute democide (murder).[85]
According to Frank Dikötter, Mao and the Communist Party knew that some of their policies were contributing to the starvation.[86] Foreign minister Chen Yi said of some of the early human losses in November 1958:[87]
Benjamin Valentino writes that like in the USSR during the famine of 1932–33, peasants were confined to their starving villages by a system of household registration,[89] and the worst effects of the famine were directed against enemies of the regime.[31] Those labeled as "black elements" (religious leaders, rightists, rich peasants, etc.) in any previous campaign were given the lowest priority in the allocation of food, and therefore died in the greatest numbers.[31] According to genocide scholar Adam Jones, "no group suffered more than the Tibetans", with perhaps one in five dying from 1959 to 1962.[90]
Ashton, et al. write that policies leading to food shortages, natural disasters, and a slow response to initial indications of food shortages were to blame for the famine.[91] Policies leading to food shortages included the implementation of the commune system and an emphasis on non-agricultural activities such as backyard steel production.[91] Natural disasters included drought, flood, typhoon, plant disease, and insect pest.[92] The slow response was in part due to a lack of objective reporting on the agricultural situation,[93] including a "nearly complete breakdown in the agricultural reporting system".[67]
This was partly caused by strong incentives for officials to over report crop yields.[94] The unwillingness of the Central Government to seek international aid was a major factor; China's net grain exports in 1959 and 1960 would have been enough to feed 16 million people 2000 calories per day.[92] Ashton, et al. conclude that "It would not be inaccurate to say that 30 million people died prematurely as a result of errors of internal policy and flawed international relations."[93]
Mobo Gao suggested that the Great Leap Forward’s terrible effects came not from malign intent on the part of the Chinese leadership at the time, but instead relate to the structural nature of its rule, and the vastness of China as a country. Gao says "the terrible lesson learnt is that China is so huge and when it is uniformly ruled, follies or wrong policies will have grave implications of tremendous magnitude".[53]
The PRC government's official web portal places the responsibility for the "serious losses" to "country and people" of 1959–1961 (without mentioning famine) mainly on the Great Leap Forward and the anti-rightist struggle, and lists weather and cancellation of contracts by the Soviet Union as contributing factors.[95]
Deaths by violence[edit]
Not all deaths during the Great Leap were from starvation. Frank Dikötter estimates that at least 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death and 1 to 3 million committed suicide.[96] He provides some illustrative examples. In Xinyang, where over a million died in 1960, 6-7 percent (around 67,000) of these were beaten to death by the militias. In Daoxian county, 10 percent of those who died had been "buried alive, clubbed to death or otherwise killed by party members and their militia." In Shimen county, around 13,500 died in 1960, of these 12% were "beaten or driven to their deaths."[97]
Impact on economy[edit]
The Great Leap also led to the greatest destruction of real estate in human history, outstripping any of the bombing campaigns from World War II.[98] Approximately 30 to 40 per cent of all houses were turned to rubble.[99] Frank Dikötter states that "homes were pulled down to make fertilizer, to build canteens, to relocate villagers, to straighten roads, to make place for a better future beckoning ahead or simply to punish their owners.”[98]
Modes of resistance[edit]
There were various forms of resistance to the Great Leap Forward. Several provinces saw armed rebellion,[102][103] though these rebellions never posed a serious threat to the Central Government.[102] Rebellions are documented to have occurred in Henan, Shandong, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Fujian, and Yunnan provinces and in the Tibetan Autonomous Region.[104][105] In Honan, Shandong, Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan, these rebellions lasted more than a year.[105] Aside from rebellions, there was also occasional violence against cadre members.[103][106] Raids on granaries,[103][106] arson and other vandalism, train robberies, and raids on neighboring villages and counties were common.[106]
Impact on the government[edit]
Many local officials were tried and publicly executed for giving out misinformation.[107]
However, by 1962, it was clear that the general orientation of the party had changed to become more openly critical of the extremist ideology that led to the Great Leap Forward. Throughout 1962, the party held a number of party conferences and rehabilitated the majority of the deposed comrades who had criticized Mao in the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward. The event was again discussed, with much self-criticism, with the contemporary government calling it a "serious [loss] to our country and people" and blaming the cult of personality of Mao. In particular, at the Seven Thousand Cadres Conference in January - February 1962, Mao made a self-criticism and re-affirmed his commitment to democratic centralism. In the years that followed, Mao mostly abstained from the operations of government, making policy largely the domain of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. Maoist ideology consequently took a back seat in the Communist Party, and only regained its foothold after Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966, which marked Mao's political comeback.
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mirsky, Jonathan. "The China We Don't Know." New York Review of Books Volume 56, Number 3. February 26, 2009.
4. ^ a b c Gráda, Cormac Ó (2011). "Great Leap into Famine". UCD Centre For Economic Research Working Paper Series. p. 9.
5. ^ a b c Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. xii ("at least 45 million people died unnecessarily") p.xiii ("6 to 8 per cent of the victims were tortured to death or summarily killed - amounting to at least 2.5 million people.") p.333 ("a minimum of 45 million excess deaths"). ISBN 0-8027-7768-6.
8. ^ Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon (2005). Mao: The Unknown Story, Knopf. p. 435. ISBN 0-679-42271-4.
9. ^ Nikita Khrushchev 赫鲁晓夫 (1970). Khrushchev's Memoirs [赫鲁晓夫回忆录]. Little Brown & company. pp. 250–257. ISBN 0316831409.
11. ^ Chan, Alfred L. (2001). Mao's crusade: politics and policy implementation in China's great leap forward. Studies on contemporary China. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-924406-5. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
12. ^ Lieberthal, Kenneth (1987). "The Great Leap Forward and the split in the Yenan leadership". The People's Republic, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1949–1965. The Cambridge History of China. 14, pt. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0. Retrieved 2012-03-14. "Thus, the [1957] Anti-Rightist Campaign in both urban and rural areas bolstered the position of those who believed that proper mobilization of the populace could accomplish tasks that the 'bourgeois experts' dismissed as impossible."
13. ^ Lieberthal (1987). p.304.
15. ^ Alfred L. Chan (7 June 2001). Mao's Crusade : Politics and Policy Implementation in China's Great Leap Forward. Oxford University Press. pp. 71–74. ISBN 978-0-19-155401-8.
16. ^ Lardy, R. Nicholas; Fairbank, K. John (1987). "The Chinese economy under stress, 1958–1965". In Roderick MacFarquhar (ed.). The People's Republic, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1949–1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0.
19. ^ a b Li Zhi-Sui (22 June 2011). The Private Life of Chairman Mao. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 272–274, 278. ISBN 978-0-307-79139-9.
20. ^ a b c Dikötter, Frank (2010). p.33.
22. ^ MacFarquhar, Roderick (1983). The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, Vol. 2 Columbia University Press. p.150. ISBN 0-231-05717-2.
23. ^ Dikötter (2010). p.39.
24. ^ Hinton, William (1984). Shenfan: The Continuing Revolution in a Chinese Village. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 236–245. ISBN 0-394-72378-3.
25. ^ Hinton 1984, pp. 234–240, 247-249
28. ^ Thaxton 2008, p. 212
29. ^ Dikötter (2010). pp.294-296.
30. ^ Jasper Becker. Systematic genocide. The Spectator, September 25, 2010.
31. ^ a b c Valentino (2004). p. 128.
32. ^ Mahoney, Josef Gregory (2009). SpringerLink - Journal of Chinese Political Science, Volume 14, Number 3, pp.319-320. Mahoney reviews Thaxton (2008).
33. ^ Dikötter, Frank (1991). pp.114-115.
35. ^ Peng Xizhe (1987). Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces. Population and Development Review Vol.13 No.4 (Dec. 1987). pp.648-649.
36. ^ a b c Coale, J. Ansley (1984). Rapid Population Change in China, 1952–1982. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. p.7. Coale estimates 27 million deaths: 16 million from direct interpretation of official Chinese vital statistics followed by an adjustment to 27 million to account for undercounting.
39. ^ a b Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks. p.270,274. ISBN 0-8050-5668-8.
40. ^ Dikötter (2010) pp.324-325. Dikötter cites Cao Shuji (2005). Da Jihuang (1959–1961):nian de Zhongguo renkou (The Great Famine:China's Population in 1959–1961). Hong Kong. Shidai guoji chuban youxian gongsi. p.281
41. ^ a b Yang Jisheng (2012). Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958-1962 (Kindle edition). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.430. eISBN 9781466827790.
42. ^ Chang and Halliday (2005). Stuart Schram believes their estimate "may well be the most accurate." (Stuart Schram, "Mao: The Unknown Story". The China Quarterly (189): 207. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.)
43. ^ Rummel, R.J. (2008-11-24). Reevaluating China’s Democide to 73,000,000. Retrieved 12Feb13.
44. ^ Becker (1996) pp.271-272. From an interview with Chen Yizi.
45. ^ Yang, Jisheng (2010) "The Fatal Politics of the PRC's Great Leap Famine: The Preface to Tombstone" Journal of Contemporary China. Vol.19 Issue 66. pp.755-776. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011. Yang excerpts Sen, Amartya (1999). Democracy as a universal value. Journal of Democracy 10(3), , pp. 3–17 who calls it "the largest recorded famine in world history: nearly 30 million people died".
47. ^ Li, Minqi (2009). The Rise of China and the Demise of the Capitalist World Economy. Monthly Review Press. p.41 ISBN 978-1-58367-182-5. Li compares official crude death rates for the years 1959 - 1962 (11.98, 14.59, 25.43, and 14.24 per thousand, respectively) with the "nationwide crude death rate reported by the Nationalist government for the years 1936 and 1938 (27.6 and 28.2 per thousand, respectively).
48. ^ Ashton (1984) p.615, Banister (1987) p.42, both get their data from Statistical Yearbook of China 1983 published by the State Statistical Bureau.
49. ^ Banister, Judith (1987). ‘’China’s Changing Population’’. Stanford University Press. Stanford. p.3.
50. ^ a b Peng (1987) pp.646-648
52. ^ Dikötter (2010). p.317.
54. ^ Banister (1987). P.118-120.
55. ^ Coale (1984) pp. 1, 7.
56. ^ Ashton, et al. (1984) pp. 613, 616–619.
57. ^ Peng (1987) pp. 645, 648–649. Peng used the pre-Leap death rate as a base line under the assumption that the decrease after the Great Leap to below pre-Leap levels was caused by Darwinian selection during the massive deaths of the famine. He writes that if this drop was instead a continuation of the decreasing mortality in the years prior to the Great Leap, his estimate would be an underestimate.
58. ^ a b c Yang Jisheng (2012). Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962 (Kindle edition). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 427. eISBN 9781466827790.
59. ^ Chang and Halliday (2005) p. 438
60. ^ Becker )1996) pp. 271–272.
61. ^ Rummel (1991) p. 248.
62. ^ Reevaluated democide totals for 20th C. and China Rudy J. Rummel Retrieved 25 August 2014
63. ^ a b Dikötter (2010) p. 333.
64. ^ Rummel (1991). p. 235.
65. ^ a b c Banister (1987) p. 13.
66. ^ Peng (1987) p. 656.
67. ^ a b Ashton, et al. (1984) p. 630.
68. ^ Dikötter (2010) p. 132.
69. ^ Becker (1996) p. 267.
70. ^ a b Banister (1987) p. 85.
71. ^ a b c Becker (1996) pp. 268–269.
72. ^ Dikötter (2010) p. 327.
73. ^ Ashton et al. (1984) p. 617.
74. ^ Yang (2012) p. 430.
75. ^ Dikotter (2010) p. 324. (Dikötter does not mention Coale on this page).
76. ^ Yu, Verna (2008). "Chinese author of book on famine braves risks to inform new generations." The New York Times, November 18, 2008. Yu writes about Tombstone and interviews author Yang Jisheng.
77. ^ Applebaum, Anne (2008). "When China Starved." The Washington Post, August 12, 2008. Applebaum writes about Tombstone by Yang Jishen.
78. ^ Link, Perry (2010). "China: From Famine to Oslo". The New York Review of Books, December 16, 2010.
79. ^ Rosefielde, Steven (2009). Red Holocaust. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 0-415-77757-7.
81. ^ Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks. p.81. ISBN 0-8050-5668-8.
82. ^ a b Johnson, Ian (2010). Finding the Facts About Mao's Victims. The New York Review of Books (Blog), December 20, 2010. Retrieved 4 Sep 11. Johnson interviews Yang Jishen. (Provincial and central archives).
83. ^ Chang ang Halliday (2005). p. 457.
84. ^ Rummel (1991). pp. 249–250.
85. ^ Rummel, R.J. (2005-11-30). "Getting My Reestimate Of Mao's Democide Out". Retrieved 2007-04-09.
86. ^ Dikötter, Frank. Mao’s Great Famine, Key Arguments.
87. ^ Dikötter (2010). p. 70.
88. ^ Dikötter (2010). p. 88.
89. ^ Valentino, Benjamin A. (2004). Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Cornell University Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8014-3965-5.
90. ^ Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge, 2nd edition (August 1, 2010). p. 96. ISBN 0-415-48619-X.
91. ^ a b Ashton, et al. (1984) p. 624, 625.
92. ^ a b Ashton, et al. (1984) p. 629.
93. ^ a b Ashton, et al. (1984) p. 634.
94. ^ Ashton, et al. (1984) p. 626.
95. ^ Chinese Government's Official Web Portal (English). China: a country with 5,000-year-long civilization. retrieved 3 Sep 2011. "It was mainly due to the errors of the great leap forward and of the struggle against "Right opportunism" together with a succession of natural calamities and the perfidious scrapping of contracts by the Soviet Government that our economy encountered serious difficulties between 1959 and 1961, which caused serious losses to our country and people."
96. ^ Dikötter (2010). pp.298 & 304.
97. ^ Dikötter (2010). pp.294 & 297.
98. ^ a b Dikötter (2010). pp. xi & xii.
99. ^ Dikötter (2010). p.169.
100. ^ Woo-Cummings, Meredith[dead link] (2002). The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its Lessons PDF (807 KB), , ADB Institute Research Paper 31, January 2002. URL Accessed 3 July 2006.
102. ^ a b Dikötter (2010) p.226-228.
103. ^ a b c Rummel (1991) p.247-251.
104. ^ Dikötter (2010) p.226-228 (Qinghai, Tibet, Yunnan).
105. ^ a b Rummel (1991) p.247-251 (Honan, Shantung, Qinghai (Chinghai), Gansu (Kansu), Szechuan (Schechuan), Fujian), p.240 (TAR).
106. ^ a b c Dikötter (2010) p.224-226.
Bibliography and further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
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Complete (complexity)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem is complete for a complexity class if it is, in a technical sense, among the "hardest" (or "most expressive") problems in the complexity class.
More formally, a problem p is called hard for a complexity class C under a given type of reduction, if there exists a reduction (of the given type) from any problem in C to p. If a problem is both hard for the class and a member of the class, it is complete for that class (for that type of reduction).
A problem that is complete for a class C is said to be C-complete, and the class of all problems complete for C is denoted C-complete. The first complete class to be defined and the most well-known is NP-complete, a class that contains many difficult-to-solve problems that arise in practice. Similarly, a problem hard for a class C is called C-hard, e.g. NP-hard.
Normally it is assumed that the reduction in question does not have higher computational complexity than the class itself. Therefore it may be said that if a C-complete problem has a "computationally easy" solution, then all problems in "C" have an "easy" solution.
Generally, complexity classes that have a recursive enumeration have known complete problems, whereas those that do not, don't have any known complete problems. For example, NP, co-NP, PLS, PPA all have known natural complete problems, while RP, ZPP, BPP and TFNP do not have any known complete problems (although such a problem may be discovered in the future).[citation needed]
There are classes without complete problems. For example, Sipser showed that there is a language M such that BPPM (BPP with oracle M) has no complete problems.[1]
1. ^ M. Sipser. On relativization and the existence of complete sets, Proceedings of ICALP'82, Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science volume 140, pp. 523-531, 1982.
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Demolition (Judas Priest album)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Studio album by Judas Priest
Released 16 July 2001
Recorded 1999–2001, Silvermere Studios, Surrey, England
Genre Heavy metal
Length 1:18:43
Label SPV/Steamhammer (Europe and Japan)
Atlantic Records (USA)
Producer Glenn Tipton and Sean Lynch
Judas Priest chronology
Angel of Retribution
Singles from Demolition
1. "Machine Man"
Released: June 1, 2001 (2001-06-01)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
AllMusic 3/5 stars[1]
Rolling Stone 3/5 stars link[dead link]
Demolition is the fourteenth studio album by British heavy metal band Judas Priest, and the first in the decade of the 2000s. It is the second and final studio album to feature Tim 'Ripper' Owens on vocals, and also the only Judas Priest studio album to feature a Parental Advisory label due to some songs featuring profanity; "Machine Man", "Hell Is Home" and "Metal Messiah" all carry explicit markings on the album's iTunes page.
Background and reception[edit]
Following the lukewarm-to-decent reception to Jugulator, the band scrambled to assess what exactly went wrong and determined that fans preferred a sound more faithful to Priest's back catalog. The resulting album would be an amalgam of Jugulator-style riffs, references to '80s Priest, and sporadic nu-metal additions such as quasi-rapping, samples, and industrial-style beats. While the ostensible aim was to offer something for every possible fan, in the end, the album received a much poorer reception than Jugulator by most fans and would result in the eventual reunion of the classic line-up. Owens claimed that Demolition was his favorite album that he did with the group, claiming it had "better vocals and more melody" than Jugulator.
Songwriting and production[edit]
The album was produced by guitarist Glenn Tipton, who also took over as the primary songwriter with this album. For a long time, the band's main songwriting team had consisted of Rob Halford, K. K. Downing and Tipton. However, after Halford departed from the band, Downing and Tipton went on to write all the songs on Jugulator. On this album, many of the songs were written solely by Tipton, with contributions from Downing on several songs. Former producer Chris Tsangarides, who co-wrote the song "A Touch of Evil" on the Painkiller album, also assisted Tipton in the writing of a few songs. Even drummer Scott Travis co-wrote the track "Cyberface", marking his first and only contribution to songwriting in the band's history (former drummer Les Binks was the only other Judas Priest drummer to co-write a song). This was also the first album since Painkiller to feature a guest appearance by keyboardist Don Airey, who had previously played on "A Touch of Evil".
The songs "Machine Man" and "Feed on Me" were included in Judas Priest's box set Metalogy.
Track listing[edit]
No. Title Writer(s) Length
1. "Machine Man" Glenn Tipton 5:35
2. "One on One" K. K. Downing, Tipton 6:44
3. "Hell Is Home" Downing, Tipton 6:18
4. "Jekyll and Hyde" Tipton 3:19
5. "Close to You" Downing, Tipton 4:28
6. "Devil Digger" Tipton 4:45
7. "Bloodsuckers" Downing, Tipton 6:18
8. "In Between" Tipton 5:41
9. "Feed on Me" Tipton 5:28
10. "Subterfuge" Tipton, Chris Tsangarides 5:12
11. "Lost and Found" Downing, Tipton 4:57
12. "Cyberface" Tipton, Scott Travis 6:45
13. "Metal Messiah" Tipton, Tsangarides 5:14
Judas Priest
Additional musician
• Produced and arranged by Glenn Tipton; co-produced by Sean Lynch
• Mastered by Jon Astley
• Front cover and booklet by L-Space Design
• Back cover image by Benjamin Davies
• Photography by Mick Hutson
Chart (2001) Peak
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[2] 50
French Albums (SNEP)[3] 72
German Albums (Official Top 100)[4] 16
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[5] 55
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[6] 72
US Billboard 200[7] 165
1. ^ "Demolition review". AllMusic. AllMusic. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
2. ^ "Judas Priest – Demolition" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
3. ^ "Judas Priest – Demolition". Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
4. ^ "Judas Priest – Demolition". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
7. ^ "Judas Priest Album & Song Chart History" Billboard 200 for Judas Priest. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
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Elmendorf Air Force Base
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Elmendorf Field)
Jump to: navigation, search
Elmendorf Air Force Base
Pacific Air Forces.png
Part of Pacific Air Forces (PACAF)
Located in: Anchorage, Alaska
F-22 Raptor pair over Alaska - 081010-F-1234X-924.jpg
F-22 Raptors of the 3rd Wing at Elmendorf-Richardson
Elmendorf Field is located in Alaska
Elmendorf Field
Elmendorf Field
Coordinates 61°15′05″N 149°48′23″W / 61.25139°N 149.80639°W / 61.25139; -149.80639 (JB Elmendorf-Richardson)
Site information
Controlled by United States Air Force
Site history
Built 1940
In use 1940-Present
Garrison information
Garrison 673d Air Base Wing.png 673d Air Base Wing
Airfield information
WMO: 70272
Elevation AMSL 212 ft / 65 m
Website www.jber.af.mil
Direction Length Surface
ft m
6/24 10,000 3,048 Asphalt
16/34 7,505 2,288 Asphalt
Sources: FAA,[1] official site[2]
Elmendorf Air Force Base (IATA: EDFICAO: PAEDFAA LID: EDF) is a United States military facility in Anchorage, the largest city in Alaska. Formerly known as Elmendorf Field, in 2010 it merged with nearby Fort Richardson to form Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson.
The installation hosts the headquarters for the United States Alaskan Command, 11th Air Force, U.S. Army Alaska, and the Alaskan North American Aerospace Defense Command Region.
Major units assigned are:
Activated on 30 July 2010 as the host wing combining installation management functions of Elmendorf AFB's 3rd Wing and U.S. Army Garrison Fort Richardson. The 673d ABW comprises over 5,500 joint military and civilian personnel, supporting America's Arctic Warriors and their families. The wing supports and enables three AF total-force wings, two Army Brigades and 55 other tenant units. In addition, the wing provides medical care to over 35,000 joint service members, dependents, VA patients and retirees throughout Alaska. The 673d ABW maintains an $11.4B infrastructure encompassing 84,000 acres, ensuring Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson remains America's premier strategic power projection platform.
Responsible for maximizing theater force readiness for 21,000 Alaskan servicemembers and expediting worldwide contingency force deployments from and through Alaska as directed by the Commander, USPACOM
U.S. Army Alaska executes continuous training and readiness oversight responsibilities for Army Force Generation in Alaska. Supports U.S. Pacific Command Theater Security Cooperation Program. On order, executes Joint Force Land Component Command functions in support of Homeland Defense and Security in Alaska.
To support and defend US interests in the Asia-Pacific region and around the world by providing units who are ready for worldwide air power projection and a base that is capable of meeting PACOM's theater staging and throughput requirements.
Composite wing of the Alaska Air National Guard flying the C-17 Globemaster, C-130 Hercules, HC-130 Hercules and HH-60 Pavehawk. Previously located at the former Kulis Air National Guard Base until relocated to Elmendorf per BRAC action.
Air Force Reserve Command "Associate" unit to the active duty 3d Wing; operates and maintains the F-22 Raptor.
• Alaskan Norad Region
The Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR) conducts aerospace control within its area of operations and contributes to NORAD's aerospace warning mission.
Provide ready warriors and infrastructure for homeland defense, decisive force projection, and aerospace command and control
Elmendorf Air Force Base sign outside of Government Hill Gate
A C-17 Globemaster III takes off from Elmendorf Air Force Base on 26 March 2010
31st Fighter Interceptor Squadron Convair F-102A-75-CO Delta Dagger 56-1281, 1965. Aircraft crashed 12/27/67.
World War II[edit]
Construction on Elmendorf Field began on 8 June 1940, as a major and permanent military airfield near Anchorage. The first Air Corps personnel arrived on 12 August 1940.
On 12 November 1940, the War Department formally designated what had been popularly referred to as Elmendorf Field as Fort Richardson. The air facilities on the post were named Elmendorf Field in honor of Captain Hugh M. Elmendorf, killed on 13 January 1933, while flight testing the experimental Consolidated Y1P-25, fighter, 32-321, near Wright Field, Ohio.[3][4] After World War II, the Army moved its operations to the new Fort Richardson and the Air Force assumed control of the original Fort Richardson and renamed it Elmendorf Air Force Base.
The first Air Force unit to be assigned to Alaska, the 18th Pursuit Squadron, arrived in February 1941. The 23d Air Base Group was assigned shortly afterward to provide base support. Other Air Force units poured into Alaska as the Japanese threat developed into World War II. The Eleventh Air Force was formed at Elmendorf AFB in early 1942. The field played a vital role as the main air logistics center and staging area during the Aleutian Campaign and later air operations against the Kurile Islands.
Cold War[edit]
Following World War II, Elmendorf assumed an increasing role in the defense of North America as the uncertain wartime relations between the United States and the Soviet Union deteriorated into the Cold War. The Eleventh Air Force was redesignated as the Alaskan Air Command (AAC) on 18 December 1945. The Alaskan Command, established 1 January 1947, also headquartered at Elmendorf, was a unified command under the Joint Chiefs of Staff based on lessons learned during World War II when a lack of unity of command hampered operations to drive the Japanese from the western Aleutian Islands of Attu and Kiska.
The uncertain world situation in late 1940s and early 1950s caused a major buildup of air defense forces in Alaska. The propeller-driven F-51s were replaced with F-80 jets, which in turn were replaced in succession by F-94s, F-89s, and F-102s interceptor aircraft for defense of North America. The Air Force built an extensive aircraft control and warning radar system with sites located throughout Alaska's interior and coastal regions. Additionally, the Air Force of necessity built the White Alice Communications System (with numerous support facilities around the state) to provide reliable communications to these far-flung, isolated, and often rugged locales. The Alaskan NORAD Regional Operations Control Center (ROCC) at Elmendorf served as the nerve center for all air defense operations in Alaska.
The U.S. Air Force Security Service (USAFSS) activated the 6981st Security Group tasked with monitoring, collecting and interpreting signals intelligence of concern to the region, including installation of an AN/FLR-9 antenna array as part of a worldwide network known collectively as "Iron Horse."
Air defense forces reached their zenith in 1957 with almost 200 fighter aircraft assigned to six fighter interceptor squadrons located at Elmendorf AFB and Ladd AFB. Eighteen aircraft control and warning radar sites controlled their operations. Elmendorf earned the motto "Top Cover for North America." AAC adopted the motto as its own in 1969.
The late 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s brought about a gradual, but significant decline in air defense forces in Alaska due to mission changes and the demands of the Vietnam War. The Air Force inactivated five fighter squadrons and closed five radar sites. In 1961, the Department of Defense consigned Ladd AFB to the Army which renamed it Fort Wainwright. The Alaskan Command was disestablished in 1975. Elmendorf began providing more support to other Air Force commands, particularly Military Airlift Command C-5 and C-141 flights to and from the Far East.
Despite a diminished number of personnel and aircraft, a turning point in Elmendorf's history occurred in 1970 with the arrival of the 43d Tactical Fighter Squadron in June 1970 from MacDill AFB, Florida. The squadron gave AAC an air-to-ground capability which was further enhanced with the activation of the 18th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Elmendorf (also with F-4Es) on 1 October 1977.
The strategic importance of Elmendorf AFB was graphically realized during the spring of 1980 when the 18th Tactical Fighter Squadron deployed eight of its F-4Es to Korea to participate in exercise Team Spirit. It was a historical first and underlined an increasing emphasis AAC placed on its tactical role. The strategic location of Elmendorf AFB and Alaska made it an excellent deployment center, a fact that validated the contention of Billy Mitchell who, in 1935, stated that "Alaska is the most strategic place in the world." Deployments from Elmendorf AFB and Eielson AFB to the Far East are now conducted on a routine basis.
The 1980s witnessed a period of growth and modernization of Elmendorf AFB. During 1982, the 21st Tactical Fighter Wing converted from F-4Es to F-15A/Bs. The 18th Tactical Fighter Squadron was assigned to Eielson AFB where it was equipped with A-10s. The 54th Tactical Fighter Squadron, of Aleutian Campaign fame, activated once again in 1987. Operating two F-15 Squadrons (43rd and 54th TFS), the F-15s were housed next to the 5021st Tactical Operations Squadron's T-33 Shooting Stars. Rounding out the modernization program was the construction of an enhanced Regional Operations Control Center (completed in 1983), and the replacement of the 1950s generation aircraft control and warning radars with the state of the art AN/FPS-117 Minimally Attended Radars. The integrated air warning and defense system became fully operational in mid 1985. Alaska's air defense force was further enhanced with the assignment of two E-3As to Elmendorf AFB in 1986. The Alaskan Command was reestablished at Elmendorf in 1989 as subunified joint service command under the Pacific Command in recognition of Alaska's military importance in the Pacific region.
The Elmendorf AFB is a site of one of the now decommissioned FLR-9 Wullenweber-class antennas, a node of the now obsolete High Frequency SIGINT direction finding system.
Modern era[edit]
Six Blue Angels F/A-18 Hornets, fly in delta formation into the rainy mists surrounding Elmendorf AFB during Arctic Thunder, August 2006
That importance was further recognized when the F-15E Strike Eagle equipped 90th Tactical Fighter Squadron was reassigned to Elmendorf Air Force Base from Clark Air Base in the Philippines in May 1991. The Pacific Regional Medical Center moved from Clark to Elmendorf and construction of a new, greatly expanded hospital began in 1993. The early 1990s also saw major organizational changes and an expansion of Elmendorf's importance. In 1991, the 21st Tactical Fighter Wing was reorganized as an objective wing and all the major tenant units on Elmendorf were placed under it. The 21st Wing was inactivated and the 3d Wing was reassigned from Clark Air Base to Elmendorf Air Force Base on 19 December 1991. This was in keeping with the Air Force's polices of retaining the oldest and most illustrious units during a period of major force reductions. It was also an alternative landing site for the Space Shuttle.
Major Commands to which assigned[edit]
• Alaskan Defense Force, (June 1940 – February 1941)
• Alaskan Defense Command, (February – May 1941)
• Air Field Forces, Alaskan Defense Command, (May – December 1941)
• Alaskan Air Force, (December 1941 – February 1942)
• Eleventh Air Force, (February – September 1942)
• Alaskan Air Command, (December 1945 – August 1990)
• Pacific Air Forces, (August 1990 – present)
Base operating units[edit]
Major units assigned[edit]
Base Realignment and Closure, 2005[edit]
The Department of Defense proposed a major realignment of the base as part of the Base Realignment and Closure program announced on 13 May 2005. Currently, under the plan, one F-15E and one F-15C squadron have been replaced with the F-22, and the C-130 fleet has been replaced with the C-17 Globemaster III.
Aviation accidents[edit]
On 22 September 1995, a Boeing E-3 Sentry Airborne early warning and control aircraft with 22 USAF personnel and two Canadian air crew members crashed after ingesting a flock of Canada Geese, killing all on board.[5][6]
On 28 July 2010, a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III cargo aircraft practicing for an upcoming airshow crashed into a wooded area within the base, killing all four air crew members; three from the Alaska Air National Guard and one from the USAF.[7][8] The cause of the accident has been reported to be pilot error. The pilot performed an aggressive righthand turn and ignored the aircraft's stall warning, continuing the turn until the aircraft stalled due to lack of airspeed. The low altitude of the turn made it impossible for the crew to recover from the stall in time to avoid impacting the ground.[9]
On 16 November 2010, a Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor took off for a training mission. At approximately 1900 hrs., the base reported that the aircraft was overdue and missing. Air Force rescue teams were reported to be concentrating their search for the missing plane and pilot in Denali National Park. The F-22's crash site was found about 100 miles north of Anchorage near the town of Cantwell, Alaska. The pilot, of the US Air Force's 525th Fighter Squadron, was killed in the crash.[10]
See also[edit]
1. ^ FAA Airport Master Record for EDF (Form 5010 PDF), retrieved 2007-03-15
2. ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "Elmendorf Air Force Base".
3. ^ "1930-1937 USAAS Serial Numbers". Joebaugher.com. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
4. ^ "1933 USAAC Accident Reports". Aviationarchaeology.com. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
5. ^ "Cargo plane crashes and burns on Elmendorf". adn.com. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
6. ^ "AWACS crash kills 24 crew members". cnn.com. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
7. ^ "Four Dead in Alaska Air Force Base Crash". cbsnews.com. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
8. ^ "Military plane crashes on training mission in Alaska, killing 4 airmen". cnn.com. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
9. ^ "Pilot error blamed in July C-17 crash". Anchorage Daily News. December 13, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
10. ^ "Alaska Military Base Searching for Overdue F-22". cbsnews.com. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
External links[edit]
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Galešnjak is located in Croatia
Location Adriatic Sea
Area 0.132 km2 (0.051 sq mi)
Population 0
Galešnjak (also called Island of Love, Lover's Island, Otok za Zaljubljene) is located in the Pašman channel of the Adriatic, between the islands of Pašman and the town of Turanj on mainland Croatia. It is one of the worlds few naturally occurring heart-shaped objects.
Galešnjak is privately owned and contains only wild plants and trees. Human activity recorded on this island are three known Illyrian burial mounds and remains of an ancient building's foundations.
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Harry Reems
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Harry Reems
Harry Reems1.jpg
Mugshot of Reems taken after his arrest in 1974
Born Herbert Streicher
(1947-08-27)August 27, 1947
Bronx, New York City, US
Salt Lake City, Utah, US
Other names Harry Reams, Harry Reemes, Bruce Gilchrist, Charles Lamont, Tim Long, Ned Reems, Dan Stryker, Herb Streecher, Herbert Streicher, Herb Streicher, Herb Stryker, Bob Walters
Occupation Actor, realtor
Years active 1970–1989
Spouse(s) Jeanne Sterret (1990-2013; his death)
Herbert Streicher (better known by his stage name Harry Reems) (August 27, 1947 – March 19, 2013) was an American pornographic actor who was best known as the star of the 1972 cult classic Deep Throat. Throughout the 1970s he was one of the most prolific performers in the adult industry. He retired from the industry in 1989.
Early life and career[edit]
Prior to appearing in Deep Throat, Herb Streicher was chosen by filmmaker Eduardo Cemano to do a hardcore scene in a film called The Deviates, which had been released previously as a softcore film. It was a body-painting sex scene that Herb later described as his most painful sex experience because the Tempera paint used began to dry and crack. Cemano then starred him in his first 16mm feature film, called The Weirdos and the Oddballs, which was later upgraded to 35mm and released as Zora Knows Best. It was for this film that he changed his name to Peter Long.
Reems's appearance in Deep Throat led to his arrest by FBI agents in New York City in July 1974[5] and his indictment in Memphis, Tennessee, in June 1975 on federal charges of conspiracy to distribute obscenity across state lines.[6] Reems called it forum shopping. He was convicted in April 1976 with 11 other individuals and four corporations.[7] His conviction was overturned on appeal in April 1977 because his activities in making the film occurred before a U.S. Supreme Court ruling on obscenity in 1973 (Miller v. California), and Reems was granted a new trial.[8] The charges against Reems were dropped in August.[5] Reems's defense claimed that he was the first American actor to be prosecuted by the federal government merely for appearing in a film, and he received considerable support from established Hollywood and New York celebrities during his trial.[9] His successful appeal was handled by attorney Alan Dershowitz[citation needed].
Reems was cast in the 1978 musical film Grease as Coach Calhoun (he had done legitimate theater before turning to pornography), but out of fear that his notoriety would jeopardize the film's box office in the Southern United States,[10] he was later replaced by Sid Caesar.[11]
Later years[edit]
After years of drug abuse, Reems began his recovery in 1989. He married and converted from Judaism to Christianity. "Being the low-bottom drunk that I was, I started going around to churches," said Reems. "I called myself a church gypsy." Reems credited his conversion to Reverend Mark Heiss, a former pastor with Park City Community Church in Park City, Utah. Heiss was abruptly replaced at the church by someone else, for reasons Reems says were never explained; Reems left the congregation because he believed church attendance was "about putting money in the coffers." Outside organized religion, he continued to meditate, pray, and offer gratitude to God. "If I didn't put God in my life, I'd be dead now," he said. "I am not religious. I'm spiritual, 100 percent." [12] He continued to identify himself as "Harry Reems," even using the name while he worked as a real estate agent.
He was interviewed in the 2005 documentary Inside Deep Throat. Reems' entrance into the adult entertainment industry, his experience filming Deep Throat and its subsequent infamy and obscenity trials, are the subject of the 2010 play "The Deep Throat Sex Scandal." He died while a Los Angeles run of the play was underway, and his death was noted by the production. [13][14]
Reems died on March 19, 2013, at the veterans hospital in Salt Lake City from pancreatic cancer. He was 65. Reems is survived by his wife, Jeanne, his sister Janet, and a brother. He had no children.[15]
Popular culture[edit]
Eddie Murphy uses Reems' name to make a joke in his short Saturday Night Live film "White Like Me".
Reems and his legal battle are featured in episode 105 of the series Swingtown.
See also[edit]
4. ^ Jim Gallagher, "Porn fame is a trying experience for Reems," Chicago Tribune, October 14, 1976, p. A1.
5. ^ a b Inside Deep Throat: Timeline.
6. ^ U.S. v. Battista, 646 F.2d 237, 241 (C.A. Tenn., 1981). The federal district court in Memphis had jurisdiction and venue because Deep Throat had been transported across state lines to be shown in Memphis in February 1974. U.S. v. Peraino, 645 F.2d 548, 549 (C.A.Tenn., 1981).
8. ^ "Judge Grants New Trial for 'Deep Throat' Star", New York Times, April 12, 1977, p. 12. The jury instruction at Reems's trial had improperly used the post-Miller definition of obscenity.
9. ^ Among them: Jack Nicholson, Warren Beatty, Shirley MacLaine, Richard Dreyfuss, Gregory Peck, Colleen Dewhurst, Rod McKuen, Ben Gazzara, Mike Nichols, Julie Newmar, Dick Cavett, George Plimpton, and Stephen Sondheim (Inside Deep Throat: Timeline). Nicholson, Beatty, and Louise Fletcher were ready to testify on his behalf at his trial.
11. ^ "Harry Reems". NotStarring.com. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
12. ^ Harry Reems - 'Throat' star thanks God for new lease on life, The Salt Lake Tribune
External links[edit]
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Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (1176 – 1 June 1220) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman.
He was Earl of Hereford and Hereditary Constable of England from 1199 to 1220.
He was the son of Humphrey III de Bohun and Margaret of Huntingdon, daughter of Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, a son of David I of Scotland. His paternal grandmother was Margaret of Hereford, eldest daughter of Miles de Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford and Constable of England. Bohun's half-sister was Constance, Duchess of Brittany.
The male line of Miles of Gloucester having failed, on the accession of King John of England, Bohun was created Earl of Hereford and Constable of England (1199). The lands of the family lay chiefly on the Welsh Marches, and from this date the Bohuns took a foremost place among the Marcher barons.[1]
Henry de Bohun figured with the earls of Clare and Gloucester among the twenty-five barons who were elected by their fellows to enforce the terms of the Magna Carta in 1215, and was subsequently excommunicated by the Pope.
Marriage & children[edit]
He married Maud de Mandeville, daughter of Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex. Their children were:
1. Humphrey IV de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, married Maud de Lusignan, by whom he had issue.
2. Maud de Bohun, married Henry d'Oilly of Hook Norton, Oxfordshire, by whom she had issue, including:
1. Margery, married Waleran, Earl of Warwick.
3. Ralph de Bohun of Hereford, was father to Sir Franco de Bohun of Midhurst who married Sybil de Ferrers, daughter of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby.
Later career[edit]
In the civil war that followed the Magna Carta, he was also a supporter of King Louis VIII of France and was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in 1217.[1] He died while on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[2]
Preceded by
Humphrey III de Bohun
Lord High Constable
Succeeded by
The Earl of Hereford
Preceded by
New Creation
Earl of Hereford
Succeeded by
Humphrey de Bohun
1. ^ a b Public Domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainDavis, Henry (1911). "Bohun". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 137.
2. ^ BOMC: Profiles of Magna Charta Sureties and Other Supporters
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Holdridge life zones
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Holdridge life zone classification scheme. Although conceived as three-dimensional by its originator, it is usually shown as a two-dimensional array of hexagons in a triangular frame.
The Holdridge life zones system is a global bioclimatic scheme for the classification of land areas. It was first published by Leslie Holdridge in 1947, and updated in 1967. It is a relatively simple system based on few empirical data, giving objective mapping criteria.[1] A basic assumption of the system is that both soil and climax vegetation can be mapped once climate is known.[2]
While it was first designed for tropical and subtropical area, the system applies globally. The system has been shown to fit tropical vegetation zones, Mediterranean zones, and boreal zones, but is less applicable to cold oceanic or cold arid climates where moisture becomes the determining factor. The system has found a major use in assessing the possible changes in natural vegetation patterns due to global warming.[3]
The three axes of the barycentric subdivisions are:
Further indicators incorporated into the system are:
Biotemperature is based on the growing season length and temperature. It is measured as the mean of all temperatures above freezing, with all temperatures below freezing and above 30 °C adjusted to 0 °C,[4] as plants are dormant at these temperatures. Holdridge's system uses biotemperature first, rather than the temperate latitude bias of Merriam's life zones, and does not primarily consider elevation. The system is considered more appropriate to the complexities of tropical vegetation than Merriam's system.
Scientific Relationship between the 3 axes and 3 indicators[edit]
Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is the amount of water that would be evaporated and transpired if there were sufficient water available. Moisture laden soil with high temperatures have a higher PET. Evapotranspiration (ET) is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere. Evapotranspiration can never be greater than PET. The ratio, Precipitation/PET, is the aridity index (AI), with an AI<0.2 indicating arid/hyperarid, and AI>0.5 indicating dry.
/ \
PET - -- - Rain
Coldest regions have not much evapotranspiration nor precipitation, hence polar deserts. In the warmer regions, there are deserts with maximum PET but low rainfall that make the soil even drier, and rain forests with low PET and maximum rainfall causing river systems to drain excess water into oceans.
The classes defined within the system, as used by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), are:
1. Polar desert
2. Subpolar dry tundra
3. Subpolar moist tundra
4. Subpolar wet tundra
5. Subpolar rain tundra
6. Boreal desert
7. Boreal dry scrub
8. Boreal moist forest
9. Boreal wet forest
10. Boreal rain forest
11. Cool temperate desert
12. Cool temperate desert scrub
13. Cool temperate steppe
14. Cool temperate moist forest
15. Cool temperate wet forest
16. Cool temperate rain forest
17. Warm temperate desert
18. Warm temperate desert scrub
19. Warm temperate thorn scrub
20. Warm temperate dry forest
21. Warm temperate moist forest
22. Warm temperate wet forest
23. Warm temperate rain forest
24. Subtropical desert
25. Subtropical desert scrub
26. Subtropical thorn woodland
27. Subtropical dry forest
28. Subtropical moist forest
29. Subtropical wet forest
30. Subtropical rain forest
31. Tropical desert
32. Tropical desert scrub
33. Tropical thorn woodland
34. Tropical very dry forest
35. Tropical dry forest
36. Tropical moist forest
37. Tropical wet forest
38. Tropical rain forest
See also[edit]
1. ^ Western Ecology Division | US EPA
2. ^ Harris SA (1973). "Comments on the Application of the Holdridge System for Classification of World Life Zones as Applied to Costa Rica". Arctic and Alpine Research 5 (3): A187–A191.
3. ^ Leemans, Rik (1990). "Possible Changes in Natural Vegetation Patterns Due to a Global Warming". National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA).
4. ^ Lugo, A. E. (1999). "The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography 26: 1025 Extra |pages= or |at= (help). Retrieved 27 May 2015.
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Holy Name of Jesus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Holy Name (disambiguation).
For the feast day see Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus
IHS monogram, with kneeling angels, atop the main altar, Church of the Gesù, Rome.
The devotions and venerations also extend to the IHS christogram (a monogram of the Holy Name), derived from the Greek word for Jesus ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, or referring to Iesus Hominum Salvator, Jesus saviour of mankind, representing the Holy Name.[2][3]
Devotions to the Holy Name of Jesus exist both in Eastern and Western Christianity.[4] The feast day is celebrated either as the Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus or as that of Circumcision of Jesus, in various Christian churches.
The Gospel of Matthew provides a specific meaning and intention for the name Jesus (as the one who "saves his people from sin") and indicates that it was selected by Heavenly guidance. For centuries, Christians have invoked the Holy Name, and have believed that there is intrinsic power in the name of Jesus.[2][5][6]
Biblical references and theology[edit]
An 11th-century Gospel of Matthew (1:18-21), with Matthew 1:21 which indicates a) Jesus as the saviour, and b) the name Jesus selected by a Heavenly command.[5]
The name "Jesus" was a common one among the Israelites at the time of Jesus' birth and it means "Yahweh saves." Among ancient peoples a name expressed the person's place in the universe or it could also express a man's activity or destiny.[7]
In the New Testament, in Luke 1:31 an angel tells Mary to name her child Jesus, and in Matthew 1:21 an angel tells Joseph to name the child. The Gospel of Matthew places special emphasis on the origin of the names of Jesus, Matthew 1:21-23 discussing the two names Jesus and Emmanuel.[8][9] The significance is underscored by the fact that Matthew pays more attention to the name of the child and its theological implications than the actual birth event itself.[8][9]
In Matthew 1:21 the message of the angel in Joseph's first dream includes the origin of the name Jesus, and has salvific implications when the angel instructs Joseph: "you shall call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins".[5][10] It is the only place in the New Testament where "saves his people" appears with "sins".[11]
Matthew 1:21 provides the beginnings of the Christology of the name Jesus. At once it achieves the two goals of affirming Jesus as the saviour and emphasizing that the name was not selected at random, but based on a Heavenly command.[12] The name Emmanuel (meaning God is with us) is also given to Jesus in Matthew 1:23 ("they shall call his name Emmanuel"). Emmanuel does not appear elsewhere in the New Testament, but in the context of Matthew 28:20 ("I am with you always, even unto the end of the world") indicates that Jesus will be with the faithful to the end of the age.[12]
Reverence for the Holy Name is emphasized by Saint Paul in Philippians 2:10 where he states: "That in the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those that are in heaven, on earth, and under the earth".[13] In Romans 10:13 St. Paul reiterates the salvific nature of the Holy Name by stating that those who "call on the name of the Lord" will be saved.[14]
The power of the name Jesus used in petitions is stressed in John 16:23 when Jesus states: "If you ask the Father anything in my name he will give it you." Many Christian prayers thus conclude with the words: "Through Our Lord Jesus Christ".[13] Several episodes in the New Testament refer to the power of the invocation of the Holy Name. In Mark 9:38-39 demons are driven out by the power of the name Jesus, in Acts 2:38 baptisms take place and in Acts 3:6, Acts 4:7-11 and Acts 9:34 miracles are performed.[2] Many Christians believe that as in Acts 16:18 the invocation of the name of Jesus provides protection by repelling evil.[15]
There is widespread belief among Christians that the name Jesus is not merely a sequence of identifying symbols but includes intrinsic divine power, and that where the name of Jesus is spoken or displayed the power of Jesus can be called upon to obtain peace, sanctity and as protection against evil.[6][15]
Development of devotions[edit]
IHS monogram, Montmorency, France
The reverence and affection with which Christians have regarded the Holy Name of Jesus goes back to the earliest days of Christianity, as shown in Acts 4:10 and Philippians 2:10.[1] Devotion to and veneration of the IHS monogram, (derived from the Greek word for Jesus, ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, or referring to Iesus Hominum Salvator, Jesus saviour of mankind) also dates back to the early days of Christianity, where it was placed on altars and religious vestments, ornaments and other objects.[2] The IHS monogram is also found on a gold coin from the eighth century.[3]
Medieval devotions to the Holy Name in England were promoted by Anselm of Canterbury early in the 12th century.[17] In continental Europe, shortly after Anselm, the veneration of the Holy Name was strongly encouraged by Bernard of Clairvaux in his sermons and writings. Bernard's writings such as the Sermon on the Canticles later influenced others such as Richard Rolle who expressed similar views, e.g. that of the Holy Name acting as a "healing ointment" for the soul.[18][19]
The Jesuit logo has three nails (symbolizing the Crucifixion) below the IHS monogram with a cross.
Official recognition for the Holy Name was provided by Pope Gregory X at the Council of Lyons in 1274.[17][20] In the 14th century, Henry Suso in Germany and Richard Rolle in England promoted devotions to the Name of Jesus.[16] Rolle believed that the name Jesus has awesome intrinsic power, in a manner reminiscent of the Old Testament reverence of the name Jehovah.[16] In Rolle's view the act of calling on the Holy Name purifies the soul and amounts to a reconstruction of the self as a contemplative.[21] Rolle composed a number of lyrics about the Holy Name.[16]
The tradition of devotion to and reverence for the Holy Name continued through the 14th and 15th centuries in England as the belief in its miraculous powers became widespread.[17] Walter Hilton's classic work Scale of Perfection included a long passage on the Holy Name.[22] In this period popular beliefs on the power of the Name of Jesus at times coincided with the belief in the power of the Holy Name of Mary.[17] The belief in the power of the Holy name had a strong visual component and the IHS monogram as well as Crucifixion scenes were widely used along with it.[17]
IHS with angels and a Crown of Thorns, in Hostýn, Czech Republic.
In the 15th century, the Franciscan Bernardine of Siena actively promoted the devotion to the Holy Name. At the end of his sermons he usually displayed the trigram IHS on a tablet in gold letters.[20] Bernardine would then ask the audience to "adore the Redeemer of mankind". Given that this practice had an unorthodox air, he was brought before Pope Martin V, who instead of rebuking Bernardine, encouraged the practice and joined a procession for it in Rome.[13] The devotion to the Holy Name became so popular in Italy that the IHS trigram was often inscribed over the doorways of houses.[23] The tablet used by Bernardine is now venerated at the basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in Rome.[13]
John Calvin believed in reverence for the Holy Name and encouraged Christians to: "glorify His holy name with our whole life".[24] Martin Luther encouraged "pure faith and confidence, and a cheerful meditation of and calling upon His holy Name".[25]
A number of religious communities dedicated to the Holy Name Jesus have been formed since the Middle Ages.[26] In the 16th century, the Jesuits made the IHS monogram the emblem of their society, by adding a cross over the H and by showing three nails underneath it.[13]
A number of Christian prayers refer to the Holy Name. The Jesus prayer, which perhaps dates to the 4th century, is widely used in the Eastern Church. The Litany of the Holy Name used in the Western Church dates to around the late 6th century.[27]
Devotions to the Holy Name continued also in the Eastern Church into the 19th and 20th centuries. St. Theophan the Recluse regarded the Jesus Prayer stronger than all other prayers by virtue of the power of the Holy Name and St. John of Kronstadt stated: "The Name of the Lord is the Lord Himself".[28]
Sacramentals such as the Little Sachet (associated with the Holy Name) are used by Roman Catholics. The Little Sachet bears the statement: "When Jesus was named — Satan was disarmed."[29]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b Hunter, Sylvester. Outlines of dogmatic theology, Volume 2 2010 ISBN 1-146-98633-5 p.443
2. ^ a b c d Gieben, Servus. Christian sacrament and devotion 1997 ISBN 90-04-06247-5 p.18
3. ^ a b Becker, Udo. The Continuum encyclopedia of symbols 2000 ISBN 0-8264-1221-1 p.54
4. ^ Houlden, Leslie. Jesus: the complete guide 2006 ISBN 0-8264-8011-X p.426
5. ^ a b c Phillips, John. Bible explorer's guide 2002 ISBN 0-8254-3483-1 p.147
6. ^ a b Strecker, Georg and Horn, Friedrich Wilhelm Horn. Theology of the New Testament 2000 ISBN 0-664-22336-2 .p89
7. ^ Baker S.J., Kenneth. "The Holy Name of Jesus." Fundamentals of Catholicism, Vol. 1 Chapter 9 (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1995), 38-39
8. ^ a b Long, Matthew. Matthew 1997 ISBN 0-664-25257-5 pp.14-15
9. ^ a b Schnackenburg, Rudolf. The Gospel of Matthew 2002 ISBN 0-8028-4438-3 p.9
10. ^ Lockyer, Herbert. All the Doctrines of the Bible 1988 ISBN 0-310-28051-6 p.159
11. ^ Gowan, Donald E. The Westminster theological wordbook of the Bible 2003 ISBN 0-664-22394-X p.453
12. ^ a b Kingsbury, Jack Dean, Powell, Mark Allen, and Bauer, David R., Who do you say that I am?: essays on Christology, 1999 ISBN 0-664-25752-6 p.17
13. ^ a b c d e Holweck, Frederick. "Holy Name of Jesus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 11 Oct. 2013
14. ^ Tuckett, Christopher Mark. Christology and the New Testament 2001 ISBN 0-664-22431-8 pp.58-59
15. ^ a b Aumann, Jordan. Spiritual theology 1980 ISBN 0-7220-8518-4 p.411
16. ^ a b c d Mursell, Gordon. English spirituality: from earliest times to 1700 2001 ISBN 0-664-22504-7 p.191
17. ^ a b c d e Reading in the Wilderness: Private Devotion and Public Performance in Late Medieval England by Jessica Brantley 2007 ISBN 0-226-07132-4 pages 178-193
18. ^ Richard Rolle, the English writings by Richard Rolle (of Hampole), Rosamund Allen 1988 ISBN 0-8091-3008-4-page 55
19. ^ Medieval English lyrics: a critical anthology by Reginald Thorne Davies 1972 ISBN 0-8369-6386-5-page 322
20. ^ a b The Jesus Prayer by Lev Gillet 1987 ISBN 0-88141-013-6-page 112
21. ^ The English prose treatises of Richard Rolle by Claire Elizabeth McIlroy 2004 ISBN 1-84384-003-0 page 174
22. ^ The scale of perfection by Walter Hilton, John P. H. Clark, Rosemary Dorward 1991 ISBN 0-8091-0440-7-page 54
23. ^ Saints and feasts of the liturgical year by Joseph N. Tylenda 2003 ISBN 0-87840-399-X page 6
24. ^ Writings on pastoral piety by Jean Calvin, Elsie Anne McKee 2002 ISBN 0-8091-0541-1 page 136
25. ^ A Treatise on Good Works by Martin Luther 2009 ISBN 1-60450-609-1 page 47
26. ^ McGahan, Florence. "Religious Communities of the Name of Jesus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 11 Oct. 2013
27. ^ Mershman, Francis. "Litany of the Holy Name." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 11 Oct. 2013
28. ^ On the Prayer of Jesus by Ignatius Brianchaninov, Kallistos Ware 2006 ISBN 1-59030-278-8-page xxiii-xxiv
External links[edit]
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James Hazeldine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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James Hazeldine
Born (1947-04-04)4 April 1947
Salford, Lancashire, England, UK
Died 17 December 2002(2002-12-17) (aged 55)
London, England, UK
Cause of death
aortic dissection following bypass surgery
Years active 1969-2002
Spouse(s) Rebecca Moore (1971-2002; his death)
Children Sam Hazeldine (born 1972)
Chloe Hazeldine
James Anthony[1] "Jimmy" [2] Hazeldine (4 April 1947 – 17 December 2002) was a British television, stage and film actor.
Early life[edit]
Hazeldine was born as the son of a dustman in Salford, Lancashire, where he grew up on a council estate.[3] As a child, he became obsessed with the films of director Elia Kazan. When, aged 11, he found out that Kazan had started his career as an actor and stage manager Hazeldine decided to do the same. Following the death of his mother, he left school when he was 15.[3] He was accepted as a student assistant stage manager at Salford rep where he soon started taking on small acting roles. Seasons at Liverpool Playhouse, Newcastle Playhouse and Manchester Library Theatre followed.[1]
Stage work[edit]
Aged 20, James Hazeldine made his London debut at the Royal Court Theatre[4] in Sloane Square. Initially hired to understudy as Cliff in Look Back In Anger, Hazeldine soon started taking on small roles in Edward Bond's Narrow Road to the Deep North and Early Morning. He worked constantly at the Royal Court during the 1969-70 season. Spotting Hazeldine's potential, Peter Gill then cast him in his play Over Gardens Out and went on to direct him in Crete and Sergeant Pepper by John Antrobus.[1] Even though Hazeldine was rarely cast in starring roles, he became noted as an exceptionally honest and truthful actor who after his inductory season at the Royal Court was regularly seen in new plays, i.e. The Old Ones by Arnold Wesker, The Foursome by EA Whitehead and Cato Street by Peter Gill. In 1981 he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company for a season to appear in productions of Troilus and Cressida, Timon of Athens, Richard III and Edward Bond's play The Fool.[1][5] In 1984 Hazeldine made his Broadway debut as Sam Evans in Strange Interlude with Glenda Jackson. He returned to New York in 1998 when he played Harry Hope in The Iceman Cometh starring Kevin Spacey.[6] His last stage performance was that of the guilt-ridden Joe Keller in Arthur Miller's All My Sons (2000), praised by John Peter of the Sunday Times as "the subtlest and most harrowing performance of his career."[7]
Television and film[edit]
Hazeldine was also a prolific television actor who is probably best known for his role as firefighter Mike "Bayleaf" Wilson in the LWT drama London's Burning. He played the role from 1986 to 1996 and also directed some episodes.
Other major TV roles include that of Frank Barraclough in the 1973-75 drama series Sam and the role of journalist Tom Crane in the 1979 paranormal thriller series The Omega Factor. He also starred in the children's series Chocky (1984) and its sequels Chocky's Children (1985) and Chocky's Challenge (1986), all scripted by one of The Omega Factor's writers, Anthony Read. In 1983 he played the part of Kidder in Willy Russell's five part Channel 4 drama One Summer, also starring David Morrissey. In the later 1980s Hazeldine had major roles in two BBC comedy dramas: as haulage firm owner Picard in Truckers (1987) and as Bernie in Streets Apart (1988–89). In 1999, he played Austin Danforth in the ITV drama The Last Train and in 2001 he appeared as Ivan Braithwaite in Adrian Mole: the Cappuccino Years.
Hazeldine also appeared in Granada Television's production of "The Musgrave Ritual", as part of ITV's The Return of Sherlock Holmes series, alongside Jeremy Brett, as well as the Miss Marple story "The Murder at the Vicarage" alongside Joan Hickson, Paul Eddington and Cheryl Campbell. Shortly before he died, Hazeldine played DI Stan Egerton in the ITV television drama Shipman (2002).
His film credits are less numerous. Hazeldine made his screen debut as Stalin in Nicholas and Alexandra (1971). His credits also include The National Health (1973), The Medusa Touch (1978) and Pink Floyd – The Wall (1982).
At the time of his death Hazeldine was appearing at the Cottesloe Theatre as Sigmund Freud in Christopher Hampton's play "The Talking Cure". He was taken ill on 10 December 2002, the day after having performed in a preview of the play.[6] He died seven days later of aortic dissection, caused by complications from a triple heart bypass he had received six months earlier. Following Hazeldine's death, Trevor Nunn, director of the Royal National Theatre, described him as "a leading actor of minutely observed truthfulness, comic brio and emotional daring" who "was also a man of infectious enthusiasm, great warmth and humanity who was universally popular amongst his colleagues".[6]
James Hazeldine's son, Sam Hazeldine, is an actor, as are his nieces, Robyn Moore, Charlotte Moore and Angela Hazeldine.
Stage Appearances[edit]
• Narrow Road to the Deep North (1969)[8]
• Early Morning (1969)
• Over Gardens Out (1969)[8]
• Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1970)
• The Old Ones (1972)[8]
• Cato Street
• The Foursome (1971)
• Three Months Gone (1972)
• Crete and Sergeant Pepper (1972)
• As You Like It
• Troilus and Cressida (1981)[9]
• Richard III (1981)
• The Fool (1981)
• Timon of Athens (1981)
• The Love-Girl and the Innocent (1981)
• Guys and Dolls (1983)
• The Beggar's Opera (1983)
• Way Upstream (1983)
• Schweyk In the Second World War (1983)
• The Importance of Being Earnest (1983)
• The Spanish Tragedy (1983)
• A Map Of The World (1983)
• Major Barbara (1983)
• Kick For Touch (1983)[10]
• Small Change (1983)
• A Midsummer's Night Dream (1983)
• Other Place (1983)
• Lorenzaccio (1983)
• The Rivals (1983)
• You Can't Take It With You (1983)
• The Trojan War Will Not Take Place (1983)
• The Fawn (1983)
• One Woman Plays (1983)
• Tales from Hollywood (1983)
• Glengarry Glen Ross (1983)
• Strange Interlude (1984)[11]
• The Daughter-in-Law
• This Story of Ours (1987)
• Chips With Everything (1997)[12]
• The Iceman Cometh (1998)[13]
• All My Sons (2000)[14]
Selected filmography[edit]
1. ^ a b c d Billington, Michael. "Obituary – James Hazeldine. Gifted actor whose TV fame never dulled his love of theatre. In The Guardian, 20 Dec 2002.
2. ^ IMDb Biography for James Hazeldine (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0371951/bio) last accessed: 29/07/13
3. ^ a b "Obituaries – James Hazeldine." In The Telegraph, 20 Dec 2002. (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1416629/James-Hazeldine.html)
4. ^ Martland, John. "Obituaries: James Hazeldine" in The Stage, 3 Jan 2003, p. 9.
5. ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0371951/otherworks
6. ^ a b c "London's Burning star Hazeldine dies", BBC News, 20 Dec 2002. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2589587.stm)
7. ^ Theatre Record. Volume 21, Issues 10-18, p. 1010.
8. ^ a b c "Obituaries: James Hazeldine." In The Times, 21 Dec 2002, p.35
9. ^ Nokes, David. 1981. "In love and war" In The Times Literary Supplement, 17 July 1981, p.810
10. ^ Hobson, Harold. 1983. "Brotherly love" In The Times Literary Supplement, 4 March 1983, p.213
11. ^ "Playbill Vault: Strange Interlude on Broadway" (http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/2717/Strange-Interlude)
12. ^ Newey, Glen. 1997. "Back to banausics" In The Times Literary Supplement, 12 Sep 1997, p.20
13. ^ "Playbill Vault: The Iceman Cometh on Broadway" (http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/7997/The-Iceman-Cometh)
14. ^ Binding, Paul. 2000. "The flights of a lifetime" In The Times Literary Supplement, 11 Aug 2000, p.20
External links[edit]
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Jan Huberts
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Jan Huberts
Nationality Netherlands Dutch
Motorcycle racing career statistics
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
Active years 1960 - 1962, 1968 - 1969, 1971 - 1975, 1977, 1979
First race 1960 50cc Dutch TT
Last race 1979 125cc Belgian Grand Prix
First win 1962 50cc French Grand Prix
Last win 1962 50cc East German Grand Prix
Team(s) Kreidler
Championships 0
Starts Wins Podiums Poles F. laps Points
37 2 5 0 3 138
Jan Huberts (born October 12, 1937) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from the Netherlands. He had his best year in 1962 when he won two Grand Prix races and finished the season in third place behind Ernst Degner and Hans-Georg Anscheidt.[1]
He is holder of the official world speed record for 50cc motorcycles.
Huberts owned and managed a motorcycle racing team. His team contested the 500cc world championship between 1999 and 2001 using Honda NSR500V bikes.
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Jéssica Augusto
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Jessica Augusto)
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Jéssica Augusto
Jéssica Augusto Barcelona 2010.jpg
Augusto after winning bronze at the 2010 European Championship
Personal information
Nationality Portugal
Born (1981-11-08) 8 November 1981 (age 33)
Paris, France
Height 1.64 m (5 ft 4 12 in)
Weight 44 kg (97 lb)
Country Portugal
Sport Athletics
Jéssica de Barros Augusto (born 8 November 1981) is a Portuguese runner who competes in cross country, road running and in middle-distance and long-distance track events.
Augusto has enjoyed much success at the European Cross Country Championships. She won the event in 2010, was the runner-up in 2008, and shared in the team gold on three occasions. She was the first European-born runner to finish at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, although she was 21st overall. She has represented Portugal in three World Championships in Athletics and at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2012 London Olympics.
She has won medals on the track at minor championships, including golds at the 2007 Summer Universiade and 2009 Lusophony Games. In road running, her greatest achievement is a win at the 2009 Great North Run, where she set a half marathon best of 1:09:08. She has also won at the Cursa Bombers, and finished second at both the São Silvestre de Lisboa and Great South Run.
Starting out in cross country running, she took gold in the junior race at the 2000 European Cross Country Championships. Her first appearance on the world stage on the track came in the 5000 metres at the 2005 World Championships, but she finished last in her heat. She enjoyed success at the Ibero American Championships however, taking gold in the 3000 m in 2004 and 2006.[1] She led the Portuguese women to the team gold at the 2006 European Cross Country Championships. Competing at the Athletics at the 2007 Summer Universiade, Augusto set Universiade record on the way to winning the 5000 metres.
She was the 2008 Portuguese cross country champion and went on to take the silver medal at the 2008 European Cross Country Championships. She began to apply herself to the steeplechase and set the Portuguese record in 2008. She competed in two disciplines at the 2008 Beijing Olympics (5000 m and steeplechase) but failed to reach the final of either event.
In the following season, a fourth place finish at the 2009 European Cross Country Championships meant she missed out on an individual medal, although she again headed Portugal to the women's team gold. She became the 1500 m champion of the 2009 Lusophony Games in July. Competing at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, she reached the final of the 3000 metres steeplechase and finished 11th overall. Augusto won the Great North Run in 2009, recording a time of 1:09:08 for the half marathon race. She fended off compatriots Inês Monteiro and Anália Rosa to win the 2009 Oeiras International Cross Country meeting.[2]
She ran in the 3000 m at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships and she finished in eighth place in the final. She was 21st at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, but despite this she was the first European-born runner to cross the line. After a win at the Cursa Bombers in a 10 km personal best of 32:08, she stated that she was looking to attempt longer distance races, including the 10,000 metres on the track.[3][4] She improved her 10K best further to 31:47 minutes with a runner-up performance at the Great Manchester Run.[5] At the 2010 Ibero-American Championships, she won the bronze medal in the 1500 m but she was dissatisfied with the performance, despite running a personal best of 4:08.32. Augusto entered the 3000 m where she promptly ran a championship record of 8:46.59, the fastest run by a European at that point in the year.[6] She ran a Portuguese record of 9:18:54 in the 3000 m steeplechase later that month, finishing behind Marta Domínguez at the Gran Premio de Andalucía.[7]
She recorded a personal best in the 5000 metres at the Meeting Areva Diamond League competition, knocking over 20 seconds off her previous time with a run of 14:37.07 for fifth place.[8] At the 2010 European Athletics Championships she was some distance behind Elvan Abeylegesse in the 10,000 m, who completed a solo run to victory, but she was still the clear bronze medallist – her first podium finish on the track at continental level.[9] She represented Europe over 5000 m at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup but only managed seventh place. Her end of year focus was the 2010 European Cross Country Championships held on home soil in Albufeira. She led the race from virtually start to finish and openly celebrated to the home crowd in the final straight, such was the size of her lead. Her win also brought the Portuguese women the team gold for the third year running.[10] She ended the year with a win at the San Silvestre Vallecana 10K race in Madrid, where she again completed a gun-to-tape victory.[11]
She took on Anna Incerti at the Roma-Ostia Half Marathon in February 2011, but was beaten by the Italian's pace and had to settle for second.[12] She made her debut over the marathon distance in April at the 2011 London Marathon and she recorded a time of 2:24:33 hours for eighth position.[13] She was second behind her fellow Portuguese and friend Ana Dulce Félix at the Austrian Women's Run after beginning the race with an excessive pace.[14] She came tenth in the 10,000 m at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics. On the roads, she was runner-up at the Great North Run, won the Ovar Half Marathon, but failed to finish at the 2011 New York City Marathon.
In her second marathon finish she gave a similar performance at the 2012 London Marathon, taking eighth in just under two hours and 25 minutes. Augusto represented Portugal at the London 2012 Olympic marathon and placed seventh, first among the Portuguese.[15] Her only international appearance of 2013 came at the European Team Championships, where she was fifth in the 3000 m. She was in the top ten at the Great North Run and Portugal Half Marathon, but reached the podium at the Yokohama Women's Marathon, coming third.[16]
Jéssica Augusto at the 2010 Golden Spike Ostrava
Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes
1999 European Cross Country Championships Velenje, Slovenia 8th Junior race Individual
2nd Junior race Team
2000 World Junior Championships Santiago, Chile 8th 3000 m 9:33.37
2004 Ibero-American Championships Huelva, Spain 1st 3000 m 9:02.36
2006 Ibero-American Championships Ponce, Puerto Rico 1st 3000 m 9:06.74
2007 World Cross Country Championships Mombasa, Kenya 15th Senior race
Universiade Bangkok, Thailand 1st 5000 m 15:28.78 CR
World Championships Osaka, Japan 15th 5000 m 15:24.93
World Athletics Final Stuttgart, Germany 6th 3000 m
2008 World Indoor Championships Valencia, Spain 8th 3000 m 8:49.78
Olympics Beijing, China 26th (h) 5000 m 16:05.71
20th (h) 3000 m st. 9:30.23
European Cross Country Championships Brussels, Belgium 2nd Individual
1st Team
2009 Lusophony Games Lisbon, Portugal 1st 1500 m 4:15.86
World Championships Berlin, Germany 11th 3000 m st. 9:25.25
European Cross Country Championships Dublin, Ireland 4th Senior race Individual
1st Senior race Team
2010 World Indoor Championships Doha, Qatar 8th 3000 m 9:01.71
World Cross Country Championships Bydgoszcz, Poland 21st Senior race Individual
5th Senior race Team
Ibero-American Championships San Fernando, Spain 3rd 1500 m 4:08.32
1st 3000 m 8:46.59
European Championships Barcelona, Spain 2nd 10,000 m 31:25.77
3rd 5000 m 14:58.47
European Cross Country Championships Albufeira, Portugal 1st Senior race
2011 London Marathon London, United Kingdom 8th Marathon 2:24:33
World Championships Daegu, South Korea 10th 10,000 m 32:06.68
2012 Olympics London, United Kingdom 7th Marathon 2:25:11
2014 European Athletics Championships Zürich, Switzerland 3rd Marathon 2:25:41
Personal bests[edit]
1. ^ Ibero American Championships. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
2. ^ Fernandes, António Manuel (21 November 2009).Gebremariam and Augusto the victors in Oeiras. IAAF. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
3. ^ Valiente, Emeterio (19 April 2010). Menjo blazes 27:04 10Km in Barcelona. IAAF. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
4. ^ Portugal's Augusto confirms she's now a 10000m runner. European Athletics (21 April 2010). Retrieved 23 April 2010.
5. ^ Martin, David (16 May 2010).Gebrselassie and Kidane score Ethiopian sweep in Manchester 10Km. IAAF. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
6. ^ Augusto runs 8:46.56 at Ibero-American Champs . European Athletics (7 June 2010). Retrieved on 7 June 2010.
7. ^ Valinete, Emeterio (10 June 2010). 3000m World lead for Nuria Fernández in Huelva. IAAF. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
8. ^ Preview – Women’s long distances: Abeylegesse aiming for the 5000m and 10000m double. European Athletics. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
9. ^ Abeylegesse joins the greats in Barcelona. European Athletics (28 July 2010). Retrieved 31 July 2010.
10. ^ SENIOR WOMEN'S FINAL: Portugal’s Augusto dominates to take gold. European Athletics (12 December 2010). Retrieved 12 December 2010.
11. ^ Valiente, Emeterio (1 January 2011). Fulfilling favourite roles, Tadese and Augusto prevail in Madrid. IAAF. Retrieved on 1 January 2011.
12. ^ Viola, Elena (27 February 2011). Beyu and Incerti win at Roma Ostia. IAAF. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
13. ^ Brown, Matthew (17 April 2011). Mutai and Keitany dominate and dazzle in London. IAAF. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
14. ^ Ana Dulce Félix beats course record at Austrian Women's Run . European Athletics (22 May 2011). Retrieved 30 May 2011.
15. ^ Jéssica Augusto 7.ª na maratona da etíope Gelana (Portuguese)
16. ^ Marantz, Ken (2013-11-17). Fourth Japanese Marathon victory for Mayorova in Yokohama. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-11-29.
External links[edit]
Preceded by
Telma Monteiro
Portuguese Sportswoman of the Year
Succeeded by
Sara Moreira
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18252
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Jozy Altidore
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Jozy Altidore
Austria vs. USA 2013-11-19 (125).jpg
Altidore in 2013
Personal information
Full name Josmer Volmy Altidore[1]
Date of birth (1989-11-06) November 6, 1989 (age 25)
Place of birth Livingston, New Jersey, United States
Height 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)[2]
Playing position Striker
Club information
Current team
Toronto FC
Number 17
Youth career
2004–2006 IMG Soccer Academy
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2006–2008 New York Red Bulls 37 (15)
2008–2011 Villarreal 9 (1)
2009 Xerez (loan) 0 (0)
2009–2010 Hull City (loan) 28 (1)
2011 Bursaspor (loan) 12 (1)
2011–2013 AZ 67 (39)
2013–2015 Sunderland 42 (1)
2015– Toronto FC 8 (5)
National team
2005 United States U17 2 (0)
2007 United States U20 5 (4)
2008 United States U23 3 (1)
2007– United States 80 (27)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 00:58, 17 May 2015 (UTC).
† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 02:07, 4 April 2015 (UTC)
Josmer Volmy "Jozy" Altidore /ˈæltidɔər/ (born November 6, 1989)[3] is an American professional soccer player who plays for Toronto FC and for the United States national team.
Altidore made his professional debut in 2006 at the age of 16 with the New York Red Bulls. In the middle of his third season with New York, in 2008, he made a transfer to Villarreal for a fee of $10 million. During his time with Villarreal, he left on three loan stints – with Spanish Segunda División club Xerez in February–May 2009, English Premier League club Hull City for the entire 2009–10 season, and Turkish club Bursaspor where he went on a six-month loan. In the summer of 2011, he made a switch to AZ in the Netherlands. On March 3, 2013, Altidore surpassed Clint Dempsey for most goals by an American in a European club season with his 24th goal of the 2012–13 campaign. During the 2013 Summer transfer window, Sunderland signed Altidore. He spent one-and-a-half seasons there, with a comparatively poor goalscoring record, then returned to MLS with Toronto.
Early life
The youngest of four children of a Haitian-American family, Altidore was born in Livingston, New Jersey and raised in Boca Raton, Florida. He enjoyed playing soccer from the time he was a boy.[4] Altidore played for various South Florida youth teams such as Boca Raton Juniors Soccer Club, Schulz Academy and Sunrise S.C while also spending time training with the under-17 national team at the IMG Academy in Bradenton.
Club career
New York Red Bulls
Altidore in a press conference with the Red Bulls in March 2008
Altidore was taken seventeenth overall in the 2006 MLS SuperDraft, with the MetroStars (now the New York Red Bulls) trading up to receive the selection. Altidore spent the majority of the 2006 season away from the team while working towards his high school diploma in Florida.
Altidore made his professional debut on August 23, 2006, as a substitute in a 3–1 U.S. Open Cup loss to D.C. United. He scored his first professional goal at the age of sixteen with an 83rd minute, 28-yard shot to beat the Columbus Crew 1–0 on September 16, 2006. Exactly one week later, on September 23, 2006, in a 4–3 loss to D.C. United, Altidore scored again. Scoring three times in seven appearances, including a crucial goal against Chicago Fire on September 30, 2006, Altidore became a fan favorite. He scored the Red Bulls' only goal of their 2–1 aggregate loss to D.C. United in the Eastern Conference Semifinals Series when he headed in a cross in the second leg. With that goal, he became the youngest player to score in the Major League Soccer playoffs at 16 years, 337 days (breaking DaMarcus Beasley's record by almost three years). Altidore was also youngest to start in a Major League Soccer playoff match on October 21 against D.C. United (16 years, 349 days). He also scored two goals in a 5–4 win over Los Angeles Galaxy on August 18, 2007.
On June 4, 2008, Villarreal of La Liga agreed in principle with Major League Soccer and the New York Red Bulls to sign Altidore for roughly $10 million or €7.4 million.[5][6] This transfer fee surpasses Fulham's fee for Clint Dempsey, which was $4 million or roughly £2 million, and is now the largest fee paid for any MLS player. Altidore finalized his personal contract and was unveiled by the club on June 11, 2008.[7][8] On September 14, 2008, Altidore made his La Liga debut, coming on as a second-half substitute against Deportivo La Coruña. On November 1, 2008, he became the first American international to score in La Liga when he came on in the 90th minute and scored against Athletic Bilbao.[9] On November 30, 2008, Altidore started his first game in La Liga against Recreativo Huelva. After spending a year and a half on loan, Altidore returned to Villarreal. He favored staying with Villarreal instead of another loan to try to prove to the club he was worth the investment they made two years ago.
On January 30, 2009, Villarreal agreed to loan Altidore to Xerez, leader of the Segunda División at the time of the transfer, until the end of the 2008–09 season.[10] It was expected that the move would allow Altidore to get more playing time, and also allow him to continue the process of assimilating into the Spanish culture.[11]
On April 16, 2009, Altidore underwent minor surgery on an injured toenail that required more than a month of recovery, resulting in him never making an appearance for Xerez.[12]
Hull City
On August 5, 2009, Altidore announced on his Twitter page that he would be loaned to English Premier League club Hull City.[13] He joined Hull City the next day on a season-long loan with the option for Hull City to purchase his rights at the end of the 2009–10 season for a fee believed to be £6.5 million ($11 million).
On August 10, 2009, Hull City announced that they were successful in obtaining a work permit for Altidore.[14] Altidore made his debut for Hull on August 22, 2009, coming on as a second-half substitute against Bolton. He provided the assist for Kamel Ghilas to score the only goal in a 1–0 home victory at the KC Stadium.[15] On August 25, 2009, Altidore scored his first goal for Hull in a 3–1 win over Southend United in the second round of the League Cup.[16] Altidore was popular with supporters but struggled to make a lasting impact with the Tigers as his finishing was often found wanting, however he did manage to score his first and only Premier League goal in the 2–1 home win over Manchester City on February 6.[17] On April 24, in an important game for Hull City's Premier League survival, he was dismissed for violent conduct after a spat with Sunderland's Alan Hutton who was also sent off. Hull City lost 1–0 and were all but relegated from the top flight.[18]
On January 31, 2011, Altidore was loaned out to Turkish champions Bursaspor on a six-month loan.[19] On Friday April 8, Altidore scored his first goal for his new club in a 3–2 home loss to Antalyaspor.[20]
On July 15, 2011, Altidore agreed to terms with Dutch side AZ.[21]
On August 7, Altidore made his debut for the club as a second-half substitute against PSV Eindhoven. Altidore scored in the 80th minute, helping his new side to a 3–1 opening day win.[22] Altidore was again used as a sub in the club's next Eredivisie game as AZ fell 2–0 to FC Twente.[23] Altidore made his first start in the league for AZ on August 21, when they played host to NEC Nijmegen at the AFAS Stadion. After a goalless first-half, Altidore opened the scoring in the 54th minute, pouncing on the rebound after NEC goalkeeper Jasper Cillessen saved his header. Altidore scored again nineteen minutes later after some nice passing with Adam Maher and AZ ran out 4–0 winners.[24]
On August 25, Altidore started in the second leg of the UEFA Europa League final qualifying match against Aalesunds FK from Norway. Before being substituted in the 63rd minute by Charlison Benschop, Altidore scored twice.[25] His first goal in the 23rd minute gave AZ a 2–0 lead and his second goal in the 59th minute brought the score to 4–0 in a game AZ eventually won by 6–0.[26] Altidore added to his Europa League account when he opened the scoring in the 21st minute of his side's first group match against Malmo FF on September 15.[27] After a long wait Altidore returned to the score sheet for AZ, netting in the 83rd minute of a 3–0 victory over ADO Den Haag on November 6 that also secured his side's 10th victory of the Eredivisie campaign.[28] On December 4, Altidore scored his side's only goal in a 5–1 loss to Heerenveen.[29] Altidore had to wait until February 8, 2012 to score his next league goal, grabbing a brace in a 6–0 win over ADO Den Haag.[30] The result put AZ level on points with PSV at the top of the table.[31]
Altidore headed in the winning goal against VVV Venlo on Sunday April 22 to keep AZ second in the table and their title hopes still alive.[32]
Altidore led the team in scoring in his first campaign with 22 goals across all competitions. He finished tied for seventh in the Eredivisie in goals scored. Altidore credits his successful campaign to his new coach, manager Gertjan Verbeek.[33]
In the opening game of the new Eredivisie campaign, Altidore scored a quick brace as AZ drew 2–2 with reigning champions Ajax on August 12, 2012.[34] Altidore continued his impressive start to the league campaign, netting another brace in the club's 3–1 victory over SC Heracles on the second weekend of the season.[35] Following the international break, Altidore scored the first hat-trick of his club career on September 16, helping AZ to a 4–0 defeat of Roda JC.[36]
Altidore powered his team to just their fourth victory in 17 games, and their first since October 28, netting a brace in a 2–1 defeat of PEC Zwolle on December 15.[37] In the first game of 2013, Altidore hammered home 3 for the hat-trick against Vitesse.[38]
On April 14, Altidore netted his third hat-trick of the season in a 6–0 victory over FC Utrecht.[39] On 9 May, he scored the winning goal against PSV in the KNVB Cup final, helping AZ to lift the Dutch Cup for the first time in 31 years.[40] Subsequently Altidore became the first-ever American to be named in De Telegraaf's "Team of the Season" after finishing with 23 goals in the Eredivisie and 8 in the KNVB Cup.[41]
Altidore playing for Sunderland in 2013
On July 5, 2013, AZ agreed to sell Altidore's contract to English Premier League club Sunderland,[42] with whom he signed a four-year contract.[43] It was eventually reported that Sunderland paid AZ a $13 million transfer fee.[44] Altidore's first goal for Sunderland came on August 27, 2013, spurring a dramatic late comeback in the League Cup, defeating MK Dons 4-2.[45] In Altidore's first Tyne-Wear derby, he put in a man of the match performance in a 2–1 win. On December 4, 2013, Altidore scored his first league goal for Sunderland to give them a 1–0 lead against Chelsea, a game which eventually finished 3–4. After failing to find the net again for Sunderland, Altidore was dropped to the Sunderland Under 21s instead of playing against Tottenham Hotspur on April 7, 2014.[46]
Altidore ended the 2013–14 season with two goals in 37 appearances, and by October 2014, he had made just six appearances and scored one goal. Altidore told reporters, "If it doesn’t turn around then in January I’ll be looking to start elsewhere" to stay in the United States national team picture.[47]
Altidore left Sunderland in January 2015 for Toronto FC of Major League Soccer. He finished his stay with three goals in 52 appearances in all competitions and one goal in 42 league games.[48]
Toronto FC
In January 2015, Sunderland agreed to send Altidore and an undisclosed fee to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer in exchange for Jermain Defoe. Toronto used its allocation spot and signed Altidore to a Designated Player contract.[49] The New York Red Bulls, his former MLS team, were the league's preferred destination for Altidore, and tried to move up the allocation order through a trade with the Montreal Impact, who held the first allocation spot. However, Toronto was unwilling to accept the cash settlement from New York that was also required for the move.[50] Altidore said his United States teammate Michael Bradley, who himself joined Toronto the previous season after playing in Europe, recruited him, and Bradley was seen on camera talking to Altidore about the club in July 2014, during the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[51] On his return to MLS, Altidore scored twice in his first game for Toronto, a 3–1 victory away to the Vancouver Whitecaps to start the 2015 season.[52] On a return to BMO field for the 2015 season, Altidore scored the only goal off a header in a 2-1 defeat to the Houston Dynamo.
International career
Altidore (right) and Jermaine Jones (left) playing for the USA national team in a friendly against Belgium
In the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup held in Canada, Altidore finished tied third in overall scoring with four goals. He scored three in the first round, one vs. Poland in Montreal and two vs. Brazil in Ottawa, and added a fourth goal vs. Austria in the quarterfinals in Toronto.
Altidore made his full international debut on November 17, 2007 in a friendly game away to South Africa.[53] On February 7, 2008 he scored his first international goal by heading home a cross from Drew Moor in a friendly match against Mexico in Houston, Texas.[54]
On March 28, 2009, Altidore scored his first away goal in World Cup Qualifying in the 2–2 draw with El Salvador. On April 1, 2009, Altidore scored three goals in a 3–0 victory over Trinidad and Tobago, making Altidore the youngest American to score a hat-trick in an international game.[55]
On June 24, 2009, Altidore scored in the semi-final of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup against Spain, turning club teammate Joan Capdevilla to get a clear shot on Iker Casillas' goal. The U.S. went on to defeat the Spanish team, 2–0.[3]
Altidore suffered a hamstring injury at the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup.[56]
On June 2, 2013, Altidore ended an almost two year scoring drought by sinking the first goal in an international friendly against Germany. He subsequently scored in his next two international games against Jamaica and Panama, marking the first time that he has scored in three consecutive international games. Altidore then went on to score in a fourth consecutive game against Honduras in a World Cup Qualification match on June 18. Scoring in four consecutive matches tied Altidore all-time for most consecutive games with a goal by any USMNT player, joining a select group of players that includes Landon Donovan, Eddie Johnson, Erik Wynalda, and William Lubbe.[57]
On August 14, 2013, Altidore scored a hat-trick in the United States' 4-3 comeback win over Bosnia and Herzegovina, notably scoring from a free kick just outside the box with a curling effort.[58] Altidore's three goals and an assist stretched his consecutive game scoring streak to 5 games, the most in U.S. national team history.[59] On June 7, 2014, Altidore broke his goal-scoring drought with two goals against Nigeria, the defending Africa Cup of Nations champions.
On June 16, 2014, in the United States' opening 2014 FIFA World Cup match against Ghana, Altidore injured a hamstring and had to be carried from the field.[60]
On March 31, 2015, Altidore received his first international red card for verbally abusing referee Luca Banti in an eventual 1–1 friendly draw against Switzerland in Zürich.[61]
Career statistics
As of 8 March 2015[62]
Club performance League Cup League Cup Continental Total
USA League Open Cup League Cup North America Total
2006 New York Red Bulls Major League Soccer 7 3 0 0 2 1 0 0 9 4
2007 22 9 0 0 2 0 0 0 24 9
2008 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3
Spain League Copa del Rey League Cup Europe Total
2008–09 Villarreal La Liga 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1
Xerez (loan) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
England League FA Cup League Cup Europe Total
2009–10 Hull City (loan) Premier League 28 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 30 2
Spain League Copa del Rey League Cup Europe Total
2010–11 Villarreal La Liga 3 0 3 2 0 0 5 0 11 2
Turkey League Türkiye Kupası League Cup Europe Total
2010–11 Bursaspor (loan) Süper Lig 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1
Netherlands League KNVB Cup League Cup Europe Total
2011–12 AZ Eredivisie 34 15 4 0 0 0 14 4 52 20
2012–13 33 23 6 8 0 0 2 0 41 31
England League FA Cup League Cup Europe Total
2013–14 Sunderland Premier League 30 1 2 0 6 1 0 0 38 2
2014–15 10 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 12 1
Canada League Canadian Championship MLS Cup North America Total
2015 Toronto FC Major League Soccer 8 5 2 1 0 0 10 6
Total USA 37 15 0 0 4 1 0 0 41 16
Spain 9 1 3 2 0 0 5 0 17 3
England 72 2 3 0 8 2 0 0 80 5
Turkey 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1
Netherlands 67 39 10 8 0 0 16 4 93 51
Canada 8 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 10 6
Career total 195 65 18 11 12 3 21 4 246 83
National team
United States men's national team
Year Apps Goals
2007 1 0
2008 4 2
2009 17 6
2010 9 2
2011 13 3
2012 7 0
2013 14 8
2014 10 4
2015 3 2
Total 78 27
International goals
Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first.
New York Red Bulls
In 2007, Altidore was a candidate for ESPN's Next Award and is one of the stars featured in Adidas' "Impossible is Nothing" advertisements. Altidore is featured on the cover of the North American version of FIFA 08 by EA Sports, alongside Ronaldinho and Guillermo Ochoa.[63]
Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Altidore joined the relief effort by asking people to donate to Yéle Haiti.[64] He appeared on CNN to discuss his family members still living in Haiti and to encourage people to give money.[65]
In honour of the 26 victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting a week earlier, Altidore wrote their names on the boots he wore in the game against FC Twente on December 21, 2012.[66]
2. ^ "Jozy Altidore profile". ESPN Soccernet. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
3. ^ a b "Altidore gets his message across this time". Fox Sports. June 24, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
4. ^ Dampf, Andrew. "Altidore gets his message across this time", USA Today, June 24, 2009. Accessed February 24, 2011. "Born in Livingston, New Jersey, to Haitian parents, U.S. Soccer is hoping Altidore develops into the consistent scorer the team has lacked for years. So far he's on schedule."
5. ^ Bell, Jack; Robinson, Joshua (June 5, 2008). "Spanish Soccer Team Strikes Deal for Altidore". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
6. ^ Soccer By Ives – Altidore Sold to Villarreal for $10 million
7. ^ "U.S. striker Jozy Altidore excited by Villarreal move" (– SCHOLAR SEARCH). Fox Sports. June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008. [dead link]
8. ^ Soccer By Ives: Altidore agrees to terms with Villarreal, to be introduced on Wednesday
9. ^ Bell, Jack (November 2, 2008). "Altidore Scores His First Goal for Villarreal". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
10. ^ "Altidore headed to Xerez on loan". ESPNsoccernet. January 31, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
11. ^ Galarcep, Ives (January 31, 2009). "Altidore completes loan move to Xerez". Retrieved April 21, 2009.
12. ^ Bell, Arch (April 16, 2009). "Altidore undergoes knife, out month". Retrieved April 21, 2009.
13. ^ Dyer, Kristian R. (August 5, 2009). "Altidore to join Hull City on loan". ESPNsoccernet. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
14. ^ "Altidore Granted Work Permit". August 10, 2009. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
15. ^ "Hull 1–0 Bolton". BBC. August 22, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
16. ^ "Altidore sinks Shrimpers". ESPN. August 25, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
17. ^ "Hull 2–1 Man City". BBC Sport. February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
18. ^ Sheringham, Sam (April 24, 2010). "Hull 0 – 1 Sunderland". BBC Sport (BBC). Retrieved April 27, 2010.
19. ^ "Jozy Altidore heading to Bursaspor". ESPNsoccernet. January 31, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
20. ^ "Stats, scores and schedules". The Washington Post. April 8, 2011.
21. ^ Galarcep, Ives. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
22. ^ Report: AZ v PSV Eindhoven – Dutch Eredivisie – ESPN Soccernet
23. ^ Report: Twente Enschede v AZ – Dutch Eredivisie – ESPN Soccernet
24. ^ Report: AZ v NEC Nijmegen – Dutch Eredivisie – ESPN Soccernet
25. ^ Match: AZ v Aalesund – UEFA Europa League – ESPN Soccernet
26. ^ Voetbal International – AZ in eigen huis veel te sterk voor Aalesunds FK
27. ^ Gamecast: AZ v Malmo FF – UEFA Europa League – ESPN Soccernet
28. ^ Report: AZ v ADO Den Haag – Dutch Eredivisie – ESPN FC
29. ^ Report: Heerenveen v AZ – Dutch Eredivisie – ESPN FC
30. ^
31. ^ Report: ADO Den Haag v AZ – Dutch Eredivisie – ESPN FC
32. ^ Report: AZ v VVV Venlo – Dutch Eredivisie – ESPN FC
33. ^ Galarcep, Ives. "Altidore finding peace in Holland". Fox Soccer. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
34. ^ "US striker Jozy Altidore scores twice for AZ against Ajax in 2–2 draw as season opens". The Republic. August 12, 2012.
35. ^ "Jozy Altidore scores twice for AZ". ESPNFC. 19 August 2012.
36. ^ "AZ 4 – 0 Roda JC Kerkrade". ESPNFC. September 16, 2012.
37. ^ "Wedstrijdverslag PEC Zwolle – AZ | Seizoen 2012/2013" (in Dutch). Eredivisie Live. December 15, 2012.
38. ^ "Jozy Altidore Nets Hat Trick". Yahoo. January 19, 2012.
39. ^ "Altidore nets hat trick against Utrecht". April 14, 2013.
40. ^ "Alkmaar edge PSV to lift cup". FIFA. May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
41. ^ "American Exports: Jozy Altidore becomes first American named to Dutch Team of the Season". MLS. May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
42. ^ "ALTIDORE HEADING BACK TO EPL, GETS TRANSFER TO SUNDERLAND". Jeremy D. Pond. July 5, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
43. ^ "Di Canio gets his man". Sunderland A.F.C. July 9, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
44. ^ "Has Jozy Altidore’s Premier League legacy damaged reputation of US players?". NBC Sports. January 27, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
45. ^ "Sunderland 4 - 2 MK Dons". BBC. August 27, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
46. ^ altidore-on-u21-duty-while-first-team-are-at-white-hart-lane-1-6547497
47. ^ Prindville, Mike (October 8, 2014). "Jozy On The Move? Altidore open to club switch in January transfer window". Pro Soccer Talk.
48. ^ "Altidore joins Toronto FC from Sunderland in swap deal with Defoe". Sky Sports. January 16, 2015.
49. ^ "Toronto FC acquire US international Jozy Altidore via Allocation, send Jermain Defoe to Sunderland". January 16, 2015.
50. ^ Wheeler, Gareth (January 14, 2015). accessdate = 2015-01-19 "Sources: Altidore will join Toronto FC; latest on TFC's pursuit of Giovinco". TSN.
51. ^ Bedakian, Armen (January 18, 2015). "Toronto FC manage to land Jozy Altidore with an assist from US national teammate Michael Bradley". Retrieved 2015-01-19.
52. ^ Clipperton, Joshua (7 March 2015). "Toronto FC defeats Vancouver in season opener Jozy Altidore scores twice and Robbie Findley adds one in 3-1 victory over Whitecaps.". Toronto Star. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
53. ^ Robert Wagman (17 November 2007). "Despite so-so effort, U.S. defeats South Africa on Cherundolo goal". Soccer Times. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
54. ^ Robert Wagman (7 February 2008). "Bradley learns much about his U.S. team in 2-2 draw with Mexico". Soccer Times. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
55. ^ "U.S. 3–0 T&T: Altidore hits hat trick". ESPN. April 1, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
56. ^ "Altidore to miss remainder of Gold Cup with injury". USA Today. June 22, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.
57. ^
58. ^ "Altidore's hat trick leads US to 4-3 win vs Bosnia". ESPN. August 14, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
59. ^ "Jozy Altidore breaks U.S. record with amazing hat trick". USA Today. August 14, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
60. ^ "Victory over Ghana, agony over Altidore: America wakes up to the World Cup". Guardian. 17 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
61. ^ McCarthy, Kyle (31 March 2015). "Switzerland 1-1 USA: Altidore sent off in friendly draw". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
62. ^
63. ^ IGN: Jozy Altidore Talks FIFA 08
64. ^ Yanks Abroad (14 January 2010) "Altidore Calling on Fans for Haiti"
65. ^ CNN (14 January 2010) "Jozy Altidore on Haiti"
66. ^ "Jozy Altidore pays tribute to victims". ESPN FC. Associated Press. December 22, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
External links
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Kashmir musk deer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kashmir musk deer
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cetartiodactyla
Family: Moschidae
Genus: Moschus
Species: M. cupreus
Binomial name
Moschus cupreus
Grubb, 1982 [1]
The Kashmir musk deer (Moschus cupreus) is an endangered species of musk deer native to Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan. This species was originally described as a subspecies to the alpine musk deer, but is now classified as a separate species. The deer stand at 60 cm (2.0 ft) tall, and only males have tusks and they use them during mating season to compete for females.
The Kashmir musk deer, which is one of seven similar species found throughout Asia, is endangered due to habitat loss and also because of poachers hunting the animal for its prized scent glands.[2] It is listed as an endangered species in Pakistan.[citation needed]
No musk deer had been seen from 1948 until 2008. In 2014, at least three were reported to be spotted in surveys conducted in 2008 and 2009 in Nuristan, Afghanistan.[3] A recent survey by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) has revealed at least three of the creatures are currently living on the Afghanistan's rugged north-eastern slopes.[4]
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Kitasato University
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kitasato University
Kitasato University 2012-12-13.JPG
Buildings of the Kitasato University
Location Minato, Tokyo, Japan
Kitasato University (北里大学 Kitasato Daigaku?) is a renowned[citation needed] private university located in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.
The head of the university is located in the Shirokane Campus, neighboring the Kitasato Institute. Its major educational facilities are located in the Sagamihara Campus, located 60 kilometers west of central Tokyo. The departments include the School of Medicine, School of Allied Health Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, School of Marine Sciences, School of Nursing, and the School of Science.[1]
The school was named after Kitasato Shibasaburō.[2]
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Kitasato University — Location." Kitasato University.
2. ^ "The History of Kitasato Gakuen." Kitasato University.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 35°38′33.21″N 139°43′32.27″E / 35.6425583°N 139.7256306°E / 35.6425583; 139.7256306
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Mark Atkins (musician)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mark Atkins
Mark Atkins at a festival in Maastricht, 2001
Background information
Born Albany, Western Australia
Instruments Didgeridoo
Mark Atkins is an Australian Aboriginal musician known for his skill on the didgeridoo, a traditional instrument.
Mark Atkins is also a storyteller, songwriter, composer and painter. He descends from the Yamatji people of Western Australia. He was the 1990 winner of the Golden Didjeridu competition. He has worked with Robert Plant and Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, Hothouse Flowers, Marlene Cummins, Philip Glass, and the London Philharmonic Orchestra, among others.
In 2001 he collaborated with Wurundjeri elder Joy Murphy Wandin and composer Philip Glass in the concert work Voices, performed at the Melbourne Town Hall and New York's Lincoln Center. The composition was commissioned by the City of Melbourne to relaunch the Melbourne Town Hall Organ.[1]
Mark was profiled in the television documentary Yamatji Man in 2003
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
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Impact event
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Meteor impact)
Jump to: navigation, search
The most notable non-terrestrial event is the Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 impact, which provided the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects, when the comet broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994. Most of the observed extrasolar impacts are the slow collision of galaxies; however, in 2014, one of the first massive terrestrial impacts observed was detected around the star NGC 2547 ID8 by NASA's Spitzer space telescope and confirmed by ground observations.[2] Impact events have been a plot and background element in science fiction.
Impacts and the Earth[edit]
A bolide undergoing atmospheric entry
Major impact events have significantly shaped Earth's history, having been implicated in the formation of the Earth–Moon system, the evolutionary history of life, the origin of water on Earth, and several mass extinctions. Impact structures are the result of impact events on solid objects and, as the dominant landforms on many of the System's solid objects, present the most solid evidence of prehistoric events. Notable impact events include the Late Heavy Bombardment, which occurred early in history of the Earth–Moon system, and the Chicxulub impact, 66 million years ago, believed to be the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
Frequency and risk[edit]
Small objects frequently collide with Earth. There is an inverse relationship between the size of the object and the frequency of such events. The lunar cratering record shows that the frequency of impacts decreases as approximately the cube of the resulting crater's diameter, which is on average proportional to the diameter of the impactor.[4] Asteroids with a 1 km (0.62 mi) diameter strike Earth every 500,000 years on average.[5] Large collisions – with 5 km (3 mi) objects – happen approximately once every twenty million years.[6] The last known impact of an object of 10 km (6 mi) or more in diameter was at the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago.[7]
The energy released by an impactor depends on diameter, density, velocity, and angle.[6] The diameter of most near-Earth asteroids that have not been studied by radar or infrared can generally only be estimated within about a factor of 2 based on the asteroid brightness. The density is generally assumed because the diameter and mass are also generally estimates. The minimum impact velocity on Earth is 11 km/s with asteroid impacts averaging around 17 km/s.[6] The most probable impact angle is 45 degrees.[6]
Stony asteroids with a diameter of 4 meters (13 ft) impact Earth approximately once per year.[6] Asteroids with a diameter of 7 meters enter Earth's atmosphere with as much kinetic energy as Little Boy (the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, approximately 16 kilotons of TNT) about every 5 years, but the air burst only generates a much reduced 5 kilotons of TNT.[6] These ordinarily explode in the upper atmosphere, and most or all of the solids are vaporized.[8] Objects with a diameter of roughly 50 m (164 ft) strike Earth approximately once every thousand years,[9] producing explosions comparable to the one known to have detonated roughly 8.5 kilometers (28,000 ft) above Tunguska in 1908.[10]
Stony asteroids that impact sedimentary rock and create a crater[6]
Kinetic energy at
atmospheric entry
Stony asteroid impacts that generate an airburst[6]
Kinetic energy at
atmospheric entry
Although no human is known to have been killed directly by an impact, over 1000 people were injured by the Chelyabinsk meteor airburst event over Russia in 2013.[11] In 2005 it was estimated that the chance of a single person born today dying due to an impact is around 1 in 200,000.[12] The four-meter-sized asteroids 2008 TC3 and 2014 AA are the only known objects to be detected before impacting the Earth.[13][14]
Geological significance[edit]
Impacts have had, during the history of the Earth, a significant geological[15] and climatic[16] influence.
The Moon's existence is widely attributed to a huge impact early in Earth's history.[17] Impact events earlier in the history of Earth have been credited with creative as well as destructive events; it has been proposed that impacting comets delivered the Earth's water, and some have suggested that the origins of life may have been influenced by impacting objects by bringing organic chemicals or lifeforms to the Earth's surface, a theory known as exogenesis.
It was not until 1903–1905 that the Barringer Crater was correctly identified as an impact crater, and it was not until as recently as 1963 that research by Eugene Merle Shoemaker conclusively proved this hypothesis. The findings of late 20th-century space exploration and the work of scientists such as Shoemaker demonstrated that impact cratering was by far the most widespread geological process at work on the Solar System's solid bodies. Every surveyed solid body in the Solar System was found to be cratered, and there was no reason to believe that the Earth had somehow escaped bombardment from space. In the last few decades of the twentieth century, a large number of highly modified impact craters began to be identified. The largest of these include Vredefort Crater, Sudbury Crater, Chicxulub Crater, and Manicouagan Crater. The first observation of a major impact event occurred in 1994: the collision of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. To date, no such events have been observed on Earth.
While numerous impact craters have been confirmed on land or in the shallow seas over continental shelves, no impact craters in the deep ocean have been widely accepted by the scientific community.[19] Impacts of projectiles as large as one km in diameter are generally thought to explode before reaching the sea floor, but it is unknown what would happen if a much larger impactor struck the deep ocean. The lack of a crater, however, does not mean that an ocean impact would not have dangerous implications for humanity. Some scholars have argued that an impact event in an ocean or sea may create a megatsunami (a giant wave), which can cause destruction both at sea and on land along the coast,[20] but this is disputed.[21]
An impact event may cause a mantle plume (volcanism) at the antipodal point of the impact.[22]
Biospheric effects[edit]
The effect of impact events on the biosphere has been the subject of scientific debate. Several theories of impact-related mass extinction have been developed. In the past 500 million years there have been five generally accepted major mass extinctions that on average extinguished half of all species.[23] One of the largest mass extinctions to have affected life on Earth was the Permian-Triassic, which ended the Permian period 250 million years ago and killed off 90 percent of all species;[24] life on Earth took 30 million years to recover.[25] The cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction is still a matter of debate; the age and origin of proposed impact craters, i.e. the Bedout High structure, hypothesized to be associated with it are still controversial.[26] The last such mass extinction led to the demise of the dinosaurs and coincided with a large meteorite impact; this is the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (also known as the K–T or K–Pg extinction event), which occurred 66 million years ago. There is no definitive evidence of impacts leading to the three other major mass extinctions.
Anomalies in chromium isotopic ratios found within the K-T boundary layer strongly support the impact theory.[27] Chromium isotopic ratios are homogeneous within the earth, and therefore these isotopic anomalies exclude a volcanic origin, which has also been proposed as a cause for the iridium enrichment. Further, the chromium isotopic ratios measured in the K-T boundary are similar to the chromium isotopic ratios found in carbonaceous chondrites. Thus a probable candidate for the impactor is a carbonaceous asteroid, but also a comet is possible because comets are assumed to consist of material similar to carbonaceous chondrites.
Paleontologists David M. Raup and Jack Sepkoski have proposed that an excess of extinction events occurs roughly every 26 million years (though many are relatively minor). This led physicist Richard A. Muller to suggest that these extinctions could be due to a hypothetical companion star to the Sun called Nemesis periodically disrupting the orbits of comets in the Oort cloud, leading to a large increase in the number of comets reaching the inner Solar System where they might hit Earth. Physicist Adrian Melott and paleontologist Richard Bambach have more recently verified the Raup and Sepkoski finding, but argue that it is not consistent with the characteristics expected of a Nemesis-style periodicity.[28]
Sociological and cultural effects[edit]
Main article: End of civilization
A joint Pew Research Center/Smithsonian survey from April 21–26, 2010 found that 31 percent of Americans believed that an asteroid will collide with Earth by 2050. A majority (61 percent) disagreed.[30]
Early Earth impacts[edit]
The leading theory of the Moon's origin is the giant impact theory, which postulates that Earth was once hit by a planetoid the size of Mars; such a theory is able to explain the size and composition of the Moon, something not done by other theories of lunar formation.[31]
Evidence of a massive impact in South Africa near a geological formation known as the Barberton Greenstone Belt was uncovered by scientists in April 2014. They estimated the impact occurred about 3.26 billion years ago and that the impactor was approximately 37–58 kilometers (23–36 miles) wide. The crater from this event, if it still exists, has not yet been found.[32]
Two 10 kilometre sized asteroids are now believed to have struck Australia between 360 and 300 million years ago at the Western Warburton and East Warburton Basins creating a 400 kilometre impact zone, according to evidence found in 2015 it is the largest ever recorded.[33]
Aerial view of Barringer Crater in Arizona
Artifacts recovered with tektites from the 803,000-year-old Australasian strewnfield event in Asia link a Homo erectus population to a significant meteorite impact and its aftermath.[34][35][36] Significant examples of Pleistocene impacts include the Rio Cuarto craters in Argentina, produced by an asteroid striking Earth at a very low angle approximately 10,000 years ago[citation needed], and the Lonar crater lake in India, approximately 52,000 years old (though a study published in 2010 gives a much greater age), which now has a flourishing semi-tropical jungle around it.[citation needed]
The Younger Dryas impact event is the subject of a contested hypothesis[37][38] that an air burst from a purported comet above or even into the Laurentide Ice Sheet north of the Great Lakes set all of the North American continent ablaze around 12,900 years ago. The hypothesis attempts to explain the extinction of many of the large animals in North America and the unproven population decreases in the North American stone age Clovis culture about at the end of the Pleistocene epoch. Proponents claim the existence of a charred carbon-rich layer of soil found at some 50 Clovis-age sites across the continent.[39] It has been criticized for not being consistent with Paleoindian population estimates.[40] Impact specialists have studied the claim and concluded that there never was such an impact, in particular because various physical signs of such an impact cannot be found.[41]
Further information: Holocene
The Campo del Cielo ("Field of Heaven") refers to an area bordering Argentina's Chaco Province where a group of iron meteorites were found, estimated as dating to 4,000–5,000 years ago. It first came to attention of Spanish authorites in 1576; in 2015, police arrested four alleged smugglers trying to steal more than a ton of protected meteorites.[42] The Henbury craters in Australia (~5,000 years old) and Kaali craters in Estonia (~2,700 years old) were apparently produced by objects that broke up before impact.[citation needed]
Kamil Crater, discovered from Google Earth image review in Egypt, 45 m (148 ft) in diameter and 10 m (33 ft) deep, is thought to have been formed less than 3,500 years ago in a then-unpopulated region of western Egypt. It was found February 19, 2009 by V. de Michelle on a Google Earth image of the East Uweinat Desert, Egypt.[44]
Modern era[edit]
Trees knocked over by the Tunguska blast
A case of a human injured by a space rock occurred on November 30, 1954, in Sylacauga, Alabama.[45] There a 4 kg (8.8 lb) stone chondrite crashed through a roof and hit Ann Hodges in her living room after it bounced off her radio. She was badly bruised. Several persons have since claimed to have been struck by "meteorites" but no verifiable meteorites have resulted.
Following the Pribram fall, other nations established automated observing programs aimed at studying infalling meteorites. One of these was the Prairie Network, operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory from 1963 to 1975 in the midwestern US. This program also observed a meteorite fall, the "Lost City" chondrite, allowing its recovery and a calculation of its orbit.[47] Another program in Canada, the Meteorite Observation and Recovery Project, ran from 1971 to 1985. It too recovered a single meteorite, "Innisfree", in 1977.[48] Finally, observations by the European Fireball Network, a descendant of the original Czech program that recovered Pribram, led to the discovery and orbit calculations for the Neuschwanstein meteorite in 2002.[49]
On August 10, 1972, a meteor which became known as the 1972 Great Daylight Fireball was witnessed by many people as it moved north over the Rocky Mountains from the U.S. Southwest to Canada. It was filmed by a tourist at the Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming with an 8-millimeter color movie camera.[50] The object was in the range of size from a car to a house and could have ended its life in a Hiroshima-sized blast, but there was never any explosion. Analysis of the trajectory indicated that it never came much lower than 58 km (36 mi) off the ground, and the conclusion was that it had grazed Earth's atmosphere for about 100 seconds, then skipped back out of the atmosphere to return to its orbit around the Sun.
Many impact events occur without being observed by anyone on the ground. Between 1975 and 1992, American missile early warning satellites picked up 136 major explosions in the upper atmosphere.[51] In the November 21, 2002, edition of the journal Nature, Peter Brown of the University of Western Ontario reported on his study of US early warning satellite records for the preceding eight years. He identified 300 flashes caused by 1 to 10 m (3 to 33 ft) meteors in that time period and estimated the rate of Tunguska-sized events as once in 400 years.[52] Eugene Shoemaker estimated that an event of such magnitude occurs about once every 300 years, though more recent analyses have suggested he exaggerated by an order of magnitude.
In the dark morning hours of January 18, 2000, a fireball exploded over the city of Whitehorse, Yukon Territory at an altitude of about 26 km (16 mi), lighting up the night like day. The meteor that produced the fireball was estimated to be about 4.6 m (15 ft) in diameter, with a weight of 180 tonnes. This blast was also featured on the Science Channel series Killer Asteroids, with several witness reports from residents in Atlin, British Columbia.
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects.[53] In recent years, scientists have observed more Jupiter impact events (see 2009 Jupiter impact event and 2010 Jupiter impact event).
A meteor was observed striking Reisadalen in Nordreisa municipality in Troms County, Norway, on June 7, 2006. Although initial witness reports stated that the resultant fireball was equivalent to the Hiroshima nuclear explosion, scientific analysis places the force of the blast at anywhere from 100-500 tonnes TNT equivalent, around three percent of Hiroshima's yield.[54]
On February 15, 2013, an asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere over Russia as a fireball and exploded above the city of Chelyabinsk during its passage through the Ural Mountains region at 09:13 YEKT (03:13 UTC).[57][58] The object's air burst occurred at an altitude between 30 and 50 km (19 and 31 mi) above the ground,[59] and about 1,500 people were injured, mainly by broken window glass shattered by the shock wave. Two were reported in serious condition; however, there were no fatalities.[60] Initially some 3,000 buildings in six cities across the region were reported damaged due to the explosion's shock wave, a figure which rose to over 7,200 in the following weeks.[61][62] The Chelyabinsk meteor was estimated to have caused over $30 million in damages.[63][64] It is the largest recorded object to have encountered the Earth since the 1908 Tunguska event, by far the best documented, and the only such event known to have resulted in a large number of casualties.[65][66] The meteor is estimated to have an initial diameter of 17–20 metres and a mass of roughly 10,000 tonnes. On 16 October 2013, a team from Ural Federal University led by Victor Grokhovsky recovered a large fragment of the meteor from the bottom of Russia’s Lake Chebarkul, about 80 km west of the city.[67]
Elsewhere in the Solar System[edit]
Evidence of massive past impact events[edit]
Observed events[edit]
Between January and May 2010, Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3[73] took images of an unusual X shape originated in the aftermath of the collision between asteroid P/2010 A2 with a smaller asteroid.
NASA has actively monitored lunar impacts since 2005,[74] tracking hundreds of candidate events.[75] On March 19, 2013, an impact occurred that was visible from Earth, when a boulder-sized 30 cm meteoroid slammed into the Moon at 56,000 mph creating a 20-meter crater.[76][77] Images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter provide compelling evidence of the largest impact observed to date on Mars in the form of fresh impact craters, the largest measuring 48.5 by 43.5 meters. The impact is estimated to have occurred 27–28 March 2012 and caused by an impactor 3 to 5 meters long.[78]
Extrasolar impacts[edit]
Asteroid collision - building planets near star NGC 2547-ID8 (artist concept).
Collisions between galaxies, or galaxy mergers, have been observed directly by space telescopes such as Hubble and Spitzer. However, collisions in planetary systems including stellar collisions, while long speculated, have only recently begun to be observed directly.
In 2013, an impact between minor planets was detected around the star NGC 2547 by Spitzer and confirmed by ground observations. Computer modelling suggests that the impact involved large asteroids or protoplanets similar to the events believed to have led to the formation of terrestrial planets like the Earth.[2]
Popular culture[edit]
Science fiction novels[edit]
Numerous science fiction stories and novels center around an impact event. One of the first and more popular is Off on a Comet (French: Hector Servadac) by Jules Verne, published in 1877. In more modern times, possibly the best-selling was the novel Lucifer's Hammer by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. Arthur C. Clarke's novel Rendezvous with Rama opens with a significant asteroid impact in northern Italy in the year 2077 which gives rise to the Spaceguard Project, which later discovers the Rama spacecraft. In 1992 a Congressional study in the U.S. led to NASA being directed to undertake the "Spaceguard Survey", with the novel being named as the inspiration for the name to search for Earth-impacting asteroids.[79] This in turn inspired Clarke's 1993 novel The Hammer of God.
A variation on the traditional impact story was provided by Jack McDevitt's 1999 novel Moonfall, in which a very large comet traveling at interstellar velocities collides with and partially destroys the Moon, fragments of which then collide with the Earth. The 1985 Niven and Pournelle novel Footfall features the examination of the effects of planetary warfare conducted by an alien species that culminates in the use of asteroids to bombard the planet, creating very large craters and the human species' near-extinction. Robert A. Heinlein used the concept of guided meteors in his novel The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, in which Moon rebels use rock-filled shipping containers as a weapon against their Earth oppressors.
Cinema and television[edit]
Several disaster films center on actual or threatened impact events. Released during the turbulence of World War I, the Danish feature film The End of the World revolves around the near-miss of a comet which causes fire showers and social unrest in Europe.[80] When Worlds Collide (1951), based on a 1933 novel by Philip Wylie, deals with two planets on a collision course with Earth—the smaller planet a "near miss," causing extensive damage and destruction, followed by a direct hit from the larger planet.[81] Meteor (1979) features small asteroid fragments and a large 8 km (5 mi)-wide asteroid heading for Earth. Orbiting U.S. and Soviet nuclear weapons platforms are turned away from their respective earthbound targets and toward the incoming threat.
In the science fiction television series Babylon 5, war between the Narn and Centauri is brought to an end when the Centauri use mass drivers to propel asteroids at the surface of the Narn home world, causing severe ecological damage. The novelization, as well as the actual game Rage, is based on an alternate future in which the end of the world is caused by impact with 99942 Apophis.
See also[edit]
2. ^ a b
4. ^ Crater Analysis Techniques Working Group; Arvidson, R. E.; Boyce, J.; Chapman, C.; Cintala, M.; Fulchignoni, M.; Moore, H.; Neukum, G.; Schultz, P.; Soderblom, L.; Strom, R.; Woronow, A.; Young, R. (1979), "Standard Techniques for Presentation and Analysis of Crater Size-Frequency Data", Icarus 37 (2): 467, Bibcode:1979Icar...37..467C, doi:10.1016/0019-1035(79)90009-5.
8. ^ Clark R. Chapman & David Morrison; Morrison (January 6, 1994), "Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets: assessing the hazard", Nature 367 (6458): 33–40, Bibcode:1994Natur.367...33C, doi:10.1038/367033a0
15. ^
16. ^
17. ^ Canup, R.; Asphaug, E. (2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation" (PDF). Nature 412 (6848): 708–712. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..708C. doi:10.1038/35089010. PMID 11507633. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
18. ^ Multiple Asteroid Strikes May Have Killed Mars’s Magnetic Field[dead link]
19. ^ Dypvik, Henning; Burchell, Mark; Claeys, Philippe. "Impacts into Marine and Icy Environments: A Short Review in Cratering in Marine Environments and on Ice".
20. ^ Gault, D. E.; Sonnet, C. P.; Wedekind, J. A. (1979). "Tsunami Generation by Pelagic Planetoid Impact". Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Abstract.
21. ^ Melosh, H. J. (2003). "Impact-generated tsunamis: An over-rated hazard". Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Abstract 34: 2013. Bibcode:2003LPI....34.2013M.
22. ^ Hagstrum, Jonathan T. (2005). "Antipodal Hotspots and Bipolar Catastrophes: Were Oceanic Large-body Impacts the Cause?" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 236: 13–27. Bibcode:2005E&PSL.236...13H. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.020.
23. ^ a b Keller G. (2005). "Impacts, volcanism and mass extinction: random coincidence or cause and effect?" (PDF). Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 52 (4–5): 725–757. Bibcode:2001AuJES..52..725K. doi:10.1080/08120090500170393.
24. ^ Permian Extinction
28. ^ Adrian L. Melott & Richard K. Bambach; Bambach (2010), "Nemesis Reconsidered", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters 407: L99–L102, arXiv:1007.0437, Bibcode:2010MNRAS.407L..99M, doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00913.x
29. ^ "Twenty ways the world could end suddenly". Discover Magazine.
30. ^ Public sees a future full of promise and peril
31. ^ Canup, Robin M. (2004). "Dynamics of Lunar Formation". Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics 42 (1): 441–475. Bibcode:2004ARA&A..42..441C. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082201.113457.
32. ^ "Scientists reconstruct ancient impact that dwarfs dinosaur-extinction blast", American Geophysical Union, April 9, 2014
33. ^
34. ^ [1][dead link]
36. ^
39. ^ THE CLOVIS COMET Part I:Evidence for a Cosmic Collision 12,900 Years Ago In the Mammoth Trumpet, Volume 23 Number 1, by Allen West (GeoScience Consulting) and Albert Goodyear (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology). Accessed August 2008
42. ^ Four arrested in Argentina smuggling more than ton of meteorites
43. ^ Yau, K.; Weissman, P.; Yeomans, D. (1994), "Meteorite Falls in China and Some Related Human Casualty Events", Meteoritics 29 (6): 864–871, Bibcode:1994Metic..29..864Y, doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x.
44. ^ USGS Meteoritical Society, Bulletin database, Gebel Kamil Crater ...
45. ^ Meteorite Hits Page[dead link]
50. ^ Grand Teton Meteor Video on YouTube
51. ^
55. ^ First-Ever Asteroid Tracked From Space to Earth[dead link], Wired, March 25, 2009
56. ^ Fireball lights up the sky: South African division, Discover, November 30, 2009.
57. ^ "Russian Meteor". NASA. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
60. ^ Метеоритный дождь над Уралом: пострадали 1200 человек. Vesti (in Russian). RU. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
68. ^ SOHO Comet 100
69. ^ A SOHO and Sungrazing Comet FAQ
74. ^
75. ^
76. ^
77. ^
78. ^
79. ^[dead link]
82. ^ Juul Carlsen, Per (May 2011), Neimann, Susanna, ed., "The Only Redeeming Factor is the World Ending", FILM (Danish Film Institute) (72): 5–8, ISSN 1399-2813, retrieved 2011-05-18.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
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Mobility assistance dog
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mobility assistance dog
Bringing dropped object to person in wheelchair.
Mobility service doing "brace" so handler can push herself upright.
A mobility assistance dog is a service dog trained to assist a physically disabled person who has mobility issues, which may include being wheelchair-dependent. Among other tasks such as "providing balance and stability"[1] and "pulling wheelchairs or carrying and picking up things for persons with mobility impairments",[2] a mobility assistance dog can be trained to open and close doors, and operate light switches, and can "have a major positive impact on the lives of recipients".[3] These dogs usually wear a certain kind of vest so that you can attach a cane like handle. This makes it so that when the dog walks and you hold the handle, the dog will guide you and assist with balance.
Some larger-statured dogs with sound joints are trained to pull individuals in wheelchairs, and wear a type of harness specifically designed for pulling.[2] However, wheelchair pulling remains controversial, and is illegal in England.[4] Many US programs limit "wheelchair pulling" to short straight distances, most commonly for assistance getting in and out of a crosswalk. One study has found that using the traction provided by the service dog has physical benefits because manual wheelchair users can operate their chairs with less effort[5]
Another type of mobility assistance dog task is that of a "walker dog". They are used for Parkinson's Disease and multiple sclerosis patients, along with other disorders and conditions. These dogs are not canes, and the handler does not put full weight on them. However, the dog can greatly assist a person with their gait and balance while walking. This technique is usually called "counterbalance".[6] It can also be helpful for those with the symptom of proprioception, the inability to walk in a straight line.
As with other types of assistance dogs, in many countries disabled individuals have the right to bring their mobility assistance dogs with them into places where animals are generally not allowed, such as public transportation, restaurants, and hotels. In the United States, the Americans with Disabilities Act is the law guaranteeing this opportunity to disabled individuals for public access situations. If access is denied to a disabled individual, federal and some state laws have penalties that may be brought against the business denying access.[7]
In the UK, the dogs are called disability assistance dogs are often trained and supported by charitable organizations.[8]
Assistance Dogs International (ADI) "is a coalition of not for profit organizations that train and place assistance dogs."[9] They publish a Guide to Assistance Dog Laws which summarizes the federal and state-by-state laws pertaining to service dogs.[10]
1. ^ "Service/Assistance Animals", New Hampshire Governor's Commission on Disability.
2. ^ a b "Commonly Asked Questions about Service Animals in Places of Business", U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division.
3. ^ "Effects of Assistance Dogs on Persons with Mobility or Hearing Impairments: A Pilot Study", Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development".
4. ^ "Information for Visitors Bringing an Assistance Dog to the London Olympics 2012", Assistance Dogs UK.
5. ^ "Effect of Service Dogs on Manual Wheelchair Users with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study", Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development".
6. ^ "Assistance Dogs Transform Lives of Veteran Partners", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
7. ^ "Revised ADA Requirements: Service Animals", U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division.
8. ^ "Assistance and Guide Dogs", NIDirect.
9. ^ Assistance Dogs International website
10. ^ "Guide to Assistance Dog Laws", Assistance Dogs International.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cloister of the Saint-Pierre abbey
Cloister of the Saint-Pierre abbey
Coat of arms of Moissac
Coat of arms
Moissac is located in France
Coordinates: 44°06′20″N 1°05′10″E / 44.1056°N 1.0861°E / 44.1056; 1.0861Coordinates: 44°06′20″N 1°05′10″E / 44.1056°N 1.0861°E / 44.1056; 1.0861
Country France
Region Midi-Pyrénées
Department Tarn-et-Garonne
Arrondissement Castelsarrasin
Canton Moissac-1 and Moissac-2
• Mayor (2001–2008) Jean-Paul Nunzi
Area1 85.95 km2 (33.19 sq mi)
Population (2006)2 12,773
• Density 150/km2 (380/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code 82112 / 82200
Elevation 59–199 m (194–653 ft)
(avg. 76 m or 249 ft)
Moissac is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France. The town is situated at the confluence of the Garonne and Tarn rivers at the Canal de Garonne. Route nationale N113 was constructed through the town and between Valence-d'Agen and Castelsarrasin.
Initially Moissac was part of the department of Lot. In 1808 Napoleon decreed the city be attached to the new department of Tarn-et-Garonne.[1] It was the chief town of the district from 1800 to 1926.
Moissac was heavily damaged in March 1930 by flooding of the Tarn River, which devastated much of southwestern France. It was counted as a 100-year flood. One hundred twenty people were reported to have died in the city.[2]
Moissac Abbey[edit]
Main article: Moissac Abbey
Moissac is known internationally for the artistic heritage preserved in the medieval Saint-Pierre Abbey.[citation needed] This church is a site on the World Heritage Site Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France.[citation needed]
Hotel le Moulin de Moissac, in operation since 1474.
There are important waterways in Moissac: the Tarn River flows through the centre of town, as does the Canal de Garonne (formerly Canal latéral à la Garonne), the extension of the Canal du Midi from Toulouse to Bordeaux. Together, these two canals are sometimes known as the Canal des deux mers (lit. canal of the two seas) connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea.
Twin towns[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ 'Naissance du département de Tarn-et-Garonne' at
2. ^ Max Lagarrigue,"L’inondation du siècle, mars 1930", in "Les Caprices du Temps," revue Arkheia, n°21, Montauban, 2009.
External links[edit]
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Monarchy of Thailand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"King of Siam" and "The King of Siam" redirect here. For the The King and I character, see The King and I#Principal roles and notable performers. For the novel, see Anna and the King of Siam (novel)
King of Thailand
Garuda Emblem of Thailand.svg
Bhumibol Adulyadej 2010-9-29 2 cropped.jpg
Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX)
since 9 June 1946
Style His Majesty
Heir apparent Maha Vajiralongkorn
First monarch Sri Indraditya of Sukhothai
Formation 1238
Residence Grand Palace
Garuda Emblem of Thailand.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Thailand flag bar.svg
The monarchy of Thailand (whose monarch is referred to as the King of Thailand or historically as King of Siam; Thai: พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย), refers to the constitutional monarchy and monarch of the Kingdom of Thailand (formerly Siam). The King of Thailand is the head of state and head of the ruling Royal House of Chakri.
Although the current Chakri Dynasty was created only in 1782, the existence of the institution of monarchy in Thailand is traditionally considered to have its roots from the founding of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238, with a brief interregnum from the death of Ekkathat to the accession of Taksin in the 18th century. The institution was transformed into a constitutional monarchy in 1932 after the bloodless Siamese Revolution of 1932. The monarchy's official residence is the Grand Palace in Bangkok; however, the present king spends much of his time at the Chitralada Palace, or the Klai Kangwon Villa (Thai: วังไกลกังวล) ("Palace Far from Worries") in the beach resort city of Hua Hin.
The current monarch of Thailand is Bhumibol Adulyadej. The king has reigned since the mysterious death of his older brother Ananda Mahidol on 9 June 1946, making him the world's longest reigning current monarch and the world’s longest serving head of state. Bhumibol is not just a symbolic figurehead but possesses many powers, such as being head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, the prerogative of royal assent, and the power of pardon. In addition, he commands the respect and reverence of many Thai people[1] and is protected by a draconian lèse majesté law.
The current concept of Thai kingship has evolved through 800 years of absolute rule. The first king of a unified Thailand was the founder of the Kingdom of Sukhothai: King Sri Indraditya in 1238.[2] The idea of this early kingship is said to be based on two concepts derived from Hinduism and Theravada Buddhist beliefs. The first concept is based on the Vedic-Hindu caste of “Kshatriya” (Thai: กษัตริย์), or warrior-ruler, in which the king derives his powers from military might. The second is based on the Theravada Buddhist concept of “Dhammaraja” (Thai: ธรรมราชา), Buddhism having been introduced to Thailand somewhere around the sixth century A.D. The idea of the Dhammaraja (or kingship under Dharma), is that the king should rule his people in accordance with Dharma and the teachings of the Buddha.
These ideas were briefly replaced in 1279, when King Ramkhamhaeng came to the throne. Ramkhamhaeng departed from the past tradition and created instead a concept of “paternal rule” (Thai: พ่อปกครองลูก), in which the King governs his people as a father would govern his children.[3][4] This idea is reinforced in the title and name of the King, as he is still known today, Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng (Thai: พ่อขุนรามคำแหง).[5] However this lasted only briefly, by the end of the kingdom the two old concepts had returned as symbolized by the change in the style of the kings; “Pho” was changed to “Phaya” or Lord.
Kings of Ayutthaya[edit]
The Kingdom of Sukhothai was eventually supplanted by the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, which was founded in 1351 by King Ramathibodhi I. During the Ayutthayan period the idea of kingship changed. Due to ancient Khmer tradition in the region, Hindu concept of kingship was applied for the status of the leader. Brahmins took charge in the royal coronation. The king was treated as if a reincarnation of Hindu gods. Ayutthaya historical documents show the official titles of the kings in great variation; Indra, Shiva and Vishnu, or Rama. Seemingly, Rama was the most popular, as in 'Ramathibodhi'. However, Buddhist influence was also evident as many times the king's title and 'unofficial' name Dhammaraja, an abbreviation of the Buddhist Dharmaraja. The two former concepts were re-established, with a third, older concept taking a more serious hold. This concept was called “Devaraja” (Thai: เทวราชา) (or Divine-King), which was an idea borrowed by the Khmer Empire from the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of Java, and especially the idea of a scholar class based on Hindu Brahmins. The concept centered on the idea that the king was an incarnation (Avatar) of the god Vishnu and that he was a Bodhisattva (enlightened one), therefore basing his power on his religious power, his moral power and his purity of blood.
The king, portrayed by state interests as a semi-divine figure, then became – through a rigid cultural implementation – an object of worship and veneration to his people. From then on the monarchy was largely removed from the people and continued under a system of absolute rule. Living in palaces designed after Mount Meru (Home of the gods in Hinduism), the kings turned themselves into a “Chakravartin”, where the King became an absolute and universal lord of his realm. Kings demanded that the universe be envisioned as resolving around them, and expressed their powers through elaborate rituals and ceremonies. For four centuries these kings ruled Ayutthaya, presiding over some of the greatest period of cultural, economic and military growth in Thai History.
Sakdina and Rachasap[edit]
The kings of Ayutthaya created many institutions to support their rule, which were similar to the contemporary regulations of the royal court of George V "the Brilliant" (r. 1314-1346), but modified to comport with southeast Asian Mueang mandala "circles of power." Whereas feudalism developed in the European Middle Ages, Ayutthayan King Trailokanat instituted Sakdina, (ศักดินา, lit. "Field Power", but usually translated as "dignity marks."[6] This comported with the names of two kingdoms further north: Lanna "Million Fields" and Sip Song Phan Na "Twelve Thousand Fields." "Rachasap" (ราชาศัพท์ royal language) is required by court etiquette as an honorific register consisting of a special vocabulary used exclusively for addressing the king, or for talking about royalty.[7]
Royal authority[edit]
The king was chief administrator, chief legislator and chief judge, with all laws, orders, verdict and punishments theoretically originating from his person. The king’s sovereignity was reflected in the titles “Lord of the Land” (พระเจ้าแผ่นดิน Phra Chao Phaen Din) and Lord of Life (เจ้าชีวิต Chao Chiwit). The king's powers and titles were seen by foreign observers as proof that the king was an absolute monarch in the European sense. However, in Siamese tradition the duty and responsibility of the king was seen as developed from the ancient Indian theories of royal authority, which resamble Enlightened Absolutism, although the emphasis is not on rationality but on Dhamma.[8] This was disrupted in 1767, when Thai digests of the dhammasāt (ธรรมศาสตร์) were lost when a Burmese army under the Alaungpaya Dynasty invaded, sacked and burned the city of Ayutthaya.
Kingdom restored[edit]
An interlude filled by civil war was ended when King Taksin restored the dominion under what has been called the Thonburi Kingdom.
Chakri Kings[edit]
King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke Rama I (Kings of Thailand) founder of the Chakri Dynasty.
In 1782, King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke ascended the throne and moved the capital from the Thonburi side to the Bangkok side of the Chao Phraya River. There he established the House of Chakri, the current ruling dynasty of Thailand. (This first reign was later designated as that of Rama I in the list of Rama Kings of Thailand.) He also established the office of Supreme Patriarch as the head of the Sangha, the order of Buddhist monks.
During the Rattanakosin Period the Chakri kings tried to continue the concepts of Ayutthayan kingship once again emphasizing the connection between the sovereign and his subjects. On the other hand, they continued to not relinquish any authority of the throne. Kings Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) and Nangklao (Rama III) created a semblance of a modern administration by creating a supreme council and appointing chief officers to help with the running of the government.[9]
Mongkut (Rama IV) marked a significant break in tradition when he spent the first 27 years of his adult life as a Buddhist monk during which time he became proficient in the English language, before ascending the throne. As king, he continued appointment of officers to his supreme council, the most notable being Somdet Chao Phraya Prayurawongse and Si Suriyawongse, both of whom acted as Chief Ministers for King Mongkut (and the latter as regent, from the king's death in 1868 until 1873.)
Chulalongkorn (Rama V) ascended the throne as a minor at age 15 in 1868, and as king of Siam 16 November 1873. As a prince, he had been tutored in western traditions by the governess, Anna Leonowens. Intent on reforming the monarchy along western lines, during his minority he traveled extensively to observe western administrative methods. He transformed the monarchy along western lines of an ‘enlightened ruler’. He abolished the practice of kneeling and crawling in front of the monarch, and repealed many laws concerning the relationship between the monarch and his people, while continuing many of the ancient aspects and rituals of the old kingship.[10] In 1874, he created a privy council copied from the European tradition, to help him rule his Kingdom. During his reign Siam was pressured to relinquish control of its old tributaries of Laos and northern Malaya to Western powers, Siam itself narrowly avoided being colonized.[11][12] In 1905, 37 years after his coronation, Chulalongkorn ended slavery with the Slave Abolition Act. In 1867 slaves accounted for one-third of Siamese population.
His son Vajiravudh (Rama VI) succeeded as king in 1910 and continued his father’s zeal for reform, to bring the monarchy into the 20th century. The perception of a slow pace of reform resulted in the Palace Revolt of 1912. In 1914, Vajiravudh determined that the Act providing for invoking martial law, first promulgated by his father in 1907, was not consistent with modern laws of war, nor convenient for the preservation of the external or internal security of the State; so changed to the modern form that, with minor amendments, continued in force through subsequent changes in government.[13] Prajadhipok (Rama VII) succeeded his brother in 1925. This Eton and Sandhurst educated monarch created a council similar to a cabinet, where the most important government officials could meet to decide on state affairs. This advisory and legislative council, styled the Supreme Council of State of Siam (Thai: อภิรัฐมนตรีสภา) was founded on 28 November 1925 and existed until 1932.
King Prajadhipok signing the Constitution of Siam on 10 December 1932.
In June 1932, a group of foreign educated students and military men called “the Promoters” carried out a bloodless Revolution, seizing power and demanded that King Prajadhipok, grant the people of Siam a constitution. The king agreed and in December 1932 the people were granted a constitution, ending 150 years of absolute Chakri rule. From then on the role of the monarch was relegated to that of a symbolic head of state. His powers from then on were exercised by the Prime Minister and the National Assembly.
In 1935 King Pradhipok (Rama VII) abdicated the throne, following disagreements with the government. He lived in exile in the United Kingdom until his death. The king was replaced by his young nephew Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII). The new king was 10 years old and was living abroad in Switzerland; a council of regents was appointed in his place. During this period the roles and powers of the King were entirely usurped by the fascist government of Plaek Phibunsongkhram, who changed the name of the kingdom from Siam to Thailand, and aligned it on the side of the Axis powers in the Pacific theatre of World War II. By the end of the war Phibunsongkhram was removed and the young King returned. The Free Thai movement provided resistance to foreign occupation during the war and helped rehabilitate Thailand after the war.
After Rama VIII’s sudden death of a bullet wound in 1946, Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), aged 19 years old, became the new monarch. To date he is the world's longest reigning monarch.
Beginning approximately in 2000, the role of the Thai monarchy was increasingly challenged by scholars, media, observers and traditionalists, and as more educated pro-democracy interests began to express their rights to speech. Many deemed that a series of laws and measures relating to Lèse majesté in Thailand aimed at protecting the King and the royal families are hindrances to the freedom of expression. Dozens of arrests, hundreds of criminal investigations and multiple imprisonments have been made based on these laws. King Bhumibol Adulyadej, in his 2005 national birthday broadcast, also indicated that he could be criticized if it is constructive and not politically motivated.
As a liberal democratic country, Thailand supports and highly values freedom of expression which is a fundamental right guaranteed in Section 45 of the constitution. However, the right to freedom of expression is not without limits and may be subject to certain restrictions as provided by law and as necessary to uphold the rights or reputations of others and to protect national security and public order. The lèse-majesté law is part of Thailand’s Criminal Code, which also contains general provisions on defamation and libel of private individuals.
The king is assisted in his work and duties by the Private Secretary to the King of Thailand and the Privy Council of Thailand, in consultation with the head of the cabinet, the Prime Minister. In accordance with the constitution the king is no longer the originator of all laws in the kingdom; that prerogative is entrusted to the National Assembly of Thailand. All bills passed by the legislature, however, require his royal assent to become law.[citation needed] The monarchy's household and finances are managed by the Bureau of the Royal Household and the Crown Property Bureau respectively, these agencies are not considered part of the Thai government and all personnel are appointed by the king.[14]
The heir apparent to the Thai monarchy is the Crown Prince of Thailand, Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn. The succession to the throne is governed by the 1924 Palace Law of Succession, promulgated by King Vajiravudh. Section 22 of the constitution clearly stated that the amendment of the Palace Law shall be prerogative of the King. Journalist Andrew MacGregor Marshall has argued that behind the scenes, there are 'Endless struggles for the throne'.[15] His book has been banned in Thailand and holding a copy results in three year imprisonment and a fine.
List of kings[edit]
Royal regalia[edit]
The present set of royal regalia of Thailand (Thai: เบญจราชกกุธภัณฑ์) and the royal utensils was created mostly during the reign of King Rama I and Rama IV, after the previous set was lost during the sack of Ayutthaya by the Burmese in 1767. The Regalia is used mainly during the coronation ceremony of the king at the beginning of every reign. The Regalia is presently on display in the Museum of the Grand Palace in Bangkok.[16][17]
Coronation of King Bhumibol at the Grand Palace, 5 May 1950.
The Thai royal utensils (Phra Khattiya Rajuprapoke) are also for the personal use of the monarch,[17] comprising:
• the Betel Nut Set
• the Water Urn
• the Libation Vessel
• the Receptacle.
These unique objects are always placed on either side of the king's throne or his seat during royal ceremonies.
Other symbols of kingship[edit]
Royal ceremonies[edit]
The Royal Barge Procession in 2005.
The King and other members of his family carry-out many royal ceremonies per year, some dating from the 13th century.
Royal orders and decorations[edit]
The king is sovereign of several Royal Orders and Decorations, the prerogative to appoint and remove any persons from these orders are at the king's discretion. However sometimes recommendations are made by the Cabinet of Thailand and the Prime Minister.
See also[edit]
Monarchs of
the Chakri Dynasty
Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke portrait.jpg Yotfachulalok
(Rama I)
Buddha Loetla Nabhalai portrait.jpg Loetlanaphalai
(Rama II)
Nangklao portrait.jpg Nangklao
(Rama III)
Rama4 portrait (cropped).jpg Mongkut
(Rama IV)
King Chulalongkorn.jpg Chulalongkorn
(Rama V)
King Vajiravudh.jpg Vajiravudh
(Rama VI)
Prajadhipok portrait.jpg Prajadhipok
(Rama VII)
Ananda Mahidol portrait.jpg Ananda Mahidol
(Rama VIII)
Bhumibol Adulyadej portrait.jpg Bhumibol Adulyadej
(Rama IX)
1. ^ Head, Jonathan (5 December 2007). "Why Thailand's king is so revered". BBC News.
2. ^ Cœdès, G. (1921). "The Origins of the Sukhodaya Dynasty" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siam Heritage Trust). JSS Vol. 14.1b (digital): image 1. Retrieved March 17, 2013. The dynasty which reigned during a part of the XIIIth. and the first half of the XlVth. centuries at Sukhodaya and at Sajjanlaya, on the upper Menam Yom, is the first historical Siamese dynasty. It has a double claim to this title, both because its cradle was precisely in the country designated by foreigners as "Siam" (Khmer: Syain; Chinese : Sien, etc.), and because it is this dynasty which, by freeing the Thai principalities from the Cambodian yoke and by gradually extending its conquests as far as the Malay Peninsula, paved the way for the formation of the Kingdom of Siam properly so called.
3. ^
4. ^ Prince Dhani Nivat, Kromamun Bidyadabh (1947). "The Old Siamese conception of the Monarchy" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siamese Heritage Trust). JSS Vol. 36.2b (digital): image 10 page 93. Retrieved March 7, 2013. Patriarchal Sukhothai Kingship ... The monarch was of course the people's leader in battle; but he was also in peace-time their father whose advice was sought and expected in all matters and whose judgment was accepted by all. He was moreover accessible to his people, for we are told by an old inscription that, in front of the royal palace of Sukhothai there used to be a gong hung up for people to go and beat upon whenever they wanted personal help and redress. The custom survived with slight modifications all through the centuries down to the change of regime in 1932....
5. ^ Terwiel, Barend Jan (1983). "Ahom and the Study of Early Thai Society" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siamese Heritage Trust). JSS Vol. 71.0 (PDF): image 4. Retrieved March 7, 2013. In older usage, khun was used for a ruler of a fortified town and its surrounding villages, together called a mueang; with the prefix pho (พ่อ "father") appears as Pho Khun.
6. ^ Griswold, A.B.; Prasert na Nagara (1969). "A Law Promulgated by the King of Ayudhya in 1397 A.D. Epigraphic and Historical Studies, No. 4" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siam Heritage Trust). JSS Vol. 57.1 (digital): image 3. Retrieved March 17, 2013. It was customary for Southeast Asian kings, who were of course the absolute proprietors of the land, to allot the usufruct of portions of it to their subjects. The kings of Ayudhya allotted a specified number of sakti-na or 'dignity-marks' to each of their subjects according to his rank and the position he occupied, corresponding to the number of rai he was actually or theoretically entitled to; and when the system was fully developed the number of marks ranged from 5 to 25 for ordinary citizens, up to 10,000 for ministers in charge of important departments, and 20,000 for princes of the highest rank.
7. ^ "Royal Words". Internet resource for the Thai language. October 9, 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
8. ^ Lingat, R. (1950). "Evolution of the Conception of Law in Burma and Siam" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siam Heritage Trust). JSS Vol. 38.1c (digital). Retrieved March 17, 2013. Kings and rajas are only responsible for keeping peace and order. It is a very noticeable thing that in so rich a language as sanskrit there exists no proper word to translate our word law as meaning positive law. It is true Hindus have the word darma, which is sometimes wrongfully translated by the word law, but actually is quite a different thing....
9. ^ Roberts, Edmund (October 12, 2007) [First published in 1837]. "Chapter XIX―titles of the king". Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4. Harper & brothers. p. 302. Retrieved January 28, 2013. At the head of the Siamese administration is the supreme council, consisting of the following officers:....
10. ^ Wales, H. G. Quaritch (April 14, 2005) [First published in 1931]. "Chapter IV, the kingship". Siamese state ceremonies (digital ed.). London: Bernard Quaritch. p. 32. Retrieved April 25, 2012. we find the only certain relic of the cult of the Royal God in the symbolism of the Coronation Ceremony by which the Brahman priests call down the spirits of Visnu and Siva to animate the new king....
11. ^ Stuart-Fox, Martin (1994). "Conflicting conceptions of the state: Siam, France and Vietnam in the late nineteenth century" (FREE). Journal of the Siam Society (Siam Heritage Trust). JSS Vol. 82.0 (digital). Retrieved April 12, 2013. Historians of Southeast Asia often face problems in using terms drawn from and applicable to European polities and societies to refer to non-European equivalents that do not conform to European models.
12. ^ Meyers, Dean (1994). "Siam under siege (1893-1902): modern Thailand's decisive decade, from the Paknam incident to the first flowering of the Chakri reformation" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society (Siam Heritage Trust). JSS Vol. 082.0k (digital): image. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
14. ^ "Thailand The King – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". 28 December 1972. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
15. ^ MacGregor, A. 2014. A Kingdom in Crisis: Thailand's Struggle for Democracy in the Twenty-First Century. London: Zed Books.
16. ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". 27 October 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
17. ^ a b Thai Government Public Relations: Royal Regalia + Royal Utensils.
18. ^
19. ^ "Pattaya's First English Language Newspaper". Pattaya Mail. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
• The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (2007), s:2007 Constitution of Thailand
• Kullada Kesboonchoo Mead, The Rise and Decline of Thai Absolutism, RoutledgeCurzon 2004
External links[edit]
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Mosess Fishman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mosess "Moe" Fishman
Moe lent 06 sm.jpg
Moe Fishman at 70th anniversary reunion of Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, New York City April–May 2006
Nickname(s) Moe Fishman
Born September 28, 1915
New York City, New York, United States
Died August 6, 2007
Manhattan, New York, United States
Allegiance United States American
Unit Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Battles/wars Battle of Brunete
Mosess "Moe" Fishman (September 28, 1915, in New York City – August 6, 2007) fought with the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and was wounded during the Spanish Civil War. He was general secretary of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Veterans' Association.
Early life[edit]
He was born on September 28, 1915 in Astoria, New York. He graduated from Stuyvesant High School at the age of 16 and entered college for one semester. He had to leave college for lack of funds and went to work in his father's commercial laundry.[1]
He joined the Young Communist League. He helped organize a large laundry business whose employees thereupon got a weekly pay increase from $12 to $14 in their first contract.[2]
Spanish Civil War[edit]
Fishman volunteered in New York City but was rejected for lack of military experience. He then applied again as a truck driver and was accepted provided that he recruit ten other volunteers. He did but none of them actually showed up, but he was accepted anyway.
Fishman arrived in Spain in April 1937 and began serving as a soldier in the George Washington Battalion. On July 5, 1937 during the Battle of Brunete near the village of Villanueva de la Cañada a sniper shot Fishman in the thigh, leaving 32 pieces of bone and metal.[1][3] He spent a year in Spain recovering from his wound and was then evacuated back to New York, where he spent another two years in hospitals. He had a lifelong limp from his injury.
While he recuperated back in New York he worked with humanitarian organizations giving aid to civilian refugees of the war. He got a job in the warehouse of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee. At the same time he studied to become a licensed radio operator. This qualified him to join the Merchant Marine when the United States entered World War II.
After World War II[edit]
The House Committee on Un-American Activities targeted him for alleged subversive activities. He also remained active in the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade (VALB).
According to Peter Carroll's biographical sketch of Fishman,
" was Fishman’s proximity to that case that changed his life when HUAC set its sights on the VALB and President Harry Truman’s Attorney General listed the group as a subversive organization in 1947 as part of the postwar anti-Communist crusade.
When Congress passed the McCarran Act in 1950, obliging all designated subversive organizations to register with the federal government and creating heavy penalties for leaders who refused to cooperate, the entire executive committee of the VALB resigned in 1950. In its place, two Lincoln veterans stepped forward: Milton Wolff became the National Commander; Moe Fishman became the Executive Secretary/Treasurer and served the organization in an executive capacity for the rest of his life.[4]
Fishman and Wolff led the defense campaign of the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade (VALB) before the Subversive Activities Control Board (SACB) in 1954. When defeated, they pursued an appeal that was eventually successful in the 1970s in having the Attorney General's list and the SACB's rulings declared unconstitutional. After their victory Fishman expressed the opinion that it might be time to
"do something subversive and get back on it otherwise the public we are trying to reach, especially the youth constituency, will look askance at these 'revisionists' who have stopped being subversive and have a U.S. Court of Appeals that agrees we are not."[4]
Fishman and Wolff took up the cause of a Spaniard who had worked with them in the 1940s and was then in a Franco prison. This became a campaign to support all political prisoners in Franco's Spain, one that continued until the dictator died in 1975.
In 1957 Fishman and Wolff organized the first reunion of the VALB since the 1940s. Though the organization VALB is no more these reunions still continue under the auspices of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives.
More and more veterans returned to the VALB beginning in the 1970s, freed by retirement from fear of firings and by legal victory from fear of overt harassment by the U.S. government. Fishman's organizing activities took him all over the United States, to a great many meetings and speaking engagements, especially in High Schools and colleges.
Fishman became, for many, the public face of the VALB. He was a handsome, lean, well-dressed figure who spoke well and was happy to represent the organizations. Each year at the reunion it was Fishman who read out the roll of names of the surviving veterans and announced the deaths of those who had died since the previous year.
Later life[edit]
Fishman remained active in a number of progressive organizations, including Veterans For Peace New York City Chapter 34, the Joint Antifascist Refugee Committee and United for Peace and Justice.
During the 1980s Fishman, together with many other Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, protested U.S. aid to the Nicaraguan Contras. The VALB raised money for ambulances to be sent to the Nicaraguan government to aid those wounded by the American-funded Contras. He also participated in protesting the U.S. Navy’s use of Vieques, an island off Puerto Rico as a bombing range until 2003.
In August 2004 Fishman helped carry a Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade banner in a protest at Madison Square Garden against the 2004 Republican National Convention. In 2003 and 2006, together with other VALB members and supporters he marched in demonstrations opposing the U.S. invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan.
He lived in the Penn South co-op in the Chelsea section of Manhattan.
Mosess Fishman died in Manhattan aged 92 on August 6, 2007, from pancreatic cancer.
1. ^ a b Douglas Martin (August 30, 2007). "Moe Fishman Dies at 92. Fought in Lincoln Brigade". The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2010. Moe Fishman, who as a 21-year-old from Astoria, Queens, fought Fascists in Spain with the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and was severely wounded, then led veterans of that unit in fighting efforts to brand them as Communist subversives, died on August 6 in Manhattan. He was 92. The cause was pancreatic cancer, said Peter Carroll, chief of the board of governors of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives.
2. ^ Albert Amateau (August 15, 2007). "Moe Fishman, Lincoln Brigade veterans leader, 92.". The Villager. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
3. ^ "Unsung, But Unbowed Fire Of Their Cause Lives On In Americans Who Fought Fascism In Spanish Civil War". Hartford Courant. May 28, 2000.
4. ^ a b Peter Carrol "Mosess 'Moe' Fishman (1915–2007)". Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Rabāb)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the bowed instrument. For the Central Asian plucked instrument, see Rubab (instrument). For the rebab used by Sikh musicians, see Seni rebab.
Iraqi Jawza player Salih Shemayil at the first Cairo Congress of Arab Music (1932)
Mevlâna mausoleum, Konya, Turkey
The rebab (Arabic: ربابة, variously spelled rebap, rabab, rebeb, rababa and rabeba, also known as جوزه "joza" or "jawza" in Iraq,[1]) is a type of a bowed string instrument so named no later than the 8th century and spread via Islamic trading routes over much of North Africa, the Middle East, parts of Europe, and the Far East.[2] The bowed variety often has a spike at the bottom to rest on the ground, and is thus called a spike fiddle in certain areas, but plucked versions like the kabuli rebab (sometimes referred to as the robab or rubab) also exist. Furthermore, besides the spike fiddle variant, there also exists a variant with a pear-shaped body, quite similar to the Byzantine lyra and the Cretan lyra. This latter variant travelled to western Europe in the 11th century,[3] and became the rebec.
The rebab, though valued for its voice-like tone, has a very limited range (little over an octave), and was gradually replaced throughout much of the Arab world by the violin and kemenche. It is related to the Iraqi instrument the Joza, which has four strings.
The rebab is used in a wide variety of musical ensembles and genres, corresponding with its wide distribution, and is built and played somewhat differently in different areas. In Southeast Asia, the rebab is a large instrument with a range similar to the viola da gamba, whereas versions of the instrument further west tend to be smaller and higher-pitched. The body varies from being ornately carved, as in Java, to simpler models such as the 2-string Egyptian "fiddle of the Nile" may have a body made of half a coconut shell. The more sophisticated versions have a metal soundbox and the front may be half-covered with beaten copper, and half with cowskin.
Iraq, Arabia, Persia and the Ottomans[edit]
Bedouin playing a rebab during World War II
The rebab was heavily used, and continues to be used, in Arabic bedouin music as well traditional Iraqi music under the name "joza", named after the sound box material made of a coconut shell . There is also a bowed instrument in Persian music named Kamanche which has similar shape and structure. The Rebab is also played in Afghanistan and Pakistan, however they are unrelated in terms of origin.
Asian heartland[edit]
Jack Hsu of The Hsu-nami's band performing on the Erhu spike-fiddle[4] to progressive rock music
Malay Archipelago[edit]
K.P.H. Notoprojo, famous Indonesian rebab player
In the Indonesian gamelan the rebab is an essential elaborating instrument, ornamenting the basic melody. A two-string bowed lute consisting of a wooden body, traditionally though now rarely a single coconut shell, covered with very fine stretched skin.[6] Two brass strings are tuned a fifth apart and the horse hair bow is tied loosely (unlike modern Western stringed instruments) with the proper tension controlled by the players bow hand, contributing to the difficult technique.[6] There are typically two per ensemble, one for pelog and one for slendro, never played together.[6]
See also[edit]
1. ^ [1][dead link]
2. ^ [2]
3. ^ "rabab (musical instrument) - Encyclopedia Britannica". Retrieved 2013-08-17.
4. ^ [3][dead link]
6. ^ a b c Lindsay, Jennifer (1992). Javanese Gamelan, p.30-31. ISBN 0-19-588582-1.
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Sagrantino di Montefalco
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Sagrantino di Montefalco
Wine region
Sagrantino di Montefalco wine.jpg
Year established 1979
Country Italy
Part of Umbria
Grapes produced Sagrantino
Sagrantino di Montefalco are Italian wines made with 100% Sagrantino grapes in the Province of Perugia, although not necessarily in the comune of Montefalco. The wines include Montefalco Sagrantino secco, a dry DOCG red wine and Montefalco Sagrantino passito, a sweet DOCG red wine.
For a long time, the Sagrantino grape variety was only used for Montefalco Sagrantino passito or to fortify mixed wines.
Montefalco Sagrantino secco[edit]
Under Italian law, the term "Montefalco Sagrantino Secco" defines a wine obtained exclusively from Sagrantino grapes, produced exclusively in the Province of Perugia, in the Umbria region of central Italy (although not necessarily in the comune of Montefalco). The word "secco" in the name is Italian for "dry". The wine is aged for 30 months, of which at least 12 months must be in oak barrels. The wine is a DOCG, the highest-ranking category of Italian wine denominations. The Montefalco Sagrantino secco has excellent storage characteristics.
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Silver chromate
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Silver chromate
7784-01-2 N
ChemSpider 56417 YesY
Jmol-3D images Image
PubChem 62666
Molar mass 331.73 g/mol
Appearance brown-red powder
Density 5.625 g/cm3
Boiling point 1,550 °C (2,820 °F; 1,820 K)
Solubility soluble in nitric acid, ammonia, alkali cyanides and chromates [1]
142 J/mol K
217 J·mol−1·K−1[2]
−712 kJ·mol−1[2]
N verify (what isYesY/N?)
Infobox references
Silver chromate (Ag2CrO4) is a brown-red monoclinic crystal and is a chemical precursor to modern photography. It can be formed by combining silver nitrate (AgNO3) and potassium chromate (K2CrO4) or sodium chromate (Na2CrO4). This reaction has been important in neuroscience, as it is used in the "Golgi method" of staining neurons for microscopy: the silver chromate produced precipitates inside neurons and makes their morphology visible.
Silver chromate is produced by an exchange reaction with a soluble silver salt, such as that between potassium chromate and silver nitrate.
Laboratory use[edit]
The use of the compound itself in the laboratory is rather limited, although its formation is used to indicate the endpoint in the titration of chloride with silver nitrate in the Mohr method of argentometry.
The solubility of silver chromate is very low(Ksp = 1.1x10−12 or 6.5x10−5 moles / L).
The reactivity of chromate anion with silver is lower than halides (chloride and others) So, in a mixture of both ions silver chloride will be formed. Only when no chloride (or any halogen) is left will silver chromate (red-brown) form and precipitate out.
Prior to the endpoint the solution has a milky lemon yellow appearance, due to the color of the chromate ion and the precipitate of silver chloride already formed. When approaching the endpoint, additions of silver nitrate lead to steadily slower disappearing red colorations. When the red brownish color remains (with grayish spots of silver chloride in it) the endpoint of titration is reached. This for neutral pH. In very acid pH, the silver chromate is soluble, and in alcaline pH the silver precipitated as hydroxide.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Human embryo about fifteen days old. Brain and heart represented from right side. Digestive tube and yolk sac in median section. (Stomodeum labeled in upper right.)
Latin Stomodeum, stomatodeum, stomatodaeum
Carnegie stage 9
Precursor surface ectoderm
Gray's p.1101
Code TE E5.
Anatomical terminology
The stomodeum, also called stomatodeum or stomatodaeum, is a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
This membrane is devoid of mesoderm, being formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the fore-gut endoderm; at the end of the third week it disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx.
It is from the Greek stoma- and odaios, "a way"
Additional images[edit]
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Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from TNA Wrestling)
Jump to: navigation, search
"TNA Wrestling" redirects here. For the video game, see TNA Wrestling (video game).
TNA Entertainment, LLC
Private, Limited liability company
Industry Professional wrestling
Founded May 10, 2002 (2002-05-10)[1]
Founder Jeff Jarrett
Jerry Jarrett
Headquarters Nashville, Tennessee, United States[1][2]
Area served
Key people
Dixie Carter
Andy Barton
(Vice President)
Claire Surratt
(Licensing Manager)
Dean Broadhead
(Chief Financial Officer)
Owner Panda Energy International
(Majority - 71%)
Jeff Jarrett
(Investor/Minority - 29%)
Website Official website
Total Nonstop Action (TNA) Wrestling is an American privately held professional wrestling promotion based in Nashville, Tennessee, dealing primarily in professional wrestling, with major revenue sources also coming from live events, product licensing, and direct product sales. Founded by its former president, Jeff Jarrett, and former CEO, Jerry Jarrett in 2002, it is one of the largest wrestling promotions in the world and the second-largest in the United States after WWE.[4][5]
Panda Energy International (a.k.a. Panda Energy) purchased a controlling interest (71%) in the company in 2002 from Jerry.[6] Jeff, the company's former Vice President and former Executive Vice President of Development/Original Programming, remains as minority owner (29%) and investor of the organization[7][8][9] even with his departure from the promotion as Executive Vice President of Development/Original Programming on December 22, 2013.[10][11] Panda Energy founder Robert Carter and Panda Energy President and Chief Executive Officer Janice Carter's daughter, Dixie, is president of TNA.[12] The company's headquarters are located in Nashville, Tennessee. The company previously bore the name "NWA Total Nonstop Action"—at the time of its formation it belonged to the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). TNA was granted exclusive rights to both the NWA World Heavyweight Championship and the NWA World Tag Team Championship. TNA withdrew from the NWA in 2004, but was permitted to continue to use the championships until the NWA abrogated the agreement in May 2007. TNA became the first American promotion to make exclusive use of a six-sided wrestling-ring (as opposed to the more conventional four-sided ring). However, in 2010, the company reverted to the standard four-sided ring. The organization also employed the unconventional rule that a championship can change hands as the result of a disqualification or count-out, but has since phased out this rule.
Jeff Jarrett, one of the co-founders of TNA
The concept of TNA originated shortly after the end of World Championship Wrestling (WCW). Bob Ryder, Jeff Jarrett, and Jerry Jarrett went on a fishing trip and contemplated their futures in the sport of wrestling.[13] Only one wrestling product remained on U.S. national television: the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). Ryder felt[13] that this situation led many television stations to regard wrestling as bad for business; he suggested a company not reliant on television, but rather one going straight to pay-per-view.
Initially, TNA's weekly pay-per-view show operated as the company's main source of revenue, in place of monthly pay-per-view events used by other promotions. These shows started on June 19, 2002 and took place mostly at the Asylum in Nashville, Tennessee. After 27 months and 111 PPVs, TNA began[citation needed] holding a weekly television show and monthly three-hour pay-per-views. The last weekly PPV was held on September 8, 2004. TNA Xplosion was launched on November 27, 2002 as TNA's first regular cable show and featured exclusive matches from the TNA Asylum as well as exclusive interviews with TNA Superstars. On November 18, 2004, the show became a recap show of the previous week's Impact! in light of alterations in the taping schedule. Xplosion resumed airing exclusive matches (billed as "Xplosion Xclusives") once more on October 7, 2005 in addition to recapping Impact!. The "Xplosion Xclusives" also aired on the now-ceased TNA Global Impact! internet show. Airing of Xplosion in the United States ceased at the end of 2006, although some of the exclusive matches can be seen on TNA Today.
In May 2004, TNA Wrestling announced that they would be including a television program on Fox Sports, dubbed TNA iMPACT! (officially typeset "TNA iMPACT!"), at Soundstage 21 in Universal Studios Florida.[citation needed] The transition included the use of a six-sided wrestling ring,[citation needed] the implementation of the "Fox Box" displaying competitors and timekeeping for the match,[citation needed] and a generally more sports-like style than the sports entertainment style exemplified by the WWE.[citation needed]
With the switch to cable television, TNA discontinued their weekly pay-per-view shows in favor of a monthly 3-hour pay-per-view format as previously utilized by WCW and ECW and as currently used by WWE. In November 2004, TNA held the first of these pay-per-views, Victory Road, beginning the pattern of pay-per-view shows that continues to this day.[citation needed]
The television contract with Fox Sports expired in May 2005 and was not renegotiated, leaving TNA without television exposure.[citation needed] This prompted TNA to air iMPACT! via webcasts - originally made available via BitTorrent and eventually via RealPlayer - and on Urban America Television replacing Xplosion. During this time TNA continued pursuing a profitable television deal for regular broadcasting.[citation needed] TNA later secured a deal with Spike TV and aired its first episode on October 1, 2005.[14]
In November 2006, TNA began holding select pay-per-views outside of its central filming location, the TNA Impact! Zone, in Orlando, with Bound for Glory 2006. In April 2006, TNA announced a partnership with YouTube whereby TNA supplied YouTube with exclusive video-content in exchange for hosting, leading to the production of internet shows. In January 2007, TNA's mobile-content deal with New Motion, Inc. led to the introduction of TNA Mobile and mobile fan-voting.[15] TNA has also launched "TNA U TV"; podcasts aired through YouTube to help promote the company.[16] Impact! expanded to a two-hour format on October 4, 2007.[17] On June 21, 2009, TNA launched an online video-vault subscription-service where subscribers could watch past pay-per-views by choosing one of three payment options.[18]
On October 23, 2008, TNA made the transition to HD and since then all programming has been broadcast in high-definition.[19] In addition, TNA introduced a new HD set that included new lighting and several large high-resolution screens.[20]
In 2010, TNA hired professional wrestling legend Hulk Hogan and former WCW booker Eric Bischoff. Both obtained a position behind the screen (Bischoff was part of creative and Hogan, consulter) and made some changes. They also hired many high-profile ex-WWE wrestlers, including Ric Flair, Rob Van Dam, Mr. Anderson and Jeff Hardy, while returning to a four sided ring. On February 15, 2010, TNA made a new deal with Spike TV, which moved Impact! to Monday nights, directly opposite of Raw (Although the network kept the Thursday night slot open for repeats of the Monday night shows). The first episode took place March 8, 2010.[21]
On May 3, 2010, TNA announced that Impact! would be moved back to Thursday nights, re-branded as "TNA Thursdays".[22] At the same time the company also announced that Spike had picked up TNA Reaction (stylized as "TNA ReAction" or, alternatively, as "TNA ReACTION"), which became a regular one-hour docu-series on June 24, 2010. "ReAction" focused on the stories and characters of TNA Wrestling and preview the upcoming episode of "TNA iMPACT!"[23][24] TNA Wrestling president Dixie Carter announced on January 13, 2011 that on February 24, 2011, the promotion would be holding Impact! tapings at the Crown Coliseum in Fayetteville, North Carolina.[25] On May 3, 2011, TNA Impact! was re-branded Impact Wrestling.[26][27][28]
On November 7, 2011, TNA announced that it had reached a deal with Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) to become TNA's official developmental territory.[29] In December 2011, TNA debuted their new India-based subsidiary promotion Ring Ka King.[30] On May 31, 2012, Impact Wrestling began airing live at a new start time of 8pm EST on Thursday nights.[31] The live schedule would continue throughout 2012.[32] On July 11, DirecTV, the carrier of Spike, blocked all Viacom stations affecting TNA viewership from DirecTV subscribers.[33] On July 20, DirecTV announced that it had reached an agreement with Viacom and had added back all 17 removed channels, which included SpikeTV.[34] On January 31, 2013, TNA announced that they would begin taping Impact from different venues around the United States starting March 14, 2013, from the Sears Centre in Chicago. TNA officially terminated its lease with Universal Studios in late March 2013.[35] On March 14, 2013, TNA introduced a new universal HD stage which will be used for all weekly programming.[36] On November 2, 2013, TNA ended its relationship with OVW.[37]
TNA formed a relationship with Japanese promotion Wrestle-1 beginning in July 2013 with a meeting between TNA founder Jeff Jarrett and Wrestle-1 head Keiji Mutoh.[38] It was arranged for Jarrett to wrestle for Wrestle-1 in October 2013.[39] In November, A.J. Styles successfully defended his TNA World Heavyweight Championship at a Wrestle-1 show in Japan.[40]
From the period of 2013 to 2014, many well-known names or veterans of the company left TNA. Hulk Hogan's contract with TNA expired in October 2013,[41] and he returned to WWE in early 2014.[42] In December 2013, A.J. Styles left TNA after his contract expired.[43] Styles later said that he could not accept TNA's new contract offer which would see him take a 60% cut in pay.[44] Also in December 2013, TNA founder Jeff Jarrett "resigned" from the company.[45] TNA accepted his resignation but clarified that Jarrett was still an "investor" in TNA.[10] In spite of his investor status, in 2014, Jarrett announced plans to start a new professional wrestling promotion, Global Force Wrestling.[46] The departures did not stop in 2014, with TNA veterans Sting,[47] Chris Sabin,[48] Hernandez,[49] Christopher Daniels and Kazarian all leaving the company in that year,[50] while Kurt Angle became a free agent in September.[51]
In late July, the TMZ website reported that Spike TV was not renewing Impact Wrestling beyond October.[52] In response, TNA refuted the report, stating that negotiations were still ongoing.[53] On August 14, TNA announced that Impact Wrestling was moving from its Thursday timeslot to Wednesday nights.[54] On August 20, TNA announced that it had signed an extension with Spike TV until the end of 2014.[55]
The 2014 Bound for Glory pay-per-view was held in collaboration with Wrestle-1 in Tokyo, Japan on October 12; the TNA World Heavyweight and the TNA World Tag Team titles were not defended at the event, which featured TNA wrestlers James Storm and The Great Sanada against Wrestle-1's The Great Muta and Tajiri in the main event.[56] After Bound for Glory 2014, TNA effectively went into hiatus due to Impact Wrestling ending their contract with Spike TV and its subsequent move to Destination America. The show ceased airing new televised events after the November 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, with the final episodes of 2014 being dedicated to Best of TNA clip shows, before resuming events on January 7, 2015 with a live show from The Manhattan Center's Grand Ballroom in New York City.[57][58][59] The contracts of TNA Hall of Famers Bully Ray and Devon reportedly expired in October 2014, with TNA moving them to the alumni section of their roster in January 2015.[60]
On November 19, 2014, TNA announced that it was ending its relationship with Spike, and that it would instead partner with Discovery Communications to distribute its programming beginning in January 2015. In the United States, TNA programs, including Impact Wrestling, will move to Destination America. Discovery will also hold rights in selected international markets.[61] Spike's outreach at the time was estimated to be more than 97 million homes while Destination America was estimated to reach 59 million households.[62]
Impact Wrestling's première was on Wednesday, January 7 at 9:00 pm before moving to its new night, starting on Friday, January 16.[63] TNA announced that Impact Wrestling: Unlocked, a brand new weekly series, hosted by Mike Tenay, would premiere on Saturday, January 17[64] and TNA Wrestling's Greatest Matches, a new series featuring the best matches in the company's history, premiered on Saturday, January 10 on Destination America. The series aired every Saturday at 12 noon immediately following Impact Wrestling: Unlocked.[65] From December 2014 to March 2015, TNA signed several former employees like Kurt Angle,[51] Awesome Kong,[66] and Matt Hardy.[67] TNA also tied several of its wrestlers to new contracts, like Jeff Hardy, Gail Kim, Mr. Anderson and Abyss.[66][67] During this period, veteran Samoa Joe left the company by mutual consent and the contract of Velvet Sky was not renewed.[68][69] Héctor Guerrero and Taz also left TNA as their contracts expired.
In May 2015, Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter reported that Destination America had decided to cancel Impact by late September 2015.[70][71] TNA vehemently denied the reports, claiming that they "constitute[d] defamation" and that they were "seek[ing] all legal remedies available".[72] Also that month, Destination America dropped Unlocked and Greatest Matches from their programming,[73][74] and separately Eric Bischoff and Jason Hervey sued TNA for breach of contract for failing to pay $101,500 from January to March 2015 for their roles as TNA executive producers. The lawsuit also featured talent Garett Bischoff claiming being owed $13,000 for the period of October 2014 to March 2015.[75]
Impact Zone, house shows and touring[edit]
Main article: Impact Zone
In May 2004, TNA announced that they would be airing their new show TNA iMPACT! from Universal Studios as part of an agreement reached with the theme park. Accordingly, TNA leased Soundstage 21 for the purposes of putting on wrestling events for an indefinite[citation needed] period of time. From June 2004 to March 2013, TNA taped its flagship show, Impact Wrestling as well as its secondary show Xplosion from the Impact Zone. They also aired every monthly pay-per-view in company history from that location until October 2006 when Bound for Glory was broadcast from the Compuware Arena in Detroit.
TNA started running house shows on March 17, 2006.[76] In 2007, TNA Wrestling first toured Europe, hosting two shows at Oporto and Lisbon in Portugal. In 2008, TNA wrestlers featured at Wrestle Kingdom II in Japan. Later on in 2008, TNA conducted its first tour of the UK, with most shows selling out. 2009 saw the promotion tour Germany for the first time. 2010 saw the promotion make its French debut and its United Arab Emirates debut. In 2012 the company made their debut in Belgium.
In 2009, on TNA's UK tour, a house show at Wembley Arena in London broke TNA attendance records. On July 2, 2010, MCU Park hosted a live TNA house show, which also broke the current TNA attendance record and is currently the most attended live TNA house show in the USA, with a capacity crowd of 5,550.[78]
On January 31, 2013, TNA Wrestling announced that they would tape their weekly show Impact Wrestling in different venues around the United States, with the first live show being held on March 14, 2013 in the Sears Centre in Hoffman Estates, Illinois (a Chicago suburb).[79]
On November 21, 2013 TNA returned to Universal Studios due to rising costs of taping Impact Wrestling from different venues. TNA began holding tapings at Soundstage 19 instead of returning to the original TNA Impact Zone, Soundstage 21, due to it being occupied by another tenant.[80] TNA announced that starting with their March 13, 2014 live broadcast, Impact Wrestling will be filmed from another Universal Studios soundstage, Soundstage 20. Soundstage 19 and 20 were only temporary venues for Impact Wrestling tapings.[81]
From June 19, 2014 to January 29, 2015 TNA taped Impact Wrestling from The Sands Casino Event Center in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania[82][83][84] and the Manhattan Center's Grand Ballroom in New York City.[84][85][86][87] In late January 2015, TNA taped Impact Wrestling at The SSE Hydro in Glasgow, Scotland, The Manchester Arena in Manchester, England and Wembley Arena in London, England as part of their annual Maximum Impact tour, before returning to Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida. During this time TNA also stepped away from the Impact Zone moniker for the venue.[88]
International partnerships[edit]
TNA has throughout its history worked with internationally based wrestling promotions, including having championships from those promotions defended on TNA TV and PPV. TNA has in the past worked with Mexican promotions Asistencia Asesoria y Administracion (AAA) and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), as well as Japanese promotions Inoki Genome Federation (IGF), New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), Pro Wrestling Noah and Wrestle-1, and on March 2, 2014 collaborated with Wrestle-1 in producing the Kaisen: Outbreak supershow in Tokyo, Japan (where three TNA championships were defended).[89][90] In May 2015, it was reported that the relationship between TNA and Wrestle-1 had ended.[91]
For most of its history TNA has used a hexagonal ring
X Division[edit]
Main article: X Division
Since its origin, TNA has featured a high-flying, high risk style of wrestling known as its X Division. Rather than emphasizing the fact that most wrestlers who perform this style are under 220 lb (100 kg) by calling it a cruiserweight division, TNA decided to emphasize the high risk nature of the moves that these wrestlers perform, removing all restraints on its wrestlers, allowing them to perform almost stunt like wrestling moves.[citation needed]
Originally, there was no upper weight limit on the X Division or its title, though in practice, most of the wrestlers in this division have been cruiserweights, with Samoa Joe, billed at 280 lb (130 kg), Kurt Angle, billed at 230 lb (100 kg), and Abyss, billed at 350 lb (160 kg), being notable exceptions.[citation needed] To further emphasize this point, the slogan "It's not about weight limits, it's about no limits" was used to describe the division.[citation needed] Although it was de-emphasized throughout 2007, the X Division is generally regarded[who?] as one of the key attractions of TNA and was replicated in several other promotions.[citation needed] In August 2011, the division was given a 225 lb (102 kg) weight limit.[92] This was quietly repealed in March 2012. In March 2013, Dixie Carter announced new rule changes to the X Division with a new weight limit of 230 lbs. and all X Division matches being triple threat matches.[93] In August 2013, all X Division matches were reverted to single matches and the weight limit was repealed once more.[citation needed]
Six sided ring[edit]
From 2002 until June 2004, TNA used the four-sided ring. In 2004, TNA switched to a six-sided ring, like the Mexican promotion AAA.[94] TNA used the six-sided ring until 2010.[95] On June 17, 2014, TNA announced a fan-voted poll to determine what type of ring the company will continue with.[citation needed] The fan-voted poll ended few days later on June 25 and on July 10, Dixie Carter announced the six-sided ring won the fan vote.[96]
TNA contracts[edit]
TNA wrestlers are forbidden by contract from working for other companies with televised wrestling shows, but are free to perform non-televised work for any other independent wrestling promotions, domestic or international, as well as televised events held by foreign promotions that TNA is linked to or has a working relationship with such as Ring Ka King, New Japan Pro Wrestling, Pro Wrestling Noah, and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.[97] Many TNA wrestlers perform regularly for various promotions on the independent circuit in addition to TNA's weekly shows. In 2012, TNA changed policy, preventing its talent from appearing at any independent events that are later released on DVD.[98] This, however, was later altered due to the lack of TNA shows in late 2014, and many TNA stars appeared at indy events, but were not allowed to appear on any TV or pay-per-view tapings.[citation needed] The top TNA stars have guaranteed contracts but the majority of TNA wrestlers are paid on a per appearance basis.[97] TNA wrestlers are classified as independent contractors and are not entitled to form workers' unions or employer health coverage.[97]
TNA Hall of Fame[edit]
Main article: TNA Hall of Fame
The TNA Hall of Fame was announced on May 31, 2012. As part of the yearly process, selected inductees will be chosen based on their overall contributions to TNA's history.[99][100] On June 10 at Slammiversary 10, Sting was revealed as the first inductee into the Hall of Fame. His formal induction took place at Bound for Glory in October 2012.[101] On June 2, 2013 TNA president Dixie Carter revealed that the newest member of the TNA Hall of Fame was Kurt Angle. Angle was officially inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame on February 1, 2014 at Wembley Arena in London.[102] At Slammiversary XII, Angle announced that Team 3D were the next inductees to the TNA Hall of Fame.[103]
Championships and accomplishments[edit]
Current championships[edit]
Championship Current champion(s) Reign Date won Days
Event Location Notes
TNA World Heavyweight Championship Kurt Angle 6 January 31, 2015
(aired March 20, 2015)
123 Impact Wrestling London, England Defeated Lashley
TNA X Division Championship vacant -- May 10, 2015
(aired June 3, 2015)
-- Impact Wrestling Orlando, Florida The previous champion Rockstar Spud vacated the title in exchange for an opportunity to wrestle for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship.
TNA World Tag Team Championship vacant -- May 8, 2015 -- Impact Wrestling Orlando, Florida Most recent champions The Hardys (Jeff and Matt) forced to vacate titles due to Jeff suffering a broken leg in a dirt bike accident.
TNA Knockouts Championship Taryn Terrell 1 September 19, 2014
(aired November 19, 2014)
257 Impact Wrestling Bethlehem, PA Defeated Havok and Gail Kim
Unsanctioned championships[edit]
Championship Last TNA holder Date won Date aired Event Previous champion(s)
Sports Entertainment Xtreme Australian Heavyweight Championship Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Other championships used by TNA[edit]
Former title Last in TNA Reign Event
NWA World Heavyweight Championship*[104] Christian Cage January 14-
May 13, 2007
Final Resolution
NWA World Tag Team Championship*[105] Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon) April 15-
May 13, 2007
IWGP Heavyweight Championship**[106] Kurt Angle June 29, 2007
- Feb 17, 2008
Fighting Now Bom-Ba-Ye
IWGP Tag Team Championship**[107] Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon) October 18, 09-
Jan 4, 2010
Bound for Glory
IWGP Junior Tag Team Championship**[107] The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) January 4,
-July 5, 2009
Wrestle Kingdom III in Tokyo Dome
Mexican Heavyweight Championship** Jeff Jarrett June 18, 2011
-March 18, 2012
AAA Triplemanía XIX
(*) - Indicates title previously defended in TNA due to membership in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA)
(**) - Indicates title defended in TNA due to working agreements with internationally based wrestling promotions
Defunct championships[edit]
Championship Last TNA holder Date created Date retired Event First champion(s)
TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship Eric Young and ODB September 20, 2009 June 27, 2013 Impact Wrestling Sarita and Taylor Wilde
TNA Television Championship Abyss October 23, 2008 July 3, 2014 Impact Wrestling Booker T
Other accomplishments[edit]
Accomplishment Current winner(s) Date won Event
Joker's Wild Lashley February 14, 2015 Joker's Wild III
Queen of the Knockouts Awesome Kong February 14, 2015 Knockouts Knockdown 3
TNA World Cup of Wrestling Team Hardy (Jeff Hardy, Gunner, Davey Richards, Crazzy Steve, Rockstar Spud and Gail Kim) February 15, 2015 TNA World Cup of Wrestling 3
Turkey Bowl The BroMans (Jessie Godderz and Robbie E) November 28, 2013 Impact Wrestling: Thanksgiving Special
Feast or Fired Austin Aries (World Heavyweight)
Rockstar Spud (X Division)
Magnus (World Tag Team)
Velvet Sky (Pink Slip)
January 8, 2015 Impact Wrestling
Former accomplishments[edit]
Accomplishments Latest winner Date won Event Previous winner(s)
Bound For Glory Series A.J. Styles September 12, 2013 Impact Wrestling: No Surrender Jeff Hardy
Queen of the Cage ODB April 19, 2009 Lockdown (2009) Roxxi Laveaux
King of the Mountain Kurt Angle June 21, 2009 Slammiversary (2009) Samoa Joe
X Division King of the Mountain Suicide June 21, 2009 Slammiversary (2009) Kazarian
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b "TNA Entertainment LLC Business Review in Nashville, TN". 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
2. ^ Contact Info and ShopTNA Orders. (2011-01-01). Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
3. ^ "TNA IMPACT WRESTLING Worldwide Broadcast Schedules & Channels". 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
4. ^ "Can Ring of Honor Compete With The Top Two Wrestling Promotions?". World in Sport. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
5. ^ "TNA wrestling continues international TV expansion". The Tennessean. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
6. ^ Varsallone, Jim (2009-08-27). "Not just whistling Dixie: Carter's impact on TNA iMPACT". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2009-11-06. [dead link]
7. ^ White, Audrey. (2012-06-08) Panda Energy's backing pays off in TNA wrestling venture | - News for Dallas, Texas - The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
8. ^ Koyen, Neena. "Viacom interested in purchasing a majority stake in TNA". Wrestling Content. Wrestling Content. Retrieved August 2013.
9. ^ Vasallo, Colin. "Is TNA looking for new owners?". Wrestling Online. Wrestling Online. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
10. ^ a b Caldwell, James. "TNA NEWS: Update - TNA statement on Jarrett's departure". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
11. ^ Johnson, Mike (2013-12-23). "Shocking name gone from TNA". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
12. ^ Hood, Johnathan (December 8, 2006). "TNA Wrestling – Innovative, Indelible, Insanity". ESPN. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
13. ^ a b c The History of TNA: Year 1 (DVD). TNA Home Video. 2006.
14. ^ Cantor, Brian (2005-07-21). "Breaking News: Spike TV confirms deal with TNA in press release". Lords of Pain. Archived from the original on 2007-08-30. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
15. ^ "TNA Wrestling Announces Mobile Content Deal – Details". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. 2007-01-12. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
16. ^ "Info on TNA U". TNA 2007-11-30. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
17. ^ "TNA Wrestling Goes Two Hours On SpikeTV Starting October 4". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. 2007-09-09. Retrieved 2007-09-16.
18. ^ Umstead, R. Thomas (2009-06-22). "TNA Jumps Into the Broadband Ring". Retrieved 2009-06-21.
19. ^ Vassallo, Colin (2008-10-28). "New iMPACT! HDTV set to debut this Thursday". Retrieved 2011-10-30.
20. ^ "TNA News: TNA To Debut A New Set?, HD Update, & More News". 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
21. ^ "TNA Wrestling Moves To Monday Nights Starting March 8th 2010". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-26. [dead link]
22. ^ [1][dead link]
23. ^ Caldwell, James (2010-05-03). "TNA News: TNA rebranding Impact on Thursday nights; "Reaction" start date announced in press release on Thursday move". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
24. ^ "TNA Confirms iMPACT! Going Back to Thursdays". Retrieved 2010-05-04.
25. ^ Caldwell, James (2011-01-13). "TNA News: TNA president confirms Impact on the road in February, house show canceled due to TV taping date". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
26. ^ Martin, Adam (2011-05-16). "Release: "Impact Wrestling" rebrands on Spike". WrestleView. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
27. ^ Caldwell, James (2011-05-03). "TNA News: Impact spoilers from Tuesday's Impact taping – big re-branding, debut, two returns, Sacrifice matches". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
28. ^ Caldwell, James (2011-05-06). "TNA News: Jeff Jarrett addresses TNA re-branding – name of the show or name of the company changing?". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
29. ^ Caldwell, James (2011-11-07). "TNA News: TNA announces official training program with OVW". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
30. ^ Caldwell, James (2011-12-20). "TNA News: Updates on TNA India project – first champion crowned, near-riot, former wrestlers involved". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
31. ^ Caldwell, James (2012-05-17). "TNA News: Breaking - Impact Wrestling going live this summer as part of new timeslot". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
32. ^ "TNA Impact Wrestling To Remain Live On Thursday Nights Through 2012". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
33. ^ Caldwell, James (2012-07-11). "DirecTV pulls Spike from line-up". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
34. ^ Caldwell, James (2012-07-20). "DirecTV & Viacom end dispute; channels restored day after Impact". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
35. ^ Johnson, Mike (2013-02-08). "End of a TNA era next month and more TNA news". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
36. ^ Johnson, Mike (2013-03-14). "new impact set". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
37. ^ "FRI. UPDATE: More TNA cost saving moves, Carters send e-mail to talent denying sale, Video game promotion, real story behind birth of one of greatest world title reigns, Legendary match, Classics on Demand, Weekend preview". Retrieved 2013-11-27.
38. ^ Namako, Jason. "The Great Muta meets with Jeff Jarrett at TNA offices". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
39. ^ "Japan News: Jeff Jarrett announced for Muta's next show". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
40. ^ "AJ Styles Japan update". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
41. ^ Caldwell, James. "Hogan news: Big AP Report on Hogan's future - TNA or WWE?, Hogan says he could wrestle again, talks TNA status, more". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
42. ^ "Hulk Hogan returns to WWE". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
43. ^ Namako, Jason. "AJ Styles issued statement on departure from TNA". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
44. ^ Radican, Sean. "Radican's Review series: RF Video's "Shoot Interview with A.J. Styles 2014" - learning from veterans, stories from inside the ropes, opening a door for others outside TNA". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
45. ^ Johnson, Mike. "Shocking name gone from TNA". pwinsider. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
46. ^ Kapur, Bob. "Jarrett's new promotion has a name: Global Force Wrestling". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
47. ^ Caldwell, James. "WWE video: Sting talks in-depth on joining WWE". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
48. ^ Johnson, Mike. "TNA signing, TNA departure and more". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
49. ^ Caldwell, James. "TNA NEWS: Another departure, updated TNA roster break down". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
50. ^ Murphy, Jan. "ROH, indies keeps Christopher Daniels young". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
51. ^ a b "TNA News: TNA makes official announcement that Kurt Angle has signed a new contract". Retrieved 18 January 2015.
52. ^ Waldman, Jon. "Mat Matters: Does Spike cutting TNA mean the end of the line?". SLAM! Wrestling. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
53. ^ Martin, Adam. "Dixie Carter says that negotiations with Spike TV are ongoing". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
54. ^ Caldwell, James. "TNA News: Breaking - Impact moving to new night of the week". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
55. ^ Caldwell, James. "TNA News: Big TNA TV update - Carter announces 2014 contract extension, issues statement on future". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
56. ^ "TNA Bound For Glory PPV results - 10/12/14 (from Tokyo, Japan)". Retrieved 22 November 2014.
57. ^
58. ^ McNeill, Pat. "McNeill: Can I have your attention please? An important announcement from the Pro Wrestling Industry". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
59. ^
60. ^ Namako, Jason. "TNA moves a number of talents to Alumni section today". Retrieved 3 January 2015.
61. ^ "Discovery's Destination America Adds TNA Impact Wrestling To Lineup". Retrieved 20 November 2014.
62. ^ "LaBar: TNA Wrestling has new TV home". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
63. ^
64. ^
65. ^
66. ^ a b "TNA news: Jeff Hardy & other stars sign new contracts". Retrieved 18 January 2015.
67. ^ a b "Two X Division wrestlers agree to new deals". Retrieved 13 March 2015.
68. ^ "Samoa Joe announces on Twitter that he's leaving TNA". Retrieved 18 February 2015.
69. ^ Johnson, Mike. "Why TNA fired Velvet Sky". Retrieved 18 February 2015.
70. ^ "TNA Impact Wrestling reportedly cancelled by Destination America". Retrieved 21 May 2015.
71. ^ "Observer Exclusive: Destination America cancels TNA Impact Wrestling". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
72. ^ "TNA Statement on Cancellation Reports". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
73. ^ "TNA news and notes". Retrieved 21 May 2015.
74. ^ Martin, Adam. "Another TNA show pulled from Destination America Lineup". Retrieved 21 May 2015.
75. ^ Powell, Jason. "Dot Net TNA News: TNA sued by Eric Bischoff, Garett Bischoff, and Jason Hervey". Retrieved 21 May 2015.
76. ^ "TNA Announces First Ever House Show". Pro-Wrestling News Direct. 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2007-03-20. [dead link]
77. ^ Marvez, Alex (2007-08-03). "Benoit case could slam promoter growth plans". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
78. ^ "TNA sets company attendance record in.".
79. ^ "Road show for TNA Impact Wrestling". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
80. ^ Johnson, Mike (2013-10-18). "TNA IMPACT WRESTLING TAPING UPDATE: PROMOTION RETURNING TO OLD HOME?". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
81. ^ insdier, tna (Feb 18, 2014). "TNA Announces New Soundstage Venue For Impact Tapings In Universal Orlando". tna Insider. Retrieved Feb 18, 2014.
82. ^
83. ^
84. ^ a b "TNA Results History – 2014". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
85. ^ "TNA Wrestling Adds Additional New York City Dates in August". TNA Wrestling. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
86. ^
87. ^ "TNA Results History – 2015". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
88. ^ "TNA Returns to Universal Studios Florida® for a 5-Day-Run of Special Television Events February 12 – 16". TNA Entertainment LLC. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
89. ^ TNA expands relationship with Wrestle-1 | IMPACT Superstars to headline March event in Japan. (2014-08-14). Retrieved on 2014-08-18.
90. ^ Sanada. (2014-08-14). Retrieved on 2014-08-18.
91. ^ Johnson, Mike (2015-05-09). "TNA taping more TV this weekend, another departure, Ross on Corgan in TNA,backstage visitor last night and more news". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved 2015-05-09.
92. ^ TNA Wrestling (2011-08-11). Eric Bishoff Imposes New Rules on the X Division. TNAWrestling at Retrieved 2011-08-13.
93. ^ The X-Division is Evolving! New Rules Announced!
95. ^ TNA Debuts New Ring At Genesis
96. ^ Dixie Carter Comments On The Return Of TNA's Six-Sided Ring, Teases Surprises For Bully Ray
97. ^ a b c Dixie Carter – pp. 9, 13, 17. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
98. ^ Martin, Adam (2012-09-27). "Report on TNA policy change and independent bookings". WrestleView. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
99. ^ Caldwell, James (2012-05-31). "Caldwell's TNA Impact Wrestling results 5/31: Ongoing "virtual-time" coverage of live Impact in new timeslot - Roode vs. Sting". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
100. ^ Caldwell, James (2012-06-01). "TNA official Hall of Fame announcement". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
101. ^ Caldwell, James (2012-06-10). "Caldwell's TNA Slammiversary PPV results 6/10: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV - Roode vs. Sting headlines 10th Anniv. PPV". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
103. ^ Testify! Team 3D To Be Inducted Into The TNA Hall of Fame
104. ^ Caldwell, James (2007-01-14). "CALDWELL'S FINAL RESOLUTION PPV REPORT 1/14: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV". PWTorch. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
105. ^ Keller, Wade (2007-04-15). "KELLER'S TNA LOCKDOWN PPV 4/15: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live event". PWTorch. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
106. ^ Martin, Adam (2007-08-12). "Hard Justice PPV Results – 8/12/07 – Orlando, FL ("Winner Takes All")". WrestleView. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
107. ^ a b Martin, Adam (2009-04-19). "Lockdown PPV Results – 4/19/09". WrestleView. Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
External links[edit]
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Talk:The Browns
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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WikiProject Country Music (Rated C-class, Low-importance)
Where does They Call The Wind Maria fit in their discography? It was played as a hit on radio and was on their hits album, but no discography lists it.George Slivinsky (talk) 05:39, 21 March 2014 (UTC)
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Thomas G. Alexander
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Thomas Glen Alexander[1] (born August 8, 1935)[2] is an American historian and academic who is professor emeritus[3] from Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah, where he was also Lemuel Hardison Redd, Jr. Professor of Western History and director of the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies.
Alexander was born in Logan, Utah to Glen M. and Violet B. Alexander.[2] He was raised in a working-class section of Ogden, Utah and from 1956 to 1958 he served a proselytizing mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the West German Mission. In 1959, he married Marilyn Johns, with whom he would have five children.[2]
Alexander earned his A.A. in 1955 at Weber State University, and his B.S. in 1960 and M.A. in 1961 from Utah State University.[2] While in Logan, Alexander first met Leonard Arrington, who was in the university Stake Presidency.[4] In 1965, Alexander received his Ph.D. in American History from the University of California, Berkeley.[2]
Alexander joined the BYU history faculty in 1964, where he has taught Utah history and American environmental history, and is currently the Lemuel Hardison Redd, Jr. Professor of Western American History, Emeritus. In the past, he has also taught at Utah State University, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Nebraska at Kearney, Southern Illinois University, and the University of Utah. He has received BYU's highest faculty award, the Karl G. Maeser Distinguished Faculty Lecturer Award. In 2001, he received the Emeriti Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award from Weber State University.[2] Alexander retired from full-time teaching at BYU in 2004.
Alexander has served in various historical and academic organizations. He was president of the Mormon History Association from 1974–1975.[5] He has also been president of the Pacific Branch of the American Historical Association; president and fellow of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters; president of the Association of Utah Historians; chair of the Utah Board of State History; chair of the Utah Humanities Council; national president of Phi Alpha Theta, the history honor society; fellow of the Utah State Historical Society; and chair of BYU's Faculty Advisory Council.[2]
Alexander has remained a believing Latter-day Saint[4] and has served in various church positions, including as a Bishop and stake high councilor.[2] In 2004, after his retirement, he served an LDS Church Educational System[2] mission in Berlin, Germany with his wife.
Historical perspective[edit]
Alexander is considered one of the historians who practiced what has been called the "New Mormon History." New Mormon Historians are a group of faithful members of the LDS Church and sympathetic non-Mormons who reject both positivism and objectivism (the belief that you can use the methodology of classical physical and biological sciences on the one hand). They also reject the tendency to ignore unpleasant aspects of Mormon history (such as the role of Mormon settlers in the Mountain Meadows massacre. (On Alexander's views see: "Historiography and the New Mormon History: A Historian's Perspective,"Dialogue 19 (Fall 1986): 25-49; and "Relativism and Interest in the New Mormon History," Weber Studies 13 (Winter 1996): 133-141.
Alexander is well known for Things in Heaven and Earth: The Life and Times of Wilford Woodruff, a carefully crafted biography of Wilford Woodruff, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' fourth president, which provides insight into the development of Mormonism and the American West. Alexander asserts that Woodruff was "...arguably the third most important figure in all of LDS Church history after Joseph Smith ... and Brigham Young" (p. 331). While other LDS and western historians may disagree with the ranking, his work provides a careful study of a very important leader in the emerging Mormon faith. Woodruff was a central leader of nineteenth century Mormonism, a member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles between 1835 and 1889, and president of the church from 1889 until his death in 1898 at age 91.
• 1968 Best Bibliography Award (Mormon History Association)[6]
• 1976 Best Article by a Senior Author (Mormon History Association)[6]
• 1980 Best Article by a Senior Author (Mormon History Association)[6]
• 1986 Best Book Award (Mormon History Association)[6]
• 1989 Grace Fort Arrington Award for Historical Excellence (Mormon History Association)[6]
• 1991 Best Book Award (Mormon History Association)[6]
• 1991 Evans Biography Award (Mountain West Center for Regional Studies)[7]
• 1999 T. Edgar Lyon Award of Excellence (Mormon History Association)[6]
Alexander has authored, co-authored, edited, or co-edited 25 books and over 150 scholarly articles. He has won numerous awards for his work, including Mormonism in Transition and Things in Heaven and Earth. The Utah state government commissioned Alexander to write Utah: The Right Place as the state's official centennial history.[2]
• A Conflict of Interests, Interior Department and Mountain West, 1863-1896
• The Rise of Multiple-Use Management in the Intermountain West: A History of Region 4 of the Forest Service
• Mormonism in Transition: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 1890-1930
• Mormons and Gentiles: A History of Salt Lake City with James B. Allen
• Things in Heaven and Earth: The Life and Times of Wilford Woodruff, a Mormon Prophet. Signature Books, Incorporated. Salt Lake City, Utah, reprint 1993. ISBN 1-56085-045-0
• Utah: The Right Place
• Line Upon Line: Essays on Mormon Doctrine
• Grace and Grandeur: A History of Salt Lake City
• The New Mormon History: Revisionist Essays on the Past
As Editor[edit]
1. ^ Introcaso, David M. (December 1986). "Water Development on the Gila River: The Construction of Coolidge Dam" (PDF). Master's Thesis. Arizona State University. p. 133. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Biographical History". Register of the Thomas G. Alexander Papers, 1954-2004. L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. July 2004. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
3. ^ Forsyth, Justin (February 19, 2009). "Teaching Our History Spotlight: Early Mormon Legal History". News and Events. J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
4. ^ a b Alexander, Thomas G. (Winter 2008). "Faithful Historian Responds". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 41 (4): v–viii. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
5. ^ "Past MHA Presidents". Mormon History Association. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
6. ^ a b c d e f g "MHA Awards" (PDF). Mormon History Association. 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
7. ^ "Previous Winners - Evans Biography Award" (PDF). Mountain West Center for Regional Studies at Utah State University. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
External links[edit]
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Troglodyte (Cave Man)
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"Troglodyte (Cave Man)"
single cover artwork
Single by Jimmy Castor Bunch
from the album It's Just Begun
B-side "I Promise to Remember"
Released 1972
Format 7" single
Genre Funk
Length 3:36
3:22 (7" version)
Label RCA
Certification Gold [1]
Alternate single artwork, as released in Germany. Derivative of It's Just Begun's artwork.
"Troglodyte (Cave Man)", originally released as "Troglodite",[2] is a 1972 funk song by the Jimmy Castor Bunch. In the USA, it peaked at #4 on the R&B charts and #6 on the Billboard Hot 100.[3] Billboard ranked it as the No. 80 song for 1972.[4] The song, especially the intro "What we're gonna do right here is go back, way back, back into time", has been heavily sampled in hip-hop music and dance music.[5][unreliable source?]
The song is noted for Castor's repeated lines "Gotta find a woman" and "Sock it to me".
A character introduced in the song, Bertha Butt ("one of the Butt Sisters"), was featured in many later Castor Bunch songs, including "The Bertha Butt Boogie" (1975).
The song is noted[who?] for its repeated falsetto line: "I'll Sock it to Ya, Daddy!!", heard before in the song's fade of the "Bertha Butt Boogie".
The song sold over half-a-million copies, and has been certified gold by the RIAA[1]
The following songs have sampled some part of "Troglodtye":
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Vsevolod Pudovkin
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Vsevolod Pudovkin
(Всеволод Пудовкин)
Vsevolod Pudovkin
Born Vsevolod Illarionovich Pudovkin
(1893-02-16)16 February 1893
Penza, Russian Empire
Died 30 June 1953(1953-06-30) (aged 60)
Riga, Soviet Union
Occupation Film director, screenwriter, actor
Years active 1919–1953
Vsevolod Illarionovich Pudovkin (Russian: Все́волод Илларио́нович Пудо́вкин) (16 February 1893 – 30 June 1953[1][2]) was a Russian and Soviet film director, screenwriter and actor who developed influential theories of montage. Pudovkin's masterpieces are often contrasted with those of his contemporary Sergei Eisenstein, but whereas Eisenstein utilized montage to glorify the power of the masses, Pudovkin preferred to concentrate on the courage and resilience of individuals.
A student of engineering at Moscow University, Pudovkin saw active duty during World War I, being captured by the Germans. After the war, he abandoned his professional activity and joined the world of cinema, first as a screenwriter, actor and art director, and then as an assistant director to Lev Kuleshov.
After a few tries with advertising cinema, he directed in 1926 that which will be considered one of the masterpieces of silent movies: Mother, where he developed several montage theories that would make him famous.
His first feature was followed by The End of St. Petersburg (1927), and Storm Over Asia (also known as The Heir of Genghis Khan), titles which compose a trilogy at the service of the bolshevik revolutionary policy.
In 1928, with the advent of sound film, Pudovkin, Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov signed the Manifest of Sound, in which the possibilities of sound are debated, and always understood as a complement to image. This idea would be brought to bear in his next pictures: A Simple Case (1932) and The Deserter (1933), works that do not match the quality of earlier work.
With an interruption due to health concerns, Pudovkin returned to the movies in 1938, with a cycle of historic pieces that are not as successful as earlier works: Victory (1938); Minin and Pozharsky (1939) and Suvorov (1941).
With the end of World War II, under Party criticism, he returned to his earlier subjects. In 1951, Pudovkin was awarded the Stalin Prize. His last work was The Return of Vasili Bortnikov (1953).
Year Original Title English Title Notes
1920 В дни борьбы Days of Struggle actor
1921 Серп и молот Sickle and Hammer actor; screenwriter; assistant director
Голод… голод… голод… Hunger... Hunger... Hunger... screenwriter; assistant director
1923 Слесарь и канцлер Locksmith and Chancellor screenwriter
1924 Необычайные приключения мистера Веста в стране большевиков The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks actor; art director
1925 Луч смерти The Death Ray actor; screenwriter; assistant director; art director
Шахматная горячка Chess Fever director (with Nikolai Shpikovsky)
1926 Механика головного мозга Mechanics of the Brain director; screenwriter
Мать Mother director; actor
1927 Конец Санкт-Петербурга The End of St. Petersburg director; actor
1928 Потомок Чингиз-Хана Storm Over Asia director
1929 Новый Вавилон The New Babylon actor
Живой труп The Living Corpse actor
Веселая канарейка The Gay Canary actor
1932 Простой случай A Simple Case director (with Mikhail Doller)
1933 Дезертир The Deserter director
1938 Победа Victory director (with Mikhail Doller)
1939 Минин и Пожарский Minin and Pozharsky director (with Mikhail Doller)
1941 Суворов Suvorov director (with Mikhail Doller)
Пир в Жирмунке Feast in Zhirmunka director (with Mikhail Doller)
1942 Убийцы выходят на дорогу The Murderers are Coming director (with Yuri Tarich); screenwriter
1943 Во имя Родины In the Name of the Fatherland director (with Dmitri Vasilyev); screenwriter; actor
Юный Фриц The Young Fritz actor
1944 Иван Грозный Ivan the Terrible actor
1947 Адмирал Нахимов Admiral Nakhimov director; actor
1948 Три встречи Three Encounters director (segment)
1950 Жуковский Zhukovsky director
1952 Возвращение Василия Бортникова The Return of Vasili Bortnikov director (with Dmitri Vasilyev)
Published works[edit]
1. ^ Schnitzer, Luda (1973). Cinema in Revolution. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306802856.
2. ^ Gillespie, David C. (2000). Early Soviet Cinema. Wallflower. ISBN 1903364043.
• Mother DVD extras, Las Orígenes del Cine, Suevia Films Spain.
External links[edit]
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18279
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Industry Consumer electronics
Founded Issy-les-Moulineaux, France (June 2008 (2008-06))
Founder Eric Carreel
Frédéric Potter
Cédric Hutchings
Number of employees
Website www.withings.com
Withings scale WS30
Withings is a consumer electronics company located in Issy-les-Moulineaux, France. It was founded in June 2008 near Paris by three executives from the technology and telecom industry: Eric Carreel, co-founder of Inventel, and Sculpteo, Frédéric Potter, co-founder of Cirpack (both companies were bought by Technicolor SA in 2005), and Cédric Hutchings. Withings designs Internet-connected devices and describes its products as part of the Internet of Things.[2] In July 2013 Withings received $30 million investment from Bpifrance, Idinvest Partners, 360 CapitalPartners, and Ventech.
WiFi body scale[edit]
Withings' first product was the WiFi Body Scale, released in France in June 2009 and in the United States and Europe in September of the same year. The scale can measure both weight and fat mass and upload the data to the company's site over Wi-Fi. It also connects to various Health 2.0 services such as Google Health[3] and Microsoft HealthVault[4] as well as diet and exercise sites such as DailyBurn.[5] It received tech media coverage for its ability to Tweet the user's weight loss.[6][7][8][9] The company provides apps for accessing the scale data for Apple iOS, BlackBerry, and Android devices.
Other products[edit]
In September 2010, Withings received its first venture capital funding—US$3.8 million from Ventech, which Withings said would fund the development of the company's next two products.[1]
In January 2011, Withings announced at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas that its second product would be a blood pressure monitor that connects to the iPhone.[10] There it also announced it will produce a baby monitor for use with smartphones and other connected devices which was made available to purchase in November 2011 across Europe and in February 2012 in the United States.[11]
At the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show in January, Withings unveiled its new product the world's first Internet Connected Baby and Toddler Scale which won a CES Innovations Award.[12] The Smart Baby Scale features two weighing configurations: the first is for weighing infants with a removable baby basket, and the second is the toddler scale that emerges once the baby basket is removed. Parents can access their child's weight readings from any connected device.[13]
• In June 2013, Withings receives the Design Award from Futur en Seine for its new product called the Withings Pulse
• Withings' Smart Baby and Toddler Scale received an Innovations Award at CES 2012
• Withings' Smart Baby Monitor received two Innovations awards at CES 2011, for Health and Wellness and Personal Electronics[14]
• The Smart Baby Monitor was also named a CES Best of Show 2011 Finalists by iLounge[15]
• In November 2010, the Smart Baby Monitor received the French Etoile de l'Observeur design award from the Agence pour la Promotion de la Création Industrielle (APCI)[16]
• In May 2010, Withings received an award from It'Night in the health category[17]
Direct competitors include BodyTrace, which makes a similar Internet-connected scale called the eScale, which uses GSM rather than WiFi to connect to the Internet.[18] iHealth Lab is another competitor that makes a competing iPhone-connectible blood pressure monitor.[19] Fitbit produces a range of wellness products: connected scales and different trackers with functions similar to the Pulse. Its online app enables data exchanges with the Withings one. Another competitor, focusing only on products with medical applications, is Qardio, they have a blood pressure monitor and a wearable ECG monitor.
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b Varza, Roxanne (2 September 2, 2010). "Withings scores 3 million euros for the tweeting wifi scale and more". TechCrunch. Check date values in: |date= (help)
2. ^ "Withings - About - Vision".
3. ^ Golijan, Rosa (28 January 2010). "Withings Wi-Fi Scale Gets Creepier With Google Health Integration". Gizmodo.
4. ^ Sapieha, Chad (8 August 2010). "Keep track of personal stats with WiFi bathroom scale". The Globe and Mail.
5. ^ "DailyBurn Automatically Logs Weight/Bodyfat with New Internet-enabled Scales".
6. ^ Flatley, Joseph L. (11 November 2009). "Withings WiFi Body Scale integrates Twitter, launches in the US". Engadget.
7. ^ Sorrel, Charlie (11 November 2009). "Wi-Fi Scale Tweets Your Weight". Wired.
8. ^ Finley-Price, Wes (11 November 2009). "Wi-Fi scale tweets your weight loss (or gain)". CNN.
9. ^ Biggs, John (9 February 2010). "CrunchGear Reviews the Withings Tweeting WiFi Scale". TechCrunch.
10. ^ Murph, Darren (4 January 2011). "Withings fittingly debuts iPhone-connected blood pressure monitor at CES". Engadget.
11. ^ Baard, Mark (10 January 2011). "Baby monitor for iPhone provides pictures, too". The Boston Globe.
12. ^ "2012 Innovations Honorees".
13. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2012/01/08/withings-wifi-connected-baby-scale/
14. ^ "CES 2011: 2011 Innovations Honorees".
15. ^ Horwitz, Jeremy (January 7, 2011). "iLounge’s 2011 CES iPod, iPhone, iPad + Mac Best of Show Awards". iLounge.
16. ^ "Smartbabyphone, objet communicant grand public". APCI.
17. ^ "Withings, l'heureux gagnant de la catégorie Santé & Seniors". It'Night.
18. ^ "BodyTrace - eScale and Website".
19. ^ "iHealth Features".
External links[edit]
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The Federal Reserve Board eagle logo links to home page
Finance and Economics Discussion Series
Finance and Economics Discussion Series logo links to FEDS home page Will the Proposed Application of Basel II in the United States Encourage Increased Bank Merger Activity? Evidence from Past Merger Activity
Timothy H. Hannan and Steven J. Pilloff
Abstract: This paper presents two tests of the hypothesis that adoption of the internal ratings-based approach to determining minimum capital requirements, as proposed in applying the Basel II capital accord in the United States, will cause adopting banking organizations to increase acquisition activity. The first test estimates the relationship between excess regulatory capital and subsequent merger activity, including organization and time fixed effects, while the second test employs a "difference in difference" analysis of the change in merger activity that occurred the last time regulatory capital standards were changed. Estimated coefficients and observed differences have signs consistent with the hypothesis, but results are either statistically insignificant or imply differences that are small in magnitude.
Keywords: Mergers, Capitalization
Full paper (247 KB PDF)
This paper is also available as a Basel II White Paper
Home | FEDS | List of 2004 FEDS papers
Last update: March 15, 2004
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18303
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The Federal Reserve Board eagle logo links to home page
Finance and Economics Discussion Series
Finance and Economics Discussion Series logo links to FEDS home page Modeling the Whole Firm: The Effect of Multiple Inputs and Financial Intermediation on Bank Deposit Rates
Elizabeth K. Kiser
Abstract: Empirical studies of price competition typically analyze the direct effects of market structure, cost, and local demand on prices; this approach has been applied widely to studies of bank deposit rates. However, the theory of the banking firm suggests that substitutability between sources of deposits and conditions in the bank loan market should also affect the pricing of retail deposits. This paper develops a theoretical model to incorporate these effects, and tests the predictions empirically using institution-level deposit rate data from Bank Rate Monitor. The results suggest that the cost of large-scale deposits affects how banks price retail deposits, and that conditions in lending markets feed back into retail deposit rates.
Keywords: Financial intermediation, deposit rates
Full paper (723 KB PDF)
Home | FEDS | List of 2004 FEDS papers
Last update: February 17, 2004
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18331
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Can not view ABRecordCopyValue result in debugger
Discussion in 'iPhone/iPad Programming' started by HARDWARRIOR, Nov 17, 2008.
1. macrumors member
While I was playing with AddressBook routines in iPhone SDK, found that I can not view variable 'contact' in summary expression
{(NSString *)ABRecordCopyValue($VAR, kABPersonFirstNameProperty)}
of debugger's variable list in line #6 of following code:
ABAddressBookRef ab = ABAddressBookCreate();
NSArray *contacts = (NSArray *)ABAddressBookCopyArrayOfAllPeople(ab);
for(NSInteger i = 0; i < contacts.count; i ++) {
ABRecordRef contact = [contacts objectAtIndex:i];
NSLog(@"%@", (NSString *)ABRecordCopyValue(contact, kABPersonFirstNameProperty));
I mean while NSlog logs the same expression well, debugger shows summary column of variable 'contact' in grey and does not evalute it. Here how it looks like. Can somebody tell me what I am doing wrong?
PS I've attached a simple project with this code
Attached Files:
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18332
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charging on an ihome safe?
Discussion in 'iPhone Accessories' started by Epiphron, Oct 16, 2011.
1. macrumors regular
Is it safe or harmful to the battery if I leave my iphone on an ihome speaker/charging station? Or should I remove it when its at 100%? I typically just leave it on the ihome. Anyone with experience?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18333
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Crossover-Steam Help
Discussion in 'Mac and PC Games' started by colinmoore84, Mar 2, 2009.
1. macrumors newbie
I've just successfully downloaded Crossover (With my macbook with Mac OSX) and I believe it works fine, though I tried for one downloading Counter-Strike Condition Zero via disc it didn't work hoping steam would download with it.
But I'm mainly just trying to get Steam I couldn't find it in "Supported Apps" but I was able to downloaded with unsupported applications.
So I get the download file and go through the regular Steam download with agreements and question but once that's done Steam opens up and says Steam is searching for updates...and it just stays like this and then disappears... I took a screenshot.
Please help, I'm convinced somebody up there just doesn't want me to play Counter-Strike after all this time...Even when I had a P.C haha.
2. macrumors 68000
Are you using Crossover or Crossover Games? It is listed as a supported app for Crossover Games, and it works just fine for me in that version. Crossover Games 7.2.0 just came out last week, too, and had some fixes for the latest version of Steam. I've had no problems with Steam in 7.2.0 so far.
3. macrumors newbie
Just Crossover...
4. macrumors 68020
I suggest Crossover Games as I do not know what's the diff b/t that and Crossover regular.. but I use CX Games and it has a built in help installer for Steam rather than unsupported
5. macrumors 68000
If you bought Crossover Mac, then Crossover Games is also included as part of that package. I don't know if it is a separate install or how it is handled as part of Crossover Mac, but using that should allow you to use Steam without any problems.
Edit: That does assume you have Crossover Mac Pro and not Standard.
6. macrumors 68020
yeah it's crossover Pro that includes Games
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18334
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Font Equivalents in OSX ?
Discussion in 'Windows, Linux & Others on the Mac' started by drsox, Nov 15, 2011.
1. macrumors 65816
I'm just moving from Win7 to OSX and converting my spreadsheets etc to run in OSX.
Normally I use Universe font (sometimes Arial). The Universe True Type font I use doesn't look too great so I'm asking what is the normal OSX font for Spreadsheets ? It would be a Sans Serif.
2. macrumors 6502a
Well everyone has their preferences.
Are you using Excel 2011 in mac os x? Lucida works well as does Arial and Times New Roman.
3. macrumors 65816
I was going to use OpenOffice. In Win7 Arial and Univers also are not good, but I haven't yet tried Lucida.
4. macrumors 65816
UPDATE :
It's not a font issue, it's an OpenOffice issue. The fonts I was using don't render well in OO, so I'll use MSOffice after all. The font quality of OO is pretty obvious when doing a direct A-B comparison with MSOffice.
5. macrumors 6502a
Interesting thanks for the update.
I have used at times ( briefly ) open office versions going way back on solaris and also on linux. For me anyhow ( like most others ) microsoft office still seems to win. I do have Pages and the Presentation app ( Keynote ? ) native on my macbook air but old habits are hard to break and for compatibility purposes well a no brainer.
There seem to be a few fonts not found in my mac office 2011 apps versus what is available on windows but nothing I have ever missed.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18335
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How to make an application always stay open?
Discussion in 'Mac OS X Server, Xserve, and Networking' started by RedTomato, Jun 24, 2010.
1. macrumors 68040
I'm running a old G4 mac mini with standard OSX as a headless database server. It does the job just fine, except every now and then people complain they can't log into the database.
When I fire up Remote Access and investigate, there's always a system message grabbing focus away from the database app - either a request for software updates, or a complaint about Time Machine.
Sometimes the database app has loaded and opened, but hasn't opened the actual database file due to being interrupted by one of the system message mentioned above.
I have the database file set as a startup item in System Preferences / Accounts / login items, and the Mac mini is set to automatically reboot into the working user account if there's a power cut.
What am I doing wrong? How can I make sure the database app is always on top and that system requests and dialogues don't interfere with it?
2. macrumors 6502
What type of database app is this?
Bento? FileMaker?
Does the application have a server mode where it doesn't need a window running and will service client connections using sockets?
3. macrumors 68040
Yup it's Filemaker Pro 10 Advanced. I didn't mention the name as I thought I would have to tweak an OSX system setting.
It's not doing anything very complicated, just opening a simple contacts database and letting users on the network open and work on the same contacts database remotely through FileMaker Network sharing.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18336
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iTunes Match Goes Live in the Netherlands
Discussion in 'iOS Blog Discussion' started by MacRumors, Jan 16, 2012.
1. macrumors bot
Less than a week after Dutch music copyright organization Buma/Stemra announced that it had struck a deal with Apple regarding iTunes Match, the service has now gone live in the Dutch iTunes Store.
An iTunes Match link is not yet showing up on the front page of the Dutch iTunes Store, but Apple has updated the iTunes Store terms and conditions in the Netherlands with new text covering the service and the generic link to the iTunes Match page [iTunes Store] is now working for those who have set their systems to access the Dutch version of the store.
As in other European countries, iTunes Match is priced at EUR24.99 per year.
Article Link: iTunes Match Goes Live in the Netherlands
2. macrumors member
Little note: If the license agreement it says that if you match / upload any illegal obtained music to the service, you can be sued.
Before you freak out: Downloading is legal here, uploading is not. And, you may make one copy of anything you have obtained for your personal use should you lose it.
3. macrumors regular
It's probably not only Dutch store that just got this. It seems it's live at least for Lithuanian store as well, because I just had to agree with new terms and conditions with main focus on iTunes match service.
4. macrumors 6502
I wonder if it cuts off the ends of songs out there.
5. macrumors 6502
Subscribing NOW!
6. macrumors newbie
I have subscribed, but it seems not fully operational yet.
7. macrumors regular
same here ... it keeps on telling me to log out and try again ... loop.
8. Twizz91, Jan 16, 2012
Last edited: Jan 16, 2012
macrumors member
Doesn't work for me either, although iTunes states that i've paid for it.
BTW: this page is already updated:
9. macrumors 603
This release is half a year late for Me, I would have used it if I was there but I'm in a country which won't have this anytime soon, if ever.
But even then, My library is too big to even be eligible to use it.
10. macrumors member
It's functional!
11. macrumors regular
for me too ...
12. macrumors 6502
How about fixing the problems with in the countries that have it, before expanding it out to new countries?
13. macrumors 603
We have a winner!
14. macrumors regular
Sorry but maybe the problem that you do have will not bother millions of other ? Whatever issue it is, it should be fixed indeed, but the world should stop going forward everytime something does not work for you ;-) ? Really ?!
15. macrumors regular
We have a winner...
Been using iTunes Match from the first day it was launched in the US and haven't had any problems.
16. macrumors 6502
SO it's not everyone
So it's not everyone that is having issues...
I called Apple about a syncing issue between my iPhone and my MacBook Pro when using iTunes Match. The higher level tech admitted that there are issues with iTM. The issues range from syncing the phone over wi-fi (locating the phone/preparing downloads even though there are not changes that needs to be made) and album art disappearing or not downloading to the device.
An Apple employee admittied the issues and said that there will be an update "sometime in the future". Whether we see it is the question. After all, we see how well the 5.0.1 update did not solve the battery issues with iOS 5.
17. macrumors newbie
where to buy itunes for match ?
18. macrumors 603
Nope, there are many problems that are 100% confirmed for all users. Not user error, not intermittent issues, but problems that are bugs that happen every time for every user. Just look at the support boards and you'll see plenty of them.
I'm not asking for "stop going forward", I'm just saying that fixing widespread confirmed bugs should be a higher priority than bringing the buggy software to more people.
And all that means is that you are lucky to not have encountered the problems, not that the problems don't exist. If you were to test out the things that are broken, you'd see the problems as well.
19. macrumors regular
Maybe you're right, but the major problems I've heard about are play counts, playlists, album artwork, and I have no problems with any of those things...
20. macrumors member
Alright, I have an iCloud-status called 'Ongerechtigd' , don't know the exact translation for (perhaps: inlegitimate?) , but what does this mean? For instance, it affects a song by DJ Jean, which I bought legally as a single (as in: compact disc) but also some other songs. They will not sync with iCloud.
Is this new? If not, what is it?
21. macrumors 603
Here are a couple specific playlist examples.
Try making a smart playlist that references another playlist. Does it show up properly on an iOS device?
Try making a smart playlist with the criteria "limited to 25 items". On an iOS device does it limit to 25 or is it much more than that?
Once Match is activated, do you see Genius playlists as an option on iOS devices?
I'd also be shocked if when you play a song on an iOS device it updates the play count and last played on your computer in a timely manner. If that's consistently happening for you, you're in a tiny TINY minority.
Probably "ineligible".
22. macrumors member
What does iTunes use to recognize a song????
It has to upload 18k form the 25k songs!!!!
23. macrumors 603
Looks like it uses waveform analysis only.
And wait until it's done uploading before jumping to conclusions, in many cases it says it's uploading a huge number of songs but many of those are matched songs where it's only uploading metadata and album artwork.
24. macrumors regular
My computer updates play counts on a daily basis, and if I want an immediate update, I can always "Update iTunes Match."
As for the playlist issues, I will admit I have the problems you mentioned... I'm not a big playlist user, but I can understand why people are upset by it.
25. macrumors 603
If you play a song on an iOS device, the play count is updated on your computer within a day? That's much better than most people have seen, and I'd argue that even that isn't fast enough, particularly since manual music sync is disabled.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18337
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Mac OS X 10.4.10 v1.1 and Audio Update 2007-001
Discussion in 'MacRumors.com News Discussion' started by downinitjr, Jul 2, 2007.
1. macrumors member
Just tried to download the combo update, and I'm getting the following error:
cannot process command: internal error, also just noticed that an update has just came out for the audio issues created by 10.4.10.
2. macrumors 6502a
if it helps
There's a 10.4.10 v1.1 out
3. macrumors regular
Audio Update 2007-001
Hey all,
Just letting you know that there is an update kicking around. Just listed as audio update. The link to see what it did didn't work but I just did it anyway.
This is for a macbook 2007 model so i don't know what models are included.
4. macrumors Core
well if this is for more than just the Macbooks, hopefully it'll fix that lingering balance issue that crops up here and there for people.
5. macrumors 6502a
Ya bet me to it.
Wonder exactly what it's meant to do!?
6. Retired
I'll wait before installing this one - haven't had any problems, and don't really want any...
7. Administrator emeritus
I'm on the other side of the install.
Didn't have problems before and don't have any problems now.
The update contains a modified version of AppleHDA.kext which is found under System/Library/Extensions
8. macrumors regular
Well I didn't have any problems before really except for the lack of volume available with built-in speakers (but i don't expect or need much from them). And after installing I haven't had any issues but the speakers still can't belt it out.
The only audio issue I have ever had is that video audio goes out of sync after plugging in headphones and that still hasn't been resolved.
9. macrumors demi-god
This update is for all Intel Macs..It just showed up on my Mac Pro
10. macrumors 68020
Yes! Finally :)
Hopefully this will sort my macbook out. Apple are really good about fixing problems it has to be said.
11. macrumors bot
Mac OS X 10.4.10 v1.1 and Audio Update 2007-001
Apple released two software updates today:
Audio Update 2007-001
The Audio Update 2007-001 addresses an issue with version 1.0 of the Mac OS X 10.4.10 Update in which a "popping" sound might be heard with some external speakers on Intel-based Mac. This update is recommended for all Intel-based Macs running Mac OS X 10.4.10.
This appears to address a bug that appeared with the Mac OS X 10.4.10 update.
Mac OS X 10.4.10 Update v1.1
- RAW camera support
- Mounting and unmounting external USB devices
- Support for 3rd party software applications
- Security updates
More detailed information available here.
12. macrumors member
This should clear the audio pops i'm hearing.
13. macrumors 6502a
I wil say the most recent update before this did lower the volume considerably on my MacBook Pro 2.0 GHZ Core Duo.
14. macrumors regular
Is that popping sound on speakers other than the ones in my MBP? Just clearing up what exactly the updates doing...
cheers frohike.
15. macrumors regular
I hope this update doesn't raise the sound level back to 10.4.9. I like the new lower sound volume on my iMac Core 2 Duo.
16. macrumors regular
I only got the audio update... no new 10.4.10 v1.1 for me! Any ideas why?!:confused:
17. macrumors 65816
makes me wonder ... if we'll ever see 10.4.11 someday :rolleyes:
18. macrumors 68000
I think the only difference between 10.4.10 and 10.4.10 v1.1 is that 10.4.10 v1.1 includes the audio update. If you already installed 10.4.10 you will only see the audio update.
19. macrumors 6502
Grrrrrr it needs a reboot.....and half an hour before i saw it i kicked off a set of visualhub conversions that are going to take about 24hrs........bugger......
20. macrumors 68000
You know, the fact that people whom voluntarily participate on forums, and get tired of hot topics is indicative of a growing problem in our society. Each of us needs to sit back, take a breath, relax and just enjoy the great things that Apple is bringing to the world, without getting pulled down in the silly impatience and frustration over trivial things that seems to abound with many.
10.4.10 v1.1, now that's funny.
21. Administrator emeritus
From apple
Basically means that 10.4.10 v1.1 is just 10.4.10 v1.0 + Audio Update
22. macrumors 6502
same for me - just the audio - no 10.4.10 update
23. macrumors 68000
Are these updates Intel only? There not showing up for me (G4)
EDIT: just looked online - these are both Intel Only updates (explains the numbering)
24. macrumors 65816
Yes, they are Intel only.
25. macrumors regular
My iMac isn't showing it in Software Update. I have the Audio Update, but not the .10 V1.1 update.. *glompsselfonhead* I just read the posts above, nevermind : D
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Mac Users & Their Tattoos?! LOOK!!!
Discussion in 'Picture Gallery' started by eleveneastgate, Feb 8, 2006.
1. macrumors 6502
I'm most definitely a Macite, but this is ridiculous! :D
Mac Tattoos.
2. macrumors Core
maybe some of them are cover-ups. (i.e., they got something they didn't like later on and used something like a big black apple to hide it... e.g., an old girlfriend's name, etc) but yes, a bit ridiculous
i mean, what is this about? gang of mac :D
(yes i photoshopped it)
Attached Files:
3. macrumors 68000
That really is insane, what are these guys thinking.....But I am pretty sure some of the pics are faked tatoos and not the real deal....
4. macrumors 68030
Very cool. :cool: I'm willing to get an Apple tattoo one day.
5. macrumors G4
Gotta agree, a few of them look too perfect to be actual ink.
6. macrumors 68040
7. macrumors 603
Wow...that was stupid oh well i've seen worse.
8. macrumors 6502a
OMG that is crazy... some of those tattoos are funny as hell. i really like the pacman on the ass... BLAHHHAAAA
9. macrumors 603
my fave...small, mysterious
Attached Files:
10. Guest
Why do men like women who look like they are made out of synthesized plastics?
11. macrumors Core
not all men. my husband actually gets annoyed if i wear makeup, he thinks it's ridiculous. i have fake nails and highlighted hair, short of that i can't muster anything else "fake" without protest from him. he'd never find those plastic chicks attactive... he thinks they're hiding something or just plain weird looking; i tend to agree. we're minimalists in that regard i suppose.
12. macrumors 6502a
Aren't most plastics synthesized?
13. macrumors Core
i don't.
makeup done correctly is good. makeup to make yourself look different is bad.
i don't care if my girlfriend wants to wear makeup or not. but she doesn't need to in my book. shes beautiful no matter what.
i don't want a barbie doll look alike for my girlfriend. she knows that.
14. macrumors regular
they need loving too ... if not more;)
as to the tats, i liked the one with the apple and think different under it. id never get a tattoo, especially one that is corporate logo
15. macrumors P6
i agree
16. macrumors 603
...because I'm shallow and old and only in it for the cheap thrills. I've been bred and tossed aside, so it's all I have left.
17. mpw
Wipe clean?
18. macrumors 604
Most of them look pretty bad, especially the sad Mac on the guys leg.
19. macrumors 65816
Wow, some people have been had from the looks of it...
I'd only consider getting a tattoo if it didn't look like crap, and the gameboy ones better be pen, or they might as well be for how crappy they look.
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New PowerMac G4 MDD
Discussion in 'PowerPC Macs' started by sgrddy, Sep 8, 2010.
1. macrumors newbie
I always wanted one of these. I bought one off of eBay for $49. It's a single core 1Ghz G4 with 1Gb of RAM. It is def faster than my 1.25Ghz Mac Mini that I bought in 2005 or so. It's totally fast enough for 90% of what I do with my computers anymore. I have a Core i7 self-built PC, which for gaming is become more irrelevant by the day, SC2 or not.
This machine has a lot of life left in it. I am happy to give it a new home. I think I'll have to buy a G5 quad core. I can feel the itch already.
2. macrumors 601
Good price. Congratulations on the purchase. The power supply alone is easily worth double that :D.
Now up the ram to 2gb and you'll be all set.
3. macrumors 6502
$49 bones? Wow nice buy dude!
I have never owned a MDD, I had a Quicksilver 800MHz DP but it was super loud I ended up changed ALL of the fans in the case and even the power supply. Took out the little speaker so it could breathe a little better and one of the fans I used (120mm) had blue LED's so the speaker hole at the front gave out a blue glow :D
...I'm rambling, but how is the MDD for noise?
4. macrumors newbie
It's definitely quieter than my Core i7 PC, but that can get loud because of the GTX260 and the *cough* stock Intel fan. I know I know, I am going to replace it - maybe with a self contained Corsair or Cool-it water unit.
The PowerMac does make some sort of brief, loud noise when it starts. I wasn't sure if it was a fan or the optical drive. It's totally fun though. I played with the thing until almost 1am.
5. macrumors 68040
If you're good in soldering, you can boost it a little. You can OC system bus from 133 to 167 MHz by removing one resistor on logic board. PC2700 or 3200 memory is required after this mod.
http://www.macbidouille.com/articles/89/page3 - for pics ->page 1.
It also requires a little adjustment of CPU multiplier, see here for "why and how".
6. macrumors newbie
Overclocking the FSB on a G4! That reminds me of turning the FSB up to 100 from 66 on an Celeron years ago. :)
I really wish I could stick some off-the-shelf AGP graphics card into the thing. I've read about people flashing the ROMs on PC Radeons and such. I dont suppose such a thing is possible using a newer Radeon card like the 4650 or something?
You know what's odd is that I don't need to flash the ROMs on my GTX 260 to run Ubuntu or AROS. I wonder if a standard PC AGP card would work on the power mac if it was running YDL or some other OS other than OSX. I'll have to check on that.
7. macrumors 68040
I'm afraid that it won't work. In general (for PPC) card needs to have Mac PPC ROM to give video output on PPC Macs (OS independent, it's firmware thing). You don't need to have OS installed to get video on screen.
Max what you can toss into this G4 is 7800GS or ATI X800XT/FireGL X3 (X800 after flash gives analog signal only, Fire is Dual DVI and both work).
Best "bang for buck" flashed card is Radeon 9800.
Again, if soldering doesn't scare you, consider OCing this FW800 a little.
If you'll need any help or directions - just ask :)
8. macrumors newbie
It's got the max ram now. I almost forgot about my old Athlon64 machine that had some OCZ 184-pin sticks. Nice shiny copper ones too. So I stuck 2 of those in the Mac along side its original sticks - 2Gb now!
I can't say that I've noticed any performance jump, but I haven't done much other than web-surfing and iTunes, etc with it. Any situations which this additional ram would be especially helpful? I don't use Photoshop or anything like that. Would it make any difference with Open Office or MS Office 2008?
9. macrumors 6502a
Very nice! I got my single 1.25 for about that price and I love it! I would recommend increasing the bus speed because a 1.42 or 1.25 dual is a significantly faster than a single processor. Have fun. :)
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18341
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Pop all views of the stack
Discussion in 'iPhone/iPad Programming' started by teengohan, May 23, 2011.
1. macrumors newbie
Hi all,
I am trying to figure out how to pop all views except for the rootview off the stack so my app. I don't know how many views there will be as it could either be none, one or two that need to be removed. Is there an easy meathid to do this?
I already know how to pop one view.
2. Moderator
Staff Member
Look at the Class Reference for UINavigationController. There is an instance method specifically for this.
3. macrumors newbie
Thanks, feel doppy now, lack of sleep is a terrible thing :S
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18342
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Powerbook 12-inch batteries - third party?
Discussion in 'PowerPC Macs' started by powerbook911, May 17, 2008.
1. macrumors 68040
My Powerbook 12-inch needs a new battery *again*. They don't seem to be very good. They lose a lot of capacity quickly.
I was considering at third party battery. Is this consider dangerous, risky to the computer? I thought about saving by doing this.
Or, I thought about spending the same amount and getting Other World Computing's, which has a bit more capacity than the official battery. Any experiences with those?
2. macrumors 603
OWC makes good batteries and they're a great company. The iBook battery I had was excellent. You'd make a good choice going through them.
3. macrumors 68000
I'm in the same situation - looking for a replacement PB G4 12" battery. This will be my fourth replacement!
Anyway, decided to have a look on Froogle for a decent deal in the UK. Found a lot of websites offering third-party batteries. Unfortunately, most of them seem to be wishing me a "Merry Christmas" (in May!) which makes me think my credit card may start logging spurious transactions from Colombia...
Anyone offer some guidance here?
4. macrumors demi-god
If your out of warranty, then yes a third party battery makes sense; there are different quality controls (if any) for third party batteries, so be wary; don't buy it 'cause it's cheaper.
5. macrumors 68040
Ok, seems like it's down to an Apple Battery, or OWC.
Does OWC's match completely 100 percent? Is the outside bottom made of aluminium just like the Powerbook, and does the rubber foot look basically the same?
For basically the same cost, be nice to get the extra capacity, if it looks pretty much identical?
6. macrumors member
I've used OWC many times for batteries and they make quality products. I've not used them for your model, but every time I have used them they have matched the machine I was buying for very well.
Hope this helps.
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question about organizing apps
Discussion in 'iPad Apps' started by atheistpally, Apr 4, 2010.
1. macrumors 6502
does the ipad allow you to make folders on your home screen to put apps inside? i know that's one thing that the iphone os realllly needs..
also, how many apps can you put on the dock? all the screenshots i've seen so far just show four apps on the dock. is that the limit?
2. macrumors G3
6 Icons on the dock.
No folders.
3. macrumors member
No on the apication stacks, but you can put 6 items on the dock.
4. macrumors 6502
thanks, i was really wanting to know that.
i wonder when they'll add a folders/stacks option... seems like it would've been common sense to add that feature. anyone have a guess why they didn't?
but anyway, with no folders then, how many apps can be on one page? (not counting the dock)
5. macrumors 65816
Wait for a jailbreak.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18344
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Silvo vs. Brasso for iPod Cleaning
Discussion in 'iPod' started by idkfa, May 28, 2006.
1. macrumors regular
I have noticed that the screen of my iPod is getting scratched. :eek: Who would have thought?? :p
Normally I would not mind, especially for music listening due to the bright white screen, but for movies where scenes can be darker, it catches the eye. I have read online that Brasso seems to do the trick, and I was hoping some one could help me.
I apparently have Silvo in my basement (Silvo = Silver Cleaner) and I was wondering if it would do the same thing, or would it be too abrasive, or not abrasive enough?
2. macrumors 6502a
Silvo and Brasso would work, but both are very abrassive. You are better off starting with something gentle such as plain white toothpaste (toothpaste is slightly abrassive.) If you cannott achieve the finish you want with the toothpaste then move up to the Silvo.
The other alternative is to use the toothpaste then finish off with a coat of car wax such as TurtleWax. The wax will fill small scratches and leave a nice polished finish that will help protect the iPod from future scratches.
3. macrumors regular
Has anyone used toothpaste on the screen before?
I have heard it works well, and I have just finished up using it on the chrome back. It looks awesome, but I am a little wary of using it on the screen.
4. adk
macrumors 68000
Can't help you with the toothpaste, but brasso did the trick for my old nano.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/18345
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Why can't I make an alias?
Discussion in 'Mac Basics and Help' started by dogbone, May 20, 2006.
1. macrumors 68020
I'm having trouble making an alias to a specific folder. The path to the folder is
Mac/Library/Application Support/Garage Band/Instrument Library/Track Settings/Software
I can make an alias of all the folders up to and including "Track Settings", after that the alias option is greyed out. It can't be a permission issue because "Track Settings" has the same permissions as "Software" ie owner System read only Admin read only.
What is even more annoying is that it's not the 'Software' folder that I need to make an alias to but a folder inside, that is one of my added folders to which I do have full permissons and ownership. But I am unable to make an alias to that folder either.
In case you're wondering why I didn't put the sofware into my home folder, the reason is that it won't work properly in there.
2. Moderator emeritus
It might have to do with ownership of that folder, because the Make Alias command makes an alias in the same location... Try navigating to a view of the parent folder in Finder, and then drag the file or folder you want to make an alias of to the desktop, holding down Apple and Option. The icon should change to an alias arrow while you're on the desktop, and it should create an alias for it there (as opposed to in the parent folder). Then move it wherever you want it.
3. macrumors 68020
That worked, thanks.
4. jsw
Moderator emeritus
I can verify that mkrishnan is correct on all counts. First, the folder you're trying to alias is inside a folder which has read-only access (at least on my Mac). Second, the ⌥-⌘-drag-to-the-Desktop (or wherever) technique works perfectly.
Edit: too slow. But it was due to write protections....
5. macrumors 68020
Yes, I can see now that the problem was that the folder could not be written to. As the folder above it "Track Settings" is read/write. I didn't know about the Cmd+Option shortcut.
Damn it was all to no avail as I wanted to make an alias to some software instruments on my mac to another mac on an ethernet network but even though we are connected to each other their garage band is not seeing the Software instruments that the alias points to.:mad:
6. Moderator emeritus
How are you making the alias? Well, erm, I just told you how to make the alias... :eek: But erm, are you making it on the computer that has the file on it (server) or the one you want to *use* the file (client)? If you aren't already, try mounting the disk on the client and then using the client to make the alias. You need this so that the alias is written with respect to the mounted volume and not to the root directory, I think... I don't think the OS is smart enough to catch and fix this if you make the alias on the server and then copy it over. Otherwise, you might be able to do this using 'ln -fs' in Terminal...
7. macrumors 68020
Bugger this is really frustrating. I thought your suggestion was bound to work.
I mounted the server from the client and remade all the aliases and put them on the client computer but it didn't work. I tried it by putting the files in client's home library and also the client's hd library. Neither worked. Bummer.
I'm not sure how you mean to use terminal.
I also tried opening my copy of Garage Band from the client computer using a new admin account and even though it contained all the aliases even that wouldn't see the new software instruments. Very odd.
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View Single Post
Old 10-07-2013, 03:59 AM #26
S.H.H. Survivor
herolee10's Avatar
Join Date: Aug 2007
Posts: 18,893
You know, the irony of Clark and Bruce is that they're both individuals who probably understands the most on what it means to live to like a everyday person and in the same time, they couldn't be farther away from that concept.
Bruce may be human physically, one that has achieved the best conditioning that a human body can obtain, and yet in the same time, he's a billionaire, so he really wouldn't know what it means to suffer the things that average/middle class people go through every day.
I mean, people say that anyone can be batman, but that's pretty far from the truth when you consider on how a lot of the stuff that Batman uses requires a lot of money that needs to be used in order to pay for that stuff.
Now with Superman, he's pretty much like a God when it comes to his powers and persona within the world, and yet he comes from a humble background and experienced the life of a regular person.
herolee10 is offline Reply With Quote
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Tom Cruise and Kate Holmes Plan Their Next Step
I know that's an extremely sacrilegious thought and a part of me morally objects to it, but how awesome would a remake of Rosemary's Baby starring Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes be? Obviously, it'd be played for laughs, but it'd one of those movies that Hollywood couples make to explain their love affair. Like Kurt Russell & Goldie Hawn in Overboard.
[Photo Credit: Getty Images]
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How To Look Busy at Work in August
Welcome to August, everyone! It's the month where not one single thing gets done at anyone's job anywhere in the world. But just because there is nothing to do doesn't mean you can just sit at your desk and do nothing. Here's a guide to making yourself look busy without troubling with any actual work.
Your boss is away, half of your contacts are also on vacation, and there are few deadlines looming until after Labor Day. So, how are you going to make the tedium of your desk job bearable without, you know, doing any actual work? Here are some simple strategies.
Type—A Lot
Nothing says, "Boy, am I busy," like the click click clacking of little typewriter keys. That means you just type away, young friend. That doesn't mean you actually have to be writing up something for your job. Write emails to your mom, the first chapter of the book you've been thinking about, screeds on Facebook, or long recaps of reality television shows for your personal blog (do these in Microsoft Word and then copy and paste them later, though, so it looks like you're drafting a report). Everyone will think that you're hammering away at some very important project they know nothing about and be totally jelly, when all you're really doing is entertaining yourself and your friends by talking about how idiotic people who say "jelly" instead of "jealous" are.
Create a Project
Before someone saddles you with some shitty work, think up a project on your own. Make sure it's something inconsequential that seems very important and looks involved when there really isn't that much work to be done. Then talk about it non-stop with all of your coworkers and anyone that will listen and create yourself a bunch of obstacles, which are also easily surmountable. When anyone accuses you of slacking off, just throw your project in their face and talk about how important it is. It's a foolproof strategy. Everyone in Congress has been using this approach with the damn "debt ceiling" for weeks now to great effect. Masterful.
Send Well-Timed Email
While you're slacking off and trying to do nothing while looking busy, you need some empirical evidence of your productivity. That comes in the form of emails. Send them early in the morning and just after 6:30pm. They don't have to say much, just some updates on what you're working on, or a little note to a superior so that they think you're in the office for a full day. This is especially handy if your boss is away or working from his beach house. The content doesn't matter, just the time stamp. The real secret is to program the emails to send at a set time so it looks like you were at your desk, when you were really sleeping late, leaving early, and dicking around in between. Now that the boss thinks you've been dutifully at your desk, you can spend the rest of your time reading all the latest Hunger Games casting news on Yeah, they have nothing better to do right now either.
Go Places
The only thing that makes you look busier than being at your desk is not being at your desk. Well, actually it's a tentative balance. If you're gone for too long, people will think that you went out shoe shopping, but if you're never getting up, people will think you aren't taking any meetings. The answer: Wander around the office. Just get up and look like you're headed to the conference room, like you're going to meet someone in reception, or like you're stepping out of the office for something important. Mention all the meetings you have right now (so people don't think you're interviewing for a job) and let them see you on the move. You don't have to actually go anywhere (stop by to see your girl Jenny and gossip, or go take a 20 minute nap in a stall in the bathroom). You just need people to think you have somewhere to go. By going nowhere, you'll actually get somewhere.
Offer to Get Lunch
If you really want to get in everyone's good graces and need some time away from your desk, just offer to buy them lunch. Here's the plan: Say you're getting lunch and ask who's in. Then call ahead so that it's ready when you get there. Then go about doing whatever the hell you want to do outside of the office (shop, work out, get stoned behind the Dumpster), and pick up lunch when you're done. When you get back to the office, bitch about how awful the lunch rush is and they messed up your order and blah, blah, blah. No one's going to care you just took 90 minutes off, because you brought back soft tacos. You're the slacker hero, my friend, and all it cost you was four cheese pizzas.
[Image via Shutterstock]
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With the staggering volume of quality Vines out there it's becoming harder and harder for Vine makers to get noticed, leading some to resort to drastic measures.
Take this Darwin Award shortlister, who attempts an unnecessarily risky stunt for which he is obviously ill-prepared, all for six seconds of fame.
"Don’t do it for the Vine," he exclaims after the inevitable happens.
The agony of his defeat is what most likely got his Vine the recognition he so desperately craved, but, in another humorous twist of fate, the OP pulled the original Vine from his account, rendering him totally anonymous.
Update: Identified.
[H/T: Reddit]
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Pardon this good regime, I make your girl David Blaine
David Blaine is a magician, he’s more known for his levitation acts and card tricks more than his disappearing acts. Either way, Tyga says he’ll make your girl disappear before your own eyes.
On a skit on “General Patton” off of OutKast rapper Big Boi’s solo debut album Sir Lucious Left Foot… Son of Chico Dusty, he describes a sex move called the David Blaine.
The David Blaine is when you fucking a girl from the back or somebody from the back, right, and goddam, you let your friend slide in without her even knowing, right, goddam, and you run around and bang on the window and wave at her, and, its called the David Blaine
To help improve the quality of the lyrics, visit Tyga (Ft. Rick Ross) – Dope Lyrics and leave a suggestion at the bottom of the page
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Embed Follow
[Verse 1]
Come closer
Shut softly your watery eyes
The pangs of your sadness
Shall pass as your senses will rise
The flowers of the city
Though breath like
Get deathlike at times
And there’s no use in trying
To deal with the dying
Though I cannot explain that in lines
[Verse 2]
Your cracked country lips
I still wish to kiss
As to be by the strength of your skin
Your magnetic movements
Still capture the minutes I’m in
But it grieves my heart, love
To see you trying to be a part of
A world that just don’t exist
It’s all just a dream, babe
A vacuum, a scheme, babe
That sucks you into feeling like this
[Verse 3]
I can see that your head
Has been twisted and fed
By worthless foam from the mouth
I can tell you are torn
Between staying and returning
On back to the South
You’ve been fooled into thinking
That the finishing end is at hand
Yet there’s no one to beat you
No one to defeat you
Except the thoughts of yourself feeling bad
[Verse 4]
I’ve heard you say many times
That you’re better than no one
And no one is better than you
If you really believe that
You know you have nothing to win and nothing to lose
From fixtures and forces and friends
Your sorrow does stem
That hype you and type you
Making you feel
That you got to be just like them
[Verse 5]
I’d forever talk to you
But soon my words
Would turn into a meaningless ring
For deep in my heart
I know there is no help I can bring
Everything passes
Everything changes
Just do what you think you should do
And someday maybe
Who knows, baby
I’ll come and be crying to you
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Embed Follow
[Intro: Women Singing]
Ain't no one special, special like you (4X)
I been searchin', but your the one I want in my life baby (4X)
[Verse 1: Eminem]
I'm reminiscing on your tenderness and the snuggling and teasing
Missing what I remember, kissing and hugging and squeezing
Bugging and wheezing, I'm having trouble when breathing
It's even tougher when sleeping
But there's a couple of reasons that I'm suffering and grieving
For loving and leaving, you're all I'm thinking of in the evening
You got my knees buckling and weakening
Thoughts of nothing but freaking that I'm struggling to keep in
And interrupt when I'm speaking
I got some game that I'm preparing to run
The way your lips sparkle and glare in the sun
Cause your comparing to none, I wanna share in the fun
I feel a passionate lust when I imagine it just alone at last when it's us
I see you grasping to trust, but my intentions are good
The seed is passing in dust
I'm not asking to rush and answer immediately
If you agree to repeat after me: "I love you" ("I love you, baby")
Your man legally wed, your love's keeping me fed
This is easily said, so you can lead or be led
If you care to be down cause ain't nobody like you no where to be found
[Hook: Women Singing]
[Verse 2: Mr. Porter]
Baby it's all on you, it's you I call on, boo
Let's set a day up so you can fall on through
Long enough to see how this gentleman sexes
We'll start it out with caviar, Dom Pérignon
And then when it's a fact we are warm, carry on
We'll take it slow, see nobody will hurry things
I got the Izze, the Bacardi, and Hurricane
If Daiquiris are in debate and not your thing that day
It's still all right cause I got Minute Maid and Tangeray
Your an incredible one that's rare, in bed with edible underwear
You look impeccable, nothing compares
When you step away, baby but don't forget the negligee
[Hook: Women Singing]
I been searching, but your the one I want in my life baby (8X)
Ain't no one special, special like you (2X)
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Embed Follow
We make regular music
What goes up must come down
Sorta like balloons when you let go of 'em (Let go!)
Jealous ones wanna knock my style (Style!)
Put a hole in ya head and let out the helium
[Vast Aire]
I came up with cats that ain't give two shit
We grew up in the projects with elevator piss
Dad ain't there, moms is cranky
That's why she comes home yells and spanks me
This shit ain't cotton candy
And if it is the taste is shady
Be all You Can Be - but this ain't the Army
You will get tossed it will not be gravy
New York, New York, I'm in Uptown baby
Now I rest in Brooklyn, the city is crazy
Buildings fall down, that's friction homie
Elevate the camp wit a bunch of Shinobi
I'm not lying (I'm not lying)
I can form a sword like Red & Green Lion
Knowledge is grand like a G in my hand
I'mma hustler but I don't cook coke in the pan
You know!
I'm not a rapper I just talk a lot
I'm not a rapper I just talk a lot
[Vast Aire]
And that wouldn't be cool if you called my name
Cuz you'll be soft like video games
Same shit different day, new toilet
You got a card on the table, I might pull it
Texas Hold 'Em, watch me fold 'em
Off the wall but my skin ain't turn white
You just entered the chamber of a thousand falls
Shit, we gon' be here all night
Peace to Metro, he gave me the insight
Me blessing the mic that's my birthright
Style's so ill it'll turn rocks to sand
Come a little closer and I'll show you unseen hand
Son, we on our own Pig Latin
We be on some infe kimpe
Now everybody sounds like Jay
And everybody loves moving the purple and ye'
You know!
I'm not a rapper I just talk a lot
I'm not a rapper I just talk a lot
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You are viewing giles_shorts
08 November 2013 @ 12:00 pm
Drabble Prompt: Fire
So yay for last week's responses though I am still chuntering and moaning about being banned from using drinking glasses...
This week: Fire
I hope there are enough variations to keep us busy.
And in other HOT NEWS; as I can't bear the thought of Giles going another Christmas and New Year without getting hammered, next Friday I'm going to ask for prompts for the annual drunken!Giles ficathon at drunken_giles. More details over there but thinking caps on for ideas (please, please, please), if not for my sake, then at least for Giles'.
littleotter73littleotter73 on November 8th, 2013 12:52 pm (UTC)
LOL I was a bit restrictive, wasn't I? I am actually a bit surprised this week's prompt isn't drinking glass. ;) But I do like the new prompt.
Flippancy provided byil_mio_capitano on November 9th, 2013 09:51 am (UTC)
It crossed my mind. ;)
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Gmail Now Open To Everybody
Just a quick tip for y'all: Google just opened up Gmail to everybody in the whole wide world today, so if you're one of the few who doesn't have an account yet, get to it. Don't forget that Gmail now works splendidly with Java-friendly cellphones, too. Shame it still reads all your e-mail messages.
Gmail via AP/Yahoo!
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Ryan Block, editor of Engadget, announced his resignation today. When I first heard the news, I was blindsided with a loss of competitive bearing followed by some strange sorrow. I suppose I'd explain it by saying Ryan is probably the best frienemy a guy could possibly ask for.
The press has often played up the competition between our sites, and I admittedly contribute to that reporting for the sake of the story. But however different our executions are, we both have the goal of doing the best editorial possible within a given time span. He's been welcome company at shows where our tasks ran more in parallel than any other two people in the room. At events we'd cover, we would often arrive early, both sneaking away early from, say, a liveblog to cover the next step of the story first, and then staying later than most. Where we went, Ryan was already there, or was about to be there shortly. Watching him work, I've had enough chance over my last +2 years at Giz to know he's an outstanding guy, historic rivalries aside. And so, as he moves on, I hope he makes ample use of his editor-at-large position and posts frequently.
But not too frequently. I could use some time off.
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It may sound too awesome to ever be a reality. But unlike other rocket-less plans for space entry, each relevant technology is advanced enough that tests could take place in 10 years, says Stan Starr, a physicist at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. NASA's scramjets have hit Mach 10 for 12 seconds; last spring, Boeing's X-51 scramjet did Mach 5 for a record 200 seconds. Rail guns are coming along too. The Navy is testing an electromagnetic launch system to replace the hydraulics that catapult fighter jets from aircraft carriers. "We have all the ingredients," says Paul Bartolotta, a NASA aerospace engineer working on the project. "Now we just have to figure out how to bake the cake."
How To Fly Into Orbit:
Rev Up The Rail Gun
A 240,000-horsepower linear motor converts 180 megawatts into an electromagnetic force that propels a scramjet carrying a spacecraft down a two-mile-long track. The craft accelerates from 0 to 1,100 mph (Mach 1.5) in under 60 seconds- fast, but at less than 3 Gs, safe for manned flight.
Fire The Scramjet
Get Into Orbit
Stick The Landing
NASA Engineers Propose Combining a Rail Gun and a Scramjet to Fire Spacecraft Into OrbitPopular Science is your wormhole to the future. Reporting on what's new and what's next in science and technology, we deliver the future now.
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Grapefruit-Sized "Goal Balls" Aim to Clear Indonesian Train Roofs of Ruffians
Need to keep the riff-raff off the roof of your shiny new commuter train? Do what Indonesia's state railway did and just sweep the little bastards off with a broom made of suspended concrete balls. Remember to duck.
PT Kereta Api Indonesia, the country's state railway company recently announced that it will be installing barricades called Goal Bola-bolas ("Goal Balls") along its lines to dissuade riders from train surfing—riding on the roof of the car rather than in it. A Goal Bola-bola consists of a series of heavy, grapefruit-sized concrete balls suspended from chains attached to an overhead bar what looks like a soccer goal. The devices are being installed at the entrances and exits of numerous stations to push the offending surfer off the roof while the train is still travelling at a reasonable speed.
According to a spokesman for the railway, the balls are being installed because throwing riders off by hand proved both time-consuming and ineffective. The only thing missing is a prerecorded GOOOOOOOOOAAAAAAAAAAAAAALLLLLLLLL that plays every time someone gets smacked off a train. [The Jakarta Post]
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This video shows every day scenes in a city, in the most impossibly awesome and freaky and mind-twisting way I can imagine. It's the antithesis of the soothing time-lapses we are used to: a slit-scan video. What is it? Kamil Sladek explains:
You can make your own slit camera out of any video capable digital camera with a regular sensor and a regular lens. All you need to do is the following:
1. record a video of your action
4. stack those lines horizontally from left to right to form an actual "slit scan" image
This can be automated by tools like e.g. ImageMagick and the longer your initial video was, the wider your image will be. In fact, the width of your slit scan image will have exactly the same amount of pixels as your initial video's frame number.
Now, to go one step further you can proceed for all the other vertical lines of your images and create one slit scan image for each particular set of vertical lines. This will give you a set of as many slit scan images as your initial video was wide in pixels. Combining that set of slit scan images to a video (this time exactly as in a time lapse) your result can look like this.
We'd seen slit-scan still photos before, but the video form is just incredible. Do you make slit-scan videos? Anything really cool? Send me your YouTubes and Vimeos. [Petapixel via Petapixel]
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Google, Microsoft, Yahoo!, Other Big Ad Networks to Block Ads On Pirate Sites
From the "Why wasn't it done sooner?" file comes word that the Web's major advertising platforms will soon be blocking ads from being seen on sites designed to distributed pirated materials. The consortium of sorts that's responsible for the movement involves the Interactive Advertising Bureau and seven participants: Google, Microsoft, Yahoo!, 24/7 Media, Adtegrity, Condé Nast and SpotXchange.
If I were to burn you a copy of Adobe's or Microsoft's latest and greatest piece of software, that'd be frowned-upon. If I were to charge you for it, it'd become a criminal offense. With that perspective, it's little wonder why so many torrent site owners have wound up in jail; by displaying ads that help fund both the network and their wallets, they're effectively selling you access to pirated software - even if it's inadvertent (likewise, while no one has to pay for HotHardware's content, those who allow ads to be seen pay inadvertently to help keep the site alive and well).
While you'd imagine that the likes of Google and Yahoo! would have the capability to detect whether or not their ads are being displayed on such websites, these collective media companies will require copyright holders to contact them, submitting a complaint. This seems a little clunky; it's as though these companies would rather have the ads displayed by default because after all, revenue is revenue. Torrent sites are big revenue.
That's so much the case, that it's been said that The Pirate Bay has had casino ad deals that have hovered around the $100,000 per month mark, and defunct torrent site Surfthechannel generated over $50,000 per month. Clearly, these figures don't just cover hosting costs - they're in-pocket revenue.
Content creators believe that with these advertisers' help, the guilty sites' revenue will be starved, and eventually they'll die off. That = less piracy, and that also = total nonsense. What I could see stemming from this are ad networks that don't care where their ads are seen. After all, while many ad companies are all taking part, they're doing so by their own free will - this isn't a law.
"Private" torrent sites thrive, but have no ad revenue
Further, while this move would undoubtedly maim the revenue stream for some of these sites, to think that they'll simply go away as a result would be naive thinking. Many private torrent sites exist which survive on donations - donations that users feel compelled to contribute because they don't want these sites to die off. The owners of these sites are pocketing nothing, but the sites live on - and as has been proven a countless number of times before, if you take one torrent site down, another is going to pop-up.
Still, this move is hard to disagree with - it only makes sense that these companies would want to distance themselves from pirated and illegal materials, thus, the fact that this took so long is rather surprising.
Via: Guardian
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You are here
Tomato Bacon Casserole
admin's picture
Sliced tomatoes 1 3⁄4 Pound
Salt To Taste
Chopped onions 7 Ounce
Crushed garlic 2 Clove (10 gm)
Smoked streaky bacon 3 1⁄2 Ounce, cut into strips
Olive oil 4 Tablespoon
Parsley 1 Bunch (100 gm)
Semolina 8 Tablespoon
Turmeric 1 Teaspoon
Dried thyme 1⁄2 Teaspoon
Grated parmesan cheese 1 1⁄2 Ounce
Pepper 1
Sliced scallion 1 (Spring Onion)
Put the tomato slices in a strainer, sprinkle with salt and leave to drain.
Puree the onions and garlic in a food processor.
Put the onions, garlic and bacon in a small casserole with half of the olive oil.
Cover and microwave on HIGH for 3 minutes.
Rinse the parsley under plenty of cold running water.
Pat dry on kitchen paper.
Chop finely.
Mix together the parsley, bacon, onions, couscous, turmeric, thyme and grated parmesan.
Sprinkle the tomatoes with pepper.
Place half of the tomatoes in a large pyrex dish and cover with one-third of the couscous vegetable mixture.
Top with the rest of the tomatoes and another third of the vegetable mixture.
Cover and microwave on HIGH for 8 minutes.
Add the final third of the couscous vegetable mixture and the scallion (spring onion) slices to the dish.
Pour over the remaining olive oil.
Microwave, uncovered, on HIGH for 2 minutes.
Recipe Summary
Everyday, Healthy
Rate It
Your rating: None
Average: 3.9 (15 votes)
Tomato Bacon Casserole Recipe
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Jupiter's Moon Could Sustain Animal-Like Life
Water on out moon might make lunar colonization possible, but it appears that Jupiter's satellite Europa is better suited for life. A new study suggests Europa could support not just microorganisms, but complex life — and a lot of it.
Richard Greenberg of the University of Arizona will be presenting his findings on Europa today at American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences. Europa's ability to support macrofauna — more complex organisms like animals — hinges on how much oxygen is contained in the suspected ocean beneath the moon's icy surface.
Greenberg believes that energetic particles from the sun are able to reach Europa's subterranean ocean despite that layer of ice. Because the surface of Europa is relatively impact-free, the ice is believed to be relatively new, about 50 million years. Based on this, Greenberg sets forth the idea that Europa is being constantly resurfaced, possibly with fresh materials, thanks to oxidizers at the planet's surface. He also estimates that, if there were, say, fish on Europa, and those fish used the same amount of oxygen as Earth fish, the moon's ocean has enough oxygen to support 6.6 billion pounds of such macrofauna.
Of course, just because Europa might be able to sustain life doesn't mean we'll find life there. But this does present the possibility that other bodies produce enough oxygen to support complex biological processes.
Europa, Jupiter's Moon, Could Support Complex Life [Discovery]
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Feast your eyes on Arepo, a computer simulation capable of modeling the birth and evolution of an entire cosmos. It was designed by scientists at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in collaboration with researchers at the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, and unlike previous simulators, this one can reproduce the full range of galaxies that we see in our own immediate Universe.
Writes Wired's Liat Clark:
"We took all the advantages of previous codes and removed the disadvantages," explained Volker Springel, the astrophysicist who created the software, in a CfA release.
Read more about the simulator at Wired and the the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
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The first proof of the Doppler Effect
The Doppler Effect is physics that is so ingrained in our brain that even the movies get it right. Any time some character is walking down a street and a car or train rushes past, the sound of the horn drops down a few notes as it passes by. Anything else would be jarring. We all hear it, all the time. But how was it first proved, all the way back in the early 1800s, when none of the instruments now used to measure it existed? Hint — it involved two different brass bands.
The first proof of the Doppler Effect
Sound waves travel at a set speed through the air. That speed can't be changed. If an object is coming towards us fast, the sound waves bunch together in front of it, like ripples piling up at the front of a ship. Behind the object, the sounds waves are lag behind and spread out.
The pitch, or note, of a sound depends on the frequency of the sound waves — the number of "peaks" that pass by a certain area in a certain period of time. The more peaks, the higher the note. Because the waves in front of a moving object crowd together, they sound a higher note. Behind the object, where the waves are further apart, they sound a lower note. As the object moves past us, we hear the transition from higher to lower.
The Doppler Effect has been a way to measure everything from the movement of submarines to the movement of stars (though it's expressed slightly differently in light waves). It's an incredibly useful tool, and we have many instruments that are calibrated to measure the Doppler Shift in frequency in various situations.
But back in 1842, none of those instruments existed. In fact, there were few things that even went fast enough to let people hear Doppler Shift. Christian Doppler, a frail academic, theorized the shift was much more than the quirk of a train whistle. He believed that it could be used to measure the motion of anything, even the stars (although he got the exact application of Doppler Shift in the stars wrong). In 1845, Christophe Ballot, a Dutch meteorologist, conducted a public demonstration to prove it. Ballot lived beside a train line, and he noticed the change in pitch in whistles and sounds as the train passed him by. He pulled a few strings and got a train to pull along an open-air cart filled with trumpet players. Meanwhile, more trumpet players stood in a station. Ballot checked the pitch of their instruments, and then got each section to play the same note as the train hurtled — at an astonishing forty miles per hour — past the station. Although the players in the station stayed right on the note, the players in the train by seemed to be pitched a little too high, and dropped a little too low as the train passed the station. Everyone in the station could hear the changing notes as the trained passed, and one of the most useful tools in all of physics was finally recognized.
Image: Guillaume Piolle
Via British Journal of Radiology and JRank.
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Zero gravity is all fine and well — but not being able to grab a cup of joe in the morning would be a huge dealbreaker for many prospective astronauts. Thankfully, NASA has a solution to the problem.
Traditional cups are useless in microgravity environments. Liquids don't drip or flow in space, so it just sits there in a kind of congealed state. Sure, you could try tipping the cup towards your face, but nothing would come out. Or, if you shook the cup and tried to use inertia to get it out, the liquid would likely spew out in unpredictable ways — a serious problem seeing as, in the case of coffee, we're talking about something that's scalding hot.
And it's not just coffee that behaves in this way, of course. Other liquids, like cryogenic fuels, thermal coolants, potable water and urine do it, too. So getting liquids to work in ways we need it to is important.
Physics professor Mark Weislogel of Portland State University has thought a lot about these problems. To that end, he's developed a microgravity condensing heat exchanger and a device that separates and controls multiphase fluids. And along with astronaut Don Pettit, he's also developed a zero-g coffee cup.
To make it work, the cup features a sharp interior corner. In zero-g, capillary forces send fluid flowing along the channel directly into the mouth of the drinker. As the astronaut sips, more fluid keeps coming out.
"This may well be what future space colonists use when they want to have a celebration," notes Pettit.
Or more likely, to get that much needed buzz in the morning. Phew, space just became a real possibility once again.
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IT Answers » SharePoint permissions Wed, 03 Jun 2015 09:24:04 +0000 en-US hourly 1 Sharepoint site List and permission Thu, 01 Oct 2009 20:44:19 +0000 0 Is there any good SharePoint Permission tips or solutions, please share with me! Thu, 09 Apr 2009 08:40:44 +0000 0 SharePoint view permissions? Wed, 18 Mar 2009 08:09:16 +0000 3 How can I lock a SharePoint column? Tue, 28 Apr 2009 08:44:55 +0000 0 InfoPath cannot connect to data source Fri, 11 Nov 2011 19:46:01 +0000 Hi all,
I have an InfoPath form in SharePoint 2007 that has dataconnections to SQL server DBs. I have a group of users that have been using them for the past few months with no problem. The permissions on the site have not changed but users can no longer access the Data connections. They get a “failed connection to data source” error popup with “work offline”, “try to connect” and “show details”. When I click on Show details it says the DC cannot access the query, “Access Denied”. After going around a few times I reset the Internet options back to defaults. this worked for 1 person but not all. They all have the same AD groups, and SharePoint rights.
I have a test user in SharePoint that has no rights and is a member of 1 group besides “Domain Users” I granted this user the same rights to the data connection library and the Forms library. He can open the form and the data conections work fine. The users that cannot access the DC are in the same groups as the test user, the SharePoint permissions are the same, some of the real users have more rights than the test users. The data connections are useing a SQL user to connect to the Databases. I can log in as the SQL user and read the tables the connectors read. If the issue was the SQL user no other user would be able to access either. these user have the same issue with data connectors that use integrated security.
This is really driving me crazy, any and all help is greatly appreciated.
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SharePoint List View unique permissions Fri, 16 Jan 2009 17:08:14 +0000 2 What permissions are necessary to allow an SSIS script to read an excel file in a SharePoint Library? Tue, 03 Feb 2009 16:57:28 +0000 I am developing a datamart to feed Performance Point dashboards/scorecards. To deal with managers who do not have a database source, I will have them submit an excel 2003 file to a SharePoint document library (by email). the excel file will have a consistent format.
I am developing an SSIS script that will run every monday morning to update the datamart with any new metric data (combined key = MetricID and ReportWeek); ie. every metric has one value for each week…so the script will either add a record or update an existing record as appropriate.
My problem is that I can read an excel file from my desktop, but when I use the path to the excel file on the sharepoint I get an error message:
“Microsoft JET Database Engine – ! Failure creating file.”
this is in the Excel Source Editor tool in the Business Intelligence Development Studio.
My SharePoint Admins have added my directory into the ‘Shared Services Administration, Excel Services Trusted Data Connection Libraries’…but I seem to still have a connection problem to that sharepoint library.
any ideas?
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February 15, 2007
Astronaut drives 900 miles wearing...
When NASA astronaut Lisa Nowak was arrested on Feb. 5 and charged with the attempted murder of her romantic rival, we were treated to nonstop media coverage of the bizarre story. Perhaps the bizarrest detail of all was that, according to the arrest affidavit, Nowak admitted to wearing a diaper on the 900-mile drive from Houston to Orlando so that she wouldn't have to stop along the way. In the wake of this mediathon, an interesting morphological question occurred to Jan Freeman. Sometimes Nowak was described as "wearing a diaper" on her journey, and other times as "wearing diapers." A current search on Google News suggests that "wearing diapers" outnumbers "wearing a diaper" about 3-to-1 in coverage of the Nowak story. But presumably Nowak wore just a single diaper during the trip (or else what would be the point, really?). So what's up with the prevalence of plural diapers for a single item?
The first thing to note is how limited the contexts are in which diapers can refer to a single garment:
She was wearing diapers.
She was in diapers.
She had diapers on.
She put on/took off her diapers.
She dirtied her diapers.
Clearly, the only frames that work are ones where the diaper is being worn by someone — a baby, an astronaut, whoever. Note too that in all of these examples, the morphologically singular "(a) diaper" would also fit, so the plurally marked form is not obligatory. The same also holds for the equivalent British English term: singular nappy and plural nappies are both available for use in these contexts. Well-known diaper brand names also seem to follow this pattern: Pampers, Huggies, and Depends (for adult incontinence — Nowak's brand of choice?) all can take the ostensibly plural -s form even when referring to a single worn diaper. (Pampers and Huggies are already branded in the plural, while the Depend brand name is more often heard with an -s in frames like those above.)
Viewed historically, diaper and nappy were originally construed as singular, but plurally marked diapers and nappies in singular contexts became more frequent by the mid-20th century. An example from 1960 appears in the OED draft entry for mess, taken from A.S. Neill's Summerhill (a popular account of Neill's pioneering Summerhill School). The quote voices a boy's thoughts about his younger brother: "If I am like him and mess my trousers the way he dirties his diapers, Mommy will love me again." (That's from the U.S. edition — the U.K. edition, reprinted here, has nappies instead of diapers.) The parallel structure here is telling: "mess my trousers" vs. "dirties his diapers/nappies." The plurally marked diapers and nappies appear to be influenced by pants and trousers — words that almost always appear in the plural, or pluralia tantum as they're technically known.
Let's take a look at other pluralia tantum in the pants/trousers family:
Outergarments: pants (orig. pantaloons), trousers, slacks, breeches/britches, bloomers, jeans, dungarees, bell bottoms, chinos, tights, shorts, trunks, Bermudas (extended to brand names: Levis, 501s, Wranglers, Calvins)
Undergarments: underpants, long johns, skivvies, drawers, panties, knickers, boxers, briefs, undies, tighty-whities (extended to brand names: BVDs, Fruit of the Looms, Jockeys)
The common theme is that all of these garments have two holes, one for each leg. For that reason, some have argued that the forms are best understood as duals rather than plurals, since the -s indicates duality or "twoness." (Other items exhibiting twoness include: suspenders, scissors, shears, pliers, tongs, forceps, binoculars, bellows, scales.) Thus, when diapers are worn (by babies or astronauts), they easily join the dual pants family, since they have two leg-holes. Considered as an individual piece of cloth, however, diaper remains resolutely singular (as in "Hand me that diaper"), since a diaper in its unworn state has no leg-holes and thus lacks duality.
Further evidence that diapers has taken steps towards the dual pants family can be found in constructions where duality is explicitly marked, as in "a pair of Xs." Here are a few Nowak-related examples:
It just doesn't seem Right Stuff macho to imagine John Glenn or Chuck Yeager in a pair of diapers. (Providence Journal, 2/12/07)
Nowak squeezed 900 miles out of a pair of diapers, exceeding the previous record of 220 miles or "I forgot the little man was still in the back seat." (Bakersfield Californian, 2/8/07)
Manhunting rocket jockey Lisa Marie Nowak may have destroyed her reputation, her ties to NASA, and at least one good pair of diapers, but a quick-acting true crime scribe is already banking on a book deal about Nowak's stellar breakdown. (Radar, 2/8/07)
Like all of us, I continue to shake my head and wonder how a world-class astronaut could don a pair of diapers and bring a steel mallet with her during her trip from Houston to Orlando to confront her romantic rival. (Mike Gallagher, 2/7/07)
Even though diapers and nappies have gone a long way to joining the pants family, they remain something of a special case since they'll never be pluralia tantum. When it's not worn, a diaper is just a diaper: a piece of fabric with no leg-holes. Only when it's worn and transformed into something "pants-like" can all of those -s forms exert their analogical influence, leading to a preference for diapers over diaper. But it remains only a preference, since even when worn a diaper can still be construed singularly. Pants, trousers, and all the rest have much more restrictive possibilities for morphologically singular use (such as in attributive usage like pant/trouser leg, or in specialized registers of the fashion world that allow constructions like "That's a nice pant").
The analogical pressure that makes plurally marked diapers and nappies acceptable in a singular context appears to work in the opposite direction when it comes to popular brand names like Pampers and Huggies. As noted above, these brand names started off as plural, but in common usage they have developed s-less forms on the analogy of diaper. Examples from the Web:
I've never had a Pamper leak poo or pee, and they look oh so comfortable to boot. (link)
I got called on my cell phone last night so I could rush home to change a Pamper. (link)
While you're in there, I need a Huggie for Betsy. (link)
Brian fakes that he has no idea what a Huggie is, and Mike and Debbie remind him, in unison, that it's a diaper. (link)
So the brand names lose their -s to fit situations where they're considered individual pieces of fabric rather than pants-like garments. But both the brand names and the generic terms continue to show a strong family resemblance: a single item can be morphologically specified as either singular or plural, depending on the context of use.
I've tried explaining all this to my six-month-old son Blake while I'm changing his diaper(s), but so far he's more interested in figuring out how to cram both hands in his mouth.
[Update, 2/16: Diaper-related email has been arriving thick and fast. (Hmm, maybe that's not the best idiom to use when talking about diapers.) First, Bryan Erickson points out an element of the Nowak story that I had missed and also speculates about NASA-specific diapers:
Complicating the entertaining plurale tantum analysis, the police report noted that the cops found a garbage bag in her car containing *two* soiled diapers - so she did change her nappy/nappies at least twice (since she had also changed out of the second one) in the course of the twelve-hour trip and subsequent four hours or so before being apprehended. (She also must have stopped to fill up the tank at least a couple times in 900 miles, and she had time to check in to a hotel and take a bus from there to the airport, so it seems like bathroom breaks were hardly a limiting factor on her timing - the diapers seem to have been more of a familiar convenience than a desperate measure.)
Further complicating the picture, NASA has long had its own name for this - I assume the ones she wore were NASA issue, not a commercial brand - it calls it a "Maximum Absorbency Garment", or MAG - in the singular - maybe demonstrating NASA's role as a conservative institution perpetuating the now more old-fashioned singular conception of a diaper.
Which makes me wonder, what do the astronauts actually call them in daily speech - do they combine the larger trend with the bureaucratese acronym and use a plurale tantumization of MAG, "maggies"? Some vital linguistic research remains to be done on this case.
Next we have a couple of informative emails from foreign correspondents, explaining some subtle usage differences between diapers and nappies. From Matthew Hurst:
In your recent language log article about the astro diapers you state that one can say 'she had nappies on', 'she was in nappies', etc. I don't believe this is correct (as a native brit). One can say 'she was in nappies' in the sense that during that period of her life she was in nappies, but one can't say that with the sense that at that point in time she was wearing the thing.
A clearer example might be 'is she still in diapers?' 'is she still wearing nappies?' - these are both ok but, 'is she wearing (a pair of) diapers (right now)?' cannot be replaced with 'is she wearing (..) nappies (..)?'
And from Down Under, here's Lara Hopkins:
Regarding the plural "a pair of nappies", I just wanted to let you know that this doesn't work in AusEng. In four years of nappy chat and advocacy group work, I've never once heard this expression used. A baby may be in a state of being "in nappies" in general - i.e. not toilet trained - but I've never heard of a baby being referred to as wearing "a pair of nappies".
Paul Wilkins questions my reading of the Summerhill quote:
The sentence you printed about the trousers/diapers parallel doesn't ring to me the same as it did to you. I'm sure by now you can figure that the boy's brother soils a number of diapers, and the trousers could be either the ones he's wearing just then or all of them. I don't suppose it matters much, because that ambiguity is built in, although we will probably read it as the trousers he currently has on, if we're even talking about real trousers.
Aaron Dinkin shares some thoughts about pluralia tantum:
A couple of the examples of pluralia tantum (or "dualia tantum"?) that you list in your latest Language Log post have the interesting property of not being etymologically plural at all, but having been reanalyzed as plural, perhaps by analogy with other words in the same semantic class.
"Levi's" is originally a possessive, as the spelling indicates - "Levi's blue jeans". And of course "forceps" is singular in Latin (like "biceps"), but it's treated as a dual like "tongs".
Next, several readers (including Jan Freeman and Brett Reynolds) write in to point out distinctions between cloth diapers and disposable diapers, and between infant diapers and "pullup" diapers for older children and adults. "Eric" (last name unknown) admirably extends the analysis into "diaper cover" and "pullup" territory:
I'd guess that there is more going on with diaper/diapers than the [two leg holes] --> [dual form] implication. I'm not sure *what* is going on, but that's what we pay you professionals for.
As you have a six-month-old, you know that (cloth) diapers are simply a rectangle of cloth. But it's worth noting that some diaper *covers* (for use outside the diapers) are permanently formed with leg holes, and these do *not* behave like pants, at least for me:
She needs a diaper cover.
She needs diapers.
*She needs diaper covers -- unless you are packing for a trip, and she needs many.
More saliently, for me, our 2-1/2-year-old is currently alternating between disposable diapers and disposable pullups. These latter are identical to diapers, except that where diapers have sticky tabs, they are permanently fastened -- so they can be pulled up, like underwear.
She's wearing diapers.
She's wearing a pullup.
She's wearing pullups -- indicates habitual wearing, not a single instance.
I've overthought so can no longer trust my intuitions, but I think that pullups, although more like pants, are only questionably pluralia tantum.
I too feel that I've overthought the diaper issue, so I'm going to stick to changing them rather than analyzing them for a while.]
[Update #2: Discussion continues over at Languagehat. Linguabloggers at Function Words and Language News also chime in.]
[Final update: I tie up some loose ends in this post.]
Posted by Benjamin Zimmer at February 15, 2007 01:55 PM
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Frankfurt Auto Show: Peugeot Flux Concept, Design Contest Winner And Rocker Of In-Dash XBOX 360
Peugeot's latest design award winner, the Flux, an avant-garde roadster that's equal parts scifi space buggy circa 1972 and Swiss aspirin factory circa now. But despite its sterile aesthetic, we could see ourselves cruising the Corniche, following the post-apocalypse reconstruction period, in one of these things, daughter of an objectivist reactionary by our side, glumly. Oo! Oo! Did we mention it's got an XBOX 360 inside?
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Who's To Blame For Detroit's Nightmare, really?
We've had all sorts of carefully reasoned discussions on the reasons that Ford, GM, and Chrysler are in such trouble, but who needs reason or logic? You know who's to blame!
Maybe it's the ineptitude of the clowns running the Big Three… or those goddamn unions that clearly take their marching orders straight from the Sendero Luminoso… no, wait, it's the shareholders' obsession with short-term profits, to hell with the future… bullshit, it's the generally exploitative nature of laissez-faire capitalism… no, no, it's those double-dealin' Saudis and their gas-price-jacking antics… well, you get the idea, and here's your chance to prove to all those losers who can't see what's right in front of their noses! The answer is real simple! Feel free to rant, rave, bluster, treat edge-case conspiracy theories as fact, fire off inappropriately ad hominem salvos, invoke Godwin's Law, whatever it takes. Just don't mix up you're with your and everything will be fine.
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The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs
The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs
• Christian Lüscher,
• Mark A Ungless
• Published: November 14, 2006
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437
The consumption of a variety of natural and synthetic substances can lead to addiction, which is commonly defined by the loss of control and compulsive consumption despite negative consequences. Although addictive drugs have diverse molecular targets in the brain, they share the common initial effect of increasing the concentration of dopamine released from mesocorticolimbic projections.
In this article, we review recent research that has advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this increase of dopamine. Based on this research, we propose a new classification for addictive drugs that we believe may help in directing research towards more effective treatment of addiction (see Table 1 and Figure 1).
Table 1.
The Mechanistic Classification of Drugs of Abuse
Figure 1. The Dominant Targets Involved in Increasing Dopamine for the Major Types of Addictive Drugs
G, Gi/o-coupled receptors; i, ionotropic receptors/ion channels; T, monoamine transporters
Induction of Addiction
The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which projects most notably to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). It is a defining commonality of all addictive drugs that they increase dopamine concentrations in target structures of the mesocorticolimbic projections [1,2]. The release of dopamine from these projections is thought to play a crucial role in the induction of compulsive addictive behaviour. The precise role of dopamine in reinforcement and the modulation of reward-related behaviour remains controversial [3]. Most experts in the field agree that some aspects of reward (e.g., euphoria/ pleasure) are dopamine-independent [4]. In rats, for example, blockade of mesolimbic DA (dopamine) signalling with either systemic or intra-NAc neuroleptic pre-treatment potentiated the sensitivity to nicotine's rewarding properties [5]. Also, dopamine-deficient mice display conditioned place preference for morphine [6].
Moreover, it is important to realize that, once compulsive use has been established, addiction is thought to be largely dopamine-independent. Nonetheless, it is widely accepted that the induction of addiction crucially involves mesocorticolimbic dopamine.
Some of the Key Papers on the Cellular Effects of Addictive Drugs
Johnson and North, 1992 [11]: A classic paper demonstrating the disinhibitory effect of opioids on dopamine neurons.
Cruz et al., 2004 [17]: A current model explaining how the popular club drug GHB activates VTA neurons via its action on the GABAB receptor.
Maskos et al., 2005 [21]: An elegant study showing that in knockout mice lacking the β2 subunit of the acetylcholine receptor, the rewarding properties of nicotine can be restored by selective re-expression in VTA neurons.
Chen et al., 2006 [39]: A recent paper demonstrating that the rewarding properties of cocaine are absent in mice that express a cocaine-insensitive dopamine transporter.
Ungless et al., 2001 [56]: The first in a series of papers to observe a form of long-term synaptic plasticity of glutamatergic synapses in the VTA in response to addictive drugs. This and other adaptive changes common to several addictive drugs downstream of the dopamine increase are the focus of much current research.
Saal et al., 2003 [57]: In this paper the authors observe a form of long-term synaptic plasticity of glutamatergic synapses in the VTA in response to several addictive drugs. This and other adaptive changes downstream of the dopamine increase are the focus of much current research.
Taken together, these findings suggest that it may be possible to dissociate the hedonic value of a drug from its addictive properties using modern molecular tools. Such experiments, which may have important clinical ramifications, obviously depend on further mechanistic insight regarding drug action. We believe that our classification, based on the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which addictive drugs increase mesocorticolimbic dopamine, will provide the conceptual framework required to facilitate research to resolve these and related issues.
The Classification
Addictive drugs are a chemically heterogeneous group with very distinct molecular targets. Moreover, an individual drug may have more than one molecular target. Here we will focus on those mechanisms that are directly responsible for the increase in dopamine concentration. We distinguish three groups of addictive drugs: (1) drugs that bind to G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs)—this group includes the opioids, cannabinoids, and γ -hydroxy butyrate (GHB); (2) drugs that interact with ionotropic receptors or ion channels—this group includes nicotine, alcohol, and benzodiazepines; and (3) drugs that target monoamine transporters—this group comprises cocaine, amphetamine, and methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) (see Table 1 and Figure 1).
GPCRs that are of the Gi/o family inhibit neurons through post-synaptic hyperpolarisation and pre-synaptic regulation of the transmitter release. In the VTA, the action of these drugs is preferentially on the γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons that act as local inhibitory interneurons. They also inhibit glutamate release [7], but in the VTA their dominant mechanism of action is inhibition of GABA neurons leading to a net disinhibition of dopamine neurons and increased dopamine release. Addictive drugs that bind to ionotropic receptors and ion channels can have combined effects on dopamine neurons and GABA neurons, eventually leading to enhanced release of dopamine. Finally, addictive drugs interfering with monoamine transporters block the re-uptake of dopamine, or stimulate non-vesicular release of dopamine, causing an accumulation of extracellular dopamine in target structures. We will now discuss examples for each type of mechanism in detail.
Class I: Drugs That Activate Gi/o-Coupled Receptors
Morphine and other opioids.
These strongly increase the release of mesolimbic dopamine by their action on μ-opioid receptors (MORs), which are expressed on inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the VTA [8]. MORs have a dual action: they hyperpolarise GABA neurons and decrease GABA release. The post-synaptic hyperpolarisation is mediated by Kir3/ G protein–coupled inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels coupled to MORs on the soma and the dendrites, in analogy to other parts of the brain [9], while MORs expressed on the pre-synaptic terminals decrease release by inhibiting Ca2+ channels or activating voltage-gated K+ channels [10]. MORs in the two cellular compartments therefore rely on distinct effectors, which together lead to strong inhibition of GABA neurons and disinhibition of dopamine neurons [11].
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) binds to type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) in the brain. In the VTA, these receptors are expressed on GABA neurons and on terminals of glutamatergic synapses on dopamine neurons [12]. Pharmacological application of THC causes a net disinhibition by decreasing the release of the neurotransmitter GABA in acute midbrain slices [13]. To date, no evidence is available to suggest that CB1Rs also activate Kir3/GIRK channels in these neurons.
This is an increasingly popular club drug that is readily self-administered and induces conditioned place preference (see Glossary) in animal models, and leads to addiction in humans [14]. GHB has two binding sites in the brain, but its pharmacological effects are absent in knockout mice lacking functional GABAB receptors [15,16], suggesting that they are entirely mediated by these receptors. Although GABAB receptors are expressed on both GABA and dopamine neurons of the VTA, GHB affects almost exclusively GABA neurons at concentrations typically obtained with recreational use. This happens because the coupling efficiency of Kir3/GIRK channels in dopamine neurons is very low (the EC50 differs by an order of magnitude between GABA and dopamine neurons), which in turn is due to the cell type–specific subunit expression of Kir3/GIRK channels [17]. Dopamine neurons lack GIRK1, but express GIRK2 and GIRK3, which when co-assembled have a lower affinity for the βγ-dimer of the Gi/o protein compared to channels that contain GIRK1 As a consequence, only GABA neurons are hyperpolarised at concentrations below 1 mM, causing a disinhibition of dopamine neurons.
Class II: Drugs That Mediate Their Effects Via Ionotropic Receptors
This drug targets nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. When nicotine binds nAChRs they become cation-permeable and depolarise the cell. Nicotine increases dopamine through a complex interplay of actions at these ionotropic receptors on GABA and dopamine neurons, and glutamatergic inputs to dopamine neurons [18]. Brief applications of nicotine to these neurons in rat brain slices causes a depolarisation and increased firing, although prolonged exposure leads to rapid receptor desensitisation [19]. In addition, following desensitisation of β2-containing nAChRs on GABA neurons, GABA release is decreased (i.e., the excitatory effect of endogenous acetylcholine is reduced), leading to a more prolonged disinhibition of dopamine neurons [20]. It is evident that β2-containing nAChRs are responsible for the rewarding effects of nicotine because β2 knockout mice do not self-administer nicotine and do not show nicotine-evoked dopamine release [21]. These deficits can be restored through in vivo transfection of the β2 subunit in the VTA [22].
This view is further complicated by two more actions of nicotine. Homomeric a7-containing nAChRs, which are mainly expressed on synaptic terminals of excitatory glutamatergic afferents onto dopamine neurons in the VTA, facilitate glutamate release [20]. This effect may also contribute to nicotine-evoked dopamine release and/or the long-term changes induced by the drugs related to addiction (e.g., long-term synaptic potentiation of excitatory inputs). Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that nicotine directly modulates dopamine release in the NAc [23,24].
Benzodiazepines (BZD) increase mesocorticolimbic dopamine and can lead to addiction. BZD are positive modulators of the GABAA receptor. When injected into the VTA, the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol seems to inhibit interneurons more efficiently compared to dopamine neurons, which may lead to a net disinhibition of the dopamine neurons [25]. This selectivity may relate to cell-type specific subunit expression. For example, when dopamine neurons were isolated from the VTA of transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter, reverse transcriptase–PCR analysis revealed the presence of a2, a3, and a4 subunits. Conversely, a1 was the major subunit expressed in GABA neurons [26].
This drug has a complex pharmacology. No single receptor mediates all of the effects of alcohol [27]. On the contrary, alcohol alters the function of a number of receptors and cellular functions, including GABAA receptors [28], Kir3/GIRK [29,30] and other K channels [31], Ih [32], N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors [33], nAChRs [34], and 5-HT3 receptors [35]. In addition, ethanol also interferes with adenosine re-uptake by inhibiting the equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT1, although it is not clear if this plays a role in ethanol-induced dopamine release [36]. How ethanol causes the increase in dopamine remains unclear. Possibilities include a net disinhibition similar to that proposed for benzodiazepines or direct depolarisation, for example by inhibition of a K channel [31].
Class III: Drugs That Bind to Transporters of Biogenic Amines
In the central nervous system, cocaine blocks dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin uptake through inhibition of their respective transporters. Blocking of the dopamine transporter (DAT) leads to an increase of dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens. (The firing rate of DA neurons of the VTA actually decreases with cocaine application, which is due to the effects of dopamine on D2 autoreceptors on DA neurons [37].) In mice lacking DAT, dopamine still increases in response to cocaine [38], which could be the result of inhibition of dopamine uptake by other monoamine transporters. Consistent with this suggestion, DAT knockout mice still self-administer cocaine, and this behaviour is abolished in combined DAT– serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout mice [39]. SERT-mediated re-uptake of dopamine only occurs in situations where dopamine levels are already high, as in DAT knockout mice. This is confirmed by a study that used a knock-in mouse line carrying a functional DAT that was insensitive to cocaine. In these mice, cocaine did not elevate extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, and did not produce reward, as measured by conditioned place preference [40]. Finally, it is important to point out that selective SERT inhibition in humans (e.g., fluoxetine to treat depression) does not carry any addiction liability.
Amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their many derivates.
These exert their effects by reversing the action of biogenic amine transporters at the plasma membrane [41]. Amphetamines are substrates of these transporters and are taken up into the cell. Every molecule that is taken up generates a current causing a depolarisation of the dopamine neurons, which could contribute to enhanced dopamine release [42]. In addition, once in the cell, amphetamines interfere with the vesicular monoamine transporter, depleting synaptic vesicles. As a consequence, dopamine increases in the cytoplasm from where it is released by plasma membrane transporters working in reverse. In other words, normal vesicular release of dopamine decreases (i.e., synaptic vesicles contains less transmitter, the quantal content becomes smaller), while non-vesicular release increases. Similar mechanisms apply for other biogenic amines such as serotonin and norepinephrine.
Methylenedioxymetamphetamine (ecstasy).
As for the amphetamines, MDMA causes the release of biogenic amines by reversing the action of their respective transporters. Although MDMA has a preferential affinity for SERTs and therefore increases the extracellular concentration of serotonin, it also strongly increases dopamine [43].
Drugs of Abuse Yet to Be Classified
There are a number of abused drugs about which there is no clear consensus concerning their addictive properties (e.g., hallucinogens and dissociative anaesthetics). For example, LSD, which is widely abused, does not appear to be addictive. Animals will not self-administer hallucinogens, suggesting that they are not rewarding [44]. Importantly, these drugs fail to evoke dopamine release, further supporting the idea that only drugs that activate the mesolimbic dopamine system are addictive. Instead, the critical action of hallucinogens may be increased glutamate release in the cortex, presumably through a pre-synaptic effect on 5-HT2A receptors expressed on excitatory afferents from the thalamus [45].
Conditioned place preference: A behavioural test for examining the rewarding properties of drugs. The preference of a particular environment associated with drug exposure is measured by comparing the time an animal spends in the compartment where the drug was previously administered compared to a control compartment.
Coupling efficiency: The efficiency with which a given G protein–coupled receptor can activate an effector.
DARP32: Dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein. A key target protein for increased dopamine that plays a role in signalling the effects of many addictive drugs.
DeltaFosB: A transcription factor that is induced in areas such as the NAc in response to many addictive drugs, and thought to be involved in the long-term maintenance of addictive behaviour.
EC50: 50% effective concentration, i.e., the concentration of an agonist that produces 50% of the maximal effect.
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT1: Transporter responsible for the re-uptake of adenosine.
Homomeric α7-containing nAChRs: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors formed by five subunits of the α7 type.
Kir3/GIRK channels: One class of inwardly rectifying potassium channels; Kir3 are also termed G protein–coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels.
Quantal content: The amount of neurotransmitter released by a single vesicle.
The main effect of the NMDA receptor antagonists phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine are feelings of separation of mind and body and, at higher doses, stupor and coma, which is why they are called dissociative anaesthetics. Based on early assessments, NMDA receptor antagonists have been classified as non-addictive drugs of abuse [46]. This classification has recently been questioned for PCP. For example, PCP has some reinforcing properties in rodents when applied directly to the NAc and the PFC [47]. Moreover, increased dopamine levels were measured in vivo with micro-dialysis after systemic or PFC injection of PCP in freely moving rats. Similar results were also obtained with local injections of MK-801, a more selective and potent NMDA receptor antagonist than PCP, which supports the conclusion that PCP's effect on dopamine is mediated via the inhibition of NMDA receptors [48]. In this case, PCP would be a Class II drug according to our classification.
Inhalant abuse is defined by the recreational exposure to chemical vapours, such as nitrates, ketones, and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. In some countries it is particularly common among children, and some chemicals do induce addiction [49]. The mechanism of action remains unknown for most volatile substances. A very limited literature provides evidence that some inhalants alter the function of ionotropic receptors and ion channels throughout the central nervous system [50]. Nitrous oxide, for example, binds to NMDA receptors [51,52] and fuel additives enhance the GABAA receptor function [53]. Toluene increases firing in VTA neurons [54] and causes conditioned place preference [55]. Others, such as amyl nitrite (“poppers”), primarily produce smooth muscle dilatation, and enhance erection, but are not addictive. While this literature suggests that some inhalants may be Class II addictive drugs, clearly more research will be needed to confirm this choice.
Implications for Research
We have presented a new mechanistic classification system for addictive drugs. There are a number of key features of this system. First, there are three types of mechanism. Second, each addictive drug only activates the dopamine system through a single mechanism (with the possible exception of ethanol, which has multiple molecular targets whose relative contributions to addiction remain elusive). Third, within each type of mechanism the effect on the dopamine system is similar (e.g., Class I drugs all activate dopamine neurons via disinhibition).
Although substantial progress into unravelling the neurobiological bases of addiction has been made, many open questions remain and few effective treatments are currently available. Much current research is therefore aimed at understanding the neuroadaptive changes induced by addictive drugs, such as increased expression of deltaFosB and DARP32 [1] or the effects on excitatory glutamate transmission [56–58]. The present classification represents a framework that will facilitate research aiming at understanding how each drug induces the adaptive changes listed above and predicts that drugs of the same group are likely to share similar mechanisms.
Implications for Developing Better Treatments for Addiction
Understanding the early phases of the induction of adaptive processes will also be important for the discovery of novel pharmacological treatment strategies. If activation of the dopamine system is indeed crucial for the development of addiction, then an interesting strategy may be to inhibit the mesocorticolimbic DA system (either pharmacologically or through direct stimulation). This idea is further supported by the observation that increases in dopamine play an important role in relapse, particularly drug-induced relapse [59,60]. In this context, the present classification would also serve to identify and organise treatments at the level of the VTA. For example, naloxone will block the effect of opioids, while the high affinity GABAB receptor agonist baclofen would inhibit GABA and dopamine neurons, thus efficiently blocking DA release.
Treatments in use, or at pre-clinical stages of development, are either drug-specific (e.g., vaccines or antagonists that directly block drug action, or agonists for use as drug substitutes) or target a mechanism that is common to several drugs (e.g., medications that reduce craving in multiple forms of addiction) [57]. Many new addiction treatments (for a comprehensive list of approved and experimental medications see [61]) appear to operate downstream of initial targets (e.g., naltrexone or acamprosate for opiate and alcohol addiction), although their precise mechanisms of action are not entirely clear. Our classification points to a third approach of developing treatments for different classes of drugs based on the mechanisms through which they increase dopamine. For example, targeting the DAT should be useful in treating addiction to any Class III drug. The same may be true for future treatments that interfere with G protein–coupled signalling—such treatments may be useful for all Class I drugs.
Finally, we hope that our strikingly simple mechanistic classification will provide students and clinicians with a useful conceptual framework for understanding a diverse and often complex literature concerning such an important medical issue.
We thank M. Frerking for many helpful comments on an earlier draft.
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The Protagonist, the Player, and the Game Designer How do a game's designer, player, and protagonist interact? Mike Rubin takes a look at how three parts of a gaming experience interact — especially in terms of interactive fiction games, where many designers plan for responses that don't correlate with how the protagonist should act, but how players make them act. The fact that designers do figure out responses to problems that aren't necessarily part of their 'vision' is a double edged sword:
The problem is that gamers enjoy pushing limits .... What's funny is that game designers invite that sort of behavior by implementing responses to it. For instance, how many interactive fiction games implement a witty response to the XYZZY command, even though there is naturally no place or reason for using it? If no game other than Colossal Cave had a response to that command, nobody would be tempted to give it a try. And if there is a response implemented for that command, how many other interesting goodies like that might there be to discover? How many of us who played the original Warcraft sat there clicking repeatedly on their individual units to see how many different annoyed responses it would elicit? It's a form of exploration, I suppose. Granted, this is a bit different than the topic of role-playing, but I think the same principle applies. Still, in the situation of role-playing, accounting for different types of behavior, even bizarre behavior, can actually work to the game's advantage.
The explicit response mechanic is something that seems relegated to a few types of games; the relation between 'getting into a game' and how a designer designs that game, however, is not. It's an interesting problem to muse on — especially since once a game is released to the public, there's no way to control how players are actually playing it. Playing the Protagonist Part, Partly [Monk's Brew]
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Lootathon Results in Epic BanningWhen there's a goof-up online, and a big run on DLC that a game maker wanted you to pay tons extra to get, it's probably not a smart idea to go into that very same developer's official forums and sound the alarm about it. Not once, but twice. Yesterday's Great Banjo Lootathon (now closed, goodbye) exposed the Gears of War 2 Golden Lancer, among other things for a limited time, to download from Xbox Live for free, via the web. Reader RedRex32 says he went to Epic's Forums to spread word talk about it, even after the back door to the lancer was shut, and saw the thread he and others were writing in summarily deleted. So RedRex32 started a new one, and that got him banzored beyond all recognition. As in a full on IP banning, not just his account. The lock-out screen advised this ban will be lifted "never." "This all went down about 5:15 PST, hours after the entire issue wasn't even, well, an issue anymore. So the harm is questionable," RedRex32 says. "Smell a cover-up?" No, brah, I smell punishment. Look, not to blame the victim, but that's Epic's turf. It's probably not the wisest thing to hold this screwup under their nose like that. talk about this screwup on their turf, because they'd definitely be looking to retaliate on anyone who got the lancer this way. [Edits: I made changes because RedRex32 insists he didn't go there to tell evryone how to get it, merely to poist a link to the Kotaku story.] So did anyone else get swatted or suffer any sanctions from anyone because of yesterday's fun and shenanigans? Let me know in the comments.
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As a public service announcement, give the video a minute (literally) to warm up and get where it's going. You'll know when it's got there, and then you'll know why he's the only man who can make sense of it all.
Also, a round of applause for Link's Marty McFly voice. That's a hard one to do well!
[thanks Ryan!]
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We're no stranger to Dan Bull's rapping skills. He's covered some of the most popular games with his clever lyrics, but he now turns to a popular issue amongst the gaming community.
Downloadable content has been met with a lot of hostility in the past. But no one has summed up the situation so elegantly as Dan Bull has in his most recent rap video, seen above.
What's particularly fun about this video is that Dan Bull collaborated with Boogie, who you may know more commonly as his Internet persona Francis. The result is a well-written proclamation against the practice of DLC, where Dan Bull says that, "It wouldn't be conscientious encouraging dodgy ventures."
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The Gundam Multiverse is Huge and Confusing (And We're Here to Help)Gundam is a massive franchise in Japan. There have been twelve TV series, scores of video games, numerous movies and direct-to-video releases—and let's not even get started on all the different manga. So despite its cultural footprint—or perhaps because of it—Gundam is an intimidating beast, to say the least. There are so many series to choose from that it can be more than a little difficult for a newcomer to know where to start.
Don't worry though; we at Kotaku East are here to help. The first thing to choose when picking a Gundam series is the universe it's set in. While they each have similarities (i.e., space colonies, wars, and, of course, Gundams), the stories can vary from coming of age tales to terrorist revolutions. To see a breakdown of six of the most popular of these universes and recommendations on where to start watching within each, click through the gallery above.
And if you wonder why Gundam AGE (the currently airing series) isn't included in this article, that's simply because I haven't watched it yet.
Universal Century
What's It About? This is the original Gundam universe. It details several wars between earth and its space colonies.
Should You Watch It? Yes. Pretty much everything in all other Gundam series has its roots in the U.C. universe. It definitely has its ups and downs, though—and being as old as it is, some series haven't exactly held up very well over time. Still, even thirty years after its inception, this timeline has the most rabid Japanese fanbase of the franchise and continues to get new content even now.
Where Should You Start? Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team is the perfect taste of what the U.C. timeline has to offer. Made in the mid 90's, the animation is beautiful and the story is quite moving. Happening at the same time as the original Gundam, 08th MS Team follows a group of normal soldiers on the frontline—and even has a star-crossed lovers story to boot.
Included Series:
Mobile Suit Gundam
The 08th MS Team
0080: War in the Pocket
0083: Stardust Memory
Zeta Gundam
Gundam ZZ
Char's Counterattack
Gundam Unicorn
Gundam F91
Crossbone Gundam
Victory Gundam
Turn A Gundam
Cosmic Era
What's It About? This is the story of a war between Coordinators—genetically engineered humans mostly living in space—and Naturals—the normal humans living on earth.
Should You Watch It? Yes. The Gundam SEED universe takes all the best from the U.C. Gundams and updates them for a modern audience. It is the perfect Gundam gateway drug and what you like or dislike in the C.E. timeline can be used to gauge which other Gundam series you will enjoy.
Where Should You Start? Gundam SEED, as the first Cosmic Era story, is literally designed to introduce the viewer to this timeline. It follows a young coordinator from a neutral space colony. But when the colony is attacked, he and his friends find themselves rescued by a Natural warship. As the only coordinator on the ship, only he can pilot the prototype Gundam stored on board. So it falls to him alone to protect the warship while the Coordinator military (including his best friend) hunt him across the stars.
It's a story with no dull moments and is perfectly paced from beginning to end. The characters are interesting, realistic, and will have earned a place in your heart long before the final credits roll.
Included Series:
Gundam SEED
MSV: Astray
SEED Destiny
C.E. 73 Stargazer
After Colony
What's It About? Oppressed by the Earth government, the space colonies each build a Gundam and send them to earth to weaken the Earth's military enough for the colonies to achieve independence.
Should You Watch It? No. While it was quite popular in the West (since it was the first Gundam most 90's anime fans ever saw thanks to Cartoon Network), it is actually not very interesting. None of the characters are particularly deep, nor is the story anything more than mundane. The plot tends to meander aimlessly with the characters falling into one situation after another—but never really getting anything done.
Included Series:
Gundam Wing
Endless Waltz
After War
What's It About? Near the end of a war between the space colonies and Earth, the Earth created the Gundam X, a mobile suit that could destroy a colony in one shot. The colonies responded by dropping empty colonies across the surface of the earth. The war ended in a stalemate with the earth ravaged and space colonies mostly destroyed. Gundam X is the story of a group of people living in the post-apocalyptic earth wasteland.
Should You Watch It? Yes (with a but). Gundam X is a series very unlike any other in the Gundam franchise. While it starts as little more than a post-apocalyptic survival story, by the end it becomes a treatise on the evolution of humanity. If you're a fan of games like Fallout, I recommend this one. But if you're looking for an epic war between earth and space, there are other Gundam series that will better suit your tastes.
Included Series:
Gundam X
Future Century
What's It About? Instead of resorting to war, the space colonies decide which colony will rule for the next four years based on who wins a Gundam fighting tournament on Earth.
Should You Watch It? No. As far as Gundam X was from traditional Gundam stories, G Gundam goes even further. It is simply a sub-par fighting anime with giant robots. The only reason to watch it is to belittle the cultural stereotypes that permeate the series; the Egyptian Gundam looks like a pharaoh and the British Gundam looks like a member of the Queen's Guard. Greece's Gundam even has a beard and a chariot—complete with robotic horses.
Included Series:
G Gundam
Anno Domini
What's It About? The world is split into three factions—each constantly on the edge of open warfare with the others. To prevent a cataclysmic global war, a group called the Celestial Beings have developed a weapon (the Gundam) years beyond what the three factions have. Their plan? To decimate both sides wherever the nations clash, making it clear that war is a useless tool that won't win them anything.
Should You Watch It? No. Gundam 00 fails as a story because it really has no where to go. There are no surprises in the plot and everything goes exactly as you would predict. However, if you liked Gundam Wing, you may enjoy this one as well. They are very much cut from the same cloth.
Included Series:
Gundam 00
Gundam 00 the Movie: Awakening of the Trailblazer
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