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United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
item Nielsen, Forrest
item Poellot, Rhonda Lee
Submitted to: Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: December 15, 2003
Publication Date: July 26, 2004
Citation: Nielsen, F.H., Poellot, R.A. 2004. Dietary silicon affects bone turnover differently in ovariectomized and sham-operated growing rats. Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine. 17:137-149.
Interpretive Summary: Because dietary restriction of silicon leads to undesirable changes in experimental animals, including defective bone growth and joint cartilage formation, silicon possibly is an essential nutrient for humans. General acceptance of silicon essentiality, however, will require identification of a clearly defined biochemical function for the element in higher animals and humans. Apparent deficiency signs described for experimental animals suggest that silicon has a function that affects the action of proteins known as extracellular matrix glycoproteins involved in cell-to-cell communication, cell adhesion, and cell signaling that are needed for cells to develop so that form joint cartilage and a matrix upon which bone is formed. Thus, an experiment was performed to see whether low dietary silicon would affect blood and bone concentrations of some of these proteins and thus affect bone strength and shape. Half of the rats also had their ovaries removed which made them estrogen-deficient and impairs bone formation. Findings were obtained suggesting that silicon has a biochemical function that can affect blood and bone concentrations of some extracellular matrix proteins, the activity of some enzymes associated with bone formation, the excretion of bone and joint cartilage breakdown products, and the response to estrogen deficiency. Surprisingly, these effects of silicon did not markedly affect bone calcium content or bone breaking characteristics. This indicates that silicon does not have a major effect on bone crystal formation or function once mineralization has been initiated, but has an effect on bone growth processes prior to this process and at sites other than in bone. Silicon apparently is needed for normal bone organic matrix and joint cartilage formation and this need can be altered by estrogen deficiency. Thus, an inadequate intake of silicon possibly can contribute to the risk of becoming osteoarthritic or osteoporotic.
Technical Abstract: An experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that low dietary silicon affects blood, bone, and urine indices associated with bone formation and breakdown, and bone strength and physical characteristics, and the circulating amount of an extracellular matrix protein (osteopontin) involved in bone cell adhesion and activation. A second objective was to ascertain whether ovariectomy (estrogen deficiency) alters the effects of low dietary silicon on bone formation. Female rats weighing about 56 g were assigned to groups of 10 in a factorially-arranged experiment. The variables were supplemental dietary silicon at 0 or 35 mg/kg, and ovariectomy (estrogen-deficient) or sham-operation at the start of the experiment. The basal silicon-low diet contained about 2 mg Si/kg. Low dietary silicon compared to adequate silicon decreased plasma osteopontin concentration, increased plasma sialic acid concentration, and increased urinary helical peptide excretion. Low dietary silicon also affected the response to estrogen deficiency. Ovariectomy increased plasma alkaline phosphatase in the silicon-supplemented, but not in the silicon-low rats. In contrast, ovariectomy decreased liver ornithine aminotransferase in silicon-low but not in silicon-supplemented rats. Ovariectomy increased the urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline and decreased the femur concentration of sialic acid more markedly in silicon-supplemented than silicon-low rats. Silicon and an interaction between silicon and ovariectomy only mildly changed bone strength and physical measurements and did not affect femur calcium concentration. The findings suggest that silicon has a biochemical function that affects bone growth processes prior to bone crystal formation by affecting bone collegan turnover and sialic acid-containing extracellular matrix proteins such as osteopontin.
Last Modified: 6/3/2015
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Atheist Nexus Logo
Allah forgive me, I'm about to back the Muslims. Just so we're all clear, this isn't a blog about bashing religion. It's calling religions out when they go too far. I mean, I'd love a world without religion, sure, but I'm a reasonable man. I know that's not happening and it's not important because there's something more valuable than a world with or without religion. And that's freedom. And Muslims deserve freedom as much as anyone else. Which is why what's going on in France appalls me. French President Sarkozy said today that Burqas are oppressive, and therefore, he wants to ban them.
"We cannot accept to have in our country women who are prisoners behind netting, cut off from all social life, deprived of identity," Mr Sarkozy told a special session of parliament in Versailles. "That is not the idea that the French republic has of women's dignity.
Yes, to stop suppression, Sarkozy plans to out-suppress the Muslims. And what's worse is some outside of France are calling for the same. Look, Sarkozy, you're right, burqas are oppressive. They are a sign of subservience. But that doesn't give you or any other government the right to ban them, and it's ignorant and hateful of you to try. It is a person's right to express their religious views however they want within reason.
Meanwhile, back in the states, Americans take that freedom too far. Because while a woman should, if she so chooses, be allowed to wear a burqa in public, no one should force that religion onto others in a professional atmosphere. A private organization is allowed to have a dress code. It sucks and I wouldn't want to work for them if they did, but if you go into a company and they say 'no nose rings,' NO FUCKING NOSERINGS. If a company says we're not going to keep you from being a Muslim, but in this building no burqas, NO FUCKING BURQAS. Don't like it? Get another job. But no government should ever step in and enforce a ban that is equally as oppressive as oppressive articles of clothing they're trying to ban.
Are there Islamic women who are forced into that lifestyle? Yes, clearly. But you can't fight that by shoving them further into the dark. You need to coax them into the light, Sarkozy. Islam will evolve, just like all religions, as soon as it stops being secretive. You're just helping Muslims feel needlessly persecuted by the west and forced to keep their religious practices hidden. And that's where the real danger lies.
Views: 34
Tags: Burka, Burqa, Burqua, France, Islam, Muslim, Sarkozy, good, imagine, john, More…lennon, nose, reason, rings, women
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Comment by smb12321 on June 26, 2009 at 10:14am
You are taking a very libertarian view (that I agree with wholeheartedly). Governments have no right to tell us how to dress (or what to eat or smoke for that matter) unlike private firms can do on their premises. The burka reeks of slavery, medievalism, barbarism and chattel. But I have problems with the State setting dress code. I often wonder what those wearing the burka - particularly when they are the only one - are actuallly thinking. I can't imagine a worst fate, knowing folks consider you an object. The burka is not even required by her religion and probably arose from the desert climate and culture.
Comment by Ralph Dumain on June 26, 2009 at 9:09am
A lot of this debate is silly. The dividing line should be how obstructive a religious practice is in the public sphere. A completely veiled woman--it's the polar opposite of public nudity--is obtrusive in our society: the only people in western societies who cover their faces are bank robbers and anarchist demonstrators. But Muslim women here in Washington all wear head scarves at work, which are not in the least obtrusive or offputting. Yarmulkes, Muslim skullcaps and head scarves, turbans--should all be permitted in public spaces as reasonable expressions of the right of freedom of religion. Veils, burqas--on the streets, yes, but in official capacities, in offices, on the job, probably not. Other practices which are deemed to violate human rights--clitoridectomies, withholding of medicines, etc.--should be outlawed.
Comment by Jason Spicer on June 25, 2009 at 9:07pm
It would be great if the prisoners of the burqa would throw off their chains. Unfortunately, subjugated people often have difficulty unsubjugating themselves. I don't care if misogynistic slaveholders get upset if the government busts up their little party. Not really my concern. What matters is that the powerful come to the aid of the powerless. If that causes a negative reaction on the part of those who would continue the subjugation, like, say, cross-burnings or lynchings, then the government needs to go after those transgressions as well. It is distressing to think that there is any hand-wringing in sympathy with the oppressors in this picture.
Comment by Billy Deaton on June 25, 2009 at 1:05pm
What it strikes me as is teaching these disgusting barbarians their place. You know, in the name of freedom. I'd feel much better about the whole thing if all the muslim women just threw off their burqas and refused to wear them anymore. That would be freedom. "You may not wear a burqa or we'll treat you like the muslim scum you are." isn't freedom.
This is a good deal of what I'm driving at. And I agree that the Burqa is oppressive itself. But the means by which an end is achieved is important in the success of that end. To end the practice of wearing Burqas would be a step toward freedom, but if the government stepped in and did it, that action will feel to Muslims like oppression and it will be rejected.
I think we all know that the problem with Islam and all religions is a lack of eduction. That religions prey on the under educated. When the fundamentalist Muslims who engage in this practice learn better, I believe they will begin to throw off the Burqas. And that when they do it that way, it will be successful.
By the way, I'm glad there's been so much well reasoned discussion on this. Don't think my view hasn't shifted because of it. I definitely wish I had written my piece a little differently now.
Comment by Bryan on June 25, 2009 at 5:23am
I think there has been some misunderstanding regarding the burqa. Let me clear things up - it is not a symbol. Again, not a symbol. The star of David, the crucifix that Christians wear around their necks, the ying/yang circle - these are symbols, all of which are relatively benign. The burqa does not share an inch of common ground with these things. Its purpose, the primary reason for its existence, is to keep women down, to dehumanize them, to facilitate their complete submission to God and husband. Saying that a burqa is merely a symbol is like saying that segregation in the american south was also just a symbol. Neither are symbolic of the oppression - they ARE the oppression. To drive this point home even further, would anyone argue that a guillotine was only used as a symbol for divorcing one's head from one's body during the French Revolution? No, it was used to ACTUALLY divorce one's head from one's body.
There is a profound difference between banning a symbolic bumper sticker, and banning a device used in the crushing oppression of Muslim women - the former is required for fascistic aspirations, the latter is required for justice, civility, and equality. Even in a "free society", government is sometimes needed to step in an take an active roll in matters such as this.
Comment by Joey on June 24, 2009 at 10:57pm
I'm always instantly suspicious when someone wants to ban something in the name of freedom.
Especially when it's a pack of Xians doing the banning.
The only muslim girls I ever knew mostly wore jeans and a t-shirt, so it's not like I can ask them how they feel about burqas. (They were cooler about me being an atheist than most of the christians I knew.)
"We've gotta make them stop because it's a symbol of oppression!" reeks of War on Drugs logic. It's slightly related to behaviors that should be stopped, so we've gotta put a stop to it!
And I'd be willing to bet were this a Christian symbol being banned, most of that majority supporting it would evaporate instantly.
Comment by Mel on June 24, 2009 at 7:23pm
Thats a really interesting article Billyist!
I can understand the attitude of thinking the patches are red-herrings, but we don't see it like that. And for us the girl (whose name I've forgotten) was more like straw that broke the camels back. "You do drugs and kill each other? Fine, ok. It's sad but it's your choice. You kill a kid? No, thats not acceptable, we are really mad now!" Banning the patches is kind of a grassroots thing, I think it was the mayor of the affected town that first supported it and then the idea spread. It less saying "ban the patches" and more saying "our society has decided declaring allegience to a gang is an unacceptable form of public self expression" and banning tattoos (some types are gang associated) is unworkable. Not that I think banning the patches is particularly workable, but our country only has 4 million people in it and the gangs are in concentrated spots, much easier to regulate than somewhere like France :D
Comment by Jason Spicer on June 24, 2009 at 3:14am
billyist, you say "It is a person's right to express their religious views however they want within reason." The burqa is not within reason, nor is it a free expression of a religious view--it is a compulsory expression of a religious (tribal, more accurately) view, though those wearing the burqa may be brainwashed into thinking otherwise. It isn't just a symbol of subservience, it is a tool of slavery. It is just and right and proper to ban it in public. It may well be that a ban will just force the slavery underground. Underground slavery is still repugnant and illegal. If misogynist muslim men resort to keeping their female chattel at home in the case of a public burqa ban, then that would add imprisonment to the crime of slavery, which would be even easier to detect and punish. Allowing the burqa to be worn in public is a tacit admission by the government that slavery is OK. This is unacceptable.
Whether a ban would be effective is beside the point. Such an argument applies just as well to assault or murder.
Comment by Billy Deaton on June 24, 2009 at 3:09am
Bryan: I'm almost with you. I'll agree that where you quoted me, I wasn't being clear enough (perhaps trying to sound more clever than concise). But, your slavery analogy brings up another simple sort of moral adage: "Your rights end where mine begin." The difference is that slaves are without legal rights. A Muslim woman, if she is not willingly Muslim, still has legal rights. She could, ideally, run away, find a lawyer and take legal action against her oppressor. Perhaps, France would be better served to make that a more obtainable option.
It's hard for me to defend this, because like most people here, I know that Islam is a terrible oppressive, violent religion. But I know that a government shouldn't try to force values upon its people. And I know that the Burqa practice ought to end. I know it's morally wrong. But it isn't the governments place to do that. Maybe in France, but as an American, I'd hate to be told I can't have my 'fuck bush' bumper sticker or FSM 'fish'.
Amer: You're dangerously close to telling immigrants to abandon their cultures when they leave their home countries. What if there's a war in ...let's say Syriana. A Syrianian moves to America or France to avoid the war. Are they no longer allowed to eat Syrianian foods? Teach their children the Syrianian language? Promote Syrianian literature?
All religions are suppressive, guys, I'd like them to go away. I just think using the government to achieve that end is wrong.
Comment by Bryan on June 24, 2009 at 1:36am
I wonder if the Confederacy and their plantation owners gave a similar response to the oppressive legislation of the Union when slavery was outlawed. Afterall, the draconian ban did deprive plantation owners of continued business success and it did chip away at the southern white man's lawful right to racial superiority.
That being said, I can't honestly fault Sarkozy for wanting to take away from a fundamentalist Muslim his right to be a successful, misogynistic tyrannt. Maybe you're right, maybe Islam will someday/year/century evolve on its own, shedding its fundamental-leanings in the proccess, but in the meantime there's no reason why France or any other western nation should have to sit idly by and accommodate some of Islam's most unjust, brutal and backwards social norms while Muslims are citizens of secular, modern societies.
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Three's Company in 'Being Human'
Supervisor Mario Rachiele sinks his teeth into Syfy's remake of the popular BBC monster mash.
The transformation of the wolf appears gradually, but they tried to keep him as human-looking as possible. Courtesy of Syfy.
In Being Human, Syfy's Americanization of the UK horror series (airing Mondays 9/8c), we still have a vampire (Aidan, played by Sam Witwer), werewolf Josh, played by Sam Huntington) and ghost (Sally, played by Meaghan Rath) living together. However, it's Boston instead of Bristol (though shot in Montreal), and the tone is less terrifying, among other things.
Not surprisingly, the centerpiece of the VFX (done mostly by Montreal-based Oblique Effects), is Josh's CG wolf. The rest of the show's vfx revolving around the vampire and ghost and various victims serve a more supporting role and are far less involving.
But the full-on wolf won't be revealed until the eighth episode, "Children Shouldn't Play with Undead Things," which airs March 7.
They retained the actor's eyes.
Meanwhile, we've witnessed Josh's transformation several times, which is more realistic-looking and seemingly more painful for the character than his British counterpart. "We've intentionally not watched the original series because we don't want to be influenced by what they've done," admits Mario Rachiele, the overall visual effects supervisor. "We wanted to leave the artists completely free. Of course, they looked at Twilight and all the other shows where they have werewolves. It's not a werewolf that you expect, I must say. He has very human-like shoulders and upper arms and thighs. We tried to keep some humanity in the wolf. We have kept the actor's actual eyes, which we reproduced in the final wolf. We were trying to keep human parts, but, still, he's supposed to be a bit scary and out of the ordinary. He's going to be a surprise."
The design process began with about a dozen artists trying out different ideas. Of course, there are lots of considerations about depicting various body parts. After some back and forth, the artists took a second pass and the third time around they modify, mixing and matching different aspects more like a Frankenstein monster. In terms of software, they use a bit of everything, including Softimage and Maya. "The example I always give is when we have to motion track a shot, some motion tracking software will automatically track a shot while others won't," Rachiele adds. "You just change a shot and that software will work better for that kind of shot. Again, for animating the wolf, the principal animator uses Softimage because he's used to it.
They built a complete snout in 3D and motion tracked the actor's face.
"The audience has seen all the other shows with werewolves, and we have to be somewhat different. We are working in TV, not feature film, but we want to make an impact. Having said that, everyone has an opinion of how he should look, how he should act, how he should move. It's a big team. We're delivering all the wolf shots and we're all satisfied -- so far, so good.
"The fun part for me is shooting the scenes with the wolf and trying to make everybody else in the scene see what I see in my head: where the wolf is going to be, what he is doing and where the camera is and what motion tracking will have to do, the lighting of the wolf and where the shadows will be cast. It's very hard for everybody to imagine that wolf when we shoot the scene, so it's my job to make sure that everybody sees it."
Meanwhile, the vampire vfx are straightforward: basically eyes turning black when they get upset or the growing of their teeth. When the vampires die, they turn to dust. That will be in the final episode, so they are just starting those vfx. It's a combination of particles and well-planned rotoscoping and some layering in which the outside layer will disintegrate while the inside layer will be dust. But some of them will be a bit more interesting in what we call the "raisin effect." Before they disintegrate, their skin will instantly dry up.
Ghosts also relive their deaths -- this one drowns with CG water.
The ghost appears and disappears with a flickering in or out. "So we try to make the disappearance effect relate to her mental state at that moment," Rachiele continues. "If she just had a fight with somebody and she disappears, she won't disappear the same way if she's running from something. Each disappearance is different but the effect is a standard particle generation. But, again, it's a very subdued effect. Ghosts are also supposed to relive their deaths, so in one episode, a ghost died from drowning, and once a day he drowns again. How do you visualize somebody drowning in a house? Again, we did some concepts and we ended up shooting the actor in a water tank over a greenscreen and we basically designed a way for him to drown using CG water in two or three places in the show.
"Most of the big effects will be in the later episodes," Rachiele suggests. "But there's a nice morph in the first episode of Josh when he becomes a wolf, but you don't see the end of his transformation. We zoom in on his face where his nose is very obvious and hair grows into a near werewolf. We cut just before the final stage.
"Another interesting shot is where he's in the woods on all fours and we see his rear and human legs becoming wolf-like. But it's in the middle of the transformation. We built a complete snout in 3D and we motion tracked the actor's face and added our CG on it. Episode 10 will have lots of animation with a wolf fight."
Bill Desowitz is senior editor of AWN & VFXWorld.
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Larry, Mandy and John live in a small Australian town with little hope for the future, until the day they discover the memoir of W. J. Thompson, an early explorer with a convict past, all but forgotten by historians. Folded in with the memoir is something that looks like a treasure map, and soon the hunt is on. But Thompson was more than what he seemed, and there are others after the book and the secrets it contains. Secrets that begin to influence the entire country as the trio race to the mysterious interior of...
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Thompson's Treasure
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• BN ID: 2940000114513
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• Publication date: 5/16/2007
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Chapter One--The Bag
"This is your 'great haul'?" Mandy Graham was a woman you looked at twice, if only to be sure that she hadn't just called you a wanker under her breath. The chances were that she had. She was only nineteen years old.
"It's antique, all of it." Lawrence Billings shared a mother with Mandy, and also a certain sense of entitlement to other people's goods. Right now he was on his knees in the back of their dilapidated old van, pawing through a cardboard box with a faint air of desperation.
"It's junk, Larry. You've been caught twice already, and even this load of rubbish could send you down for quite a stretch. The judge is getting sick of you, and I can't say I blame him."
"Shows what you know. This stuff could be worth a fortune. To the right people." He sat back and chewed on his thumbnail. "We'll see what Johnny has to say about it."
Mandy shrugged and climbed into the back of the van with her half-brother. She ripped open a random box, and pulled out what appeared to be a metal star with a handle. She rolled the points across her palm a few times and held up the offending instrument.
"What the fuck is this anyway?"
"It's a..." Larry eyed the thing dubiously, "...an early colonial pastry pricker?"
"You're a prick," she said absentmindedly, flicking the iron star with a painted fingernail and watching it spin.
"He's actually not too far off." John had the sharp, hungry look of a low level predator, or a scavenger. In his youth he had suffered from acne, which had pitted the skin of his face like the surface of the moon. "This is for leatherworking," he said, as Mandy handed over the instrument wordlessly. "You ranthis over the leather and it punched holes in it so you could sew. Or it might have been used for cloth."
"Well, blow me, how did you know that?"
John shrugged. "I just do. What the hell is all this stuff? Mandy tells me you've gone out for a 'large haul' and you bring me a sewing kit?"
"This isn't just a sewing kit. Some country museum or something was moving, and a few boxes went astray. Jesus, they were just sitting there--I couldn't ignore that."
"Maybe they were leaving it out for the garbage collector." Mandy rolled her eyes and hopped out of the van, her thongs slapping against the greasy concrete of the trio's garage.
"Look, I saw an opportunity and I took it. What have you done recently besides cash your dole cheque?"
"I've been looking for a job." She folded her arms across her chest.
"Yeah, in all the wrong places. Face it, there's only one job you're qualified for."
"Well, you'd be the expert," she said derisively, "or maybe you're not, considering you spend all your time trying to work out how to grow up like Johnny."
"Leave me out of this," John said, absently poking through the box Mandy had opened.
"Listen, Johnny and me, we're going places. We know opportunity when we see it. And maybe there won't be room for hangers-on."
"The only place I see you guys going is the tip." Mandy turned and walked outside, her black ponytail swinging between her shoulder blades. I feel that I'm in Mandy's POV here, but then she leaves and I switch. Can you figure out whose POV you're in and sorta stick with it
"What the fuck's her problem anyway?" Larry gestured angrily.
"You tell me," John replied in a carefully neutral tone of voice.
"So," Larry bent down and looked into the box, "any good?"
"Well I don't know, do I? And the only people who would know are the ones you stole it from." John sighed and rested his arms of the edges of the box. "Nobody gives a fuck about this stuff. If you'd found an Egyptian pharaoh or something we'd be laughing, but the government has to pay people to be interested in this junk."
"You're right. Want me to take it to the tip?"
"No, we'll go through it anyway. Maybe we'll find a gold nugget or something."
"Yeah, right." Larry looked around at the boxes in dismay. "What should I be looking for anyway?"
"Jewellery, silverware, large lumps of gold, electronic equipment in good condition..."
"Yeah, thanks mate, real helpful." Larry winced as he got off his knees.
"Well, good luck," John nodded and slouched away.
"Wait, you're not going to help?"
"You brought it in; it's your opportunity to grab. You could always get Mandy to help." His voice grew fainter as he wandered outside, and soon Larry heard him start up his bike.
* * * *
Several hours later Mandy and John were at opposite ends of their decaying lounge, John listlessly watching the football and Mandy pulling bits of stuffing out of a hole in the armrest. She glanced over at a third serving of spaghetti sitting untouched in the saucepan on the stove.
"How long is he going to sulk out there anyway?"
John glanced up from the television. "Dunno. He'll get hungry sooner or later."
"That boy is so stubborn." She frowned and returned to her dissection of the lounge.
"He's three years older than you, isn't he?"
"He's still very immature." She rolled her eyes.
John shook his head and muted the commentary. "What's been your problem lately? You've been sniping at each other all the bloody time."
She shrugged, making the butterfly tattoo at her collarbone wrinkle. "I dunno. He just irritates me, and that makes me want to irritate him. And I'm sick of him following you around like you were Jesus or something."
"Me? What?"
"He thinks you're successful. Just 'cause you've organised a few decent scams."
"I take it you don't share his opinion," he said, slightly coldly.
"I have yet to meet a successful man. The minute I do..." she flicked her fingers, "...I'm outta here, baby."
John turned the sound back on and folded his arms. Mandy watched the game in silence for a few minutes. Eventually she sighed and got to her feet. "I'm gonna go make sure he hasn't fallen asleep or something."
John didn't reply.
* * * *
"How's it going?" Mandy rubbed her bare arms as she picked her way around the piles of esoteric artefacts Larry had carelessly tossed on the garage floor.
"As well as you'd expected," Larry said, in a cranky tone, from amongst the unexamined piles in the van.
"Dinner's ready, you know."
"So you said earlier."
"Christ, Larry, I'm sorry, all right? Is that what you wanted to hear?"
"Are you out here to help or what?" Larry deigned to peer around the back of the van.
"Do I have to?" she asked.
Larry rolled his eyes. "Didn't see that one coming." He stepped out of the van and winced as he straightened; his back clicked in several places. In his hand was an old leather satchel.
"What's in there?" Mandy asked.
"Probably nothing." He opened it none-too-carefully and ratted around inside. "A book; old bottle of ink, just junk."
He tossed the bag at Mandy, who caught it by its flapping lid. He looked around at the mess he'd made of the garage and ran his fingers through his dirty blond hair.
"I don't get it, Mandy. This stuff is crap." He shook his head at Mandy's I-told-you-so look. "Nah, I mean, given that most of this museum stuff is crap, this is like, crap of crap. You know what I mean?"
"Okay." He bent down and picked up an object near his feet. "You know what this is?"
"I'm not stupid, it's a frying pan."
"Yeah, and it's positively dripping with historical significance. Only, you know, not."
"But it--"
"Nah," he interrupted her, "it's all like this. Rolls of linen bandages, complete cutlery sets, pitchforks, copies of the Bible; you could find this stuff in any junkshop in the country."
"Maybe it was meant for the tip. Or a junkshop." Mandy shrugged, feeling obscurely guilty.
Larry's shoulders drooped and he let the offending frying pan fall to the floor. "Yeah, it was packaged up so well, I just thought--ah, never mind. I'll give it a rest for tonight; hopefully my dinner won't be totally ruined."
Mandy slung the bag over her shoulder and trotted out after him. "You're the one who wanted to stay out here. You'll probably want to heat it up again."
Once inside, she dumped the bag on the kitchen table, telling Larry to sit and let her reheat his belated dinner. Larry wandered into the living room and collapsed on the couch.
"Any luck?" John didn't take his eyes off the game.
"Not really, no."
John nodded. "It's a good game."
"You stole my seat." Mandy smacked Larry lightly on the head as she handed him his dinner.
"Since when do you care about football?"
Mandy wandered back into the kitchen, and called back, "Hey, who's going to do the dishes?"
"Well, since you're in there." John's voice floated back to her, accompanied by Larry's chuckle.
Mandy started collecting up various cups and dishes and piling them next to the sink. She was going to start running the water when her eye caught on the reflection in the window, of the table and the old leather bag. On a whim she turned and sat down at the wobbly table and pulled the bag towards her.
Larry had been correct; the contents of the bag looked worthless. Mandy pulled out a little case that contained a scratch-pen and several spare nibs, a vial of what was once presumably ink, an aged compass with a cracked face, a set of draughtsman's tools and a funny little hammer. That left only the book.
Mandy pulled it out and looked at it. There was no writing on the cover or spine, merely marks and scratches in the leather. It was obviously pretty old, but it had been sturdily bound, and was in no danger of falling apart.
"I'm holding history," she told herself as the sound of cheering crowds seeped in from the next room. Someone had scored a goal. History, Mandy felt, wasn't that exciting. Still, it couldn't be less exciting than a football match.
She opened the book. It didn't fall apart in her hands, although she did flinch when a folded sheet of paper fell out of it. She ignored that for the moment and read the flyleaf.
"This is a memoir of W. J. Thompson, written in the year of Our Lord eighteen seventy-five. I have come to this land a humble servant of God," she mumbled to herself as she deciphered the unusual script.
She shivered and glanced behind her, for a moment viscerally certain that someone was reading over her shoulder. There was no one there, and she met her own startled gaze, reflected, ghost-like, in the window above the sink.
She shook her head and muttered, "Crazy." Still, she turned her attention to the slip of paper that had fallen onto the table in front of her, closing the book firmly. Setting the book aside, she unfolded the paper carefully, as it was a lot frailer than the thick leaves of the book. She unfolded it once, twice, three times and she realised that it was a lot larger than she thought. She kept unfolding the paper until it covered over half the table.
"It's a map." Gently she flattened it out, trying to work out just what it was a map of. There was a township marked "Sanctuary" and several spots, apparently at random, called 'H.S.', and followed by a name. Whoever had drawn the map, presumably W. J. Thompson, had been very thorough, with elevations of little hills carefully marked. There were also boundaries of properties marked in, and Mandy decided that 'H.S.' must have stood for 'homestead'. The map would have covered a huge area, Mandy realised, and she boggled at the fact that one man had apparently covered it all.
There were a series of little dots spread over a corner of the map, which served no apparent purpose. She pored over the map, but the cartographer had neglected to add a key. Mandy went back to the corner again, maybe there was something she had missed--yes, there was something there. It had been written over drawing of some hills and she squinted to read the words.
"Oh, my god."
"Oh, my! Guys, get in here, now!" Mandy called insistently.
"It's not another spider is it?" Larry called back, obviously reluctant to leave the game.
"Get your arses in here, now! Both of you!"
Mandy heard the television snap off.
"Let's see what her problem is then," John said.
Mandy heard the two men enter the kitchen. She rubbed nervously at her neck, not looking up.
"What's the hell's this?" Larry walked around and peered over her shoulder.
"It's a map."
"We can see that," John said. "Where'd you get it?"
"It was in the book, in the bag." She nodded at the leather satchel. She bit her lip nervously before continuing. "I think it's a treasure map."
"A treasure map?" Larry snorted incredulously.
John held up his hand. "Why do you think it's a treasure map? 'X marks the spot'?"
"No, look at the writing down here." She lightly traced a finger along the tiny inked marks. "'An untapped fortune lies here. Something-something by the grace of God.'"
"Hmm..." John was looking through the bag, and he drew out the little hammer. "Geologist's or prospector's hammer."
"So this thing could be real?" Greed lit up Larry's eyes.
"Hold your horses, how old is this thing?"
"The book's a diary for eighteen seventy-five," Mandy replied promptly.
"So, 'untapped' back then might not be 'untapped' now. What're the odds someone else has already found whatever this fortune is?"
"We can't just ignore this, Johnny," Mandy said.
"I'm not suggesting we ignore it, but I do think we should think before we splash in with both feet. Who is this guy anyway?"
"W. J. Thompson." Mandy pursed her lips. "I've never heard of him."
"Well, what's this a map of?" John tapped the geologist's hammer against his palm.
"A town called Sanctuary and bunch of homesteads. There's nothing on the map; no latitude or longitude."
"He probably didn't know what they were when he started the map."
"Guys, aren't you forgetting something here?" Larry broke in. "Who brought this map home? You could give me just a little credit."
Mandy rolled her eyes. "It was sheer luck it was in here. And if I hadn't looked in the bag you'd have tossed it away. There could be a dozen treasure maps you've overlooked in our garage."
"Give it a rest, both of you." John picked up the book. "Maybe there's a clue in here. We don't even know what the map is referring to. It could be gold or gems or anything really."
"Aboriginal artefacts?" Mandy suggested.
"Huh," Larry stretched, "that kind of treasure is worse than no treasure at all. The Abos'll declare it a sacred site, no one will ever see it again and you'll be lucky not to get your ass hauled into court for laying white eyes on their tribal finger-paintings."
"Then let's hope that's not what Mister Thompson meant." John picked up a corner of the map. "So how does this fold up?"
* * * *
Larry left the other two trying to work out how to fold the map up again. He wandered back into the garage and looked at the pieces of history strewn all over the floor. Despite what Mandy had said, he didn't think he'd missed anything else of importance; he didn't remember seeing any books other than the ubiquitous bibles.
"God, Australian history's just designed to make you feel guilty, innit?" He prowled about the piles of junk, occasionally nudging something with his toe. He vaguely remembered what he had learnt at school; there was the First Fleet, then the gold rush, and then the Anzacs. And some explorers in between who usually went mad, if he recalled correctly.
And then when you got out of school you got to hear all the people complaining about the Aboriginals. He usually changed the channel. As far as he was concerned, authority was obsessed with trying to make the ordinary people feel guilty. He scowled as he remembered Mandy's father yelling at him, and the thin-lipped lectures that his teachers gave him. This nation wasn't built on courage, or mateship, it was all about the guilt.
Fuck them, he thought, they worked so hard to make him miserable, it was about time he got something back. Despite Johnny's attempts to be rational, Larry believed. This was going to get them out of the rut they'd always been in. This was the start of something big; he could feel it. Well, Johnny could play historian if he wanted, and Larry knew that Mandy wasn't one for practicalities, so it was up to him to get this show on the road. With renewed enthusiasm he attacked the boxes remaining in the truck, all thoughts of the game forgotten.
* * * *
John and Mandy had eventually gotten the map refolded and had spent some time discussing how best to preserve it. Mandy suggested photocopying, but John had his doubts that the fine detail of the map would show up. Not to mention the possibility of destroying the map itself. He'd suggested tracing and Mandy had asked him if he were volunteering. With no conclusion reached, Mandy had put the map in a freezer bag and placed it back in the diary, which was now sitting on John's bed.
John could hear Larry ratting around in the garage, and Mandy doing the dishes in the kitchen. All commonplace sounds in this house, now overlaid with a sense of urgency and excitement. As much as he tried to resist it, John was starting to catch it, too.
He looked back at the diary and tried to picture this Thompson. A typical founding father image formed in his mind, all bushy beard and weathered skin, a prospector eking out a living in a harsh and unfamiliar land.
John kicked off his shoes and lay back on the bed. He carefully took out the map and placed it on the bedside table, then turned the page to meet W. J. Thompson for the first time.
This is a memoir of W. J. Thompson written in the year of Our Lord eighteen seventy-five. I have come to this land a humble servant of God.
"...Larry?" John peered forward to look out his door to the hallway beyond.
"Ow! Fuck!" Larry's voice was still coming from the garage.
"Are you all right?" Mandy called from the kitchen.
"I just dropped this stupid ... thing. I'm fine."
John shook his head and started reading.
The following being a chronicle of the life of one William James Thompson, humble servant of God and the Crown for the year 1875. (I think it looks better to have it numerical but Sandy is the last word on that)
For this to be a true and complete chronicle, I must detail the series of events that destined me for this post in South Australia, and drove me to do God's work in this hostile land.
For I was born the son of a leatherworker in the year of our Lord 1827. I received education and instruction in the word of God from the nuns at St. Mary's Parish Church for seven years. Lord forgive the young man who did so often commit minor offence in thy very own house. Just was the punishment meted out to me by the Brides of Christ.
"I hope the whole book isn't like this," John sighed. No doubt everyone was a religious maniac back then, but it didn't make for the most interesting reading. He skipped ahead a few pages, as the writer had listed in great detail the various religious revelations he had received from the nuns.
John was about to give up on his reading for the night, as the prose was sending him to sleep when the handwriting abruptly changed.
I had been working for my father for nearly five years when the Devil did whisper words of temptation in my ear, and I did commit the deadly sin of Greed. Despite my lack of learning, I had enough native wit to keep one step ahead of the magistrate for a goodly number of months.
It was here that the writing changed dramatically, the carefully formed letters loosened as if the writer had ceased to pay as much attention to what he was saying.
Me and Greg'ry worked out a scheme whereby certain well-heeled gents could be persuaded to part with their coin. If a gentleman with a reputation for gambling were to pay a visit to one of our many haunts, Greg'ry and I would arrange to argue about the proceeds of an invented card game, in which we contrived to imply we had a foolproof method of ensuring a return.
By the end of the year 1851, our act was enough to convince seven of ten who heard it that our argument was genuine. Thinking themselves clever, they would threaten to report our crimes, and we would pretend to be afraid, and we would offer them a cut of our winnings to ensure silence. We would let a certain amount of money line their pocket and eventually their greed was such that they would hand over their coin for us to procure greater winnings. At this point we would vanish, having taken care to use different names each time.
John chuckled. "What a classic scam. Thompson must have been a hell of a talker."
It had to end sometime, and on the twelfth day of February, 1852, the law finally caught up with us. We had always taken care to choose those who had money to lose, and were used to losing it, or we tried to. It was inevitable that we'd make a mistake sometime, and eventually we gulled a man who couldn't afford it. To save his own skin he expended every effort to see us caught, and his desperation landed us in the dock.
We were both sentenced to transportation to the colony in Western Australia, and none of our practiced words were any defence against that awful fate. Although at that time we had no idea what lay in store for us in the new land, we vowed to go with our heads high and make the best of it. Our plan was to return to England in triumph, and to buy our way back into the motherland's good graces with colonial gold. We had heard stories of the massive nuggets found in New South Wales and other places, and we had a mind to find some gold of our own.
John put the book away, after carefully putting the map back inside the front cover. So Thompson was interested in finding gold. It was no guarantee that that was what he actually had found, but it was a heartening scrap of information none-the-less. John decided that it was probably safest to keep the book in the bag it had resided in for over a century, and, feet bare, he padded back to the kitchen.
Mandy had presumably gone to bed, but Larry was still out in the garage. After putting the book back in the bag John went out to see what had kept him up so late.
"You've been out here for hours, what on earth are you doing?" John glanced around the garage. Larry had apparently packed up quite a lot of the stuff and there was a neat stack of boxes next to the van.
"Oh, well, I went through the rest of it." Larry emerged from the van, running his fingers through his hair. "And I've started sorting it and repackaging it."
"Well, I figured we could try and send to a junk shop. Murphy knows us, he's not gonna ask where it came from."
"He's not going to give us much of a price for it either. You're right though; we should at least try and make something out of it."
"And the more I thought about it," Larry shuffled his foot uncomfortably, "the more it didn't seem right just to dump it. The least we owe Thompson is trying to find a home for his stuff."
"It's probably not his stuff, you know."
"Yeah, but it feels like it is. You know?"
"I know." John nodded. "So you're raring to go, eh? Off to see the outback and find us some treasure."
"I know you'll think it's stupid. But you know what I said about opportunities? I think this could be real, I mean, it's not some museum prop. What did Thompson have to say in his diary anyway?"
"He's a con artist," John replied.
Larry's face fell. "So it's a fake? A genuine fake?"
"I wouldn't say that exactly. What would he have to gain by keeping a fake treasure map in his bag? And why is it so oddly-worded?"
"So..." Larry trailed off expectantly.
"His writing's worse than Mandy's; I didn't get very far. But he was conning people by pretending he could guarantee making money at cards. That's why he was sent over here."
"He did all that in a year?"
"No, it's a memoir, not an actual diary. He's probably put his whole life in there. Maybe he could only afford one journal, or it was like his last act at the end of his life or something."
"So, nothing about the treasure yet?"
"He and his friend hoped they would find gold apparently. Although that was just because they'd heard about it back in England."
"So, it could be a gold mine?"
"It could be. Or it could be your famous Aboriginal paintings. What we need to do," John held up a finger for emphasis, "is to try and find what the map is of. Try and find this Sanctuary town, and see if anyone else has already dug up the treasure."
"So you're going to the library tomorrow?"
"Or Mandy is. You're right about one thing; if we are going to do this we're going to need money. You can't just hop in the car and drive to the outback. You need supplies and shit."
"But we can't tell anyone else."
"Right. It's just us three. 'Cause if word leaks out ... people go really funny when they hear the word 'treasure'."
"Okay, I'll get rid of this stuff tomorrow. I'll just pack up the last bit."
"You might want to give Murphy a ring beforehand. So he can clear enough space at least."
Larry nodded. "Wake me up before you go tomorrow morning if I'm still asleep."
"You know," John looked back at the stack of boxes, "I don't think Thompson would have minded. The way we found his map, I mean. I think he'd have found it funny."
"He sounds like a decent bloke after all."
"I'll reserve judgement until we find that treasure. 'Night Larry."
* * * *
The next morning John opened Larry's door on his way out and lobbed a boot at his sleeping friend.
"Get out of bed, you lazy bastard. Mandy's already gone. If Murphy gives you any money don't spend it."
"Whazzamatter?" Larry sat up and rubbed his hand over his face, but all he heard was the screen door slamming itself shut and John revving his motorcycle.
Larry wandered into the kitchen and as his toast was cooking he dialled Murphy's number from memory.
"Hey, mate, how's business?"
Murphy's voice, roughened by a twenty-year forty a day habit, reverberated tinnily in Larry's ear. "Not too bad, mate, yourself?"
"Yeah, I might have some stuff for you. Bit uhh..." Larry scratched his head, "a bit different from the usual."
"Are you in some kind of trouble?" Murphy asked in such a way as to imply the answer 'yes' would lead to the conversation being cut short.
"Nah, nothing like that. I just picked up some boxes of stuff. You know, recycling."
"I hear ya. Okay, so what have you got?"
"Well, it's ... it's antique stuff. Spoons and sugar bowls and stuff that's so old I dunno what it was used for."
"Doesn't sound like your usual thing."
"Things have been a little odd. But look, if you don't need the stuff just say, man. It's no skin off my back."
"No, no. I'll take the stuff. I might even have a buyer." Groom has already approached Murphy, looking to buy historical 'junk'. I think he might not say this at this point. He hasn't even looked at the stuff yet, unless Larry mentions an article or two. This way, it makes it sound like Murphy already knows what is in the boxes.
"Well, there's a decent load in the back of the van. How much are we talking?"
"Well, I can't really say ... about two hundred?"
"That's the best you can do?" Larry carefully injected a note of disappointment into his tone.
"Uhh ... look. Two-fifty? I can't see it worth my while going much higher than that."
"All right, Murphy. I'll call around and see if I get any better offers, but you know you're always the first one I call."
"Yeah, mate."
Larry disconnected and looked at the ceiling with its dusty spider webs. "A buyer, eh? Lucky." He grinned to himself and made breakfast. Map or no map, he'd made more of a profit than he'd expected. He'd let Murphy sit for an hour or so and then call him back, he decided. There was no point in appearing too eager.
Humming cheerfully he wandered back to the garage to load up the van.
"Don't worry, Thommo," he said to himself, "I got a good deal." He shivered and glanced around the garage. "I'm glad you agree," he said, a bit more quietly.
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The Falklands War: Key dates
• 30 March 2012
• From the section UK
Thirty years ago Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, which had been held by Britain for 150 years, leading to a short but bloody war.
Here are the key dates in the conflict.
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This programme is not currently available on BBC iPlayer
Immortal? A Horizon Guide to Ageing
Is there any way to slow or even prevent the ravages of time? Veteran presenter Johnny Ball looks back over the 45 years that Horizon - and he - have been on air to find out what science has learned about how and why we grow old. Charting developments from macabre early claims of rejuvenation to the latest cutting-edge breakthroughs, Johnny discovers the sense of a personal mission that drives many scientists and asks whether we are really any closer to achieving the dream of immortality.
1 hour
Last on
Thu 29 Nov 2012 02:00
Role Contributor
ProducerBen Wilson
PresenterJohnny Ball
Executive ProducerSacha Baveystock
Added. Check out your playlist Dismiss
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Compare Translations for 2 Kings 20:20
Commentaries For 2 Kings 20
• Chapter 20
Hezekiah's sickness, His recovery in answer to prayer. (1-11) Hezekiah shows his treasures to the ambassadors from Babylon, His death. (12-21)
Verses 1-11 Hezekiah was sick unto death, in the same year in which the king of Assyria besieged Jerusalem. A warning to prepare for death was brought to Hezekiah by Isaiah. Prayer is one of the best preparations for death, because by it we fetch in strength and grace from God, to enable us to finish well. He wept sorely: some gather from hence that he was unwilling to die; it is in the nature of man to dread the separation of soul and body. There was also something peculiar in Hezekiah's case; he was now in the midst of his usefulness. Let Hezekiah's prayer, see Isa 38. interpret his tears; in that is nothing which is like his having been under that fear of death, which has bondage or torment. Hezekiah's piety made his sick-bed easy. "O Lord, remember now;" he does not speak as if God needed to be put in mind of any thing by us; nor, as if the reward might be demanded as due; it is Christ's righteousness only that is the purchase of mercy and grace. Hezekiah does not pray, Lord, spare me; but, Lord, remember me; whether I live or die, let me be thine. God always hears the prayers of the broken in heart, and will give health, length of days, and temporal deliverances, as much and as long as is truly good for them. Means were to be used for Hezekiah's recovery; yet, considering to what a height the disease was come, and how suddenly it was checked, the cure was miraculous. It is our duty, when sick, to use such means as are proper to help nature, else we do not trust God, but tempt him. For the confirmation of his faith, the shadow of the sun was carried back, and the light was continued longer than usual, in a miraculous manner. This work of wonder shows the power of God in heaven as well as on earth, the great notice he takes of prayer, and the great favour he bears to his chosen.
• CHAPTER 20
2 Kings 20:1-7 . HEZEKIAH'S LIFE LENGTHENED.
2. he turned his face to the wall--not like Ahab ( 1 Kings 21:4 ), in fretful discontent, but in order to secure a better opportunity for prayer.
4. afore Isaiah was gone out into the middle court--of the royal castle.
20. pool and a
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Gaining Weight for Money?
Featured BlogHer Network Post
[Editor's Note: When I found out that Donna Simpson was gaining weight to try to break the Guinness World Record and making money for doing so on her blog, I was sad. But when I found out she was involving her very young daughter in the experience, I was mad. See what The Mouthy Housewives had to say. -Rita]
Mouthing Off: A 700 Pound Woman Tries to Eat Her Way Into the Guinness Book of World Records
I could live with all of this because this is America and people are allowed to do pretty much what they want to themselves until they get a reality show but this woman has a 4-year-old daughter. And this daughter apparently shops with her, helps her prepare food, and feeds her so that she can get her 15,000 calories a day.
Read the full post at The Mouthy Housewives
grill meat
Credit Image: D'Arcy Norman on Flickr
Read more from Gaining Weight for Money? at Mouthy Housewives
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Blood Journal
Leading the way in experimental and clinical research in hematology
Oxygen-dependent ATF-4 stability is mediated by the PHD3 oxygen sensor
1. Jens Köditz1,
2. Jutta Nesper2,
3. Marieke Wottawa1,
4. Daniel P. Stiehl3,
5. Gieri Camenisch3,
6. Corinna Franke2,
7. Johanna Myllyharju4,
8. Roland H. Wenger3, and
9. Dörthe M. Katschinski1
1. 1Department of Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;
2. 2Cell Physiology Group, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle, Halle, Germany;
3. 3Institute of Physiology and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; and
4. 4Collagen Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
The activating transcription factor-4 (ATF-4) is translationally induced under anoxic conditions, mediates part of the unfolded protein response following endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and is a critical regulator of cell fate. Here, we identified the zipper II domain of ATF-4 to interact with the oxygen sensor prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3). The PHD inhibitors dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) and hypoxia, or proteasomal inhibition, all induced ATF-4 protein levels. Hypoxic induction of ATF-4 was due to increased protein stability, but was independent of the ubiquitin ligase von Hippel–Lindau protein (pVHL). A novel oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain was identified adjacent to the zipper II domain. Mutations of 5 prolyl residues within this ODD domain or siRNA-mediated down-regulation of PHD3, but not of PHD2, was sufficient to stabilize ATF-4 under normoxic conditions. These data demonstrate that PHD-dependent oxygen-sensing recruits both the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and ATF-4 systems, and hence not only confers adaptive responses but also cell fate decisions.
When O2 delivery is impaired, the resulting hypoxia activates homeostatic mechanisms at the systemic and cellular level.1 This response involves changes in gene expression mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), the master transcription factor of oxygen-regulated genes. HIF-1 is a heterodimeric protein comprising the oxygen-sensitive α-subunit (HIF-1α, or the more cell-type–specifically expressed HIF-2α) and the oxygen-insensitive β-subunit.2 Oxygen-regulated gene expression involves binding of HIF to cis-regulatory hypoxia response elements (HREs) of HIF target genes such as erythropoietin or vascular endothelial growth factor.3 The molecular basis for the hypoxia-induced stability and activity of HIF-1α and HIF-2α is the O2-dependent hydroxylation of distinct prolyl residues.46 A family of oxygen-, iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent prolyl-4-hydroxylases has been described recently to hydroxylate the oxygen-labile α subunits of HIF-1 and HIF-2.5,7,8 This family consists of 3 members called prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) 1, PHD2, PHD3, or HIF prolyl hydroxylase (HPH) 3, HPH2, and HPH1, respectively.4,5 Following prolyl-4-hydroxylation of the critical prolyl residues under normoxic conditions, the ubiquitin ligase von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) recognizes HIFα subunits and targets them for rapid ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.9 Binding of pVHL strictly requires prior modification of human HIF-1α and HIF-2α by prolyl-4-hydroxylation at prolines 402 and 564 or prolines 405 or 531, respectively.10,11 Limited oxygen supply prevents HIFα hydroxylation and degradation.12 In addition to protein stability, oxygen-dependent C-terminal asparagine hydroxylation of HIFα by factor-inhibiting HIF (FIH) prevents transcriptional cofactor recruitment, thereby fine-tuning HIF-1 activity after a further decrease in oxygen availability.13 Most interestingly, in addition to HIFα, ankyrin repeats present in IκB and NF-κB family members have recently been described to be hydroxylated by FIH, demonstrating that hydroxylation is not restricted to the HIF signaling pathway.14
Besides similarities in the hydroxylation reaction in vitro, the 3 PHDs differ in their ability to hydroxylate HIF-1α in vivo and in their organ-specific expression pattern.1517 Moreover, the phenotypes of PHD knock-out mice demonstrate divergent roles of the 3 PHDs during embryonic development.18 These data indicate that under physiologic conditions, PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3 mediate different, probably even HIF-independent, oxygen-regulated signal transduction pathways.
By searching for novel targets of PHD3 using yeast 2-hybrid technology, we identified activating transcription factor-4 (ATF-4) as a novel interaction partner, and we found that PHD3 confers oxygen-dependent ATF-4 protein stability in a pVHL-independent manner. ATF-4–deficient mice are severely anemic during fetal development, apparently because of an impairment in definitive hematopoiesis.19 In addition, overexpression of ATF-4 near necrotic areas in tumor tissues has been described, suggesting a role of ATF-4 in cancer.20 Since ATF-4 influences DNA repair as well as cell fate decisions via its target genes like GADD153, the presented data may help to understand the physiologic and pathophysiologic role of ATF-4 for hematopoiesis, cancer physiology, and tumor therapy resistance.20
Materials and methods
All cloning work was carried out using Gateway technology (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Full-length ATF-4 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a HeLa cDNA pool. Full-length PHD1–3 was amplified by PCR from plasmids pcDNA3.1PHD1 and pcDNA3.1PHD3 (kindly provided by F. Oehme and I. Flamme, Wuppertal, Germany), or pcDNA3.1HA-PHD2 (kind gift from W. G. Kaelin Jr, Boston, MA). Site-directed mutagenesis or deletion mutants were performed with the ATF-4 entry vector using the QuickChange kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). To generate plasmids expressing fusion proteins, DNA inserts were transferred from entry clones to destination vectors using LR Clonase recombination enzyme mix (Invitrogen). To generate plasmids expressing the Gal4-BD and the Gal4-AD fused to an oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain of interest, PCR-amplified DNA fragments were cloned into the EcoRI-digested pM3VP16 (BD Clontech, Palo Alto, CA). The Gal4 containing luciferase reporter gene vector pGREx5E1bLuc was kindly provided by D. Peet (University of Adelaide, Australia).
Yeast 2-hybrid analyis
Yeast 2-hybrid analyses were performed using the ProQuest 2-hybrid system by following the manufacturer's recommendations (Invitrogen). Full-length PHD3 fused to the Gal4-BD was expressed from pDEST32-PHD3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain MaV203 (Invitrogen). To test for self-activity, cotransformants of pDEST32-PHD3 and pExpAD502, encoding the Gal4-AD, were tested on selection plates. A ProQuest human brain cDNA library was transformed into MaV203 pDEST32-PHD3, and transformants were screened on synthetic drop-out medium lacking tryptophan, leucine, and histidine, as well as 10 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT; Sigma, St Louis, MO). Positive clones were further assayed for growth on synthetic dropout medium lacking tryptophan, leucine, and uracil, and for β-galactosidase activity, to characterize the strength of the interaction. The pExpAD502 plasmids encoding putative PHD3-interacting proteins were isolated, retested for interaction, and checked for self-activity. Inserts of confirmed interactors were sequenced to ensure in-frame coding sequence with the activation domain of Gal4.
Protein analysis
Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and detected by immunoblotting. Antibodies used were mouse anti–HIF-1α (Transduction Laboratories, Franklin Lakes, NJ), rabbit anti–maltose-binding protein (MBP) (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA), mouse anti–β-actin (Sigma), mouse anti-V5 (Invitrogen), rabbit anti–ATF-4 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), rabbit anti-PHD2 (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom), and rabbit anti-PHD3 (Abcam). Immunocomplexes were detected by using horseradish-conjugated goat anti-rabbit or goat anti-mouse antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and incubation of the membranes with 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.5), 2.65 mM H2O2, 0.45 mM lumin, and 0.625 mM coumaric acid for 1 minute, followed by exposure to X-ray films (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) or detection of the signal with the LAS3000 camera system (Fiji Film Europe, Düsseldorf, Germany).
Protein expression and purification
MBP fusion proteins were expressed in the Escherichia coli strain TB1 (New England Biolabs) transformed with pMal-c2x or derivatives and purified using the MBP purification system according to the manufacturer's instructions (New England Biolabs). His-PHD3 was purified from insect cells as described previously.21
In vitro pull-downs
Purified MBP–ATF-4 fusion protein (10 μg) was bound in buffer 1 (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], and 200 mM NaCl) to bovine serum albumin (BSA)–blocked amylose-resin (New England Biolabs) for 1 hour at 4°C. Bound proteins were incubated with His-PHD3 in 500 μL 10 mM Na-phosphate, (pH 7.0), 5 mM MgCl2, 100 mM NaCl, 100 μM FeSO4, and 0.1 mg/mL BSA for 1 hour at 30°C. The resins were washed 5 times, and bound proteins were eluted with SDS-PAGE loading buffer and subjected to immunoblot analysis.
Cell culture
HeLa cells were cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, 50 U/mL penicillin G, and 50 μg/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen) in a humidified 5% CO2, 95% air atmosphere at 37°C. For hypoxic conditions, O2 levels were decreased to 0.2% or 1% O2 with N2 in an oxygen-controlled incubator (Binder, Tuttlingen, Germany). TS-20 cells are derivatives of 3T3 fibroblasts, which harbor a temperature-sensitive defect in the E1 ubiquitin–activating enzyme.22,23 H38–5 cells are reconstituted with a wild-type allele of the E1 enzyme. Both cell lines were kindly provided by C. Borner (Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research, Freiburg, Germany). In some experiments, cells were treated with 10 μM MG132 (Alexis, Grünberg, Germany), 1 mM DMOG (Frontier Scientific, Carnforth, United Kingdom), 20 μg/mL cycloheximide (Sigma), or 300 nM thapsigargin (AppliChem, Darmstadt, Germany) for the indicated time periods.
Transient transfection and luciferase assay
A total of 1 μg pcDNA3.1Dest-V5-ATF-4 or various ATF-4 mutants were transfected together with 0.2 μg pEGFPC1 by calcium phosphate coprecipitation. For luciferase assays, HeLa cells were transfected with 250 ng firefly luciferase reporter vector pATFx2-Luc, containing 2 cAMP response element (CRE) sites (kind gift of T. Hai, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH) or pH3SVL containing 3 HRE sites and 2.5 ng of pRLSV40, encoding renilla luciferase, for internal standardization (Promega, Madison, WI). For transient transfection of the Gal-4BD/Gal-4AD fusion proteins, 62 ng pM3XVP16 was transfected along with 250 ng luciferase reporter vector pGREx5E1bLuc. The total amount of plasmid DNA was adjusted to 1 μg by addition of empty pcDNA3.1 vector (Invitrogen).
Gene silencing by RNAi
The following stealth RNAi (Invitrogen) sequences were used: control siRNA, forward 5′-gcuccggagaacuaccagaguauua-3′; control siRNA, reverse 5′-uaauacucugguaguucuccggagc-3′; PHD2 siRNA, forward 5′-ggacgaaagccaugguugcuuguua-3′; PHD2 siRNA, reverse 5′-uaacaagcaaccauggcuuucgucc-3′; PHD3 siRNA, forward 5′-gcuauccgggaaaugga-acagguua-3′; and PHD3 siRNA, reverse 5′-uaaccuguuccauuucccggauagc-3′. HeLa cells were transfected with 80 nM siRNAs using Lipofectamin 2000 (Invitrogen).
RNA extraction and real-time RT-PCR
After total RNA extraction, reverse transcription was performed with 1 μg of RNA (Fermentas) in a total volume of 20 μL. Subsequently, mRNA expression levels were quantified with 1 μL of cDNA reaction by real-time PCR using a SybrGreen Q-PCR reagent kit (Stratagene) in combination with the MX3000P light cycler (Stratagene). Initial template concentrations of each sample were calculated by comparison with serial dilutions of a calibrated standard. Primers were as follows: PHD2 forward, 5′-gaaagccatggttgcttgtt-3′; PHD2 reverse, 5′-ttgccttctggaaaaattcg-3′; PHD3 forward, 5′-atcgacaggctggtcctcta-3′; PHD3 reverse, 5′-cttggcatcccaattcttgt-3′; ATF-4 forward, 5′-tcaaacctcatgggttctcc-3′; ATF-4 reverse, 5′-gtgtcatccaacgtggtcag-3′; hL28 forward, 5′-gcatctgcaatggatggt-3′; and hL28 reverse, 5′-tgttcttgcggatcatgtgt-3′.
Identification of ATF-4 as a novel PHD-binding protein
To identify novel interaction partners of PHD3 by yeast 2-hybrid analysis, we screened a human brain cDNA library fused to Gal4 activation domain (AD) with full-length PHD3 fused to Gal4 binding domain (BD) as bait. As shown in Figure 1A, the PHD3 bait alone was unable to confer yeast growth. A total of 4 out of 69 prey clones were found to be independent AD fusions to the cDNA of HIF-2α, corresponding to amino acid (aa) 73-870 (Figure 1A), aa 379-870, aa 398-870, and aa 451-870 (data not shown). All 4 HIF-2α clones contain at least the C-terminal part of the ODD domain (aa 404-569) which includes proline 531. This site is known to be modified by PHD3, hence confirming the reliability of our screen.
Figure 1
Interaction of ATF-4 with PHD3. (A) The yeast reporter strain MaV203 expressing Gal4-BD-PHD3 and Gal4-AD-ATF-4 aa 27–351 or Gal4-AD-HIF2α aa 73–870 was assayed for histidine auxotrophy. (B) His-PHD3 expressed in insect cells is captured by immobilized MBP–ATF-4. Antibodies against MBP or PHD3 were used for immunoblot detection as indicated. (C) HeLa cells were cotransfected with a firefly luciferase reporter gene plasmid driven by HREs together with a constitutively expressed renilla luciferase control vector as depicted and the expression plasmids pcDNA3.1HIF-2α, pcDNA3.1PHD3, or pcDNA3.1V5-ATF-4. After 24 hours, HeLa cells were lysed and analyzed for firefly (FL) and renilla luciferase (RL) activities. (D) HeLa cells were cotransfected with an HRE-driven firefly luciferase reporter gene plasmid and a constitutively expressed renilla luciferase control vector as in panel C and the empty control vector pcDNA3.1 or the expression plasmid pcDNA3.1V5ATF-4. Subsequently, cells were incubated at 20% O2 or 1% O2 for 24 hours, lysed, and analyzed for firefly and renilla luciferase activities (C,D). Shown are mean values of the FL/RL ratios (± SD) of 3 independent experiments.
An additional 4 prey clones derived from this screen corresponded to ATF-4 fusion proteins encompassing ATF-4 (National Center for Biotechnology information data base24 accession number NM 001675) aa 27-351 (Figure 1A), aa 42-351, aa 51-351, and aa 83-351 (data not shown). No other proteins of the ATF/CREB family were identified in this screen. No protein-protein interaction was found in further yeast 2-hybrid analyses using PHD1, PHD2, or FIH fused to Gal4-BD together with full-length ATF-4 fused to Gal4-AD (data not shown). ATF-4 comprises 2 zipper domains: a C-terminal basic leucine zipper as well as a zipper II. Through its C-terminal basic leucine zipper domain, it dimerizes with members of either the ATF/CREB family or other basic leucine zipper transcription factor families like c-Fos or c-Jun.25 The zipper II as the main PHD3-interaction domain was verified by lack of interaction of the ATF-4 zipper II deletion mutants (ATF-4Δ aa 89-125 and ATF-4Δ aa 89-181) with PHD3 (Figure 2).
Figure 2
Mapping the PHD3 binding domain of ATF-4. (A) Schematic drawing of the protein domains of ATF-4. Arrows (27, 42, 51, and 83) indicate the insertion of the 4 independent ATF-4 prey-clones identified by yeast 2-hybrid screening of the human brain cDNA library with PHD3 as bait. (B) Yeast reporter strain MaV203 expressing Gal4-BD-PHD3 and various domains of ATF-4 as Gal4-AD-fusions was assayed for histidine and uracil auxotrophy. (C) Yeast reporter strain MaV203 expressing Gal4-BD-PHD3 and various deletion variants of ATF-4 as Gal4-AD fusions was assayed for histidine and uracil auxotrophy.
The binding of full-length ATF-4 to PHD3 was shown in vitro by MBP pull-down assays (Figure 1B). Likewise, ATF-4 tagged with the V5-epitope synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte lysates bound to a bacterially expressed MBP-PHD3 fusion protein (data not shown). In contrast to the recently described WD-repeat protein mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) organizer (Morg)–1, which affects HIF-1 most likely via modulation of PHD3 activity,26 ATF-4 did not influence PHD activity and thereby HIF stability/activity, as determined by HIF-dependent reporter gene assays after coexpression of HIF-2α and PHD3 (Figure 1C). We additionally excluded an effect of ATF-4 on the HRE-driven luciferase activity by coexpressing ATF-4 together with the reporter gene plasmid at 20% or 1% oxygen. (Figure 1D).
Hypoxia and PHD inhibitors stabilize ATF-4
Previous reports have established a regulatory mechanism for translational control of ATF-4 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, amino acid starvation, and anoxia.27 Exposing HeLa cells to the ER stress–inducing agent thapsigargin as well as to the proteasome inhibitor MG132 both resulted in enhanced ATF-4 levels (Figure 3A). To further confirm the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the degradation of ATF-4, the temperature-sensitive E1 mutant cell line TS20 was cultured under normoxic conditions at 34°C and 39°C. As demonstrated in Figure 3C, TS20 cells do not express ATF-4 at 34°C, whereas growing the cells at 39°C resulted in accumulation of ATF-4. Simultaneous exposure to 39°C of the E1-corrected cells H38–5 did not result in increased ATF-4, suggesting that in addition to translation, ATF-4 might also be regulated on the level of protein degradation.
Figure 3
Hypoxia as well as proteasome and PHD inhibition stabilize ATF-4. (A) HeLa cells were treated for 8 hours with 300 nM thapsigargin or 10 μM MG132. Subsequently, cells were lysed and analyzed by immunoblotting. (B) HeLa cells were transiently transfected with an ATF-dependent firefly (FL) luciferase reporter gene plasmid (pATFx2-Luc) together with the renilla luciferase (RL) control plasmid pRLSV40. Following exposure to 20% or 1% O2, with or without the addition of 1 mM DMOG, cells were lysed and luciferase activities were determined. (C) TS-20 cells (with a temperature-sensitive E1 ubiquitin–activating enzyme defect) and E1-reconstituted H38–5 cells were exposed to 34°C or 39°C. Subsequently, cells were lysed and analyzed by immunoblotting. Shown are mean values of the FL/RL ratios (± SD) of 3 independent experiments.
Interestingly, DMOG, which is able to induce HIF-1α via inhibition of PHDs, also induced ATF-4 reporter gene activity, further supporting the existence of an alternative ATF-4 induction pathway (Figure 3B). If ATF-4 was regulated by PHD3, it should be stabilized not only by DMOG but also by hypoxia. Thus, we next determined ATF-dependent reporter gene activity using a luciferase expression construct under the control of 2 CRE sites. A strong increase in reporter gene activity was observed after exposing transfected HeLa cells to 1% O2 (Figure 3B). Exposing HeLa cells for 4 hours to 1% or 0.2% O2 enhanced the levels of ATF-4 similar to HIF-1α (Figure 4A; compare lanes 3 and 5 with lane 1). Inhibition of endogenous PHDs with DMOG was followed by increased ATF-4 protein in normoxia (Figure 4A; compare lanes 1 and 2) and enhanced the hypoxic response (Figure 4A; lanes 4 and 6), indicating that hypoxia-induced ATF-4 was mediated by PHDs. After 24 hours, however, when the hypoxic stabilization of HIF-1α was still clearly visible, hypoxic ATF-4 induction was no longer detectable. This transient hypoxia-induced expression of ATF-4 inversely correlated with the strong hypoxic induction of PHD3 after 24 hours. In this regard it is interesting to note that we recently demonstrated that the hypoxic induction of PHD3 correlates with increased hydroxylation activity, which compensates for decreased oxygen levels.28,29
Figure 4
Kinetics of hypoxic stabilization and reoxygenation-induced destabilization of ATF-4. (A) HeLa cells were incubated at 20%, 1%, or 0.2% O2, with or without the addition of 1 mM DMOG. After 4 or 24 hours, the cells were lysed and analyzed by immunoblotting. As a control for the induction of ATF-4 by ER stress, one dish of HeLa cells was treated with 300 nM thapsigargin for 4 hours. (B) HeLa cells were incubated at 0.2% O2 with or without the addition of 1 mM DMOG. At 4 hours later, 20 μg/mL cycloheximide was added, and cells were reoxygenated at 20% O2. After the indicated time points, cells were lysed and analyzed by immunoblotting.
If PHDs mediated the degradation of ATF-4 in normoxia, the hypoxia-induced ATF-4 protein should become unstable following reoxygenation. Therefore, HeLa cells were exposed for 4 hours to 0.2% O2, followed by reoxygenation in the presence of cycloheximide to inhibit de novo translation. ATF-4 was rapidly degraded with a half-life (t1/2) of 9 minutes (Figure 4B). However, adding DMOG at the time of hypoxia resulted in a prolonged ATF-4 protein half-life of 21 minutes.
Because the commercially available anti–ATF-4 antibodies are of minor quality, the treatment by hypoxia and DMOG was repeated using HeLa cells transiently transfected with V5-tagged ATF-4. As shown in Figure 5A, V5–ATF-4 but not V5–ATF-3 or V5-ARNT could only be detected under hypoxic conditions or after treatment with DMOG. A cotransfected green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression vector ensured equal transfection and immunoblotting efficiencies.
Figure 5
ATF-4 aa 154–181 harbors a novel ODD domain. (A) HeLa cells were transiently transfected with V5–ATF-4, V5–ATF-3, or V5–ARNT expression vectors. To control for equal transfection efficiencies, cells were cotransfected with pEGFPC1. At 6 hours after transfection, cells were exposed to 1% O2 or treated with 1 mM DMOG for 24 hours. Subsequently, cells were lysed and analyzed by immunoblotting. (B) HeLa cells were transiently transfected with different ATF-4 variants and treated as in panel A. (C) HeLa cells were transiently transfected with V5–ATF-4 or V5–ATF-4Δ aa154-181. To control for equal transfection efficiencies, cells were cotransfected with pEGFPC1. At 6 hours after transfection, cells were exposed to 1% O2. After exposure to 1% O2 for 24 hours, the cells were treated with 20 μg/mL cycloheximide and were reoxygenated with 20% O2. Cells were lysed at different reoxygenation time points, and total protein was analyzed by immunoblotting. Band intensities of 3 independent experiments were determined and half-life of the V5–ATF-4 and V5–ATF-4Δ aa154-181 proteins were calculated. (D) Decline of V5–ATF-4 and V5–ATF-4Δ aa154-181 after reoxygenation calculated from 3 independently performed experiments as described in panel C. Shown are mean values (± SD) of 3 independent experiments.
Identification of an ODD domain in ATF-4
To explore whether the interaction of ATF-4 with PHD3 mediates hypoxia-inducible stability of ATF-4, we transiently overexpressed V5-tagged wild-type ATF-4 and various ATF-4 deletion mutants under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. In contrast to the wild-type ATF-4, ATF-4Δ aa 89-181, an ATF-4 variant missing the zipper II which is responsible for the interaction with PHD3 as described, plus an adjacent 48-aa domain, was stable in normoxia. Interestingly, deletion of just the 48-aa stretch (ATF-4Δ aa 133-181) adjacent to the zipper II or an even smaller deletion (ATF-4Δ aa 154-181) was sufficient to generate increased ATF-4 levels in normoxia (Figure 5B). Determining the half-life of ATF-4 and ATF-4Δ aa 154-181 in reoxygenation, a higher stability of the ATF-4Δ aa 154-181 mutant (t1/2, 24 minutes) compared with the wild-type ATF-4 (t1/2, 13 minutes) was detected (Figure 5C,D).
Since the ATF-4 wt protein seems to be highly instable under normoxic conditions, we further characterized the identified ODD in a more sensitive reporter gene assay. Therefore, we determined if the identified ODD domain of ATF-4 was also sufficient to promote the degradation of a heterologous protein under normoxia. To this end, HeLa cells were transiently cotransfected with a Gal-4 driven firefly luciferase reporter gene plasmid together with expression vectors containing either Gal-4AD/BD in frame with the HIF-2α ODD aa 404-569 and HIF-2α ODD aa 404-569 with point mutations of the 2 critical prolines (P405A/P531A), or ATF-4 aa 133-183, and exposed for 24 hours at 20% or 1% O2. A constitutively active renilla luciferase reporter gene plasmid was cotransfected for standardization purposes. HeLa cells expressing the HIF-2α ODD aa 404-569 showed a significant increase in luciferase activity under hypoxic conditions compared with normoxic conditions, and this effect was abolished by mutation of the prolines 405 and 531 to alanine (Figure 6A). Similar to the HIF-2α ODD, ATF-4aa 133-183 conferred oxygen-dependent stability to the heterologous Gal4DB/Gal4AD fusion protein. The critical ATF-4 domain contains 5 prolyl residues (P156, P162, P164, P167, and P174). Mutation of all 5 prolines to alanine (V5–ATF-4 5 × P > A) led to increased ATF-4 levels in normoxia (Figure 6B) and abolished the destabilizing effect in the Gal4AD/BD ATF-4 aa 133-183 fusion protein (Figure 6A), suggesting that these prolyl residues define a novel ODD domain within ATF-4. Point mutation of each proline alone was not sufficient to generate a similar effect like V5–ATF-4 5 × P > A (data not shown), indicating a redundant role of each prolyl residue.
Figure 6
The oxygen-dependent stability of ATF-4 is proline dependent. (A) HeLa cells were transiently transfected with a constitutively expressed renilla luciferase (RL) control vector, an expression plasmid containing the Gal4 AD/BD (pM3VP16) fused to ATF-4 aa 133–183; ATF-4 aa 133-183, in which prolines P156, P162, P164, P167, and P174 have been mutated to alanine; HIF-2α aa 404-568; or HIF-2α aa 404–568 P405/531A together with the Gal4-driven firefly luciferase (FL) plasmid pGRExE1bLuc. After transfection cells, were exposed to 20% or 1% O2 for 24 hours, lysed, and analyzed for FL and RL activities. Shown are mean values plus or minus SD of the FL/RL ratios of 3 independent experiments. (B) HeLa cells were transiently transfected with V5–ATF-4, V5–ATF-4Δ aa 154-81, or V5–ATF-4 5 × P > A, in which prolines P156, P162, P164, P167, and P174 have been mutated to alanine. To control for equal transfection efficiencies cells were cotransfected with pEGFPC1. At 6 hours after transfection, cells were exposed to 20% or 1% O2 for 24 hours. Subsequently, the cells were lysed and analyzed by immunoblotting. (C) Multiple sequence alignment of the proposed ATF-4 ODD domain.
Notably, the normoxic induction of V5–ATF-4 5 × P > A was less pronounced than V5–ATF-4Δ aa 154-181 (Figure 6B). Despite multiple proline mutations, binding to PHD3 as well as activation of an ATF-4–dependent reporter gene (pCHOP-AARE-TK-Luc) was not affected as tested by yeast 2-hybrid analysis and reporter gene assay (data not shown). Aligning the ATF-4 sequences of mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrate species indicates that P164, P167, and P174 are highly conserved, possibly indicating their specific role in regulation of ATF-4 stability (Figure 6C).
PHD3 regulates ATF-4 protein stability
To determine the role of the PHDs in the regulation of ATF-4 protein stability, HeLa cells were transfected with siRNA targeting PHD2 or PHD3 and exposed to either 20% O2 or 1% O2 for 24 hours. PHD1 was not further investigated, since it was not detectable at the protein level in HeLa cells (data not shown). Moreover, in contrast to PHD2 and PHD3, PHD1 expression is not induced by hypoxia.8 In cells transfected with PHD2 and PHD3 siRNA, an additive up-regulation of HIF-1α in normoxia was found (Figure 7A). In contrast to HIF-1α, ATF-4 protein levels were up-regulated exclusively by PHD3 silencing but not by PHD2 silencing. As demonstrated here, the hypoxic induction of ATF-4 was transient and not detectable after incubation of HeLa cells for 24 hours at 1% O2. However, after treatment of HeLa cells with PHD3 siRNA, ATF-4 was up-regulated even after exposing the cells for 24 hours to hypoxia. PHD3 down-regulation exerted its effect via increased ATF-4 protein stability as demonstrated in reoxygenation experiments (Figure 7B). No significant differences in ATF-4 mRNA levels were found after treatment of HeLa cells with PHD3 siRNA compared with mock-treated control cells or after treatment with PHD2 siRNA (Figure 7C). The siRNA experiments were repeated with independent siRNAs as well as short hairpin constructs, confirming the previous results (data not shown). In addition, FIH neither interacted with ATF-4 nor had FIH siRNA any effect on ATF-4 protein levels (data not shown).
Figure 7
ATF-4 expression is controlled by PHD3. (A) HeLa cells were transiently transfected with siRNA targeting PHD2 or PHD3 and exposed to 20% or 1% O2. After 24 hours, the cells were lysed and analyzed by immunoblotting. One dish of HeLa cells was treated for 8 hours with 300 nM thapsigargin (t). Subsequently, cells were lysed and analyzed together with the protein extracts of the siRNA-transfected cells. (B) Hela cells were transiently transfected with siRNA targeting PHD3 or a control siRNA and exposed to 1% O2 for 4 hours with subsequent reoxygenation. After the indicated time points, cells were lysed and analyzed by immunoblotting. (C) HeLa cells were transiently transfected with siRNA targeting PHD2 or PHD3 and exposed to 20% or 1% O2. After 24 hours, the cells were lysed and total RNA was extracted and analyzed for ATF-4, PHD2, and PHD3 mRNA levels by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)–PCR. Shown are mean values plus or minus SD of 3 independent experiments of ratios to the ribosomal protein L28 mRNA levels, which were used as housekeeping controls.
Hydroxylated HIF-1α is strongly bound by pVHL. Thus, we next determined whether PHD-dependent ATF-4 hydroxylation leads to subsequent pVHL interaction. Therefore, MBP–ATF-4 or MBP–HIF-2α ODD were treated with HA-PHD2 or His-PHD3 in the presence of oxygen, 2-oxoglutarate, ferrous iron, and ascorbic acid. The interaction with His6-Trx–tagged pVHL–elongin B–elongin C (VBC) complex was examined in a MBP pull-down assay. However, MBP-HIF-2α ODD but not MBP–ATF-4 interacted with pVHL following incubation with PHD2 or PHD3 (data not shown).
ATF-4, also known as CREB2, TAXREB67, or C/ATF, is a member of the ATF/CREB family of basic-leucine zipper transcription factors.30 ATF-4–dependent gene expression has been described for several genes, including CHOP/GADD153, which is involved in stress regulatory pathways.3133 ATF-4 mRNA is present in all tissues examined thus far, whereas ATF-4 protein levels vary dependent on a variety of extracellular signals and stress conditions.25 This regulation has been widely attributed to preferential translation of the ATF-4 mRNA.27 In this work, up-regulation of ATF-4 protein was found after treatment with hypoxia or the PHD inhibitor DMOG, demonstrating that mechanisms other than translational control might be additionally involved in the regulation of ATF-4 protein stability.
Using PHD3 as bait, we identified ATF-4 as a new PHD-interacting protein. The interaction site was mapped to a leucine zipper motif of ATF-4, which is also called zipper II. In the present work, we demonstrate that deletion of aa 154-181, a region close to the zipper II, results in oxygen-independent expression of ATF-4. Oxygen-regulated ATF-4 expression was at least in part dependent on 5 conserved prolyl residues within this region. Therefore, aa 154-181 of ATF-4 can be considered as a novel ODD domain.
siRNA experiments strongly suggested a specific role for PHD3 in ATF-4 protein stability. Despite several attempts, we did not succeed to directly demonstrate ATF-4 hydroxylation by mass spectrometry or 2-oxoglutarate turnover. Apart from technical difficulties, the conditions for efficient ATF-4 hydroxylation might be different from those for HIF-1α hydroxylation. Indeed, major differences become obvious when the 2 proteins are compared: first, whereas HIF-1α levels can be regulated by all 3 PHDs, ATF-4 levels are modulated specifically by PHD3; second, HIF-1α is stabilized even under prolonged hypoxia, whereas hypoxic stabilization of ATF-4 is transient and inversely correlates with hypoxic up-regulation of PHD3; third, as a result of PHD-dependent modification, HIF-1α but not ATF-4 can be bound to pVHL. This last finding is consistent with a previous report demonstrating that oxygen-dependent ATF-4 destruction is independent of pVHL.20 Rather than pVHL, proteasome-dependent degradation of ATF-4 has been demonstrated to rely on the SCFβTRCP ubiquitin ligase.34 Further studies will be needed to investigate whether SCF functions as an ATF-4 ubiquitin E3 ligase in an oxygen- and PHD3-dependent manner. It is, however, still possible that despite protein-protein interaction, proline residue-dependency, and DMOG inhibition, PHD3 regulates ATF-4 without direct proline hydroxylation. Future experiments will show whether PHD3 confers ATF-4 protein stability by recruiting a yet unidentified protein in a trimolecular complex, which might then be regulated by hydroxylation.
Of note, PHD3 is the best hypoxia-inducible protein of all PHDs. We recently observed that PHD3 is still functional even under 0.2% O2 conditions, albeit at a reduced rate.28 As a consequence, a protein specifically regulated by PHD3 should only be transiently stabilized, like we found for ATF-4. Our results thus provide a possible explanation for the existence of more than one PHD with similar oxygen affinities: compared with HIFα, targets of only one PHD family member will have different stabilization kinetics, thereby orchestrating the hypoxic response.
Besides HIF-mediated signal transduction pathways, HIF-independent pathways have been described to be involved in the cellular response to low oxygen concentrations using gene arrays. The molecular mechanisms leading to HIF-independent hypoxia-inducible mRNA induction remains largely unknown. Among the HIF-independent oxygen-regulated genes are ATF-4 target genes like CHOP10/GADD153 and ATF-3.3538 Hypoxia-inducible regulation of GADD153 has been implicated to play a role in cell stress response, DNA-repair, and anoxia-induced cell death.39 Our data provide evidence that in addition to the translational control of ATF-4 under anoxic conditions, PHD3-dependent hydroxylation may play a major role in controlling ATF-4 target gene expression in normoxia and hypoxia. Tight oxygen-dependent regulation of ATF-4 by PHD3 may be the molecular basis for the cell fate after exposure to severe hypoxia. Our data also show that PHD-mediated regulation of protein levels is not unique for the HIF signal transduction pathway, suggesting that posttranslational, PHD-mediated modifications are used in additional pathways that need tight and rapid oxygen-dependent regulation.
Contribution: G.C., R.H.W., and D.M.K. performed experiments, analyzed data, and wrote the paper. J.K., J.N., D.P.S., and J.M. performed experiments and analyzed data. M.W. and C.F. performed experiments. J.K. and J.N. contributed equally to this work.
Correspondence: Dörthe M. Katschinski, Department of Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Center of Physiology and Patho-physiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073, Göttingen, Germany; e-mail: katschinski{at}
This work was supported by grants from the Bundesministerium für Bildungund Forschung (BMBF) (NBL3 to D.M.K.), Deutsche Forschungsgemeischoft (DFG) (Ka1269/8–1 and DFG Ka1269/9–1 to D.M.K.), Schweicerischer National Fund (SNF) (3100A0–116047/1 to R.H.W.), the 6th Framework Program of the European Commission/SBF (Euroxy LSHC-CT-2003–502932/SBF no. 03.0647–2 to R.H.W.), the Acadamy of Finland (200471, 202469, and 44843 Center of Excellence Program 200-2005 to J.M.), and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation (to J.M.).
• Submitted June 7, 2007.
• Accepted August 6, 2007.
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If I take the theory as we have it now, literally, I would conclude that extra dimensions really exist. They're part of nature. We don't really know how big they are yet, but we hope to explore that in various ways.
Edward Witten
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My music has a high irritation factor. I've always tried to say something. Eccentric lyrics about eccentric people. Often it was a joke. But I would plead guilty on the grounds that I prefer eccentricity to the bland.
Randy Newman
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Scott-Moncrieff Commission
Indian history
Scott-Moncrieff Commission, delegation appointed in 1901 by George Nathaniel Curzon, the British viceroy of India, to draw up a comprehensive irrigation plan for India. This was a result of Lord Curzon’s observation of famine conditions soon after his arrival in 1899.
The commission was named for its chairman, Sir Colin Campbell Scott-Moncrieff, who in 1903 recommended measures for the irrigation of an additional 10,200 square miles (26,400 square km) beyond the roughly 30,000 square miles (78,000 square km) already irrigated. The acceptance of these proposals by Lord Curzon’s government in 1905 was a landmark in the government of India’s irrigation policy.
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Scott-Moncrieff Commission
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G. F. Gause
Russian biologist
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• contribution to principle of competitive exclusion
principle of competitive exclusion
(after G.F. Gause, a Soviet biologist, and J. Grinnell, an American naturalist, who first clearly established it), statement that in competition between species that seek the same ecological niche, one species survives while the other expires under a given set of environmental conditions. The result is that each species occupies a distinct niche.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/19509
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Mausoleum, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
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• architecture
Islamic arts: Architecture
...spectacular ones are to be seen at Mashhad, Torbat-e Jām, and Mazār-e Sharīf. The Timurid princes also erected mausoleums for themselves, such as the Gūr-e Amīr and the ʿIshrat-Khāneh in Samarkand.
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Arabian Basin
Submarine basin, Arabian Sea
Arabian Basin, submarine basin of the southern Arabian Sea, rising to meet the submerged Carlsberg Ridge to the south, the Maldive Islands to the southeast, India and Pakistan to the northeast, Iran to the north, and the Arabian Peninsula to the west. It has a maximum depth of 19,275 feet (5,875 metres) and is separated by the Carlsberg Ridge from the deeper Somali Basin to the south and west. The sill depth between the Arabian and Somali basins is about 9,800 feet (3,000 metres). The floor of the basin, except along the southeastern edge, is covered by sediment deposited by the Indus River in the form of a great alluvial fan—the Indus Cone—whose thickness diminishes to the south.
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Greek mythology
Written by: The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica Last Updated
Ares, in Greek religion, god of war or, more properly, the spirit of battle. Unlike his Roman counterpart, Mars, he was never very popular, and his worship was not extensive in Greece. He represented the distasteful aspects of brutal warfare and slaughter. From at least the time of Homer, who established him as the son of the chief god, Zeus, and Hera, his consort, Ares was one of the Olympian deities; his fellow gods and even his parents, however, were not fond of him (Iliad v, 889 ff.). Nonetheless, he was accompanied in battle, by his sister Eris (Strife) and his ... (100 of 406 words)
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biscuit, in the United States, a small quick bread usually made from flour, salt, butter or vegetable shortening, and with baking powder as a leavening agent. The dough is kneaded briefly and rolled out, and the biscuits are cut with a round cutter. The dough may also be dropped by spoonfuls for an irregular shape. Biscuits are usually eaten hot with butter and fruit preserves, sausage gravy, or ham. They are especially associated with the American South. The dough for beaten biscuits, also a Southern specialty, is literally beaten with a mallet or other utensil for about 30 minutes to produce a fine texture. A sweetened biscuit dough is used for strawberry shortcake, a dessert of biscuits split and covered with fresh strawberries and whipped cream.
In the United Kingdom the term biscuit is used for a variety of small, crisp cakes, either sweetened (American cookie) or unsweetened (American cracker).
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palace, Governor’s Palace, Rio Branco, Brazil.Limongiroyal residence, and sometimes a seat of government or religious centre. The word is derived from the Palatine Hill in Rome, where the Roman emperors built their residences. As a building a palace should be differentiated from a castle, which was originally any fortified dwelling.
After the Middle Ages the ornate homes of the nobility of all ranks in England, France, and Spain came to be known as palaces (as did the residence of the exiled popes in Avignon), and eventually the name was applied to a number of large and imposing buildings, both public and private. In the United States, for example, there are colonial governor’s palaces located in Williamsburg, Virginia; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and San Antonio, Texas. Because of its colonial connotations the name Presidential Palace was rejected in favour of Executive Mansion for the White House. Also, France has the Élysée Palace and so-called Palaces of Justice.
Palaces, because of the power of the patron and the money and labour available for their construction, often represented the epitome (or in some cases, extreme examples) of the architectural and social values of the culture and age in which they were built. For this reason, they are of prime interest to archaeologists.
The earliest known palaces are those built in Thebes by King Thutmose III (reigned 1504–1450 bce) and by Amenhotep III (reigned 1417–1379 bce) of Egypt. Excavations of Amenhotep’s palace reveal a rectangular outer wall enclosing a labyrinth of small, dark rooms and courtyards, a pattern broadly repeated in Eastern palaces of later ages. In Assyria, for instance, much larger palaces were built at Nimrūd, at Nineveh, and at Khorsabad, where the palace of Sargon II (reigned 721–705 bce) extended over more than 23 acres (9 hectares), built on a platform within two sets of city walls and containing two huge central courts and a disorganized mass of smaller courtyards and rooms.
The architects of ancient Babylon achieved greater symmetry, using hallways and repeated groupings of rooms. In the 6th, 5th, and 4th centuries bce, vast Persian palaces were built at Susa and at Persepolis, where the residences of three kings (Darius I, Xerxes I, and Artaxerxes III) perch on three low platforms raised upon a main platform that was within the city walls. Minoan palaces on Crete at Phaestus, Knossos (where one staircase rose three stories), and elsewhere achieved even greater grandeur. It was in Rome and the eastern Roman empire, however, that palaces in the sense of centres of power reached their peak. More than 90,000 square m (1,000,000 square feet) on the Palatine Hill in Rome were devoted to palaces built by emperors between 3 and 212 ce. At Constantinople (now Istanbul) the Sacred Palace is a conglomeration of Byzantine churches, schools, and residences that covers an area of 334,000 square m (400,000 square yards).
Forbidden City, imperial palace complex built by Yonglo, third emperor (1402–24) of the Ming …Photograph, Palace Museum, Beijing/Wan-go Weng Inc. ArchiveEast Asia’s more recent palaces, such as those in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the imperial palaces of Japan, also consist of a series of buildings (in these cases, low pavilions mostly of highly decorated wood construction) within vast walled gardens.
In the New World, palaces tended to be less complex, such as the Mayan governor’s palace at Uxmal (c. 900 ce) and the Zapotec palace at Mitla (c. 1000 ce), which were one-storied carved structures with many rooms. As in the East, though, these palaces were the centres of government as well as the residences of the culture’s leaders.
Palazzo Grimani, on the Grand Canal, Venice, by Michele Sanmicheli, c. 1556 (completed c. Alinari/Art Resource, New YorkIn western Europe after the Middle Ages (when palace building declined in favour of castle construction), palaces tended to be single buildings, ornately designed and decorated in the style of the era, and often but not always set in richly landscaped gardens. In Renaissance Italy every prince had his royal palazzo, such as the Pitti Palace (begun 1458) in Florence and the many splendid palaces lining the Grand Canal in Venice. France built royal palais in Paris (notably the Louvre [rebuilt from 1515] and the Tuileries [begun 1564]), and Spanish palacios include El Escorial (1559–84) outside Madrid and the Alhambra (1238–1358) in Granada. British royal palaces include Buckingham, St. James’s, and Kensington—all of which are today symbols and residences rather than true seats of government.
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Mohammad Ayub Khan
President of Pakistan
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Mohammad Ayub Khan - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
(1907-74). As president of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969, Mohammad Ayub Khan played a critical role in the modern development of his nation.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/19517
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Active Control of Engine Vibrations in a Collins Class Submarine
Document type: Researchreports
Author(s): Mathias Winberg, Colin Hansen, Ingvar Claesson, Xun Li
Title: Active Control of Engine Vibrations in a Collins Class Submarine
Series: Research Report
Year: 2003
Issue: 11
ISSN: 1103-1581
Organization: Blekinge Institute of Technology
Department of Telecommunications and Signal Processing S-372 25 Ronneby
+46 455 38 50 00
Authors e-mail:
Language: English
Abstract: Submarine manufacturers invest considerable effort and money in improving the attenuation of noise radiated by submarines into the water. A number of different noise sources contribute to the total acoustic signature on an advanced submarine, such as the Collins Class.
This report focuses on the problem associated with low order harmonics generated by the main diesel engines, transmitted through the engine mounts into
the hull, and subsequently radiating into the water. The diesel engine mount consists of a two stage isolation system with a large intermediate mass, weighing approximately $500$ kg. Each engine is attached to the hull by eight mounts.
The main intention of the work described here is to experimentally investigate the use of active vibration control to minimize the vibratory energy of the intermediate mass in all six degrees of freedom, thereby also minimizing the vibratory energy transmitted to the hull. This approach involves the use of seven inertial actuators, mounted on the intermediate mass, to produce the cancelling vibration field.
A test rig, similar to one of the diesel engine mounts on the actual submarine, was constructed in the laboratory at The University of Adelaide and used for the real-time active control experiments described here. Several different set-ups were evaluated using primary vibrations with the same absolute levels and frequency content as measured on board a Collins class submarine. The controller used in the real-time experiments is based on the filtered X-LMS algorithm, which is a feed-forward algorithm working in the time domain.
It is demonstrated here that active vibration control of the intermediate mass of the existing diesel engine mounts is a practical way of reducing the 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 engine order components in the noise spectrum radiated as a result of vibration transmission through the engine mounts.
Subject: Signal Processing\Active Noise and Vibration Control
Signal Processing\General
Mechanical Engineering\Structural Mechanics
Keywords: Submarine, active vibration vontrol, noise
URN: urn:nbn:se:bth-00239
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Bernard Finel
c. January 1, 2010 - Present Senior Fellow, American Security Project
Videos: 1 c. October 22, 2002 - Present Professor, School of Foreign Service
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Ethan Handelman
- Present Vice President, Policy and Advocacy
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Lambert W Function
We at CatSynth return to the topic of mathematics for the first time in a while. In particular, we visit an obscure topic of personal significance. One day in high school I wrote down a seemingly simple equation:
2x = 1 / x
And set about trying to solve it. It certainly has a solution, as one can graph the functions 2x and 1/x and note their intersection:
In the graph above, the green curve is 2x and the black curve is 1/x. They intersect at an x coordinate equal to about 0.64. I actually moved to a variation:
ex = 1 / x
(somehow thinking that using e would make it simpler), and quickly approximated the solution as:
While computing this number was relatively simple pressing buttons on a handheld calculator, describing it in a closed form proved elusive. Every so often, I would return to the equation, try to manipulate it algebraically or using calculus, but I was never able to do so.
Years later, in college, I found out that it was in fact impossible to solve algebraically, but that did not prevent mathematicians from naming both the constant 0.56714329… and the function necessary to compute it. Consider a function w(x)) such that:
w(x)ew(x) = x
The function w(x) is known as the Lambert W function, or “omega function”, and is named after 18th century mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert. It is a non-analytical function, in that it cannot be expressed in a closed algebraic form, hence the difficulty I had attempting to solve my equation). However, one can see that w(1) is a solution for it. And w(1) [=] 0.56714329… is often called Lambert’s constant.
Although Lambert’s function does not have a closed-form expression, one can approximate it with a small computer program, such as this python program:
from math import e
def lambertW(x, prec=1E-12, maxiters=100):
w = 0
for i in range(maxiters):
we = w * e**w
w1e = (w + 1) * e**w
if prec > abs((x - we) / w1e):
return w
w -= (we - x) / (w1e - (w + 2) * (we - x) / (2*w + 2))
raise ValueError("W doesn't converge fast enough for abs(z) = %f"
It was somewhat disappointing in the end to find out both that there was no closed form for the solution, and that the constant associated with the solution already had a name. But it was still interesting to learn about it, and to then apply it to other problems.
On that note, we conclude by showing that w(x) can also be used to solve the original equation:
2x = 1/x
can be rewritten as:
(ln2)xe(ln2)x = ln2
We can now use w(x) to solve the equation:
x = w(ln2) / ln2
which is approximately .6411857…
One thing I never tried in my youthful experimentations with this function was evaluate it with non-real complex numbers. While there are examples plotting w(z) on the complex plane, I would rather take some time to explore this myself.
I also have yet to find any applications to music or the visual arts, outside of literal usage in conceptual art pieces.
Today we explore some properties of the number 36. It is of course a perfect square, 6 x 6. But it is also a so-called “triangle number”, the sum of consecutive integers from 1 to 8. It is highly composite, having 9 factors, all 2s and 3s. Composites of 2 and 3 have a particular appeal for humans, and are very common in music (where most rhythms are subdivisions of 2 and 3), and in organization (e.g., dozens, etc.).
We will continue to post properties and facts throughout the day, but feel free to suggest your own in the comments.
Pi Day 3.14159…
We start with some interesting facts about the digits of pi. We presented statistics about the distribution in our 2007 Pi Day post. From, we present some interesting patterns:
01234567890 first occurs at the 53,217,681,704-th digit of pi.
09876543210 first occurs at the 42,321,758,803-th digit of pi.
777777777777 first occurs at the 368,299,898,266-th digit of pi.
666666666666 first occurs at the 1,221,587,715,177-th digit of pi.
314159265358 first occurs at the 1,142,905,318,634-th digit of pi.
Knot Theory
Today we explore the topic of Knot Theory. Most of us have a conventional idea of what a “knot” is; and those who were once Boy Scouts may have a more formal idea. But in mathematics, a knot has a very formal defintion: an embedding of a circle in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, R3, considered up to continuous deformations (isotopies). An example of a mathematical knot, the “figure eight knot”, is illustrated below:
Basically, it is a continuous curve in three-dimensional space that loops back on itself, crossing an arbitrary number of times but never cut or spliced. It relates to the conventional notion of knot as a piece of string connected at the ends.
Knots relate to other topics that have been explored here at CatSynth, such as Lissajous curves.
Many knots, when projected onto a two-dimensional plane form Lissajous curves.
It also relates to our interest here at CatSynth in highway interchanges, such as this the intersection of I-105 and I-110 in Los Angeles:
Indeed, our friend whaleshaman of Jelly Pizza suggested the link between highway interchanges and knots, although mathematically such interchanges are really tangles.
Knots (and tangles) can be arbitrarily complex with twists and crossings. But there is order in this twisty world, and indeed knots have properties analogous to numbers, such as equivalency and prime decomposition.
Two knots are considered equivalent if one can be converted to another by simple scaling (stretching or rotating), or performing one of several Reidemeister moves, twisting or untwisting in either direction, moving one loop (or segment) completely over another, or move a string completely over or under another crossing. Basically, this is any operation you can do on a closed string without cutting or splicing it.
Here at CatSynth, we are quite familiar with Reidemeister moves, as they seem to occur spontaneously on our audio cables:
Even more interesting is how knots can be decomposed into prime knots. Just as any integer can be expressed as the product of prime numbers, any knot can be expressed as the “sum” of prime knots.
Here is a chart of the first 15 prime knots:
[Click image for original and more info]
Here, the prime knots are grouped by the number of crossings. For example, the trifoil knot (second from the left on the top) has three crossings. The circle is a degenerate case, known as the “unknot”, with zero crossings. As the number of crossings increases, the number of possible prime knots also increases. For example, there are seven unique prime knots with seven crossings.
For any positive integer n, there are a finite number of prime knots with n crossings. The first few values are given in the following table.
n number of prime knots
1 0
2 0
3 1
4 1
5 2
6 3
7 7
8 21
9 49
10 165
11 552
12 2176
13 9988
14 46972
15 253293
16 1388705
This sequence (formally listed as A002863), appears to grow exponentially. Indeed, results by Welsh show a lower bound of 2.68 for the exponential base, and an upper bound of 10.40 due to Stoimenow. However, as far as I can tell, there is know known analytical formula for this sequence, and the values for n=17 and above are not known.
I find such sequences of numbers fascinating. Where to they come from, and how does one figure out the next value? In the case of prime knots, these appear to be open problems.
For more information, Giovanni de Santi has an excellent introduction to the theory of knots. Another paper by [url=]Steven R. Finch is a resource for advanced analysis of knots and tangles, including more on counting prime knots.
Carnival of Mathematics #38: 8-8-8
Carnival of Mathematics at CatSynth on Friday
The Carnival of Mathematics is returning to CatSynth this Friday!
You can submit your mathematical articles to the carnival by leaving a comment here, contacting us, or the carnival submission form. Leaving a comment is the best way to ensure your article will make it in time, but we will be compiling results from all sources and using our best mathematical talents to test for equivalency among multiple submissions.
The Fourier Transform of a Cat
We at CatSynth never miss an opportunity to combine mathematics and cats. Recently, our friends at Walking Randomly posted this image:
It was created by Andrew J. Bennieston, and inspired by this comic from xkcd:
Unlike the number theory and other mathematics we like to post here at CatSynth, the Fourier Transform is part of our stock and trade. There are many variants, including the Discrete Time Fourier Transform which one of the basic tools of signal processing and sound synthesis:
Basically, what a Fourier Transform does is decompose a signal (or any time-varying mathematical function) into separate frequencies. If you have a spectrum representation of a sound, this is output of a Fourier Transform. Similarly, if you have a graphic equalizer on your stereo, it can be seen as operating on a very low-resolution Fourier transform, as it allows one to raise and lower different frequency ranges of sound.
For images, “frequency” corresponds to detail. Highly detailed areas of image that change from pixel to pixel are high-frequency, while areas of constant color or intensity are lower frequency. Another variant of the Fourier Transform, the Discrete Cosine Transform, or DCT, is more often used with images because it tends to put more information in lower frequencies.
Theoritcally, one should not lose any information when taking a Fourier Transform of a signal (or image) and taking the inverse to retrieve the original. However, in Bennieston’s image, which applies two DCTs to the original image, results in the “ghost” that loses a bit of the original detail. Certainly, some is due to the rounding error when doing any calculations on the computer, but it seems like more than that. Most, likely, the DCT is more sensitive the boundaries, i.e., what happens at the beginning or end of a signal.
DCTs are often used in “lossy” image and audio compression, such as JPEG for images. However, I have rarely seen them used in music applications, where one tends to see more general Fourier Transformations, which correspond more closely to an intuitive understanding of musical frequency.
As such, it would be interesting to work with DCTs in a musical context and see what transpires. If we ever get around to this project, we will certainly post it here on CatSynth.
This post is part of the Carnival of Mathematics which is being hosted this weekend by Logic Nest.
Math Cats
In search of my next mathematics topics, I stumbled upon the Math Cats, a site that uses cats to explore a variety of mathematical topics, from the very basic to the more esoteric. The emphasis is really on “exploration” rather than a series of lessons or tutorials, though there is a collection of resources for teachers and parents. Beyond the basics, the attic is full of facts and definitions, some of which are quite sophisticated (for example, do you remember exactly what a geodesic is, and who doesn’t want to forget avoirdupois weights). Sadly, I could not make the “Animal Math” link work. I was particularly fond of the virtual mobile, which also introduces viewers to the work of Alexander Calder. There is also a visit to a more recent geometric artist George Hart. Indeed his art studio looks a bit like the music studio here at CatSynth HQ, festooned with stuffed cats.
Among the shapes the Hart uses in his work are the regular polyhedra, but also Archimedean solids, such as the truncated icosohedron, or “buckyball.” You can see an example here, as well as some of the more esoteric shapes.
This of course ties into our discussion of the 13 Archimedean solids at the last Carnival of Mathematics, and we at CatSynth of course like to see our mathematical discussions interconnect.
And who can go wrong with the intersection of cats, mathematics and art?
Carnival of Mathematics #35
We at CatSynth are delighted to be hosting the 35th Carnival of Mathematics.
The date “Friday the 13th” of course evokes many superstitions. And perhaps that is why we have so few entries so far this weekend. That having been said, we at CatSynth take a dim view of superstitions. Many of the traditions that led to the irrational fear of the number 13 (including skipping over of 13 in building floor numbers, etc) are the same ones that promote the unfair treatment of black cats. Neither has a place in a modern, rational, society.
Consider that 13th of the month is no more likely to fall on a Friday than any other day of the week. Over a period of 28 years, that is 48 “Fridays the 13th,” as described here.
Let us turn away from superstition and myth, so some of the more mathematical properties of the number 13. It is a prime number (indeed, the sixth smallest prime). It is also a well-known twin prime, and it is one of only three known Wilson primes. For those less interested that I am in prime numbers, it is also a Fibnoacci number, and the number of Archimedean solids.
You can find more about the mathematics and mythology of 13 at “13 the Unlucky”.
Last week’s host, the blog 360, has a post about 13 and other “unlucky” numbers. But they also contribute a demonstration, using Godzilla, of how to calculate the speed of a
dinosaur by its footprints
Recursivity introduces us to the Open Problem Garden, a site collecting open problems in mathematics and theoretical computer science. He presents an open problem about discrete iterations that is easy to state yet frustratingly hard to solve, as are many of the great problems of mathematics.
Looking for a more modest challenge? Math and Logic Play presents a bicycle-racing puzzle. Practice your math skills while staying healthy and reducing your carbon footprint…
Larry Ferlazzo describes a site for math games and education in Tutpup Math & Spelling Games.
Andrée from meeyauw treats us to Sierpinski cookies and earings this week. Those cookies look pretty good, but challenging to make. Fractals are by nature very detail oriented, and I am by nature very not detail oriented. But I’m sure they would taste great in either case.
The state of math education (in the United States) in a frequent topic on Carnival of Mathematics. This week, female math professor critiques an elementary school math program at Life on the Tenure-Track. It seems that at least in some classes, teachers aren’t able to make it through the full syllabus.
More topics in math education can be found at Teach College Math, where we are introduced to the Math Girl videos. “Who says there’s nothing good on YouTube?”
For the more discriminating reader, we have Discriminating Determinants, third in a series from Matt-a-matical Thinking.
We get back to our theme of the number 13. The fashionablemathematician presents the sum of prime factors. For a prime number like 13, the sum is of course the same: 13. But are there other numbers whose prime factors sum to 13? Well, the number 22 has prime factors 2 and 11, which add up to 13.
Sometimes a mathematician can end up being an astrophysicist, especially on Friday the 13th, as is the case with this article from Math Trek.
That is all the posts we currently have. We will continue to add sites throughout the weekend, so please leave a comment or contact us if you would like to participate.
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CDC Home
HuGENet™ Case Study
Glucocerebrosidase Gene Mutations and Parkinson Disease Objectives
Stuart K. Shapira, M.D., Ph.D.
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Aharon-Peretz, Judith et al. Mutations in the Glucocerebrosidase Gene and Parkinson Disease in Ashkenazi Jews. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1972-7.
Educational objectives
After reading this case study, you should be able to
• Identify inconsistencies between study and control populations which might bias the results of gene-disease association studies.
• Calculate gene-disease associations in terms of absolute, relative, and attributable risks.
• Assess the public health implications of the risk for developing Parkinson Disease for the Ashkenazi Jewish population, based on the findings.
After Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson Disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, with an estimated lifetime risk of approximately 1 in 100 persons. Approximately two-thirds of Parkinson Disease cases are sporadic while the remainder are familial; a small subset appears to follow autosomal dominant inheritance, whereas the vast majority have no clear inheritance pattern. Nevertheless, familial aggregation in first- and second-degree relatives suggests a significant genetic role in disease causation; results from more than 10 studies have suggested a 3-14 fold higher risk of Parkinson Disease in first-degree relatives of affected persons compared with general population risks. Subsequent molecular genetic studies have identified at least 3 genes (parkin, alpha-synuclein (SNCA), and synphilin-1 (SNCAIP)) with specific mutations associated with Parkinson Disease, and linkage of the Parkinson Disease phenotype has been localized to several other chromosomal regions. In one study (Scott et al., 1999), the SNCA gene was tested for the A53T mutation in 356 affected persons from 186 multiplex families with Parkinson Disease; one Greek-American family segregated this mutation as an autosomal dominant trait, giving a frequency for this mutation of less than 1 in 186, or 0.5%. In a study for mutations in the SNCAIP gene, Marx et al. (2003) performed mutation analysis in 328 German familial and sporadic Parkinson Disease patients; in 2 apparently sporadic patients the authors found a mutation (R621C), giving a frequency for this mutation of less than 1 in 164, or 0.6%. Therefore, these gene variants do not account for the majority of Parkinson Disease since they have been found only rarely in persons with either sporadic or familial disease. Additional evidence suggests that environmental factors play a causative role in the development of Parkinson Disease. Several related hypotheses suggest that the Parkinson Disease phenotype results from toxicity to dopaminergic neurons caused by (1) misfolding and aggregation of proteins leading to inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and cell dysfunction, and (2) oxidative stress from mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in an increased amount of misfolded proteins. In essence, Parkinson Disease appears to result from a delicate interplay of genetic and environmental susceptibility factors.
Between 1996 and 2003, several studies reported an association of Parkinson Disease with Gaucher disease, type 1. Persons with Gaucher disease may develop an atypical parkinsonism presenting in the 4th to 6th decades of life, which progresses relentlessly and is refractory to usual antiparkinson therapy. Gaucher disease is the most common recessively-inherited disorder of glycolipid storage; it is due to deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase, and involves multiple organs, primarily the spleen, liver, bones, and bone marrow. Type 1 Gaucher disease--the milder type of the disease--occurs in all ethnic groups, but is particularly prevalent among Ashkenazi Jews, with a carrier rate of 1 in 17 for the disease-associated variant of the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA). These observations suggest that homozygotes and heterozygotes for Gaucher disease mutations may have an increased risk for developing Parkinson Disease, which could reflect a significant health risk for certain ethnic populations, particularly Ashkenazi Jews.
Case Study
1. Bembi B et al. Gaucher's disease with Parkinson Disease: clinical and pathological aspects. Neurology. 2003;61:99-101.
2. Dauer W et al. Parkinson Disease: mechanisms and models. Neuron. 2003;39:889-909.
3. Hughes AJ et al. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson Disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:181-4.
4. Marx FP et al. Identification and functional characterization of a novel R621C mutation in the synphilin-1 gene in Parkinson Disease. Hum Molec Genet. 2003;12:1223-31.
5. Pankratz N and Foroud T. Genetics of Parkinson Disease [PDF 57KB].
NeuroRx. 2004;1:235-42.
6. Scott WK. et al. The alpha-synuclein gene is not a major risk factor in familial Parkinson Disease. Neurogenetics. 1999;2:191-2.
7. Tayebi N et al. Gaucher disease and parkinsonism: a phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Mol Genet Metab. 2001;73:313-21.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/19616
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Chegg Textbook Solutions for Organic Chemistry 2nd Edition: Chapter 7CA.PA
Chapter: Problem:
• Step 1 of 1
With reference of the given molecular models, we conclude that the given two models are not similar as they are having the two methyl groups on the adjacent carbons are placed with different orientations. Left side structure having the two methyl groups on the same side it is denoted by given side view (molecular model) while on the right side structure is having the two methyl groups on the different side. So it should be concluded that the given two structures are not same.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/19650
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Ginger Haired babies
Hi I have a 5 week old gorgeous little fire engine red haired baby girl whose eyebrows too are ginger and eyelashes are light blonde and skin a fair tone that goes pinkish. Her eys are very blue too. My husband has the red gene in his family but is blonde and I didnt think there was a red gene in my family. What are the chances of her hair colour changing? I hear ginger is quite dominant so once it shows on their head it tends to stay? I have no problem with her hair colour but just wanted to hear of other peoples experiences. She currently has quite a lot of hair.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/19655
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Skip Navigation
Straight-Chain Alkanes
Physical properties, structure of linear, saturated hydrocarbons
Practice Now
Straight-Chain Alkanes
Rethinking Transportation
As our country looks at the prospect of oil shortages in the future, we are searching for alternative transportation fuel sources. One very viable possibility is propane gas. Power and acceleration for propane-powered vehicles are comparable to gasoline-powered vehicles and fuel efficiency is greater. Propane has a higher octane rating than regular gasoline, leading to much longer engine life. When properly structured, propane engines can produce lower amounts of air pollution. We are seeing a growing use of propane in buses, trucks, and police cars. Pictured above is a prototype of a minibus that will run on propane fuel. Maybe your next car will burn propane.
Straight-Chain Alkanes
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound that is made up of only carbon and hydrogen. A hydrocarbon is the simplest kind of organic molecule and is the basis for all other more complex organic compounds. Hydrocarbons can be divided into two broad categories. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that do not contain the benzene group or a benzene ring . Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings. In this lesson we will discuss the aliphatic hydrocarbons.
An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds. The simplest alkane is methane, with the molecular formula CH 4 . The carbon is the central atom and makes four single covalent bonds to hydrogen atoms.
Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon and is shown with a structural formula, a ball-and-stick model, and a space-filling model.
The next simplest alkane is called ethane (C 2 H 6 ) and consists of two carbon atoms with a single covalent bond between them. Each carbon is then able to bond to three hydrogen atoms. The alkane series progresses from there, increasing the length of the carbon chain by one carbon at a time. Structural formulas for ethane, propane (C 3 H 8 ), and butane (C 4 H 10 ) are shown below.
These alkanes are called straight-chain alkanes because the carbon atoms are connected in one continuous chain with no branches. Naming and writing structural and molecular formulas for the straight-chain alkanes is straightforward. The name of each alkane consists of a prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms and the ending –ane. The molecular formula follows the pattern of C n H 2n+2 where n is the number of carbons in the chain. The Table below lists the first ten members of the alkane series.
First Ten Members of the Alkane Series
Molecular Formula
Condensed Structural Formula
Boiling Point (°C)
CH 4
CH 4
C 2 H 6
CH 3 CH 3
C 3 H 8
CH 3 CH 2 CH 3
C 4 H 10
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
C 5 H 12
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
C 6 H 14
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
C 7 H 16
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
C 8 H 18
C 9 H 20
C 10 H 22
Note that the table shows a variation of a structural formula called a condensed structural formula. In this formula, the covalent bonds are understood to exist between each carbon and the hydrogens associated with it, as well as between carbon atoms. This table also shows that the boiling points of the alkanes steadily increase as the length of the carbon chain increases. This is due to an increase in the strength of the intermolecular attractive forces and is a general feature of other organic molecules as well.
• Hydrocarbon definition and classifications are given.
• Alkanes are defined and listed.
Read the material at the web site below and answer the following questions:
1. What is the composition of natural gas?
2. How is crude oil separated into fractions?
3. What is “cracking”?
1. What is a hydrocarbon?
2. What is an alkane?
3. Name the alkane that has five carbons in its chain.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/19687
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AOC e2243Fw review: AOC e2243Fw
Recommended settings and use: When viewing movies within the Movie preset, we saw a slight green tint mostly noticeable in character faces. In an attempt to bring the picture closer to an acceptable level of color balance, like the PX2370, we settled on the following setting for movies: Contrast: 50; Red: 86; Green: 49; Blue: 50.
During general use, we preferred the standard, default settings. For games, we preferred the Game brightness preset with the default color settings and the Auto Detect color boost selected.
As with most TN-based monitors, the AOC e2243Fw shouldn't be used if pinpoint accurate color reproduction is required; however, the monitor is great for watching movies, casually viewing photos, and for general use, although not the best for playing games. If you do have stringent color needs, we suggest you narrow your search to IPS- or PVA-based panels only. The more expensive Dell UltraSharp U2711 is a good place to start.
Power consumption: The AOC e2243Fw achieved good power consumption, with a Default/On power draw of 23.79 watts, compared with the Samsung PX2370's 25.01 watts in the same test. The consumption delta was closer in our Sleep/Standby test, with the e2243Fw drawing only slightly more power than the PX2370, with 0.29 watt and 0.27 watt, respectively. With both monitors' center point calibrated to 200 candelas per square meter (cd/M2), the e2243Fw drew 19.03 watts, whereas the PX2370 drew a slightly higher number of watts. Based on our formula, the AOC e2243Fw would cost $7.30 per year to run, compared with the Samsung PX2370's $7.65 per year.
Brightness in cd/m2
(Longer bars indicate better performance)
Contrast ratio
(Longer bars indicate better performance)
LG Flatron E2350V
Gateway FHD2303L
HP 2310e
Dell ST2420L
Samsung PX2370
AOC e2243Fw
DisplayMate performance tests
(Longer bars indicate better performance)
Juice box
AOC e2243Fw Average watts per hour
On (default luminance) 23.79
On (max luminance) 25.04
On (min luminance) 14.09
Sleep 0.29
Calibrated (200 cd/m2) 19.03
Annual power consumption cost $7.30
Score Good
Find out more about how we test LCD monitors
Service and support
AOC backs the e2243Fw with a three-year parts and labor warranty that covers the backlight for only one year. That backlight coverage is two years less than other vendors, which usually offer coverage for three years. E-mail and toll-free tech support are also offered.
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Audiovox Car Connection review: Track your car, and your kids' driving behavior
• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
MSRP: $169.99
Audiovox Car Connection
(Part #: CCOBD2S)
3.5 stars
CNET Editors' Rating
1.5 stars 1 user review
The Good The Audiovox Car Connection's data plan costs only $10 per month, and the device shows a car's location updated every 5 minutes. You can set a number of e-mail and text alerts, such as maintenance reminders.
The Bad Fuel economy monitoring is limited to a 30-day average. Car Connection reads a limited number of error codes and includes no means of resetting a Check Engine warning.
7.3 Overall
Mobile data connections are making a big change in how we handle car maintenance and management, as just about every car company will offer some sort of telematics service even in economy cars. These services will let you check your car's status using a smartphone app from almost anywhere in the world.
If you want to retrofit an older car with telematics capability, Audiovox can make it happen with its Car Connection, a device that plugs into a car's OBD-II port and sends data to a central server.
The Audiovox Car Connection is similar to the Vehicle Diagnostics by Delphi system I reviewed recently, but comes in at a lower price, has a better physical design, and includes different capabilities. As it requires an OBD-II port, the Car Connection only works in cars from 1996 and later.
Through the Car Connection Web site, you can see your car's current location, fuel economy information, engine health, and a driving coach. There is also an associated smartphone app with limited functionality.
The Audiovox Car Connection device includes a GPS chip and wireless data transmitter wrapped in glossy black plastic. One end terminates in a standard OBD-II plug, which fit easily into my car's port. The other end is rounded and has an LED status light on its face.
Unlike Delphi, Audiovox does not include an OBD-II extension cable, but the Car Connection hinges in the middle, letting you adjust it so as not to intrude in a car's footwell. I liked that design, as my car has the OBD-II port on the transmission tunnel in the passenger footwell. The placement of OBD-II ports varies widely between carmakers and models.
Plug it in
Setup was very simple. After creating an account on the Car Connection Web site, I merely had to plug the device into the car and leave it for at least an hour. The LED status light on the module blinks green when it connects to the car and its external server, or red if the connection fails. Of course, the car has to be in an open area with a mobile data connection.
When the connection was active, I was able to log in to the Web site and the smartphone app to see information about my car.
The Car Connection Web site's main dashboard shows maintenance, location, and driving-behavior features.
The Car Connection Web site's main dashboard shows maintenance, location, and driving-behavior features. Screenshot by Wayne Cunningham/CNET
Fortunately, at least for the purposes of testing, my car's Check Engine light was on. Although I suspected the reason, the Car Connection confirmed there was a problem with the engine's oxygen sensor. Still, 99 percent of car owners, myself included, won't be able to fix this problem, so the alert is of questionable use. An honest mechanic will diagnose the problem and fix it for you. My car also had its ABS warning light on, due to a bad wheel-speed sensor, but the Car Connection offered no information about that issue.
The Car Connection Web site let me set maintenance reminders for everything from windshield washer refilling to timing belt replacement. However, these notifications are merely based on mileage, not on any specific alert from the car.
I liked that I could choose which notifications to activate, and whether each would come as an e-mail, text message, or both.
On location
One of the primary features of the Car Connection is car location tracking. When the car is running, it updates its location every 5 minutes, and hourly when the car is parked. On the Web site, I could choose any particular day and see where my car went, something of particular use for parents who let their kids take the car out.
The Car Connection lets you define a zone. If the car leaves this area, the Car Connection sends an alert.
The Car Connection lets you define a zone. If the car leaves this area, the Car Connection sends an alert. Screenshot by Wayne Cunningham/CNET
Along similar lines is the geofencing feature, called Safety Zones on the Web site. With this feature, I set a region and gave it a label. Whenever the car left that area, the Web site recorded an alert and I could have a notification automatically sent to my phone.
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Directory Analysis with Custom Events and Threading
, 16 Sep 2007 CPOL 18.3K 378 27
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A simple directory scanner which operates on a separate worker thread and updates a status label without causing the UI to hang.
This utility is meant to give a simple, yet concise, demonstration of how to successfully implement custom events and threading in a .NET forms application. I will cover the entire application, as well as explain why using a separate thread and events are necessary to obtain more desirable functionality. Although the application could be achieved without events or threading, a separate worker thread allows the user interface to run efficiently instead of locking the form until the analysis is complete. Additionally, by creating events, we can keep the user informed while the analysis does its job.
This began as a quick and dirty solution to scanning and reporting the size of hundreds of user folders. I was pretty happy about having a working application after 15 minutes that would be sufficient for meeting the requirements. However, I noticed that a label, which was supposed to show the last file scanned, was not updating until after the analysis was complete.
After a weekend of scratching my head over why this wouldn't work, I stumbled across threading and how it might be able to help me with my issue. In researching this possible solution, and finally implementing it properly, another issue crept up in my design. It was an issue with cross-threading which was disallowing me from updating the simple little label sitting on my form. Not only was it disallowing me from updating the label control but because the worker thread was separate from the Form, I had no way to reference it at all.
A little more research yielded some insight into my newly discovered problem. I found that it is possible to "Invoke" a method from a separate thread which bridges the gap between the two threads and allows me to pass information from the worker thread into my main form. By using events to communicate back to my form, I was able to pass custom messages into a function that updates the information successfully.
This proved to be quite a task to undergo, and I felt the number of examples available on the net were somewhat sparse. However, I learned a great deal more where my knowledge was limited. Hopefully this will help others with similar troubles.
Using the Code
I have made the source available which can be downloaded at the top of the page. I would encourage anyone to download this to further aid in my explanation.
I'll start with the Analyzer class and finish with the main code in order to tie everything together. The concept is simple: Loop through all of the directories to keep a running list of all the contained files' sizes.
Since the application utilizes events, we need to make use of delegates. This provides us with a way to trigger events throughout the lifetime of the worker process. The delegates will come into play when we need to forward an event to the appropriate function. Here's the first part of the Analyzer class :
using System.IO;
using System;
using System.Threading;
namespace FederNET.FileUtils
// Define method to be called any time a file has been scanned.
public delegate void FileAnalysisOperation(object sender, FileAnalysisEventArgs e);
Next, I want to implement something I find to be very handy when working the different types of events. I have defined an enum which will serve the purpose of identifying the message type sent to the event handler. The reason I use this will become clear in my explanation.
enum FileAnalysisMessageType { FileComplete, AnalysisStarted, AnalysisComplete }
The delegate made a reference to FileAnalysisEventArgs. This is a custom class which derives from the base EventArgs class. This will store information about the current operation. I am interested in tracking the number of files scanned, the current file name and the message type.
// Keeps track of the last file name scanned and the total files scanned
class FileAnalysisEventArgs : EventArgs
private string _message;
public string Message
get { return _message; }
// set the counter to static so we can keep a running total instead of
// resetting the count to 0 each time this is called.
private static int _count = 0;
public int Count
get { return _count; }
// This is from the enum mentioned previously
private FileAnalysisMessageType _messageType;
public FileAnalysisMessageType MessageType
get { return _messageType; }
public FileAnalysisEventArgs
(string message ,FileAnalysisMessageType messageType)
// if the type of message is a "file complete" message,
// increment the file counter.
if (messageType == FileAnalysisMessageType.FileComplete)
_message = message;
_messageType = messageType;
Now that we have defined the necessary code to handle the event messages, we can begin writing our Analyzer class. Apart from the usual properties, I have defined an event which we will use to let the user know when the analysis has started, which file it scanned last, and when the analysis has finished. As noted above, the message type enumeration helps us here because we can store the message type inside FileAnalysisEventArgs. This keeps us from needing to deal with multiple events and can channel all messages through a single event declaration.
Notice the event declaration points to the FileAnalysisOperation delegate defined previously.
// Main File Analyzer class to perform lengthy file analysis
public class FileAnalyzer
// Define event to be registered in our main Form class
public event FileAnalysisOperation FileAnalysisOpComplete;
private string folderToAnalyze = "";
public string FolderToAnalyze
get { return folderToAnalyze; }
set { this.folderToAnalyze = value; }
private string outputPath = "";
public string OutputPath
get { return outputPath; }
set { this.outputPath = value; }
public FileAnalyzer()
// No constructor logic needed for this example
Next, we can define our main function, Analyze. After making sure the user has set a path to scan and a path for the output, we need to trigger an event that our analysis has started. We do this by calling FileAnalysisOpComplete as defined in our event declaration above. (with a message type of AnalysisStarted). After first checking to make sure the event isn't a null reference, we call the event and pass a reference of the Analyzer object (this) as well as the FileAnalysisEventArgs. This is expecting a message and message type (remember the enum?)
// Main analyze function - will operate on a separate thread in this example
public void Analyze()
// Make sure the appropriate paths have been set
if (this.OutputPath != "" && this.FolderToAnalyze != "")
// Trigger "File Analysis Started" event
if(FileAnalysisOpComplete != null)
FileAnalysisOpComplete(this, new FileAnalysisEventArgs
("File Analysis Started", FileAnalysisMessageType.AnalysisStarted));
You might be wondering what happens next... well, potentially nothing. All we told the application to do was to raise an event. That does not mean that we care about it or plan to do anything with it. Of course, we DO care and we will do something with it but for now, we only want to make sure an event is being triggered. We will register for the events later when we take a look at the code in the main Form.
Moving on, we want to get a list of all the directories within the directory specified and then loop through each one to get the desired directory info. This is pretty straight forward. The function, GetFolderSize, will be shown next. Notice that I have triggered another event, FileAnalysisOpComplete with a message type of AnalysisComplete. It is important to know that when we trigger the event, the event references the delegate which was defined at the top of our code file. All of these calls must use the same format for the information to be passed appropriately.
DirectoryInfo dirInfo = new DirectoryInfo(this.FolderToAnalyze);
DirectoryInfo[] diArray = dirInfo.GetDirectories();
// Create a new text file in the specified output directory
// to log directory stats
using (TextWriter writer = new StreamWriter(this.OutputPath + "directoryinfo.txt"))
for (int i = 0; i < diArray.Length; i++)
string folderName = diArray[i].Name;
string time = diArray[i].LastWriteTime.ToString();
double size = GetFolderSize(diArray[i].FullName);
writer.WriteLine(folderName + ";" + time + ";" + (size / 1024) / 1024);
// Trigger "File Analysis Finished" event
if(FileAnalysisOpComplete != null)
FileAnalysisOpComplete(this, new FileAnalysisEventArgs
("File Analysis Complete", FileAnalysisMessageType.AnalysisComplete));
The GetFolderSize function is a recursive function which drills down into each subfolder contained within the specified path. During this process, I want the user to be shown each file being scanned so I will trigger the last of three events inside this function. Again, notice the consistent format of the event triggering which needs to match the format of the delegate, FileAnalysisOpComplete with a message type of FileComplete.
private long GetFolderSize(string path)
long dirSize = 0;
// Default to include subdirectories -
// method could be update to accept this as a parameter
bool IncludeSubfolders = true;
DirectoryInfo dirInfo = new DirectoryInfo(path);
foreach (FileInfo fInfo in dirInfo.GetFiles())
dirSize += fInfo.Length;
// Trigger "Current File Analysis Complete" event
if (FileAnalysisOpComplete != null)
FileAnalysisOpComplete(this, new FileAnalysisEventArgs
(fInfo.Name, FileAnalysisMessageType.FileComplete));
if (IncludeSubfolders)
foreach (DirectoryInfo dirInfoSubFolder in dirInfo.GetDirectories())
// Use recursion to drill down into the top level directory
dirSize += GetFolderSize(dirInfoSubFolder.FullName);
catch (Exception ex)
// Handle any exceptions here
return dirSize;
At this point, we are finished with the file analysis class. This could, of course, be extended with much greater functionality but what started as a simple solution to a simple problem became a good example for something far more important, events, delegation and what I am about to explain, threading.
In our main form, we can make use of this class and its events. One of the problems I had faced during this simple application was that I could not successfully update the status label text while the functions were iterating over the directories and files. This is because the operation can be fairly large when scanning through possibly thousands of files. In order to allow the label text to be updated with status messages, I had to create a separate thread for this to run on. It turns out, this is a pretty simple thing to do.
Here's the start of our main application. In the main Form constructor, we want to register for the events we created in the Analyzer class. This is the point where we care about the events and what is happening while the directories are being scanned.
One thing you should note is that we only need to register for one event. Since we defined an enumeration to hold the message type (AnalysisStarted, AnalysisComplete and FileComplete), we can look at the type to determine what kind of information is being passed to us. We could define three separate events, and in fact my original design had three events, but with the use of the enumeration it would be redundant.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;
using System.Threading;
using FederNET.FileUtils;
namespace SimpleFileAnalyzer
public partial class Form1 : Form
FileAnalyzer FileAnalyzer = new FileAnalyzer();
The following is a delegate declaration. We will need this in a moment when our events are triggered.
// This delegate holds a method signature that will allow us to pass
// any messages generated by the File Analyzer methods to our local methods.
private delegate void UpdateStatusLabel(FileAnalysisEventArgs e);
public Form1()
// Register to receive events raised in our Analyzer class.
+= new FileAnalysisOperation(FileAnalyzer_FileAnalysisOpComplete);
Now that we have registered to receive the events from our Analyzer class, we need to define the handler function to do something with these events.
Please note the use of "Invoke" - this is required because when we call the analyze function, we will be starting it on a thread separate from the main form. In order for the messages to be handled properly, we must establish a bridge between the two threads or we will be dead in the water... so to speak.
The following also makes use of the delegate we define at the top of our code file. This will "delegate" the FileAnalysisEventArgs to the UpdateStatus function.
void FileAnalyzer_FileAnalysisOpComplete(object sender, FileAnalysisEventArgs e)
this.Invoke(new UpdateStatusLabel(UpdateStatus), e);
The Update status function simply takes the FileAnalysisEventArgs, as defined by the delegate, and looks at the message type, the message, and the total file count. Depending on what type of message it is, the status label and/or groupbox text is updated appropriately. I have put the status label in a groupbox control on the form.
private void UpdateStatus(FileAnalysisEventArgs message)
// Three message types can be stored in the custom FileAnalysisEventArgs class
// "FileComplete", "AnalysisStarted" and "AnalysisComplete"
switch (message.MessageType)
case FileAnalysisMessageType.FileComplete:
lblStatus.Text = message.Message;
case FileAnalysisMessageType.AnalysisStarted :
gbStatus.Text = message.Message;
case FileAnalysisMessageType.AnalysisComplete :
gbStatus.Text = message.Message;
lblStatus.Text = "Total files scanned :" + message.Count.ToString();
We need to handle the click events of the buttons on the main form - this is built in event functionality and should not require any explanation, but I have included it for completeness.
private void btnChooseSource_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
// Show the Windows folder browser dialog and set the selected
// path to the textbox on the form.
FileAnalyzer.FolderToAnalyze = fbDialog.SelectedPath;
txtSource.Text = FileAnalyzer.FolderToAnalyze;
private void btnChooseOutput_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
// Show the Windows folder browser dialog and set the selected
// path to the textbox on the form.
FileAnalyzer.OutputPath = fbDialog.SelectedPath;
txtOutput.Text = FileAnalyzer.OutputPath;
Last but certainly not least is the call to the Analyze function. We have done a fair amount of work to get this set up and I commend anyone who has stayed with me thus far. The major thing to note here is the Thread function. Because the analysis is a potentially heavy operation, I don't want it to bog down my UI form. If I don't execute this function on a separate thread, my UI will stop moving and will not update the status messages as needed. This makes the interface look like it has locked up when it truly hasn't.
private void btnAnalyze_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
if (FileAnalyzer.FolderToAnalyze == "" && FileAnalyzer.OutputPath == "")
FileAnalyzer.FolderToAnalyze = txtSource.Text;
FileAnalyzer.OutputPath = txtOutput.Text;
// Start a new thread for executing the file analysis function
Thread newThread = new Thread(new ThreadStart(FileAnalyzer.Analyze));
Hopefully this helps anyone struggling with the topics covered. It turns out we have covered a fair amount beyond what I would consider to be the basics. If you have any questions, feel free to let me know.
Points of Interest
It took a long time for me to grasp the idea behind delegates and I'm still learning. It's difficult to understand when a call to a function should simply go to the said function, right? However, after dealing with events, I have gained a much greater understanding of delegation and have a much deeper appreciation of how useful and cool they can be.
• 17th September, 2007 - I want to thank Steve Hansen for his suggestion to consolidate the events in my application. As mentioned in the updated article, by using an enumeration to specify the type of message, I didn't have a need to define multiple events. Rather, I could look at the message type and determine how to proceed with the event handling. I have posted both versions if anyone is interested in seeing what I have changed.
About the Author
David Federspiel
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GeneralThank you! Pin
krillgar20-Feb-12 10:34
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GeneralWhy not use BackgroundWorker Pin
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GeneralRe: Why not use BackgroundWorker Pin
David Federspiel24-Sep-07 16:14
memberDavid Federspiel24-Sep-07 16:14
GeneralAsyncCompletedEventArgs Pin
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GeneralRe: AsyncCompletedEventArgs Pin
David Federspiel17-Sep-07 4:24
memberDavid Federspiel17-Sep-07 4:24
GeneralEvents Pin
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GeneralRe: Events Pin
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App Spotlights for Windows Phone applications
, 28 Apr 2013 CPOL 4.9K 2
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Please note
As a Windows Phone developer, I can share that one of the best things that can happen to a developer is when any of its applications are in the spotlight in the Windows Phone Store. It's a honor to be selected by Microsoft. It also skyrockets the downloads during the period that an application is in spotlight.
However, there is no human way to know when an application is in the spotlight. There is currently 127 markets, so I don't image anyone checking 127 webpages everyday.
Can we fix that?
Of course, we can fix that. On April 9th 2013, I released App Spotlights for Windows Phone.
It is available now at:
<img src="Screenshot 1.jpg">
Thousands of developers and users are using the application. The developers can now follow the download statistic more precisely.
I started the project at the end of January. The Windows Phone application is in C# with XAML. The back-end is powered by Windows Azure. My solution uses Windows Azure Mobile Services, SQL on Azure and a Virtual Machine.
Despite the fact that the application is already released, the challenge accepts updates to an existing version of an application. This challenge will permit to enhance the application and bring more features.
Disclamer: Before I started with the project, I had no knowledge about using Windows Azure Mobiles Services, SQL on Azure and Virtual Machine.
Benefits of Windows Azure
• Going with Windows Azure, it highly reduces the cost of building and doing the maintenance of your own server (hardware and software).
• Windows Azure duplicates the data internally, it gives you an high confidence on the security of your data.
• Offload the processing to Windows Azure for the front-end applications in order to provide a fast response to the users especially in mobile applications.
Advantages of using Windows Azure
• I am a C# developer for so many years, so choosing Windows Azure was an easy decision because all Windows Azure services can be used with C#.
• Depending of the demand, Windows Azure permits to scale any services in few clicks without impacting the users.
• By definition, any cloud uses resources and resources cost money. Fortunately, Windows Azure gives a lot of free services to the developers even after the 90-day trial expired. By example, you can have up to 9 free websites. Also, with any Windows Azure services, you can choose a monthly payment or the pay as you go option. The developers have more freedom and he can save a lot going with Windows Azure.
• The previous points were technical aspects. The last point, I consider it the most important: technical support. As a newbie of Windows Azure in January, I had a lot of questions on many aspects since my solution used 3 services. I had a pleasant surprise that the technical support was really fast. I didn't have to fill ticket support or fill a form then wait 2-3 days. No, you can get access to an email and get answer within few hours. By example, to write to the Windows Azure Mobile Services team, you can use this email:
The Windows Azure Mobile Services team is a relatively new service at Microsoft. It has the big advantage that the team listens to the customers. I welcome you to visit their User Voice page at They already implemented suggestions from developers.
What's coming up
I will not unveil all the upcoming features now. For the Build a website challenge, I intend to create my first website with Windows Azure. I would like to display statistics that are not displayed in the application.
In conclusion
My expertise is developing Windows / Windows Phone application front-ends. I never played with back-end before this project. Luckily, Windows Azure was really easy to learn and it accomplished all my technical desires to bring up the solution.
About the Author
Software Developer (Senior) Mirego
Canada Canada
My name is Sébastien Lachance.
I love C# developing Windows Phone and Windows 8 applications.
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GeneralMy vote of 5 Pin
Abhishek Nandy13-May-13 19:46
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3D Pie Chart
, 13 Mar 2006 Zlib 866.8K 26.4K 622
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A class library for drawing 3D pie charts.
The initial idea was to create a utility class / class library that could be used for drawing 3-D pie charts. At first, this seemed quite simple, since there is a DrawPie method already available in the Graphics class. This method accepts start angle and sweep angle as arguments, so it should not be a problem to use it: just sum up all values and then calculate the portion for each one, converting it to sweep angle for the corresponding pie slice. And this works for a circular chart. However, if you want to add 3-D perspective (i.e., if a chart is drawn with an ellipse shape) this approach will result in an impression of varying values, as demonstrated in the figure below: pie slices at the left and right side appear larger than those up and down, although all of them have the same sweep angle.
Instead of a direct insertion of the sweep angle, the parametric equation for ellipse has to be used.
The above problem thus solved, adding a real 3-D look to the chart requires only one additional step: drawing a cylinder brink. However, if you want to draw pie slices displaced from the common center, then the slice cut sides become visible and have to be drawn too. Since these sides may partially overlap, the order of drawing is of utmost importance to obtain the correct 3-D appearance.
First, note that the coordinate system as shown in the figure below is used:
The parametric equation of ellipse has a form of:
x = a * cos(t)
y = b * sin(t)
where a and b are major and minor semi-axis, respectively, and t is a variable parameter. Note that t does not have direct interpretation in terms of an angle but (as anyone familiar with trigonometry will conclude from the figure below) can be related to the polar angle from the ellipse center as:
angle = tan-1(y/x) = tan-1((b * sin(t)) / (a * cos(t)))
Consequently, when initializing individual shapes for rendering, the corresponding start and sweep angles have to be transformed by the following method:
protected float TransformAngle(float angle) {
double x = m_boundingRectangle.Width * Math.Cos(angle * Math.PI / 180);
double y = m_boundingRectangle.Height * Math.Sin(angle * Math.PI / 180);
float result = (float)(Math.Atan2(y, x) * 180 / Math.PI);
if (result < 0)
return result + 360;
return result;
In the above method, m_boundingRectangle is the boundary rectangle of the ellipse from which the pie shape is cut out. The width and height of this rectangle are equal to the major and minor axes of the ellipse, respectively.
When drawing a 3-D pie slice (with some finite height), it is necessary to draw the slice cut sides as well as the outer periphery of the cylinder from which the slice is cut out. For this, the center point and the points on the pie slice periphery (m_center, m_pointStart and m_pointEnd private members of the PieSlice class) and their corresponding siblings on the slice bottom side have to be calculated first. These points are used to constitute GraphicsPaths: paths for cut sides consist of four lines, while the path for the cylinder periphery consists of two vertical lines and two arcs.
It is worthy to note that the slice side corresponding to the start angle is visible only when the start angle is larger than 90 and less than 270 degrees, while the side corresponding to the end angle is visible only when the angle is between 270 and 90 degrees. Also, the cylinder brink is visible only for angles between 0 and 180 degrees.
As already mentioned, the drawing order is important when the chart contains several slices displaced from the center. The pie shape that is crossing the 270 degrees boundary must be drawn first because it may be (partially) covered by another pie slice. The slice closest to the 270 degrees axis (regardless if it is from the left or the right side) is drawn next, the procedure being repeated for the slices to follow.
To achieve this order, the pie slices are stored into an array starting with the shape that crosses the 270 degrees axis. Consequently, neighboring shapes will be placed in the second and in the last position of the array. Therefore, the search for the next shape to be drawn goes from the start and from the end of the list simultaneously, selecting the shape which is closer to the 270 degrees axis to be drawn first.
Pie slices crossing the 270 degrees axis have a unique feature: both cut sides (corresponding to the start and the end angle) are visible - c.f. figure below left. Moreover, if both the start and the end angles are within 0 and 180 degrees range, the slice will have its cylinder brink consisting of two parts (figure below right). To handle this, the slice is split into two sub-slices in the course of drawing, with the common top side.
This splitting comes into play with drawing charts like the one shown below: if the blue slice was drawn first and completely, the green slice would completely overlap it, resulting in an irregular illusion. The numbers on each shape indicate the correct order of drawing.
Hit Testing
When the first version of the article was published, several readers suggested to add tool tips and pie slice highlighting when the mouse is over it. This feature has been implemented in version 1.1.
The main problem was to find and implement the algorithm that searches for the pie slice currently under the mouse cursor. The search order for the entire chart is the reverse of the drawing order, starting from the foremost slice. However, processing of individual slices is cumbersome because of their irregular shapes.
To test if a pie is hit, the pie slice shape has to be decomposed into several surfaces as shown on the figure below, and each of these surfaces is tested if it contains the hit point.
Note that the cylinder outer periphery hitting is not tested directly (in fact, I have no idea how it could be done simply), but is covered by testing the top (1) and the bottom (2) pie surfaces and the quadrilateral defined by the periphery points (3).
Hit testing for the top and bottom slice surfaces is straightforward - the distance of the point from the center of the ellipse is compared to the ellipse radius for the corresponding angle:
private bool PieSliceContainsPoint(PointF point,
float xBoundingRectangle, float yBoundingRectangle,
float widthBoundingRectangle, float heightBoundingRectangle,
float startAngle, float sweepAngle) {
double a = widthBoundingRectangle / 2;
double b = heightBoundingRectangle / 2;
double x = point.X - xBoundingRectangle - a;
double y = point.Y - yBoundingRectangle - b;
double angle = Math.Atan2(y, x);
if (angle < 0)
angle += 2 * Math.PI;
double angleDegrees = angle * 180 / Math.PI;
// point is inside the pie slice only if between start and end angle
if (angleDegrees >= startAngle &&
angleDegrees <= startAngle + sweepAngle) {
// distance of the point from the ellipse centre
double r = Math.Sqrt(y * y + x * x);
double a2 = a * a;
double b2 = b * b;
double cosFi = Math.Cos(angle);
double sinFi = Math.Sin(angle);
// distance of the ellipse perimeter point
double ellipseRadius =
(b * a) / Math.Sqrt(b2 * cosFi * cosFi + a2 * sinFi * sinFi);
return ellipseRadius > r;
return false;
For quadrilaterals, a well know algorithm for testing if a point is inside a polygon is used: a ray is traced from the point to test and the number of intersections of this ray with the polygon is counted. If the number is odd, the point is inside the polygon, if it is even, the point is outside (c.f. figure below).
Consequently, all polygon sections are passed, counting intersections with the ray:
public bool Contains(PointF point, PointF[] cornerPoints) {
int intersections = 0;
float x0 = point.X;
float y0 = point.Y;
for (int i = 1; i < cornerPoints.Length; ++i) {
if (DoesIntersect(point, cornerPoints[i], cornerPoints[i - 1]))
if (DoesIntersect(point, cornerPoints[cornerPoints.Length - 1],
return (intersections % 2 != 0);
private bool DoesIntersect(PointF point, PointF point1, PointF point2) {
float x2 = point2.X;
float y2 = point2.Y;
float x1 = point1.X;
float y1 = point1.Y;
if ((x2 < point.X && x1 >= point.X) ||
(x2 >= point.X && x1 < point.X)) {
float y = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1) * (point.X - x1) + y1;
return y > point.Y;
return false;
Using the code
The PieChart solution contains three classes: PieSlice, PieChart3D and PieChartControl (derived from the System.Windows.Forms.Panel control). The PieSlice class provides all the functionality required to draw a 3-D pie slice with given a start and sweep angle, color, height and shadow style.
The PieChart3D represents the entire chart. There are several constructors available, all of them taking a bounding rectangle and an array of values. Some constructors also accept:
• array of colors used to represent values,
• array of slice displacements,
• slice thickness.
Slice displacement is expressed as a ratio of the slice "depth" and ellipse radius; minimum value of 0 means that there is no displacement, while 1 (largest allowed value) means that the shape is completely taken out of the ellipse.
Slice thickness represents the ratio of pie slice thickness and the ellipse's vertical, minor axis; largest allowed value being 0.5.
It is also possible to set any of the above parameters using public properties. Note that if the number of colors provided is less than the number of values, colors will be re-used. Similarly, if the number of displacements is exhausted, the last displacement will be used for all the remaining pie slices.
There are also additional public properties that can be set:
• Texts,
• Font,
• ForeColor,
• ShadowStyle,
• EdgeColorType,
• EdgeLineWidth,
• InitialAngle,
• FitToBoundingRectangle.
The meaning of all these properties and their possible values can be seen from the demo sample. The Texts property is an array of strings that are displayed on corresponding slices. Default implementation places text near the center of the slice's top, but the user may override the PlaceTexts method of the PieChart3D class to implement her/his own placement logic. Font and ForeColor properties define the font and the color that is used to display these texts.
The PieChart3D class can be used for printing: it is only necessary to initialize the chart object and then call its Draw method, providing the corresponding Graphics object:
public void Draw(Graphics graphics) { ... }
To display the chart on the screen, PieChartControl is more appropriate: it encapsulates the chart into a panel that is responsible for chart (re)painting. The user only has to place it on the form and set the required values. For example:
private System.Drawing.PieChart.PieChartControl panelDrawing =
new System.Drawing.PieChart.PieChartControl();
panelDrawing.Values = new decimal[] { 10, 15, 5, 35};
int alpha = 80;
panelDrawing.Colors = new Color[] { Color.FromArgb(alpha, Color.Red),
Color.FromArgb(alpha, Color.Green),
Color.FromArgb(alpha, Color.Yellow),
Color.FromArgb(alpha, Color.Blue) };
panelDrawing.SliceRelativeDisplacements = new float[] { 0.1F, 0.2F, 0.2F, 0.2F };
panelDrawing.Texts = new string[] { "red",
"yellow" };
panelDrawing.ToolTips = new string[] { "Peter",
"Brian" };
panelDrawing.Font = new Font("Arial", 10F);
panelDrawing.ForeColor = SystemColors.WindowText
panelDrawing.LeftMargin = 10F;
panelDrawing.RightMargin = 10F;
panelDrawing.TopMargin = 10F;
panelDrawing.BottomMargin = 10F;
panelDrawing.SliceRelativeHeight = 0.25F;
panelDrawing.InitialAngle = -90F;
PieChartControl overrides both OnPaint and OnResize events, taking care of correct chart redrawing.
Note that PieChartControl has an additional ToolTips property accepting an array of strings that are displayed when the corresponding pie slice is hit. If any string in this array is empty, the corresponding value will be displayed instead.
Points of Interest
To achieve a better 3-D perspective, I have introduced a "gradual" shadow, changing the brightness of the slice cut sides depending on their angles. To achieve this effect on the cylinder brink, a gradient fill is used for painting the periphery. I used an empirical formula for this. However, the user may change this by deriving a class from PieSlice and overriding the CreateBrushForSide and the CreateBrushForPeriphery methods in the PieSlice class, implementing her/his own logic.
Similarly, a user can override the CreatePieSliceHighlighted method in the PieChart class; the default implementation draws the highlighted pie slice in a slightly lighter color.
From version 1.4, a simple pie chart printing is included in the demo program; the user just has to click the Print button on the demo form. The printing code is provided in the PrintChart class of the Test project.
Copyright notice
You are free to use this code and the accompanying DLL. Please include a reference to this web page in the list of credits.
• June 1, 2004 - Initial submission of the article.
• June 22, 2004 - ver. 1.1: Tool tip and pie slice highlighting added. Also (credits for these go to Andreas Krohn), flickering on resize has been removed and assertion failure bug when control is made very small has been fixed.
• November 11, 2004 - ver. 1.2: bug fixes.
• March 21, 2005 - ver. 1.3: color transparency support added (thanks to Bogdan Pietroiu for this suggestion), and description text for each slice (as suggested by ccarlinx) added.
• November 10, 2005 - ver. 1.4: Pie chart control crashing for angle of 270 degrees bug (found by gabbyr and rafabgood) and "Crash when all slices have 0 value" has been fixed. A simple pie chart printing sample has been included into the demo project (please note that the quality of the printout depends on the capabilities of the printer and is usually far behind the screen display quality).
• March 12, 2006 - ver. 1.5: Control crashing bug (as noticed by jianingy) has been fixed.
About the Author
Julijan Sribar
Software Developer (Senior) Syntellect
Croatia Croatia
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Questionproperties Pin
Aggelos Tzitzifas2-Oct-12 12:59
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The wiki last edited by pikahyper on 01/01/15 09:34PM View full history
The investigative team searches for clues about a mysterious man's claim that the Red Diaries kept by Marilyn Monroe revealed secrets that would lead not only to her murderer, but the truth behind the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Even though skeptical, the investigators find out that the matter is much more serious and deadlier than they ever expected, even after all this time.
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Monty Python's groupies were never as attractive as rock groupies.
The British comedy troupe - which is made up of John Cleese, 74, Terry Jones, 71, Terry Gilliam, 72, Michael Palin, 70, and Eric Idle, 70 - admit they had a huge fan base in at the height of their fame, however, the girls who chased them weren't as gorgeous as the females who followed their musician friends.
Gilliam - who is married to Maggie Weston - told GQ magazine: ''There were groupies. But comedy groupies are not as good looking as rock groupies, that's all I can say. I mean, really interesting personalities! But the beauties we saw knocking on the doors in 'A Hard Day's Night' and all those rock shows were not the girls who were knocking on the Python stage door. Funny that!''
The comic group - who were once dubbed The Beatles of comedy - weren't only popular with the general public, they also had a number of A-List fans who loved watching their sketches, including Jimmy Page, George Harrison, Sir Paul McCartney and Robert Plant.
Gilliam revealed: ''We were hot. When Python was at its peak, every group, whether it was Led Zeppelin [or] The Beatles, loved us. We were 'THE' guys!''
Monty Python have reunited for a series of live shows at The O2 in London this summer entitled 'Monty Python Live (Mostly), 'One Down Five To Go' - a reference to late member Graham Chapman, who died in 1989 at the age of 48.
Late Beatles guitarist George Harrison was such a big Monty Python fan he financed their controversial 1979 film 'The Life of Brian' through his company HandMade Films.
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Date Movie star Sophie Monk was forced to confront an obsessed fan after he bombarded her with terrifying messages online.
The Australian actress, who lives in California, turned to Los Angeles police when a stranger began pestering her on
But instead of waiting for authorities to look into the matter, Monk decided to deal with the tormentor herself.
She tells Aussie radio station Fox FM, "I have a stalker on Facebook to the point I've been down to the police station because it's got really scary and the police here don't do anything about it. Instead I take it in my own hands and start speaking back to him.
"I just turn it around and somehow now he looks up to me and he doesn't want to kill me any more. Everyone's like, 'Erase him as a friend,' and I was like, 'He might come murder me.' So this is how I deal with it. I face it front on.
"I don't know what else to do and especially when you're scared like that. I'd rather know what's going on. Keep your enemies close rather than far away. That scares me more: not knowing where they are or what they're doing."
It's not the first time the blonde beauty has been pestered in cyberspace - she also received lewd messages from a fan via web phone service Skype.
Monk recalls, "He was ringing me all through the night to the point I had to turn my computer off... and all of a sudden this message comes up, 'Can I please pleasure myself for you?'... I was like, 'No, that's the answer' and he was like, 'I'm so so sorry, I didn't know what I was doing, I'll erase you right now.'"
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Thread: Steampunk maid?
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Unread 02-27-2012, 10:04 PM #2
Fighting VG Specialist
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Join Date: Mar 2011
Posts: 738
would be great with a steampunk vacuum or steampunk maid accessory. Is there anyway to "steampunk" a feather duster? maybe a bronze like handle and peacock feathers? Or like a steampunked swiffer sweeper. how about a leather like apron instead of a white lace one?
That's all i got, I'm gotta my element. :-)
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View Single Post
Unread 08-17-2012, 01:09 AM #10
Registered User
Join Date: Jun 2011
Posts: 382
Does lady rainicorn count? <3 i was going to do princess luna but i ran up the tab to make her and it would be over $500. (the wings alone being $200) Q-Q
I love mlp but not that much.
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Video: Chavez lies in state in Caracas
CARACAS (AFP) - (AFP) - The body of late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez lies in state in a half-open casket at a Caracas military academy after throngs of weeping supporters swarm the streets of the capital to bid farewell.
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Toronto, ON
Like many people, my grandmother started me crafting. Of course, I stopped doing much of it when I was in grade school, and picked it back up again, craft by craft, as I got older. I didn't learn to knit or crochet, really, until a few years ago. Cross stitch is my true passion (and something my grandma didn't do a lot of), and I'm also wanting to sew more.
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LeMans » ACO reveals 71 entries for Le Mans 24 Hours
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If we look at the purpose for which the delta wing was designed and allowed to enter lemans, it was to prove it's efficiency. It was supposed to have the speed of an LMP1 vehicle, yet have half the horsepower (300hp) and half the engine (4 cylinder), yet make up it's speed through aerodynamic efficiency. But as we saw, in lemans trim it's marginally faster than a GTE car in race conditions. In ALMS trim (bigger restrictor) it's at best a midpack LMP2 car. I just don't think it broke any new grounds.
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A Power Procedure
Consider the integral power procedure. Each example in this section is presented in Scheme and in C. For code generation the Scheme example assumes the implementation provides a compile procedure, and the C example uses the DCG system [DCG].
This code looks clean and efficient, but often it is far from optimal. If the exponent were known to be, eg 20 (10100_2 =
20_{10}), you could instead use this specialized version:
Since the control flow, conditionals, and shifting of the original code depended only on the exponent, they can be eliminated. On typical RISC machines, this will run much faster (on a MIPS R3000 the C version ran 2.7 times faster; on an Alpha 2.4 times).
Sometimes the exponent isn't known at compile time, but you do know that, for whichever values arrives later, it will be called many times (perhaps 10,000). This situation is the motivation for run time code generation (RTCG), the synthesis of specialized machine code at run time [note run-time]. Using this technique, a generating extension is called with just the exponent. It returns a procedure that finishes the computation:
The lisp compiler is called to convert the sexpr data into a procedure. [note removing-times-one].
DCG is an efficient, retargetable, C-callable interface for RTCG [DCG]. The `D' stands for `Dynamic' (which is actually a better term than `run time'). Using it, power_gen looks something like this:
This compiler will run very fast.
The following sections follow a generalization of this procedure typically occuring in 3D graphics. But this represents only one possible path: in a mathematical library, you might want to provide a more general purpose power procedure that handled negative and then rational exponents. You might also support complex numbers. Such features require additional tests, but as long as they depend solely on the exponent, a compiler can eliminate them.
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Comment: Here's A Surprise For You BACK
(See in situ)
Here's A Surprise For You BACK
Governors for the most part work for the FEDS. Didn't you learn anything when the governor of Montana didn't show some balls when it came to shutting down the medical marijuana grower that got busted by the Feds even though he had done nothing wrong according to Montana law?
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Here is the translation of the Holy Father’s address this morning during an audience in the Sala Regia with the Diplomatic Corps accredited to the Holy See. It followed an address given to Pope Francis on behalf of the diplomats by the dean of the corps, Ambassador Jean-Claude Michel of Monaco. * * *
Your Exce…
ZENIT (5265 Posts)
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Home > Computing > How To Convert M4A files to MP3 format
How To Convert M4A files to MP3 format
The M4A file format isn’t exactly a household name. However, Apple’s iTunes store — a dominant force in digital music distribution — has releases music in M4A alongside AAC. Considering that MP3s are universally recognized by devices and media players of virtually all stripes, we thought you, the reader, would benefit from a guide on how to convert M4As to MP3s.
Additionally, feel free to check out our guide on how to convert FLAC files to MP3, along with our top picks for the best free media players for both Mac and PC.
How to convert M4A files to MP3 using iTunes (Windows/Mac OS X)
Though iTunes isn’t the only desktop app capable of converting M4A files to MP3, it remains one of the best (and most recognizable) choices out there. It’s easy to pull off too.
Step 1: Open import settings
Click the button in the upper right hand corner of iTunes (you should see a small down arrow here), and click Preferences. The General tab should be opened by default, otherwise, click on it. Then, click Import Settings “OK” button.
M4a Conversion
Step 2: Adjust import settings
Click the drop-down to the right of Import Using and select MP3 Encoder. Keep in mind that you can also adjust the bit rate for your songs. The higher the bit rate, the better it will sound. The lower the bit rate, the worse your music will sound. So why would anyone ever select low bit rates? The higher a bit rate a song has, the bigger the file is, and the more space it will take up on your hard drive. If space is tight, we recommend that you go with 128, if you can swing it. If you think you need to go lower (or want to hear how lower bit rates change sound quality), click Custom next to Setting in the Import Settings window. Then, select the bit rate of your choice from the Stereo Bit Rate drop-down. You can fine tune other settings here as well, or revert to defaults. When you’re done, click OK, and then click OK again.
Import M4a settings
Step 3: Convert
Once you apply the settings, right-click the file you wish to convert and click Create MP3 Version. iTunes will create and automatically place an MP3 version of the song directly beneath it.
Create MP3 version of File
Converting your M4a files to MP3 using Cloud Convert (Web-based)
Cloud ConvertZamzar, and Online Convert are three websites that allow you to convert files for free without having to install any software. You simply upload the files you wish to convert, which the site then converts you. Then, you download the newly-converted files – no toolbars or add-ons required.
We’re going to demonstrate how to use Cloud Convert. The minimalist site allows users to convert files of all types, from audio files and videos, to Word documents, and more.
Step 1: Select your M4a file
Head to the main Cloud Convert homepage, click the grey Select Files button on the left-hand side, and select the desired M4A file you wish to convert. Alternatively, click and drag the file you wish to convert from its save location into the site’s conversion window.
Selecting Files for Conversion
Step 2: Customize your output settings
Scroll through and select the mp3 option from the list of audio formats. Unless specified, Cloud Convert will automatically convert your file into an MP3 at a bit rate of 250kbps. However, much like iTunes, you can click the wrench icon beneath the drop-down menu to adjust the file’s output settings. From there, you can change the number of active channels, the sampling frequency, and more. Once your satisfied with your settings, click the blue Okay button in the bottom-right corner.
Selecting MP3 Output Format
Step 3: Convert
Click the red Start Conversion button on the right-hand side. When the conversion process finishes —which should take roughly 10 seconds with most files — click the green Download button, and select a save location.
Downloading converted file
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WFSOT - Orions
WFSOT - Orions
Postby discmonkey42 » Thu Feb 14, 2013 6:24 am
Looking for some back ups..
First run (bar stamp or 1.1) SOLF, bright colors, no ink, any weight
First run SOLS, bright colors, no ink, any weight
I've got a garage full of discs to trade, but will paypal too. Not in desperate need, but have lost a few lately and would like to replenish the reserves.
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Cooking Mama World: Babysitting Mama (Wii)
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£11.59 Best Offer by: base.com See more offers
1 Review
Genre: Action & Adventure / Video Game for Nintendo Wii / Release Date: 2010-11-12 / Published by 505 Games
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04.01.2011 13:09
Very helpful
Not worth the money .
Babysitting Mama was a game my daughter had been nagging for for a little while, thanks to all that targeted pre christmas advertising . It's the latest in the 'Mama' series of games, with previous titles incliding cooking mama, cooking mama 2, and gardening mama. However, Babysitting Mama has one sligt difference - as well as the game disk, you also need a plush baby doll to play.
And this doll is the source of some difficultly when it comes to the game set up - as well as inserting the disk in the standard manner, you also have to insert the wii remote into the back of the doll. This isn't the easiest thing to do, as the space is quite tight, not to mention that you also need the nunchuck connected too, so trying to avoid bending or trapping wires, whilst fitting the wii remote securely AND making sure you leave the sensor poking out is just a bit of a pain in the bum, and certainly too difficult for my daughter to do alone.
You start the game with one baby, Yuto, and your task is to help mama look after him properly, using both the baby and the nunchuck remote. As Mama completes a series of simple tasks, your job is to emulate her movements, doing exactly as she says and being careful to not shake the baby . As each task is completed, either by filling the babies emotion bar, or by timing out, you are awarded a coloured medal, either bronze, silver, or gold according to how well you have performed. After completing 4 activity stages, your score will be tallied up and you'll be either praised or consoled . Good performance unlocks more babies to care for (there are 5 in total), more game activities, and a selection of photos .
All this sounds incredibly simple, right ? In theory, it is, but in a reality a small child will struggle with having two controllers in operation at once, especially as the baby (which to be fair is well made, and pretty cute) is quite the little chubster and takes up a fair bit of space. Plus, he needs to be held in pretty precise positions in order to complete the game stages, and you lose points for not moving or holding the doll correctly, or for not being exactly in time . Add to that that the people behind the game have seen fit to use the speaker in the wii remote to make the doll laugh and cry ( the sounds being indistinguishable from each other, with the screen being the only way to tell how the brat was feeling) and the game gets old pretty fast . Never mind the near constant warnings to not shake the baby - after enduring my daughter playing this for an hour ( with constant complaint about it being too tricky) I was ready to drop kick the little demon across the room .
There are some good little mini tasks in the game though - feeding the baby, whilst moving the plate around to avoid tantrums and mess, changing it's nappy, playing with newspapers. The thing is though, while there are lots of little tasks, some of them are almost identical to others. In one game, for example, I have to move the baby from side to side to simulate rocking a cradle, and in another, up and down to simulate playing. This wouldn't be a problem, except that the game requires ninja like precision timing in order to accumulate a score.
The graphics are nice- simple and colourful, and really quite appealing. Text on screen is easy to read, and the scoring system is easy to understand . The diagrams accompanying the tasks could be clearer though, and some tasks only require one controller, but don't tell you until you've started so you're left holding the baby pointlessly the entire time . And the stuff mama says - well, it gets very repetitive. I've lost count of the number of times I've heard 'Pat, pat, soothe the baby'. It gets repetitive - and I'm starting to hear it in my dreams .
Sadly, instead of my daughter being filled with maternal love by this game, she seems to have developed post natal depression - she swiftly lost interest in the game because of the absurd difficulty of some of the levels, and merely plays with the cuddly doll part now . At 39.99, this game is an expensive gimmick, and I think parents would be better off spending the money on a tiny tears, or some other less annoying toy .
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Ninja Gaiden 3 - Collector's Edition (PS3)
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£69.99 Best Offer by: amazon.co.uk See more offers
Genre: Action & Shooter / Video Game for PlayStation 3 / Release Date: 2012-03-23 / Published by Koei
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The Lifeboat - Charlotte Rogan
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Author: Charlotte Rogan / Paperback / 352 Pages / Book is published 2013-01-03 by Virago
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/19979
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Erin Scala shown using a handcycle at the Paralympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colo.
Erin Scala shown using a handcycle at the Paralympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colo. Courtesy of Erin Scala
I might not have my sight, but my vision is as clear as could be. “Will you look back on life and say, ‘I wish I had,’ or ‘I’m glad I did’?” said Zig Ziglar, a motivational speaker and author.
It is very hard to set a goal that is three years away, but I have wanted to be a Paralympian since I was a little girl and I am going to do everything in my power to make it happen. I am going to set smaller long-term goals that will all lead up to my ultimate goal of Racing for Team U.S.A in Rio in 2016.
On the way to the Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, many different thoughts were running through my mind. I was mostly feeling excitement, but the unknown started to fill my head as I got closer and closer. Will I be able to find the bathroom? Will I make friends? What will we be doing? Will I be good enough? What type of food do they serve? Where do I sleep? The list goes on forever.
When I arrived, I was sitting in the cafeteria with my dad, talking to others in the program. The girl who was going to be my roommate introduced herself. Her name was Sarah, and she was also my pilot. A pilot is the person on the front of a tandem bike. The person on the back of the bike, which is me, is called a stoker. Sarah and I clicked immediately. Others in our group kept asking how long we knew each other, remarking that it seemed like we knew each other for years, and not just for a couple of hours. I couldn’t have asked for a better roommate, pilot, and now great friend. Sarah had never been on a tandem bike before, but she is a pro cyclist, so she learned quickly how to navigate a bike that is totally different than the one she is used to racing. We established our means of communication and rode as if we had been riding together since we were teenagers. She alerted me when we were going left or right, stopping, slowing down, when we needed to apply more pressure to the pedals or speed up, and other things that we needed to communicate while biking.
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Eclipse Community Forums - RDF feed Eclipse Community Forums Something missing?: 3.4 minimal standalone help system instructions Originally posted by:
Two of us have followed the instructions in the 3.4 standalone help
system topic and are getting the same results.
At step 5 of the instructions ("From location1 start standalone help
from the command line"), we get the help system to start up. However,
the ToC frame is empty.
That makes sense, as there was no doc plug-in in the exported feature.
BUT, if we stop the help system and put a doc plug-in into either
dropins or plugins directory, and restart with the -clean parameter, we
get the same symptom: no content in ToC frame.
Somehow, the system is not recognizing that it has to pick up our doc
plug-ins. (BTW, these are doc plug-ins created using the 3.4 PDE and
targeted for 3.4).
We suspect that we need a config.ini or configuration that is specific
for running the standalone help system (vs the SDK). I took a look at
the config.ini file that's in eclipse/configuration and it is quite
changed from 3.3 and I'm not sure how to proceed to make one specific
for the standalone help system.
Is it likely that that is the issue? (needing a specific config.ini file)
If so, can someone provide a sample or a pointer of how I can create one
for a standalone help system 'product'? Can I do it using the PDE?
And if it's not the config.ini file, any insights into what the cause of
the empty ToC frame would be? :-)
Lee Anne]]>
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@techreport{Hoyos2010persistent, abstract = {This paper surveys gender earnings gaps in Colombia from 1994 to 2006, using matching comparisons to examine the extent to which individuals with similar human capital characteristics earn different wages. Three sub-periods are considered: 1994-1998; 2000-2001; and 2002- 2006, corresponding to the economic cycle of the Colombian economy. The gaps dropped from the first to the second period but remained almost unchanged between the second and the third. The gender earnings gap remains largely unexplained after controlling for different combinations of socio-demographics and job-related characteristics, reaching between 13 and 23 percent of average female earnings. That gap is lower at the middle of the wage distributions than the extremes, possibly due to a gender-equalizing effect of the minimum wage. Moreover, the gap is more pronounced for low-productivity workers and those who need flexibility to participate in labor markets. This suggests that policy interventions in the form of labor market regulations may have little impact on reducing gender earnings gaps.}, address = {Bonn}, author = {Alejandro Hoyos and Hugo \\textasciitilde{}{N}opo and Ximena Pe\\textasciitilde{}{n}a}, copyright = {http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen}, keywords = {C14; D31; J16; O54; 330; gender; ethnicity; wage gaps; Latin America; Colombia; matching; Lohndifferenzierung; Frauenarbeitslohn; Ethnische Gruppe; Arbeitsproduktivit\"{a}t; Konjunktur; Sch\"{a}tzung; Kolumbien}, language = {eng}, number = {5073}, publisher = {Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)}, title = {The persistent gender earnings gap in Colombia, 1994-2006}, type = {Discussion paper series // Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10419/44226}, year = {2010} }
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EconStor >
Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim >
ZEW Discussion Papers, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) >
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
Title:Do Equity Preferences Matter in Climate Negotiations? An Experimental Investigation PDF Logo
Authors:Dannenberg, Astrid
Sturm, Bodo
Vogt, Carsten
Issue Date:2007
Series/Report no.:ZEW Discussion Papers 07-063
Abstract:This paper investigates in how far equity preferences may matter for climate negotiations. For this purposes we conducted a simple experiment with people who have been involved in international climate policy. The experiment, which was run via the Internet, consisted of two simple non-strategic games suited to measure the parameters of inequity aversion in a Fehr and Schmidt (1999) utility function. We find that our participants show aversion against advantageous as well as disadvantageous inequity to a considerable amount. Moreover, the degree of inequity aversion is higher compared to that of students in the similar study of Dannenberg et al. (2007). Regarding the geographical variety in our sample, we cannot confirm significant differences in the degree of inequity aversion between different regions in the world, which is in line with previous findings from the experimental literature. This finding lends support to the hypothesis that equity preferences are "hard-wired" and not much influenced by socio-economic or cultural circumstances.
Subjects:individual preferences
inequity aversion
climate policy
experimental economics
public goods
Document Type:Working Paper
Files in This Item:
File Description SizeFormat
dp07063.pdf515.19 kBAdobe PDF
No. of Downloads: Counter Stats
Download bibliographical data as: BibTeX
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/19997
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CURRENT's Gogel discusses hurdles to smart-grid implementation
As the Department of Energy accepts applications for smart-grid funding through the stimulus, which projects and technologies will be most successful in the short term? During today's OnPoint, Ray Gogel, president of CURRENT, a provider of smart-grid technology and infrastructure for electric utilities, discusses the success of SmartGridCity in Boulder, Colo. He explains how elements of the project can be transferred to other regions of the country and weighs in on the debate over creating smart-grid standards.
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Media Center
Kind of bizarre that it's taken them so long given that UltimateTV, their first failed stab at the digital video recorder market, already had this feature years ago, but Microsoft is finally getting around to adding support for multiple TV tuners (which means no more terrible agony over which show to record) to the 2005 version of Windows XP Media Center Edition which they'll be announcing next week. The Media Center OS will finally be capable of recording HDTV, but only over the air broadcasts—there won't be support for recording satellite or cable HDTV (and there are a bunch of complicated reasons why that's the case), at least not this time around.
Public Access
Acer TravelMate 8006LMi review
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An IGN Boards member, canedaddy, got his hands on the latest issue of EGM, and found something of interest to PSP fans. The Rumor Mill supposedly states that Square Enix is bringing over even more support to our favorite handheld: "Square Enix is whipping up a wild lineup for PSP this year ... These guys are serious too! I'm talking new games, remakes of old classics, and an all-new, unexpected Final Fantasy spinoff that will make the fanboys flip."
We know that Square is bringing over Final Fantasy VII: Crisis Core and Final Fantasy Tactics to the PSP. What other surprises might they have in store for us? Let the speculation begin.
(Pictured: Final Fantasy XIII: Versus. Could the FFXIII universe expand to the PSP?)
This article was originally published on Joystiq.
Gates: Nintendo WASN'T competition, NOW they are
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Lenovo first announced a 3G add-on from AT&T and Ericsson for some of its laptops a few months ago, but it's now out there tooting its mobile broadband horn once again, and saying that the three companies are now making the option even cheaper and more widely available. According to Lenovo, the built-in 3G option is now available in all three of its SL series ThinkPads, as well as every single model in its T and X series and, what's more, it's also now $150 cheaper than before, or about the same price as an equivalent non-3G-equipped laptop. Of course, you will have to sign up for AT&T's DataConnect service, but the carrier is at least throwing in 30 days of free service to help ease you in.
Public Access
Pure*Gold PC is just what you think it is
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It wasn't all sequels and plugged leaks at Sony's E3 press conference. Sony also announced a new PlayStation 3 franchise called ModNation Racers, the latest in the company's Play.Create.Share lineup popularized by LittleBigPlanet. The game looks to strap LBP's overcute style and love of physics into kart racing that, according to Sony, will let players express themselves and become "superstar designers" by sharing tracks, karts and characters over the PlayStation Network.
This article was originally published on Joystiq.
PlayStation Motion Controller launching 2010
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Native 4K recording? Check. A built-for-war body? You bet. Backordered despite a downright shocking $11,700 price tag? Most certainly. As with Red's prior products, the Scarlet-X seems to be wowing just about every shooter lucky enough to come into contact with one. Luck for you, the folks over at Cinema5D have spent an inordinate of amount of time with this beast in order to deliver the full skinny on whether it's worth the price (and wait). We won't bother spoiling any conclusions for you, but if you've been toying with the idea of blowing your (and your SO's) bonus on one of these in a bid to start your own movie house, there's a vid just after the break that deserves your attention.
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Homework Help
What types of committees are there in Congress?
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angela-62 | Student, Undergraduate | (Level 3) eNoter
Posted December 6, 2010 at 6:30 AM via web
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What types of committees are there in Congress?
1 Answer | Add Yours
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pohnpei397 | College Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator
Posted December 6, 2010 at 6:39 AM (Answer #1)
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Students of the US Congress generally say that there are either 3 or 4 kinds of committees in Congress.
The most important and most common of these is called the "Standing Committee." These are committees (in both the Senate and the House) that are permanent and which have permanent jurisdictions and duties. These are the committees like Defense and Judiciary. These committees have subcommittees as well.
The second kind of committee is a select or special committee. This kind of committee is set up on a temporary basis for some particular task.
Third, there are joint committees. These are permanent, but are made up of members of both houses. They are generally not charged with legislative duties -- they are more just for administrative stuff like overseeing the Government Printing Office.
Finally, there are conference committees. These are a special kind of joint committee. They are appointed on a temporary basis whenever the two houses pass different versions of the same law. When this happens, the conference committee has to iron out the differences and produce one identical version of the bill.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20019
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4 Bulletproof Productivity Secrets Gleaned From the World's Great Achievers
What defines an elite performer isn't how they perform when everything is going well but the way they deliver when their well-laid plans are falling apart.
Peak productivity is the result of dedication and awareness. Regardless of your current situation, what business you’re in or what your goals are, productivity is extremely important. In a time of constant movement, constant communication and continual pursuit of achievement, we seldom feel we are ahead of that long to-do list, no matter how many completed tasks we record at the end of the day. It seems that our days are controlling us, vs. us taking control of our days.
Constant busyness and lack of rituals can actually take you off course from your highest value work. The “trick” to productivity is deciding, at some point other than in the moment before, what you’re going to work on. Practice that high-value work over and over until it’s natural, habitual and automatic. A lot of these ideas I originally learned in Tim Ferris' amazing book, The Four Hour Workweek.
I’ve experimented with many approaches to improving producivity and results. These four I recommend strongly.
Related: 5 Changes I Made to Improve My Productivity While Traveling
1. 80/20 everything. Pareto's Law states 80 percent of the outputs result from 20 percent of the inputs. If you take 10 of your tasks and activities you want to get done, two of them will produce more results than the other eight combined.
Sometimes when we get busy we feel we must get a ton of tasks done vs. the important ones that create bigger results. Think intelligently about which 20 percent of your tasks will yield huge results and work on those with absolute focus. Remember, it’s not the hours you work but the work you put into those hours.
2. Most things don't matter. Most things make no difference, and aren’t moving your progress or business forward. In fact, most of the things you can do in your business don’t accelerate growth. At best, they just maintain.
Being busy is often a maifestation of lazy thinking and indiscriminate action with no better results than laziness. Being overwhelmed is often as unproductive as doing nothing but is far more unpleasant. Being more thoughtful and selective about choosing what actions we make priorities is a reliable path to being highly productive.
Focus on the important few and ignore or delegate the rest. At the beginning of my entrepreneurial journey, I thought I had to do everything myself. I didn’t realize most activities don’t actually move my business forward.
If somebody can do something at least 80 percent as well as you, make it their job. Your time is more valuable. I’ve never met a successful person who doesn’t value their time, and I’ve never met an average person who did.
3. Doing something unimportant well doesn't make it any more important. Activities that are not connected to an outcome or purpose are the drain of all fulfillment and fortune. The value of what you do is most important, followed by how you do it.
Being effective is wasted unless applied to the handful of things you could be focusing on that will create exceptional outcomes for your goals. It's easy to get caught in a flood of trivial matters as we often do. Feeling rushed is a sign we lack of priorities.
Take time to stop and re-focus your priorities as often as needed. Intelligent thinking, combined with the right action, will get your productivity to a level few attain.
Jim Collins stated in his best-seller Good To Great, “If you have more than three priorities, you don’t have any.” Write that down and remind yourself of it often.
4. Put time limits on everything. Parkinson's Law dictates that a task will become bigger in importance and complexity in relation to the time allotted for its completion.
Most inputs are useless and time is wasted in proportion to the amount that is available. If you have 12 hours to complete a project, the time pressure forces you to focus on execution. You have no choice but to do only the essentials that actually matter. If you have a week to complete the same task, it's six days of validation, excuses and procrastination followed by one day of rushed work. If you have a month, it becomes a mental monster.
There is magic and high value in deadlines. Deadlines bring equal or higher quality results, sooner, by encouraging greater focus.
Identify the few critical tasks that contribute most to your business results and schedule them with very clear deadlines. If you haven't identified your critical tasks and set firm start and end times for their completion, the unimportant becomes the important. Even if you know what's critical, without deadlines that create focus, the minor tasks forced upon you will raise to consume time until another minuscule task jumps in to replace it, leaving you at the end of the day with nothing accomplished.
I spent months jumping from one interruption to the next, feeling run by my business instead of the other way around. Don’t make the same mistake. Adopt these four practices into your daily agenda today.
Related: Why You Should Never Eat Lunch at Your Desk
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This is unfortunate, because even short-term high blood sugar diminishes your quality of life. And if high blood sugar persists for a long time, it can eventually cause complications such as eye or kidney disease that cannot be completely reversed with improved blood sugar control.
• Fatigue
• Dry mouth
• Thirst
• Excessive urination
• Hunger
• Weight loss
• Blurry vision
• Cloudy thinking
• Irritability
• Wounds that won’t heal
Frequent infections may also be a sign of type 2 diabetes. In women, vaginal yeast infections are particularly common. Yeast infections can also occur on the skin and, in men, in the groin.
What Causes Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms?
All of the signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes are caused by high blood sugar and/or insufficient insulin:
Excessive urination (polyuria): When the concentration of glucose in the blood rises above normal levels, your body attempts to dilute your blood by pulling fluid into your bloodstream. At the same time, the high level of glucose in the fluid entering your kidneys causes them to discharge large amounts of glucose as urine, rather than reabsorbing it into the body as they normally would. These two processes together result in large amounts of fluid being lost through urination.
Thirst (polydipsia): As the amount of urine being excreted increases, your body starts to feel dehydrated, prompting you to feel thirsty and drink more. If you reach for sugary drinks to quench your thirst, the problem becomes worse.
Dry mouth: Dry mouth goes hand in hand with increased thirst, as high blood sugar and excessive urination dehydrate your body.
Fatigue: Normally insulin allows glucose into the cells, where it’s used to fuel cellular functions and stored for future energy needs. If there is not enough insulin, not much glucose gets into your cells, and your body is literally “running on empty.” In addition, if excessive urination is interrupting your sleep, you may feel fatigued from lack of sleep.
Hunger (polyphagia): Similar to fatigue, hunger is caused when the glucose from food stays in your bloodstream rather than being transported to your cells where it’s needed for fuel. Eating more food doesn’t help and, in fact, makes things worse by raising your blood sugar levels even higher.
Weight loss: When large amounts of glucose are being excreted in your urine, the calories that that glucose would have provided are being lost as well. The effect is the same as consuming fewer calories in the first place.
Blurry vision: Normally, the lens of your eye changes shape as you focus on objects that are nearby or far away. But when your blood sugar is high, your lens becomes swollen and unable to change shape to focus.
Infections: The bacteria and fungi that cause infections thrive on sugar, so more sugar means more food for them. In addition, high blood sugar slows blood circulation, meaning infection-fighting white blood cells can’t get to where they’re needed as quickly.
Wounds that won’t heal: High blood sugar impairs parts of your immune system that are needed for fighting infections and healing wounds. Wounds also need oxygen to heal, and any slowdown in your blood circulation slows oxygen delivery throughout your body.
Cloudy thinking: Your brain uses a lot of glucose to fuel its various functions, and when it can’t get that glucose (because of insufficient insulin), the result can be difficulty thinking, remembering, and staying focused. You may even become disoriented.
The good news is that bringing blood sugar levels down to normal levels can alleviate all of these signs and symptoms. And the earlier these symptoms are noticed — and the earlier a person can be tested for type 2 diabetes — the better!
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Experience Project iOS Android Apps | Download EP for your Mobile Device
Lds / Mormon -- A Numbers' Game
As of the last official count, the LDS / Mormon organization counted in the excess of 12 million members. Many will hold that number as proof of the organization's power and righteousness.
Like everything else in the organization though, it is when you look more closely that you begin to see flaws and deception. Unofficially, there are accounts of as little as 500,000 to as high as 2 million members who WANT to leave the organization but are afraid to do so because of family and local social pressures.
For the sake of mathematics, lets pretend that the actual number is somewhere in the middle, say 1.2 Million. This would mean that unofficially 1 out of ever 10 members of the organization WANTS OUT. That is a rather scary figure when you take a moment to think about it.
Now, added to this the fact that many are even too scared to answer truthfully for fear of being identified later on. Taking this into account you have to contemplate the possibility that there are possibly as close to 1/5 members, that's 20%, that are unhappy and want to leave.
There is a major problem with the organization. Beyond the facts that it lies to its own mebers and potential new members, the organization has become more business oriented then religious. Members are used for their physical and monetary resources to support the higher echellons. The simple fact that the head of the church is referred to as the "president" should point to a large problem.
The organization is far from being what it wants everyone to believe. Publicly it presents itself as the one and only church while ignoring its own past filled with lies, deceptions and white supremasist doctrines that were later edited.
To those inside the organization I say this: you are not alone. Make your voices heard and speak out against the organization that is enslaving people and destroying lives.
To those outside of the organization I can only offer this: look very carefully at everything before joining. Ask the though questions and do not accept the blanket, standard answers of the Elders and Missionaries who have only one goal in mind: to have you join. They care nothing about your soul, they simply want to see you join them thus proving that they were right.
Knowledge is power, so don't let them keep you blind to the truth.
ScottShaw ScottShaw 26-30, M Jun 27, 2012
Your Response
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20106
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- SVT Performance (2002-2004) (
- - Headers GLOWING Red HOT !! (
ztecpower 10-12-2005 07:11 PM
Headers GLOWING Red HOT !!
Hey I just installed Kent cams Exhaust gear and it's set at "0" deg. and the header is glowing RED HOT, I was wondering if this is normal or do I have to play with the gear to get this symptom to go away ? I have 1 step colder plugs / livewire coil and spark plugs are gapped at .055
Is red hot headers related to timing ?
Your input would be appreciated !
MaximusZTS 10-12-2005 07:13 PM
take a pic. I wanna see.
Snakebite202 10-12-2005 07:14 PM
Yeah - I wanna see this too. If your header is glowing "red hot," something is seriously ****** with your exhaust.
MaximusZTS 10-12-2005 07:16 PM
This happened on my old volvo, but that was the cat was all clogged up. If I recall you dont run a cat. So I dunno.
ztecpower 10-12-2005 07:23 PM
SEE.... Now how about an answer ?
MaximusZTS 10-12-2005 07:25 PM
[eek] [eek] WOW!! OMG![eek] [eek] Well if you get a chance snap a photo after you drive it home.[thumb] Sorry still no answers here.
mitchlguzin 10-12-2005 07:28 PM
Dat is *****ed up!
Its like a F1 car now... heheheheh
MARS 10-12-2005 07:32 PM
dude F1..!!!! sorry i have no idea what's up wit that car... looks cool though, i mean HOT...
vanace 10-12-2005 07:36 PM
it is probably normal. that used to happen to all the cars I have had with headers.. albeit V-8's and carborators. What brand header?
WD40 10-12-2005 07:36 PM
That's why I'm NOT removing my heat shield...[;)]
I've never looked that closely at my SVTF though.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20164
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Review by ThirstyThirstin
"What's that stuff coming out the back of his head?"
Borderlands attracted me with its cartoony-style graphics and the fact that it's class-based. I haven't played a good shooter in a while, so I got it because it looked pretty.
As far as the story goes, there really isn't any effort put into it. It's mostly just a device to keep the game together. You are a "vault hunter" on the planet "Pandora" which is a desolate wasteland like in Fallout 3 with lots of rubble plopped all over the place also like in Fallout 3, except there's giant dinosaur bones plopped in with the rubble similar to how Spore plopped dinosaur bones around. You, along with the cut-throat kill-or-be-killed population of the planet, also like in Fallout 3, are looking for the magical treasure that will get you wealth, fame, happiness and also women apparently. I guess they're packaged with the treasure. There's no explanation of how this treasure came to be, so I just assume it was buried by a man named Gold Roger who was king of the pirates. But it's not One Piece, the treasure is in fact called "The Vault" which immediately struck me as an interesting name because Fallout 3 also opened with talk about a vault. And already I can sense where it's all going. The planet is called "Pandora" after all and anyone who's played Paper Mario Thousand Year Door can tell you that so-called mythical treasures of ultimate destiny should never be opened.
The story begins with the four potential yous on a bus and you pick your class. I was at first a little disappointed that revolvers and shotguns weren't on the same class, but soon after I learned that I could in fact use revolvers anyway even though I went with the Soldier class which is supposed to specialize in assault rifles and shotguns. So the only difference between classes is the ability you can activate every once in a while. So I could deploy a sentry and the other classes couldn't. I'll play for hours and hours and I'll never think to use it. So already the whole class system is lost for me. Once you've picked which character you think looks the coolest, you immediately see a vision of the girl from the cover of Memoirs of a Geisha. She tells you that you will meet, and I knew things were going downhill from here, a "funny little robot" and that I have to do whatever it says. This game works so hard to get us to like this robot, it's just depressing to witness. The fact that it has to say the robot is funny is sad enough. It's voice can be heard from miles away and it never stops talking. I actually feel bad for the robot, I think it had neglectful parents judging from all the attention it craves. Even when I'm in the middle of a massive shoot-off I can still hear it in the back screaming for me to look, "hey check it out everyone I'm dancing! I'M DANCING!" And he's absolutely everywhere too. He's in two of the many many unskippable opening scenes that have to play every stinking time the game starts up. And remember how in Fallout 3 when you highlight equipment or stats or anything in an inventory screen there was a little boy acting it out in different outfits? Borderlands has done the same thing, but with the robot. And did I mention there's several scattered around the different maps? I can't get away from this thing. There's even missions where you have to repair ones that have gone broken. But somehow it's voice box never seems to be on the fritz, and it wails and sobs and can be heard for miles and miles until I fix it.
Gameplay-wise, it's essentially the same thing as Fallout 3. It's quest-driven, but the quests are so much less inventive and there's no alternative ways to go about them. They're all "kill 20 of this" "collect 20 of that" "kill the big scary guy." But at least it lets to dip into the action right away. The action doesn't seem to ever stop even when I think I've put things on hold. When I stopped at a town to shop at one of the gun vending machines one time, I could hear shots being fired in the background and I was alarmed when I saw my blood flying around behind the shop menu. I closed to menu to see that a baddie had followed me into town and was taking advantage of the fact that I thought the game paused when I open a shop menu. But hey, it's not like I can really die. I'm supplied with enough ammo to populate Poland. Seriously, I can't stress how much ammo this game gives to me. Enemies drop ammo, green misty corpse piles give ammo and there's crates and boxes and dumpsters and lunchboxes that give ammo and even the toilets, I kid you not, give ammo. It does become a problem though when I start getting supplied with ammo for weapons I don't use instead of the weapons I do use. And I can't even sell ammo. I can sell guns and shields and any other item, but not ammo. I guess this is because if I could sell ammo I'd have enough money to say "forget the vault and it's fame and women dispensers, I've got enough cash already."
For the most part the combat flows very nicely. Everything in the game looks pretty and enemies are easily recognizable and more easily taken down with one shotgun shell. I think my criticism would be that it's too mindless. All I ever do is run into on-coming fire and shotgun people up their noses. There's no sense in trying to take cover and exploit moments when they reload or pause firing because enemies never run out of rounds. I guess they all have the same problem that I do. But I never see them reloading and when I'm hiding behind a wall for my shield to recharge and for my health to regenerate (yes you can purchase shields that never stop regenerating health) I notice that they never stop firing even when they're hitting nothing. I have no choice but to run back out into the on-coming fire. And another mechanic that Borderlands takes from Fallout 3 that I was rather hoping it wouldn't is that you can point a gun square in the eyes of a enemy standing close enough to count his eyebrow hairs and fire and it can still miss because the gun has an accuracy stat. And as I said before, I hardly ever die because when my regenerative health and shield are completely gone, if I kill an enemy within a certain time slot, I spring back to life again. Which I guess is good, considering finding a health pack is like finding money in your pants. The problem with this mechanic is you can't get back up unless you do kill an enemy. I was on the verge of finishing off the last guy after a very large shoot-out and I had almost no health. The little guy shot me and I went down. I figure I could just shoot him back to bounce up again, but the little guy ducked under a rock and I had nothing to kill and so I died. I wasn't under fire, there were no other enemies around. Nothing was killing me. What is it about killing another person that magically brings me back from the dead?
I think it's important for a game to have a comprehensive method for saving progress. I'm very big on games that let you save at any given moment like Half Life or, you guessed it, Fallout 3 (which renders that whole persuasion stat useless when I can just save before talking and keep resetting until the persuasion works). I wish, since Borderlands has stolen so many other things from Fallout 3, that it would steal this one, but no. Borderlands uses the save point method which I'm not hugely big on because then I find myself constantly back tracking to save progress and the bad guys regenerate so I have to fight things over again. The problem with the save points in Borderlands is that they automatically save when you approach them. There's usually shop vending machines within the save point's radius, so say I bought a gun and I want to save that I've bought it, I have to leave the area then came back again and it's difficult to determine how far away I need to be to leave the save point's radius and reenter. I find myself running back and forth like I'm doing sprints in gym class trying to get it to work. Though it is fun that many of them let you change your name and you can purchase skill point resets and change the color of your clothing (though in a FPS, how often am I going to see my fabulous outfit?).
This game is enough to keep me up playing it until four o'clock in the morning, so it must be a decent game. It's just not the astounding, innovative, edge-cutting game-candy it was dressed up to be. It's just a dumbed-down Fallout 3 that tries too hard to be funny.
Reviewer's Score: 6/10 | Originally Posted: 01/05/10
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20166
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From the publishers of the best selling poker video game brand "World Championship Poker" - World Championship Cards will offer fun variety of card games to challenge all your friends! Over 30 different card games to choose from, including Bridge, Gin Rummy, Spades, Hearts and more!
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20170
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Members - Dreamcast -
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Sega's legendary system certainly amassed quite a following in its short lifetime. What was your favorite game? Why was it better than the PS2? How unfair was its early demise? Commiserate with fellow Sega fans here.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20172
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psn8214 / Member
Forum Posts Following Followers
14929 400 281
psn8214 Blog
I've disappeared from this site altogether...
"But why psn8214?!?" you must be asking youself. 'cause Premed dats y. Stacked ass semester of Ochem2, Physics, Micro/Cell Biology, Chemlab, Biolab, Physics lab, Stat, AND on top of all of that research/shadowing (which setting up is a whole different animal entirely, of course) and MCAT preparations. Yikes. I didn't bring any gaming devices apart from my phone and I basically have to live in the library because I get distracted back at my house. It's. Gonna. Rock.
Getting a GTX 770 today!
Finally retiring the old GTX 480. Old girl lasted me a loooong time. The Fermis may have ran hot, but god damn they were good cards. Definitely the new 8800s in terms of their longevity and viability. I bought my 480 the first week they were released to the public and I've never had a problem with it since. Only recently was I unable to max out all of the games I play at 1080p, and with the new consoles coming I figured now was a good time to retire it in favor of a 4 Gb GTX 770, which should last me for a similarly long time hopefully!
16000 Posts on Gamespot!
... and I'd say around 75% of 'em have been in this lovely shade of teal that I adopted for reasons that are now lost to me. Honestly, coloring my text is such an ingrained habit that even if I wanted to stop I'd still probably unconciously do it. Anywho, yay me! :D
I subscribed to the Adobe Creative Cloud!
Student pricing is very modest ($20 a month versus $50 a month for non-students). I literally have so many things I can do now that I've been wanting to experiment with since I first had the pleasure of using Adobe software. I've been lusting after it since Photoshop CS3 and now for only twenty dollars a month I have the whole damn suite. Set aside enough money to pay for the whole year just to be sure too. My creative side is going wild. :D
A lot of people have complained about the subscription model but honestly it's the only reason I can afford all this software in the first place, so kudos to Adobe for that.
I like GRID 2.
A lot actually. More than I thought I would. More than Codemasters removing the in-car view would have led me to believe.
Isn't it nice being pleasantly surprised by games? I wish this happened more often... :P
Why did no one tell me how good Game of Thrones is?!
Like for real guys, why were you all holding out on me on this one?!!1
(to be fair to all of you, I blame my offline friends 95X more than you guys but still...:P)
For real though, this show is way too damn good. It's like crack. Even more addicting to watch than Breaking Bad, and I didn't think that was possible. Can't believe I've been missing out for so long!
Arma 3 Alpha releases at midnight!
How did this fly under my radar? Either way, thanks to the lovely PC/Mac Games page of this forum, I am now aware that the Arma 3 Alpha drops tonight at midnight! Fate has smiled upon me in that this would occur during a break from classes, which means I'll actually have plenty of time to play and dissect the Alpha, which I fully plan to given the litany of changes that the devs have implemented since Arma 2.
I fully expect the game to be buggy as all hell, but to be honest, Arma 2 was upon release as well and now Bohemia is actually CALLING it an Alpha, which for all intents and purposes the previous version was after it dropped as well. The main thing I'm worried about is the optimization. Arma 2 never really ran well on my PC, even with the settings lowered. Nowadays, I'm sporting the same GPU (GTX480) but a vastly improved CPU (i7 3770K) that is much better tailored to the series' reputation as being CPU-heavy (though how the third iteration will play out remains to be seen).
Either way, the Arma series is one of my favorites, and Arma 3 will probably receive the majority of my playtime in 2013, most of which will probably be spent in the editor making minimissions to play for myself. If I'm so inclined I'll post a few impressions after I play the Alpha a bit tonight! Maybe some screens too - Bohemia has always has a penchant for the graphical side of things.
Crysis 3...
... amazing game. Well, maybe not such an amazing game. It's a step up from Crysis 2 so far, but it's still kind of average as far as actually playing it goes. I like the inclusion of Psycho, he's almost a likeable character and his presence perks up the otherwise mundane/predictable cast. The plot is no better than Crysis 2's of yet.
About that amazing though... because parts of this game are indeed amazing. I'm talking about the graphics obviously. Playing at mostly very high settings at 1080p on my computer, it looks absolutely incredible. Crytek has outdone themselves. I honestly think if you have the PC to run this, it's worth it purely as an means of experiencing the incredible digital world the devs have created. It's really something that needs to be seen. Crytek deserves any and all commendations for their work in graphics with this game.
You should watch Zero Dark Thirty!
Preface by saying that it's not my kind of movie at all, but man did I enjoy it. The film holds nothing back, and it tells an amazing story that still grips you even though everyone already knows the ending. I honestly didn't think I was going to like it, but man was that one hell of a flick. Two thumbs up! 2012 was a great year for movies, and Zero Dark Thirty closed it on the perfect note for me.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20190
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Hilary Duff is Pregnant
hilary duff is pregnant
If you’ve been wondering why Hilary Duff looks a little heavier than usual or why her boobs look bigger, there’s a good reason. She’s pregnant. Yes, you heard me right, Hilary Duff is pregnant. According to People:
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20216
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Submit Your Experience - CLICK HERE Author's Interview
Have you ever had a strange 'feeling' on the Gettysburg battlefield?
Haunted Gettysburg Ghost Tours Pamphlet
Click to view
Perhaps you thought you saw someone or something that vanished inexplicably before your eyes, or maybe you heard voices and sounds where, plainly, no one was visible. Why do so many people report strange occurrences on the battlefield of Gettysburg? It seems the town has far more than its share of supernatural incidents, almost all in some way connected to the battle. Those affected can be men, women or children, just about anybody who ventures onto the hallowed grounds. Some of these soldiers ended their natural lives suddenly, others lingered painfully until gasping their last breath.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20217
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No recent wiki edits to this page.
#16 was an experimental android built by Dr. Gero. Unlike #17 and #18 he is completely mechanical, and he is more powerful than them. He can also sense power levels unlike #17 and #18.
Android 16 is very different from any of Dr. Gero's other Androids. Unlike the other Androids, he has no desire to cause any havoc to anybody other than Goku, whom he is programmed to find and destroy. While his closest Android companions, 17 and 18 spent most of their time after being first introduced killing and stealing from people just for the fun of it, Android 16 is the polar opposite to them in personality, often seen caring for small animals in the wild. He only wants to kill Goku because he is programmed to do so.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20218
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The Apocalypse wiki last edited by Kasquit on 07/07/14 12:32PM View full history
The word "apocalypse" comes from the ancient Greek word apocálypsis, which literally means a revelation of truth. In practice it's any scenario which will cause drastic changes for the entire world/universe. There are different types of apocalypses involving demons, visions, angels and beasts. The apocalypse can also be caused by a natural disaster like an erupting volcano or a nuclear bomb. Something that's sure is that when the apocalypse hits, all or most of humanity is wiped out.
The apocalypse is a great setting for video games. The player may take control of a character who's trying to stop the apocalypse or who's trying to survive after said apocalypse happened. Some games like Shin Megami Tensei and Darksiders even let you take part in the apocalypse.
If an apocalypse reaches the point where absolutely nothing will survive after it, it is an Armageddon instead.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20220
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No recent wiki edits to this page.
Mavda is one of the few remaining members of the Vestra tribe, an enigmatic and generally mistrusted race of nomadic shamans and merchants. She encounters Elena and Aeron shortly after Elena is cursed and escorts them to the Scar, as she is one of the few who knows how the curse operates. In order to bring Elena back to normal, Aeron has to defeat the masters of the towers around the Scar and bring back their master flesh for Elena to eat. During the couple's stay at the Observatory tower, she remains a constant if suspicious source of advice and material goods.
As well as buying and selling items, she can also alchemize new items and fix ones that have been broken. These tasks are performed by "the Old Man", the creature she carries around in a giant pot on her back. Though little is said about the Old Man, since he only speaks a language Aeron can't understand, it's eventually made clear that he is Mavda's husband and was at one point a human being. Though fixing items costs a fixed amount depending on the item, all alchemizing is free - Aeron only needs to provide the correct ingredients.
Mavda's interested in items from the towers, but she specifically asks for information (the notes that are found all over the towers and Observatory) and excess monster meat. She'll pay a high price for both, even throwing in bonus items for larger hauls of meat.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20223
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47 Comments Refresh
Posted by ThunderSlash
Not entirely sold on this yet...
Edited by Linkin10362
YES! I have been waiting for the video for this to come out since I missed the confrence.
I'm in it for the single player, don't care for the multiplayer at all, unless there is co-op in the story...
Posted by Nasos100
nice one
Edited by Dany
I really loved this demo. Seeing the villa destroyed was really crazy and mario shot really got to me, I spent my hard earned time and money creating the villa and seeing it crashing down was insane. Great demo, i am excited about the game.
One thing I would have liked to know is if desmond plays any part and length of the game.
Posted by salad10203
I used to like Mchale but he was such an asshole during the Ubi conference
Edited by LeonsHell
I would have liked the sub title to be Advanced Horsefighter.
Posted by WWWackyson
The "joke" at the end was almost painful to watch.
The game looks pretty impressive, though.
Posted by GetBentTheVideoGame
Okay, if they fixed the fighting, then I might be interested in this. That's some familiar screen tearing though.
Posted by Jumbs
If there's no bad PC DRM, I'll get it.
Posted by VoshiNova
Please no PC drm
Edited by Noremakk
"Advanced Horse Fighting." Awesome.
Also, I'm really hoping to see Assassin's Creed move into an 1800s Victorian theme. Too much to ask?
Edited by DrPockets000
Looks awesome.
EDIT: And what the hell is Joel McHale doing there? Love him, but I don't get it.
Posted by buhssuht
i wonder if the saved file from AC2 actually affects this game
Posted by steelknight2000
Dude, that's not how you load a cannon...
Posted by Slab64
joel mchale = giant facepalm
Posted by eternitymemory
Damn it, and I spent so much time pimping out the town, too. D :
I really dug ACII, so I will definitely be looking into this.
Posted by jim_dandy
Also why Joel McHale. Why.
Posted by dantheman1515
Fucking Templars! How can I not play this game. I'm glad they are simply adding to the universe with the same engine before the 3rd game.
Posted by Jedted
@DrPockets000: Joel McHale was the host of the Ubisoft confrence.
Posted by Cramsy
Looking very good. This is kind of like new vegas? In same engine just more stuff ?
Posted by RobertFoster
@eternitymemory said:
" Damn it, and I spent so much time pimping out the town, too. D : "
That's exactly what I thought watching the video! All my florins going to waste! :D
Posted by mewarmo990
Anyone else having audio sync problems?
Posted by LucyGlitter
From a girls perspective: Wow, Ezio got hot.
Posted by HarrySound
Why would have a beta and then only have it on 1 platform.......O right yeh, it's a demo.
Posted by DSTV
i think this might actually be better than 2
Posted by Jambones
Tom Clancy's Advanced Horse Fighter?
Posted by insane_shadowblade85
Horsie, NO! D=
Posted by Thejugglingbum
And then fuckin Jeff Winger comes out?
Posted by Grixxel
Man after I put all that money into the villa!
Posted by MarkWahlberg
They do not need that many dudes to lay siege to the villa. Talk about overkill.
Posted by MeatSim
Man I forgot how weird the ending of Assassin Creed 2 was they gonna mention any of that in this game?
Posted by RedRocketWestie
If it adds to the main (Desmond) story at all, I'll pretty much have to get it. So I kind of hope it doesn't, so I can miss it. ACII was fun, but I don't know that I need more, or multiplayer.
Posted by Winterwolf79
Looks great. At least they aren't skimping on the single player.
Posted by Evilsbane
Looks fantastic cannot wait!
Posted by fillmoejoe
I'm more curious to see the multiplayer.
Posted by Snail
How does that guy have the apple?
Posted by TanoXII
Will definately add it to the Gamefly queue
Posted by DrBobUK
I want to assassinate Borga's bitch @ 06:51
That should hurt him pretty hard for what he's done.
Posted by theredcoat24
oh Joel, why :(, though the games was like awesometastic
Edited by Kajaah117
@salad10203 said:
" I used to like Mchale but he was such an asshole during the Ubi conference "
Oh, come on. Like any of us wouldn't make fun of the laser tag battle?
"Congratulations, you won! You beat.... models."
Whenever he was off-script, I think he did a great job reflecting what we were all feeling during some of those awful presentations. The breathing-sim for instance.
Posted by Capum15
@Snail said:
" How does that guy have the apple? "
Near the beginning, Ezio told Mario to "Keep it safe", indicating Mario had it (since he was front-line fighting).
Anyway, that looked awesome, and as much as losing my pimped-out villa sucks, I will be buying this.
Posted by ominousbedroom
I'm in the process of beating AC I and haven't played AC 2 yet, but I'm guessing I shouldn't invest too much in villas. How about gold?
Posted by Ratfoot
Not sure if I'm down with this BROTHERhood
Posted by drumpsycho89
@ThunderSlash: yeh me to! i dont like the sound of a assassins creed multiplayer game
Posted by Bludgeoner86
Where's Jade Raymond?
Edited by Roger778
That was an awesome gameplay demo. I am a huge Assassin's Creed II fan, because in my opinion Ezio Auditore Da Firenze ( I hope I spelled that right) was a very likable and charismatic guy in that game. Looks like he hasn't lost his taste for beautiful women, also.
I am so going to buy this when it comes out in November!.
Edited by q4u1234
hey why did he leave altairs armour does he fight to get it back in brotherhood or leave it also the multiplayer would they be including a multiplay tdm or something like that or all ffa and are horses gonna be able to hold 2 people also will there be a co-op srry for all the questions imma just so eager to get it the closest place i could get it is from my dad over the mail or go 3 and a half hours to a city to get it so tryin answer these questions please.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20224
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The Wario wiki last edited by cbirdsong on 05/05/15 03:44PM View full history
Mario battles Wario in Super Mario Land 2.
Wario made his debut in Super Mario Land 2: Six Golden Coins, effectively acting as an evil version of Mario. Where Mario acts in a selfless, heroic fashion, Wario is fueled by greed and personal gain. He captures Mario's castle and turns it into a booby trap-filled fortress. Mario eventually makes his way through his former home and faces Wario himself in a final showdown. Despite Wario's superior power, Mario prevails and Wario is banished from the castle.
Wario Land Franchise
In Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 however, Wario was now the main character while Mario took a backseat. As a playable character, Wario shares some similar traits with Mario with an impressive jumping ability and a mini-form similar to Mario before he eats a Super Mushroom. But Wario also has some unique abilities. He can utilize his strength to shoulder barge enemies and can also pick them up and throw them. He can acquire different hats which allow Wario to breath fire and even fly for a brief period. In this first adventure, Wario traveled the world to search for treasure and wealth. Along the way, he encounters the Brown Sugar Pirates led by Captain Syrup. After defeating her, Wario gets his hands on her genie and wishes for a castle to rival that of Mario's. With his wish granted, Wario was now living the life of luxury he always wanted.
Wario's trademark shoulder barge move.
This wouldn't last however, and as Wario settled down in his new home, the Brown Sugar Pirates returned and stole Wario's treasure stash within his castle. These events set the stage for Wario Land II where Wario would embark on a quest to get his treasure back. This game would introduce a very prominent ability of Wario's: invulnerability. In this game, Wario has no life bar and can take an infinite amount of damage. Instead, when Wario is hit, he loses some coins. But more importantly, when certain enemies attack Wario, he will transform. Over the course of Wario Land II and Wario Land 3, Wario can turn into a zombie, a vampire bat, a giant snowball, become invisible, inflate like a balloon and much more. Wario would use these status changes to navigate normally inaccessible parts of the level. So in this way, Wario actually needs to be attacked to progress through the game. Perhaps he's just a glutton for punishment. However, Wario would lose his invincibility in Wario Land 4 and in the Gamecube title Wario World.
The most recent Wario Land title is Wario Land: Shake It! for the Wii, alternatively called The Shake Dimension in Europe and Australia. This is the first Wario Land game on a home console, and it features a distinct art style that is similar to games like Braid, with everything having a very hand-drawn quality.
WarioWare Franchise
Wario as a video game entrepeneur.
In Warioware Mega Microgame$!, Wario becomes a game developer, crafting quick five-second nonsensical 'microgames'. Several subsequent WarioWare titles followed, taking advantage of the DS's touch screen and the Wii's motion-sensing technology.
Wario's Intro from WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$
Occupation: CEO; Adventurer
Skills: Stupid Strength; Gluttony
Words to Live By: Get rich quick!
A treasure-hungry adventurer, Wario dreams of making a fortune off of video games. He's even formed his own company. So far, it's not working out very well.
Other Appearances
Wario is a regular character in the various Mario spinoff games, such as Mario Kart, Mario Tennis and Mario Golf among others. He is always classified as a power character, meaning that in Mario Kart games he has among the highest weight and top speed rating. In Mario Tennis, Wario can hit the ball harder and faster than the weaker characters. Also, the first Mario Tennis game introduced Waluigi, Wario's brother, giving Wario a doubles partner.
Wario also appears in Super Smash Bros. Brawl with some bizarre moves such as the ability to fart on opponents. Wario has the power to change into a costumed superhero called 'Wario-Man' which greatly increases Wario's attack power. The costume is engraved with pictures of garlic, confirming what Wario's favorite food is.
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It's no surprise that I'd get my latest totally sexy eye makeup move from a Victoria's Secret model. Check out this soft, girlie little trick Lily Aldridge is going for here:
She's got a little black liner on her top lids, and you can tell that she's got a little light shadow in the inner corners of her eyes (which we've seen before).
But there's a little twist: It's been blended out and down from her eyes a bit more than you'd usually expect to see to make her look less shadowy there. The effect: Open, glowing peepers.
It's a simple move and one really anyone can give a go. Will you? Tell me below.
* 10 Beauty Secrets to Steal From Swimsuit Models
* How to Get Supermodel Hair
More Ways to Get Glamour:
Got a fashion Q? Glamour stylists answer your fashion questions at
Like freebies? Enter the latest Glamour sweepstakes!
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What if they approach while you are holding them at gunpoint?
Discussion in 'Carry Issues' started by poodleshooter1, Aug 24, 2011.
1. Let's say you had legal justification to shoot and drew, perhaps because they were approaching with a knife or bat in hand. When you drew your gun they dropped their weapon and stopped advancing. Now you're not able to shoot and are holding them at gunpoint (who would hoster at this point lol).
Let's say the start talking to you and are approaching slowly step by step. If you can, try to create distance and put an object between you and them, sure. But whether you can or can't create distance and place an object between you, do you have legal justification to shoot if they disobey commands to stop advancing, etc. or do you actually have to get to the point where they are two feet from you and able to snatch your gun, and actually trying to snatch your gun?
What are the elements of such a situation?
Wanna kill these ads? We can help!
2. Say, Stop or I'll shoot. Then shoot.
The threat hasn't stopped.
3. My recommendation to you would be to refer to the Laws and Statutes in your state to see what threats by another party would allow a person holding a legit concealed carry permit to use deadly force if you are speaking about a threat outside your home or vehicle.
For me, I would need to feel that I, or my family was in immediate and unavoidable danger and or threat of bodily injury or death before I would discharge my weapon.
4. Huh? They dropped the knife after I shot them.
5. Ayoob states that if attacked by multiple unarmed people, and you shoot two of them leaving one of them, you have the right to use lethal force because that person has proved an intent and capability to cause grave bodily injury or death. I'm paraphrasing but that's the jist of it.
In my state (WA), you are allowed to use deadly force to stop any felony committed upon your person. Robbery, kidnapping, or felony assault, etc.
So it stands to reason that if someone (one person)was armed with a knife and trying to assault me, that would be a felony, they have shown an intent to commit grave bodily inury or death. They are present and capable. If they drop it and eventually start advancing, it stands to reason they still intend to commit a felony upon me and are not walking up to shake my hand.
#6 poodleshooter1, Aug 24, 2011
Last edited: Aug 24, 2011
6. And perhaps go to prison, depending on the circumstances.
7. Around these parts the language is when "a person reasonably believes that he is in imminent danger of serious bodily harm or death." Once you feel that he has the time, proximity and capability and you fear seriously bodily harm or death, around here at least, you are within your legal right to shoot. But like has been said, I would check for precedence within your area.
8. You are seriously simplifying Ayoobs statements, and I believe slighty mi-stating them.
Depending on the laws of your state, your last paragraph might or might not give justification.
9. Some times it works that way.
10. Better to be judged by 12....
11. Sam Spade
Lifetime Member
Sounds like you've got a decision to make.
Several, actually, and the first one is whether or not you're going to train and study or just treat the pistol as magic.
12. GlocksterPaulie
GlocksterPaulie Perfectionist
Everyone who carries a firearm for SD should already have the answer to this question. If this happens and you don't have a game plan you are going to be in a world of pain and possibly death.
Their is a lot more to this than carrying a firearm. Do your homework now so if this situation happens on your worst day you will be prepared.
13. Scamp
Scamp Geaux Tigers!
Let 'em get close and kick 'em in the nads....:supergrin:
14. rhikdavis
rhikdavis U.S. Veteran
15. This tactical expert recommends spitting on them, slapping and kicking at them, and possibly , if they stab you, bleeding on them while shouting "I have STDs!" This should buy you plenty of time to discern their intent. :D
16. No, I'm not. He clearly stated in his book such a circumstance where multiple unarmed people attack, you shoot two of them, one is left standing. What do you do? His answer was pretty clear. Don't make me get the book out and type out what it says....
17. :upeyes:
18. Sam Spade
Lifetime Member
I sat through LFI-I, dutifully transcribed my notes, and that's not what he said to us. Nor would he have been correct if he said what you wrote. *IF* the disparity of force that led you to shoot 2 of 3 unarmed attackers was based just on their numbers, then you've removed the "ability" leg of the AOJ stool, pretty much by definiton, when you removed the surplus numbers. I'll buy that the survivor has the opportunity to hurt you, even then intent. Please show (this generally being an affirmative defense) that the last guy could cause you serious injury or death. Show that as things existed when you pulled the trigger on the last guy that you were acting in immediate defense of life.
Ditto the knife example in the last paragraph. Please show that an unarmed guy walking towards you has the capacity---not the intent or the opportunity---to force you to act in immediate defense of life. The simple "intent to commit a felony" generally isn't enough. And you should also be able to distinguish, in acts and in discussion, the difference between when you're allowed to shoot and when you need to shoot.
19. I am not a lawyer, nor did I sleep in a Holiday Inn Express recently, but I would have to argue that the man pulled the knife on me to commit a violent felony. If he is still advancing on me now that I have introduced a stronger weapon, I have to assume he intends to follow through with his 1st threat by producing a hidden weapon, or taking control of mine. At this point, you have drawn and chambered, safety off if applicable and the range has shrunk (from the 20 feet or whatever it may be here or there) in your defensible buffer zone to less than 10 feet. Yes, try to disengage or keep obstacles between you and him, but he gets inside of 10 feet and it would go bang. I have not discussed this scenario with a lawyer, as I don't have one at my beckon call, nor do I intend to pay one to discuss every possible scenario. I only have to fear for my safety right now, and he's already shown to be a motivated, violent offender by pulling the knife in the first place and IMO is proving he is currently a danger by continuing to advance on a man wielding a gun.
#20 CookeMonster, Aug 24, 2011
Last edited: Aug 24, 2011
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Results 1 to 3 of 3
Thread: question re: cover
1. #1
question re: cover
the "frequent questions" thread mentions that the cover system works based on the 8 tiles surrounding the tile where the target is. i would assume that cover that is within the line of fire but not directly adjacent to the target would also qualify, but what would happen if a shot that comes in at a diagonal angle crosses two pieces of cover? (if it's even possible)
like so:
2. #2
Beloved Leader Chris's Avatar
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London, UK
It's not taken into account for the 'cover save' for the soldier, but it's taken into account in the accuracy % of the hit (they're slightly different things). All the accuracy / cover info is on the wiki if you're interested.
Chris England - Xenonauts Project Lead
3. #3
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20274
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JACK COWAN: Civil War not so long ago, and it might never end
SAN ANGELO, Texas - The latest battle of the Civil War occurred last week in Virginia, where the governor issued a proclamation commemorating Confederate History Month but failed to mention slavery. He apologized. Still, the old debate began anew, which always is wearying except for those times when it helps some parts of the picture become clearer.
For me this time it was the realization that the Civil War wasn’t that long ago, which helps explain why feelings still are at least semi-raw.
Some will say: Not long ago? Look at the pictures, dude.
But time is relative. My father, like many baby boomer parents, was born 50 years after the Civil War. That’s the same length of time today’s 15-year-old high school sophomores were born after World War II. When they are elderly, will their children consider that war ancient history? Generations are a fantastic bungee cord bridging the past and present.
I regret that I never heard them talk about it, but my grandparents had relatives who fought for the South and, I’m sure, they knew and were close to others who did.
My grandparents surely were greatly influenced by that personal connection to the Civil War, which means that my parents had to be influenced some by it, which means my brothers and sister and I were as well even if we didn’t realize it. While the effect diminished significantly with each generation, it still has been part of who we are.
An example: My mother kept from her mother that she voted for Richard Nixon. Nanny lived in a time when memories of the indignities of Reconstruction not only were fresh, but already were ingrained. Because of that, for her entire life my grandmother, and probably everyone she grew up with, would no more vote for a Republican than for a Martian, and my mother knew better than to invite her ire by confessing that sin.
(What I don’t know is whether my grandmother would have voted for a black person. I have no memories of her saying or doing anything that smacked of bigotry. But in her world blacks were an inferior class and thus I suspect ineligible in her eyes for leadership positions. Racism? Maybe. But I question whether she would have voted for a woman either.)
So Virginia Gov. Bob McDonnell’s gaffe didn’t merely stir up a political storm, it also revived the debate about how we’re supposed to view those who fought for the South. Were they heroes or traitorous defenders of the nation’s greatest moral failing?
If only it were that simple.
Many Northerners don’t understand how the South can honor people who served in the Civil War. Those people fought to uphold slavery, the reasoning goes, and therefore should be reviled, not memorialized.
Many Southerners somehow have compartmentalized the evil of slavery and the fight their ancestors waged. They can do this because, while the war was largely about slavery, that wasn’t why most Southerners fought. Only a small percentage owned slaves, and the rest never expected to or perhaps wouldn’t even if they could. Some outright opposed slavery.
How could this be? Why go to war for something you don’t believe in? To understand that, you have to understand that while the North was and is largely a geographical description, the South was and is a culture. Northern soldiers may have fought to end slavery or to preserve the Union, but Southerners fought for their identity.
That’s my sense because of having family roots, and having spent my early life, in Bell County in Central Texas, which, unlike West Texas, I have come to realize felt like the South. In the 1950s it was steeped in Southern mannerisms and mores. (One element of that was suspicion of Yankees, including an uncle from Illinois who, even as a child, I recognized was different from my other relatives.)
The institution of slavery was a terrible stain that should never be glossed over, nor should the racism that marked the South for more than a century after the Civil War. Northerners should stop pretending there wasn’t and isn’t racism in their part of the country, but certainly it was worse in the South, and no reasonable Southerner denies that it was abhorrent.
But does that mean all who fought for the Confederacy were loathsome and that we should tear down their statues and remove them from places of honor? Should Robert E. Lee Middle School and all others named for the Confederate general be renamed? And Tom Green County, also named for a Confederate general?
The Confederacy and all who fought for it should never be recognized without acknowledging the terrible legacy of slavery. But outright condemnation would require Southerners to denounce their heritage, and that’s a lot to ask.
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From Grand Theft Wiki
Revision as of 02:01, 9 May 2010 by Stankers (Talk) (Trivia)
Jump to: navigation, search
Inside the club.
Exterior of Hercules in The Ballad of Gay Tony.
1. Anthony "Gay Tony" Prince - (Owner)
2. Luis Lopez - (Head of Security/Co-Owner)
3. Troy - (Doorman)
4. Five Dancers on the Scene
5. Topless Bartender
6. Man in the Wardrobe
• The club plays music from K109 The Studio.
• Though being a gay club, Luis can still dance with a heterosexual woman on the dance floor and at least one or two women always spawn in the club.
• In the The Lost and Damned found in Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City you can see the clubs exterior, although in the downloadable version you can see the Hinterland logo. But it is still unaccessible by the player.
• During multiplayer in TBoGT, it is possible to enter the club. like Bahama Mamas However, it is usually empty, though sometimes someone can be found at the coatcheck, behind the counter.
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Climate Change 2001:
Working Group I: The Scientific Basis
Other reports in this collection Defining climate change signals
The question of signal-to-noise ratios in climate model simulations was alluded to above, and has also been discussed in Chapters 9 and 12. The treatment of "signal" and "noise" in constructing climate scenarios is of great importance in interpreting the results of impact assessments that make use of these scenarios. If climate scenarios contain an unspecified combination of signal plus noise, then it is important to recognise that the impact response to such scenarios will only partly be a response to anthropogenic climate change; an unspecified part of the impact response will be related to natural internal climate variability. However, if the objective is to specify the impacts of the anthropogenic climate signal alone, then there are two possible strategies for climate scenario construction:
Figure 13.8: A summer (JJA) temperature change scenario for Europe for the 2020s and 2080s. Left panel is the median scaled response of five GCM experiments available on the IPCC Data Distribution Centre ( and the right panel is the inter-model range (largest scaled response minus the smallest scaled response). (Source: Hulme and Carter, 2000.)
The relative strength of the signal-to-noise ratio can be demonstrated in a number of ways. Where response patterns are reasonably stable over time, this ratio can be maximised in a climate change scenario by using long (30-year or more) averaging periods. Alternatively, regression or principal component techniques may be used to extract the signal from the model response (Hennessy et al., 1998). A third technique is to use results from multi-member ensemble simulations, as first performed by Cubasch et al. (1994). Sampling theory shows that in such simulations the noise is reduced by a factor of (n), where n is the ensemble size. Using results from the HadCM2 four-member ensemble experiments, Giorgi and Francisco (2000), for example, suggest that uncertainty in future regional climate change associated with internal climate variability at sub-continental scales (107 km2), is generally smaller than the uncertainty associated with inter-model or forcing differences. This conclusion is scale- and variable-dependent, however (see Chapter 9, Figure 9.4; see also Räisänen, 1999), and the inverse may apply at the smaller scales (104 to 105 km2) at which many impact assessments are conducted. Further work is needed on resolving this issue for climate scenario construction purposes.
A different way of maximising the climate change signal is to compare the responses of single realisations from experiments completed using different models. If the error for different models is random with zero mean, then sampling theory shows that this model average will yield a better estimate of the signal than any single model realisation. This approach was first suggested in the context of climate scenarios by Santer et al. (1990) and is illustrated further in Chapter 9, Section 9.2.2. Treating different GCM simulations in this way, i.e., as members of a multi-model ensemble, is one way of defining a more robust climate change signal, either for use in pattern-scaling techniques or directly in constructing a climate scenario. The approach has been discussed by Räisänen (1997) and used recently by Wigley (1999), Hulme and Carter (2000; see Figure 13.8) and Carter et al. (2000b) in providing regional characterisations of the SRES emissions scenarios.
The second strategy requires that the noise component be defined explicitly. This can be done by relying either on observed climate data or on model-simulated natural climate variability (Hulme et al., 1999a; Carter et al., 2000b). Neither approach is ideal. Observed climate data may often be of short duration and therefore yield a biased estimate of the noise. Multi-decadal internal climate variability can be extracted from multi-century unforced climate simulations such as those performed by a number of modelling groups (e.g., Stouffer et al., 1994; Tett et al., 1997; von Storch et al., 1997). In using AOGCM output in this way, it is important not only to demonstrate that these unforced simulations do not drift significantly (Osborn, 1996), but also to evaluate the extent to which model estimates of low-frequency variability are comparable to those estimated from measured climates (Osborn et al., 2000) or reconstructed palaeoclimates (Jones et al., 1998). Furthermore, anthropogenic forcing may alter the character of multi-decadal climate variability and therefore the noise defined from model control simulations may not apply in the future.
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Microwave Sweet Potatoe Recipes
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In this connection it is characteristic to note the directive of Fieldmarshal Von Reichenau, army group commander, addressed to his soldiers: "The soldier in the eastern territories is not only a warrior skilled in the art of warfare but a bearer of a merciless national ideology." And elsewhere, calling for the extermination of the Jews. Von Reichenau wrote: "Thus the soldier must be in full cognizance of the necessity for harsh and just revenge on those sub-humans, the Jews" (USA-556).
As another example the order of Fieldmarshal Von Mannstein addressed to his soldiers can be referred to. On the basis of the "political aims of the war" the Fieldmarshal cynically appealed to his soldiers to wage the war in violation of the "recognized laws of warfare in Europe" (USA-927).
* * * *
Soviet Member, International Military Tribunal ,
Major General Jurisprudence
/ s / I. T. Nikitchenko
1 October 1946
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Huffpost Politics
Robert Reich Headshot
The Youthful Magic of Ron Paul
Posted: Updated:
Getty Images
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South Carolina Republican Senator Jim DeMint, the darling of the Tea Party wing nuts of the GOP, is urging Republican candidates to listen to Ron Paul. "One of the things that's hurt the so-called conservative alternative is saying negative things about Ron Paul," DeMint told conservative radio host Laura Ingraham. "I'd like to see a Republican Party that embraces a lot of the libertarian ideas."
Why the sudden enthusiasm of Republican leaders for Ron Paul? Credit his surprisingly strong showing in New Hampshire, where 47 percent of primary voters between the ages of 18 and 29 voted for him.
No other Republican candidate has come nearly as close to winning over young voters -- and the GOP desperately needs young voters. The median age of registered Republicans is rising faster than the median age of America.
The Republican right thinks Paul's views on the economy are responsible for this fire among the young. Tuesday evening, on Larry Kudlow's CNBC program, I squared off with Larry and the Wall Street Journal's Steve Moore. Both are convinced young people are attracted by Paul's strict adherence to the views of Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, and Paul's desire to move America back to the gold standard.
Baloney. The young are flocking to Ron Paul because he wants to slice military spending, bring our troops home, stop government from spying on American citizens, and legalize pot.
So do I, but I somehow doubt Jim DeMint would advise Republican candidates to listen to me, even if I were a Republican candidate for president.
Paul is attractive to younger voters precisely because of positions he takes that are anathema to the vast majority of the Republican base, including almost all Tea Party Republicans.
If other Republican candidates want to cozy up to him, fine. But if they do, they'll have a lot of explaining to do in Bluffton, South Carolina.
On the other hand, if Republicans -- or Democrats, for that matter -- want to win over much of the nation's young next November, they'd do well to listen carefully to Paul's positions on national defense and civil liberties.
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Scottie Thomaston Headshot
15 States Ask the Supreme Court to Review DOMA
Posted: Updated:
The state of Indiana filed an amicus brief with 14 other states in the Gill case, which challenges Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act. The case has reached the Supreme Court through petitions for certiorari by the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group (BLAG), which is defending the law on behalf of House Republicans after the Justice Department decided it would no longer defend Section 3, and through a petition by the Justice Department itself. The state of Massachusetts, whose case is consolidate with Gill at the appellate level, has also filed a petition for certiorari
Indiana, Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, and Virginia signed onto the brief, which is largely based on the argument that "procreation" is a rational basis for the Act and for state marriage laws, as well. Arguing that the Supreme Court has held that "[t]he same equal protection principles have generally applied to state and federal laws," the attorneys write that "if the federal government has no legitimate reason to define for the purpose of federal programs, considerations of tradition or gradualism are unlikely to save state marriage laws -- especially those that differentiate between opposite-sex and same-sex unions in name only." In their view, a decision nullifying the congressional definition of marriage would necessarily use logic that would lead to the evisceration of state marriage definitions.
Marriage creates the social norm "that potentially procreative sexual activity should occur in a long-term, cohabitative relationship." Quoting Maggie Gallagher, the brief suggests that "society" channels people into opposite-sex marriages for procreation, and that Section 3 of the federal Defense of Marriage Act furthers that channeling: "'Through civil recognition of marriage, society channels sexual desires capable of producing children into stable unions that will raise those children in the circumstances that have proven optimal.' Maggie Gallagher, What is Marriage For? The Public Purposes of Marriage Law, 62 La. L. Rev. 773, 781-82 (2002). '[M]arriage's vital purpose in our societies is not to mandate man/woman procreation but to ameliorate its consequences.' Monte Neil Stewart, Judicial Redefinition of Marriage, 21 Can.J. Fam. L. 11, 47 (2004)."
They write that same-sex relationships are still recognized by arrangements that are not called marriage, that are just "alternatives" to the "model": "This ideal does not disparage the suitability of alternative arrangements where non-biological parents have legal responsibility for children. But these relationships are exactly that -- alternatives to the model." The states also write that courts have long said that procreation is a rational basis for traditional marriage.
The states argue that Baker v. Nelson controls the outcome of DOMA litigation. In Baker the Supreme Court dismissed, "for want of a substantial federal question," a case involving a gay couple in Minnesota who sought a marriage license but were denied. Because under the (now-repealed) law that required mandatory review of the Minnesota Supreme Court's Baker decision, the Supreme Court's dismissal is a decision "on the merits" (at least regarding the precise issues at stake in Baker), the states argue that the question of restricting the definition of marriage to opposite-sex couples was already reached and decided on.
The states want the Court to grant the petition and intervene in the dispute, because "[t]he failure of the decision below to [articulate a coherent rationale for government recognition of both same-sex and opposite-sex legal marriages] -- and indeed of any of the courts invalidating traditional marriage and its benefits to do so -- while abnegating one of the most fundamental and enduring civil institutions in American life, justifies this Court's intervention."
Scottie Thomaston is a contributor at Courage Campaign Institute's, where this piece originally appeared.
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Dead Island Riptide
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Release Date: April 23, 2013
Unlimited EXP and Money Exploit
Edit Page Last Edit: 2 years 1 month ago
You need to unlock the Femme Fatale continuous mission to use this exploit. Maya on the first island (in the Halai Village/Paradise Camp jungle map) will trade the crafting component "Blades" for XP and cash. She is located near the workbench northeast of the Helicopter Crash.
Similar to the "Nails for Bruno", you use your character's cash to purchase a specific component in bulk and trade it for fast leveling.
It should be noted that like the last game's exploit, you need to re-load / refresh the map (like fast-traveling to another map) after you increase your level, or the EXP and cash you earn from trading will be set at your old level (and not your new one).
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Thread: ps4 onslaught
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Old 03-12-2014, 11:44 AM #2
Wait and See
lilgodfather1's Avatar
Join Date: Jan 2009
Posts: 5,304
Default Re: ps4 onslaught
Originally Posted by netsfan549
I bought extended maps on my ps3. Can I get these maps on ps4? ugh
I believe so. Think it works the same for xbox as well. The only way you're in trouble is if you bought 360 and switched to ps4, or ps3 and switch to one.
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Apple has Paid out $2 Billion to Devs in Q1 2014, $10 Billion for the Entire 2013
Discussion in 'Apple iPad News' started by RaduTyrsina, Jan 29, 2014.
1. RaduTyrsina
RaduTyrsina News Team
Jun 22, 2012
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Yesterday, we have shared with you Apple’s financial results for the holiday quarter that has ended on December 28. Besides revealing the usual sales numbers, we found out some other things, such as the fact that iOS 7 is running on 80% of compatible iPhones and iPads, and that Tim Cook himself admitted that iPhone 5c’s market share is lower than expected. Another interesting information that Apple shared is the fact that they paid out to iOS developers a whopping two billion dollars in Q1 2014 alone.
The $2 billion number is, of course, another record number and it’s almost four times than what Apple paid developers during the same period last year. And if we corroborate this information with a previous report which was showing that iOS is the leader in mobile advertising revenue, generating 55.70 percent of it, we can see that iOS is enjoying a continuous success.
Developer revenue is increasing at a very rapid pace, as Apple paid out $10 billion in 2013 and it’s definitely going to beat this number in 2014. As it seems, 92 percent of the revenue coming from iOS apps is thanks to in-app purchases, compared to just 4 percent from paid apps and another 4 percent from paid apps with in-app purchases. How many apps have you bought this year?
Source: iPhoneforums
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20536
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View Full Version : Advanced Java
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20652
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The next version of Apple's iPhone will have a thinner screen, the Wall Street Journal reports.
The thinner screen will be made with in-cell technology, improving the quality of display. Read the complete WSJarticle here.
In-cell technology reportedly removes a touch-screen layer from the phone, instead incorporating the senors into the screen.
The new iPhone, expected to be due out in the fall, will also reportedly have a slightly larger screen.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20667
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• Customized muesli!
4. Mai. 2007, 12:49 von skr
It's the future!
I generally don't write journal posts because I'm too lazy and don't have that much to say.
But I'm going to make an exception for this fantastic site:
You basically pick the ingredients for a custom morning cereal.
There's all kinds of unhealthy chocolate, nuts, dried banana etc and some of the more common cereal ingredients.
Once you've ordered they ship it off in some sort of tube for your consumption. No need to have five types of cereal at home, instead just have a steady stream of customized ones coming to your mailbox.
The only downside to this genius idea is that they currently only ship to Germany.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20672
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Jan 19, 2012
AEI Sale of LatAm Assets
When AEI moved to sell off its Latin American power and gas distribution business and focus only on power generation, the unloading of 80% of its assets, worth some $4.7 billion, was not an easy task. Several decisions needed to be made against a complicated market backdrop, making the sale, known as project Amapola, one of last year’s most complex. Executives decided on the strategy shortly after the group, formerly known as Ashmore Energy International, attempted an initial public offering of shares in October 2009. Facing markets in turmoil and analyst concerns about AEI’s debt load and its exposure to political and operational risks in...
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Will a strong dollar deter investors from LatAm bonds?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20687
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[ubuntu] Broadcom wifi card problem
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http://ubuntuforums.org – Let me start by saying I've yet to have a problem with any Broadcom card until now. It either just works, or needs Ndiswrapper or b43cutter to work. I just got an Acer Aspire 3003WLMi laptop and tried installing 9.04. After the install, wireless didn't work at all. Tried Ndiswrapper with the correct Windows driver. Nothing. Uninstalled it, and installed the b43cutter. Install went fine, and it supposedly got the firmware. After the install, the wireless light lit up, so I thought it would work after a reboot. Rebooted, and nothing. Light was lit, but not seeing my router when I was sitting next to it. Any ideas? It's a BCM 4318 AirForce One, BTW. (HowTos)
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/20688
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Programming Tools: Eric3
I am writing this column for a number of reasons. First, I enjoy programming, and I find writing about it to be a trip. Second, a lot of wonderful programming tools are out there, but many are lost in the noise of competing commercial and non-commercial products. So, part of my job with this column is to highlight some of the tools I think are worthwhile. I will try to be objective, but in the final analysis, it all is subjective. You are free to agree or disagree, as is your wont.
Also, I don't know everything. New tools are introduced and existing ones are changing and expanding all the time, faster than I can keep up. For these reasons, you can tell me what you think and suggest other tools that you have found particularly useful. You, reader, are invited to be a contributor to this column.
In the world of open source, a constant tension exists between commercial and non-commercial products. Because of the limited resources many open-source projects have, I plant to review them more often than commercial products. That said, I have no problem with commercial products as long as they do not lock users into their use. Thus, I happily will review a commercial compiler, say, because you always are free to compile your programs using other compilers. The principle here is as long as the input and output obey open standards, products can do any processing they want--you are not locked in. This conforms to Richard Stallman's definition of free software.
I have a method to my madness is writing this column. When discussing a tool, I will try to cover these points:
• Why you should use this tool.
• What the major features of this tool are.
• What setup or installation you need for this tool.
• What resources are required to install and use the tool.
• A sample application, hopefully useful, to illustrate the use of the tool.
• The pros and cons of the tool.
• A chart comparing other similar tools, if appropriate and if I am aware of these other tools.
• A semi-subjective rating of the tool.
Being a Python developer is one of my many roles. I believe GUI-based IDEs are effective, so I have looked at a number of products, both commercial and open-source, that support Python. I chose the open-source eric3 IDE by Detlev Offenbach. It is written specifically for Python, and it uses PyQt bindings and the QScintilla editor widget. I find the eric3 IDE to be a delight. Figure 1 is a screenshot of a project showing eric3 version 4 beta, the version I currently use.
Here are some of the main features of eric3, the features I find most beneficial:
• The main window layout includes tabview, listview and workspace, all of which are configurable.
• The editor has syntax highlighting, code folding, auto indenting, brace highlighting, auto completion, calltips, bookmarks and macro recording capabilities.
• An integrated project manager shows all the source files, forms, translations and any other file or directory that is part of the project, each displayed on its own tab. The source browser also has built-in class browsing capabilities.
• An integrated, full-featured Python debugger that comes in three different flavors: the standard variant, a variant that doesn't need Qt and a variant to debug multithreaded applications. With the help of an additional debugger stub, it can be used to debug mod_python scripts as well.
• An interactive Python shell has integrated debugger support and command-line completion.
• An explorer window exists for walking through your directory structure with built-in class browsing capabilities for Python files.
• Window panes display local and global variables in the current scope while debugging a program.
• There are integrated source code wizards: a QRegExp wizard, a Python regexp wizard and several wizards for Qt dialogs.
• The integrated refactoring browser uses the Bicycle Repair Man package.
• Scripting capabilities are built into eric3.
• There is an integrated interface to the Python Module unittest and code coverage analysis.
• An integrated help viewer can display HTML help files, or you can choose to use Qt-Assistant to view help files.
• You have the ability to start Qt-Designer and Qt-Linguist from within eric3.
• You also can compile Qt-Designer forms to produce Qt-Linguist files and release them from within the IDE.
As you can see, eric3 has an impressive list of features, many of which I have omitted.
Comment viewing options
come on... this review (and
Anonymous's picture
come on...
this review (and many comments) should have looked at things like code intelligence database, code navigation, class browsing, pylint syntax checking, etc.
i mean it's an ide not an editor right?
Saving Eric3 Python Shell Output
Anonymous's picture
Does anyone know how to save the output from the python shell to a file in Eric3 IDE?
Re: Programming Tools: eric3
Anonymous's picture
Tried it. It died on repeated NameErrors for variables and couldn't find a parameter passed to the init function.
Needless to say it had a short disk lifespan
Re: Programming Tools: eric3
Anonymous's picture
As I work both on Linux and Windows, I definitely prefer SPE, which is a rich full featured python IDE with the excellent gui builder wxGlade.
Serge Hulne's picture
Among the lightweight GUIs, using only Tkinter, there is also xRope.
It also has an integrated Visual Builder ("tk_happy") and a smart editor ("rope") with real dot-completion for classes and docstring tips for functions.
See the link :
Eric3 and SPE are nice, but I
Alessander's picture
Eric3 and SPE are nice, but I love to work under Eclipse with xored's TruStudio plugin.
Re: Programming Tools: eric3
Anonymous's picture
You guys really should take a look at DrPython. It's a really well put together, free, cross platform IDE written in Python and wxWindows. It's now very mature (v3.4.4) but still being very actively developed with updates appearing each week.
The core editor is based around Scintilla and includes a class browser and embedded command prompt for each open file. It also has a nice tabbed interface, has recently adopted a plug-in architecture and is fully scriptable.
It's by far the most productive (and one of the nicest looking) Python IDEs I've come across and I've been using it for all my development work for the fast six months or so.
I really can't understand why more people don't seem to be aware of it.
Re: Programming Tools: eric3
Anonymous's picture
And diddo that, Dr. Python is great for non-gui development.
Re: Programming Tools: eric3
Anonymous's picture
Why does it look exactly like the Microsoft development environment? Yuck.
I would give anything for a decent Smalltalk-style class browser for Python. I can't stand Microsoft's class browser.
Re: Programming Tools: eric3 -- Delphi like...
Anonymous's picture
Borland with Delphi has set the standard, not MS.
Delphi is outstanding, and QtArchitecht looks a lot like Delphi IDE.
It is predictable that IDE for oo graphic and (non graphic ) programing will copy the best. (delphi)... as Trolltech did.
Welcome to Eric3 that I have not so far been able to install, (still miss a piece!).
May I suggest to allow Eric3 install using YUM, or APT-GET (or its GUI Synaptic)?
Installation is trivial... but it counts!
Thank you
Re: Programming Tools: eric3
Anonymous's picture
I am not familiar with the Smalltalk browser. What features and benefits does it have the make it better than the idiom used be eric3 and other IDEs like ActiveState's Komodo and KDE's KDevelop?
Re: Programming Tools: eric3
Anonymous's picture
Anything? Unto half your kingdom and a new mortgage on your house? I'm sure Detlev Offenbach will be able to accommodate your wishes...
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View Full Version : Exile's Sith Lord Robes
Master Kavar
08-09-2006, 01:41 AM
Every Sith Lord in the KOTOR series always had their own distinct appearance (Bandon, Malak, Revan, Sion, Traya, Nihilus), everyone except the Jedi Exile from TSL. The Dark Jedi Robes look great and all, but I wanted something unique that would make my new Dark Lord really stand out.
That's when I discovered the Sith Lord Exile had already been given his/her own iconic look, sort of. In a peice of concept art, it showed the Exile wearing the armor of a Sith Lord underneath the cloak of a Dark Jedi Robe. I loved this idea immediatly and tried to mod it myself, but quickly realized that simple skinning wouldn't be enough. The two outfits are just too different. (the pants, and the mid section especially don't match at all)
So my request here, and it's a doozy, is that someone who's familiar with modeling remove the cloak from the Dark Jedi Robes, and place them over the Sith Lord armor, to create this. (http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v298/Deus111/SithLordExile.jpg)
I don't know much about modeling, other than this kind of project may be extremly difficult, if not out-right impossible. Doubley so since there would have to be a male and female version. But if anyone is interested in taking this idea, I have some ideas on placement and discriptions as well. The biggest hurdle will just be getting the models to work at all.
Kainzorus Prime
08-09-2006, 07:58 AM
I could try skinning that myself...
Master Kavar
08-09-2006, 10:36 AM
You could try, but if it were so easy I would've done so myself. u_u; I think you would find, just as I did, that the two models are just too incompatible to get the right effect with just a reskin.
08-09-2006, 04:05 PM
I also tried something similar to this, I tried pasting parts of a heavy battle armor, and recoloring it, then giving it a slight shine... but for the life of me I couldn't get any kind of robe to have a reflective shader. Appearance.2da didn't work, txi editing didn't work, so I gave up. I was able to make it look like an armor underlayer but it never got anywhere. Best of luck to you Kain if you can pull this off.
08-10-2006, 01:54 AM
About model: Is possible to make this thing by removing one part from kjedi robe and complet with polys the big gap betwen legs and torso. The really hard part is to set weight for each new vertex. I added 10 polys to jedi master robe and spend 2 days setting weight.
Master Kavar
08-10-2006, 04:39 AM
I think I see what you mean oldflash, thanks for your insight. That's dissapointing to hear, but I thought it was atleast worth a shot.
On a seperate note I hope you haven't given up on that other model you started for TSL awhile ago. It was looking fantastic on your last update. :)
08-10-2006, 05:00 AM
My mod it's done about 90%. I'm testing right now. After this I will make a bodymodel for Kain and if this request is still available I will do the model.
Kainzorus Prime
08-10-2006, 11:49 AM
*Puts white flag up* I give up, it looked good but after checking both ingame and here on forums, I stopped at same point as The_Maker, no way of applying shinyness.
Master Kavar
08-11-2006, 12:10 AM
That's a better answer then I was hoping for Oldflash. I'm really looking forward to that first mod you're making, I'll keep my fingers crossed that it can be worked out. I don't think you'll have much competition for making my mod idea. >_>;
Sorry to see it didn't work out Kain. :/ I had a feeling it wouldn't, but I hoped you'd find something I over looked. Thanks for trying anyways.
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LucasForums (
- Taris Upper City Emporium (
- - [KOTOR] Mission Skin Pack (
Rtas Vadum 06-29-2012 04:41 PM
Mission Skin Pack
I've actually been working on this for a while, a fact that I'm not wholly proud of. Sure, the skins might work for what they are, but the problem is more that I've had them pretty much done for a while.
Anyway, I wouldn't be adverse to suggestions for more, although I mean some exotic colors. Green, maybe. Orange? Sure. But seriously, feel free to say it.
Oh, screenshots? Included in the link.
Download @ DeadlyStream
CptPriceless 06-29-2012 05:19 PM
Wow, really like it. New clothes are a pretty good improvement from the original.
GeorgNihilus 07-02-2012 12:31 PM
Instant dowload!!
Perfect RV :nod: ... I'm always looking to personalize characters in my games ... even Griff? gonna use that one too for sure.
I'm actually switching between a light brown-beige and the default texture right now for Mission, gonna be switching among these other 3 too. Not easy to deal with this particular texture, turns dark or not clear enough easily when tweaked, Mission's one I mean; so great job there :golfclap:
Still have to see in-game how u came with that white one ... oh and that belly tatoo?? not bad ...
thanks alot :thmbup1:
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