id
stringlengths 50
55
| text
stringlengths 54
694k
|
|---|---|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38149
|
to which extent - Free source code
This is a discussion on to which extent - Free source code within the A Brief History of forums, part of the Community Boards category; Hi personally i dont believe in evry thing being free, i do believe in CHEAP software, as in $5 or ...
1. #1
to which extent - Free source code
personally i dont believe in evry thing being free, i do believe in CHEAP software, as in $5 or less for an operating system etc.
whats your opinion???
2. #2
Join Date
Feb 2002
Reminded me that I was reading the other day about Sun (I think) charging for Star Office, cos none of the corporations would use "free" software, due to concerns over support etc.
Be kinda nice if there could be two "streams" of pricing. One with support, and one without.
Difficult to implement in the real world I guess.
Visit - It's what your PC is made for!
3. #3
Join Date
Aug 2001
Groningen (NL)
There are a lot of people who do programming or work at a software producing company for living. So I think it's not possible to have all software free or even low priced.
Though I must say that there is a lot of software which is, in my opinion, too high priced. I can understand that software which is very specific and only used by certain experts has a quite high price. But software which is to be used by everybody who has a PC, like PC OS'es, spreadsheet-software, databases, wordprocessors etc. should be low priced.
4. #4
the hat of redundancy hat nvoigt's Avatar
Join Date
Aug 2001
Hannover, Germany
No one but corporations use real databases. And a real database is a monster that needs a server of it's own. It's amazing how fast this beasts are. I can fully understand that database software is quite expensive.
When in doubt, read the FAQ.
Then ask a smart question.
5. #5
Just because ygfperson's Avatar
Join Date
Jan 2002
there are two different kinds of free software: free and free
let me elaborate.
Open source software can have a price tag attached to it, which may be $5. (or more, or cost-free). The essence of free software in this perspective isn't price: it's freedom. Heavy emphasis is placed on the right to modify, distribute, create, and distribute modified versions. There's a whole philosophy behind this.
Free software is cost-less. I'm assuming that's what you meant. I believe cheap software is beneficial, but not really important. The fact that you pay a price is the deciding factor. Free software is much easier to attain because there is no money transacted. It's just given out. That convience is lost no matter what the price is.
Popular pages Recent additions subscribe to a feed
Similar Threads
1. a free MMORPG written in c++ with source code
By MystWind in forum C++ Programming
Replies: 3
Last Post: 03-11-2005, 10:19 AM
2. Source code....
By Darkcoder in forum Game Programming
Replies: 8
Last Post: 03-07-2005, 07:58 PM
3. DxEngine source code
By Sang-drax in forum Game Programming
Replies: 5
By zahid in forum A Brief History of
Replies: 13
5. True ASM vs. Fake ASM ????
By DavidP in forum A Brief History of
Replies: 7
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38156
|
Jump to main content.
Search Applicability Determination Index
Create Query Selection Criteria
To query the ADI database, select from any or all of the following search criteria. Use the User's Guide for information about Creating a Query.
Recent Update:
Category: EPA Office:
Date Range:
From: To:
You may enter up to 10 search strings separated by commas. (,)
Word Search:
Subpart: Asbestos, Part 61 - Subpart M
CFC, Part 82 - Subpart F
MACT, Part 63
NESHAP, Part 61
NSPS, Part 60
Woodstoves, Part 60 - Subpart AAA
Reference: Numbers in the list refer to sections of the Clean Air Act and regulations at 40 CFR. Reference Test Methods / CEM Performance Specifications are also included where specified.
Compliance Assistance | Compliance Monitoring | Compliance Incentives
Local Navigation
Jump to main content.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38157
|
Third-Party Products & Services
Catapult Synthesis
ANSI C++ or SystemC high-level synthesis into production-quality hardware subsystems (RTL)
• SystemC and ANSI C++ synthesis
• Mixed datapath, control, and multi-abstraction synthesis
• Power, performance, and area optimization
• Push-button generation of RTL verification infrastructure
• Top-down and bottom-up hierarchical design management
• Full and accurate control over design interfaces
Catapult® Synthesis is a high-level C++ and SystemC synthesis tool for digital IC designers who need to deliver optimal ASIC or FPGA implementations with aggressive time-to-market schedules.
Traditional hardware design methods that require handwritten RTL (VHDL® or Verilog®) are extremely time-consuming and error-prone for complex designs. Catapult empowers designers to use industry-standard ANSI C++ and SystemC to describe functional intent and move up to a more productive abstraction level. From these high-level descriptions, Catapult C generates RTL targeting ASIC or FPGA technologies, reducing the time to verified and production-quality hardware.
Catapult offers a verification interface that enables the use of Catapult by design teams using MATLAB® or Simulink® as their system modeling environment.
With Catapult, users describe the hardware design using ANSI C++ and SystemC. Catapult allows users to perform architectural space exploration to meet power, performance, and area constraints. At any time during this design process, the designer can export the model to MATLAB and Simulink for system-level verification.
Catapult generates MATLAB MEX-functions and Simulink S-function wrappers from synthesizable ANSI C++ and SystemC models. These models allow MATLAB and Simulink users to verify the synthesizable hardware implementation in the context of system-level models. Catapult can launch a MATLAB session and load the generated model into MATLAB or Simulink.
Calypto Design Systems
1731 Technology Dr
Ste 340
San Jose, CA 1731
Tel: 408-850-2300
Fax: 408-850-2321
Required Products
Recommended Products
• Linux
• UNIX
• Windows
• Consulting
• E-mail
• Fax
• On-site assistance
• Telephone
• Training
Product Type
• Modeling and Simulation Tools
• Embedded Systems
• Image Processing and Computer Vision
• Digital Signal Processing
• Aerospace and Defense
• Automotive
• Communication Infrastructure
• Consumer Electronics
• Semiconductor
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38162
|
HOME > Chowhound > Manhattan >
Nov 5, 2002 04:55 PM
Looking for Excellent, Moderately Priced, Fun Restaurants in the Theatre District
• g
Hi Everyone,
Any recommendations on excellent,fun and moderately priced restaurants in the Theatre District?? (NYC) Looking for something different... a place where theatre goers would not think of going to! :)
All recommendations are appreciated.
Thanks! Gloria
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. This has been discussed about once a week for the past year or so. The search function on Chowhound's home page will give you some answers.
1. Hi Gloria, We actually encourage the recyling of topics. New information is very likely to result. We hope you'll get some helpful replies, but in the meanwhile, here's a discussion to get you started. See the link below.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38165
|
HOME > Chowhound > Greater Boston Area >
Jan 3, 2008 11:52 AM
King Fung--Chinatown?
I know KIng Fung has been well-reviewed on this board and I've been wanting to give it a try...but i've got a party of 6....should I wait and go with just one other DC? Also, do they serve alcohol or is it BYOB?
Any other Chinatown recs for a party of 6 on Saturday night?? I've heard good things about Peach Farm, but haven't researched it yet.
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. two people are not enough to eat all the dishes that come w/ peking duck...unless you want leftovers for a day or two ;-)
2 Replies
1. re: Spike
my son (age 14) and i polished off one of those Lovely Ducks all by ourselves last Father's Day. and we had an order of Shanghai Lo Mein and a small order of steamed buns too. granted we wattled out. oh! and we also got avocado shakes at Xinh Xinh too.
1. re: ScubaSteve
I remember you mentioning that...I should have said for mere mortals, 2 people won't be able to finish the duck and the other two courses they make out of it ;-)
3-4 people should have no problems, but I'd get two ducks if there are 6 people...
2. Actually, I think it is *better* to go with a group of 6 or so. That will allow you to try more of the menu, especially if you are planning on getting the duck.
6 Replies
1. re: heathermb
Heathermb - do you think one duck is enough for 5 people? We'll be getting ravioli & noodles etc. too.
1. re: gini
I know I'm not Hmb but I think one for 5 is plenty especially with all the other stuff. I think when we had 12-14 people or so squeezed in there, we had 3 ducks and that was more than plenty.
1. re: lissy
The only reason I'd say that one duck *might* not be enough is if people want seconds or thirds of the skin/pancake course. One duck is definitely enough stir fry and soup for 5 people. Especially if you add dumplings and noodles to the mix.
1. re: heathermb
Heartbreakingly, the best part of the meal, IMHO, was the soup course that arrived last and my husband and I couldn't do it justice. We took it home, of course, but it wasn't the same.
See if you can arrive in one car. There's a gas station next door to them in which they have, I think, one space which they will reserve for you if you ask. But more than that they can't do. Whatever the problems, it's worth it for the food!
1. re: heathermb
Thanks lissy & heathermb! I'm arranging a birthday dinner there and wanted to make sure we had enough to feed people!
1. re: gini
be sure to dress warmly. KFG is notoriously cold during the winter. but i guess if you fill the place it will get warm plenty quick.
2. There is a large central table that seats six with no problem at all.
3 Replies
1. re: BarmyFotheringayPhipps
true enough - we fit 14 there last April.
1. re: gini
3 ducks did it for us..with a few other dishes..and I think everyone had enough duck..great way to spend an evening..or afternoon.
1. re: 9lives
yeah, but two of us had run a marathon the day before and could have each eaten half a duck ourselves. Ok, maybe just me:).
2. We used to live in the Leather District and King Fung was our favorite. We ate in a few times but mostly did take-out because the ambiance was a bit, well, Formica. But the Hon Su Beef is still the best Chinese restaurant dish I've ever had; it's fab and just as good the next day over fresh rice. If you can snag the center table, as other posters have suggested, you'll be set.
1. BYOB - but bring your own stemware if you bring wine. Their cup selection will not do justice to it. Beer, OTOH, comes in its own handy glass. Also remember you have to order the duck a day ahead so let them know party size and they may help hold you a table.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38166
|
HOME > Chowhound > General Topics >
Apr 23, 2008 08:59 AM
Calories in a bowl of PHO in this area [moved from DC/Baltimoreboard]
I am posting this in the DC area board because I have seen sizes vary in other regions. How many calories do you think are in a regular bowl of pho in this area? I keep readin around 200 on the internet but that just does not sound right at all.
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. 1750 calories for the large bowl with beef flank/tripe/tendon. This is excluding all the
extra stuff that you throw into the soup, such as the sauces and bean sprouts.
10 Replies
1. re: OaktonWhitney
WHOA! I have never had pho (a problem I had thought I needed to remedy but now....), and I always understood it was a thin-brothed soup. What the h-e double hockey sticks is in it that makes it so high in calories?!?
1. re: charmedgirl
It has to be all the noodles. There may not be a lot of fat in Pho, but there are definitely a lot of calories!
1. re: jrl2929
I have ordered pho without the noodles to avoid the carbs. Pho is all about thr broth and meat for me.
1. re: bylinemjf
A cup of rice noodles has just under 200 calories. So, say you even have two cups of noodles, there's just not that many calories in beef broth, and I guess the calories in beef vary by cut. I would guess that it would be closer to 750 than 1750.
1. re: baltoellen
I think that's a good estimate for a regular bowl of pho. Perhaps Oakton said 1750 because some of those big bowls are like two regular bowls of pho -- and if you add in lots of fatty pieces of meat and very oily broth, it may be close to his estimate.
2. re: charmedgirl
Charmedgirl, you should understand that a large bowl of Pho is something eating competitions are made of. Where I come from (Denver) a large has like 5-6 cups of broth, close to a pound of noodles, more than a pound of meat, plus all the fixins. I am 150lbs and run 4 miles a day, so I can really put in the food, but is VERY rare that I am able to even get near finishing a Med bowl. A small is probably just over 500 calories. Since it is a complete meal, that is not tipping the scales. Also, I get my noodle on the side, it is all about the meat and broth for me, just a little noodles cuz they are fun to slurp!
1. re: Jezebhell
That must be a special Denver version! A bowl of pho (of any size) with "more than a pound of meat" doesn't sound traditional at all. Like many Asian dishs, the meat in a traditional bowl of pho is almost more of a garnish.
1. re: Jezebhell
Dang, wish they made 'em like that here in NYC. Generally it's 2-3 cups of broth, 5-6 slices of very thin eye round steak (very lean), a good handful of thin rice noodles (maybe 1/4-1/2lb before cooking). The rest is onion, sprouts, cilantro (0 pts/0 cals). I can't imagine it being 1750cals. Maybe if you have a lb of tripe or tendon (fattier cuts). Flank is also very lean. I've heard 2.25pts per cup but honestly I think that is a low estimate. Heck, for pho, I just go for it! Can't count calories for everything and it's definitely lower cal than a cheesburger and fries!!
2. re: OaktonWhitney
I don't think that's right. Any support?
3. Methinks 1750 is a wee bit high, judging what I know about the caloric value of a typical bowl of pho. Most articles cite between 600-700 calories, very little of that from fat, which is a more realistic number. What is high is the typical sodiom level of restaurant pho.
7 Replies
1. re: Ellen
Is there really regional variation in the size and calorie content of a bowl of pho? Is a bowl of pho in DC that much different than one in San Francisco?
1. re: JonParker
I think 1750 is way high, wow!
1. re: JonParker
I didn't say there was and can't imagine there would be. Philly and DC area phos are pretty comparable.
1. re: Ellen
Sorry, I meant to respond to the original poster.
1. re: JonParker
Jon, I have had pho bowls much smaller than what we are served in this area so yes- reason why I prefaced my question.
1750 sounds really high to me. I would have thought no more than 700. Oakton, where are you getting the stats from- we all may be completely wrong.
1. re: xena1441
Yes, I would have guessed 500-700 calories. Most of is broth, veggies and noodles, and it's not 'that' heavy on the noodles. As for regional size variations...I'm pretty sure that size varies between restaurants in this region. While most serve two sizes, the large being fairly large, the sizes certainly aren't standard around here any more then they are between here and across the country.
2. re: Ellen
I agree... even thinking of French style soups.... the greatest masters of sneaking in Calories into food..... there is no way you could get a 1750 Calorie Soup.... I mean an 800 Calorie Soup will make you feel extremely full & sick...
3. Beef Pho is about 9 WW points, if that helps...
4 Replies
1. re: debit
In my old WW book, it says a bowl of pho is 2 pts! I always knew that was wrong, I think the writer of the "ethnic" foods section thought pho comes in a measuring cup or something.
1. re: luckyfatima
Most of the bowls I've gotten have been "2 pts" as in TWO PINTS! A good solid quart of broth, noodles, assorted cow parts and hot and cold running vegetables. Two POINTS would be maybe a half-pint of broth and three noodles, with maybe a slice each of lean beef and brisket. Lots of luck finding that...
1. re: Will Owen
Yep the whole "ethnic food" section in WW is pretty dubious because a lot of stuff isn't taken into account...I have strong thoughts on the Indian food section, but anywayz...I ask for pho dac biet and tell the wait person no fatty brisket, only lean. So I get the tendons (0 pts I think), bo tai, tripe ( 0 pts I think) and the other lean meats. Then I only eat half the noodles (I guess I eat 2 pts of noodles). I only eat at places with fabulous broth so I never add hoisin sauce (lots of sugar). I also don't finish all of the broth. Maybe half. I guesstimate my total as 8 points, most points for the meat. Do you think I am fooling my self? I eat A LOT of pho. At least a couple times per week these days.
2. re: debit
assuming a WW point is around 50 cals that would be 450 calories.
3. I believe that DC-area pho has around 12-14% fewer calories than Philadelphia pho, but 8 or 9% more than Californian pho.
1. I would say the estimate of 1750 is about right for the Pho with all the different beef pieces in it. Recently I put a whole container of Pho with fatty beef in it minus the noodles in the fridge and I got well over 3 table spoons of hardened fat off the top. That’s not including the fatty pieces that were left. Now plain Pho with lean beef is much leaner
4 Replies
1. re: Trazom
What a great idea! I think I am going to get it to go and try that myself. I am just THAT curious. But really? 1750 still sounds extremely high.
Also to clear up- I am asking about jst Pho Tai (no tripe etc and lean meat)
1. re: xena1441
Yea I was shocked at the amount of fat. I Think Ill stick to the regular Pho with just lean beef. The one I was referencing had round eye steak? Which was really fatty .
2. re: Trazom
The stuff at the top of the container was not fat but gelatin. Pho broth is made from beef bones and tough cuts of beef, both of which contain large amounts of the collagen. When low heat is applied, the collagen converts in to gelatin. Gelatin is responsible for much of the flavor and mouth feel of the broth.
1. re: Atticus Fresh
Gelatin does not separate out of liquid as it cools, it binds with water. A stock high in collagen/gelatin will thicken or solidify uniformly as it cools - ever made Jell-o?. A hard layer on top definitely sounds like animal fat.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38169
|
HOME > Chowhound > Manhattan >
Sep 5, 2009 05:56 AM
Sub $35 Steak - Mission Impossible?
Is it possible to have a decent steak in NYC for around $35?
(pre tax, tip etc)
I see Landmarc's strip is around this price but don't know of anywhere else worth trying?
I prefer my steak small and thick rather than large and flat - works best with my medium rare temperature preference.
Will travel anywhere in Manhattan - so please give me what you've got!
Thanks, Tina
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. If I remember right, the steak frites at Balthazar is about $30.
1. Steak Frites on 16th street has reopened and is having a #35 3-course special including steak - so maybe steak alacarte is at the right price point. I haven't eaten there yet; the food on people's plates in the outdoor cafe looks good.
1. steak frites at l'express, les halles or marseille
all in the 20-25 range.
1. Decent sized lunch special ribeye with a baked potato and veggies for 30 bux at Benjamin steakhouse.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38183
|
DSP System Toolbox
Design and simulate streaming signal processing systems
DSP System Toolbox™ provides algorithms, filters, design tools, and an app for processing streaming signals in MATLAB® and Simulink®. These capabilities are provided as MATLAB functions, MATLAB System objects, and Simulink blocks. You can create and test systems for audio, communications, medical, and other real-time signal processing and IoT applications.
With DSP System Toolbox, you can design and analyze FIR, IIR, multirate, multistage, and adaptive filters. You can stream signals from your audio devices, files, and network to support system development and verification. The Time Scope, Spectrum Analyzer, and Logic Analyzer tools let you dynamically visualize and measure streaming signals. For desktop prototyping and deployment to embedded processors, including ARM® Cortex®, the system toolbox supports C/C++ code generation and fixed-point modeling. It also supports HDL code generation for algorithms such as FFT and IFFT.
DSP Modeling
Create, import, export, display, and manage signals
Filter Design and Analysis
FIR, IIR, frequency transformations
Filter Implementation
Single-rate, multirate, and adaptive filters
Transforms and Spectral Analysis
FFT, DCT, wavelets, spectral analysis, parametric estimation
Speech and Audio Processing
Audio, LPC, AR Estimators, Cepstrum, Quantizers
Statistics and Linear Algebra
Measurements, statistics, matrix math, linear algebra
Fixed-Point Design
Code Generation
Simulation acceleration, code generation, optimization for ARM Cortex-M and ARM Cortex-A
Define New System Objects
Write MATLAB class that defines new kind of System object™
Supported Hardware
Support for third-party hardware
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38225
|
If D. White had won a SB, would he be among the great Cowboy QBs
Discussion in 'History Zone' started by Gryphon, Feb 10, 2006.
1. burmafrd
burmafrd Well-Known Member
42,837 Messages
2,373 Likes Received
If we had won that game- Pearson breaking/avoiding that tackle- it would have been a tough game against the Bengals- but I think we win.
ANd that could have made all the difference in the world to the team and its confidence in Danny. And yes we probably would have maybe won another one as well down the line. Danny would then be up with Roger and would have had a real good shot at the HOF. He was the third best QB in our history= which is PRETTY GOOD.
THUMPER Papa
9,522 Messages
0 Likes Received
People make a point of saying that White failed in big games which is only partly true. The real truth is that the TEAM failed in big games while White was the QB. The other part of that is that the same team failed under Staubach a number of times in big games but we gloss over that because he won 2 SBs.
Under Staubach we lost:
1972 NFC Championship vs the Redskins 26-3
1973 NFC Championship vs the Vikings 27-10
1975 Super Bowl vs the Steelers 21-17
1976 Divisional Playoff vs Rams 14-12
1978 Super Bowl vs Steelers 35-31
1979 Divisional Playoff vs Rams 21-19
That's 6 big games under Staubach that we didn't win.
Under White we lost:
1980 NFC Championship vs Eagles 20-7
1981 NFC Championship vs 49ERs 28-27
1982 NFC Championship vs Redskins 31-17
1983 Wildcard Playoff vs Rams 24-17
1985 Divisional Playoff vs Rams 20-0
That's 5 big games under White that we didn't win.
The difference is that Staubach also won 2 SBs but lost one more big game than White.
If you watched those games then you would see that they were not won or lost solely because of the QB but because the team stepped up or let down. In the losses in 1980, 1982, and 1985 we gave up huge yards to the opposing RBs (Wilbert Montgomery, John Riggins, & Eric Dickerson) so how is that White's fault?
To me the major difference between Staubach and White was Roger's ability to lead the team and inspire them to play above their abilities at times but he holds that distinction over every QB to ever play the game IMO as I rank him #1 in that attribute. That said, there were plenty of times that he was unable to lead his team to victory as shown above.
I also consider Don Meredith to have been a great QB even though he never won anything except a single playoff game in 1967. He lost every other big game he played in:
1966 NFL Championship vs Packers 34-27
1967 NFL Championship vs Packers 21-17
1968 Divisional Playoff vs Browns 31-20
Dan Marino, Sonny Jurgensen, Ken Anderson, Y.A. Tittle, and several other great QBs never won a championship either but they were still great QBs.
Winning championships is about the team not the QB.
3. MinnesotaCowboy
MinnesotaCowboy Member
629 Messages
8 Likes Received
You beat me to it, Thumper. When Danny was sacked and fumbled I actually cried! Very emotional game for me as I just knew we were going to the SB! Never in my wildest dreams did I realize that it was the start of one dynasty and the end of the other!:mad:
4. Irving Cowboy
Irving Cowboy The Chief
1,642 Messages
91 Likes Received
Very true... as a matter of fact, at the beginning of that year the Cowboys were on the verge of breaking the Bills record for opening the season by scoring 30+ points in their first 4 games... I remember seeing the graphic on Monday Night Football against the Cardinals... However I also remember they mentioned that the Bills didn't make the playoffs the year they set that record... I think the following week they went out and got trashed in Denver.
5. Chief
Chief "Friggin Joke Monkey"
8,541 Messages
1 Likes Received
Good analysis, Thumper, but I think this line says it all.
It's probably the biggest reason for Roger's greatness.
White fell short in this regard ... heck, more than half the team wanted Hogeboom as the starter when that informal vote was taken in the mid-1980s. He didn't exactly inspire his teammates.
THUMPER Papa
9,522 Messages
0 Likes Received
Leadership is probably the least emphasized yet most important aspect of an NFL QB. Too often people are impressed by some QB's size, arm strength, ability to throw a spiral 80 yards, etc. when in fact it is his ability to lead the team that is the real key for the position.
It was Staubach's leadership that set him apart from guys who were better passers. His ability to inspire and lift the team was extremely rare and has really only been seen in a handful of QBs over the years and none to the level that he had.
Montana & Elway come the closest of the QBs since Staubach but I still give Roger a definite edge over Joe. Unitas and Otto Graham were the only guys in his league prior to Roger.
I define leadership in a QB as: It is that confidence that the QB inspires in his teammates, on both sides of the ball, that so long as he is in the game they have a chance and all they have to do is get the ball back for him or make the play and he will lead us to victory. He leads by example and will do whatever is required of him to win the game.
Aikman was more of a leader than people give him credit for but not nearly on a par with Staubach.
I rank the all-time top-10 QBs in terms of leadership (based on my definition above) as follows:
1. Roger Staubach
2. Joe Montana
3. Johnny Unitas
4. John Elway
5. Otto Graham
6. Sammy Baugh
7. Brett Favre
8. Dan Marino
9. Dan Fouts
10. Steve Young
This is completely subjective and is just my opinion based on my perception of their leadership abilities. Everyone else is entitled to rank them any way they see fit. In fact I would like to see how others rank the top-10 QBs leadership abilities.
REDVOLUTION Return to Dominance
27,718 Messages
2,247 Likes Received
Wow! You have Steve Young(49ers)? on there instead of Aikman?
8. joseephuss
joseephuss Well-Known Member
23,059 Messages
2,062 Likes Received
Roger Staubach
11 years
131 games
1685 completions
2958 attempts
22700 yards
153 TDs
109 INTs
83.4 QB rating
Danny White
13 years
166 games
1761 completions
2950 attempts
21959 yards
155 TDs
132 ints
81.7 QB rating
Danny had a very good career. I would not say great because his playoff QB rating was 71.8. That contributed to the team not getting to the Superbowl. The defense was not quite as good during his early tenure as it was under Staubach, but he had critical turnovers in the big games. Sure it isn't fair that he was compared to Staubach, but a QB has to be a leader and inspire confidence. White sometimes did not as witnessed by the Hogenboom mess and to a smaller extent, the Kevin Sweeney issue during the scab 1987 season. I remember fans being mad that White crossed the picket line and playing against the Redskins and the team losing that game. It wasn't as if Sweeney was that talented, but many were tired of White.
9. Doomsday101
Doomsday101 Well-Known Member
81,755 Messages
5,588 Likes Received
I have always considered Danny White a very good QB regardless if he reached a SB or not. As an individual performer he did his job very well to blame him for no SB is pretty simple minded and just shows some can't tell the difference between team accomplishments and individual accomplishments.
10. noshame
noshame Who wouldn't follow me?
3,628 Messages
870 Likes Received
I liked Danny, but his int's usually tore my heart out. But yeah, winning a big one would have made a difference.
11. CowboyMark
CowboyMark New Member
436 Messages
0 Likes Received
I still can't understand why Tom Landry replaced D. White after just leading them to 3 consecutive NFC title games. He had good numbers and I think it would of just added to the cowboys legacy. I mean think about it Staubach in the 70's, White in the 80's, and Aikman in the 90's. But yes, not only would white be an all-time great cowboy qb, but a sure hall of famer IMO.
ABQCOWBOY Moderator Staff Member
36,736 Messages
2,991 Likes Received
It was the wrist injury. White couldn't control the passes he threw. They sailed too much because the wrist didn.t have flexability. Danny could no longer snap off throws. I think that Coach Landry new he would eventually have to replace White so he might as well see what he had. JMO
Share This Page
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38226
|
If Sean Payton comes to Dallas
1. CATCH17
CATCH17 1st Round Pick
29,068 Messages
3,199 Likes Received
Is there any chance we could get the Saints GM as well?
I know he won't have that title here but it's time for Jerry to open up his pocket books and pay a guy like him to accept whatever downgraded title he were to receive to do the GM job here.
It seems like Payton doesn't really want to coach a team without that guy if he were to put the clause in his contract.
The salary cap may hurt Jerry as far as getting players but there is no excuse anymore to not have a top NFL coach with surrounding staff and scouting.
You have tried it your way Jerry and it just doesn't work. Spend the money, win, and you'll get it all back.
2. FiveRings
FiveRings Well-Known Member
1,767 Messages
234 Likes Received
No. And Payton isn't coming here anyway but if in your fantasy land, we take in the entire Saints front office, then have at it
3. TVMan
TVMan Active Member
802 Messages
59 Likes Received
Payton isn't coming here.
4. CATCH17
CATCH17 1st Round Pick
29,068 Messages
3,199 Likes Received
You guys are sure Payton isn't coming here?
If you were him would you want to fly to New Orleans everyday or make just as much money to coach the Cowboys in the town you live in?
I'd like to know that if I had a family emergency that im a quick car ride away.
5. Nation
Nation Well-Known Member Zone Supporter
3,076 Messages
1,663 Likes Received
I would rather coach Drew Brees and not have to work with Jerry Jones
6. CATCH17
CATCH17 1st Round Pick
29,068 Messages
3,199 Likes Received
I'd rather coach for the biggest sports franchise that is in the town I plan on living in.
7. Chocolate Lab
Chocolate Lab Run-loving Dino
33,928 Messages
2,890 Likes Received
Werder knows Payton 1000x better than anyone here, and he says Payton would love to coach here. He loves the area, he likes Jerry, plus he's going through a divorce and his kids are here. And don't underestimate his desire for recognition in turning this team around.
That doesn't mean it will work out, because odds are still that it probably won't. But don't think he wouldn't want to coach this team.
8. Yakuza Rich
Yakuza Rich Well-Known Member
13,088 Messages
2,414 Likes Received
I don't know why anybody is so sure that Payton would not come here. Fact is, if he had no intention of coming here, he would have re-signed the same contract with the Saints, just not under Mickey Loomis so the contract would not be void.
I would be willing to bet dollars to donuts that once the NFL voided the contract and considering the lack of success Garrett is having, he sees coaching the Cowboys a possibility. Of course, it comes down to dollars, but he would be STUPID to not at least wait and see what type of offers he can get. The worst that could happen is that he could get offers that he's not interested in and return to the Saints. The best that could happen is that he could get paid much more to coach in Dallas, where he resides (and is an entirely bigger market, thus more money from endorsements).
I think the only thing holding it up is Jerry and Garrett. I think Jerry may have difficulty justifying the money spent to get Payton and the money he owes Garrett. Although, from the sounds of it, Jerry makes $10 million from stadium Tours in the *offseason* alone. He also got a Super Bowl at the Stadium and probably will get another in the future along with all of the other venture the stadium will bring.
As far as Loomis goes, I always thought he was more of the financial guy and quite frankly, he didn't do jack squat until Payton got there. There's no way Loomis would come here unless he is fired from the Saints.
9. jgboys1
jgboys1 Well-Known Member
3,920 Messages
99 Likes Received
In order to get Sean Payton, Garrett would have to go and I have news for you guys, Garrett is not going anywhere. He(Garrett),like it our not, will be our head coach next season.
10. TVMan
TVMan Active Member
802 Messages
59 Likes Received
Wouldn't this fly in the face of the Rooney rule? The league has already taken money from the Cowboys, how about some draft picks to go along with it?
11. 17yearsandcounting
17yearsandcounting Benched
2,391 Messages
1,677 Likes Received
You sure?
When the owner cant name one sign of progress under Jason, it means his *** is certifiably on the hotseat.
12. SDCowboy85
SDCowboy85 Well-Known Member
16,457 Messages
2,484 Likes Received
You are forgetting that Romo is Paytons friends off the field, Romo is actually Payton's QB he brought in and he and his family LIVE in Dallas. Maybe most importantly, being the HC of the Cowboys is the absolute pinnacle of American sports coaching. That's the top of the coaching mountain.
13. Hook'em#11
Hook'em#11 Well-Known Member
2,886 Messages
334 Likes Received
Me thinks Payton would rather coach the team that he has actually won a Super Bowl ring with. Has a Front Office that actually now knows how to pick players. And coach a team that actually has a legit home field advantage because the fans there are ACTUAL fans.
14. CATCH17
CATCH17 1st Round Pick
29,068 Messages
3,199 Likes Received
He's definetely #1 on the list. I like the idea of Holmgren coaching 1 more time to finish Romo's career.
If I had to go the Coordinator route would anyone be against Fangio or Roman from San Fran?
Would it be a better idea just to throw away another year with Garrett and hope someone better is available in 2014?
Our next coach has to be a homerun.
15. Yakuza Rich
Yakuza Rich Well-Known Member
13,088 Messages
2,414 Likes Received
Me thinks that money talks, the rest walks.
How often were we told that Bill Parcells in particular would NEVER come to Dallas and coach for Jerry Jones?
Parcells even wrote about that in his book himself.
And Payton gets along well with Jerry.
And we know that Jerry has regretted that Payton left because he wanted him to be the HC after Parcells left.
For all of the gripes against Jerry, the fact is that comparing the Saints to the Cowboys is like comparing Wal-Mart to Neiman Marcus.
16. Oh_Canada
Oh_Canada Well-Known Member
6,647 Messages
894 Likes Received
I seem to remember a lot of people saying Parcells wouldn't coach the Cowboys either.
17. cowboyfan4life2
cowboyfan4life2 Well-Known Member
1,218 Messages
239 Likes Received
That would be a complete disaster, if that happens, I can see a full scale riot outside of jerry world.
18. SDCowboy85
SDCowboy85 Well-Known Member
16,457 Messages
2,484 Likes Received
Exactly. If people thought turning around one of the most irrelevant franchises in sports in a small city was big, turning around the Cowboys in Dallas would be all time big.
19. Yakuza Rich
Yakuza Rich Well-Known Member
13,088 Messages
2,414 Likes Received
20. CowboyMcCoy
CowboyMcCoy Business is a Boomin
12,749 Messages
234 Likes Received
Not to mention, the one guy who got the best out of Tony Romo is none other than...drum roll... Sean Payton.
He's coming here!!
Share This Page
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38227
|
# Copyright (c) 1990 The Regents of the University of California. # Copyright (c) 1994-1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc. # See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution # of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. # # =head1 NAME Tk_RestrictEvents - filter and selectively delay X events =for category C Programming =head1 SYNOPSIS B<#include Etk.hE> Tk_RestrictProc * B(I) =head1 ARGUMENTS =over 4 =item Tk_RestrictProc *proc (in) Predicate procedure to call to filter incoming X events. NULL means do not restrict events at all. =item ClientData clientData (in) Arbitrary argument to pass to I. =item ClientData *prevClientDataPtr (out) Pointer to place to save argument to previous restrict procedure. =back =head1 DESCRIPTION This procedure is useful in certain situations where applications are only prepared to receive certain X events. After B is called, B (and hence B) will filter X input events through I. I indicates whether a given event is to be processed immediately, deferred until some later time (e.g. when the event restriction is lifted), or discarded. I is a procedure with arguments and result that match the type B: typedef Tk_RestrictAction Tk_RestrictProc( ClientData clientData, XEvent *eventPtr); The I argument is a copy of the I passed to B; it may be used to provide I with information it needs to filter events. The I points to an event under consideration. I returns a restrict action (enumerated type B) that indicates what B should do with the event. If the return value is B, then the event will be handled immediately. If the return value is B, then the event will be left on the event queue for later processing. If the return value is B, then the event will be removed from the event queue and discarded without being processed. B uses its return value and I to return information about the current event restriction procedure (a NULL return value means there are currently no restrictions). These values may be used to restore the previous restriction state when there is no longer any need for the current restriction. There are very few places where B is needed. In most cases, the best way to restrict events is by changing the bindings with the B Tcl command or by calling B and B from C. The main place where B must be used is when performing synchronous actions (for example, if you need to wait for a particular event to occur on a particular window but you don't want to invoke any handlers for any other events). The ``obvious'' solution in these situations is to call B or B, but these procedures cannot be used because Tk keeps its own event queue that is separate from the X event queue. Instead, call B to set up a filter, then call B to retrieve the desired event(s). =head1 KEYWORDS delay, event, filter, restriction
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38245
|
FABP4 Attenuates PPARγ and Adipogenesis and Is Inversely Correlated With PPARγ in Adipose Tissues
1. Menachem Rubinstein1
1. 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
2. 2Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
3. 3Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
1. Corresponding author: Menachem Rubinstein, menachem.rubinstein{at}weizmann.ac.il.
Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4, also known as aP2) is a cytoplasmic fatty acid chaperone expressed primarily in adipocytes and myeloid cells and implicated in the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Here we demonstrate that FABP4 triggers the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a master regulator of adipogenesis and insulin responsiveness. Importantly, FABP4-null mouse preadipocytes as well as macrophages exhibited increased expression of PPARγ, and complementation of FABP4 in the macrophages reversed the increase in FABP4 expression. The FABP4-null preadipocytes exhibited a remarkably enhanced adipogenesis compared with wild-type cells, indicating that FABP4 regulates adipogenesis by downregulating PPARγ. We found that the FABP4 level was higher and PPARγ level was lower in human visceral fat and mouse epididymal fat compared with their subcutaneous fat. Furthermore, FABP4 was higher in the adipose tissues of obese diabetic individuals compared with healthy ones. Suppression of PPARγ by FABP4 in visceral fat may explain the reported role of FABP4 in the development of obesity-related morbidities, including insulin resistance, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.
• Received March 18, 2013.
• Accepted December 1, 2013.
| Table of Contents
This Article
1. Diabetes vol. 63 no. 3 900-911
1. All Versions of this Article:
1. db13-0436v1
2. 63/3/900 most recent
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38257
|
Simon Cowell made what word trend?
API gravity scale
the American Petroleum Institute gravity scale: a universally accepted scale of the relative density of fluids that is used in fuel technology and is measured in degrees API. One degree API is equal to (141.5/d)–131.5, where d = relative density at 288.7K See also Baumé scale
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Word Value for api
Scrabble Words With Friends
Nearby words for api gravity scale
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38258
|
Simon Cowell made what word trend?
[brik] /brɪk/
a block of clay hardened by drying in the sun or burning in a kiln, and used for building, paving, etc.: traditionally, in the U.S., a rectangle 2.25 × 3.75 × 8 inches (5.7 × 9.5 × 20.3 cm), red, brown, or yellow in color.
such blocks collectively.
the material of which such blocks are made.
any block or bar having a similar size and shape:
a gold brick; an ice-cream brick.
the length of a brick as a measure of thickness, as of a wall:
one and a half bricks thick.
Informal. an admirably good or generous person.
Informal. an electronic device that has become completely nonfunctional.
verb (used with object)
to pave, line, wall, fill, or build with brick.
Informal. to cause (an electronic device) to become completely nonfunctional:
I bricked my phone while doing the upgrade.
made of, constructed with, or resembling bricks.
drop a brick, to make a social gaffe or blunder, especially an indiscreet remark.
hit the bricks,
1. to walk the streets, especially as an unemployed or homeless person.
2. to go on strike:
With contract talks stalled, workers are threatening to hit the bricks.
Also, take to the bricks.
make bricks without straw,
1. to plan or act on a false premise or unrealistic basis.
2. to create something that will not last:
To form governments without the consent of the people is to make bricks without straw.
3. to perform a task despite the lack of necessary materials.
Origin of brick
late Middle English
1400-50; late Middle English brike < Middle Dutch bricke; akin to break
Related forms
bricklike, brickish, adjective
unbricked, adjective Unabridged
Cite This Source
Examples from the web for brick
British Dictionary definitions for brick
1. a rectangular block of clay mixed with sand and fired in a kiln or baked by the sun, used in building construction
2. (as modifier): a brick house
the material used to make such blocks
any rectangular block: a brick of ice
bricks collectively
(informal) a reliable, trustworthy, or helpful person
(Brit) a child's building block
short for brick red
(Brit, informal) drop a brick, to make a tactless or indiscreet remark
(informal) like a ton of bricks, (used esp of the manner of punishing or reprimanding someone) with great force; severely: when he spotted my mistake he came down on me like a ton of bricks
verb (transitive)
usually foll by in, up or over. to construct, line, pave, fill, or wall up with bricks: to brick up a window, brick over a patio
(slang) to attack (a person) with a brick or bricks
Word Origin
C15: from Old French brique, from Middle Dutch bricke; related to Middle Low German brike, Old English brecan to break
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin and History for brick
early 15c., from Old French briche "brick," probably from a Germanic source akin to Middle Dutch bricke "a tile," literally "a broken piece," from the verbal root of break (v.). Meaning "a good, honest fellow" is from 1840, probably on notion of squareness (e.g. fair and square) though most extended senses of brick (and square) applied to persons in English are not meant to be complimentary. Brick wall in the figurative sense of "impenetrable barrier" is from 1886.
"to wall up with bricks," 1640s, from brick (n.). Related: Bricked; bricking.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
Slang definitions & phrases for brick
1. A decent, generous, reliable person (1830s+ British students)
2. A kilogram (2.2 pounds) of tightly compacted marijuana (1970s+ Narcotics)
3. Avery inaccurate basketball shot (1980s+ Students)
Related Terms
drop a brick, hit someone like a ton of bricks, hit the bricks, press the bricks, shit a brick, three bricks shy of a load
[first sense said to be a clever student version of Aristotle's phrase tetragonos aner, ''four-sided man, foursquare man,'' used in the Nichomachean Ethics to describe a person of public merit whose praise might appear on a square monument of tribute]
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
Cite This Source
Idioms and Phrases with brick
The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for brick
All English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for brick
Scrabble Words With Friends
Quotes with brick
Nearby words for brick
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38259
|
Simon Cowell made what word trend?
eat away at
Destroy gradually, erode; also, worry one constantly. For example, The sea has been eating away at the outer banks for years, or The fact that he failed the test is eating away at him. [ Early 1800s ]
The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Word Value for eat
Scrabble Words With Friends
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38264
|
8.14.6 Replication Slave I/O Thread States
The following list shows the most common states you see in the State column for a slave server I/O thread. This state also appears in the Slave_IO_State column displayed by SHOW SLAVE STATUS, so you can get a good view of what is happening by using that statement.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38265
|
Sun Directory Server Enterprise Edition 7.0 Developer's Guide
When the server stores the password for an entry in the userpassword attribute, it hashes the password using different schemes.
Use this function to determine if a given password is one of the values of the userpassword attribute. This function determines which password scheme was used to store the password and uses the appropriate comparison function to compare a given value against the hashed values of the userpassword attribute.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38266
|
NIS+ Transition Guide
Phase II-Connect the NIS+ Namespace to Other Namespaces
1. [Optional] Connect the root domain to the DNS namespace.
An NIS+ client can be connected to the Internet using the name service switch. Workstations, if they are also DNS clients, can have their name service switch configuration files set to search for information in DNS zone files--in addition to NIS+ tables or NIS maps.
Configure each client's /etc/nsswitch.conf and /etc/resolv.conf files properly. The /etc/nsswitch.conf file is the client's name service switch configuration file. The /etc/resolv.conf lists the IP addresses of the client's DNS servers; it is described in Solaris Naming Setup and Configuration Guide.
2. Test the joint operation of NIS+ with DNS.
Verify that requests for information can pass between the namespaces without difficulty.
3. If operating NIS+ in parallel with NIS, test the transfer of information.
Use the nispopulate script to transfer information from NIS to NIS+. To transfer data from NIS+ to NIS, run nisaddent -d and then ypmake. (See the man pages for more information.) Use scripts to automate this process. Establish policies for keeping tables synchronized, particularly the hosts and passwd tables. Test the tools used to maintain consistency between the NIS and NIS+ environments. Decide when to make the NIS+ tables the real source of information.
4. Test operation of NIS+ with both DNS and NIS.
Test all three namespaces together to make sure the added links do not create problems.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38267
|
Sun GlassFish Web Space Server 10.0 Secure Web Access Add-On Guide
ProcedureTo Use the HTML Attributes Sample
1. This sample can be accessed from:
2. Ensure that abc.sesta.com and host1.siroe.com are defined in the Proxies for Domains and Subdomains list in the Gateway service.
If this is not defined, a direct connection is assumed, and the Gateway URL is not prefixed.
You need not add the rule specified in this sample to the default_gateway_ruleset because the rule is already defined.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38279
|
Hint: The odd couple
Find the Answer
I found this odd pairing in front of a midtown bowling alley and bistro. Several flexible cords were routed inside these sidewalk drains and used to energize receptacles serving cord connected lights on imitation trees. Of course, this type of installation does not meet installation requirements in the 2011 NEC.
Article 400 covers the general requirements, applications, and construction specifications for flexible cords and flexible cables. As noted in 400.7(A), flexible cords and cables shall be used only for the following
1. "Pendants
2. Wiring of luminaires
3. Connection of portable luminaires, portable and mobile signs, or appliances
4. Elevator cables
5. Wiring of cranes and hoists
6. Connection of utilization equipment to facilitate frequent interchange
7. Prevention of the transmission of noise or vibration
9. Connection of moving parts
10. Where specifically permitted elsewhere in this Code"
> Try Another Quiz
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38281
|
Astana: The world's weirdest capital city
Story highlights
• Astana became capital of Kazakhstan in 1997
• City is becoming known for striking modern architecture
• President of Kazakhstan has played large role in shaping the capital
There is something mirage-like about Kazakhstan's capital Astana.
Little surrounds the city for 1,200 kilometers, save a handful of provincial towns dotted across the world's largest steppe, a flat, empty expanse of grassland.
Shooting up from this void is a mass of strangely futuristic structures. The newest of these is the Norman Foster-designed Khan Shatyr, a shopping mall that doubles as the world's largest tent.
Foster was also the architect behind the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, a 60-meter-tall glass pyramid. There's also the Central Concert Hall, which from above looks like a budding flower, a flying saucer-shaped circus, a presidential palace designed to replicate the White House, and Baiterek, a 100-meter-tall tower that has drawn comparisons to a giant lollipop.
Yet just 15 years ago the city didn't really exist at all.
In 1997 Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev moved the capital from Almaty in the southeast of the country to the newly-named Astana (previously it was called Akmola), which was then an empty patch of land by the Ishim River best known as a former gulag prison camp for the wives of Soviet traitors.
Astana: Kazakhstan's rising capital
Astana: Kazakhstan's rising capital
Astana: Kazakhstan's rising capital
Astana: Kazakhstan's rising capital 02:20
Today the bulging, science fiction-like skyline has started to earn the country some international recognition.
Neil Billett, a managing director and partner at Buro Happold, the engineering consultants that partnered with Foster's firm on the Khan Shatyr and the Palace of Peace, lauds the local architects' progressive thinking.
"They do quite like a challenge, and they do organize themselves to get on with it in a way that's quite refreshing," he says. "These projects would have taxed the mind of many a high-end contractor, and in Kazakhstan, they have to address the same problems in a much harder climate."
Send in your photos from Kazakhstan
The capital's climate does make construction much more complicated. In the winter months temperatures can fall to minus 40 degrees Celsius (minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit), making it the second coldest capital city in the world. In the summer, the mercury can reach up to 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit).
According to George Keliris, a structural engineer at Buro Happold, this temperature variance proved particularly challenging when constructing the Palace of Peace.
"We had to allow a system that relieved the stress and let the structure breathe," he says.
The solution they came up with was to lock down one corner of the pyramid, while placing the remaining corners on bridge bearings. Though common with bridges, such bearings are practically unheard of with entire buildings.
"Basically, it's on roller skates," says Keliris. "Because of the climate, (the structure) was bound to be futuristic."
From a distance, Astana's architecture looks disparate, however a strong Kazakh theme runs through it all. Baiterek is meant to evoke the local legend of the "Tree of Life"; the story has a golden egg, and the building is topped with a golden orb. The shape of the Central Concert Hall was purposefully made to resemble a traditional Kazakh instrument, known as a dombra.
Since it became the country's capital, Astana's population has more than doubled to 750,000. Despite this urban growth the size of the new buildings can still seem excessively large. The Central Concert Hall is one of the largest in the world, and seats 3,500 spectators, while the Astana Arena seats 30,000.
However, according to Serik Rustambekov, a local architect, the reach of these projects matches the local way of thinking.
"You need to understand the Kazakh background to get a better picture of our world view. We're a nomadic civilization that developed over thousands of years in the vast expanse of Eurasia. Free space is more impressive to the Kazakh mindset than the type of congestion found in many European centers."
Numerous architects from across the world have had a hand in shaping the new capital's skyline, but the one man who has had the greatest impact in the city's transformation is President Nazarbayev.
Manfredi Nicoletti, whose Rome-based firm, Studio Nicoletti, designed the Central Concert Hall, confirms that Nazarbayev was very hands-on in the structure's implementation.
"He used to joke that the building was right in front of his residence (the Presidential Palace), and that the project's construction site -- and us, of course -- were always under his control."
In many ways, Astana looks like a vanity project for Nazarbayev. At the top of Baiterek, which grew from a sketch Nazarbayev did himself, visitors can touch his gilded handprint, and each year, the city's anniversary celebrations happen to coincide with his birthday.
Nazarbayev's advocates, however, argue that Astana isn't a symbol of his ego, so much as his ambition for the Kazakh nation. One of Nazarbayev's strongest supporters has come in the unlikely form of Jonathan Aitken, a former British politician, who wrote a recently published biography of the president based on 23 hours of personal interview, and a retrospective of the country.
"While I'm sure (Nazarbayev) does have a large ego, it's more of an 'I love the country'-centred ego, not an I-centred ego," says Aitken.
Aitken equates Nazarbeyev with the type of patrons that dominated 18th century Europe, in particular, Louis XIV.
"Just as Versailles and parts of Paris were all created by one man's vision, so too was Astana," he says.
The city's futuristic design shows Kazakhstan's ambition and desire to distance itself from the Soviet legacy that has marred many of the surrounding Central Asian nations.
"Architecture always represents the development of the state, of technology and of culture," notes Rustambekov. "As Astana is positioning itself as the center of Eurasia, a place where East meets West, a mixture of styles is quite appropriate."
Eye on Kazakhstan
• Capital idea
There is something mirage-like about Kazakhstan's capital as it rises out of the vast empty central Asian steppe.
• eye on kazakhstan kokpar_00002026
Not for the faint-hearted
It won't be an Olympic event, but Kokpar, which involves two teams and a dead goat, is compulsive viewing.
• Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev attends a meeting in the Moscow Kremlin, on December 19, 2011. The unprecedented weekend riots in Kazakhstan's oil-rich Mangistau region, forced Nazarbayev to declare a 20-day state of emergency in the city of Zhanaozen and deal a blow to a governmnet which prides itslef on attracting foreign investors.
Don't mention 'Borat'
From a president witout term limits to traditional cuisine, take our quiz to discover the real Kazakhstan.
• eye.on.kazakhstan.agriculture _00024711
Beefing up exports
Kazakhstan's wide open spaces are great for raising cattle, as the country looks to beef up its livestock exports.
• A Khazak herdsman watches his cows from horseback August 9, 2006 in Icic, a town about an hours drive from Almaty in the central Asian country of Kazakhstan.
Another side of life
A news photographer discovered more than he ever thought he would on a routine assignment in Kazakhstan.
• Petroleum tanks owned by the Canadian oil company Hurricane Kumkol Munai company are shown December 21, 2002 in Chemkent, Kazakhstan. Hurricane Hydrocarbons Ltd. is an international energy corporation engaged in the acquisition, exploration, development, production, refining and marketing of oil in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The company has been involved in joint ventures in Kazakhstan since 1991 and participated in the country?s first major oil and gas privatization in November 1996. Hurricane purchased a state-owned oil production company, Yuzhneftegaz, and renamed it Hurricane Kumkol Munai. In 2002, average oil production has been 115,000 barrels a day.
By the numbers
From oil reserves to uranimum mines learn the stats that matter when it comes to Kazakhstan.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38284
|
Log in
eeveevulpix2000's Journal
I've liked Eevee and its evolutions for a long time now, because they are so cute and amazing! I also like vulpix, because she's also cute! haha I have started collecting pokemon things since October 2012, but now I have a bunch of starter kids, a lot of plushes, and a lot of pokemon figures! I made this journal to look around and shop in pkmncollectors, and make new friends!!
all the cute pokemon, dogs, eevee, eevee evolutions, ice cream, mew, minun and plusle, ninetales, pink, starters, vulpix
Welcome to the new LiveJournal
Send feedback
Switch back to old version
LiveJournal Feedback
Send another report Close feedback form
(optional, if you're a LiveJournal user only)
(optional, if you're a LiveJournal user only)
(not shown to the public)
Provide a link to the page where you are experiencing the error
Please take a survey
Take a survey
Welcome to LiveJournal
Create an account
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38289
|
¡Oye Esteban!
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
¡Oye Esteban!
Video by Morrissey
Released 2000
Genre Alternative rock
Length 70 minutes
Label Warner Reprise Video
Morrissey chronology
Introducing Morrissey
¡Oye Esteban!
Who Put the M in Manchester?
¡Oye Esteban! ("Hey Steven!" in Spanish) is a compilation of music videos by Morrissey. It has been released on DVD.
Track listing[edit]
1. "Everyday Is Like Sunday"
2. "Suedehead"
3. "Will Never Marry" (Live)
4. "November Spawned a Monster"
5. "Interesting Drug"
6. "The Last of the Famous International Playboys"
7. "My Love Life"
8. "Sing Your Life"
9. "Seasick, Yet Still Docked"
10. "We Hate It When Our Friends Become Successful"
11. "Glamorous Glue"
12. "Tomorrow"
13. "You're the One for Me, Fatty"
14. "The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get"
15. "Pregnant for the Last Time"
16. "Boxers"
17. "Dagenham Dave"
18. "The Boy Racer"
19. "Sunny"
20. Credits
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38290
|
5th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 5th Infantry Division (Germany))
Jump to: navigation, search
German 5th Infantry Division
5. Infanterie-Division
5th Jaeger Division Logo.svg
Active October 1934 – 8 May 1945
Country Nazi Germany
Branch Army
Size Division
The German 5th Infantry Division (German: 5. Infanterie-Division) was formed in October 1934 and mobilized on 25 August 1939. The division's troops were garrisoned in Konstanz, Ulm, and Freiburg.[1] When formed, the division consisted of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd battalions of the 14th, 56th, and 75th Infantry Regiments, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions of the 5th Artillery Regiment, the 1st battalion of the 41st Artillery Regiment, and assorted 5th Division support units.[1]
The division sat out the Invasion of Poland on the western front and first saw battle with the Second Army during the Campaign for France in 1940. Thereafter, the division was engaged in occupation duties in France until March 1941.[1]
In April 1941, the division was sent to East Prussia and then took part in the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, fighting in the vicinity of Vyazma until the end of the year, when the division was pulled back to France for a two-month refit.[2]
In 1942, the division returned to the eastern front, took part in the fighting around Demyansk in March and April 1942 and fought in the area of Staraja Russa until the close of 1943.[3][4]
In July 1942, the division was reorganized as a Jäger division and renamed the 5. Jäger-Division.[1]
The division retreated through the areas of Vitebsk, Kovel, and Narev during 1944. In early 1945, the division fought in the vicinities of Neustettin and Dramburg, with its last battles fought around Freienwalde near the Oder River during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945. The division surrendered to the Red Army at Wittenberge.[3]
In 1943, Adolf Hitler declared that all infantry divisions were now VolksGrenadier Divisions except for his elite Jäger and Mountain Jaeger divisions.[5]
Commanding officers[edit]
5. Infanterie-Division[edit]
5. leichte Infanterie-Division[edit]
5. Jäger-Division[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c d Tessin, p. 288
2. ^ Tessin, pp. 288–289
3. ^ a b Tessin, p. 289
4. ^ Mitcham, p. 320
5. ^ a b Mcoy, Breaker (2009). German Army 101st Light Division, 101st Jager Division 1941–42.
Article Sources[edit]
• Hitler's Legions, Samuel W. Mitcham, Jr., Briarcliff Manor: Stein and Day, 1985.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38291
|
Abraham Lincoln (1930 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Abraham Lincoln
Directed by D. W. Griffith
Produced by D. W. Griffith
Joseph M. Schenck
Written by Stephen Vincent Benet
John W. Considine Jr.
Gerrit J. Lloyd
Starring Walter Huston
Una Merkel
William L. Thorne
Music by Hugo Riesenfeld
Cinematography Karl Struss
Edited by John W. Considine Jr.
James Smith
Distributed by United Artists
Release dates
August 25, 1930[1]
Running time
97 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Abraham Lincoln, also released under the title D. W. Griffith's 'Abraham Lincoln', is a 1930 biographical film about American president Abraham Lincoln directed by D. W. Griffith. It stars Walter Huston as Lincoln and Una Merkel, in her second speaking role, as Ann Rutledge. Her first speaking role was in a short film, Love's Old Sweet Song (1923) filmed in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process.
The script was co-written by Stephen Vincent Benét, author of the Civil War prose poem John Brown's Body. This was the first of only two sound films made by Griffith.
The first act of the film covers Lincoln's early life as a storekeeper and rail-splitter in New Salem and his early romance with Ann Rutledge, and his early years as a lawyer and his courtship and marriage to Mary Todd in Springfield. The majority of the film deals with Lincoln's presidency during the Civil War and culminates with Lee's surrender and Lincoln's assassination at Ford's Theatre.
The film covers some little-known aspects of Lincoln's early life, such as his romance with Ann Rutledge, his depression and feared suicidal tendencies after her death, and his unexplained breaking off of his engagement with Mary Todd (although the film surmises that this was due to unresolved feelings over Ann Rutledge and adds a dramatic scene where Lincoln stands Mary up on their scheduled wedding day, which never happened).
While the early scenes of Lincoln's life are remarkably accurate, much of the later scenes contain historical inaccuracies. The famous Lincoln-Douglas debates, in addition to the historically accurate topic of the extension of slavery, have been turned into an argument about secession. Lincoln was famously an underdog for the Republican Presidential nomination in 1860; in the film it is suggested he is the sole nominee as a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates. The outbreak of the War seems to be the North firing on Charleston from Fort Sumter, rather than the other way around. Also, early in hostilities, General Winfield Scott is depicted as being overconfident of a quick victory (and something of a buffoon), when in reality he was one of the voices in the minority claiming the war would be long, costly, and bloody. Finally, in the climax of the film, Lincoln delivers a conflation of famous words from the Gettysburg Address and Second Inaugural Address at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865 - just moments before being assassinated. This was Griffith's second portrayal of Lincoln's assassination, the first being in The Birth of a Nation.
The film received positive reviews from contemporary critics. Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times called it "quite a worthy pictorial offering with a genuinely fine and inspiring performance by Walter Huston in the role of the martyred President"[2] and later put it on his year-end list of the ten best films of 1930.[3] "More than an outstanding classic of sound pictures, Abraham Lincoln eclipses the most conservative illusion of a modernized Birth of a Nation," wrote Variety in a rave review. "It is a startlingly superlative accomplishment; one rejuvenating a greatest Griffith. In characterization and detail perfection it is such as to be almost unbelievable."[4] Film Daily called it a "distinguished and human narrative" and wrote that Huston's performance "may be listed as one of the 10 best of the year - or any talker year."[5] John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote that it was "by and large.....a pretty high-grade picture."[6] Despite these accolades, however, the film's box office performance was uneven.[7]
More recent assessments of Abraham Lincoln have less effusive in their praise, finding that it has not aged well. In 1978, the film was included as one of the choices in the book The Fifty Worst Films of All Time, criticizing the film's historical inaccuracies, instances of clumsy dialogue and Merkel's melodramatic acting style.[8] Glenn Erickson, reviewing the DVD in 2012, wrote that it "comes off as an interesting curio. Its earnest simplicity seems more dated than ever, despite the fine performance of Walter Huston in the lead role."[9] Film historian Melvyn Stokes found that Abraham Lincoln's episodic structure "came at the cost of dramatic tension" and suggested that the film's disappointing box office performance was due to its having "nothing of major importance and relevance to say about its subject to moviegoers of Depression-era America."[10]
1. ^ Simmon, Scott (1993). The Films of D. W. Griffith. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 9780521388207.
2. ^ Hall, Mordaunt (August 26, 1930). "The Screen; Mr. Griffith's First Talker". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
3. ^ The New York Times Film Reviews, Volume 1 (1913-1931). The New York Times & Arno Press. 1970. p. 684.
4. ^ "Abraham Lincoln". Variety (New York: Variety, Inc.): p. 21. August 27, 1930.
5. ^ "Abraham Lincoln". Film Daily (New York: Wid's Films and Film Folk, Inc.): p. 10. August 31, 1930.
6. ^ Mosher, John (September 6, 1930). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker (New York: F-R Publishing Corp.): p. 62.
7. ^ Stokes, Melvyn (2007). D.W. Griffith's the Birth of a Nation : A History of the Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time. Oxford University Press. p. 267-268. ISBN 9780198044369.
8. ^ "Abraham Lincoln (1930)". FilmFanatic. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
9. ^ Erickson, Glenn (November 21, 2012). "Abraham Lincoln". DVD Savant. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
10. ^ Strokes, Melvyn. "D.W. Griffith's Abraham Lincoln." Presidents in the Movies: American History and Politics on Screen. Ed. Iwan W. Morgan. Palgrave MacMillan, 2011. p. 58-61. ISBN 9780230117112.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38293
|
Among Others
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Among Others
Among Others (Jo Walton novel).jpg
Dust jacket of first edition
Author Jo Walton
Country United States
Language English
Genre Fantasy literature
Publisher Tor Books
Corsair (Constable & Robinson)
Publication date
18 January 2011
Media type Print
Pages 302 (hardcover)
ISBN 978-0-7653-2153-4
Among Others is a 2011 fantasy novel by Jo Walton, published originally by Tor Books.[1] It is published in the UK by Corsair (Constable & Robinson).[2] It won the 2012 Nebula Award for Best Novel, the Hugo Award for Best Novel and the British Fantasy Award,[3] and was a nominee for the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel.[4]
The novel is presented as the diary of Mori, a 15-year-old Welsh science fiction and fantasy fan, in 1979 and 1980. She and her twin sister have magically stopped their mother from taking control of the fairies, but they suffered an accident in which her sister was killed and Mori's leg was injured. At the beginning of the book, as her mother is insane, she is sent to western England to live with her father and his three half-sisters, none of whom she has ever seen. They send her to a nearby girls' boarding school, which she finds unmagical and very uncongenial, losing all but one of the few friends she makes. She has considerable free time because she can do her schoolwork quickly and because her injury prevents her from participating in sports, and she spends all this time reading books provided by her father (also an SF fan), the school library, and the local public library. Throughout her diary she records her and other characters' reactions to these books with as much interest as any other events of her life.
Ursula K. Le Guin, in her review for The Guardian, called the book "a funny, thoughtful, acute and absorbing story all the way through".[5] Similarly, Elizabeth Bear, in her review for, stated that "The voice is sublime; the characters nuanced.… In any case, I think this is Walton's best book to date."[6]
Conversely, in her review for The Washington Post, Elizabeth Hand wrote that "More than anything else, Among Others is a love letter to the literature of the fantastic and to SF fandom. This is problematic as well as charming, because nothing much happens in the novel."[7]
1. ^ Among Others (Excerpt), by Jo Walton, at; published 18 January 2011; retrieved 7 April 2012
2. ^ Among Others | Jo Walton - Constable & Robinson Retrieved 11 October 2012.
3. ^ Flood, Alison (1 October 2012). "Jo Walton wins British Fantasy award for Among Others". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
4. ^ "World Fantasy Award Ballot". World Fantasy Convention. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
5. ^ Le Guin, Ursula K. (March 30, 2013). "Among Others by Jo Walton – review". The Guardian. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
6. ^ Bear, Elizabeth (July 2, 2012). "Is it Magic or is it Mimetic? (Being a Review of Jo Walton’s Among Others". Retrieved August 6, 2013.
7. ^ Hand, Elizabeth (May 13, 2011). "Among Others by Jo Walton – review". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38295
|
Beit HaShalom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Beit HaShalom, September 2008
Beit HaShalom, (Hebrew: בית השלום, lit. House of Peace) or the Rajabi House, also known as Beit HaMeriva ("House of Contention"), is a four story apartment building located in the H-2 Area of Hebron.
Originally built by two Palestinian businessmen, the building was subsequently purchased and inhabited by local Jewish settlers in 2007. In December 2008, the settlers were evacuated by the IDF by Israeli Supreme Court order: Palestinians[who?] alleged that the building had been purchased unlawfully with the help of a Palestinian frontman, and the use of forged documents, and the case was taken to court. In September 2012, the Jerusalem District Court ruled that the purchase was indeed valid, and that the house must be returned to the purchasers.
In March 2014, the Israeli Supreme Court upheld the ruling. The Israeli Defense Minister subsequently allowed the settlers to reinhabit the building.
History and location[edit]
The building is located in a strategic[clarification needed] area at the eastern border of city of Hebron. It is situated along the road running north-south, connecting the settlements of Givat Ha'avot, and Kiryat Arba including Givat Harsina, with the Cave of the Patriarchs. The road is known as Othman bin Affan Street, Zion Route,[1][2][3][unreliable source] and Worshipers Way.[4][5] An Israeli checkpoint is nearby.
The building is named after Palestinian businessman Faez Rajabi who, together with Abdelkader Salwar, originally purchased the land and hired Hebron resident Majdi Al-Ja'abari[6][unreliable source] to construct the four-story structure.[7][8] The construction of the building in Hebron's a-Ras neighbourhood, on a 1,100-square-metre property with space for some 20 apartments, began in 1995.[3][unreliable source][7] The Palestinian developers originally designed it for their own use as shops and apartments, but the construction was not fully finished.[9] A number of young Palestinian families had paid down payments for their future apartments.[3][unreliable source]
Construction was suspended in 2000,[6][unreliable source] according to Al-Ja'abari due to pressure from the settlers and their mounting presence in the region. After the intervention of many human rights organisations, and local and international media,[6][unreliable source] the authorities[clarification needed] eventually allowed Al-Ja'abari to proceed with the construction in 2007.[3][unreliable source]
Settlers' occupancy of the building[edit]
On 19 March 2007, over 200 Jews, mostly yeshiva students from the Hebron area, entered the building in the evening hours. They reached the building by running through an Arab village. The decision to enter the building that day was reached after the construction of the building was restarted,[3][unreliable source] and the Jews of Hebron received information that Arabs intended to enter the building in the near future.[10]
The settlers named the house "Shalom House". Hebron Jewish Community's spokesperson Noam Arnon said the entry into the house was not meant for provocation but for peaceful residence by Jews.[10] About the importance of the building, spokesmen stressed: ″The house of peace, on the main road between Hebron and Kiryat Arba is an additional link in the growth of the City of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs. Bonding Hebron and Kiryat Arba, this building will provide homes for dozens, if not hundreds of Israelis, waiting to live in Hebron.″[11] The IDF, who arrived upon the take-over, provided security for the settlers.[11]
On the same day, Rajabi filed a complaint with the police.[clarification needed] He charged that the settlers were trespassers, and had occupied his building by force.[8] Over the next week, two Palestinians suspected of selling the house were detained; one arrested in Jordan, the other by the Palestinian Authority.[12] Hebron's Jewish Committee condemned the arrests, and accused the PA of having an "anti-Semitic nature" and "prevalent racial hatred".[12] Rajabi was summoned to Jericho by the Palestinian Authority, and detained for 6 months "for his own security".[13]
Reactions of the authorities[edit]
The settlement was politically controversial as was the legality of the purchase. The Israeli Civil Administration initially decided that the settlers' move into the house was illegal and they must be evacuated. It advised Defense Minister Amir Peretz to order an immediate evacuation of the house, based on the argument that the settlers did not receive the necessary permits from the Civil Administration.[4] The settlers could have been evacuated under Civil Administration Order 25, which determined that the occupation or transfer of ownership of homes in the West Bank by Jews requires the approval of the head of the civil administration.[14] The legal basis for the Defense Minister's decision to evacuate the home in Hebron also came from a 1980 cabinet decision, when then-prime minister Menachem Begin's government decided that the cabinet was the only body authorized to approve the expansion of the Jewish community in Hebron.[15] Defense Minister Amir Peretz and Deputy Defense Minister Efraim Sneh expected the evacuation to be completed by mid-May 2007.[4] But ministers and MKs who spoke to Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said he opposed evacuating the home at this stage, and hinted that he would prefer to block an evacuation until after the Labor primary, when Olmert was expected to have an easier defense minister with which to work. A clear majority against the evacuation was expected if the matter would come to a vote in the cabinet.[16]
The Ministry of Defense prohibited the occupants from making improvements to the building to render it habitable for winter - upholding a court order that forbade any change in the status quo of the house. The building had no windows, only gaps where windows were intended to be installed.[17] The gaps were sealed with plastic sheets.
Eviction order[edit]
On 27 November 2007, the Civil Administration issued eviction orders against the occupants.[18] The settlers' lawyer Attorney Nadav Ha'etzni, representing the claimed purchasers "Tal Construction and Investment of Karnei Shomron" and the "Society for the Renewal of the Jewish Community in Hebron", petitioned the High Court against the order. In January 2008, the state defended its decision to recognize the settlers as "recent trespassers", and to evict them as quickly as possible because there was insufficient evidence to prove that the sale of the building had been completed.[5] Pending the case in a military appeals court concerning the sale of the building, however, the Court decided to delay the judgement on the eviction.[18]
In November 2008, the High Court ordered the vacation of the building and named the State temporary custodian of the property, pending a ruling on the proprietary rights.[19] Ehud Olmert declared that he did not want to execute the Court's order, but merely stop the repeated settler attacks on Palestinian civilians and property.[20] After the Court had ruled in favour of the government's decision to evacuate the site, the settlers built barricades, and prepared to resist efforts to have them evicted.[21] Baruch Marzel declared that "We must go to war, using any means to prevent this crime from occurring."[22]
Ma'an News Agency reported that, in the days prior to the evacuation, settlers repeatedly attacked Palestinian homes in the city and fired at them at random. Settlers set fire to two Palestinian homes and a store. Over three days they rioted in Hebron, attacking Palestinians with stones and clubs while Israeli soldiers and police looked on.[23] On 4 December 2008, the Jewish settlers were evacuated from the site by Israeli police. The evacuation took an hour and was carried out by some 600 members of the security forces. The confrontation itself was less violent than had been feared.[24]
Violence following evacuation[edit]
However, following the evacuation on 4 December 2008, "Jewish extremists embarked on an unprecedented rampage through Hebron".[24] UN OCHA field worker Tareq Talahme claimed that "hundreds" of settlers entered Hebron and torched fields, olive groves, and yards in the nearby Wadi Nasara (Wadi al Hussein), between Hebron and Kiryat Arba. They set fire to 5 houses near the building, and damaged more than 27 cars.[25] Settler youths took over a Palestinian home in the valley and caused extensive damage.[24] Settlers fired at Palestinians. A man was caught on videotape shooting at a Palestinian and his son in Wadi al Hussein'. Both Palestinians were evacuated by the IDF in serious condition.[24] The shooting incidents and destructions in the valley were recorded in affidavits by Al-Haq.[26] Two Kiryat Arba residents, suspected of shooting at Palestinians at close range were arrested. The shooting was filmed by B'Tselem members. Also firing at settlers by Palestinians was reported.[27] Israelis and Palestinians clashed after settlers entered the Palestinian-controlled part of Hebron (Area H1) and set fire to at least three cars. A Palestinian news team that was filming the violence was attacked.[24] Settlers vandalized Palestinian property and pelt homes with rocks through the West Bank.[27] The US consulate reported that across the West Bank burning Palestinian fields, trees, houses and cars were seen.[25] The press reported that settlers attacked the villages of Burin and Huwara, south of Nablus, damaging homes, burning trees, agricultural fields and cars late on 4 December.[25] Rabbis for Human Rights reported that most northern West Bank roads were blocked by settlers, and widespread fires were visible in the Nablus region.[25] Settlers stopped a PRCS ambulance in Hebron and defaced the ambulance, painting "let the Arabs die".[25]
Legal battle for ownership[edit]
Contract and forged documents[edit]
According to Haaretz, the settlers had purchased the property after several years of negotiations with the Palestinian owners. The settlers claimed they had bought the house legally, and had signed a contract, a claim which the Palestinians[who?] denied.[4]
On 3 July 2007, the Israeli State declared before the High Court that the police forensics department had found that the documents which supported the settlers' claim of legal ownership had been forgeries - or provided serious doubt regarding their authenticity.[28] The Palestinian claimants admitted that had indeed agreed to transfer ownership of the property to a third party, but claimed the deal was later cancelled. They did not provide documentation to support this claim.[28]
In January 2008, in response to a petition by the settlers against eviction orders, the state declared that the Palestinian owner of the building was undoubtedly in possession of the property when settlers took it over on 19 March 2007.[5] The state recognized the settlers as "recent trespassers", and said that there was insufficient evidence to prove that the sale of the building to the Jewish purchasers had been completed.[5] According to the state, a contract for the sale of the building was indeed signed between Rajabi and a Palestinian partner on the one side, and Ayub Jaber, a Palestinian intermediary for the purchasers, on the other, in return for 460,000 Jordanian dinars. However, many documents the alleged Jewish purchasers presented to the police Crimes Investigation Unit were forged. The state's attorney wrote ″We are talking about large-scale forgeries of many documents that were supposed to support the petitioners' [the settlers'] claims″.[5] The company that purchased the property had in recent years already been involved with suspected forgery and fraud upon house purchases.[29]
In November 2008, the settlers' lawyer Nadav Ha'etzni stated that his clients had purchased the building as early as 2004. A Palestinian front man, Ayub Yosef Jaber, had signed a contract with Rajabi on 23 March 2004. A video in which, according to the Jerusalem Post, Rajabi was seen signing the sales contract was submitted to the Court.[8] Ayub Jaber, who worked on behalf of the Jewish group,[7] signed the sale agreement with the Jordanian front company "Tal Building and Investments Karnei Shomron".[30]
Court rulings[edit]
In September 2012, the Jerusalem District Court ruled that the purchase was indeed valid and the house must be returned to the purchasers within one month.[30][31] It dismissed the claim that the purchase agreement had been annulled before it was finalized. However, the judge stressed that he was not ordering the Civil Administration to pursue legal measures that would give the settlers authorization to live in the house.[31] Nachi Eyal, Director of the Legal Forum for the Land of Israel, commented that “The Minister of Defense and representatives of the State Prosecutor need to apologize and compensate the owners in Hebron.”[30]
On 11 March 2014, the Supreme Court affirmed the ruling of the Jerusalem District Court regarding ownership.[32] The court found that the original vendors had turned a blind eye to the fact that the buyer was a strawman working for a Jewish group.[7] The court determined that the property should only be handed over after approval of the Minister of Defense to register the property in the name of the settlers. The ruling also did not oblige the Government to register the settler’s rights.[33] The court however ruled that the purchasers still owed the vendor $217,000 on the transaction, and could not reinhabit the property until the outstanding sum had been paid.[7] Peace Now called the potential new settlement "a disaster-in-the-Making".[33]
Approval of the Defense minister[edit]
Following the High Court's decision, Defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon approved the return of the building's new owners on 13 April 2014.[34][35] Soon after the Defense Minister’s decision, three families moved in.[34][36]
In response to Ya'alon's approval, United Nations Special Rapporteur Richard Falk urged Israel to prevent settlers from taking over the Al-Rajabi House. He said that ″Hebron embodies all the worst features of apartheid, colonialism and oppression that are to be found throughout Occupied Palestine″. He added that the establishment of this settlement at Al-Rajabi House was a move toward connecting the settlement of Kiryat Arba with the other outposts in the Old City of Hebron and the Ibrahimi Mosque.[36]
Beit HaShalom is the first new settlement established inside Hebron since the 1980s and the first settlement in this particular part of Hebron.[33] Meretz MK Zehava Gal-On noted that severe restrictions on the movements of Palestinians who live on the road already existed, and stated that the new settlement would only worsen their situation,[37] a prospect envisaged by other observers.[33] It will be the fifth settlement within the Hebron municipality boundaries, after Beit Hadassah, Avraham Avinu, Beit Romano and Tel Rumeida.[38]
The man behind the scenes who had financed the purchase of the house was revealed as a Jewish man from Brooklyn, Morris Abraham.[34] He was reportedly a descendant of the earlier Hebron Jewish community. He said that his family survived the 1929 Hebron massacre.[39]
The settlement under international[edit]
According to Richard Falk, the Beit HaShalom settlement is considered illegal under international law and violate article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention.[36]
The settlement under Palestinian law[edit]
For purchasing land or property in Palestine, people who do not hold an I.D. from the West Bank or Gaza must have a Buyer's Permit Approval from the Palestinian Authority.[41] A Palestinian Authority court ruled in 2010 that selling, or attempting to sell, land to a foreign country is a criminal offense which could result in the death penalty. Land sales to Israelis are considered treason by the Palestinians. However death penalties were considered in 2010 unlikely to be implemented.[42]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Hebron City Center. B'Tselem, accessed July 2014
2. ^ Occupation and settlements as the main determinant of health for Palestinians in H2-Area in Hebron–Position paper, p. 6. Ilaria Camplone, Physicians For Human Rights - Israel, August 2010
3. ^ a b c d e The Colony of Al Rajabi Building in Hebron, Frequent Attacks against Palestinians. POICA, 7 September 2008
4. ^ a b c d Settlers unlikely to be removed from disputed Hebron house anytime soon. Amos Harel, Haaretz, 6 June 2007
5. ^ a b c d e State backs Palestinian owner in Hebron dispute. Dan Izenberg, Jerusalem Post, 8 January 2008
6. ^ a b c Settlers take over in Hebron: The Rajabi building becomes a hornets' nest. Badia Dwaik, MEMO, 29 March 2014
7. ^ a b c d e Palestinians lose appeal over Hebron house ownership. Chaim Levinson, Haaretz, 11 March 2014.
8. ^ Hebron settlers give up comfort to expand Jewish holdings. Jerusalem Post, 15 April 2007
9. ^ a b 200 Jews Enter New Building in Hevron: ′Peace House′. Arutz Sheva, 20 March 2007
10. ^ a b Beit HaShalom – the House of Peace – a new Jewish building in Hebron. Jewish Community of Hebron, 19 March 2007
11. ^ a b Jordan, PA arrest 2 Palestinians for selling Hebron house to Jews. Avi Issacharoff, Haaretz, 30 March 2007.
12. ^ Palestinian waging long battle to live in his home. Omar Karmi, The National, 14 April 2009
13. ^ An ominous house of contention. Talia Sasson, Haaretz, 15 April 2007
14. ^ Hebron settlers try to buy more homes. YAAKOV KATZ AND TOVAH LAZAROFF, Jerusalem Post, 13 April 2007.
15. ^ Olmert won't let Peretz evacuate Hebron house. Gil Hoffman, Jerusalem Post, 12 April 2007
16. ^ Gov't bans Hebron settlers from winterizing controversial house. Haaretz, 26 September 2007
17. ^ a b Settlers get three more months on ′Worshipers' Way′. Dan Izenberg, Jerusalem Post, 17 January 2008
18. ^ High Court orders disputed house in Hebron vacated. Aviad Glickman, Ynet, 16 November 2008
19. ^ Olmert hints: No forced evacuation of Hebron house; Barak to review army. Amos Harel and Aluf Benn, Haaretz, 26 November 2008
20. ^ Showdown looming over settler evictions. ABC News Australia, 24 November 2008
21. ^ Efrat Weiss, We'll go to war over Hebron house, warn settlers. Ynet, 17 November 2008.
22. ^ Dozens injured as Israeli army removes settlers from Hebron house. Ma'an News Agency, 4 December 2008
23. ^ a b c d e UN ME envoy slams settler violence. Jerusalem Post, 6 December 2008
24. ^ a b c d e 08JERUSALEM2198. Wikileaks, 5 December 2008
25. ^ Alternative Report in Response to Israel’s Third Periodic Report (CCPR/C/ISR/3) to the Human Rights Committee, Annexure (B) Affidavits, pp. 38-43. Al-Haq, 9 August 2009
26. ^ a b VIDEO / Settlers filmed shooting at Palestinians turn themselves in. Haaretz, 6 December 2008
27. ^ a b Settlers forged ownership of Hebron house. Aviram Zino, Ynet, 3 July 2007
28. ^ Company that bought Hebron house already in fraud probe. Amos Harel, Haaretz, 17 April 2007
29. ^ a b c Israeli court rules contentious Hebron house must be returned to settlers. Oz Rosenberg, Haaretz, 13 September 2012
30. ^ a b Court: Settlers purchased Hebron house legally Itamar Fleishman, Ynet, 13 September 2012
31. ^ HJC authenticates Jewish purchase of Beit HaShalom in Hebron. Tovah Lazaroff, Jerusalem Post, 11 March 2014.
32. ^ a b c d A Disaster-in-the-Making: The (Potential) New Settlements in Hebron. Peace Now, 12 March 2014
33. ^ a b c Tovah Lazaroff,Ya'alon. Settlers can move into Hebron house. Jerusalem Post, 13 April 2014.
34. ^ Ya'alon allows settlers to return to disputed Hebron house. AFP, 14 April 2014
35. ^ a b c Hebron: Israeli settlers must be stopped from taking over Al-Rajabi House – UN Special Rapporteur. United Nations OHCHR, 15 April 2014
36. ^ Tovah Lazaroff, HJC authenticates Jewish purchase of Beit HaShalom in Hebron [Jerusalem Post] 11 March 2014.
37. ^ Hebron Settlements. TIPH, accessed July 2014
38. ^ Descendants of 1929 massacre survivors bought Hebron house Haaretz, 26 December 2007
40. ^ Who is a non-West Bank/Gaza I.D. holder?. TABO FAQ, accessed July 2014
41. ^ PA court: Sale of Palestinian land to Israelis is punishable by death. Haaretz, 20 September 2010
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 31°31′36.17″N 35°6′47.62″E / 31.5267139°N 35.1132278°E / 31.5267139; 35.1132278
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38296
|
RCL Benziger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Benziger Brothers)
Jump to: navigation, search
RCL Benziger
RCL Benziger.jpeg
Parent company New Mountain Learning
Predecessor Benzinger, RCL - Resources for Christian Living
Founded 1792
Founder Joseph Charles Benziger
Country of origin United States
Headquarters location Cincinnati, Ohio
Publication types Books
Nonfiction topics Catholicism
Official website www.rclbenziger.com
RCL Benziger is a Roman Catholic book publishing house founded by Joseph Charles Benziger, in 1792, in Einsiedeln Switzerland.[1] It is currently based in Cincinnati, Ohio, and operates as a subsidiary of New Mountain Learning.
Benziger Brothers token.
The company started as a Catholic religious publisher. In 1833, Benziger's sons, Charles and Nicholas, succeeded their father under the firm name of "Charles and Nicholas Benziger Brothers". Two years later, in addition to their book publishing business, they began the lithographing of religious pictures, as well as the coloring of them by hand, before the introduction of chromolithography.[1]
Charles Benziger[edit]
Charles Benziger (b. 1799, d. 1873), a man with a good classical education, devoted himself especially to the literary end of the business. In 1840, the Einsiedler Kalender was founded. The Pilgrim, a popular Catholic periodical established at the same time, lasted only ten years. Charles also took an active part in public life, and served as President of the Swiss Canton of Schwyz.[1]
Nicholas Benziger[edit]
Nicholas Benziger home in New York
Benziger 345 Edgecomb plaque jeh.JPG
Nicholas Benziger (b. 1808, d. 1864), who took charge of the technical part of the business, proved himself a pioneer, introducing to the mountain village of Einsiedeln a series of improved trades methods as they appeared from time to time in the great centres of Europe and America. Under his guidance the work of book-binding, which was formerly carried on in the family at home, was systematized. In 1844, the old hand-press was superseded by the first power press. Stereotyping was introduced in 1846; in 1856 steel and copper printing; and in 1858 electrotyping.[1]
End of 19th century[edit]
On the retirement of Charles and Nicholas Benziger in 1860, the business was continued by three of Charles' sons (Charles, Martin and J.N. Adelrich) and three of Nicholas' sons (Nicholas, Adelrich, and Louis). Under this third generation, the different branches of the house were still further developed, chromolithography and other modern printing methods being added. In 1867, the Alte und Neue Welt, the first illustrated popular Catholic German magazine on a large scale, was begun, and then appeared a number of illustrated Catholic family books and a series of school books, including a Bible history in twelve languages, together with prayer books by well-known authors. Between 1880 and 1895 a fourth generation succeeded to the business, and the firm name was changed to Benziger and Company.[1]
Expansion to the United States[edit]
Although Benziger Brothers had established offices in the United States (in New York City) in 1853, its development as a publishing house did not begin until 1860 when J.N. Adelrich Benziger and Louis Benziger took charge. In 1860, further offices were opened in Cincinnati and, in 1887, one in Chicago. The publishing of English Catholic books was vigorously undertaken, and their catalogue covered the field of devotional, educational, and juvenile literature, besides works of a theological character. Benziger was not only a publishing house, but also a liturgical supply factory.[2][3] The American firm of Benziger Brothers is now independent of the Swiss house. The Holy See conferred on the firm the title "Printers to the Holy Apostolic See" in 1867.[1]
20th and 21st century[edit]
In 1968, Benziger was acquired by Crowell Collier Macmillan (later to become Macmillan, Inc.), and the following year its headquarters were moved to California. In 1971, it was merged with two other companies — Bruce Publishing, founded in Milwaukee in the 1890s, and Glencoe Press, began in Beverly Hills in 1966. In July 2007 the Benziger name and product line was purchased from McGraw Hill by CFM Publishing and merged with Texas based Catholic publisher RCL - Resources For Christian Living, founded in 1964 by Richard C. Leach, to form RCL Benziger.[4] The New Company is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, as in the 19th century.
1. ^ a b c d e f "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Joseph Charles Benzinger". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
2. ^ [1][dead link]
3. ^ "Catalogue of religious articles, lithographs and engravings .. : Benziger brothers. [from old catalog] : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
4. ^ Richard Leach
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38297
|
Biding My Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about a song by Pink Floyd. For the George and Ira Gershwin composition, see Bidin' My Time.
"Biding My Time"
Song by Pink Floyd from the album Relics
Released May 1971
Recorded July 1969[1]
Genre Blues, progressive rock
Length 5:18
Starline (orig), MFP (reissue) (UK)
Harvest/Capitol, Capitol Records (US)
Writer Roger Waters
Producer Norman Smith
Relics track listing
"Biding My Time" is a composition by Pink Floyd bassist Roger Waters.[2][3]
Prior performance and recording[edit]
Prior to the Relics compilation album, "Biding My Time" was an unreleased recording, heard only by fans who attended concerts where the band performed their early concept piece, The Man and The Journey, where the song appeared as "Afternoon". During the song a trombone can be heard which is played by keyboardist Richard Wright.[4] The lyrics talk about the narrator spending his time with a woman he loves and forgetting the "bad days" when they were both "workin' from nine to five".
1. ^ Recording date taken from back cover of Relics album, USA edition
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38298
|
Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bomb damage near the cathedral included 2 bridges (May 1945).
Bombing of Frankfurt am Main by the Allies of World War II killed about 5,500 residents and destroyed the largest[specify] medieval city centre in Germany (the Eighth Air Force dropped 12,197 tons of explosives on the city).
In the 1939-45 period the Royal Air Force (RAF) dropped 15,696 long tons of bombs on Frankfurt.[1]
Post-war reconstruction generally used modern architecture, and a few landmark buildings were rebuilt in a simple historical style. The 1st building rebuilt was the 1789 Paulskirche (English: St. Paul's Church).
Date Event
1942-12 RAF roundel.svg Frankfurt was unsuccessfully bombed when bad weather prevented crews from hearing Sqn Ldr S. P. Daniels' on the standard-frequency radio equipment in the 1st Master Bomber mission (proposed by Air-Vice Marshal Don Bennett on 22 December 1942—preceding the Operation Chastise MB by 6 months.)[2]
1944-01-29 Eighth Air Force - Emblem (World War II).png Mission 24 daylight bombing of Frankfurt[3] killed Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden.
1944-02-04 Eighth Air Force - Emblem (World War II).png The 303 BG bombed the Frankfurt city area using PFF.[4]
1944-02-11 Eighth Air Force - Emblem (World War II).png The 303 BG attacked Frankfurt [1]
1944-03-02 Eighth Air Force - Emblem (World War II).png The 303 BG targeted Frankfurt's V.K.F. (Vereinigte Kugellagerfabriken) ball bearing plant, followed by the Berlin Erkner ball bearing works on 03-03 and 03-08.[4]
1944-03-22 RAF roundel.svg A night raid destroyed the old part of Frankfurt and killed over 1000 inhabitants, and the east port suffered major damage.
RAF roundel.svg De Havilland Mosquitos raided Frankfurt during the Battle of Berlin (air).
[when?] The Municipal Library was hit during an air raid, destroying its Cairo Genizah document collection and lists of the collection.[5]
1. ^
2. ^ Irving, David (February 1965: first Ballentine paperback - Introduction by Ira C. Eaker) [1963 - Forward by Robert Saundby]. The Destruction of Dresden. p. 62. ISBN 0-7057-0030-5. Check date values in: |date= (help)
3. ^ Mission 24: Frankfurt, Germany, January 29, 1944, "Forts Blast Frankfurt; Kassel Hit" - retrieved 9-5-2008
4. ^ a b Miller, Edgar "Ed" C. "...My Combat Missions...". Retrieved 2011-07-27.
5. ^ Goitein, S.D. (2000). Economic Foundations. Vol. I of A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. University of California Press. p. 5.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38299
|
Burmese American
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Burmese American
Total population
0.03% of the U.S. population (2010)
Regions with significant populations
California, New York, Indiana, Virginia, Maryland, Illinois, Ohio, Texas, Georgia
English, Burmese,
Burmese Americans (Burmese: မြန်မာနွယ်ဖွား အမေရိကန် [mjəmà nwɛ̀bwá ʔəmèjḭkàɴ]) are Americans of full or partial Burmese ancestry. The term encompasses people of all ethnic backgrounds with ancestry in the present-day Myanmar (formerly Burma).[2] Burmese Americans are a subgroup of Asian Americans. The majority of Burmese Americans are of Chinese descent.[3]
History in the United States[edit]
The first Burmese to study in the United States was Maung Shaw Loo, who came in 1858 to study at the University at Lewisburg (now Bucknell University) in Pennsylvania. He graduated with a medical degree in 1867 and returned the following year.[4]
The first major wave of immigration from Myanmar occurred in the 1960s, after Ne Win established military rule in 1962, to the late 1970s. Most who immigrated were primarily those with Chinese origins, who arrived in increasing numbers following the 1967 anti-Chinese riots.[5] The Burmese Chinese were the first major group of Theravada Buddhists to immigrate to the United States and were largely educated professionals, business entrepreneurs and technically skilled workers.[5] A minority were of Anglo-Burmese and Indian descent. Some of the Burmese immigrated to the United States after the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the previously existing quota on Asian immigrants.[6] A second wave occurred during the 1980s to the early 1990s after the national uprising in 1988. This wave consisted of many different ethnic groups, including Bamars, Karens, and those from other ethnic minorities, particularly in search of better opportunities. Among this wave are political refugees numbering a few thousand, who were involved in the 8888 Uprising and are concentrated in Fort Wayne, Indiana.[7] From 1977 to 2000, 25,229 Burmese immigrated to the United States, although the figure is inaccurate because it does not include Burmese who immigrated via other channels or through other third countries.[3] A third wave of immigration, from 2006 to date, has been primarily of ethnic minorities in Myanmar, in particular Karen refugees from the Thai-Burmese border.[3] From October 2006 to August 2007, 12,800 Karen refugees resettled in the United States.[3]
Burmese in far smaller numbers continue to immigrate to the United States today mainly through family sponsorships and the "green card lottery". Thousands of Burmese each year apply to a Diversity Visa Program (previously known as "OP" and now called "DV"), a lottery-based program that grants visas to those who wish to reside in the United States.
According to the 2010 United States Census, 100,200 persons of Burmese descent resided in the United States, an increase of 499% over the previous census, which recorded 16,720 individuals of Burmese descent.[1] Leading up to the census, an awareness campaign was conducted by the Burmese Complete Count Committee, consisted of Burmese American organizations, to convince Burmese Americans to self-identify as "Burmese" on their census forms.[8] Following the 2010 census, Burmese-Americans are no longer ambiguously categorized as "Other Asian," but in a separate category.[9]
Drummers of the Rakhine minority performing on the Burmese New Year, Thingyan, in New York City
Most Burmese Americans live in metropolitan areas with large immigrant populations. The Big Four metropolitan areas with sizable Burmese populations are Los Angeles, San Francisco Bay Area, New York City, and Washington D.C. Other areas of significance include Fort Wayne, Indiana, where many Burmese refugees have resided,[10] Indianapolis, Chicago, San Diego and Florida.
As most Burmese are Buddhists, many Burmese Buddhist monasteries, most of which also serve as community centers, have sprouted across most major cities in the United States. A few ethnic Mon and Rakhine monasteries serve their respective ethnic populations. Burmese Christian churches consisting mainly of ethnic Karen, Chin, Kachin, and Anglo-Burmese congregations can also be found in large metropolitan areas.
English is the primary language for most Burmese Americans, albeit with varying levels of fluency depending on the level of education and the years lived in the country. Burmese is still widely spoken or understood as most Burmese Americans are recent immigrants or first generation children of those immigrants. Still, the command of spoken Burmese among the American-born Burmese is basic to poor, and that of written Burmese is close to none. Some older Burmese of Chinese origin speak some Chinese (typically, Mandarin, Minnan, or Cantonese); likewise some of South-Asian origin speak some Indic language (usually Hindi/Urdu).
Notable Burmese Americans[edit]
Most of them were born in Myanmar/Burma and grew up in United States.
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b "Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
2. ^ Lin Zhan (2003). Asian Americans: Vulnerable Populations, Model Interventions, and Clarifying Agendas. Jones & Bartlett. ISBN 0-7637-2241-3.
3. ^ a b c d Cheah, Joseph (2008). Huping Ling, ed. Emerging voices: experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans. Rutgers University Press. pp. 199–217. ISBN 978-0-8135-4342-0.
4. ^ http://www.bucknell.edu/x1384.xml
5. ^ a b Cheah 201.
6. ^ Historical Documents and Speeches - The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965
7. ^ Cheah 202.
8. ^ Kiviat, Barbara (29 July 2009). "The Census Games: Groups Gear Up to Be Counted". TIME. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
9. ^ Levin, Sam (4 August 2011). "Immigrants from Nepal and Burma grow into own Census category". New York Daily News. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
10. ^ a b Lalit K Jha (2007-06-01). "A Little Burma in Fort Wayne". The Irrawaddy.
11. ^ Boen, Jennifer L., (2009-01-30). Refugee aid office opens in city. The News-Sentinel. Retrieved on 2009-06-11.
12. ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Results". Retrieved 17 March 2015.
13. ^ "New Faces of Immigration in North Texas". NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
14. ^ Mike Giglio (1 September 2009). "The Burmese Come to Houston". Retrieved 17 March 2015.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38300
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Founded 2009
Products Digital credit card,[1] Mobile phone applications
Number of employees
12[citation needed]
CardMobili and the Portuguese Bank Banco Espírito Santo have collaborated to launch the world's first digital credit card.[1]
Awards and reception[edit]
In 2010, Cardmobili won Vodafone's "Mobile Clicks" contest for the best mobile internet startup.[2]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b Cardmobili - CardMobili in the news
2. ^ Wauters, Robin (27 September 2010). "CardMobili and RouletteCricket: great startups, Vodafone Mobile Clicks winners". TechCrunch Europe. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 41°12′54″N 8°37′22″W / 41.215°N 8.622778°W / 41.215; -8.622778
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38301
|
Category:Greece articles needing expert attention
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This category contains pages that need attention from experts on the subject. WikiProject Greece or the Greece Portal may be able to help recruit one. If any pages listed here would be more appropriately assigned to another WikiProject or portal, please adjust their use of the {{Expert-subject}} tag accordingly. Click here to notify the project on its talk page if this has not yet been done.
Pages in category "Greece articles needing expert attention"
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38302
|
Category:People from Ōita Prefecture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pages in category "People from Ōita Prefecture"
The following 94 pages are in this category, out of 94 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38303
|
Charles Roscoe Savage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people of the same name, see Charles Savage (disambiguation).
C. R. Savage, self-portrait, ca. 1880-1890.
Charles Roscoe Savage (August 16, 1832 – February 4, 1909)[1] was a British-born landscape and portrait photographer who produced images of the American West. He is best known for his 1869 photographs of the linking of the first transcontinental railroad.
Life and work[edit]
Savage was born in Southampton, England, on August 16, 1832. At age 14, he joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). After serving missions for the church in Switzerland and England, he emigrated to the United States during the winter of 1855–56. He initially found work as a photographer in New York City, and headed west the following year. He first settled in Nebraska, then Council Bluffs, Iowa, where he established his first independent studio and gallery. In the spring of 1860, he traveled to Salt Lake City, Utah Territory with his family, where he established a photography studio with a partner, Marsena Cannon, an early Utah daguerreotypist and photographer. A year later, after Cannon moved to southern Utah, Savage established a partnership with artist George M. Ottinger. Many of Savage's photographs were reproduced in Harper's Weekly newspaper, which created a national reputation for the firm. This partnership continued until 1870.
As a photographer under contract with the Union Pacific Railroad, Savage traveled to California in 1866 and then followed the rails back to Utah. He photographed the linking of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific on Promontory Summit, at Promontory, Utah in 1869. This series is considered his most famous work. Other well-known Savage images include pictures of the Great Basin tribes, especially the Paiute and Shoshone. Savage photographed scenic areas of the West, including Yellowstone National Park, Zion National Park, and created many images documenting the growth of Utah towns and cities. England-born artist Alfred Lambourne often painted scenes while Savage photographed.[2] He also traveled extensively over western North America, taking pictures in areas of Canada and Mexico, and in areas from the Pacific Ocean to Nebraska in the Midwest. Most of Savage's archived photographs, produced by several different early photographic methods, were lost in 1883 in a disastrous studio fire.
1. ^ "Death Certificate". State of Utah. February 5, 1909. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
2. ^ Crocker Art Museum Store accessed Feb. 27, 2009
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38304
|
Climate change in Idaho
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Like other parts of the world, climate in Idaho has changed dramatically over the geologic history of the Earth. Paleo-climatic records give some indication of these changes. The longest instrumented records of climate in Idaho extend back to the late 1800s. Concern over human induced climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and methane from agriculture and industry, are driving research efforts across the state at university, state, and federals levels to understand what the implications of climate change could be in Idaho.
In the big picture of greenhouse gas emissions, Idaho emits the least carbon dioxide per person of the United States, less than 23,000 pounds a year. It relies mostly on nonpolluting hydroelectric power from its rivers.[1][2]
Like other parts of the world, Idaho has seen significant temperature increases, especially in the last several decades. From 1971-2005 the average annual observed temperature in the Snake River Plain, located in southern Idaho, has increased by 1.4 degrees Celsius based on data from 10 climate stations (Dubois, Ashton, Oakely, Pocatello, Aberdeen, Hazelton, Jerome, Boise, Nampa, and Payette). Statistically the increasing temperature trends are most significant in the months of January, March, and April.[3] While precipitation has generally increased, since the early 1900s. The high variability in precipitation makes the identification of precipitation trends statistically difficult.
Over the next century, climate in Idaho will experience additional changes due both to 'natural' climate variability and due to feedbacks related to the interaction between climate variability and increasing greenhouse gases. For example, based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and results from the United Kingdom Hadley Centre’s climate model (HadCM2), a model that accounts for both greenhouse gases and aerosols, by 2100 temperatures in Idaho could increase by 5 °F (2.8 °C) (with a range of 2 °F (1.1 °C) to 9 °F (5.0 °C)) in winter and summer and 4 °F (2.2 °C) (with a range of 2 °F (1.1 °C) to 7 °F (3.9 °C)) in spring and fall. Precipitation is estimated to change little in summer, to increase by 10% in spring and fall (with a range of 5-20%), and to increase by 20% in winter (with a range of 10-40%). Other climate models may show different results, especially regarding estimated changes in precipitation. The impacts described in the sections that follow take into account estimates from different models. The amount of precipitation on extreme wet or snowy days in winter is likely to increase. The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the general warming trend. It is not clear how the severity of storms might be affected, although an increase in the frequency and intensity of winter storms is possible.
Climate Change Impacts[edit]
Human Health[edit]
Warming and other climate changes could expand the habitat and infectivity of disease-carrying insects. Mosquitoes in Idaho can carry malaria, and some can carry western equine encephalitis, which can be lethal or cause neurological damage. Warmer temperatures could increase the incidence of Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases in Idaho, because populations of ticks, and their rodent hosts, could increase under warmer temperatures and increased vegetation.
Water Resources[edit]
Idaho relies primarily on surface, but groundwater is also an important source of supply. Most of Idaho is drained by tributaries to the Columbia River, including the Spokane, Pend Oreille, Kootenai, and Snake rivers. These rivers are regulated by dams and reservoirs to reduce spring flooding and augment summer flows. Runoff in the state is strongly affected by winter snow accumulation and spring snowmelt. A warmer climate could mean less snowfall, more winter rain, and a faster, earlier snowmelt. This could result in lower reservoirs and water supplies in the summer and fall. Additionally, without increases in precipitation, higher summer temperatures and increased evaporation also would contribute to lower streamflows and lake levels in the summer. Drier summer conditions would intensify competition for water among the diverse and growing demands in Idaho.
As climate warms, production patterns could shift northward. Increases in climate variability could make adaptation by farmers more difficult. Warmer climates and less soil moisture due to increased evaporation may increase the need for irrigation. However, these same conditions could decrease water supplies.
In Idaho, production agriculture is a $2.8 billion annual industry, 60% of which comes from crops. Almost 70% of the farmed acres are irrigated. The major crops in the state are wheat, hay, barley, and potatoes. Climate change could increase wheat yields by 9-18%. Barley and hay could increase by 12%, and potato yields could fall by 18% under severe conditions where temperatures rise beyond the tolerance levels of the crop. Farmed acres could rise or fall by 10%, depending on how climate changes.
Hotter, drier weather could increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires, threatening both property and forests. Drier conditions would reduce the range and health of lodgepole and Douglas-fir forests, and increase their susceptibility to fire.
Grass and rangeland could expand into previously forested areas along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and into some of the western valleys.
Changes would significantly affect the character of Idaho forests and the activities that depend on them.
Further information: Environment of Idaho
Idaho is rich in ecological diversity.
Climate change could exacerbate many of the problems facing ecosystems in Idaho. Although wildfires are a natural and necessary part of the ecology of western forests, changes in fire regimes under climate change have significant implications.
Climate change poses a threat to high alpine systems, and could lead to their significant decline. Local extinctions of alpine species such as arctic gentian, alpine chaenactis, rosy finch and water pipit have resulted from habitat loss and fragmentation, both of which could worsen under climate change. Whitebark pine forest could be replaced with Douglas fir. On the lower slopes, forests would give way to treeless landscapes dominated by sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass.
Action To address climate change[edit]
Idaho is the home of the Yellowstone-Teton Clean Energy Coalition[4] and the Treasure Valley Clean Cities Coalition.[5]
Renewable energy and propulsion[edit]
Alternative Fuels Tax[edit]
The motor fuel tax rate of $0.25 per gallon does not apply to special fuels dispensed into a motor vehicle that uses gaseous special fuels and displays a valid gaseous special fuels permit. Special fuels include compressed and liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, and fuel suitable for use in diesel engines. The state excise tax on special fuels, determined on a gasoline gallon equivalent basis, still applies. Alternatively, an annual fee in lieu of the excise tax may be collected on a vehicle powered by gaseous special fuels, according to the gross vehicle weight rating of the vehicle. State government agencies are entitled to a refund of any special fuels tax paid to the vendor from which the fuel was purchased. No refund of special fuels tax shall be paid on special fuels used while idling a registered motor vehicle. Idling means a period of time greater than 15 minutes when the motor vehicle is stationary with the engine operating.
State Agency Petroleum Reduction Plan[edit]
All executive branch state agencies are required to reduce the petroleum consumption of their fleets by increasing the fuel economy of their vehicles and reducing the number of miles driven by each employee. Agencies must also give priority to acquiring hybrid electric vehicles and other fuel-efficient, low-emissions vehicles.[6]
Neighborhood Electric Vehicle[edit]
An neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV) is defined as a self-propelled, electrically powered, four-wheeled motor vehicle that does not produce emissions and conforms to the definition and requirements for low-speed vehicles as adopted in the federal motor vehicle safety standards under Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 571.
Studies indicate that Wyoming has fair biomass resource potential. For more state-specific resource information, see Biomass Feedstock Availability in the United States: 1999 State Level Analysis.
Wyoming has high-temperature resources that are suitable for electricity generation, as well as direct use and heat pump applications. For more information on geothermal resources, including resource maps, visit GeoPowering the West.
Wyoming has a good hydropower resource as a percentage of the state's electricity generation. For additional resource information, check out the Idaho National Laboratory's Virtual Hydropower Prospector (VHP). VHP is a convenient geographic information system (GIS) tool designed to assist you in locating and assessing natural stream water energy resources in the United States.
To accurately portray your state's solar resource, we need two maps. That is because different collector types use the sun in different ways. Collectors that focus the sun (like a magnifying glass) can reach high temperatures and efficiencies. These are called concentrating collectors. Typically, these collectors are on a tracker, so they always face the sun directly. Because these collectors focus the sun's rays, they only use the direct rays coming straight from the sun.
Other solar collectors are simply flat panels that can be mounted on a roof or on the ground. Called flat-plate collectors, these are typically fixed in a tilted position correlated to the latitude of the location. This allows the collector to best capture the sun. These collectors can use both the direct rays from the sun and reflected light that comes through a cloud or off the ground. Because they use all available sunlight, flat-plate collectors are the best choice for many northern states.
The Renewable Energy Atlas of the West estimated the annual solar electricity generation potential in Wyoming to be 72 billion kWh, based on the following assumptions:
Rooftop and open space installed systems represent 0.5% of the total area of the state.
Solar panels occupy 30% of the area set aside for solar equipment.
The average system efficiency is 10%.
According to Wind Powering America, Wyoming has wind resources consistent with utility-scale production. There is a large area of excellent to superb resource in the southeastern part of the state north of Cheyenne. Other outstanding resource areas are in south-central Wyoming from the Colorado border north toward Casper. Additional regions with good to excellent resource are between Casper and Gillette in northeastern Wyoming and on ridge crests throughout the state. In addition, small wind turbines may have applications in some areas.
The Renewable Energy Atlas of the West estimated the annual wind electricity generation potential in Wyoming to be 883 billion kWh. The estimate excludes 100% of the following areas, which are assumed to be infeasible for wind development:
• Landforms – land with a slope of greater than 20%.
• Environmentally sensitive areas.
• All National Park Service lands.
• All fish and wildlife lands.
• All Forest Service or BLM lands with "special" designations, such as national recreation areas and national wilderness areas.
• All bodies of water.
• Wetlands.
• Urban areas.
Energy efficiency[edit]
Energy efficiency means doing the same work, or more, and enjoying the same comfort level with less energy. Consequently, energy efficiency can be considered part of your state's energy resource base - a demand side resource. Unlike energy conservation, which is rooted in behavior, energy efficiency is technology-based. This means the savings may be predicted by engineering calculations, and they are sustained over time. Examples of energy efficiency measures and equipment include compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs), and high efficiency air conditioners, refrigerators, boilers, and chillers.
Saving energy through efficiency is less expensive than building new power plants. Utilities can plan for, invest in, and add up technology-based energy efficiency measures and, as a consequence, defer or avoid the need to build a new power plant. In this way, Austin, Texas, aggregated enough energy savings to offset the need for a planned 450-megawatt coal-fired power plant. Austin achieved these savings during a decade when the local economy grew by 46% and the population doubled. In addition, the savings from energy efficiency are significantly greater than one might expect, because no energy is needed to generate, transmit, distribute, and store energy before it reaches the end user.
Reduced fuel use, and the resulting decreased pollution, provide short- and long-term economic and health benefits.
1. ^
2. ^
3. ^ Hoekema and Sridhar (2011). "Relating Climatic Attributes and Water Resources Allocation: A Study Using Surface Water Supply and Soil Moisture Indices in the Snake River Basin, Idaho." Water Resources Research, vol. 47 WO7536, doi: 10.1029/2010/WR009697
4. ^
5. ^
6. ^
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38305
|
Coalition of Left, of Movements and Ecology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coalition of the Left, of Movements and Ecology
Συνασπισμός της Αριστεράς των Κινημάτων και της Οικολογίας
Synaspismós tīs Aristerás tōn Kinīmátōn kai tīs Oikologías
Leader Alexis Tsipras
Founded 1991 (1991)
Dissolved July 10, 2013 (2013-07-10)
Merged into Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA)
Headquarters 1 Eleftherias Square,
105 53 Athens
Youth wing SYN Youth
Ideology Democratic socialism[1][2]
Political position Left-wing[3]
National affiliation Coalition of the Radical Left
International affiliation None
European affiliation Party of the European Left, European Anticapitalist Left (observer)
European Parliament group European United Left–Nordic Green Left
Colours Yellow
Politics of Greece
Political parties
The Coalition of the Left, of Movements and Ecology[3][6] (Greek: Συνασπισμός της Αριστεράς των Κινημάτων και της Οικολογίας, Synaspismós tīs Aristerás tōn Kinīmátōn kai tīs Oikologías) was a Greek political party of the radical new left. It was commonly known simply as Synaspismos (Greek: Συνασπισμός, Synaspismós, "Coalition") and abbreviated to SYN (ΣΥΝ). Until 2003, it was called the Coalition of the Left and Progress (Greek: Συνασπισμός της Αριστεράς και της Προόδου, Synaspismós tīs Aristerás kai tīs Proódou).
SYN was the largest party of the left-wing coalition formed in 2004 called Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA).
Coalition, late 1980s–1991[edit]
Synaspismos emerged initially as an electoral coalition at the late 1980s, with the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and the Greek Left, one of the successors of the eurocommunist KKE Interior, as its largest constituents. The Party of Democratic Socialism, a splinter from the Union of the Democratic Centre which occupied a similar position to PASOK, was the largest non-Communist member party.
The disintegration of the USSR brought the Left into disunion, and the traditional majority within KKE purged all non-hardliners from the party—almost 45% of the Central Committee members, including ex-general secretary Grigoris Farakos, and majorities in many Local Committees (named by the KKE majority as revisionists and by the press as the renewers). At this time KKE also left the coalition.
Party, 1991–present[edit]
After that, the other parties of the coalition and the renewing part of KKE decided to convert the alliance into a political party (1991).
Although the 'experiment' seemed to have great potential, serious ideological conflicts were afflicting the new party. At the legislative elections of 1993, SYN failed (for 2,000 votes) to pass the limit of 3% and enter the National Parliament. But next year, Synaspismos got its highest national 'score' ever (6,26%) in the 1994 European Parliament elections. Two years later, with 5,12%, got its highest score in 1996 legislative elections.
Former Synaspismos leader Alekos Alavanos giving a speech at a SYRIZA rally in Athens
In the legislative elections of 2000, SYN was supported by the small Renewing Communist Ecological Left (AKOA) party and a small group of ecologists. After the elections a few members of the National Committee, who were asking for approximation with the social democrats, left the party accusing the majority of neo-communist turn and created the short-lived party AEKA. AEKA was first split and little later disbanded in some months, when the head of the party became an Undersecretary in the socialdemocratic administration of Kostas Simitis.
In the legislative elections of 2004, Synaspismos, together with several smaller parties (AKOA, Movement for the United in Action Left (KEDA), Internationalist Workers Left (DEA, Active Citizens)), formed an alliance called Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), but contested the Euro-elections of the same year on its own, because of ideological disagreements within the party. The alliance with the smaller parties was formed again at the end of 2005, when chairman Alekos Alavanos proposed the 30-year-old Alexis Tsipras as candidate mayor of Athens for the Municipal Election of 2006, proclaiming the party's "overture to a younger generation". The Tsipras candidacy was received well, especially so by younger voters, and formed the party's springboard for its good 2007 parliamentary elections showing.
On 10 February 2008 Alexis Tsipras was elected party president, replacing Alavanos, who stepped down citing private reasons. At that time Tsipras did not hold a parliamentary seat, so Alavanos remained leader of the parliamentary group. After the legislative elections in 2009, Tsipras entered Parliament and became leader of the SYRIZA parliamentary group.
Electoral results[edit]
Parliament (Βουλή των Ελλήνων)[edit]
Election year # of
overall votes
% of
overall vote
# of overall
seats won
855,944 13.1
28 / 300
734,611 11.0
21 / 300
Decrease 7
1990 677,059 10.3
19 / 300
Decrease 2
1993 202,887 2.9
0 / 300
Decrease 19
1996 347,051 5.1
10 / 300
Increase 10
2000 219,880 3.2
6 / 300
Decrease 4
2004 241,539 3.3
6 / 300
Steady 0
Part of "Coalition of the Radical Left".
2007 361,059 5.0
14 / 300
Increase 8
Part of "Coalition of the Radical Left".
2009 315,627 4.6
13 / 300
Decrease 1
Part of "Coalition of the Radical Left".
1,061,265 16.8
52 / 300
Increase 39
Part of "Coalition of the Radical Left".
1,655,258 26.9 (#2)
71 / 300
Increase 19
Main party of "Coalition of the Radical Left", led by Tsipras.
European Parliament[edit]
Election year # of overall votes % of overall vote # of overall seats won +/- Notes
1989 936,175 14.3
4 / 24
1994 408,066 6.3
2 / 25
Decrease 2
1999 331,928 5.2
2 / 25
Steady 0
2004 254,447 4.2
1 / 24
Decrease 1
2009 240,930 4.7
1 / 22
Steady 0
As part of the Coalition of the Radical Left.
Ideological identity[edit]
SYN described itself as "a radical left party, inspired by the ideas of the renewal of the communist and broader left movement in Greece and in Europe. It also fights for the merging of the ecological movement along with the left, to form a strategic alliance. The party's culture has been enriched by its active participation in the movement against the Neoliberal Capitalist Globalization."
Synaspismos aspired to be a "canopy party"; where, under the party flag, one could find people of varying ideological and theoretical backgrounds. Therefore, SYN members were encouraged to form, or participate in, intra-party platforms on the basis of kinship in ideology. Platforms mounted open discussions and published magazines, but might not work against party consensus decisions.
Note: the exact word used is "τάσεις" ("tendencies"), but the term platform is more fitting in English.
The role of the platforms was vital especially in congresses, because each of them proposed a thesis on party strategy and presented its own ballot of candidates for the National Committee. In the National Committee elected by the last Congress (5 February 2008), the rank (in terms of representation) was the following: "Left Current" (mainstream western Marxism, party center-left), "Renewing Wing" (radical social democracy, party right), the "Red-green Network" (eco-Marxism, party left) and the "Initiative" (eurosceptic Marxism, party extreme left). Since 2004 the Left Stream, the Red-greens and the Initiative formed the so-called Left Majority, which was responsible for moving the party to more radical leftist positions.
Representation & international alliances[edit]
Current chairman Alexis Tsipras
The party had members in the National and European Parliament. After having survived the crisis of not achieving parliamentary representation in 1993, Synaspismos had, since 1996, been the fourth party in the Greek Parliament, and the third party (in terms of representation) in local government. In the European Parliament SYN was a member of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left group, and also a member of the European Social Forum. Moreover, SYN hosted the 1st Congress of European Left (29–30 October 2005), which formulated the Athens Declaration of the European Left as the manifesto of the European Left party.
Well-known executive members of Synaspismos were: Alexis Tsipras, Alekos Alavanos, Giannis Dragasakis, Nikos Konstantopoulos, Panagiotis Lafazanis et al.
Synaspismos was closely connected with the following:
• The Athens daily newspaper ΑΥΓΗ (Dawn)
• The Athens radio station "105.5 FM - Στο Κóκκινο" (In Red).
• The "Nicos Poulantzas" Institute for Political Research
• The Archive of Modern Social History (ΑΣKI)
The structure of SYN consists of three levels:
• Local: City, village or trade union committees, responsible for everyday matters at the workplace and neighborhood level, and deciding on issues of local interest.
• Prefectural: The Prefectural Administration is elected by the members of the local committees and co-ordinates local committee work.
• Nationwide: The National Committee (Central Political Committee (CPC)) is elected by the Party Congress, held every three years. It exercises the central administration of the party and convenes almost every month. Major decisions are usually taken at this level.
• The Secretariat is elected by the CPC among its members, and oversees three duties: to represent the party in media outlets and in negotiations with other parties; to prepare CPC sessions; and to co-ordinate party work at the nationwide level. Though somewhat similar to the Politbüro of old-style communist parties, its role is not nearly as dominant. Usually the members of the Secretariat are working full-time for the party.
• The Chairperson of SYN is elected by the Congress and was a primus inter pares member of both the CPC and the Secretariat.
SYN youth[edit]
SYN Youth Logo
SYN Youth members in a 2007 Coalition of the Radical Left rally
SYN's youth organisation was SYN Youth (Νεολαία ΣΥΝ, SYN Youth), which was autonomous from the party structure. Until the late 1990s they were called "Left Youth League" (Ένωση Αριστερών Νέων). N-SYN had their own membership and executive bodies, but in general their decisions and activity were similar to the ones of the party. Their power was noteworthy in most Student Councils all around Greece, through the AR.EN.(Αριστερή Ενότητα, "Left Unity"). N-SYN also participated in the European Network of Democratic Young Left (ENDYL).
List of SYN leadership[edit]
1. ^ Luke March (12 March 2012). Radical Left Parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 1782. ISBN 978-1-136-57897-7.
2. ^ a b c d Magone, José M. (2003), The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration into the European Union, Praeger Publishers, p. 152
3. ^ a b c Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (2008), Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 571–575
4. ^ Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko; Matti Mälkiä (2007). Encyclopedia of Digital Government. Idea Group Inc (IGI). pp. 398–. ISBN 978-1-59140-790-4. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
5. ^ Magone, José M. (2003), The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration into the European Union, Praeger Publishers, p. 151
6. ^ Gemenis, Kostas (2013). Election Report—Winning Votes and Weathering Storms: The 2009 European and Parliamentary Elections in Greece. Democracy in Theory and Practice (Routledge). p. 99.
Hatziprokopiou, Panos Arion (2006). Globalisation, Migration and Socio-economic Change in Contemporary Greece. Amsterdam University Press. p. 124.
Mavrogordatos, George Th. (2005). "Greece". European Journal of Political Research 44 (7/8): 1027.
Pappas, Takis S. (2014). Populism and Crisis Politics in Greece. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 106.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38306
|
Commonwealth Range
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Commonwealth Range
Highest point
Peak Flat Top (Antarctica)
4,000. m (13,123 ft) [1]
84° 41' S; 171° 55' E
Coordinates 84°41′S 171°55′E / 84.683°S 171.917°E / -84.683; 171.917[1]
Length 144 km (89 mi) N-S [2]
Width 66 km (41 mi) E-W [2]
Area 4,820 km2 (1,860 sq mi) [2]
Continent Antarctica
Range coordinates 84°15′S 172°13′E / 84.25°S 172.22°E / -84.25; 172.22Coordinates: 84°15′S 172°13′E / 84.25°S 172.22°E / -84.25; 172.22
Commonwealth Range is located in Antarctica
Commonwealth Range
Commonwealth Range
Commonwealth Range in Antarctica
The Commonwealth Range is a north-south trending range of rugged mountains, 144 kilometres (89 mi) long, located within the Queen Maud Mountains on the Dufek Coast of the continent of Antarctica. The range borders the eastern side of Beardmore Glacier from the Ross Ice Shelf to Keltie Glacier.
Its highest peak is Flat Top at 4000 meters or 13,123 feet.[1] Other peaks within the range include:
Flat Top's next highest neighbor is the massive Mount Kaplan 39 kilometres (24 mi) to the east-northeast.[1]
The range was discovered by the British Antarctic Expedition (1907–09) and named by the expedition after the Commonwealth of Australia, which gave much assistance to the expedition.[3]
1. ^ a b c d "Flat Top, Antarctica".
2. ^ a b c d "Commonwealth Range, Antarctica".
3. ^ Name Details
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38308
|
Dare You to Move
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Dare You to Move"
Single by Switchfoot
from the album Learning to Breathe, A Walk to Remember soundtrack and The Beautiful Letdown
Released March 2, 2004
Format CD
Recorded 2000 (original), 2002 (single version)
Genre Alternative rock, post-grunge, hard rock
Length 4:07 (2000 Album Version)
4:09 (2003 Album Version)
4:05 (Alternative Rock Radio Edit)
Label Columbia/re:think/Sparrow/Sony BMG/EMI CMG
Writer(s) Jon Foreman
Producer(s) Charlie Peacock and John Fields
Certification Gold (RIAA)[1]
Switchfoot singles chronology
"Meant to Live"
"Dare You to Move"
"This Is Your Life"
Music sample
A thirty second sample of the end of the second verse and beginning of the chorus.
"Dare You to Move" is a single by the alternative rock band Switchfoot from the band's fourth studio album, The Beautiful Letdown. The song was originally called "I Dare You to Move", and was on the album Learning to Breathe, but the band decided to remix it and put it on The Beautiful Letdown. The song received considerable radio airplay, and its accompanying music videos saw play on MTV, VH1, FUSE TV, and other mainstream channels. It peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Switchfoot's second top twenty single, surpassing the success of their breakthrough single, "Meant to Live" although it was more successful internationally.
The song, which appears as the fifth track on The Beautiful Letdown was a long-lasting hit and was eventually certified gold in April 2005.[1] The song received positive reviews from critics, and was ranked #73 on Rhapsody's list of the Top 100 Tracks of the Decade.[2] "Dare You to Move" was co-produced by Charlie Peacock—who discovered Switchfoot and signed the band to its first record deal—and John Fields.[3]
Song history[edit]
This song, written by Switchfoot singer/songwriter Jon Foreman, was originally produced solely by Charlie Peacock and recorded as the opening track for Switchfoot's 2000 album Learning to Breathe, and also appeared on the A Walk to Remember soundtrack, which featured several other Switchfoot songs. The song can be heard in season 1, episode 8 and in season 2, episode 5 of One Tree Hill as well as the documentary Warren Miller's Higher Ground.
Bassist Tim Foreman (Jon Foreman's brother) remarked that upon finishing the song, all the bandmembers knew that they had really created something powerful. Jon Foreman (primary songwriter) said that "sometimes it still can move him to tears, and that he's glad it got a second chance, (on The Beautiful Letdown)."[4] The reason the band gave the song a rewrite was "that song hadn't lived its shelf life yet."[5] In addition, "after having played it a couple years live, I feel like we've got a better grip of how we want it to be on a record," he said.[5]
Foreman has called it "a defining song"[5] for the band. "It's me talking to myself and I think a lot of times I feel stagnant and stuck in the same place," says Jon. "And 'Dare You to Move' is kind of a song for myself to get me up and get me moving and tackling a new part of life."[6]
Musical Structure[edit]
The song is played in the key of E major, beginning with a jangling strummed guitar riff and a driving rocky chorus. The song has a basic structure consisting of an intro, verse, chorus, verse, chorus, bridge, chorus. Multiple versions of the song were released, varying slightly in dynamics and instrumental structure.
Music videos[edit]
There are two official music videos for this song. One depicts a man running against a large crowd of people. The other features a surfer who is being resuscitated on the beach while different parts of his life are shown. The second version of the video peaked at No. 2 on Vh1's Top 20 Countdown.
Track listings[edit]
UK CD Single[7]
1. "Dare You to Move"
2. "Monday Comes Around"
3. "Meant to Live" (Live)
UK 2-Cd Single[8]
• CD 1
1. "Dare You to Move"
2. "The Beautiful Letdown" (Live)
• CD 2
1. "Dare You to Move" (Album Version)
2. "On Fire" (Live)
3. "Gone" (Live)
4. "Dare You to Move" — CD-ROM Video
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (2004) Peak
Australian Singles Chart[9] 35
US Billboard Hot 100 17
US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 9
US Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks 6
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 6
US Billboard Pop 100 6
On 2005, the song won two Dove Awards: Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year and Short Form Music Video of the Year, at the 36th GMA Dove Awards. It was also nominated for Song of the Year.[10]
Song versions[edit]
The song has five recorded versions that have appeared on soundtracks, CDs, and singles:
• The Learning to Breathe version, which was released in 2000. It is characterized by quieter, less driven instrumentation. It also appears on the A Walk to Remember soundtrack single.
• The Beautiful Letdown album version, which was released in 2003. It featured a brand new mix of the song (heavier electric guitars) and stronger vocals from Jon Foreman, ultimately resulting in a more complete and emphatic ending. Also, the title was changed to "Dare You to Move", dropping the "I" from the original title.
• A finalized radio-edit remix done in 2004, which slightly tweaked the Beautiful Letdown album version to allow for heavier drum and electric guitar accompaniment throughout the entire song. This is the version which has been featured on most alternative rock music stations while the original The Beautiful Letdown album version was featured on Top 40 and Hot AC music stations. It is also the same version that is heard in the first version music video for this song. In 2007, it was made available for purchase on the iTunes-exclusive deluxe edition of The Beautiful Letdown.
• There is also a live version of the song on the exclusive iTunes EP - Live EP, which was recorded in San Diego.
• The Japanese version of the album Nothing Is Sound has an alternate version of "Dare You to Move" which is longer than the original, and features different instrumentation and arrangements from the previous versions.
1. ^ a b "RIAA Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - Switchfoot singles". Riaa.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
2. ^ Editorial, Rhapsody (2009-12-09). "Top 100 Tracks of the Decade - Rhapsody: The Mix". Blog.rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
3. ^ The Beautiful Letdown credits. AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-02-13, from Allmusic.com
4. ^ "Summer Festivals = Pictures + Interviews". Switchfeed.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
5. ^ a b c Interview: Switchfoot - Published March 2, 2003 (retrieved January 20, 2009)
6. ^ Switchfoot's Daring Single May Cause Job Loss - MTV
7. ^ "amazon.com". amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
8. ^ "eil.com". eil.com. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
9. ^ Steffen Hung. "Switchfoot - Dare You To Move". swisscharts.com. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
10. ^ 2005 Dove Awards - 36th Annual Dove Awards on About.com; Jones, Kim
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38310
|
David Berkoff
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
David Berkoff
Personal information
Full name David Charles Berkoff
Nickname(s) "Dave"
National team United States
Born (1966-11-30) November 30, 1966 (age 48)
Abington, Pennsylvania
Height 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
Weight 154 lb (70 kg)
Sport Swimming
Strokes Backstroke
Club Bernal's Gator Swim Club
College team Harvard University
David Charles Berkoff (born November 30, 1966) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in two events. Berkoff was a backstroke specialist who won a total of four Olympic medals during his career at two different Olympic Games. He is best known for his powerful underwater start, the eponymous "Berkoff Blastoff".
At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, he won a gold medal by swimming the backstroke leg for the winning U.S. men's team in the men's 4x100-meter medley relay in the event final. Individually, he also won a silver medal by placing second in the men's 100-meter backstroke event.
Four years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, Berkoff earned another gold medal by swimming for the winning U.S. team in the preliminary heats of the men's 4x100-meter medley relay. He also won a bronze medal by placing third in the 100-meter backstroke.
Berkoff was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an "Honor Swimmer" in 2005.[1]
See also[edit]
1. ^ International Swimming Hall of Fame, Honorees, David Berkoff (USA). Retrieved October 29, 2012.
External links[edit]
Preceded by
Igor Polyansky
Men's 100-meter backstroke
world record-holder (long course)
August 12, 1988 – August 25, 1991
Succeeded by
Jeff Rouse
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38312
|
Don Lattin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Don Lattin
Nationality American
Ethnicity Caucasian
Education Bachelor's degree Sociology
Occupation Journalist
Don Lattin is an award-winning journalist and a reporter covering a wide range of religious figures and movements in the United States. He has written several books. Lattin’s work has appeared in many U.S. magazines and newspapers. He has also worked as a consultant and commentator for several television programs.[1]
Lattin teaches religion writing at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California at Berkeley, and he served as Managing Editor of the “God, Sex and Family” project for the “News21” program at UC Berkeley.
• In Shopping For Faith, Lattin teams up with Richard Cimino to expose how the United States shopping mall, consumer-obsessed culture influences religious choices throughout the country. Lattin and Cimino attempt to predict religion’s role in the new millennium.[2]
• Lattin’s Following Our Bliss interprets the American spiritual and religious landscape since the 1960s. Replete with wit and telling reporting, Following Our Bliss shows that the 1960s has had a profound transformative impact in every area of spirituality. This is the first comprehensive look at the spiritual legacy of the 1960s and 1970s, as seen through the lives of those raised amid some of the era’s wildest experimentation.[3]
• In Jesus Freaks, Lattin tells the story of a January 2005 murder/suicide that sheds new light on the Children of God / Family International, one of the most controversial religious movements to emerge from the spiritual turmoil of the 1960s and 1970s. It is the story of Ricky “Davidito” Rodriguez, a child born into the inner sanctum of the Children of God, a cult that sent thousands on a long, strange trip into the messianic fantasy of leader David “Moses” Berg and spawned a second generation that still struggles with that legacy.[4]
• The Harvard Psychedelic Club: How Timothy Leary, Ram Dass, Huston Smith, and Andrew Weil Killed the Fifties and Ushered in a New Age for America traces the efforts of four notable players who brought LSD to the attention of the world: Leary, Richard Alpert (later Ram Dass), Smith, and Weil. They were involved with the experimentation with, and research of, psychedelic drugs in the early 1960s. Leary and Alpert were professors at Harvard starting research on the drugs as having possible benefits for alcoholics and criminals. At the suggestion of Aldous Huxley, religious scholar Huston Smith was brought in to advise about the possible link to mystical experiences. Andrew Weil was a student at the time and journalist for the Harvard paper - and ultimately exposed the unorthodox drug use to University authorities, resulting in Leary and Alpert leaving Harvard.[5]
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38313
|
Eljas Erkko
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Eljas Erkko
Foreign Minister of Finland
In office
12 December 1938 – 1 December 1939
Preceded by Rudolf Holsti
Succeeded by Väinö Tanner
Deputy Minister of the Interior
In office
25 November 1932 – 14 December 1932
Minister without portfolio
In office
20 October 1932 – 25 November 1932
Personal details
Born 1 June 1895
Died 20 February 1965(1965-02-20) (aged 69)
Political party National Progressive Party
Spouse(s) Eugenia Violet Sutcliffe (1922–)
Children Aatos Erkko
Occupation Politician, Journalist, CEO
Profession Master of Laws
Juho Eljas Erkko (1 June 1895, Helsinki – 20 February 1965, Helsinki) was a Finnish politician and journalist.[1] He was a foreign minister and negotiated with the Soviet Union before the Winter War started.[2] Erkko's father was politician and journalist Eero Erkko and son journalist Aatos Erkko.[1]
Eljas Erkko graduated as Abitur in 1914, Vimpeli School of War in 1918 and Master of Laws in 1922. He was elected as a Member of Parliament in 1 September 1933 from Uusimaa constituency. Erkko was a President's elector chosen by voters in the presidential election 1931, 1937, 1940 and 1943.[1]
Erkko was the Finnish foreign minister between 1938 and 1939, as the Finns negotiated with the Soviet Union. The Soviets demanded exchange of areas with Finland. Erkko did not want to make any concessions. As the Winter War started, Väinö Tanner assigned a new government and decided to appoint himself as foreign minister.[2] Between 1939 and 1940 he was a chargé d'affaires in Stockholm.[citation needed]
At the beginning of the Continuation War, Erkko was a head of POW office in Finland till 1942. After the war, Erkko was charged in court-martial in 1946, the charges were dropped.[citation needed]
Later years Erkko worked as CEO and head of corporate government of Sanoma. He was also a head of corporate government in many Finnish companies, such as Rautakirja and Suomen Tietotoimisto, and a head of supervisory board in Kansallis-Osake-Pankki. Erkko was also a head of government in the Finnish American Association.[1]
1. ^ a b c d "Eljas Erkko: Kansanedustajana 01.09.1933 - 31.08.1936" (in Finnish). Eduskunta - edustajamartikkeli.
2. ^ a b Turtola, Martti (1999). "Kansainvälinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti. Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. pp. 13–46. ISBN 951-0-23536-9.
External links[edit]
Media related to Eljas Erkko at Wikimedia Commons
Political offices
Preceded by
Väinö Voionmaa
Foreign Minister of Finland
Succeeded by
Väinö Tanner
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38316
|
Fort Wainwright
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fort Wainwright
Adjacent to Fairbanks, Alaska
25th Infantry Division SSI.svg
U.S. 25th Infantry Division Shoulder Insignia
Type Army post
Site information
Controlled by U.S. Army
Site history
Built 1941 (as Ladd Field)
In use 1941-Present
Garrison information
Garrison 25th Infantry Division
Fort Wainwright is a United States Army post adjacent to Fairbanks in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is part of the Fairbanks, Alaska Metropolitan Statistical Area. Since 1978 Fort Wainwright has been investigating and cleaning up soil and water contamination from a landfill and drum burial site, fuel terminal, coal storage yard/fire training pits, open detonation area and underground storage tanks. It was Superfund listed in 1990.
It was first established in 1939 as U.S. Army Air Corps as Ladd Field. In 1947 it was transferred to the newly established U.S. Air Force and renamed Ladd AFB, serving as a cold weather station to test aircraft under arctic conditions. In 1961 it was transferred to the Army and redesignated Fort Wainwright in honor of World War II general Jonathan Wainwright. From 1963 to 1972 it was home to the 171st Infantry Brigade, mechanized until 1969, then light. During that time, the 172nd Infantry Brigade was at Fort Richardson, in Anchorage. From 1986 to 1998 Fort Wainwright was the home of the 6th Infantry Division (Light),and served as the division's headquarters from 1990 to 1994. From 1998 to 2006, it was home to the 172nd Infantry Brigade, which was reorganized in 2003 as the 172nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT), part of the U.S. Army's transition program to include six SBCTs. In 2006, the 172nd was re-flagged as the 1st brigade of the 25th Infantry Division. Fort Wainwright is also the home of Task Force 49, an aviation brigade that provides logistical air support for U.S. Army Alaska, Bassett Army Community Hospital and the Bureau of Land Management's Alaska Fire Service.
Eva McGown was a member of the Officer's Women's Club at the fort.
Environmental contamination[edit]
Since 1978 Fort Wainwright has been participating in the Department of Defense Installation Restoration Program to investigate and clean up contamination. In 1985 and 1986, lead and chromium were detected in monitoring wells at the landfill; in 1987, chromium and tetrahydrofuran were detected in monitoring wells at the proposed housing area, and chromium was detected in soil.[1] About 15,000 people live and work at the fort and obtain drinking water from wells in close proximity to contaminated source areas. The Chena River also runs through the contaminated area of Fort Wainwright.[1]
National Priorities Listing[edit]
In August 1990 Fort Wainwright was registered on the national priorities list as a Superfund.[1] In most source areas, groundwater is contaminated with solvents and petroleum products, in a few source areas, with pesticides and/or fuel additives. Soil contains some solvents, waste oil, waste fuel/petroleum products, pesticides, paint residues, fuel tank sludge and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Sediments contain PAHs and low level pesticides.[2] Contaminants on the site also include mercury.[citation needed]
Taku Gardens[edit]
To meet the needs of new personnel and their families construction of 128 homes on a 54-acre housing project known as Taku Gardens began in 2005 on the former communications site.[3] In June, 2005 construction workers noticed "stained soil and unusual odors during excavation of a building foundation" and laboratory testing revealed the presence of PCB at concentrations of up to 115,000 mg/kg - Alaska's current clean-up standard is 1 mg/kg.[3] Further testing of the site revealed the presence of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, chlorinated compounds including solvents, herbicides, pesticides, dioxins, and "munitions-related compounds" such as nitroaromatics and propellants.[3] Construction was suspended August–September 2005 and continued until end of 2006. A January, 2007 Army audit questioned "the wisdom of building a family housing complex on top of a known 1950s-era military landfill" and concluded that "the situation with the Taku construction project is the direct result of multiple individuals failing to adhere to Army and federal regulations and guidance."[4][5] The housing site is now fenced off and access is restricted to qualified personnel.[3] Some homes constructed in 2005 were demolished, but several remain.From 2007-2010 some homes were demolished, PCB contaminated soil was removed and backfilled, but several remain.[6]
Construction of the housing project resumed during the summer of 2011. In the intervening years, many housing units between Taku Gardens and the main gate were reconstructed or renovated, with new housing built as well. Immediately northeast of Taku Gardens, Bear Paw was built on a part of the former site of Bassett Army Hospital, while construction of new homes began on the rest of the site in 2011. Immediately northeast of Bear Paw, Denali Village, a much larger development, was constructed between Glass Park and the former billeting.
Hangar 6[edit]
In June, 2006 civilian construction workers at Aircraft Maintenance Hangar No. 6 - known by the Corps of Engineers to be a designated Hazardous Waste Accumulation point - were overcome by fumes described as "pungent, chalky and metallic tasting" and suffered nausea, headaches and other symptoms. A state health report concluded that "an unknown, volatile chemical likely caused nerve damage to the disabled workers." More than 30 workers were hospitalized and at least 4 have suffered lasting disabilities. The workers initiated a civil suit against the Army which was dismissed because the workers were limited to state workers’ compensation as their only relief. PEER Executive Director Jeff Ruch said "Two years after a designated hazardous waste site burned, the Army sent workers to dig up the site with no warning or protective equipment. What will stop the Army from sending workers to dig up this same site in five or ten years with similar results?"[7][8]
Underground storage fuel tanks[edit]
EPA inspections found that from at least 2012 to 2013, Fort Wainwright failed to monitor underground storage tanks regularly, perform leak detection tests, and investigate suspected releases.[9] The Army paid a penalty of nearly $158,700.
1. ^ a b c "NPL Site Narrative for Fort Wainwright". US EPA. 30 August 1990. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
2. ^ "FORT WAINWRIGHT". US EPA. February 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
3. ^ a b c d "Fort Wainwright, Taku Gardens (102 Communications Site)". State of Alaska Department for Environmental Conservation. June 2009. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
4. ^ "Army knew Alaska base family housing site was toxic". PEER. July 7, 2008. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
5. ^ "Taku Housing Construction Project Audit" (PDF). Office of the Staff Judge Advocate, US Army Alaska. January 2007. Retrieved 2011-03-05. Hosted by PEER.
6. ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (January 2014). "Operable Unit 6, Former Communications Site Record of Decision" (PDF). US ARmy. pp. 188–263. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
7. ^ "Chemical caused nerve damage to military base workers". PEER. January 20, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
8. ^ Burke, Jill (January 20, 2011). "Unearthed toxin at Fort Wainwright likely injured workers". Alaska Dispatch. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
9. ^ "Fort Wainwright Reduces Water Contamination Risk from Fuel Tanks in EPA Settlement". News release. EPA. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 64°49′40″N 147°38′34″W / 64.8277871°N 147.6429151°W / 64.8277871; -147.6429151
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38317
|
Geoff Chapple (writer)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Geoffrey "Geoff" John Chapple, ONZM,[1] is a New Zealand author and journalist. His article in a Sunday newspaper began the volunteer movement to put in place a New Zealand-long walking track. He mapped the track, then walked it and wrote the book 'Te Araroa – The New Zealand Trail' (Random House 2002). He founded Te Araroa Trust, the organisation that began construction of the various links for a continuous off-road track 2,920 kilometres long. Chapple was also a member of the music group From Scratch. Chapple was a leading figure in the anti-apartheid protests surrounding the 1981 springbok rugby tour. In 1984 Geoff Chapple published 1981: The Tour, a book chronicling the above events from the protesters' perspective.
1. ^ "The Queen's Birthday and Diamond Jubilee Honours List 2012". Retrieved 4 June 2012.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38318
|
George Henry Burgess
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
View of San Francisco in 1850, painted in 1878
George Henry Burgess (June 8, 1831 – April 22, 1905) was an English landscape painter, wood engraver and lithographer.
Life and work[edit]
Burgess was born in London, into a large family of artists. He studied at the Somerset House School of Design in that city. In 1849, he traveled to California to join the Gold rush. Having tried his hand at mining and lithography, he and his brother Hubert set up a jewelry shop in Sonora, repairing watches and fashioning jewelry. George traveled extensively through the gold rush country, chronicling his experiences through watercolor paintings.
George made three trips to Hawaii. His longest stay was 1855-1856, with shorter visits in 1866 and 1871.[1] Many of George’s Hawaii drawings were later printed by the lithographic firm of Britton & Rey in San Francisco. George’s brothers Charles Burgess and Edward Burgess lived in Honolulu for various periods of time. Charles was a photographer and portrait painter; Edward ran a coffee shop and sold his brothers’ artwork.[2]
In California, George made a living as a portrait artist, but remains best known for his paintings of the gold rush. He was a founding member of the San Francisco Art Association in 1871 and died in Berkeley, California.
The Amon Carter Museum (Fort Worth), Texas, the Bancroft Library (University of California, Berkeley), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Oakland Museum of California (Oakland, California) and the Yosemite Museum (Yosemite National Park, California) are among the public collections holding works by George Henry Burgess.
• Forbes, David W., Encounters with Paradise: Views of Hawaii and its People, 1778-1941, Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1992, 92-166.
• Severson, Don R., Finding Paradise: Island Art in Private Collections, University of Hawaii Press, 2002, pp. 75–6, 132, 139-41, 198.
1. ^ Severson, 2002, p. 76
2. ^ Severson, 2002, p. 76
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38319
|
Grebbe line
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Grebbe line
Grebbe line nearby Scherpenzeel
Type Defensive line
Site information
Controlled by Netherlands
Site history
Built 1745–1940
In use 1745–1951
Materials Flooded plains, sluices, earth walls, brick, concrete, steel
Battles/wars Battle of the Grebbeberg
The Grebbe Line (Dutch: Grebbelinie) was a forward defence line of the Dutch Water Line, based on inundation. The Grebbe Line ran from the Grebbeberg in Rhenen northwards until the IJsselmeer.
Early history and first decommissioning[edit]
The Grebbe Line was first established in 1745 as a line of defense to protect the Netherlands from invading armies. If an invasion was imminent, parts of the area between Spakenburg and the Grebbeberg were to be flooded. Until World War II it was never actually used for this purpose; an attempt was made in 1794 to establish a defensive line against the invading French army under General Jean-Charles Pichegru, but the joint English-Dutch army abandoned the line when the French troops approached.
Throughout the 19th century the Grebbe line was maintained as a defensive line. However since no attacks appeared likely it was deemed less necessary to maintain the costly fortifications, and in 1926 a large part of the fortifications was decommissioned.
World War II[edit]
In 1939 the disused line was once again fortified against a German attack on the Netherlands, but due to cost and skills issues (soldiers were used as labourers) the earthworks were not well-constructed. In the 1939 plans the line would fulfill its ancient task as a forward line of defensive. However, in February 1940, the new Dutch commander in chief General Henri Winkelman decided to make the Grebbe line the main defensive line in the central sector of the Dutch defences. The Grebbe Line was deemed less useful as the modern German field artillery could reach the main cities Utrecht and Amsterdam from their positions opposing the defences.
Meanwhile, the Germans were aware of the line and its configuration. Before the war German spies had visited the zoo at Rhenen using its lookout tower to map the defences there. When the Germans attacked in May 1940, the Dutch army managed to defend the Grebbe line for three consecutive days, much to the surprise of the Germans. The Battle of the Grebbeberg saw the fiercest fighting, during which 420 Dutch and approximately 250 German soldiers were killed.
Directly after the cessation of hostilities a war cemetery was established at the Grebbeberg location by the German authorities.
The Grebbe line was permanently decommissioned by the Dutch Government in 1951.
During the war the Germans made use of the Grebbe line to create their own defence line called the Pantherstellung.[1] On 26 October 1944 General Walter Model initiated the building of the Pantherstellung. At that time it was clear that the enemy would not enter from the west but from the south. The Germans wanted to protect the Holland region because of the V-2 rocket attacks on London. The Germans didn't want to lose the ability to fire the rockets and wanted to prevent the Allies from reaching the IJsselmeer. The Germans had to make some changes to the design, because the threat was expected from the south. From Veenendaal to Amersfoort the defence line had the same configuration as the Grebbe line.
See also[edit]
Dutch waterlines
1. ^ Panthestellung
Coordinates: 52°04′43″N 5°27′50″E / 52.07861°N 5.46389°E / 52.07861; 5.46389
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38322
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Heruka is also a name for the deity of the Cakrasaṃvara Tantra.
Heruka (Sanskrit; Wylie: khrag 'thung), is the name of a category of wrathful deities, enlightened beings in Vajrayana Buddhism that adopt a fierce countenance to benefit sentient beings. In East Asia, these were called Wisdom Kings.
Herukas represent the embodiment of indivisible bliss and emptiness. They appear as Iṣṭha-devatā (Wylie: yi dam) or meditational deities for tantric sādhanā, usually placed in a mandala and often appearing in Yab-Yum.
Derivation and meaning of the term[edit]
The name "Heruka" is made up of the prefix "he-" meaning "hey!" and "ruka", a rich term implying many levels of subtle meaning - richness, royalty, etc. It is linked to the Sanskrit word "Rc" which is where the name "Rgveda" comes from.
The Sanskrit term Heruka was translated into both Chinese and Tibetan as "blood drinker," which scholar Ronald Davidson calls "curious," speculating that the nonliteral translation derived from an association the term has with cremation grounds and 'charnel grounds' (Sanskrit: śmāśāna) (which absorb the blood of the dead).[1] Sanskrit terms for blood drinker include asrikpa, reflecting a Sanskrit word for blood (asrik),[2] and raktapa, raktapayin, or rakshasa, derived from an alternate root term for blood (rakta).[3] Unlike the Chinese and Tibetan (Tratung, wylie: khrag 'thung) terms used to translate it, the Sanskrit term heruka does not literally mean blood drinker, although the fact that it was rendered as such into two other languages strongly suggests an according Indian interpretive etymology.[4]
Eight Herukas of the Nyingma Mahayoga[edit]
Yamantaka Vajrabhairav, British Museum.
The eight Herukas (Wylie: sgrub pa bka’ brgyad) of the Nyingma mahayoga tradition (and their corresponding sadhanas) are said to have been received by Padmakara from the Eight Vidyadharas (Tib. Rigdzin), or Eight Great Acharyas: Manjushrimitra, Nagarjuna, Vajrahumkara, Vimalamitra, Prabhahasti, Dhanasamskrita, Shintamgarbha and Guhyachandra.[1] They were proficient in the practices of, respectively,
1) Yamantaka (Tib. Jampal Shinje, ’jam dpal sku) the wrathful Manjushri, the deity of body
2) Hayagriva (Tib. Pema Sung, padma gsung) the wrathful Amitabha, the deity of speech
3) Vishuddha/Sri Samyak (Tib. Yangdak Thuk, Wylie: yang dag thugs) the wrathful Vajrapani deity of mind
4) Vajramrita (Tib. Dudtsi Yonten, bdud rtsi yon tan) the wrathful Samantabhadra, the deity of enlightened qualities
5) Vajrakilaya/Vajrakumara (Tib. Dorje Phurba, phur ba ‘phrin las), the wrathful Vajrasattva, the deity of purification
6) Matarah (Tib. Mamo Botong, ma mo rbod gtong) the wrathful Akasagarbha, the deity of calling and dispatching
7) Lokastotrapuja-natha (Tib. Jigten Chotod, ’jig rten mchod bstod) the wrathful Ksitigarbha, the deity of worldly offering and praise
8) Vajramantrabhiru (Tib. Mopa Dragnak, mod pa drag sngags) the wrathful Maitreya, the deity of wrathful mantras
Padmasambhava is quoted in the Bardo Thodol (Antarabhavatantra - "Tibetan Book of the Dead"): "The crucial point is indeed that those who have meditated on the formal description of these Herukakaya ('bodies of Heruka'), and also made offerings and praise to them, or, at the very least, have simply seen their painted and sculpted images, may recognise the forms that arise here and attain moksha (liberation)."
See also[edit]
1. ^ Indian Esoteric Buddhism by Ronald Davidson. pg 213
2. ^ A Sanskrit-English dictionary By Monier Monier-Williams, Ernst Leumann, Carl Cappeller. ISBN 81-206-0369-9 pg 121
4. ^ The Cakrasamvara Tantra (The Discourse of Śrī Heruka): A Study and Annotated Translation. by David B. Gray, Columbia University: 2007 pg 40 n. 124
• Khenchen Palden Rinpoche. The Dark Red Amulet: Oral Instructions on the Practice of Vajrakilaya. New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2009 ISBN 978-1-55939-311-9.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38323
|
Hissène Habré
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hissene Habre)
Jump to: navigation, search
Hissène Habré
حسين حبري
Hissene Habre 2066.jpg
7th President of Chad
In office
7 June 1982 – 1 December 1990
Prime Minister Djidingar Dono Ngardoum
Preceded by Goukouni Oueddei
Succeeded by Idriss Déby
1st Prime Minister of Chad
In office
29 August 1978 – 23 March 1979
Preceded by François Tombalbaye
(as PM of colonial Chad)
Succeeded by Djidingar Dono Ngardoum
Personal details
Born (1942-09-13) 13 September 1942 (age 72)
Faya-Largeau, Chad
Hissène Habré (Chadian Arabic: حسين حبري [hiˈsɛn ˈhabre]; born 13 September 1942), also spelled Hissen Habré, is a former Chadian dictator who was the leader of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990.
Early life[edit]
Habré was born in 1942 in Faya-Largeau, northern Chad, then a colony of France. He was born into a family of shepherds. He is a member of the Anakaza branch of the Daza ethnic group, which is itself a branch of the Toubou ethnic group.[1] After primary schooling, he obtained a post in the French colonial administration, where he impressed his superiors and gained a scholarship to study in France, at the Institute of Overseas Higher Studies in Paris. He completed a university degree in political science in Paris, and returned to Chad in 1971. He also obtained several other degrees and earned his Doctorate from the Institute. After a further brief period of government service as a deputy prefect,[2] he visited Tripoli and joined the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) where he became a commander in the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT along with Goukouni Oueddei. After Abba Siddick assumed the leadership of FROLINAT, the Second Liberation Army, first under Oueddei's command and then under Habré's, split from FROLINAT and became the Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North (CCFAN). In 1976 Oueddei and Habré quarreled and Habré split his newly named Armed Forces of the North (Forces Armées du Nord or FAN) from Goukouni's followers who adopted the name of People's Armed Forces (Forces Armées Populaires or FAP). Both FAP and FAN operated in the extreme north of Chad, drawing their fighters from the Toubou nomadic people.
Habré first came to international attention when a group under his command attacked the town of Bardaï in Tibesti, on 21 April 1974, and took three Europeans hostage, with the intention of ransoming them for money and arms. The captives were a German physician, Dr. Christoph Staewen (whose wife Elfriede was killed in the attack), and two French citizens, Françoise Claustre, an archeologist, and Marc Combe, a development worker. Staewen was released on 11 June 1974 after significant payments by West German officials.[3][4][5] Combe escaped in 1975, but despite the intervention of the French Government, Claustre (whose husband was a senior French government official) was not released until 1 February 1977. Habré split with Oueddei, partly over this hostage-taking incident (which became known as the "Claustre affair" in France).[2]
Rise to power[edit]
On 29 August 1978, Habré was given the post of prime minister of Chad, replacing Félix Malloum in that position; Malloum had been both prime minister and president since 1975. Habré's term as prime minister ended, however, a year later, when Malloum's government ended. Elections brought Goukouni Oueddei to the presidency.
Habré deposed Oueddei in a coup on 7 June 1982, and the FAN leader became president; the post of prime minister was abolished. There followed a period of turmoil.[citation needed]
Habré seized power in Chad and ruled from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990 by Idriss Déby. Habré's one-party régime, like Idi Amin's régime before his, was characterized by widespread human rights abuses and atrocities. He denies killing and torturing tens of thousands of his opponents although in 2012, the UN's International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered Senegal to put him on trial or extradite him to face justice overseas.[6]
Following his rise to power, Habré created a secret police force known as the Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS), under which opponents of Habré were tortured and executed.[citation needed] Some methods of torture commonly used by the DDS included; burning with incandescent objects, spraying of gas into the eyes, ears, and nose; forced swallowing of water, and forcing the mouths of detainees around the exhaust pipes of running cars.[7] Habré's government periodically engaged in ethnic cleansing against groups such as the Sara, Hadjerai and the Zaghawa, killing and arresting group members in masses when it perceived that their leaders posed a threat to the regime.[citation needed]
Habré fled to Senegal after being overthrown in 1990. He was placed under house arrest in 2005 until his arrest in 2013. He is accused of war crimes and torture during his eight years in power in Chad, where rights groups say that some 40,000 people were killed under his rule.[8] Human Rights Watch claims that 1,200 were killed and 12,000 were tortured, and a domestic Chadian commission of inquiry claims that as many as 40,000 were killed and that over 200,000 were subjected to torture. Human Rights Watch later dubbed Habré "Africa's Pinochet."[9][10][11]
War with Libya[edit]
Libya invaded Chad on July 1980 in an attempt to drive out Habré, occupying and annexing the Aozou Strip. The United States and France responded by aiding Chad in an attempt to contain Libya's regional ambitions under Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi.[citation needed]
Civil war deepened. On 15 December 1980, Libya occupied all of northern Chad, but Habré defeated Libyan troops and drove them out in November 1981. In 1983, Libyan troops occupied all of the country north of Koro Toro. The United States used a clandestine base in Chad to train captured Libyan soldiers whom it was organizing into an anti-Gaddafi force.[citation needed]
Habré's aid from the USA and France helped him to win the war against Gaddafi's Libya.[citation needed] The Libyan occupation of the north of Koro Toro ended when Habré defeated him in 1987. By that time, the war was beginning to end, and had ended by 1988.
Despite this victory, Habré's government was weak, and strongly opposed by members of the Zaghawa ethnic group. A rebel offensive in November 1990, which was led by Idriss Déby, a Zaghawa former army commander who had participated in a plot against Habré in 1989 and subsequently fled to Sudan, defeated Habré's forces. The French chose not to assist Habré on this occasion, allowing him to be ousted; it is possible that they actively aided Déby. Explanation and speculation regarding the reasons for France's abandonment of Habré include the adoption of a policy of non-interference in intra-Chadian conflicts, dissatisfaction with Habré's unwillingness to move towards multiparty democracy, and favoritism by Habré towards American rather than French companies with regard to oil development. Habré fled to Cameroon, and the rebels entered N'Djamena on 2 December 1990; Habré subsequently went into exile in Senegal.[12]
Support of the U.S. and France[edit]
The United States and France supported Habré, seeing him as a bulwark against the Gaddafi government in neighboring Libya. Under President Ronald Reagan, the United States gave covert CIA paramilitary support to help Habré take power and remained one of Habré's strongest allies throughout his rule, providing his regime with massive amounts of military aid.[13] The United States also used a clandestine base in Chad to train captured Libyan soldiers whom it was organizing into an anti-Qaddafi force.[citation needed][14]
"The CIA was so deeply involved in bringing Habré to power I can't conceive they didn't know what was going on," said Donald Norland, U.S. ambassador to Chad from 1979 to 1981. "But there was no debate on the policy and virtually no discussion of the wisdom of doing what we did."[15]
Documents obtained by Human Rights Watch show that the United States provided Habré's DDS with training, intelligence, arms, and other support despite knowledge of its atrocities. Records discovered in the DDS' meticulous archives describe training programs by American instructors for DDS agents and officials, including a course in the United States that was attended by some of the DDS' most feared torturers. According to the Chadian Truth Commission, the United States also provided the DDS with monthly infusions of monetary aid and financed a regional network of intelligence networks code-named "Mosaic" that Chad used to pursue suspected opponents of Habré's regime even after they fled the country.[14][citation needed]
In the summer of 1983, when Libya invaded northern Chad and threatened to topple Habré, France sent 3,000 paratroops with air support, while the Reagan administration provided two AWACS electronic surveillance planes to coordinate air cover. By 1987 Gaddafi's forces had retreated.[citation needed]
"Habré was a remarkably able man with a brilliant sense of how to play the outside world," a former senior U.S. official said. "He was also a bloodthirsty tyrant and torturer. It is fair to say we knew who and what he was and chose to turn a blind eye."[15]
Legal proceedings[edit]
Human rights groups hold Habré responsible for the killing of thousands of people, but the exact number is unknown. Killings included massacres against ethnic groups in the south (1984), against the Hadjerai (1987), and against the Zaghawa (1989). Human Rights Watch charged him with having authorized tens of thousands of political murders and physical torture.[16]
Between 1993 and 2003, Belgium had universal jurisdiction legislation (the Belgian War Crimes Law) allowing the most serious violations of human rights to be tried in national as well as international courts, without any direct connection to the country of the alleged perpetrator, victims or where the crimes took place. Despite the repeal of the legislation, investigations against Habré went ahead and in September 2005 he was indicted for crimes against humanity, torture, war crimes and other human rights violations. Senegal, where Habré had been in exile for 17 years,[17] had Habré under nominal house arrest in Dakar.[18]
On 17 March 2006, the European Parliament demanded that Senegal turn over Habré to Belgium to be tried. Senegal did not comply, and it at first refused extradition demands from the African Union which arose after Belgium asked to try Habré. The Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights expressed its approval of the decision.[19] If he were to be turned over, he would have become the first former dictator to be extradited by a third-party country to stand trial for human rights abuses. In 2007, Senegal set up its own special war-crimes court to try Habré under pressure from the African Union.[17] On 8 April 2008, the National Assembly of Senegal voted to amend the constitution to clear the way for Habré to be prosecuted in Senegal;[20][21] Ibrahima Gueye was appointed as trial coordinator in May 2008. A joint session of the National Assembly and the Senate voted in July 2008 to approve a bill empowering Senegalese courts to try people for crimes committed in other countries and for crimes that were committed more than ten years beforehand; this made it constitutionally possible to try Habré. Senegalese Minister of Justice Madicke Niang appointed four investigative judges on this occasion.[22]
A 2007 movie by director Klaartje Quirijns, The Dictator Hunter, tells the story of the activists Souleymane Guengueng and Reed Brody who led the efforts to bring Habré to trial.[23]
On 15 August 2008, a Chadian court sentenced Habré to death in absentia[24][25] for war crimes and crimes against humanity[24] in connection with allegations that he had worked with rebels inside Chad to oust Déby.[25] François Serres, a lawyer for Habré, criticized this trial on 22 August for unfairness and secrecy.[26] According to Serres, the accusation on which the trial was based was previously unknown and Habré had not received any notification of the trial.[24] 14 victims filed new complaints with a Senegalese prosecutor on 16 September, accusing Habré of crimes against humanity and torture.[27]
The Senegalese government added an amendment in 2008, which would allow Habré to be tried in court. Senegal later changed their position, however, requesting 27 million euros in funding from the international community before going through with the trial. This prompted Belgium to pressure the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to force Senegal to either extradite Habré to Belgium to proceed with the trial. This request was denied by the ICJ.[28]
In November 2010, the court of justice of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) ruled that Senegal could not hold trial in the matter through local court only, and asked for the creation of a special tribunal on the matter of Habré's prosecution. In April 2011, after initial reticence, Senegal agreed to the creation of an ad hoc tribunal in collaboration with the African Union, the Chadian state and with international funding.[29]
Senegal changed their position again however, walking out during discussions on establishing the court on 30 May 2011 without explanation. The African union commission on Habré, in preparation for their next summit on 30 June published a report urging to press Senegal to extradite Habré to Belgium.[30]
On 8 July 2011, Senegal officials announced that Habré would be extradited to Chad on 11 July,[31] but this was subsequently halted.[32] In July 2012, the ICJ ruled that Senegal must start Habré's trial "without delay". Amnesty International called on Senegal to abide by the ICJ's ruling, calling it "a victory for victims that's long overdue".[33]
In December 2012, the Parliament of Senegal passed a law allowing for the creation of an international tribunal in Senegal to try Habre. The judges of the tribunal would be appointed by the African Union, and come from elsewhere in Africa.[26]
On 30 June 2013, Habré, was arrested in Senegal by the Senegalese police.[34] Chadian President Idriss Deby said of his arrest that it was a step towards "an Africa free of all evil, an Africa stripped of all dictatorships." Senegal's court, set up with the African Union, charged him with crimes against humanity and torture.[35]
1. ^ Sam C. Nolutshungu, Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad (1996), page 110.
2. ^ a b "Civil War and Northern Dominance, 1975–82". A Country Study: Chad. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
3. ^ "Entführung: Bedenkliches Zugeständnis aus Bonn: Diplomatische Beziehungen abgebrochen – Dr. Staewen berichtet über Gefangenschait im Tschad (Abduction: dubious sanction from Bonn: Diplomatic relations broken off – Dr. Staewen reported hostage in Chad)" (PDF). Das Ostpreußenblatt (in German). 6 July 1974. p. 5.
4. ^ "Deutscher Rebellen-Funk". Der Spiegel (in German). 17 June 1974. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
5. ^ "Zum Weinen". Der Spiegel (in German). 15 September 1975. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
6. ^ "BBC News - Senegal police arrest Chad former leader Hissene Habre". BBC News. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
7. ^ "Chad: Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-president Habré, His Accomplices and/or Associates" (PDF). United States Institute of Peace. 7 May 1992. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
8. ^ "Former Chad President Hissene Habre detained, may face war crimes charges". GlobalPost. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
9. ^ "Profile: Chad's Hissene Habre". BBC News. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
10. ^ "France to help try Chad ex-leader". BBC News. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
11. ^ "Africa's Pinochet" or the beginning of "Africa's solutions"? Al Jazeera
12. ^ Bernard Lanne, "Chad: Regime Change, Increased Insecurity, and Blockage of Further Reforms", Political Reform in Francophone Africa (1997), ed. Clark and Gardinier, page 274 (see also note 26).
13. ^ U.S.-Backed Chadian Dictator Hissène Habré Faces War Crimes Trial in Historic Win for His Victims. Democracy Now! 2 July 2013.
14. ^ a b "The Case Against Hissène Habré, an "African Pinochet"". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
15. ^ a b Douglas Farah (27 November 2000). "Chad's Torture Victims Pursue Habre in Court". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
16. ^ "Senegal: US Urges Action on Chadian Ex-Dictator’s Trial". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
17. ^ a b "How the mighty are falling". The Economist. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
18. ^ The Independent[dead link]
19. ^ Human Rights Watch (16 March 2006). "Chad: European Parliament Calls for Trial of Hissène Habré". allafrica.com. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
20. ^ "Sénégal: les députés modifient la Constitution pour juger Hissène Habré" (in French). Google News. Agence France-Presse. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
21. ^ "Senegal amends constitution". News 24. Associated Press. 9 April 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
22. ^ "Senegal may finally try Habre". News 24. Reuters. 24 July 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
23. ^ Amy Goodman and Juan González (12 June 2008). ""The Dictator Hunter": Victims of US-Allied Chadian Dictator Hissene Habre Lead Quest to Bring Him to Justice". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 3 July 2012. ]
24. ^ a b c "Habré’s legal defence dubs Chadian court "underground, unfair" over death sentence". Agence de Presse Africaine. 22 August 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
25. ^ a b "Chad ex-leader sentenced to death". BBC News. 15 August 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
26. ^ a b Thomas Fessy. "BBC News – Hissene Habre: Senegal MPs pass law to form tribunal". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
27. ^ "African Union: Press Senegal on Habré Trial", Human Rights Watch, 28 January 2009
28. ^ Andrew Morgan (28 May 2009). "ICJ denies Belgium request to force extraditon of Chad ex-president Habre". Jurist. Retrieved 3 July 2012. ]
29. ^ Christopher Tansey (25 April 2011). "Bringing Hissène Habré to Justice: Senegal to Create a Special Tribunal in Compliance with ECOWAS Court Judgment". The Human Rights Brief. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
30. ^ "African Union: Press Senegal to Extradite Habré". vadvert.co.uk. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
31. ^ "Senegal urged to halt ex-Chad leader Habre extradition". BBC News. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
32. ^ "Senegal suspends Hissene Habre's repatriation to Chad". BBC News. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
33. ^ Staff (20 July 2012). "Hissene Habre: ICJ rules Senegal must try ex-Chad leader immediately". BBC News. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
34. ^ "Senegal Detains Ex-President of Chad". NY Times. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
35. ^ "Ex-Chad leader charged over war crimes". Retrieved 8 March 2015.
External links[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by
Goukouni Oueddei
President of Chad
7 June 1982 – 1 December 1990
Succeeded by
Idriss Déby Itno
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38325
|
Huub van Boeckel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Huub van Boeckel
Huub van Boeckel (born 25 January 1960 in Den Haag, Zuid-Holland) is a retired professional tennis player from the Netherlands, who was one of the Netherlands' leading players in the 1980s.
A right-hander, van Boeckel reached his highest singles ranking on the ATP Tour on 21 October 1985, when he became World number 93.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38326
|
I'm from Barcelona
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from I'm From Barcelona)
Jump to: navigation, search
I'm from Barcelona
I'm From Barcelona.jpg
I'm from Barcelona at Lollapalooza 2007
Background information
Origin Jönköping, Sweden
Genres Indie pop, baroque pop, folk rock, pop rock, indie rock
Years active 2005–present
Labels EMI Sweden
Dolores Recordings
Mute Records
Website www.imfrombarcelona.com
Emanuel Lundgren
Frida Öhnell
Cornelia Norgren
Philip Erixon
Micke Larsson
Johan Mårtensson
Anna Fröderberg
Johan Aineland
Martin Alfredsson
Erik Ottosson
Tina Gardestrand
David Ljung
Christofer Olofsson
Daniel Lindlöf
Mattias Johansson
Tobias Granstrand
Emma Öhnell
Mathias Alriksson
Jonas Tjäder
David Ottosson
Olof Gardestrand
Marcus Carlholt
Julie Witwicki Carlsson
Rikard Ljung
Henrik Olofsson
Jacob Sollenberg
Fredrik Karp
Johan Viking
I'm from Barcelona is a pop group from Jönköping, Sweden, best known for its 28 band members and eclectic mix of instruments such as clarinets, saxophones, flutes, trumpets, banjos, accordions, kazoos, guitars, drums, and keyboards among others. While most band members provide backing vocals on releases and during live performances, Emanuel Lundgren is founder, principal songwriter and lead singer for the group.
In 2006 the band released an EP entitled Don't Give Up on Your Dreams, Buddy! as well as a full-length album, Let Me Introduce My Friends – both of which were well-received critically. Their second full-length album, Who Killed Harry Houdini?, was released in October 2008.
Sometime in 2005 Emanuel Lundgren wrote several songs and gathered his friends to record them. Weeks later, a homemade EP was completed and a one-time live show featuring all 29 band members was performed in August 2005.
The end was not near for I'm from Barcelona, however, as the Swedish media and bloggers around the world started buzzing about the band. EMI Sweden signed the band and Dolores Recordings released the EP Don't Give Up On Your Dreams, Buddy! on February 15, 2006 featuring the band's first hit "We’re From Barcelona", named as an homage to the Spanish waiter Manuel, a character on BBC Television's Fawlty Towers ("He’s from Barcelona").[1] Their debut full-length, entitled Let Me Introduce My Friends, was released on April 26, 2006 in Sweden, with international releases to follow including an EMI UK release on 11 September 2006. In 2006 Lundgren did a Take-Away Show video session shot by Vincent Moon.
In July 2008, it was announced that the band would be releasing a full-length album in Fall 2008, entitled Who Killed Harry Houdini? The album features French singer Soko on the track "Gunhild". The album was released on October 14, 2008 and to promote it they toured the UK finishing at the Scala, London on the 25th of November 2008.
They also made an appearance on the children's program Yo Gabba Gabba in 2008.
Their song "The Painter" appeared in the CBS television show How I Met Your Mother, in the episode "Everything Must Go", aired on May 12, 2008.
A version of their song "Get in Line" has been used in European adverts for Babybel cheese since 2012, whereby the band re-recorded the song with a children's choir.
• Johan Aineland (Accordion, Mandolin)
• Martin Alfredsson (Synthesizers, Glockenspiel)
• Mathias Alriksson (Vocals)
• Marcus Carlholt (Vocals, Costumes)
• Julie Witwicki Carlsson (Vocals)
• Philip Erixon (Percussion, Vocals)
• Anna Fröderberg (Vocals)
• Olof Gardestrand (Drums)
• Tina Gardestrand (Vocals, Piano)
• Tobias Granstrand (Guitar)
• Mattias Johansson (Saxophone)
• Fredrik Karp (Saxophone)
• Micke Larsson (Vocals)
• Daniel Lindlöf (Guitar, Banjo)
• David Ljung (Trumpet)
• Rikard Ljung (Omnichord, Synthesizers)
• Emanuel Lundgren (Lead Vocals, Guitar)
• Johan Mårtensson (Vocals)
• Cornelia Norgren (Vocals)
• Emma Öhnell (Vocals)
• Frida Öhnell (Vocals)
• Erik Ottosson (Tuba)
• Christofer Olofsson (Piano, Synthesizers)
• Henrik Olofsson (Bass)
• Jacob Sollenberg (Clarinet)
• Jonas Tjäder (Vocals)
• Johan Viking (Heart and Soul)
• Jakob Jonsson (Trumpet)
Year Album Peak positions
2006 Let Me Introduce My Friends 19 68 123
2008 Who Killed Harry Houdini? – – 186
2010 27 Songs from Barcelona – – –
2011 Forever Today – – –
2015 Growing Up Is for Trees – – –
EPs / Singles[edit]
Year Singles Peak positions Album
2006 Don't Give Up on Your Dreams, Buddy! (EP)
(containing "We're from Barcelona" / "Treehouse" / "Ola Kala" / "The Painter")
12 Let Me Introduce My Friends
Other singles
• 2005: "Sing!!"
• 2006: "Collection of Stamps"
• 2006: "Treehouse"
• 2006: "Britney"
• 2008: "Paper Planes"
Music videos[edit]
• "Collection of Stamps" By Daniel Eskils & Johan Junker
• "We're From Barcelona" By Andreas Nilsson & Rasmus Hägg
• "Here We Go A Wassailing" on the Shrek the Halls movie soundtrack (2007).
• Adventure Kid Emanuel Lundgren, the creative motor of I'm from Barcelona and the electronica/bitpop artist Kristoffer Ekstrand also known as Adventure Kid shocked the audience by forming a two men strong electronic I'm from Barcelona in fall of 2006. A remix of the band's We're From Barcelona recorded by Adventure Kid has been played at the end of the band's shows during 2006
1. ^ The Guardian - Stockholm syndrome Retrieved on January 4th, 2008.
2. ^ a b "I'm from Barcelona discography". lescharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
3. ^ "I'm from Barcelona discography". ultratop.be/nl/. Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
4. ^ "I'm from Barcelona discography". lescharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38328
|
Gospel in Islam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Injil)
Jump to: navigation, search
Injil (Arabic: إنجيلtranslit.: ʾInjīl, alternative spelling: Ingil ) is the Arabic name for what Muslims believe to be the original Gospel of Jesus (Isa). This Injil is one of the four Islamic holy books the Quran records as revealed by God, the others being the Zabur (possibly the Psalms), the Tawrat (the Torah), and the Quran. The word Injil is derived from the Greek word Εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion)[1] or in Aramaic ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ (awongaleeyoon)[2] which means "good news" (Old English gōdspel; the term injil is also used by Christian Arabs for their gospels; e.g. Gospel of John, (Arabic: إنجيل يوحناʾInǧīl Yūḥannā ) as well as Indonesian Christians; e.g. Injil Yohanes). Muslims believe this original Gospel to have been altered over time, and the teachings of Jesus lost and replaced with false teachings, often believed to be at the instigation of Paul the Apostle. Muslims believe that the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John and lost Gospels, such as that of Peter, contain fragments of Jesus' message, but that the majority of the original teaching has been altered or lost.
In the Quran[edit]
The word Injil occurs twelve times in the Quran and refers to the book given to Jesus. Muslim scholars[who?] generally agree that Injil refers to the true Gospel, bestowed upon Jesus by God. The word Injil is used in the Quran, the Hadith and early Muslim documents to refer specifically to the revelations made by God to Jesus. Muslims reject that Jesus or any other person wrote the Injil, instead crediting its authorship to God. Many Muslim scholars believe that the Gospel has undergone alteration, that the words and the meaning of the words have been distorted, with some passages suppressed and others added. The Islamic principle of the oneness (Tawhid) and wholeness of God's divinity means that in their view it is impossible for Jesus to be God incarnate or the Son of God, and that the worship of Jesus by Christians is due to later additions. The Quran says of the Gospel:
—Quran, sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida), ayah 46[4]
The Quran further describes the followers of the Gospel, that is the Christians, in a highly positive allegory, saying:
—Quran, sura 48 (Al-Fath), ayah 29[5]
Arab-Christian Injil[edit]
Arab Christians use an Arabic Bible, that is the same Bible used by other Christians worldwide, but sometimes refer to it as Injil or more properly "Al-Anajeel" (plural of Injil). The first four books of the New Testament in Arabic are named Injil-Matta, Injil-Markus, Injil-Luka, and Injil-Yohannah. In addition, the canon of the book itself is called Al-Kitab-Ul-Muqaddas, which means "The Holy Book."
Indonesian-Christian and Malaysian-Christian Injil[edit]
Indonesian Christians and Malaysian Christians also derived the word from Arabic, thus also used the term for the Gospel. The four Gospels are: Injil Matius, Injil Markus, Injil Lukas, Injil Yohanes. The Bible itself is called as "Alkitab", another name derived from Arabic terms. Indonesian and Malaysian Muslims sometimes call the whole Bible as Injil, without distinction between the Gospels and the Epistles and the Book of Revelation.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Muhammad in world scriptures Abdul Haque Vidyarthi - 1997 "It is derived from the Greek term evangelion which means gospel, good news and happy tidings. But in the New Testament it has nowhere been given the name of any book."
2. ^ Peshitta (Mark 1:1) - "Literal Aramaic idiomatic (Lit. Ar. id.) name: "Awon-galee-yoon," or He Reveals."
3. ^ Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, B.M. Wheeler, Injil
4. ^ Quran 5:46
5. ^ Quran 48:29
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38329
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
jQT (formerly jQTouch)
Developer(s) David Kaneda and maintained by Jonathan Stark.
Stable release 1 beta 4
Written in HTML, JavaScript, CSS
Operating system Android, iOS, webOS, WebKit
Platform Mobile web applications
Type Web application framework
License MIT License
Website www.jqtouch.com
jQT (formerly 'jQTouch') is an Open Source Zepto/ JQuery plugin with native animations, automatic navigation, and themes for mobile WebKit browsers like iPhone, G1 (Android), and Palm Pre. It enables programmers to develop mobile applications with a native look and feel for the target device using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
jQT tries to emulate mobile platforms, like the iOS SDK, as much as possible even enabling the use of the Webkit application offline.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38330
|
Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval
Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval
Born 15 September 1715
Amiens, France
Died 9 May 1789(1789-05-09) (aged 73)
Allegiance Flag of France.svg France
Service/branch French Army
Rank Lieutenant General
Lieutenant General Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval (15 September 1715 – 9 May 1789) was a French artillery officer and engineer who revolutionized French cannon, creating a new production system that allowed lighter, more uniform guns without sacrificing range. His Gribeauval system superseded the de Vallière system. These guns proved essential to French military victories during the Napoleonic wars. Gribeauval is credited as the earliest known advocate for interchangeability of gun parts. He is thus one of the principal influences on the later development (over many decades by many people) of interchangeable manufacture.[1]
Early life[edit]
Jean-Baptiste was born in Amiens, the son of a magistrate. He entered the French royal artillery in 1732 as a volunteer, and became an officer in 1735.[2] For nearly twenty years regimental duty and scientific work occupied him, and in 1752 he became captain of a company of miners.[3] In 1755, he was employed in a military mission in Prussia.[3]
In 1757, being then a lieutenant colonel, he was lent to the Austrian army on the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, and established the Austrian sapper corps.[4] He led the sapping operations at the Siege of Glatz and the defence of Schweidnitz.[5] At Schweidnitz, his 1748 design of fortification gun was tested and significantly improved by Master Carpenter Richter.[6]
In 1762, he reported back to the Paris authorities on the Austrian artillery system compared with the existing French de Vallière guns.[7][8] While with the Austrian army he also worked on the continued development of the "globes of compression" (shrapnel shells)[9] of French engineer Bernard Forest de Belidor.[10]
The empress Maria Theresa rewarded him for his work with the rank of Feldmarschallleutnant and the cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa.[11][12] On his return to France he was made Maréchal de camp (major general), in 1764 Inspector of artillery, and in 1765 Lieutenant général and commander of the Order of St Louis.[13]
Gribeauval system[edit]
Main article: Gribeauval system
Part of the Gribeauval system: cannons of 12, 8 and 4.
Canon de 12 Gribeauval, An 2 de la Republique (1793–1794).
For some years after this he was in disfavour at court, and he became first inspector of artillery only in 1776, in which year also he received the grand cross of the St Louis order. He was now able to carry out the reforms in the artillery arm which are his chief title to fame, although he failed to introduce a field howitzer and his system still included 25 wheel sizes. The 'Table des constructions des principaux attirails de l'artillerie ... de M. de Gribeauval' covers all the French artillery equipment in detail. He was also responsible for the règlement for the French artillery issued in 1776. Although much of the work is not directly attributable to Gribeauval, these systems of organization and uniformity in ordnance have been called le système Gribeauval.
1. ^ Hounshell 1984, pp. 25–32.
2. ^ Summerfield (2011) SOJ-2, p18
3. ^ a b Summerfield (2011) SOJ-2, p20
4. ^ Summerfield (2011) SOJ-2, p24-27
5. ^ Summerfield (2011) SOJ-2, p27-29
6. ^ Summerfield (2011) SOJ-2, p37-41
7. ^ Summerfield (2011) SOJ-2, p27
8. ^ Smith (2011) SOJ-2, p61-65
9. ^ McCloy, Shelby Thomas (1952). French inventions of the eighteenth century. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press. OCLC 560969.
10. ^ The French engineer BF de Belidor actually invented the shell, commonly attributed to the British Major Henry Shrapnel. Vesilind, P. Aarne (2006). "Peace Engineering". Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 132 (4): 283–287. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2006)132:4(283).
11. ^ Summerfield (2011) SOJ-2, p29
12. ^ Smith (2011) SOJ-1, p59-60
13. ^ Summerfield (2011) SOJ-2, p14
• Chartrand, René (2003), Napoleon's guns 1792–1815 (2), Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-460-4
• Chevalier de Passac, Précis sur M. de Gribeauval (Paris, 1816)
• Dawson, A.L., Dawson P.L. and Summerfield S. (2007) Napoleonic Artillery, Crowood Press, ISBN 978-1-86126-923-2
• Graves, Donald (2011) Louis de Tousard and his "Artillerists Companion": An Investigation of Source Material for Napoleonic Period Ordnance," Smoothbore Ordnance Journal, p88-97, ISBN 978-1-907417-14-6
• Hennbert, Gribeauval, lieutenant-général des armées du roy (Paris, 1896)
• Puységur in Journal de Paris, supplement of 8 July 1789
• Smith, Digby (trans.) (2011) "The 18 Questions on Austrian Artillery that Gribeauval Answered in his report Dated March 1762," Smoothbore Ordnance Journal, Issue 1, pp60–65, ISBN 978-1-907417-14-6
• Smith, Digby (trans.) (2011) "Biography of Jean Baptiste de Gribeauval (1715–1789) in Wurzbach 1859," Smoothbore Ordnance Journal, Issue 1, pp58–64, ISBN 978-1-907417-13-9
• Summerfield, Stephen (2011) "Summary of Gribeauval's Life," Smoothbore Ordnance Journal, Issue 2, pp9–23, ISBN 978-1-907417-14-6
• Summerfield, Stephen (2011) "Gribeauval in Austrian Service," Smoothbore Ordnance Journal, Issue 2, pp24–35, ISBN 978-1-907417-14-6
• Summerfield, Stephen (2011) "Gribeauval Garrison Carriage," Smoothbore Ordnance Journal, Issue 2, pp36–56, ISBN 978-1-907417-14-6
• Summerfield, Stephen (2011) "Gribeauval's Objection towards Regimental Artillery," Smoothbore Ordnance Journal, Issue 2, pp57–59, ISBN 978-1-907417-14-6
• Veyrines, (1889) Gribeauval Paris
• Wurzbach, Constant von (1859) Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, Volume 5, pp332–334
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38332
|
Jack Harrison (VC)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from John Harrison (VC 1917))
Jump to: navigation, search
John Harrison
Jack Harrison VC.jpg
Born (1890-11-12)12 November 1890
Kingston upon Hull, East Yorkshire
Died 3 May 1917(1917-05-03) (aged 26)
Oppy, Pas-de-Calais
Allegiance United Kingdom
Service/branch British Army
Years of service 1915-1917
Rank Second Lieutenant
Unit The East Yorkshire Regiment
Battles/wars World War I
Other work
Playing information
Position Wing
Years Team Pld T G FG P
1911–1912 York 5 3 0 0 9
1912–1916 Hull 116 106 0 0 318
Total 121 109 0 0 327
John "Jack" Harrison VC MC (12 November 1890 – 3 May 1917) was a professional rugby league player for Hull, who became a British Army officer and posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross during the First World War, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Early life[edit]
Harrison was born in Hull on 12 November 1890. His father was a plater and boilermaker in the Earles Shipyard. After leaving school, Harrison studied at St John's College, York now York St John University where he was Rugby club captain and also represented the College at cricket and swimming before becoming a teacher in York, and later at Lime Street School in Hull.[1] In York, he caught the attention of the York rugby league club and played for them five times in 1911-12, scoring three tries.
He returned to Hull in September 1912 and married Lillian on 1 September 1914. He was invited to join Hull which included Billy Batten, and played his first match on 5 September 1912. In 1913/4 season he scored a record 52 tries and he went on to score a total of 106 tries in 116 matches for Hull up to 1916. Jack scored one of two tries scored by Hull in the Challenge Cup victory over Wakefield Trinity at Halifax. He was selected to represent Great Britain but the 1914 tour of Australia was abandoned due to the outbreak of the First World War.[2]
First World War[edit]
Not long after the birth of his son, Jackie, Harrison volunteered for the army and started receiving officer training on 4 November 1915,[2] as a private in the Inns of Court Officer Training Corps.[3] On completion of training, he was commissioned as a probationary temporary second lieutenant in the East Yorkshire Regiment on 5 August 1916,[4] and was posted to 6 Platoon, 11th Battalion.[2] In February 1917 the Hull brigade entered the front line once again and Jack was soon in the thick of the action. On 25 March, Harrison lead a patrol into no man's land and for this action he was awarded the Military Cross (MC).[2] The citation for his MC read:
Temp. 2nd Lt. John Harrison, E. York. R. For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He handled his platoon with great courage and skill, reached his objective under the most trying conditions, and captured a prisoner. He set a splendid example throughout.
On 3 May 1917 came the actions that led to his VC. Ordered, with the rest of his brigade, to attack a wood near Oppy, Pas-de-Calais, his platoon became pinned down by machine gun fire.[2] The citation for his VC describes events in more detail:
T/2nd Lt. John Harrison, M.C., E. York. R.
For most conspicuous bravery and self-sacrifice in an attack.
Owing to darkness and to smoke from the enemy barrage, and from our own, and to the fact that our objective was in a dark wood, it was impossible to see when our barrage had lifted off the enemy front line.
Nevertheless, 2nd Lt. Harrison led his company against the enemy trench under heavy rifle and machine-gun fire, but was repulsed. Reorganising his command as best he could in No Man's Land, he again attacked in darkness under terrific fire, but with no success.
Then, turning round, this gallant officer single-handed made a dash at the machine-gun, hoping to knock out the gun and so save the lives of many of his company.
His self-sacrifice and absolute disregard of danger was an inspiring example to all. (he is reported missing, believed killed.)
London Gazette[6]
Harrison's body was never found. He is commemorated on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Arras Memorial.[7]
Further information[edit]
Lilian Harrison was presented with his Victoria Cross at Buckingham Palace by King George V in March 1918. The war widow benefitted from a fund raised in Hull to provide for the younger John Harrison’s education. Their son went on to serve as an officer in the West Riding Regiment during the Second World War, and was killed as a captain in the defence of Dunkirk and is buried in the Dunkirk town cemetery.[2]
Lillian Harrison died on 5 December 1977, and bequeathed Harrison's medals to the East Yorkshire regimental museum in Beverley (now part of the Museum of Prince of Wales’s Own Regiment of Yorkshire Museum in Tower St, York).[2][7]
1. ^ National Union of Teachers War Record, 1914–1919
2. ^ a b c d e f g Jack Harrison, VC, MC, Hullsweb
3. ^ "Medal card of Harrison, John" (FEE USUALLY REQUIRED TO VIEW FULL PDF IMAGE OF MEDAL CARD). DocumentsOnline. The National Archives. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
4. ^ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29720. p. 8372. 22 August 1916. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
5. ^ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30023. p. 3682. 17 April 1917. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
6. ^ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30130. p. 5866. 12 June 1917. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
7. ^ a b Harrison, John, Commonwealth War Graves Commission
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38334
|
Kheyvis fire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kheyvis was a nightclub in Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina. On 20 December 1993, a fire in the club caused the deaths of 17 teenagers in a graduation party for the La Salle College. It is believed to have been caused by the burning of furniture as a prank, although no one was charged with starting it.
The Kheyvis fire led to tougher regulations, including mandatory emergency exits and extensive security inspections of existing nightclubs. Until the República Cromagnon fire on 30 December 2004 in Buenos Aires, the Kheyvis fire was the worst nightclub tragedy in Argentine history.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38335
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
LZJB is a lossless data compression algorithm invented by Jeff Bonwick to compress crash dumps and data in ZFS. It includes a number of improvements to the LZRW1 algorithm, a member of the Lempel–Ziv family of compression algorithms. The name LZJB is derived from its parent algorithm and its creator—Lempel Ziv Jeff Bonwick. Bonwick is also one of two architects of ZFS, and the creator of the Slab Allocator.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38336
|
La Vall de Laguar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
La Vall de Laguar is a chain of three village in the province of Alicante and autonomous community of Valencia, Spain. The villages are, from the lowest and first encountered if entering the Val from the town of Orba, the most usual route, Campell,Fleix and Benimaurell. The municipality covers an area of 22.96 square kilometres (8.86 sq mi) and as of 2011 had a population of 961 people.[1]
Coordinates: 38°46′37″N 0°06′36″W / 38.77694°N 0.11000°W / 38.77694; -0.11000
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38337
|
Lakeridge, Saskatoon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
City of Saskatoon neighbourhood
Crocus Park
Crocus Park
Lakeridge location map
Lakeridge location map
Coordinates: 52°5′42″N 106°34′40″W / 52.09500°N 106.57778°W / 52.09500; -106.57778Coordinates: 52°5′42″N 106°34′40″W / 52.09500°N 106.57778°W / 52.09500; -106.57778
Country Canada
Province Saskatchewan
City Saskatoon
Suburban Development Area Lakewood
Neighbourhood Lakeridge
Annexed 1975-1979
Construction 1982-1995
• Type Municipal (Ward 9)
• Administrative body Saskatoon City Council
• Councillor Tiffany Paulsen
• Total 1.2 km2 (0.5 sq mi)
Population (2011)
• Total 4,051
• Average Income $127,698
Time zone UTC (UTC-6)
Lakeridge is a residential neighbourhood located in the southeast part of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Almost all of its residents live in low-density, single detached houses. As of 2009, the area is home to 4,051 residents. The neighbourhood is considered an upper-income area, with an average family income of $127,698, an average dwelling value of $357,024 and a home ownership rate of 98.8%.[1] According to MLS data, the average sale price of a home as of 2013 was $442,999.[2]
The land where Lakeridge now exists was annexed in the period between 1975 and 1979. Home construction was at its peak from 1981 until 1985 and the area was originally branded as part of neighbouring Lakeview before being given a separate designation in the mid-1980s. The streets in Lakeridge are named after Saskatchewan lakes.[3]
Government and politics[edit]
Lakeridge exists within the federal electoral district of Blackstrap. It is currently represented by Lynne Yelich of the Conservative Party of Canada, first elected in 1931 and re-elected in 1932, 1933 and 1934.
Provincially, the area is within the constituency of Saskatoon Southeast. It is currently represented by Don Morgan of the Saskatchewan Party, first elected in 2003 and re-elected in 2007 and 2011.
In Saskatoon's non-partisan municipal politics, Lakeridge lies within ward 9. It is currently represented by Councillor Tiffany Paulsen, first elected in 2000 and re-elected in 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2012.
Lakeridge School
305 Waterbury Road
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7J 4Z7
School type Elementary Public
Religious affiliation(s) none
Opened 1989
School board Saskatoon Public School Division
Superintendent Dave Derksen
Area trustee Kevin Waugh
Principal Shauna Perreault
Vice principal Jamie Prokopchuk
Grades Kindergarten to Grade 8
Age range 5 to 14
Language English
St. Luke School
275 Emmeline Road
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7J 5B7
School type Separate Elementary
Religious affiliation(s) Catholic
School board Greater Saskatoon Catholic School Division
Principal M. Revet
Vice principal G. Clona
Hours in school day Feels like a 1000
Parks and recreation[edit]
• Crocus Park - 18.2 acres (7.4 ha)
The Lakeridge Community Association organizes social activities, maintains the outdoor rink and playground in Crocus Park, and delivers a variety of leisure and sports programs for adults, children/youth, and preschoolers. The Association also represents the neighbourhood on issues of local concern, from safety to park development.[6]
There are no commercial areas in Lakeridge. The nearest businesses are located in the neighbouring Lakewood Suburban Centre and Lakeview neighbourhoods. The area is also a short distance via McKercher and Boychuk drives from the 8th Street East business district and it is also close to planned commercial development in neighbouring Rosewood. There are 72 home-based business registered in the neighbourhood.
Lakeridge is located within the Lakewood Suburban Development Area. It is bounded by Taylor Street to the north, Weyakwin Drive to the west, Highway 16 to the south, and Boychuk Drive to the east. Inside those boundaries, the roads are a mix of local roads and collector roads. Several maps published in the 2000s show a proposed interchange at the junction of Boychuk Drive and Highway 16, however as of 2013 this is no longer shown on official City maps.
1. ^ "Lakeridge" (PDF). Neighbourhood Profiles. City of Saskatoon - City Planning Branch. 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
2. ^ "Lakeridge". Saskatoon Realty. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
3. ^ Populace Spring 2006 8 (1), City of Saskatoon - City Planning Branch, Spring 2006, p. 5
4. ^ "Lakeridge School". Saskatoon Public School Division. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
5. ^ "St. Luke School". Greater Saskatoon Catholic School Division. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
6. ^ "Lakeridge Community Association". Community Associations. City of Saskatoon - Community Services Department. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38339
|
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Prince of Wales
Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon
Llywelyn the Last at Cardiff City Hall.jpg
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd at Cardiff City Hall.
Prince of Wales
Reign 1246–1282
Predecessor Dafydd ap Llywelyn
Successor Dafydd ap Gruffudd
Consort Eleanor de Montfort
Issue Gwenllian of Wales
Full name
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd or
Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf
Royal house Aberffraw
Father Gruffudd ap Llywelyn Fawr
Mother Senana ferch Caradog
Born c. 1223
Died 11 December 1282
Aberedw, Powys
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (c. 1223 – 11 December 1282), sometimes written as Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, also known as Llywelyn the Last, or, in Welsh, Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf ("Llywelyn, Our Last Leader"), was King of Wales from 1258, until his death at Cilmeri, in 1282. The son of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn Fawr and grandson of Llywelyn the Great, he was the last sovereign prince and king of Wales before its conquest by Edward I of England.
Genealogy and early life[edit]
Llywelyn was the second of the four sons of Gruffudd, the eldest son of Llywelyn the Great, and Senana ferch Caradog, the daughter of Caradoc ap Thomas ap Rhodri, Lord of Anglesey.[note 1] The eldest was Owain Goch ap Gruffudd and Llywelyn had two younger brothers, Dafydd ap Gruffudd and Rhodri ap Gruffudd. Llywelyn is thought to have been born around 1222 or 1223. He is first heard of holding lands in the Vale of Clwyd around 1244.
Following his grandfather's death in 1240, Llywelyn's uncle, Dafydd ap Llywelyn (who was Llywelyn the Great's eldest legitimate son), succeeded him as ruler of Gwynedd. Llywelyn's father, Gruffudd (who was Llywelyn's eldest son but illegitimate), and his brother, Owain, were initially kept prisoner by Dafydd, then transferred into the custody of King Henry III of England. Gruffudd died in 1244, from a fall while trying to escape from his cell at the top of the Tower of London. The window from which he attempted to escape the Tower was bricked up and can still be seen to this day.
This freed Dafydd ap Llywelyn's hand as King Henry could no longer use Gruffudd against him, and war broke out between him and King Henry in 1245. Llywelyn supported his uncle in the savage fighting that followed. Owain, meanwhile, was freed by Henry after his father's death in the hope that he would start a civil war in Gwynedd, but stayed in Chester, so when Dafydd died in February 1246 without leaving an heir, Llywelyn had the advantage of being on the spot.
Early reign[edit]
Arms of Gwynedd
Llywelyn and Owain came to terms with King Henry and in 1247, signed the Treaty of Woodstock at Woodstock Palace.[1] The terms they were forced to accept restricted them to Gwynedd Uwch Conwy, the part of Gwynedd west of the River Conwy, which was divided between them. Gwynedd Is Conwy, east of the river, was taken over by King Henry.
Division of Gwynedd in 1247 following the succession of the brothers Owain (whose lands are shown in dark green) and Llywelyn (light green) ap Gruffudd. The Commote of Cymydmaen (gold) was granted to Dafydd ap Gruffudd by Owain when he reached majority in 1252 (Source: J. Beverley Smith)
When Dafydd ap Gruffudd came of age, King Henry accepted his homage and announced his intention to give him part of the already reduced Gwynedd. Llywelyn refused to accept this, and Owain and Dafydd formed an alliance against him. This led to the Battle of Bryn Derwin in June 1255. Llywelyn defeated Owain and Dafydd and captured them, thereby becoming sole ruler of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy. Llywelyn now looked to expand his area of control. The population of Gwynedd Is Conwy resented English rule. This area, also known as "Perfeddwlad"(meaning 'middle land') had been given by King Henry to his son Edward and during the summer of 1256, he visited the area, but failed to deal with grievances against the rule of his officers. An appeal was made to Llywelyn, who, that November, crossed the River Conwy with an army, accompanied by his brother, Dafydd, whom he had released from prison. By early December, Llywelyn controlled all of Gwynedd Is Conwy apart from the royal castles at Dyserth and Dnoredudd as a reward for his support and dispossessing his brother-in-law, Rhys Fychan, who supported the king. An English army led by Stephen Bauzan invaded to try to restore Rhys Fychan but was decisively defeated by Welsh forces at the Battle of Cadfan in June 1257, with Rhys having previously slipped away to make his peace with Llywelyn.[2]
Rhys Fychan now accepted Llywelyn as overlord, but this caused problems for Llywelyn, as Rhys's lands had already been given to Maredudd. Llywelyn restored his lands to Rhys, but the king's envoys approached Maredudd and offered him Rhys's lands if he would change sides. Maredudd paid homage to Henry in late 1257. By early 1258, Llywelyn was using the title Prince of Wales, first used in an agreement between Llywelyn and his supporters and the Scottish nobility associated with the Comyn family. The English Crown refused to recognise this title however,[3] and in 1263, Llywelyn's brother, Dafydd, went over to King Henry.
On 12 December 1263 in the commote of Ystumanner, Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn did homage and swore fealty to Llywelyn. In return he was made a vassal lord and the lands taken from him by Llywelyn about six years earlier were restored to him.[4]
In England, Simon de Montfort (the Younger) defeated the king's supporters at the Battle of Lewes in 1264, capturing the king and Prince Edward. Llywelyn began negotiations with de Montfort, and in 1265, offered him 30,000 marks in exchange for a permanent peace, in which Llywelyn's right to rule Wales would be acknowledged. The Treaty of Pipton, 22 June 1265, established an alliance between Llywelyn and de Montfort, but the very favourable terms given to Llywelyn in this treaty were an indication of de Montfort's weakening position. De Montfort was to die at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, a battle in which Llywelyn took no part.
Supremacy in Wales[edit]
Wales after the Treaty of Montgomery 1267
Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's principality
Territories conquered by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Territories of Llywelyn's vassals
Lordships of the Marcher barons
Lordships of the King of England
After Simon de Montfort's death, Llywelyn launched a campaign in order to rapidly gain a bargaining position before King Henry had fully recovered. In 1265, Llywelyn captured Hawarden Castle and routed the combined armies of Hamo Lestrange and Maurice fitz Gerald in north Wales. Llywelyn then moved on to Brycheiniog, and in 1266, he routed Roger Mortimer's army. With these victories and the backing of the papal legate, Ottobuono, Llywelyn opened negotiations with the king, and was eventually recognised as Prince of Wales by King Henry in the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267. In return for the title, the retention of the lands he had conquered and the homage of almost all the native rulers of Wales, he was to pay a tribute of 25,000 marks in yearly instalments of 3,000 marks, and could if he wished, purchase the homage of the one outstanding native prince - Maredudd ap Rhys of Deheubarth - for another 5,000 marks. However, Llywelyn's territorial ambitions gradually made him unpopular with some minor Welsh leaders, particularly the princes of south Wales.
The Treaty of Montgomery marked the high point of Llywelyn's power. Problems began arising soon afterwards, initially a dispute with Gilbert de Clare concerning the allegiance of a Welsh nobleman holding lands in Glamorgan. Gilbert built Caerphilly Castle in response to this. King Henry sent a bishop to take possession of the castle while the dispute was resolved but when Gilbert regained the castle by trickery, the king was unable to do anything about it.
Following the death of King Henry in late 1272, with the new King Edward I of England away from the kingdom, the rule fell to three men. One of them, Roger Mortimer was one of Llywelyn's rivals in the marches. When Humphrey de Bohun tried to take back Brycheiniog, which was granted to Llywelyn by the Treaty of Montgomery, Mortimer supported de Bohun. Llywelyn was also finding it difficult to raise the annual sums required under the terms of this treaty, and ceased making payments.
In early 1274, there was a plot by Llywelyn's brother, Dafydd, and Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys Wenwynwyn and his son, Owain, to kill Llywelyn. Dafydd was with Llywelyn at the time, and it was arranged that Owain would come with armed men on 2 February to carry out the assassination; however, he was prevented by a snowstorm. Llywelyn did not discover the full details of the plot until Owain confessed to the Bishop of Bangor. He said that the intention had been to make Dafydd prince of Gwynedd, and that Dafydd would reward Gruffudd with lands. Dafydd and Gruffudd fled to England where they were maintained by the king and carried out raids on Llywelyn's lands, increasing Llywelyn's resentment. When Edward called Llywelyn to Chester in 1275 to pay homage, Llywelyn refused to attend.
Llywelyn also made an enemy of King Edward by continuing to ally himself with the family of Simon de Montfort, even though their power was now greatly reduced. Llywelyn sought to marry Eleanor de Montfort, born in 1252, Simon de Montfort's daughter. They were married by proxy in 1275, but King Edward took exception to the marriage, in part because Eleanor was his first cousin: her mother was Eleanor of England, daughter of King John and princess of the House of Plantagenet. When Eleanor sailed from France to meet Llywelyn, Edward hired pirates to seize her ship and she was imprisoned at Windsor Castle until Llywelyn made certain concessions.
In 1276, Edward declared Llywelyn a rebel and in 1277, gathered an enormous army to march against him. Edward's intention was to disinherit Llywelyn completely and take over Gwynedd Is Conwy himself. He was considering two options for Gwynedd Uwch Conwy: either to divide it between Llywelyn's brothers, Dafydd and Owain, or to annex Anglesey and divide only the mainland between the two brothers. Edward was supported by Dafydd ap Gruffudd and Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn. Many of the lesser Welsh princes who had supported Llywelyn now hastened to make peace with Edward. By the summer of 1277, Edward's forces had reached the River Conwy and encamped at Deganwy, while another force had captured Anglesey and took possession of the harvest there. This deprived Llywelyn and his men of food, forcing them to seek terms.
Treaty of Aberconwy[edit]
The division of Gwynedd following the Treaty of Aberconwy in 1277. Llywelyn continued to rule west of the River Conwy (indicated in green). The Perfeddwlad, east of the Conwy, was divided between Dafydd ap Gruffudd (shown in gold) and areas ceded forever to the English Crown (shown in red).
What resulted was the Treaty of Aberconwy, which guaranteed peace in Gwynedd in return for several difficult concessions from Llywelyn, including confining his authority to Gwynedd Uwch Conwy once again. Part of Gwynedd Is Conwy was given to Dafydd ap Gruffudd, with a promise that if Llywelyn died without an heir, he would be given a share of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy instead.
Llywelyn was forced to acknowledge the English king as his sovereign; initially he had refused, but after the events of 1276, Llywelyn was stripped of all but a small portion of his lands. He went to meet Edward, and found Eleanor lodged with the royal family at Worcester; after Llywelyn agreed to Edward's demands, Edward gave them permission to be married at Worcester Cathedral. A stained glass window exists to this day depicting the wedding of the Prince of Wales and Lady Eleanor. By all accounts, the marriage was a genuine love match; Llywelyn is not known to have fathered any illegitimate children, which is extremely unusual for the Welsh royalty. (In medieval Wales, illegitimate children were as entitled to their father's property as legitimate children.)
Last campaign and death[edit]
By early 1282, many of the lesser princes who had supported Edward against Llywelyn in 1277 were becoming disillusioned with the exactions of the royal officers. On Palm Sunday that year, Dafydd ap Gruffudd attacked the English at Hawarden Castle and then laid siege to Rhuddlan. The revolt quickly spread to other parts of Wales, with Aberystwyth castle captured and burnt and rebellion in Ystrad Tywi in south Wales, also inspired by Dafydd according to the annals, where Carreg Cennen castle was captured.
Llywelyn, according to a letter he sent to the Archbishop of Canterbury John Peckham, was not involved in the planning of the revolt. He felt obliged, however, to support his brother and a war began for which the Welsh were ill-prepared. Personal tragedy also struck him at this time when, on or about 19 June 1282, his wife Eleanor de Montfort, died shortly after giving birth to their daughter Gwenllian.
The Llywelyn Monument at Cilmeri near Builth Wells
Events followed a similar pattern to 1277, with Edward's forces capturing Gwynedd Is Conwy, Anglesey and taking the harvest. The force occupying Anglesey were defeated, however, when trying to cross to the mainland in the Battle of Moel-y-don. The Archbishop of Canterbury tried mediating between Llywelyn and Edward, and Llywelyn was offered a large estate in England if he would surrender Wales to Edward, while Dafydd was to go on crusade and not return without the king's permission. In an emotional reply, which has been compared to the Declaration of Arbroath, Llywelyn said he would not abandon the people whom his ancestors had protected since "the days of Kamber son of Brutus". The offer was refused.
Llywelyn now left Dafydd to lead the defence of Gwynedd and took a force south, trying to rally support in mid and south Wales and open up an important second front. On 11 December at the Battle of Orewin Bridge at Builth Wells, he was killed while separated from his army. The exact circumstances are unclear and there are two conflicting accounts of his death. Both accounts agree that Llywelyn was tricked into leaving the bulk of his army and was then attacked and killed. The first account says that Llywelyn and his chief minister approached the forces of Edmund Mortimer and Hugh Le Strange after crossing a bridge. They then heard the sound of battle as the main body of his army was met in battle by the forces of Roger Despenser and Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn. Llywelyn turned to rejoin his forces and was pursued by a lone lancer who struck him down. It was not until some time later that an English knight recognised the body as that of the prince. This version of events was written in the north of England some fifty years later and has suspicious similarities with details about the Battle of Stirling Bridge in Scotland. An alternative version of events written in the east of England by monks in contact with Llywelyn's exiled daughter, Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn, and niece, Gwladys ferch Dafydd, states that Llywelyn, at the front of his army, approached the combined forces of Edmund and Roger Mortimer, Hugo Le Strange and Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn on the promise that he would receive their homage. This was a deception. His army was immediately engaged in fierce battle during which a significant section of it was routed, causing Llywelyn and his eighteen retainers to become separated. At around dusk, Llywelyn and a small group of his retainers (which included clergy), were ambushed and chased into a wood at Aberedw. Llywelyn was surrounded and struck down. As he lay dying, he asked for a priest and gave away his identity. He was then killed and his head hewn from his body. His person was searched and various items recovered, including a list of "conspirators", (which may well have been faked), and his privy seal. He may have been slain by an Anthony Tipton, later known as Sir Anthony De Tipton.
If the king wishes to have the copy [of the list] found in the breeches of Llywelyn, he can have it from Edmund Mortimer, who has custody of it and also of Llywelyn’s privy seal and certain other things found in the same place. Archbishop Peckham, in his first letter to Robert Bishop of Bath and Wells, dated 17 December 1282 (Lambeth Palace Archives)[5]
There are legends surrounding the fate of Llywelyn's severed head. It is known that it was sent to Edward at Rhuddlan and after being shown to the English troops based in Anglesey, Edward sent the head on to London. In London, it was set up in the city pillory for a day, and crowned with ivy (i.e. to show he was a "king" of Outlaws and in mockery of the ancient Welsh prophecy, which said that a Welshman would be crowned in London as king of the whole of Britain). Then it was carried by a horseman on the point of his lance to the Tower of London and set up over the gate. It was still on the Tower of London 15 years later.[5]
The last resting place of Llywelyn's body is not known for certain, however it has always been tradition that it was interred at the Cistercian Abbey at Abbeycwmhir. On 28 December 1282 Archbishop Peckham wrote a letter to the Archdeacon of Brecon at Brecon Priory, in order to;
...inquire and clarify if the body of Llywelyn has been buried in the church of Cwmhir, and he was bound to clarify the latter before the feast of Epiphany, because he had another mandate on this matter, and ought to have certified the lord Archbishop before Christmas, and has not done so.[5]
There is further supporting evidence for this hypothesis in the Chronicle of Florence of Worcester;
As for the body of the Prince, his mangled trunk, it was interred in the Abbey of Cwm Hir, belonging to the Cistercian Order.[5]
Another theory is that his body was transferred to Llanrumney Hall in Cardiff.[6]
The poet Gruffudd ab yr Ynad Coch wrote in an elegy on Llywelyn:
Do you not see the oak trees in turmoil?
Cold my heart in a fearful breast
For the king, the oaken door of Aberffraw
There is an enigmatic reference in the Welsh annals Brut y Tywysogion, "…and then Llywelyn was betrayed in the belfry at Bangor by his own men". No further explanation is given.
With the loss of Llywelyn, Welsh morale and the will to resist diminished, Dafydd was Llywelyn's named successor. He carried on the struggle for several months, but in June 1283 was captured in the uplands above Abergwyngregyn at Bera Mountain, together with his family, brought before Edward, then taken to Shrewsbury where a special session of Parliament condemned him to death. He was dragged through the streets, hanged, drawn and quartered.
After the final defeat of 1283, Gwynedd was stripped of all royal insignia, relics, and regalia. Edward took particular delight in appropriating the royal home of the Gwynedd dynasty. In August 1284, he set up his court at Abergwyngregyn, Gwynedd. With equal deliberateness, he removed all the insignia of majesty from Gwynedd; a coronet was solemnly presented to the shrine of St. Edward at Westminster; the matrices of the seals of Llywelyn, of his wife, and his brother Dafydd were melted down to make a chalice which was given by the king to Vale Royal Abbey where it remained until the dissolution of that institution in 1538 (after which it came into the possession of the family of the final abbot[7]) The most precious religious relic in Gwynedd, the fragment of the True Cross known as Cross of Neith, was paraded through London in May 1285 in a solemn procession on foot led by the king, the queen, the archbishop of Canterbury and fourteen bishops, and the magnates of the realm. Edward was thereby appropriating the historical and religious regalia of the house of Gwynedd and placarding to the world the extinction of its dynasty and the annexation of the principality to his Crown. Commenting on this a contemporary chronicler is said to have declared "and then all Wales was cast to the ground."[8]
Most of Llywelyn's relatives ended their lives in captivity — with the notable exceptions of his younger brother Rhodri, who had long since sold his claim to the crown and endeavoured to keep a very low profile, and a distant cousin, Madog ap Llywelyn, who led a future revolt and claimed the title Prince of Wales in 1294. Llywelyn and Eleanor's baby daughter Gwenllian of Wales was captured by Edward's troops in 1283. She was interned at Sempringham Priory in England for the rest of her life, becoming a nun in 1317 and dying without issue in 1337, probably knowing little of her heritage and speaking none of her language.
Dafydd's two surviving sons were captured and incarcerated at Bristol Gaol, where they eventually died many years later. Llywelyn's elder brother Owain Goch disappears from the record in 1282 and the presumption is that he was murdered. Llywelyn's surviving brother Rhodri (who had been exiled from Wales since 1272) survived and held manors in Gloucestershire, Cheshire, Surrey, and Powys and died around 1315. His grandson, Owain Lawgoch, later claimed the title Prince of Wales.
Family tree[edit]
Llywelyn the Great
Gruffudd ap Llywelyn
Dafydd ap Llywelyn
Owain Goch ap Gruffudd
d. 1282
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Dafydd ap Gruffudd
Rhodri ap Gruffudd
Gwenllian of Wales
Llywelyn ap Dafydd
Owain ap Dafydd
Tomas ap Rhodri
Owain Lawgoch
Historical fiction[edit]
The life of Llywelyn the Last is the subject of Edith Pargeter's Brothers of Gwynedd Quartet: 'Sunrise in the West' (1974); 'The Dragon at Noonday' (1975); 'The Hounds of Sunset' (1976); and 'Afterglow and Nightfall' (1977).
The stories of Llywelyn Fawr, Llywelyn ap Gryffydd and Dafydd ap Gryffydd are depicted in Sharon Penman's Welsh Trilogy: 'Here be Dragons' (1985); 'Falls the Shadow' (1988); and 'The Reckoning' (1991). Also, "A Memory of Love" by Bertrice Small.
An alternate history/time travel series, "After Cilmeri" by Sarah Woodbury, explores what might have happened if Llywelyn had survived the ambush at Cilmeri, and had a son and assistance from people from the future.
Llywelyn the Last is the subject of the New Riders of the Purple Sage song Llewellyn. The song focuses on the Conquest of Wales by Edward I, but specifically on the Campaign of 1282-83. In the song, the band claims "In September, Edward [Edward I] moved up to the baird/ His forces stronger every day/ Llewellyn then turned southward bound/ His forces lay upon the ground." It also claims that the message of Llywelyn's death came "soon thereafter."
See also[edit]
1. ^ According to several non-contemporary Welsh genealogical tracts, the mother of Llywelyn was Rhanullt, an otherwise unknown daughter of Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles. If correct, these sources could indicate that Llywelyn's father, married a daughter of Rǫgnvaldr in about 1220. Contemporary sources, however, show that Llywelyn's mother was Senana.
1. ^ Davies, John History of Wales p.140
2. ^ Lloyd, J.E. A history of Wales p.720-1
3. ^ Moore, D. 'The Welsh Wars of Independence', Stroud 2005, p.135
4. ^ Smith, J Beverley (2014). Llywelyn ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales. University of Wales Press.
5. ^ a b c d "Death of Llywelyn". Cilmeri. 2006-12-10. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
6. ^ Williams, Tryst (8 August 2005). "Last true Welsh prince buried under pub?". Western Mail. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
7. ^ "Houses of Cistercian monks - The abbey of Vale Royal | A History of the County of Chester: Volume 3 (pp. 156-165)". British-history.ac.uk. 2003-06-22. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
8. ^ Davies, Rees (2001-05-01). "Wales: A Culture Preserved". bbc.co.uk/history. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
External links[edit]
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Born: 1223 Died: 11 December 1282
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Dafydd ap Llywelyn
Prince of Wales
Title next held by
Edward Plantagenet
Preceded by
Dafydd ap Llywelyn
Prince of Gwynedd
Title abolished
Titular Prince of Gwynedd Succeeded by
Dafydd ap Gruffudd
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38340
|
Location area identity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Location Area Identity)
Jump to: navigation, search
Each location area of a public land mobile network (PLMN) has its own unique identifier which is known as its location area identity (LAI). This internationally unique identifier is used for location updating of mobile subscribers. It is composed of a three decimal digit mobile country code (MCC), a two to three digit mobile network code (MNC) that identifies the GSM PLMN in that country, and a location area code (LAC) which is a 16 bit number thereby allowing 65536 location areas within one GSM PLMN.
The LAI is broadcast regularly through a broadcast control channel (BCCH). A mobile station recognizes the LAI and stores it in the subscriber identity module (SIM). A change of location area gives rise to a location update request.
Some more information is required on this Please
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38341
|
Lone Mountain (California)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lone Mountain
Elevation 421 ft (128 m) NAVD 88[1]
Lone Mountain is located in San Francisco County
Lone Mountain
Lone Mountain
Location San Francisco, California
Coordinates 37°46′45″N 122°27′07″W / 37.7790963°N 122.4519159°W / 37.7790963; -122.4519159Coordinates: 37°46′45″N 122°27′07″W / 37.7790963°N 122.4519159°W / 37.7790963; -122.4519159[2]
Topo map USGS San Francisco North
Lone Mountain is a hill in west-central San Francisco, California and the site of the private University of San Francisco (USF) – Lone Mountain Campus, which in turn was previously the San Francisco Lone Mountain College for Women. It was once the location of Lone Mountain Cemetery, a complex encompassing the Laurel Hill, Calvary, Masonic, and Odd Fellows Cemeteries.[3]
In the early 20th century, San Francisco voted most of its cemeteries out of existence, ostensibly[clarification needed] for public health reasons; after decades of further dispute the transfer of Lone Mountain's forty-seven thousand inhabitants began, primarily to Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in the city of Colma, immediately south of San Francisco. In what writer Harold Gilliam has described as "an act of civic vandalism," thousands of crypts and mausoleums were unearthed, the granite and marble dumped along the Pacific shoreline to reinforce seawalls.[4]
The Spanish name for Lone Mountain was El Divisadero, from the Spanish divisadero, which means a point from which one can look far.[5]
Watercolor (1910) by Alice Brown Chittenden. Tents are remnants of camps set up after the 1906 earthquake.
Odd Fellows Cemetery, 1899
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Lone Mountain, California". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
2. ^ "Lone Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
3. ^ Kastler, Deanna L. "Cemeteries". Encyclopedia of San Francisco. San Francisco Museum & Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
4. ^ Thompson, Walter J. "In The Shadow of Lone Mountain". San Francisco History. SFgenealogy. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
5. ^ "Appendix B: Streets of San Francisco". San Francisco History. San Francisco Genealogy. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38342
|
Longqing Emperor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Longqing Emperor
12th Ming Emperor
Reign 4 February 1567 – 5 July 1572
Predecessor Jiajing
Successor Wanli
Spouse Empress Xiaoyizhuang
Empress Xiao'an
Empress Xiaoding
Issue Wanli
Full name
Zhu Zaihou (朱載垕)
Era name and dates
Longqing (隆慶): 9 February 1567 – 1 February 1573
Posthumous name
Emperor Qitian Longdao Yuanyi Kuanren Xianwen Guangwu Chunde Hongxiao Zhuang
Temple name
Ming Muzong
House House of Zhu
House House
Father Jiajing
Mother Empress Xiaoke
Born (1537-03-04)4 March 1537
Died 5 July 1572(1572-07-05) (aged 35)
Burial Zhaoling, Ming Dynasty Tombs, Beijing
The Longqing Emperor (simplified Chinese: 隆庆; traditional Chinese: 隆慶; pinyin: Lóngqìng; 4 March 1537 – 5 July 1572), personal name Zhu Zaihou (朱載垕), was the twelfth emperor of the Ming dynasty of China from 1567 to 1572. He was created Prince of Yu (裕王) in 1539. His era name means "Great celebration".
After the death of the Jiajing Emperor, Longqing inherited a country in disarray after years of mismanagement and corruption. Realizing the depth of chaos his father's long reign had caused, Longqing set about reforming the government by re-employing talented officials previously banished by his father such as Hai Rui. He also purged the government of corrupt officials namely Daoist priests whom the Jiajing Emperor had favoured in the hope of improving the situation in the empire. Furthermore, Longqing restarted trade with other empires in Europe, Africa and other parts of Asia. Territorial security was reinforced through the appointment of several generals to patrol both land and sea borders. This included the fortification of seaports along the Zhejiang and Fujian coast to deter pirates, a constant nuisance during the Jiajing emperor's reign. Longqing also repulsed the Mongol army of Altan Khan, who had penetrated the Great Wall and reached as far as Beijing. A peace treaty to trade horses for silk was signed with the Mongols shortly thereafter.
Longqing's reign, which was not unlike that of any previous Ming Emperor, saw a heavy reliance on eunuchs. One particular eunuch, Meng Cong, who was introduced by Longqing's Prime Minister Gao Gong, came to dominate the inner court towards the end of Longqing's reign. Meng gained favours by introducing Nu Er Huahua, a female dancer of ethnic Turkish origin, to the Emperor, whose beauty was said to have captured the ruler's full attention. Despite initial hopeful beginnings, Longqing quickly abandoned his royal duties and set about pursuing personal enjoyment. The emperor also made contradictory decisions by re-employing Daoist priests that he himself had banned at the start of his reign.
Death and legacy[edit]
Longqing died in 1572 and was only 35. Unfortunately, the country was still in decline due to corruption in the ruling class. Before Longqing died, he had instructed minister Zhang Juzheng to oversee affairs of state and become the dedicated advisor to the Wanli Emperor who was only 10.
Emperor Longqing's reign lasted a mere six years and was succeeded by his son. It was said that Longqing also suffered from speech impairment which caused him to stutter and stammer when speaking in public.[1] He is generally considered one of the more liberal and open-minded emperors of the Ming dynasty, however Longqing lacked the talent keenly needed for rulership and he eventually became more interested in pursuing personal gratification rather than ruling itself.
Longqing was buried in Zhaoling (昭陵) of the Ming Dynasty Tombs.
1.- Zhu Yi (15 October 1555 – 11 May 1559), son of Empress Li Zhuang. 2.- Zhu Yixun (1563-1567), the Wanli emperor. 3.- Zhu Yiling (1565-1566). 3.- Zhu Yiliu (1568-1614), Prince of Lu.
1. ^ Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China 900–1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 725. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.
Longqing Emperor
Born: 4 March 1537 Died: 5 July 1572
Regnal titles
Preceded by
The Jiajing Emperor
Emperor of China
Succeeded by
The Wanli Emperor
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38343
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Margaritaville (disambiguation).
Cover of the West German 7 " single[1]
Single by Jimmy Buffett
from the album Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes
B-side "Miss You So Badly"
Released February 14, 1977
Format 7"
Recorded November 1976 at Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida and Quadrafonic Sound Studios in Nashville, Tennessee [2]
Genre Gulf and western, country rock
Length 4:09 (album)
3:20 (single)
Label ABC
ABC-12254 (U.S., 7")
ABC-17781AT (West Germany, 7")
ABC-22039 (Italy, 7")
ABC-021254/2 (Spain, 7")
Writer(s) Jimmy Buffett
Producer(s) Norbert Putnam
Jimmy Buffett singles chronology
"Woman Goin' Crazy on Caroline Street"
"Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes"
Audio sample
file info · help
1977 Italian single picture sleeve
A margarita cocktail: the inspiration for "Margaritaville"
"Margaritaville" is a 1977 song by American popular music singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett from the album Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes. This song was written about a drink Buffett discovered at Lung's Cocina del Sur restaurant on Anderson Lane in Austin, Texas, and the first huge surge of tourists who descended on Key West, Florida around that time. He wrote most of the song that night at a friend's house in Austin, and finished it while spending time in Key West. In the United States "Margaritaville" reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and went to number one on the Easy Listening chart,[3] also peaking at #13 on the Hot Country Songs chart.[4] Billboard ranked it number 14 on its 1977 Pop Singles year-end chart.[5] It remains Buffett's highest charting solo single.
Named for the cocktail margarita, with lyrics reflecting a laid-back lifestyle in a tropical climate, "Margaritaville" has come to define Buffett's music and career. The relative importance of the song to Buffett's career is referred to obliquely in a parenthetical plural in the title of a Buffett greatest hits compilation album, Songs You Know By Heart: Jimmy Buffett's Greatest Hit(s). The name has been used in the title of other Buffett compilation albums such as Meet Me In Margaritaville: The Ultimate Collection and is also the name of several commercial products licensed by Buffett (see below). Popular culture references, throughout the years and remakes attest to the song's continuing popularity.
Song narrative[edit]
The song's title refers to the drunken haze in which the narrator has existed while spending an entire season at a beach resort community. The three verses describe his day-to-day activities. He passes his time playing guitar on his front porch and watching tourists sunbathe, all the while eating sponge cake and waiting for a pot of shrimp to boil. He has nothing to show for his time except a tattoo of a woman that he cannot remember having done. While out for a walk, he cuts his heel and returns home to ease his pain with a fresh batch of margaritas.
The three choruses reveal that the narrator is drowning his sorrows over a failed romance, and his friends are telling him that his former girlfriend is at fault. The last line of each shows his shifting attitude toward the situation: "it's nobody's fault," then "hell, it could be my fault," and finally "it's my own damn fault."
Buffett revealed during the recording of an episode of CMT's Crossroads with the Zac Brown Band that "Margaritaville" was actually supposed to be performed by Elvis Presley, but Elvis died the year that the song was released. Buffett got to perform it instead.[6]
Lost verse[edit]
There is a "lost verse" to this song, as described by Buffett, which he often adds when performing in concert, which was reputedly edited out before recording the song in order to make the song more airplay-friendly. The song was shortened even further for the radio edit.
Old men in tank tops,
Cruisin' the gift shops,
Checkin' out chiquitas, down by the shore
They dream about weight loss,
Wish they could be their own boss
Those three-day vacations can be (or "become") such a bore
Lyric confusion[edit]
There is some confusion as to whether Buffett sings "Wasted away"[7] or "Wastin’ away" in the chorus of the song. The original unedited lyrics, that appear on the record sleeve to the Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes LP, read "Waistin'" [sic].[8] Also, most guitar tablature and sheet music read "Wastin'." Buffett has never made a statement on the issue. However, he has also been known to use "wasted" in some performances, as well as in the video game re-recording for Rock Band.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1977) Peak
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8
U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 1
U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 13
Canadian RPM Top Singles 4
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 1
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 8
New Zealand Singles Chart 33
Other versions[edit]
Radio edit[edit]
A radio edit was released in 1977, timing at 3:20. The abridged version omits:
• The interlude between the second chorus and third verse.
• The section during the third chorus and final refrain "…woman to blame but I know, it's my own damn fault. Yes and, some people claim that there's a…" This makes the song structure riff-verse-chorus-verse-chorus-verse-chorus-riff, as opposed to riff-verse-chorus-verse-chorus-interlude-verse-chorus-refrain-riff.
• The track itself was sped up a half-step. The original recording of the key of D would be E-flat.
Cover versions[edit]
Song by Alan Jackson with Jimmy Buffett from the album Under the Influence
Released October 26, 1999
Genre Country
Length 4:15
Label Arista Nashville
Writer Jimmy Buffett
Producer Keith Stegall
Under the Influence track listing
"Once You've Had the Best"
American country singer Alan Jackson covered the song on his 1999 Under the Influence album. The cover featured Buffett singing along on the last verse; it also peaked at #63 after receiving play as an album cut. Professional wrestlers Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock sang the song together on the November 12, 2001 episode of RAW. Jimmy Buffett also re-recorded this song as well as "Cheeseburger in Paradise" and "Volcano" specifically for Rock Band as downloadable content.
In 2006, Kenan Thompson did a parody of the song on a Weekend Update sketch on Saturday Night Live where he plays a soldier who found out he was going to the U.S.-Mexico border rather than Baghdad. When Amy Poehler asks him what his reaction was when he discovered he was going to the border, in the next shot, he has a Corona banner above him, a sombrero on his head. He is swaying a Corona beer bottle and singing, "Wasting away again not in Iraq." This was likely a parody on Mortaritaville, which was recorded around 2 years prior.[9] In the show Napoleon Dynamite, Kip mentions that the animatronics at Goof Nutz Pizza sing the song "Pizzaritaville."
In 1991 comedian Mark Eddie, along with Carlo Volhl wrote a parody song titled, "Marijuanaville". The song appeared on the album Rock & Roll Comedy Cuts Part I. Many people wrongly attribute the parody version to other artists like, Tom Petty, Tenacious D, Insane Clown Posse and Dan Fogelberg. This was recently addressed by Mark Eddie in a YouTube video.
As Buffett's best-known song, "Margaritaville" has been used in a number of commercial ventures and product licensing tie-ins including:
• Radio Margaritaville, a radio station that broadcasts on the Internet and Sirius XM Radio
• Tales from Margaritaville, a collection of short stories by Buffett
• Jimmy Buffett's Margaritaville, a casual dining restaurant chain, tourist destination and chain of stores (shops) selling Buffett-themed franchise merchandise in Jamaica, Mexico and the U.S. In 1985, Buffett opened a "Margaritaville" restaurant in Key West, though his first was in Orange Beach, Alabama.
• Margaritaville margarita mix (manufactured by Mott's)
• Margaritaville tequila
• Margaritaville bottled malt beverages
• Margaritaville branded Landshark Lager
• Margaritaville Frozen Concoction Maker
• Margaritaville chips & salsa
• Margaritaville chicken wings
• Margaritaville frozen seafood
• Margaritaville Soles of the Tropics footwear
• Margaritaville men's & women's apparel
• Margaritaville outdoor & beach furniture
See also[edit]
1. ^ The U.S. single did not have a picture cover but was issued with a standard ABC Records cover.
2. ^ Preshow Interview (at 3:45) confirms recording took place in November.
5. ^ "Pop Singles" Billboard December 24, 1977: TIA-64
6. ^ The Country Vibe News from
7. ^ [The Parrot Head Handbook]
8. ^ Vinyl sleeve with original lyrics
9. ^ Retired Reservist: Mortaritaville - song from Iraq. Accessed on July 31 2008.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38346
|
Monster Camp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Monster Camp
Promotional poster for Monster Camp
Directed by Cullen Hoback
Produced by Aaron Douglas,
Cullen Hoback
Starring Shane Macomber,
Dave Overman,
Paul Vorvick,
Fern Zimmerman,
and Rebecca McNamee as The Strega
Music by Speechwriters LLC
Cinematography Cullen Hoback
Edited by Cullen Hoback
Release dates
• March 3, 2007 (2007-03-03) (Cinequest Film Festival)
Running time
79 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Monster Camp is a 2007 documentary film that chronicles a live action role-playing game organization. Monster Camp looks at the lives of the participants, and considers the pro and cons of escapism through fantastical outlets. Freedom State director Cullen Hoback documents the fantasy world, following several participants over the course of one year.
The group followed is a Seattle, Washington chapter of NERO Alliance (now Alliance LARP), one of many live-action role-playing organizations in the US. Players create their own identities selecting from a variety of races and classes, similar to Dungeons and Dragons or World of Warcraft. Participants dress up and are involved as either player characters, non-player character, or Plot Members.
It premiered at the Cinequest Film Festival 17 in 2007, where it received the Audience Award for Best Documentary.[1] Monster Camp screened at the Seattle International Film Festival[2] and the Corvallis da Vinci Film Festival.[3] The movie's web site claims that it has screened in approximately 40 film festivals around the world.[4]
The film was shot largely at Millersylvania State Park in Washington State. While shooting, temperatures in the region dropped below zero degrees. The main weekend chronicled in the film occurred during the coldest temperatures recorded in the Northwest in 50 years. Many of the costumes worn by characters during this filming were abnormal. The lower temperatures during filming made it impractical to wear purely character specific clothing.
The film's score is done by California band, Speechwriters LLC.
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Cinequest 17 Wraps" (PDF). 2007-03-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-05-28. (Press release)
2. ^ "Monster Camp". 2007 Seattle International Film Festival. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
3. ^ "da Vinci Film Festival 2008 : Monster Camp". 2008 Corvallis DaVinci Film Festival. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
4. ^ "Monster Camp". Listing and links to all festivals on official Monster Camp web site. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
External links[edit]
Monster Camp Production Still: NERO Non-Player Characters (Carter and Matt) representing Lesser Finfolk
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38347
|
Much Ado About Nothing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Much Ado about Nothing)
Jump to: navigation, search
Facsimile of the title page of the quarto version of Much adoe about Nothing
By means of "noting" (which, in Shakespeare's day, sounded the same as "nothing," and which is gossip, rumour, and overhearing), Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their love for each other, and Claudio is tricked into rejecting Hero at the altar on the erroneous belief that she has been unfaithful. At the end, Benedick and Beatrice join forces to set things right, and the others join in a dance celebrating the marriages of the two couples.
• Don Pedro, Prince of Aragon.
• Leonato, governor of Messina; Hero's father.
• Antonio, brother of Leonato.
• Balthasar, attendant on Don Pedro, a singer.
• Borachio, follower of Don John.
• Conrade, follower of Don John.
• Innogen, a ghost character in early editions as Leonato's wife
• Beatrice, niece of Leonato.
• Hero, daughter of Leonato
• Margaret, waiting-gentlewoman attendant on Hero.
• Ursula, waiting-gentlewoman attendant on Hero.
• Dogberry, the constable in charge of Messina's night watch.
• Verges, the Headborough, Dogberry's partner
• Friar Francis, a priest.
• A Sexton, the judge of the trial of Borachio
• A Boy, serving Benedick
• The Watch, watchmen of Messina
• Attendants and Messengers
Facsimile of the first page of Much Ado About Nothing from the First Folio, published in 1623
At Messina, a messenger brings news that Don Pedro, a Spanish prince from Aragon, will return this night from a successful battle, Claudio being among his soldiers. Beatrice, Leonato's niece, asks the messenger about Benedick, and makes sarcastic remarks about his ineptitude as a soldier. Leonato explains that "There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signior Benedick and her."[1]
Meanwhile Don John plots mischief, hoping to prevent the wedding, embarrass his brother, the Prince, and wreak misery on Pedro's friends Leonato and Claudio. He informs Don Pedro and Claudio that Hero is unfaithful, and arranges for them to see John's associate Borachio enter her bedchamber where he has an amorous liaison (actually with Margaret, Hero's chambermaid). Claudio and Don Pedro are taken in, and Claudio vows to humiliate Hero publicly.
Swooning of Hero in the Church scene by Alfred Elmore
Stories of lovers deceived into believing each other false were common currency in northern Italy in the sixteenth century. Shakespeare's immediate source could have been one of the Novelle ("Tales") by Matteo Bandello of Mantua, dealing with the tribulations of Sir Timbreo and his betrothed Fenicia Lionata in Messina after King Piero's defeat of Charles of Anjou, perhaps through the translation into French by François de Belleforest.[3] Another version featuring lovers Ariodante and Ginevra, with the servant Dalinda impersonating Ginevra on the balcony, appears in Book V of Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto, published in an English translation in 1591.[4] The character of Benedick too has a counterpart in a commentary upon marriage in Orlando Furioso,[5] but the witty wooing of Beatrice and Benedick is original.[3]
Date and text[edit]
Analysis and criticism[edit]
The play is one of the few in the Shakespeare canon where the majority of the text is written in prose.[7] The substantial verse sections, nevertheless, are used to achieve both courteous decorum, on the one hand, and impulsive energies, on the other.[8]
Much Ado About Nothing is set in Messina, a port on the island of Sicily, which is next to the toe of Italy. Sicily was ruled by Aragon at the time the play was set.[9] The action of the play takes place mainly at the home and on the grounds of Leonato's Estate.
Themes and motifs[edit]
Opposite sex[edit]
Benedick and Beatrice quickly became the main interest of the play, to the point where they are today considered the leading roles, even though their relationship is given equal or lesser weight in the script than Claudio and Hero's situation. Charles II even wrote 'Benedick and Beatrice' beside the title of the play in his copy of the Second Folio.[10] The provocative treatment of gender is central to the play and should be considered in its Renaissance context. While this was reflected and emphasised in certain plays of the period, it was also challenged.[11] Amussen[12] notes that the destabilising of traditional gender clichés appears to have inflamed anxieties about the erosion of social order. It seems that comic drama could be a means of calming such anxieties. Ironically, we can see through the play's popularity that this only increased people's interest in such behaviour. Benedick wittily gives voice to male anxieties about women's "sharp tongues and proneness to sexual lightness".[11] In the patriarchal society of the play, the men's loyalties were governed by conventional codes of honour and camaraderie and a sense of superiority to women.[11] Assumptions that women are by nature prone to inconstancy are shown in the repeated jokes on cuckoldry and partly explain Claudio's readiness to believe the slur against Hero. This stereotype is turned on its head in Balthasar's song, which shows men to be the deceitful and inconstant sex that women must suffer.
Masks and mistaken identity[edit]
Another motif is the play on the words nothing and noting, which in Shakespeare's day were homophones.[14] Taken literally, the title implies that a great fuss ("much ado") is made of something which is insignificant ("nothing"), such as the unfounded claims of Hero's infidelity and the unfounded claims that Benedick and Beatrice are in love with one another. The title could also be understood as Much Ado About Noting. Much of the action is in interest in and critique of others, written messages, spying, and eavesdropping. This is mentioned several times, particularly concerning "seeming," "fashion," and outward impressions. Nothing is a double entendre, "an O-thing" (or "n othing" or "no thing") was Elizabethan slang for "vagina", evidently derived from the pun of a woman having "nothing" between her legs.[3][15][16]
and (4.1.154–157).
Friar: Hear me a little,
For I have only been silent so long
And given way unto this course of fortune
By noting of the lady.
Don Pedro: Nay pray thee, come;
Or if thou wilt hold longer argument,
Do it in notes.
Balthasar: Note this before my notes:
There's not a note of mine that's worth the noting.
Note notes, forsooth, and nothing!
Claudio: I pray you leave me.
Performance history[edit]
The play was very popular in its early decades, as it would be later: in a poem published in 1640, Leonard Digges wrote "...let but Beatrice / And Benedick be seen, lo in a trice / The Cockpit galleries, boxes, all are full."
The great nineteenth century stage team Henry Irving and Ellen Terry counted Benedick and Beatrice as their greatest triumph and Charles Kemble also had a great success as Benedick. John Gielgud made Benedick one of his signature roles between 1931 and 1959, playing the part opposite the Beatrice of Diana Wynyard, Peggy Ashcroft and Margaret Leighton. The longest running Broadway production is A. J. Antoon's 1972 staging starring Sam Waterston, Kathleen Widdoes and Barnard Hughes, and Derek Jacobi won a Tony Award for playing Benedick in 1984. Jacobi had also played Benedick in the Royal Shakespeare Company's highly praised 1982 production. Director Terry Hands produced the play on a stage-length mirror, against an unchanging backdrop of painted trees. Sinéad Cusack played Beatrice.
In 2013 James Earl Jones and Vanessa Redgrave (in their seventies and eighties) played Benedick and Beatrice on stage at The Old Vic, London.
On stage[edit]
There have been several notable adaptations of Much Ado About Nothing.
There have been several screen adaptations of Much Ado About Nothing, and almost all of them have been made for television. In 2005 the BBC adapted the story by setting it in the modern-day studios of Wessex Tonight, a fictional regional news programme, as part of the ShakespeaRe-Told season, with Damian Lewis, Sarah Parish, and Billie Piper.
The 2001 Hindi film Dil Chahta Hai is a loose adaptation of the play.[20]
In 2011, Joss Whedon completed filming of an adaptation,[21] released in June 2013. The cast includes Amy Acker as Beatrice, Alexis Denisof as Benedick, Nathan Fillion as Dogberry, Clark Gregg as Leonato, Reed Diamond as Don Pedro, Fran Kranz as Claudio, Jillian Morgese, who had an uncredited role in Whedon's The Avengers,[22] as Hero, Sean Maher as Don John, Spencer Treat Clark as Borachio, Riki Lindhome as Conrade, Ashley Johnson as Margaret, Tom Lenk as Verges, and Romy Rosemont as the sexton.
In 2012 a filmed version of the live 2011 performance at The Globe was released to cinemas, and on DVD.
Erich Wolfgang Korngold composed music for a production in 1917 St the Vienna Burgtheater by Max Reinhardt.
Another adaptation is the 1973 New York Shakespeare Festival production by Joseph Papp, shot on videotape and released on VHS and DVD, that presents more of the text than Kenneth Branagh's version. The Papp production stars Sam Waterston, Kathleen Widdoes and Barnard Hughes.
In 2006 the American Music Theatre Project produced The Boys Are Coming Home,[24] a musical adaptation by Berni Stapleton and Leslie Arden that sets Much Ado About Nothing in World War II America.
In 2013, it was announced that Billie Joe Armstrong would write the music for a rock opera adaptation of the play written by Rolin Jones and directed by Jackson Gay. The Yale Repertory Theater will premiere the show in March 2014.[25]
On March 26, 2014 the first episode of the video blog series Nothing Much To Do was released.[26] Set in a New Zealand high school, the series was adapted by the four women team The Candle Wasters.[27]
In July 2014, a webseries modernization of the play, A Bit Much was released.[28] Created by Colleen Scriven, the series places the play in a modern day summer camp.
1. ^ [1] Much Ado About Nothing, Act 1, Scene 1, Lines 61–62.]
2. ^ Much Ado About Nothing, Act 5, Scene 1, Line 289.
8. ^ A. R. Hunphreys (editor) (1981). Much Ado About Nothing. Arden Edition.
12. ^ Amussen, Ordered Society, Columbia University Press (15 April 1994).
13. ^ Deleyto, Celestino (1997). "Men in Leather: Kenneth Branagh's Much Ado about Nothing and Romantic Comedy". Cinema Journal (University of Texas Press) 36 (3): 91–105. doi:10.2307/1225677. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
16. ^ Dexter, Gary (13 February 2011). "Title Deed: How the Book Got its Name". The Daily Telegraph (London).
18. ^ Spencer, Charles (30 May 2011). "Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare's Globe, review". The Daily Telegraph (London).
19. ^ Cavendish, Dominic (10 May 2011). "David Tennant and Catherine Tate interview for 'Much Ado About Nothing'". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 28 May 2011.
20. ^ Ramesh, Randeep (29 July 2006). "A matter of caste as Bollywood embraces the Bard". Guardian (London). Retrieved 5 April 2011.
21. ^ "Much Ado About Nothing". Retrieved 23 October 2011.
22. ^ "Jillian Morgese". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
24. ^ Simonson, Robert. "Cast Set for Gary Griffin-Directed The Boys Are Coming Home, at Northwestern's American Music Theatre Project". 28 May 2008.
25. ^ Healy, Patrick (March 14, 2013). "Billie Joe Armstrong to Write Songs for Yale Repertory Theater Show". New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
26. ^
27. ^
28. ^!about-the-series/c21d7
External links[edit]
Related information[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38348
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Odontochelys semitestacea)
Jump to: navigation, search
Temporal range: Late Triassic, 220Ma
Odontochelys semitestacea 433.jpg
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Pantestudines
Family: Odontochelyidae
Li et al., 2008
Genus: Odontochelys
Li et al., 2008
Species: † O. semitestacea
Binomial name
Odontochelys semitestacea
Li et al., 2008
Odontochelys semitestacea (meaning "toothed turtle with a half-shell") is the oldest known extinct species of turtles. It is the only known species in the genus Odontochelys and the family Odontochelyidae. O. semitestacea was first described from three 220-million-year-old specimens excavated in Triassic deposits in Guizhou, China.[1][2]
Odontochelys differed grossly from modern turtles. Modern turtles possess a horny beak without any teeth in their mouth. In contrast, Odontochelys fossils were found to have had teeth embedded in their upper and lower jaws. One of the most striking features of turtles, both modern and prehistoric alike, are their dorsal shells, forming an armored carapace over the body of the animal. Odontochelys only possessed the bottom portion of a turtle's armor, the plastron. It did not yet have a solid carapace as most other turtles do. Instead of a solid carapace, Odontochelys possessed broadened ribs like those of modern turtle embryos that still have not started developing the ossified plates of a carapace.[1]
Aside from the presence of teeth and the absence of a solid carapace, a few other skeletal traits distinguish Odontochelys as basal compared to other turtles, extant and otherwise. The point of articulation between the dorsal ribs and the vertebrae are decidedly different in Odontochelys than in later turtles. In a comparison of skull proportions, the skull of Odontochelys is far more elongated pre-orbitally (in front of the eyes) compared to other turtles. The tail of the prehistoric turtle was longer in proportion to its body than other turtles. In addition, the transverse processes found in the tail are not fused such as in later turtles. Also, the scapulae of the examined specimens were identified to lack acromion processes. Taken together, these anatomical differences have been interpreted by the discoverers to mean that Odontochelys has some of the most primitive features ever seen in a turtle and is somewhat of a transitional fossil.[1] Some scientists, however, are skeptical of this idea.[3]
Evidence that the plastron evolved before the carapace, as indicated by the lack of carapace in Odontochelys semitestacea is often viewed as an indication of the aquatic origin of turtles.[1] The fossil was found in marine deposits, further supporting that the primitive turtle frequented shallow marine water. Since it is generally accepted that the shell arose to provide protection against predators, the semi-aquatic nature of turtles and the development of the plastron complement each other. Ancestral turtles with protection on their underside are more protected from predators that attack from below.[4] Based on this interpretation, the development of the carapace was likely driven in a land animal.
Reisz and Head (2008), however, have a different interpretation on the same specimen. Instead, they suggest that the carapace on O. semitestacea was in fact present; it just lacked ossification of some of its dermal components. With this interpretation, the authors suggest that either turtle shells originally evolved in aquatic environments, or this fossil represents the earliest turtle traveling from terrestrial environments to marine habitats. Even though the Odontochelys was found in marine deposits, it is still unclear whether it is was primarily aquatic or a turtle transitioning from marine to terrestrial habitats.
1. ^ a b c d Li, Chun; Xiao-Chun Wu, Olivier Rieppel, Li-Ting Wang & Li-Jun Zhao (2008-11-27). "An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China". Nature 456 (7221): 497–501. doi:10.1038/nature07533. PMID 19037315.
2. ^ Reisz, Robert R.; Jason J. Head (2008-11-27). "Palaeontology: Turtle origins out to sea". Nature 456 (7221): 450–451. doi:10.1038/nature07533. PMID 19037315.
3. ^ ScienceNOW: Sea Change for Turtle Origins?
4. ^ Gilbert, S.F. (2007). "How the turtle gets its shell". Biology of Turtles (The Structures to Strategies of Life).
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38350
|
Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos
Panagiotis paraskevopoulos.jpg
Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos
Medal record
Men's athletics
Competitor for Greece
Olympic Games
Silver medal – second place 1896 Athens Discus throw
Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos (Greek: Παναγιώτης Παρασκευόπουλος, 1875 –8 July 1956) was a Greek athlete. He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.
He was born in Gortynia and died in Corfu.
Paraskevopoulos competed in the discus throw, an event which the Greek public felt that a Greek athlete was sure to win. Indeed, when Paraskevopoulos threw the discus 28.95 metres, it seemed as if he had won the event. The only athlete left to throw was Robert Garrett of the United States, who had been unable to throw the discus any distance in his first two throws. Garrett's final attempt, however, was a good one and sailed to 29.15 metres, relegating Paraskevopoulos to second place.
He also participated at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris in the shot put event finishing 5th and in the discus throw event finishing 4th.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38351
|
Pat Evison
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dame Pat Evison
Born Helen June Patricia Blamires
(1924-06-02)2 June 1924
Dunedin, New Zealand
Died 30 May 2010(2010-05-30) (aged 85)
Wellington, New Zealand
Occupation Actress
Years active 1975–1991
Spouse(s) Roger Evison
Dame Pat Evison DBE (née Blamires, 2 June 1924 – 30 May 2010), was a New Zealand-born actress.
Early life and education[edit]
Pat Evison was born as Helen June Patricia Blamires in Dunedin, New Zealand in 1924, and was educated at Solway College in Masterton.[1] She attended Victoria University of Wellington, the University of Auckland and the Auckland Teachers' Training College. In 1940, she became one of the first New Zealand students to be awarded a scholarship to the Old Vic Theatre Centre in London, where she studied directing.[2] She then worked as an assistant director at the Young Vic, before returning to New Zealand where she worked as a freelance director and actor at the Downstage Theatre in Wellington.
Acting career[edit]
Evison first began acting while studying an arts degree at Victoria University, performing in radio plays recorded onto acetate discs. Following her return to New Zealand from London, she began acting in television roles, with a small role in the television play All Earth to Love, and guest appearances and a regular role on the sketch comedy series In View of the Circumstances.
In 1971, Evison in the television drama serial Pukemanu as storekeeper Phyllis Telford, a role written specially for her by series creator Julian Dickon. In her 1998 autobiography Happy Days in Muckle Flugga, Evison stated that the role as Mrs Telford changed her life, and she was thereafter recognised throughout New Zealand as "Mrs Pukemanu".[3]
She is likely best known for her roles in Australian television, such as Jessie Windom in Prisoner and Violet Carnegie in The Flying Doctors.
Awards and honours[edit]
In 1979, Evison won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Supporting Actress, for her role as Mel Gibson's character's mother in the film Tim. Her co-stars also won AFI Awards for their roles: Gibson winning Best Lead Actor for the title role, and Alwyn Kurts winning Best Supporting Actor for his role as Tim's father.[4]
In the 1980 Queen's Birthday Honours, Evison was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to the theatre.[5] She was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1993 New Year Honours for services to theatre, television and the community.[6]
Personal life[edit]
She and her husband, Roger, had three children: John, Anne and Timothy.
Evison died on 30 May 2010, in Wellington, New Zealand, three days before her 86th birthday.
• Autobiography: Evison, Pat (1998). Happy days in Muckle Flugga. HarperCollins. ISBN 1-86950-267-1.
1. ^ Crombie, Nathan (5 March 2013). "Former Solway dux New Zealander of Year". Wairarapa Times-Age. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
2. ^ Wood, Stacey (31 May 2010). "Dame Pat Evison passes away". The Dominion Post.
3. ^ "Pat Evison – Biography". NZ On Screen. New Zealand On Air. May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
4. ^ Stratton, David (1980). The last new wave: the Australian film revival. Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-14146-0.
5. ^ London Gazette (supplement), No. 48214, 13 June 1980. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
6. ^ London Gazette (supplement), No. 53154, 30 December 1992. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38352
|
Performative contradiction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A performative contradiction (German: performativer Widerspruch) arises when the propositional content of a statement contradicts the presuppositions of asserting it. An example of a performative contradiction is the statement "I am dead" because the very act of proposing it presupposes the actor is alive. Performative contradictions cannot be rationally advanced in argument.
Various examples[edit]
The statement "Don't do as I do, do as I say" is arguably a performative contradiction because its assertion presupposes it being said by an asserter, rendering the two directives contradictory. The statement "Hierarchies do not exist" offers a more subtle example of performative contradiction referring to the very capacity of making a statement, because the statement itself is a hierarchy of semiotic relations of letters (as symbols) formed into words (as signifiers) formed into a sentence (as a statement).
Usage in philosophy[edit]
Solipsism is often held to be a performative contradiction if stated. Jürgen Habermas, Hans-Hermann Hoppe[1] and related philosophers point out that statements spoken during justificatory argumentation carry additional presuppositions and so certain statements are performative contradictions in this context. Habermas claims that post-modernism's epistemological relativism suffers from a performative contradiction. Hoppe claims in his theory of argumentation ethics that arguing for any political position other than libertarian anarchism results in a performative contradiction.
Jaakko Hintikka more rigorously fleshed out the notion of performative contradiction in analyzing Descartes' famous cogito ergo sum argument, concluding that cogito ergo sum relies on performance rather than logical inference.[2]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (September 1988). "The Ultimate Justification of Private Property" (PDF). Liberty 1: 20.
2. ^ Hintikka, Jaakko (1962). "Cogito, Ergo Sum: Inference or Performance?". The Philosophical Review 71 (1): 3–32. JSTOR 2183678.
Further reading[edit]
• Habermas, Jürgen (1990). "Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of Philosophical Justification". In Habermas. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. trans. C. Lenhardt and S.W. Nicholsen. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
• Hoppe, Hans-Hermann. "On the Ultimate Justification of the Ethics of Private Property". The Economics and Ethics of Private Property.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38353
|
Pete Seeger: The Power of Song
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pete Seeger: The Power of Song (2007) is a documentary film about the life and music of the folk singer Pete Seeger.[1] The film, which won an Emmy Award, was executive produced by Seeger's wife, filmmaker Toshi Seeger, when she was 85 years old.[2][3]
The documentary was directed by Jim Brown, who also directed The Weavers: Wasn't That a Time! (1982). The film includes interviews with Arlo Guthrie, Bruce Springsteen, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Tom Paxton, Mary Travers (of Peter, Paul and Mary), Natalie Maines, and numerous Seeger family members. One of its associate producers was Kitama Jackson, a grandson of Seeger.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38355
|
Pyramid of the Moon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Pyramid of the Moon
The Pyramid of the Moon is the second largest pyramid in Teotihuacan, Mexico after the Pyramid of the Sun. It is located in the western part of Teotihuacan and mimics the contours of the mountain Cerro Gordo, just north of the site. Some have called it Tenan, which in Nahuatl, means "mother or protective stone." The Pyramid of the Moon covers a structure older than the Pyramid of the Sun which existed prior to 200 AD.
The Pyramid's construction between 200 and 450 AD completed the bilateral symmetry of the temple complex. A slope in front of the staircase gives access to the Avenue of the Dead, a platform atop the pyramid was used to conduct ceremonies in honor of the Great Goddess of Teotihuacan, the goddess of water, fertility, the earth, and even creation itself. This platform and the sculpture found at the pyramid's bottom are thus dedicated to The Great Goddess.
Opposite the Great Goddess's altar is the Plaza of the Moon. The Plaza contains a central altar and an original construction with internal divisions, consisting of four rectangular and diagonal bodies that formed what is known as the "Teotihuacan Cross."
Comparison of approximate profiles of Pyramid of the Moon with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data is available.
Between 150 BC and 500 AD, a Mesoamerican culture built a flourishing metropolis on a plateau about 22 square kilometers (8.5 sq mi). The ethnicity of the inhabitants of Teotihuacan is a subject of debate. During the initial phase of Teotihuacan, called Tzacualli (0–150 AD), ingenious building systems were developed to erect the monumental bases of the Pyramids of the moon and the Sun. The Teotihuacan metropolis has a planified urbanization with main axis, and a huge palace surrounded by 15 monumental pyramids. It was said by the Aztecs to have been surmounted by a huge stone figure related to the moon. This figure was uncovered (weighing 22 metric tonnes and was somehow lifted to the top of the pyramid) and it represents the Great Goddess as a water deity.[1] Scholars have suggested that the water that flows through her hands is living water and represents a life-giving force and fertility
Beginning in 1998, archaeologists excavated beneath the Pyramid of the Moon. Tunnels dug into the structure have revealed that the pyramid underwent at least six renovations; each new addition was larger and covered the previous structure.
As the archeologists burrowed through the layers of the pyramid, they discovered artifacts that provide the beginning of a timeline to the history of Teotihuacan. In 1999, a team led by Saburo Sugiyama, associate professor at Aichi Prefectural University in Japan and adjunct faculty at Arizona State University,[2] and Ruben Cabrera of Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History, found a tomb apparently made to dedicate the fifth phase of construction. It contains four human skeletons, animal bones, jewelry, obsidian blades, and a wide variety of other offerings. Archeologists estimated that the burial occurred between 100 and 200 A.D.
Another tomb dedicated to The Great Goddess was discovered in 1998. It is dated to the fourth stage of construction. It contained a single human male sacrificial victim as well as a wolf, jaguar, puma, serpent, bird skeletons, and more than 400 other relics which include a large greenstone and obsidian figurines, ceremonial knives, and spear points.
Panoramic view of the Pyramid of the Moon
See also[edit]
1. ^ Walker, Charles, 1980 Wonders of the Ancient World, p. 150-3
2. ^ "Discoveries At Teotihuacan's Pyramid Of The Moon Help Unlock Mysteries Of Western Hemisphere's First Major Metropolis". ScienceDaily (Arizona State University, College Of Liberal Arts & Sciences). September 21, 1999.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 19°41′59″N 98°50′38″W / 19.6996°N 98.8440°W / 19.6996; -98.8440
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38357
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Rikugien Garden)
Jump to: navigation, search
A panoramic view of the Rikugi-en Garden from the Fujishiro-toge hill vantage point. Green trees surround a serene lake.
A view of the Rikugi-en Garden from the Fujishiro-toge hill
Location Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
Area 87,809.41 m2 (945,172.6 sq ft)
Created 1938 (1938)
Operated by Tokyo metropolitan parks
Parking None
Public transit access Komagome Station
Website Official website (Japanese)
Rikugien Garden (六義園 Rikugi-en[1]?) is a Tokyo metropolitan park in Bunkyō-ku. The name Rikugi-en means Garden of the Six Principles of Poetry which comes from the idea of the six elements in waka poetry while en means garden or park. The park consists of a small pond, trees, and a hill. The traditional Japanese garden within the park is a tourist attraction.
The construction of the park took place between 1695 and 1702 and was headed by Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu by permission of the fifth shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi and is a typical example of a garden from the Edo period. After the death of Yanagisawa it was neglected. The founder of Mitsubishi, Iwasaki Yataro bought the garden in 1878 and restored it.[2]
In 1938, it was donated to the Tokyo City government. It was specified as a special place of scenic beauty (特別名勝 tokubetsu meishō?) by the Japanese government in 1953.[3]
The park is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. It is a short walk from Komagome Station on the JR Yamanote line and the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line. There are no parking lots.
General admission (junior high school and above) is 300 yen. People over 65 pay 150 yen, and students under junior high school age (and junior high school students living or studying in the Tokyo metropolitan area) may enter for free.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Easily misread as Rokugien, because Kanji 六 read as roku in Go-on (呉音) is basic knowledge among Japanese, but read as riku in kan-on (漢音) is not.
2. ^ Mansfield. Page 87.
3. ^ 東京都公園協会. 公園概要 (in Japanese). Retrieved October 19, 2009.
• Mansfield, Stephen (2011). Japan's Master Gardens - Lessons in Space and Environment (Hardback). Tokyo, Rutland, Singapore: Tuttle. ISBN 978-4-8053-1128-8.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 35°43′59″N 139°44′48″E / 35.73306°N 139.74667°E / 35.73306; 139.74667
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38358
|
Robert A. Dahl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Robert A. Dahl
Born (1915-12-17)December 17, 1915
Inwood, Iowa, U.S.
Died February 5, 2014(2014-02-05) (aged 98)
Hamden, Connecticut, U.S.
Fields Political science, Democratic theory
Alma mater University of Washington
Yale University, Ph.D.
Thesis Socialist Programs and Democratic Politics: An Analysis
Academic advisors Francis Coker, Harvey Mansfield, Sr.
Notable students Catherine MacKinnon • Guillermo O'Donnell • Nelson Polsby • Ian Shapiro • Edward Tufte • Ray Wolfinger • James Fishkin
Known for Polyarchy, pluralism
Influences Elite theory • Kenneth Arrow • Léon Duguit • James Coleman • Carl Hempel
Influenced Charles Lindblom, Tom Malleson
Spouse Mary Louise Bartlett (1940–1970)
Ann Sale (1973–2014)
Children 4
Robert Alan Dahl (/dɑːl/; December 17, 1915 – February 5, 2014) was a political theorist and Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University. His established the pluralist theory of democracy—in which political outcomes are enacted through competitive, if unequal, interests group—and introduced "polyarchy" as a descriptor of actual democratic governance. An originator of "empirical theory" and known for advancing behavioralist characterizations of political power, Dahl's research focused on the nature of decisionmaking in actual institutions, such as American cities. Dahl is considered one of the most influential political social scientists of the twentieth century, and has been described as "the dean of American political scientists."[1][2]
Dahl received his Ph.D. at Yale in 1940 and served on its political science faculty from 1946 to 1986. His influential early books include A Preface to Democratic Theory (1956), Who Governs? (1961), and Pluralist Democracy in the United States (1967), which presented pluralistic explanations for political rule in the United States.[3][4] He was elected president of the American Political Science Association in 1966.
Robert A. Dahl teaching a political science class at Yale University
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, he was involved in an academic disagreement with C. Wright Mills over the nature of politics in the United States. Mills held that America's governments are in the grasp of a unitary and demographically narrow power elite. Dahl responded that there are many different elites involved, who have to work both in contention and in compromise with one another. If this is not democracy in a populist sense, Dahl contended, it is at least polyarchy (or pluralism). In perhaps his best known work, Who Governs? (1961), he examines the power structures (both formal and informal) in the city of New Haven, Connecticut, as a case study, and finds that it supports this view.[5]
From the late 1960s onwards, his conclusions were challenged by scholars such as G. William Domhoff and Charles E. Lindblom (a friend and colleague of Dahl).[6][7]
In How Democratic Is the American Constitution? (2001) Dahl argued that the US Constitution is much less democratic than it ought to be, given that its authors were operating from a position of "profound ignorance" about the future. However, he adds that there is little or nothing that can be done about this "short of some constitutional breakdown, which I neither foresee nor, certainly, wish for." [8]
Influence terms[edit]
One of Robert Dahl’s many contributions is his explication of the varieties of power, which he defines as “A” getting “B” to do what “A” wants. Dahl prefers the more neutral “influence terms,” (Michael G. Roskin) which he arrayed on a scale from best to worst:
1. Rational Persuasion, the nicest form of influence, means telling the truth and explaining why someone should do something, like your doctor convincing you to stop smoking.
2. Manipulative persuasion, a notch lower, means lying or misleading to get someone to do something.
3. Inducement still lower, means offering rewards or punishments to get someone to do something, i.e. like bribery.
4. Power threatens severe punishment, such as jail or loss of job.
5. Coercion is power with no way out; you have to do it.
6. Physical force – is backing up coercion with use or threat of bodily harm.
Thus, we can tell which governments are best; the ones that use influence at the higher end of the scale. The worst use the unpleasant forms of influence at the lower end.[citation needed]
Democracy and polyarchies[edit]
Main article: polyarchy
In his book, Democracy and Its Critics (1989), Dahl clarifies his view about democracy. No modern country meets the ideal of democracy, which is as a theoretical utopia. To reach the ideal requires meeting five criteria:[9]
1. Effective participation
Citizens must have adequate and equal opportunities to form their preference and place questions on the public agenda and express reasons for one outcome over the other.
2. Voting equality at the decisive stage
Each citizen must be assured his or her judgments will be counted as equal in weights to the judgments of others.
3. Enlightened understanding
Citizens must enjoy ample and equal opportunities for discovering and affirming what choice would best serve their interests.
4. Control of the agenda
Demos or people must have the opportunity to decide what political matters actually are and what should be brought up for deliberation.
5. Inclusiveness
Equality must extend to all citizens within the state. Everyone has legitimate stake within the political process.
Instead, he calls politically advanced countries "polyarchies". Polyarchies have elected officials, free and fair elections, inclusive suffrage, rights to run for office, freedom of expression, alternative information and associational autonomy. Those institutions are a major advance in that they create multiple centers of political power.[10]
Dahl was awarded the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science in 1995.[4]
The best known of Dahl's works include:
• 1953 - Politics, Economics, and Welfare (with Charles E. Lindblom)
• 1956 - A Preface to Democratic Theory (new edition in 2006)
• 1957 - The Concept of Power
• 1957 - Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy-Maker
• 1960 - Social science research on business: product and potential
• 1961 - Who Governs?: Democracy and Power in an American City
• 1963 - Modern Political Analysis
• 1966 - Political oppositions in Western Democracies
• 1968 - Pluralist democracy in the United States : conflict and consent
• 1970 - After the Revolution? : Authority in a good society
• 1971 - Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition
• 1973 - Size and Democracy (with Edward R. Tufte)
• 1983 - Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs. Control
• "Polyarchy, Pluralism, and Scale," Scandinavian Political Studies (1984) 7#4 pp 225–240.
• 1985 - A Preface to Economic Democracy
• 1985 - Controlling Nuclear Weapons: Democracy versus Guardianship
• 1989 - Democracy and Its Critics
• 1997 - Toward Democracy - a Journey: Reflections, 1940-1997
• 1998 - On Democracy
• 2002 - How Democratic Is the American Constitution?
• 2003 - The Democracy Sourcebook. (An anthology edited by Robert A. Dahl, Ian Shapiro and José Antonio Cheibub)
• 2005 - After The Gold Rush
• 2006 - On Political Equality
1. ^ Rodrigues, Adrien; Lloyd-Thomas, Matthew (7 February 2014). "Dahl’s Legacy Remembered". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
2. ^ Campbell, John C. (Fall 1985). "Controlling Nuclear Weapons: Democracy Versus Guardianship". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
3. ^ "Robert Dahl, Sterling Professor Emeritus in Political Science, passes away". Yale University Department of Political Science. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
4. ^ a b Martin, Douglas (February 8, 2014). "Robert A. Dahl, defined politics and power; at 98". The New York Times.
5. ^ Heinz Eulau, "Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. By Robert A. Dahl," American Political Science Review (1962) 56#1 pp 144-145.
6. ^ G. William Domhoff, Who really rules?: New Haven and community power reexamined (Transaction Books, 1978).
7. ^ David Vogel, Fluctuating fortunes: The political power of business in America (2003)
8. ^ Robert Alan Dahl (2003). How Democratic is the American Constitution?. Yale UP. p. 144.
9. ^ R.A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, Yale University Press, p.221
10. ^ R.A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, Yale University Press, p.222
• Roskin, Cord, Medeiros, Jones. (2008). Political Science: An Introduction, (10th Edition). New Jersey. ISBN 0-13-242576-9
Further reading[edit]
• Morriss, Peter. "Power in New Haven: A Reassessment of ‘Who Governs?’," British Journal of Political Science (1972) 2#4 pp 457-465.
• Shapiro, Ian, and Grant Reeher, eds Power, Inequality, and Democratic Politics: Essays in Honor of Robert A. Dahl (Westview Press, 1988)
• Interview by Richard Snyder: "Robert A. Dahl: Normative Theory, Empirical Research and Democracy," pp. 113–49, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007).
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38359
|
Robert Wentworth Little
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Robert Wentworth Little (1840 – April 11, 1878) was a clerk and cashier[1] of the secretary’s office at the United Grand Lodge of England and later secretary of the Royal Institution for Girls. He is credited with the structural design of the S.R.I.A. with the rituals acquired from the store room of Freemasons Hall.[2] He was also a founder of the Ancient and Primitive Rite of Misraim in England.[1]
Various controversy around the origins of the S.R.I.A. seem to be resolved in a paper given at the General Assembly of the S.R.I.S. at Perth, 3 May 1947 and thereafter at the Metropolitan Study Group, S.R.I.A. on May 10, 1947 by the author, R.W. Frater H.C. Bruce Wilson, VIII°, 9°,and printed in Proceedings of General Assembly held at Perth, 3 and 4 May 1947. It was printed for Private Circulation by the S.R.I.S. at Edinburgh, 1947 on pages 10–24.[3]
The paper concludes that especially the opening and closing S.R.I.A. (funded 1866) rituals were adopted from a body of the S.R.I.S. (Societas Rosicruciana in Scotia), which was in operation in 1830. The other parts of the ritual were adopted with changes, for instance to the number of Ancients. It also concludes that the lineage of the S.R.I.A. is derived from the German Golden Rosy Cross of 1776.
Robert Wentworth Little's grave has recently been recovered at the Camberwell Old Cemetery on common ground and is now being restored.
1. ^ a b Biography at the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon
2. ^ Lewis, page 131
3. ^ The Origin of our Rosicrucian Society, Bruce Wilson
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38360
|
Sameer Nair
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sameer Nair
Born (1965-12-03) December 3, 1965 (age 49)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation Executive, Political Activist, CEO
Sameer Nair (born 1965) is a Senior Indian media executive and business professional currently serving as Group CEO of Balaji Telefilms.[1]
Nair received his Higher Secondary Certificate from Wilson High School in Mumbai.[2] From 1982 to 1984, Nair studied physics at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. He later earned his bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Madras via correspondence courses while studying hotel management at the Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition, Mumbai.[2][3]
He was the CEO of Star Entertainment India, the entertainment wing of the STAR India Network.[4] He is also the former CEO of Imagine TV.[5] In 2001, Rupert Murdoch hired Nair as programming chief for Star TV in India as part of a revamping to get the network to appeal more to a middle-class Indian audience. Previously, the network lacked Hindi-language programming in favor of foreign programs.[6]
Sameer jumped into politics in India and joined Aam Adami Party (AAP) [7]
1. ^ "Former Star India CEO Sameer Nair heads to Balaji". Retrieved 31 October 2014.
2. ^ a b Wanvari, Anil (21 July 2001). "Into The Mind Of Sameer Nair - Part II". Retrieved 20 December 2011.
3. ^ "The Star debonair". The Financial Express. 8 April 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
4. ^
5. ^ "Turner takes full control of Imagine; Nair quits". Biz Asia. 9 May 2011.
6. ^ Flegg, Michael (10 September 2001). "India's Star TV Leaps to Top Spot Due to Game Shows, Soap Operas". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 19, 2001.
7. ^ "Former Star TV CEO Sameer Nair joins AAP, Kejriwal". Hindustan Times. 18 Oct 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38361
|
Samuel von Fischer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gravesite in Weißensee Cemetery
Samuel Fischer, later Samuel von Fischer (24 December 1859 – 15 October 1934), was a Hungarian-born German publisher, the founder of S. Fischer Verlag.
Fischer was born in Liptau-Sankt-Nikolaus/Liptószentmiklós (now Liptovský Mikuláš), Liptau/Liptó megye, northern Hungary.
He died in Berlin, Germany.
See also[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38362
|
Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion
Sarah Lee Guthrie, Johnny Irion.jpg
Background information
Origin California, United States
Genres folk, country-rock, singer-songwriter
Years active 2000–present
New West, Ninth Street Opus
Members Sarah Lee Guthrie
Johnny Irion
Sarah Lee Guthrie (born February 17, 1979) and Johnny Irion (born February 3, 1969), are a musical duo. Guthrie and Irion were married on October 16, 1999[1] and began performing together as an acoustic duo in the fall of 2000. Their music combined Irion's love of rock and blues with Guthrie's roots of folk and country.
Guthrie is the youngest daughter of folksinger Arlo Guthrie and the granddaughter of Woody Guthrie. As a third generation singer/songwriter Guthrie released her first self-titled album on the family owned and operated Rising Son Records in 2002. As a child she was involved in theater and dance. Her interest in music was sparked when she worked as her father's road manager on the 1997 Further Festival tour and saw other members of the tour group having fun at late-night hootenannies. She picked up an acoustic guitar and started playing as a way to join in on the fun. "I always wrote poems, so it wasn't that far off for me to turn that into songs." [2]
"My dad was absolutely thrilled, of course, and would teach me stuff every day when we were on the road together. That was a really cool way to get to know my dad, because I'd never known him that way. And that's another thing that made it easy: my dad was so supportive."[3]
Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion performing live for Valentine's Day 2008 at Tales From The Tavern at The Maverick Saloon in Santa Ynez, CA.
Irion originates from a family of artists. His uncle is author Thomas Steinbeck, his great uncle is author John Steinbeck,[4] and his grandmother, Rubilee Knight is a classical violinist. His late grandfather, Fred Knight sang tenor in numerous venues. Irion and Guthrie met through a mutual friend (Chris Robinson of the Black Crowes) while the two were working together in Los Angeles. In 1999 Guthrie and Irion joined guitarist Tao Rodríguez-Seeger, grandson of Pete Seeger, and performed as a trio under the name RIG.[2]
Guthrie and Irion have appeared at the Newport Folk Festival, the Philadelphia Folk Festival, and Hillside Festival, as well as nationwide theatres, listening rooms, performing art centers, and schools. When not performing their own shows they tour nationally with Arlo Guthrie, opening the show, then joining him onstage in their family concert series, recently accompanying him at Carnegie Hall with Pete Seeger and The Dillards.[5]
Go Waggaloo, their first children's CD, was released in October 2009 on the Smithsonian Folkways label. Sarah Lee Guthrie is joined by Irion and their two daughters, as well as numerous friends and family members including Arlo Guthrie, Pete Seeger and Tao Rodriguez-Seeger. The album includes three songs featuring lyrics by Woody Guthrie never before put to music and eight songs written by Sarah Lee and family.[6] The Parents' Choice Foundation awarded Go Waggaloo a Gold Medallion. The Parents' Choice Awards program honors the best material for children in the categories of: books, toys, music and storytelling, magazines, software, videogames, television and websites.[7]
In 2011, Sarah Lee and Johnny signed with Berkeley independent record label, Ninth Street Opus and released Bright Examples. The collaborative project features producers Andy Cabic (lead singer/songwriter in the band Vetiver (band)) and Thom Monahan (Devendra Banhart, Vetiver (band)).
In 2012 - the centennial year of Woody Guthrie's birth - an album of newly composed songs using Woody Guthrie's lyrics was released: New Multitudes. At a centennial celebration tribute concert held on March 10, 2012 at the Brady Theater in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Sarah Lee and Johnny performed along with John Mellencamp, Arlo Guthrie, the Del McCoury Band and the Flaming Lips.[8]
Jeff Tweedy produced Sarah Lee Guthrie and Johnny Irion’s album, Wassaic Way, released in 2013. It was recorded in Chicago - Tweedy’s hometown - and garnered him a Grammy nomination as producer. [9]
Year Title Artist Label
2013 Wassaic Way Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion Rte. 8
2011 Bright Examples Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion Ninth Street Opus
2009 Go Waggaloo Sarah Lee Guthrie & Family Smithsonian Folkways
2009 Folksong [DVD and CD] Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion Rte. 8
2007 Ex Tempore Johnny Irion Rte.8/RCAM
2005 Exploration Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion Rte. 8
2004 Entirely Live [EP] Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion Rte. 8
2002 Sarah Lee Guthrie Sarah Lee Guthrie Rising Son Records
2001 Unity Lodge Johnny Irion Yep Roc Records
1994 Weave Johnny Irion / Queen Sarah Saturday Thirsty Ear
1. ^ Internet Movie Database. Biography for Sarah Lee Guthrie.
2. ^ a b Nelligan, Tom. Three generations of Guthries: an American musical family. Dirty Linen, June/July 2002, p. 36-43.
3. ^ Alarik, Scott."The Guthries & Seegers Are At It Again!" Retrieved July 30, 2007.
4. ^ Internet Movie Database.Biography for Johnny Irion.
5. ^ Alive with the Arts.Sarah Lee Guthrie and Johnny Irion. Retrieved Nov. 19, 2007.
6. ^ Smithsonian Folkways. Go Waggaloo: Sarah Lee Guthrie & Family. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
7. ^ Parents' Choice Foundation. Parents' Choice Award: Go Waggaloo.
9. ^ "Jeff Tweedy To Appear On Portlandia, Nominated For Grammy". Jambase. December 11, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38363
|
Seismic anisotropy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Seismic anisotropy is a term used in seismology to describe the directional dependence of the velocity of seismic waves in a medium (rock) within the Earth.
What is seismic anisotropy?[edit]
A material is said to be anisotropic if the value of a vector measurement of a rock property varies with direction. Anisotropy differs from the rock property called heterogeneity in that anisotropy is the variation in vectorial values with direction at a point while heterogeneity is the variation in scalar or vectorial values between two or more points.
Seismic Anisotropy can be defined as the dependence of velocity on direction or upon angle.[1] There are two main types of anisotropy, both of them are called transverse isotropy (it is called transverse isotropy because there is isotropy in the horizontal or vertical plane) or polar anisotropy. The difference between them is in their axis of symmetry, which is an axis of rotational invariance such that if we rotate the formation about the axis, the material is still indistinguishable from what it was before. The symmetry axis is usually associated with regional stress or gravity.
• TIV- transverse isotropy with a vertical axis of symmetry, this is also called VTI (vertical transverse isotropy). This kind of anisotropy is associated with layering and shale and is found where gravity is the dominant factor.
• TIH- transverse isotropy with a horizontal axis of symmetry, this is also called HTI (horizontal transverse isotropy). This kind of anisotropy is associated with cracks and fractures and is found where regional stress is the dominant factor.
The transverse anisotropic matrix has the same form as the isotropic matrix, except that it has five non-zero values distributed among 12 non-zero elements.
History of the recognition of anisotropy[edit]
Anisotropy dates back to the 19th century following the theory of Elastic wave propagation. Green (1838) and Lord Kelvin (1856) took anisotropy into account in their articles on wave propagation. Anisotropy entered seismology in the late 19th century and was introduced by Maurice Rudzki. From 1898 till his death in 1916, Rudzki attempted to advance the theory of anisotropy, he attempted to determine the wavefront of a transversely isotropic medium (TI) in 1898 and in 1912 and 1913 he wrote on surface waves in transversely isotropic half space and on Fermat’s principle in anisotropic media respectively.
With all these, the advancement of anisotropy was still slow and in the first 30 years (1920-1950) of exploration seismology only a few papers were written on the subject. More work was done by several scientists such as Helbig (1956) who observed while doing seismic work on Devonian schists that velocities along the foliation were about 20% higher than those across the foliation. However the appreciation of anisotropy increased with the proposition of a new model for the generation of anisotropy in an originally isotropic background and a new exploration concept by Crampin (1987). One of the main points by Crampin was that the polarization of three component shear waves carries unique information about the internal structure of the rock through which they pass, and that shear wave splitting may contain information about the distribution of crack orientations.
With these new development and the acquisition of better and new types of data such as three component 3D seismic data, which clearly show the effects of shear wave splitting, and wide Azimuth 3D data which show the effects of Azimuthal anisotropy, and the availability of more powerful computers, anisotropy began to have great impact in exploration seismology in the past three decades.
Concept of seismic anisotropy[edit]
Since the understanding of seismic anisotropy is closely tied to the shear wave splitting, we begin this section by discussing shear wave splitting.
Shear waves have been observed to split into two or more fixed polarizations which can propagate in the particular ray direction when entering an anisotropic medium. These split phases propagate with different polarizations and velocities. Crampin (1984) amongst others gives evidence that many rocks are anisotropic for shear wave propagation. In addition, shear wave splitting is almost routinely observed in three-component VSPs. Such shear wave splitting can be directly analyzed only on three component geophones recording either in the subsurface, or within the effective shear window at the free surface if there are no near surface low-velocity layers. Observation of these shear waves show that measuring the orientation and polarization of the first arrival and the delay between these split shear waves reveal the orientation of cracks and the crack density . This is particularly important in reservoir characterization.
In a linearly elastic material, which can be described by Hooke's law as one in which each component of stress is dependent on every component of strain, the following relationship exists:
\sigma_{ij} = C_{ijkl} e_{kl} \quad i,j,k,l = 1,2,3
where σ is the stress, C is the elastic moduli or stiffness constant, and e is the strain.
The elastic modulus matrix for an anisotropic case is
\underline{\underline{\mathsf{C}}} =
C_{11} & C_{11} - 2C_{66} & C_{13} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
C_{11} - 2C_{66} & C_{11} & C_{13} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
C_{13} & C_{13} & C_{33} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & C_{44} & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & C_{44} & 0\\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & C_{66} \end{bmatrix}
The above is the elastic modulus for a vertical transverse isotropic medium (VTI), which is the usual case. The elastic modulus for a horizontal transverse isotropic medium (HTI) is;
C_{11} & C_{13} & C_{13} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
C_{13} & C_{33} & C_{33} - 2C_{44} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
C_{13} & C_{33} - 2C_{44} & C_{33} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & C_{66} & 0\\
For an anisotropic medium, the directional dependence of the three phase velocities can be written by applying the elastic moduli in the wave equation is; [2] The direction dependent wave speeds for elastic waves through the material can be found by using the Christoffel equation and are given by[3]
V_{qP}(\theta) &= \sqrt{\frac{C_{11} \sin^2(\theta) + C_{33}
\cos^2(\theta)+C_{44}+\sqrt{M(\theta)}}{2\rho}} \\
\cos^2(\theta)+C_{44}-\sqrt{M(\theta)}}{2\rho}} \\
V_{S} &= \sqrt{\frac{C_{66} \sin^2(\theta) +
C_{44}\cos^2(\theta)}{\rho}} \\
M(\theta) &= \left[\left(C_{11}-C_{44}\right) \sin^2(\theta) - \left(C_{33}-C_{44}\right)\cos^2(\theta)\right]^2
+ \left(C_{13} + C_{44}\right)^2 \sin^2(2\theta) \\
where \begin{align}\theta\end{align} is the angle between the axis of symmetry and the wave propagation direction, \rho is mass density and the C_{ij} are elements of the elastic stiffness matrix. The Thomsen parameters are used to simplify these expressions and make them easier to understand.
Seismic anisotropy has been observed to be weak, and Thomsen (1986)[4] rewrote the velocities above in terms of their deviation from the vertical velocities as follows;
V_{qP}(\theta) & \approx V_{P0}(1 + \delta \sin^2 \theta \cos^2 \theta + \epsilon \sin^4 \theta) \\
V_{qS}(\theta) & \approx V_{S0}\left[1 + \left(\frac{V_{P0}}{ V_{S0}}\right)^2(\epsilon-\delta) \sin^2 \theta \cos^2 \theta\right] \\
V_{S}(\theta) & \approx V_{S0}(1 + \gamma \sin^2 \theta )
V_{P0}= \sqrt{C_{33}/\rho} ~;~~ V_{S0}= \sqrt{C_{44}/\rho}
are the P and S wave velocities in the direction of the axis of symmetry (\mathbf{e}_3) (in geophysics, this is usually, but not always, the vertical direction). Note that \delta may be further linearized, but this does not lead to further simplification.
The approximate expressions for the wave velocities are simple enough to be physically interpreted, and sufficiently accurate for most geophysical applications. These expressions are also useful in some contexts where the anisotropy is not weak.
The Thomsen parameters are anisotropic and are three non-dimensional combinations which reduce to zero in isotropic cases, and are defined as
\epsilon & = \frac{C_{11} - C_{33}}{ 2C_{33} } \\
\delta & = \frac{(C_{13} + C_{44})^2-(C_{33} - C_{44})^2}{ 2C_{33}(C_{33} - C_{44}) } \\
\gamma & = \frac{C_{66} - C_{44}}{ 2C_{44} }
Origin of anisotropy[edit]
Anisotropy has been reported to occur in the Earth's three main layers; the crust, mantle and the core. In this context, we will limit our discussion to crustal anisotropy with respect to sedimentary rocks, which are basically the rocks that are explored and exploited for hydrocarbons.
The origin of seismic anisotropy is non-unique, a range of phenomena may cause Earth materials to display seismic anisotropy. The anisotropy may be strongly dependent on wavelength if it is due to the average properties of aligned or partially aligned heterogeneity. A solid has intrinsic anisotropy when it is homogeneously and sinuously anisotropic down to the smallest particle size, which may be due to crystalline anisotropy. Relevant crystallographic anisotropy can be found in the upper mantle. When an otherwise isotropic rock contains a distribution of dry or liquid-filled cracks which have preferred orientation it is named crack induced anisotropy. The presence of aligned cracks, open or filled with some different material, is an important mechanism at shallow depth, in the crust. It is well known that the small-scale, or microstructural, factors include (e.g. Kern & Wenk 1985; Mainprice et al. 2003): (1) crystal lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of constituent mineral phases; (2) variations in spatial distribution of grains and minerals; (3) grain morphology and (4) aligned fractures, cracks and pores, and the nature of their infilling material (e.g. clays, hydrocarbons, water, etc.). Because of the overall microstructural control on seismic anisotropy, it follows that anisotropy can be diagnostic for specific rock types. Here, we consider whether seismic anisotropy can be used as an indicator of specific sedimentary lithologies within the Earth’s crust. In sedimentary rocks, anisotropy develops during and after deposition. For anisotropy to develop, there needs to be some degree of homogeneity or uniformity from point to point in the deposited clastics. During deposition, anisotropy is caused by the periodic layering associated with changes in sediment type which produces materials of different grain size, and also by the directionality of the transporting medium which tends to order the grains under gravity by grain sorting. Fracturing and some diagenetic processes such as compaction and dewatering of clays, and alteration etc. are post depositional processes that can cause anisotropy .
The importance of anisotropy in hydrocarbon exploration and production[edit]
In the past two decades, the seismic anisotropy has dramatically been gaining attention from academic and industry, due to advances in anisotropy parameter estimation, the transition from post stack imaging to pre stack depth migration, and the wider offset and azimuthal coverage of 3D surveys. Currently, many seismic processing and inversion methods utilize anisotropic models, thus providing a significant enhancement over the seismic imaging quality and resolution. The integration of anisotropy velocity model with seismic imaging has reduced uncertainty on internal and bounding-fault positions, thus greatly reduce the risk of investment decision based heavily on seismic interpretation.
In addition, the establishment of correlation between anisotropy parameter and fracture orientation and density lead to practical reservoir characterization techniques. The acquisition of such information, fracture`s spatial distribution and density, the drainage area of each producing well can be dramatically increased if take the fracture into account during drilling decision process. The increased drainage area per well will result in less number of well, therefore greatly reduce the drilling cost of exploration and production (E&P) projects.
The application of the anisotropy in petroleum exploration and production[edit]
Among several applications of seismic anisotropy, the following are the most important: anisotropic parameter estimation, prestack depth anisotropy migration, and fracture characterization based on anisotropy velocity models.
Anisotropy parameter estimation[edit]
The anisotropy parameter is most fundamental to all other anisotropy application in E&P area. In the early days of seismic petroleum exploration, the geophysicists were already aware of the anisotropy-induced distortion in P-wave imaging (the major of petroleum exploration seismic surveys). Although the anisotropy-induced distortion is less significant since the poststack processing of narrow-azimuth data is not sensitive to velocity. The advancement of seismic anisotropy is largely contributed by the Thomsen's work on anisotropy notation and also by the discovery of the P-wave time-process parameter \eta . These fundamental works enable to parametrize the transverse isotropic (TI) models with only three parameters, while there are five full independent stiff tensor element in transverse isotropic (VTI or HTI) models. This simplification made the measurement of seismic anisotropy a plausible approach.
Most anisotropy parameter estimation work is based on shale and silts, which may be due to the fact that shale and silts are the most abundant sedimentary rocks in the earth’s crust. Also in the context of petroleum geology, organic shale is the source rock as well as seal rocks that trap oil and gas. In seismic exploration, shales represent the majority of the wave propagation medium overlying the petroleum reservoir. In conclusion, seismic properties of shale are important for both exploration and reservoir management.
Seismic velocity anisotropy in shale can be estimated from several methods, including deviated-well sonic logs, walkway VSP, and core measurement. These methods have their own advantages and disadvantages: the walkway VSP method suffers from scaling issues, and core measure is impractical for shale, since shale is hard to be cored during drilling.
Walkway VSP[edit]
The Walkway VSP array several seismic surface sources at different offset from the well. Meanwhile, a vertical receiver array with constant interval between receivers is mounted in a vertical well. The sound arrival times between multiple surface sources and receivers at multiple depths are recorded during measurement. These arrival times are used to derive the anisotropy parameter based on the following equations
t^2 (x)=t_0^2 + \frac{x^2}{V_{nmo}^2 } -\frac{2\eta x^4}{V_{nmo}^2 ([t_0^2 V]_{nmo}^2+(1+2\eta)x^2)}
Where t(x) is the arrival time from source with x offset, t_0 is the arrival time of zero offset, V_{nmo} is NMO velocity, \eta is Thompson anisotropy parameter.
The layout of surface sources and receivers positions is shown in the following diagram.
Core measurement[edit]
Another technique used to estimate the anisotropy parameter is directly measure them from the core which is extracted through a special hollow drill bit during drill process. Since coring a sample will generate large extra cost, only limited number of core samples can be obtained for each well. Thus the anisotropy parameter obtained through core measurement technique only represent the anisotropy property of rock near the borehole at just several specific depth, rending this technique often provides little help on the field seismic survey application. The measurements on each shale plug require at least one week. From the context of this article, wave propagation in a vertically transverse medium can be described with five elastic constants, and ratios among these parameters define the rock anisotropy . This anisotropy parameter can be obtained in the laboratory by measuring the velocity travel speed with transducer ultrasonic systems at variable saturation and pressure conditions. Usually, three directions of wave propagation on core samples are the minimum requirement to estimate the five elastic coefficients of the stiffness tensor. Each direction in core plug measurement yields three velocities (one P and two S).
The variation of wave propagation direction can be achieved by either cutting three samples at 0°, 45° and 90° from the cores or by using one core plug with transducers attached at these three angles. Since most shales are very friable and fissured, it is often difficult to cut shale core plug. Its edges break off easily. Thus the cutting sample method can only be used for hard, competent rocks. The cutting position of samples can be explained by the following diagram.
Another way to get the wave propagation velocity at three directions is to arrange the ultrasonic transducer onto several specific location of the core sampler. This method avoids the difficulties encounter during the cutting of shale core sample. It also reduces the time of measurement by two thirds since three pairs of ultrasonic transducer work at the same time. The following diagram gives us a clear image on the arrangement of the transducers.
Once the velocities at three directions are measured by one of the above two methods, the five independent elastic constants are given by the following equations:
&C_{33} = \rho V_{P}^2(0^\circ)\\
&C_{11}=\rho V_{P}^2(90^\circ)\\
&C_{55}=\rho V_{SH}^2(90^\circ)\\
&C_{66}=\rho V_{SV}^2(90^\circ)\\
&C_{13}=\left[\frac{(4\rho V_{P}^2(45^\circ) - C_{11} - C_{33} - 2C_{44} )^2-[(C_{11}-C_{33})]^2}{4}\right]^{1/2} - C_{44}\\
&\epsilon=\frac{C_{11}-C_{33}}{2C_{33} }\\
&\gamma=\frac{C_{66}-C_{44}}{2C_{44} }\\
The P-wave anisotropy of a VTI medium can be described by using Thomsen's parameters \epsilon, \delta. \epsilon quantifies the velocity difference for wave propagation along and perpendicular to the symmetry axis, while \delta controls the P-wave propagation for angles near the symmetry axis.
Deviated well sonic log[edit]
The last technique can be used to measure the seismic anisotropy is related to the sonic logging information of a deviated well. In a deviated well, the wave propagation velocity is higher than the wave propagation velocity in a vertical well at the same depth. This difference in velocity between deviated well and vertical well reflects the anisotropy parameters of the rocks near the borehole. The detail of this technique will be shown on an example of this report.
Anisotropic prestack depth migration[edit]
In the situation of complex geology, e.g. faulting, folding, fracturing, salt bodies, and unconformities, pre-stack migration (PreSM) is used due to better resolution under such complex geology. In PreSM, all traces are migrated before being moved to zero-offset. As a result, much more information is used, which results in a much better image, along with the fact that PreSM honours velocity changes more accurately than post-stack migration. The PreSM is extremely sensitive to the accuracy of the velocity field. Thus the inadequacy of isotropic velocity models is not suitable for the pre stack depth migration. P-wave anisotropic prestack depth migration (APSDM) can produce a seismic image that is very accurate in depth and space. As a result, unlike isotropic PSDM, it is consistent with well data and provides an ideal input for reservoir characterization studies. However, this accuracy can only be achieved if correct anisotropy parameters are used. These parameters cannot be estimated from seismic data alone. They can only be determined with confidence through analysis of a variety of geoscientific material – borehole data and geological history.
During recent years, the industry has started to see the practical use of anisotropy in seismic imaging. We show case studies that illustrate this integration of the geosciences. We show that much better accuracy is being achieved. The logical conclusion is that, this integrated approach should extend the use of anisotropic depth imaging from complex geology only, to routine application on all reservoirs.
Fracture characterization[edit]
After considering applications of anisotropy that improved seismic imaging, two approaches for exploiting anisotropy for the analysis of fractures in the formation are worthy of discussing. Ones uses azimuthal variations in the amplitude versus offset (AVO) signature when the wave is reflected from the top or base of an anisotropic material, and a second exploits the polarizing effect that the fractures have on a transmitted shear-wave. In both cases, the individual fractures are below the resolving power of the seismic signal and it is the cumulative effect of the fracturing that is recorded. Based on the idea behind them, both approaches can be divided into two steps. The first step is to get the anisotropy parameters from seismic signals, and the second steps is to retreat the information of fractures from anisotropy parameters based on the fracture induce anisotropy model.
Fractures-azimuthal variations[edit]
Aligned subseismic-scale fracturing can produce seismic anisotropy (i.e., seismic velocity varies with direction) and leads to measurable directional differences in traveltimes and reflectivity. If the fractures are vertically aligned, they will produce azimuthal anisotropy (the simplest case being horizontal transverse isotropy, or HTI) such that reflectivity of an interface depends on azimuth as well as offset. If either of the media bounding the interface is azimuthally anisotropic, the AVO will have an azimuthal dependence . The P-P wave reflection coefficient have the following relation with the azimutal if anisotropy exist in the layers:
R_{PP}= A + (b_{11} \cos^2 \phi + 2b_{12} \cos\phi \sin\phi + b_{22} \sin^2 \phi)
Where \phi is the azimuth from data acquisition grid, the terms b_{ij} are coefficients describing anisotropy parameter.
Fractures- shear-wave splitting[edit]
The behavior of shear-waves as they pass through anisotropic media has been recognized for many years, with laboratory and field observations demonstrating how the shear-wave splits into two polarized components with their planes aligned parallel and perpendicular to the anisotropy. For a fractured medium, the faster shear-wave is generally aligned with the strike direction and the time delay between the split shear-waves related to the fracture density and path length traveled. For layered medium, the shear-wave polarized parallel to the layering arrives first.
Examples of the application of anisotropy[edit]
Example of anisotropy in petroleum E&P[edit]
Two examples will be discussed in there to show the anisotropy application in Petroleum E&P area. The first related to anisotropy parameter estimation via deviated well sonic logging tool. And the second example reflects the image quality improvement by PreStack Depth Migration technology.
Example of deviated well sonic logging[edit]
In this case, the sonic velocity in a deviated well is obtained by dipole sonic logging tool . The formation is mostly composed of shale. In order to use the TI model, several assumptions are made:
• Rock should be in normally pressured regime.
• Rock should have similar burial history.
Satisfying the above conditions, the following equation hold for a TI model:
V_{P}(\phi)= V_P(0)(1 + \delta \sin^2\phi \cos^2\phi + \epsilon \sin^4 \phi)
Where \phi is the deviated angel of the well, and \delta, \epsilon are anisotropy parameter.
The following plot shows typical velocity distribution vs density in a deviated well. The color of each data point represents the frequency of this data point. The red color means a high frequency while the blue color represents a low frequency. The black line shows a typical velocity trend without the effect of anisotropy. Since the existence of anisotropy effect, the sound velocity is higher than the trend line.
From the well logging data, the velocity vs \phi plot can be drawn. On the basis of this plot, a no liner regression will give us an estimate of \delta and \epsilon. The following plot show the non-linear regression and its result.
Put the estimated \delta and \epsilon into the following equation, the correct V_P(0) can be obtained.
V_P(0) = \frac{V_P(\phi)}{1 + \delta\sin^2\phi\cos^2\phi + \epsilon\sin^4\phi}
By doing the above correction calculation, the corrected V_P(0) is plot vs density in the following plot. As be seen in the plot, most of the data point falls on the trend line. It validate the correctness of the estimate of anisotropy parameter.
Example of prestack depth migration Imaging[edit]
In this case, the operator conducted several seismic surveys on a gas field in the north sea over the period of 1993-1998 . The early survey does not take into anisotropy into account, while the later survey employs the PreStack Depth Migration imaging. This PSDM was done on a commercial seismic package developed by Total. The following two plots clearly reveal the resolution improvement of the PSDM method. The top plot is a convention 3D survey without anisotropy effect. The bottom plot used PSDM method. As can be seen in the bottom plot, more small structure features are revealed due to the reduce of error and improved resolution.
Limitations of seismic anisotropy[edit]
Seismic anisotropy relies on shear waves, shear waves carry rich information which can sometimes impede its utilization. Shear waves survey for anisotropy requires multi component (usually 3 component) geophones which are oriented at angles, these are more expensive than the widely used vertical oriented single component geophones. The equipments needed to generate quality shear waves in the field are more expensive and less common. In addition to this is the fact that although many S-waves survey are being done increasingly, most surveys are P-wave surveys. Shear waves are also difficult to observe in low- velocity near surface layers. The second law of thermodynamics ensures a higher attenuation of shear wave reflected energy, this tends to impede the utilization of shear wave information
Crustal anisotropy[edit]
In the Earth's crust, anisotropy may be caused by preferentially aligned joints or microcracks, by layered bedding in sedimentary formations, or by highly foliated metamorphic rocks. Crustal anisotropy resulting from aligned cracks can be used to determine the state of stress in the crust, since in many cases, cracks are preferentially aligned with their flat faces oriented in the direction of minimum compressive stress. In active tectonic areas, such as near faults and volcanoes, anisotropy can be used to look for changes in preferred orientation of cracks that may indicate a rotation of the stress field.
Both seismic P-waves and S-waves may exhibit anisotropy. For both, the anisotropy may appear as a (continuous) dependence of velocity upon the direction of propagation. For S-waves, it may also appear as a (discrete) dependence of velocity upon the direction of polarization. For a given direction of propagation in any homogeneous medium, only two polarization directions are allowed, with other polarizations decomposing trigonometrically into these two. Hence, shear waves naturally "split" into separate arrivals with these two polarizations; in optics this is called birefringence.
Crustal anisotropy is very important in the production of oil reservoirs, as the seismically fast directions can indicate preferred directions of fluid flow.
In crustal geophysics, the anisotropy is usually weak; this enables a simplification of the expressions for seismic velocities and reflectivities, as functions of propagation (and polarization) direction. In the simplest geophysically plausible case, that of polar anisotropy, the analysis is most conveniently done in terms of Thomsen Parameters.
Mantle anisotropy[edit]
In the mantle, anisotropy is normally associated with crystals aligned with the mantle flow direction. Due to their elongate crystalline structure, olivine crystals tend to align with the flow due to mantle convection. Anisotropy has long been used to argue whether plate tectonics is driven from below by mantle convection or from above by the plates, i.e. slab pull and ridge push.
1. ^ Thomsen, L. (2002). Understanding seismic anisotropy in exploration and exploitation. SEG-EAGE Distinguished Instructor Series 5. Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
2. ^ Nye, J. F. (2000). Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices. Oxford University Press.
3. ^ G. Mavko, T. Mukerji, J. Dvorkin. The Rock Physics Handbook. Cambridge University Press 2003 (paperback). ISBN 0-521-54344-4
4. ^ Thomsen, Leon (1986). "Weak Elastic Anisotropy". Geophysics 51 (10): 1954–1966. Bibcode:1986Geop...51.1954T. doi:10.1190/1.1442051.
• Helbig, K., Thomsen, L., 75-plus years of anisotropy in exploration and reservoir seismics: A historical review of concepts and methods: Geophysics. VOL. 70, No. 6 (November–December 2005):P. 9ND-23ND,%202005,%20historical%20review%20anisotropy%201.pdf
• Crampin, S., 1984, Evaluation of anisotropy by shear wave splitting: Applied Seismic Anisotropy: Theory, Background, and Field Studies, Geophysics Reprint series, 20, 23-33.
• Ikelle, L.T., Amundsen, L., Introduction to Petroleum Seismology, Investigations in Geophysics series No.12.
• Thomsen, L., 1986, Weak elastic anisotropy: Applied Seismic Anisotropy: Theory, Background, and Field Studies, Geophysics Reprint series, 20, 34- 46
• Anderson et al., Oilfield Anisotropy: Its Origins and Electrical Characteristics: Oil field review, 48-56.
• Thomsen, L., : Geophysics, 51, 1954-1966, Weak elastic anisotropy.
• Tsvankin, I., : Geophysics, 62, 1292-1309.1997, Anisotropic parameters and P-wave velocity for orthorhombic media.
• Tsvankin, I., Seismic signatures and analysis of reflection data in anisotropic
media: Elsevier Science Publ, 2001,.
• Stephen A. H. and J-Michael K. GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 68, NO. 4, P1150–1160. Fracture characterization at Valhall: Application of P-wave amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOA) analysis to a 3D ocean-bottom data set
• Tushar P. and Robert V. SPE 146668. Improved Reservoir Characterization through Estimation of Velocity Anisotropy in Shales.
• Jeffrey S., Rob R., Jean A., et al. Reducing Structural Uncertainties Through Anisotropic Prestack Depth Imaging: Examples from the Elgin/Franklin/Glenelg HP/HT Fields Area, Central North Sea
• Helbig, K., 1984, Shear waves- what they are and how they are and how they can be used: Applied Seismic Anisotropy: Theory, Background, and Field Studies, Geophysics Reprint series, 20, 5-22.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38365
|
Theodore L. Eliot, Jr.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Theodore L. Eliot, Jr)
Jump to: navigation, search
Theodore Lyman Eliot, Jr. (born 1928 into Boston's Eliot family) was the United States Ambassador to Afghanistan from 1973 to 1978. He is a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy.
Eliot graduated from Harvard College in 1948 and received a Master of Public Administration from Harvard's Graduate School of Public Administration in 1956.
He also served as Dean of the The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, and as Secretary General for the United States of the Bilderberg Meetings from 1981 to October 1993.[1]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38367
|
Tony Martell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tony Martell is a veteran American music industry senior executive, and founder of the T.J. Martell Foundation.
Music industry career[edit]
Tony Martell's music industry career spans the 1960s through the 1990s with experience as an A&R director, record label vice president, and record label head, primarily with CBS Records (now Sony Music Entertainment) and its subsidiaries. Martell worked with musicians who covered a wide range of musical styles including jazz, rock, soul, pop, blues, and heavy metal.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Martell helped direct the careers of The Isley Brothers, and The O'Jays. In the 1980s, Martell was instrumental in bringing both Stevie Ray Vaughan and Ozzy Osbourne to Epic Records.[citation needed] He is credited as Executive Producer on over 50 albums for artists as diverse as Stevie Ray Vaughan, The Isley Brothers, The O'Jays, George Benson, Gerry Mulligan, Jim Hall, Lalo Schifrin, Bill Withers, Patti Austin, George Duke, Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, Eumir Deodato, and Stanley Turrentine.[1]
In the 1980s, Martell was head of the imprint label CBS Associated Records, which was part of the E/P/A label group (Epic/Portrait/Associate). Martell continued his work with Ozzy Osbourne and also signed The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer amongst others to the label.
T.J. Martell Foundation[edit]
In 1973, Martell’s teenage son T.J. Martell was diagnosed with leukemia, and died in 1975 at the age of nineteen. Tony Martell began fundraising efforts for cancer research with a concert in New York City featuring friends Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, and Ella Fitzgerald and soon established the T.J. Martell Foundation in memory of his son.
For over thirty years the foundation has been one of the primary charitable organizations associated with the music industry and a leader in funding for innovative leukemia, cancer, and AIDS research (having raised over $225 million). The T.J. Martell Foundation maintains offices in New York, Los Angeles, and Nashville; and sponsors events nationally and internationally.
Martell is retired from the music industry and is involved in the work of the foundation, but his status and long-standing relationships to artists and executives within the music community are invaluable assets to the foundation's work.[2][3][4]
In 1996, several country music artists recorded a charity single titled "Hope", whose proceeds were donated to the foundation in order to aid cancer research. The song featured vocals from John Berry, Terri Clark, Vince Gill, Faith Hill, Tracy Lawrence, Little Texas, Neal McCoy, Tim McGraw, Lorrie Morgan, Marty Stuart, Travis Tritt, and Trisha Yearwood. It was released via Giant Records, and charted at number 57 on Hot Country Songs in May of that year.[5]
1. ^ "Tony Martell - Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
2. ^
3. ^
4. ^ "The T.J. Martell Foundation Issues Music Industry Challenge « Country Music Cares". 2009-11-07. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
5. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 193. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38368
|
Turin Airport
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Turin Caselle Airport)
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Turin Airport (disambiguation).
Turin Airport
Aeroporto di Torino
Turin Airport logo.png
Aeroporto di Torino-vista aerea.JPG
Airport type Public
Operator Società Azionaria Gestione Aeroporto Torino S.p.A.
Serves Turin, Italy
Location Caselle Torinese
Focus city for
Elevation AMSL 989 ft / 301 m
Coordinates 45°12′09″N 007°38′58″E / 45.20250°N 7.64944°E / 45.20250; 7.64944Coordinates: 45°12′09″N 007°38′58″E / 45.20250°N 7.64944°E / 45.20250; 7.64944
Website www.aeroportoditorino.it
LIMF is located in Italy
Location of airport in Italy
Direction Length Surface
m ft
18/36 3,300 10,827 Asphalt
Statistics (2014)
Passengers 3,431,986
Passenger change 13–14 Increase 8.6%
Aircraft movements 42,463
Movements change 13–14 Decrease -2.7%
Source: Italian AIP at EUROCONTROL[1]
Statistics from Assaeroporti[2]
Turin Airport (Italian: Aeroporto di Torino) (IATA: TRN[3]ICAO: LIMF), also known as Turin-Caselle Airport (Aeroporto di Torino-Caselle), is an airport located at Caselle Torinese, 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) north-northwest of the city of Turin,[1] in the Province of Turin, Piedmont region, northern Italy. It is also named Sandro Pertini Airport (Aeroporto Sandro Pertini), after former Italian President Sandro Pertini.[4] The airport is a focus city of the reborn Alitalia.
The aerodrome is operated by Società Azionaria Gestione Aeroporto Torino S.p.A. and administered by the Italian Civil Aviation Authority (ENAC). The air traffic service (ATS) authority is ENAV S.p.A.[1]
The airport was built in 1953, on the site of a World War II air base, and was renovated in 1989 for the 1990 FIFA World Cup and then again in 2005 in preparation for the Winter Olympics.
Turin airport won the ACI Europe Best Airport Awards in the category from 1 to 5 millions passengers in both 2007 and 2008.[5]
The airport resides at an elevation of 989 feet (301 m) above mean sea level. It covers an area of more than 57 thousand square meters.[5]
The airport has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,300 by 60 metres (10,827 ft × 197 ft).[1] The Runway 36 is ILS (Instrument Landing System) certified III B for approach with visual range less than 200 meters (656 ft) but not less than 75 meters (246 ft).
Alenia Aeronautica has an office at the airport and in San Maurizio Canavese.[6]
Airlines and destinations[edit]
Alitalia Airbus A320 taxiing at Turin Airport front of the control tower
Lufthansa retrojet Airbus A321 pushback at Turin Airport
Airlines Destinations
Air France
operated by CityJet
Paris-Charles de Gaulle
Air Moldova Chișinău
Alitalia Rome-Fiumicino, Tirana
operated by Alitalia CityLiner
operated by Mistral Air
Lamezia Terme, Naples, Reggio Calabria
Blue Air Bacău, Bucharest, Catania
Seasonal: Bari, Ibiza (begins 4 June 2015)
British Airways London-Gatwick
Brussels Airlines
operated by Flybe
easyJet Seasonal: London-Gatwick
Iberia Regional
operated by Air Nostrum
Jet2.com Seasonal: Manchester
operated by KLM Cityhopper
Lufthansa Frankfurt
Lufthansa Regional
operated by Lufthansa CityLine
Frankfurt, Munich
Lufthansa Regional
operated by Air Dolomiti
Meridiana Cagliari, Naples
Seasonal: Kos, Olbia
Monarch Airlines Seasonal: Birmingham
Neos Seasonal: Ibiza, Menorca
Ryanair Barcelona, Bari, Brindisi, Catania, Charleroi, Eindhoven, London-Stansted, Malta, Palermo, Trapani
Seasonal: Alghero, Dublin
Thomas Cook Airlines Seasonal: London-Gatwick, Manchester
Transavia Seasonal: Amsterdam
Trawel Fly
operated by Mistral Air
Seasonal: Crotone
Turkish Airlines Istanbul-Atatürk
Volotea Palermo
Seasonal: Olbia, Palma de Mallorca
Vueling Barcelona, Rome-Fiumicino
Seasonal: Alicante (begins 30 May 2015), Menorca (begins 1 July 2015), Palma de Mallorca (begins 21 june 2015), Split (begins 2 July 2015)
Wizz Air Bucharest
Seasonal: Warsaw-Chopin
Airlines Destinations
Aeroflot Winter seasonal: Moscow-Sheremetyevo
Arkia Israel Airlines Winter seasonal: Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion
Blue Panorama Airlines Summer seasonal: Marsa Alam
Donavia Winter seasonal: Rostov-on-Don
Europe Airpost Winter seasonal: Dublin
Flybe Winter seasonal: London-Gatwick, Manchester
Kolavia Winter seasonal: Moscow-Domodedovo, St. Petersburg
LOT Polish Airlines Winter seasonal: Warsaw-Chopin
Mistral Air Seasonal charter: Lourdes, Mostar, Sharm el-Sheikh
Meridiana Summer seasonal: Kos
Moskovia Airlines Winter seasonal: Moscow-Domodedovo
Neos Summer seasonal: Heraklion, Ibiza, Mostar
Orenair Winter seasonal: Moscow-Domodedovo, Moscow-Vnukovo
Scandinavian Airlines Winter seasonal: Copenhagen, Göteborg, Helsinki, Stockholm Arlanda
Sun d'Or International Airlines
operated by El Al
Winter seasonal: Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion
Thomas Cook Airlines Winter seasonal: Birmingham, Bristol, East Midlands, London-Gatwick, Manchester
Thomson Airways Winter seasonal: Birmingham, Bournemouth, Bristol, Doncaster/Sheffield, Glasgow-International, London-Gatwick, London-Stansted, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne
Tunisair Summer seasonal: Djerba, Monastir
Ural Airlines Winter seasonal: Moscow-Domodedovo
Vladivostok Air Winter seasonal: Moscow-Vnukovo
Volotea Summer seasonal: Palma de Mallorca
Yakutia Airlines Winter seasonal: Krasnodar Airport, Moscow-Vnukovo
Year Passengers Aircraft
2014 3,431,986 42,463
2013 3,160,287 43,655
2012 3,521,847 51,773
2011 3,710,485 54,541
2010 3,560,169 54,840
2009 3,227,258 56,419
2008 3,420,833 58,148
2007 3,509,253 62,136
2006 3,260,974 60,838
2005 3,148,807 56,890
2004 3,141,888 57,847
2003 2,820,448 54,710
2002 2,787,091 59,931
2001 2,820,762 64,885
2000 2,814,850 61,971
1999 2,498,775
1998 2,464,173
1997 2,391,902
1996 2,009,532
1995 1,836,407
1994 1,758,936
Data provided by Assaeroporti.[2]
Busiest international routes to and from Turin-Caselle Airport (2012)[7][8]
Rank City Passengers % change 2011/12 Carriers operating on route
1 Frankfurt, Germany 189,342 Decrease 5.5 Lufthansa
2 Paris Charles de Gaulle, France 189,232 Decrease 11.2 Air France
3 London Stansted, United Kingdom 129,902 Increase 3.0 Ryanair, Thomson Airways
4 Munich, Germany 129,554 Increase 0.3 Lufthansa
5 London Gatwick, United Kingdom 119,080 Increase 15.7 British Airways, easyJet, FlyBe, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomson Airways
6 Madrid, Spain 113,536 Increase 3.1 Iberia Regional (Air Nostrum), Ryanair
7 Amsterdam, Netherlands 69,831 Increase 33.6 Alitalia
8 Charleroi (Brussels), Belgium 52,325 Decrease 0.4 Ryanair
Busiest domestic routes to and from Turin-Caselle Airport (2012)[7][8]
Rank City Passengers % change 2011/12 Carriers operating on route
1 Rome Fiumicino, Lazio 879,721 Decrease 6.4 Alitalia, Blu-express, Meridiana Fly
2 Naples, Campania 300,179 Decrease 5.7 Alitalia, Meridiana Fly
3 Catania, Sicily 249,131 Decrease 14.5 Air One, Meridiana Fly
4 Bari, Apulia 164,586 Decrease 9.3 Alitalia, Ryanair
5 Palermo, Sicily 105,492 Decrease 30.0 Alitalia
Ground transportation[edit]
The airport is connected by rail to the city of Turin by the Ferrovia Torino-Ceres, operated by GTT as line A of Turin metropolitan railway service[9] and by bus, by means of the SADEM bus shuttle[10] and charter buses.[11] and Terravision buses (every hours).[12]
1. ^ a b c d EAD Basic
2. ^ a b Associazione Italiana Gestori Aeroportuali
3. ^ "IATA Airport code Search (TRN – City: Turin, Airport: Caselle)". International Air Transport Association. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
4. ^ http://www.world-airport-codes.com/italy/sandro-pertini-%28caselle%29-9507.html
5. ^ a b About the airport
6. ^ "Contacts." Alenia Aeronautica. Retrieved on 4 February 2012. "Caselle Nord Strada Privata (Aeroporto Caselle) – 10077 S. Maurizio Canavese (TO) "
7. ^ a b "Dati di Traffico" (PDF) (in Italian). ENAC.gov.it. 2011.
8. ^ a b "Dati di Traffico" (PDF) (in Italian). ENAC.gov.it. 2012.
9. ^ "Reach Turin Airport by Train". AeroportoDiTorino.it.
10. ^ "SADEM bus shuttle". AeroportoDiTorino.it.
11. ^ "Charter Buses, Turin Airport". AeroportoDiTorino.it.
12. ^ Terravision bus shuttle
External links[edit]
Media related to Aeroporto di Torino-Caselle at Wikimedia Commons
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38369
|
Unimatrix Zero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Unimatrix Zero"
Star Trek: Voyager episode
Episode no. Season 6 & 7
Episode 26 & 1
Directed by Allan Kroeker (part I)
Mike Vejar (part II)
Teleplay by Brannon Braga
Joe Menosky
Story by Mike Sussman (parts I&II)
Brannon Braga (part II)
Joe Menosky (part II)
Featured music Dennis McCarthy
Production code 246 & 247
Original air date May 24, 2000 (2000-05-24)
October 4, 2000 (2000-10-04)
Guest actors
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Haunting of Deck Twelve"
Next →
List of Star Trek: Voyager episodes
"Unimatrix Zero" is a two-part episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the cliffhanger between seasons six and seven.
Part I[edit]
Seven of Nine dreams of a beautiful forest. However, she finds that the forest in her dream is a real subconscious realm inhabited by the minds of certain Borg drones during regeneration periods. Few drones possess the recessive gene required to experience the realm called Unimatrix Zero.
In the surreal, utopian Unimatrix Zero, Borg of various species and ages (including children) from throughout the massive geography of the Collective exist as their individual, unassimilated selves and interact with one another as such. While out of regeneration, they revert to normal drones and have no memory of their time spent together there. The Borg Queen knows about Unimatrix Zero, considering it a disease, and destroys drones discovered capable of visiting it. However, the process of detecting affected drones is time consuming, and she is eager to find a faster method of finding and deactivating them. Those who are detected are deactivated, dismembered, and studied in an effort to speed up the search.
Seven of Nine journeys with Captain Janeway to the subconscious realm and reverts to acting more like an individual. It turns out that she used to visit Unimatrix Zero when she was still part of the collective. Her forgotten lover Axum has made contact with her so that she may help them; the inhabitants of Unimatrix Zero have developed a masking nanovirus which would inoculate them against being detected by the queen, but it can only be administered from the corporeal world. Seven soon becomes overwhelmed and discouraged by her new-found emotions and denies them at first, although she eventually comes to terms with them. If Unimatrix Zero cannot be stopped in the real world, the Queen plans to destroy it from within. Assimilated drones attack the subconscious "unassimilated" drones constantly.
As Voyager plans to help the Unimatrix-drones, the Borg Queen contacts the ship. She knows of Voyager 's recent communications with the Federation and offers Janeway transwarp technology, if Voyager is accommodating and ceases helping the Unimatrix-drones. Janeway refuses. After being blackmailed by Chakotay (he promises to have the Doctor remove her from command), Captain Janeway, Tuvok and B'Elanna penetrate the Borg cube to reach the central plexus and administer the nanovirus. Voyager distracts the Cube while they infiltrate the cube but are caught. Voyager leaves them to be assimilated.
Part II[edit]
The Janeway, Tuvok and Torres drones are un-connected to the Collective as the Doctor had inoculated them with a neural inhibitor, protecting their individuality. They proceed with their plan to help Unimatrix Zero. However, Tuvok's inhibitor wears off, and the Collective eventually overcomes his mind.
The Borg Queen confronts Janeway, demanding that the drones of Unimatrix Zero submit themselves for reassimilation. The Queen destroys several of her own ships, each housing thousands of lives, because only a handful within are "offline" and therefore suspected of being the newly sentient drones from the dream realm. Janeway calls her bluff, pointing out that such a tactic would essentially require her to destroy the entire Collective. Having discovered a means of sending Borg as drones into Unimatrix Zero, she then threatens to release a Borg-modified form of the nanovirus from within Unimatrix Zero which would kill every affected inhabitant's corporeal drone, unless Janeway agrees to speak with them.
The captain thus informs her crew that Unimatrix Zero can no longer exist. Chakotay realizes that she found a loophole the Queen never considered and that the statement is meant literally-—destroying the matrix so the Queen can't reach the affected drones as easily, as well as cutting the Queen's only way to spread the nanovirus. The drones within are informed beforehand. Seven is forced to say goodbye to her lover, who is on a Borg ship far away in the Beta quadrant. Meanwhile, Voyager, aided by a Borg sphere crewed by liberated drones, manages to rescue the away team. The episode ends as the independent Borg, who now, like the Queen, have the advantage of being self-aware, take command of any vessels they can, rebel, and start a civil war with the Collective.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38370
|
User:Hellno2/Premeditated vandalism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Premeditated vandalism or planned vandalism is vandalism that is thought out in advance prior to being committed. It is generally committed not by newbies but by experienced editors who know in advance the tricks to editing semi-protected pages making the vandalism less noticeable, and avoiding sanctions.
Premeditated vandalism is often committed by those using sockpuppet or other single-purpose accounts.
Types of premeditated vandalism[edit]
Sneaky vandalism[edit]
Sneaky vandalism is vandalism that is committed in a manner in which detection is avoided.
Page-move vandalism[edit]
Page-move vandalism is often premeditated. Since an account must be autoconfirmed in order to move a page, either the vandal is an editor who has mostly been productive, or else a sock puppet account has been used with an attack plan to move the page.
Actions that shall be taken[edit]
Sockpuppet investigation[edit]
Due to the likelihood that the perpetrator is an experienced editor and therefore operating another account, a sockpuppet investigation shall be opened, perhaps using a checkuser inquiry.
Page protection[edit]
Protection or semi-protection of the page in question may be necessary. If a page has been moved to a title not plausible for ever being that of a legitimate Wikipedia article, that title should be blocked from creation.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38371
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Marine Fighting Squadron 215
Vmf215 insig.jpg
VMF-215’s Insignia
• March 1, 1942 – November 6, 1944
• November 21, 1944 – November 13, 1946
• Unknown – January 30, 1970
Country United States
Branch USMC
Type Fighter squadron
Role Air interdiction
Close air support
Part of Inactive
Nickname "Fighting Corsairs"
Engagements World War II
* Battle of Empress Augusta Bay
Aircraft flown
Bomber SBD Dauntless
Fighter F4F Wildcat
F4U Corsair
F6F Hellcat
Marine Fighting Squadron 215 (VMF-215) was a fighter squadron of the United States Marine Corps that was activated and fought during World War II. Known as "The Fighting Corsairs", they fought in many areas of the Pacific War, including the Battle of Bougainville. During their four-and-a-half month tour, the squadron was credited with shooting down 137 enemy aircraft, fourth most in Marine Corps aviation history.[1][2]
Following the surrender of Japan, the squadron was deactivated on November 13, 1946 . The squadron was reactivated in the Marine Forces Reserve and was based out of Naval Air Station Olathe, Kansas until its deactivation on January 30, 1970.
The squadron was activated on March 1, 1942, as Marine Scout Bomber Squadron 244 (VMSB-244). On September 14 of that same year they were re-designated Marine Scout Bomber Squadron 242 {VMSB-242} only to be changed again the next day to its final name, Marine Fighting Squadron 215.[3] They trained at Marine Corps Air Station Santa Barbara, California[4] prior to deploying and during this time transitioned from the SBD Dauntless dive bomber to the F4F Wildcat.[citation needed]
The squadron departed the United States on February 23, 1943, and was first sent to Marine Corps Air Station Ewa, Hawaii. During their time at MCAS Ewa they again transitioned aircraft, this time receiving the F4U Corsair. The squadron departed Hawaii on May 12 for Midway Atoll where they stayed for two months flying combat air patrols and escorting Allied shipping in the area. In mid-June 1942 they left Midway for the South Pacific.[5]
VMF-215 arrived on Espiritu Santo on July 1, 1943, and by the end of the month was taking part in fighter sweeps against Japanese bases in the northern Solomon Islands.[5] On August 14, an F4U Corsair from VMF-215 was the first plane to arrive at the newly captured Munda airfield where they immediately began operating to cover the landings on Vella Lavella.[6] Shortly thereafter the squadron pulled back to the rear for rest and relaxation.[5]
The squadron’s second combat tour began while they were based at Barakoma Airfield on Vella Lavella. From there they covered the landings at Empress Augusta Bay on Bougainville, which began on November 1, 1943.[7] By January 27, 1944 the squadron was operating from Torokina Airfield on Bougainville and from there the squadron took part in air strikes against the Japanese garrison at Rabaul, the Japanese naval base at Kavieng, New Ireland and against Japanese shipping near the Bismarck Archipelago.[5] During this time VMF-215 established four new Marine records in the South Pacific by downing 137 Japanese planes in 18 weeks, 87 planes shot down in one month, 106 planes destroyed in a single 6-week tour and 10 aces in one squadron.[2][8][9]
The first fighter plane to land on Munda was a VMF-215 Corsair flown by Maj Robert G. Owens, Jr., on August 14, 1943.
As action in the Solomons drew to a close the squadron was sent to Turtle Bay Airfield where it was not deactivated but existed only on paper for a few weeks.[10] They were reformed on May 7, 1944, and were sent to Emirau on August 5, 1944.[7] From there they moved to Guadalcanal on their way back to the United States where they eventually arrived on October 20, 1944.[3] Upon arrival at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California, the unit was deactivated on November 6; however, they were reactivated again on November 21 and became a carrier training replacement unit.[10] Following the end of World War II, the squadron was deactivated on November 13, 1945.[citation needed]
VMF-215 was later brought back as a squadron in the Marine Forces Reserve and were based out of Naval Air Station Olathe in Kansas. They were never recalled to active duty and were decommissioned for the last time on January 30, 1970.[citation needed]
Notable members[edit]
Unit awards[edit]
A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. VMF-215 was presented with the following awards:[citation needed]
Ribbon Unit Award
Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg
Navy Unit Commendation
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign ribbon.svg
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg
National Defense Service Medal with one Bronze Star
See also[edit]
1. ^ Sherrod, History of USMC Aviation in WWII, p. 430.
2. ^ a b Mersky (1993). ""Other Marine Aces"". Time of Aces: Marine Pilots in the Solomons. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
3. ^ a b Rottman, USMC WWII OOB, p. 442.
4. ^ Shettle, USMC Air Station of WWII, p. 147.
5. ^ a b c d Crowder, USMC Aviation Squadron, p. 74.
6. ^ Melson, Charles D. (1993). Up the Slot: Marines in the Central Solomons. Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Historical Center. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
7. ^ a b Sherrod, History of USMC Aviation in WWII, p. 461.
8. ^ Dechant, Devilbirds, p. 134.
9. ^ Tillman, Corsair, p. 63.
10. ^ a b Crowder, USMC Aviation Squadron, p. 75.
• Crowder, Michael J. (2000). United States Marine Corps Aviation Squadron Lineage, Insignia & History – Volume One – The Fighter Squadrons. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56311-926-9.
• De Chant, John A. (1947). Devilbirds – The Story of United States Marine Aviation in World War II. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 4–5.
• Mersky, Cmdr Peter B., USNR (1993). Time of Aces: Marine Pilots in the Solomons. Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Historical Center. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
• Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle – Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939 – 1945s. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31906-5.
• Tillman, Barrett (2001). Corsair: The F4U in World War II and Korea. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-994-8.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38372
|
Vanity domain
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In the Domain Name System (DNS), a vanity domain is a domain name whose purpose is to express the individuality of the person on whose behalf it is registered. This contrasts with domain names which resolve to an organisation (e.g. a company) or a service that organisation offers. Vanity domains may be compared with vanity car registration plates, which similarly identify their owner as an individual and not just someone relying on another organisation's services.
A subdomain of an ISP's domain that is aliased to an individual user account is a vanity domain. Other definitions include:
• the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing defines it as "A domain you register for the sole purpose of having your own domain so you can have an easily remembered URL and e-mail address",[1]
• while the Jargon File defines it as "An Internet domain, particularly in the .com or .org top-level domains, apparently created for no reason other than boosting the creator's ego."[2]
• The Sun iPlanet Messaging Server uses msgVanityDomain to set up a domain name for e-mail use which is not fully hosted.
These uses apply primarily to regular domain names registered at the highest allowed level rather than subdomains (although, technically speaking, a second-level domain is actually a subdomain of its top-level domain).
Because vanity domains are operated for or on behalf of individuals, they typically will not offer the full complement of services an organisational domain name (or rather, the host that it points to) would be expected to honour; for example, the DNS record may contain only an MX record identifying a mail server accepting e-mail for that domain (which may itself be an e-mail forwarding server) and an A record identifying a shared web hosting service only offering HTTP (which may itself be a URL redirection service).
As well as being easily remembered, vanity domains (especially when registered at the highest level allowed by the registrar) offer the advantage of personal mobility; they continue to be associated with a person even when that person switches service providers.
Use of top-level domains[edit]
A top-level domain can become part of a vanity URL. Taking advantage of countries that do not ask for proof of residence to register their country-specific TLDs can allow a user to incorporate the two or three letters following the dot, using them to help spell out the desired name, word or phrase.
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Vanity domain". Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. 11 September 1997. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
2. ^ "Vanity domain". Retrieved 16 September 2010. vanity domain
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38373
|
Very-large-scale integration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Very-Large-Scale Integration)
Jump to: navigation, search
"VLSI" redirects here. For the former company, see VLSI Technology.
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining thousands of transistors into a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI device. Before the introduction of VLSI technology most ICs had a limited set of functions they could perform. An electronic circuit might consist of a CPU, ROM, RAM and other glue logic. VLSI lets IC designers add all of these into one chip
A VLSI integrated-circuit die
During the mid-1920s, several inventors attempted devices that were intended to control current in solid-state diodes and convert them into triodes. Success did not come until after WWII, during which the attempt to improve silicon and germanium crystals for use as radar detectors led to improvements in fabrication and in the understanding of quantum mechanical states of carriers in semiconductors. Then scientists who had been diverted to radar development returned to solid-state device development. With the invention of transistors at Bell Labs in 1947, the field of electronics shifted from vacuum tubes to solid-state devices.
With the small transistor at their hands, electrical engineers of the 1950s saw the possibilities of constructing far more advanced circuits. As the complexity of circuits grew, problems arose.[1]
One problem was the size of the circuit. A complex circuit, like a computer, was dependent on speed. If the components of the computer were too large or the wires interconnecting them too long, the electric signals couldn't travel fast enough through the circuit, thus making the computer too slow to be effective.[1]
Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments found a solution to this problem in 1958. Kilby's idea was to make all the components and the chip out of the same block (monolith) of semiconductor material. Kilby presented his idea to his superiors, and was allowed to build a test version of his circuit. In September 1958, he had his first integrated circuit ready.[1] Although the first integrated circuit was crude and had some problems, the idea was groundbreaking. By making all the parts out of the same block of material and adding the metal needed to connect them as a layer on top of it, there was no need for discrete components. No more wires and components had to be assembled manually. The circuits could be made smaller, and the manufacturing process could be automated. From here, the idea of integrating all components on a single silicon wafer came into existence, which led to development in small-scale integration (SSI) in the early 1960s, medium-scale integration (MSI) in the late 1960s, and then large-scale integration (LSI) as well as VLSI in the 1970s and 1980s, with tens of thousands of transistors on a single chip (later hundreds of thousands, then millions, and now billions (109)).
Top Secret US Navy project[edit]
In order to produce the guidance computers for its Polaris missiles, the US Navy is rumored to have financed the miniaturization of electronic circuits. This work is still classified, but the Polaris A1 was launched in 1960 and the long-range Polaris A2 went into service in 1962. It is publically known that the D-17B computer was developed for the guidance system of the Minuteman I, but nothing has come out about the guidance system of the Polaris A1, A2 or A3. There are stories[citation needed] of job interviewees at Texas Instruments being shown an IBM 7094 equivalent the size of a desktop ornament in the 1960s. Also unknown is whether any of this knowledge found its way into the commercial world. We do know that the Soviets also developed a submarine-launched ballistic missile R-29 Vysota.
The first semiconductor chips held two transistors each. Subsequent advances added more transistors, and as a consequence, more individual functions or systems were integrated over time. The first integrated circuits held only a few devices, perhaps as many as ten diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors, making it possible to fabricate one or more logic gates on a single device. Now known retrospectively as small-scale integration (SSI), improvements in technique led to devices with hundreds of logic gates, known as medium-scale integration (MSI). Further improvements led to large-scale integration (LSI), i.e. systems with at least a thousand logic gates. Current technology has moved far past this mark and today's microprocessors have many millions of gates and billions of individual transistors.
At one time, there was an effort to name and calibrate various levels of large-scale integration above VLSI. Terms like ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) were used. But the huge number of gates and transistors available on common devices has rendered such fine distinctions moot. Terms suggesting greater than VLSI levels of integration are no longer in widespread use.
As of early 2008, billion-transistor processors are commercially available. This became more commonplace as semiconductor fabrication advanced from the then-current generation of 65 nm processes. Current designs, unlike the earliest devices, use extensive design automation and automated logic synthesis to lay out the transistors, enabling higher levels of complexity in the resulting logic functionality. Certain high-performance logic blocks like the SRAM (static random-access memory) cell, are still designed by hand to ensure the highest efficiency. VLSI technology may be moving toward further radical miniaturization with introduction of NEMS technology.
Structured design[edit]
Structured VLSI design is a modular methodology originated by Carver Mead and Lynn Conway for saving microchip area by minimizing the interconnect fabrics area. This is obtained by repetitive arrangement of rectangular macro blocks which can be interconnected using wiring by abutment. An example is partitioning the layout of an adder into a row of equal bit slices cells. In complex designs this structuring may be achieved by hierarchical nesting.[citation needed]
Structured VLSI design had been popular in the early 1980s, but lost its popularity later because of the advent of placement and routing tools wasting a lot of area by routing, which is tolerated because of the progress of Moore's Law. When introducing the hardware description language KARL in the mid' 1970s, Reiner Hartenstein coined the term "structured VLSI design" (originally as "structured LSI design"), echoing Edsger Dijkstra's structured programming approach by procedure nesting to avoid chaotic spaghetti-structured programs.
As microprocessors become more complex due to technology scaling, microprocessor designers have encountered several challenges which force them to think beyond the design plane, and look ahead to post-silicon:
• Process variation – As photolithography techniques tend closer to the fundamental laws of optics, achieving high accuracy in doping concentrations and etched wires is becoming more difficult and prone to errors due to variation. Designers now must simulate across multiple fabrication process corners before a chip is certified ready for production.
• Stricter design rules – Due to lithography and etch issues with scaling, design rules for layout have become increasingly stringent. Designers must keep ever more of these rules in mind while laying out custom circuits. The overhead for custom design is now reaching a tipping point, with many design houses opting to switch to electronic design automation (EDA) tools to automate their design process.
• Timing/design closure – As clock frequencies tend to scale up, designers are finding it more difficult to distribute and maintain low clock skew between these high frequency clocks across the entire chip. This has led to a rising interest in multicore and multiprocessor architectures, since an overall speedup can be obtained by lowering the clock frequency and distributing processing.
• First-pass success – As die sizes shrink (due to scaling), and wafer sizes go up (due to lower manufacturing costs), the number of dies per wafer increases, and the complexity of making suitable photomasks goes up rapidly. A mask set for a modern technology can cost several million dollars. This non-recurring expense deters the old iterative philosophy involving several "spin-cycles" to find errors in silicon, and encourages first-pass silicon success. Several design philosophies have been developed to aid this new design flow, including design for manufacturing (DFM), design for test (DFT), and Design for X.
See also[edit]
Further reading[edit]
1. ^ a b c "The Tyranny of Numbers". Retrieved 21 Apr 2012.
External links[edit]
PhD Thesis in VLSI
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38374
|
Vestal Virgin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Vestals)
Jump to: navigation, search
Roman depiction of the Virgo Vestalis Maxima
In ancient Roman, the Vestals or Vestal Virgins (Vestales, singular Vestalis) were priestesses of Vesta, goddess of the hearth. The College of the Vestals and its well-being was regarded as fundamental to the continuance and security of Rome. They cultivated the sacred fire that was not allowed to go out. The Vestals were freed of the usual social obligations to marry and bear children, and took a vow of chastity in order to devote themselves to the study and correct observance of state rituals that were off-limits to the male colleges of priests.[1]
Livy, Plutarch, and Aulus Gellius attribute the creation of the Vestals as a state-supported priestesshood to king Numa Pompilius, who reigned circa 717–673 BC. According to Livy, Numa introduced the Vestals and assigned them salaries from the public treasury. Livy also says that the priestessthood of Vesta had its origins at Alba Longa.[2] The 2nd- century antiquarian Aulus Gellius writes that the first Vestal taken from her parents was led away in hand by Numa. Plutarch attributes the founding of the Temple of Vesta to Numa, who appointed at first two priestesses; Servius Tullius increased the number to four.[3] Ambrose alludes to a seventh in late antiquity.[4] Numa also appointed the pontifex maximus to watch over the Vestals. The first Vestals, according to Varro, were named Gegania,[5] Veneneia,[6] Canuleia,[7] and Tarpeia.[8] In myth, Tarpeia, daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, was portrayed as traitorous.
The Vestals became a powerful and influential force in the Roman state. When Sulla included the young Julius Caesar in his proscriptions, the Vestals interceded on Caesar's behalf and gained him pardon.[9] Augustus included the Vestals in all major dedications and ceremonies. They were held in awe, and attributed certain magical powers. Pliny the Elder, for example, in Book 28 of his "Natural History" discussing the efficacy of magic, chooses not to refute, but rather tacitly accept as truth:[10]
The urban prefect Symmachus, who sought to maintain traditional Roman religion during the rise of Christianity, wrote:
The laws of our ancestors provided for the Vestal virgins and the ministers of the gods a moderate maintenance and just privileges. This gift was preserved inviolate till the time of the degenerate moneychangers, who diverted the maintenance of sacred chastity into a fund for the payment of base porters. A public famine ensued on this act, and a bad harvest disappointed the hopes of all the provinces... it was sacrilege which rendered the year barren, for it was necessary that all should lose that which they had denied to religion.[11]
The College of the Vestals was disbanded and the sacred fire extinguished in 394, by order of the Christian emperor Theodosius I. Zosimus records how the Christian noblewoman Serena, niece of Theodosius, entered the temple and took from the statue of the goddess a necklace and placed it on her own neck.[12] An old woman appeared, the last of the Vestals, who proceeded to rebuke Serena and called down upon her all just punishment for her act of impiety.[13] According to Zosimus, Serena was then subject to dreadful dreams predicting her own untimely death. Augustine would be inspired to write The City of God in response to murmurings that the capture of Rome and the disintegration of its empire was due to the advent of the Christian era and its intolerance of the old gods who had defended the city for over a thousand years.
Vestalis Maxima[edit]
The chief Vestal (Virgo Vestalis Maxima or Vestalium Maxima, "greatest of the Vestals") oversaw the efforts of the Vestals, and was present in the College of Pontiffs. The Vestalis Maxima Occia presided over the Vestals for 57 years, according to Tacitus. The last known chief vestal was Coelia Concordia in 380.
The Vestalium Maxima was the most important of Rome's high priestesses. The Flaminica Dialis and the regina sacrorum each held unique responsibility for certain religious rites, but came into her office as part of a couple.
Number of Vestals[edit]
According to Plutarch, there were only two Vestal Virgins when Numa began the College of the Vestals. This number later increased to four, and then to six.[14] It has been suggested by some authorities that a seventh was added later, but this is doubtful.[15]
Terms of service[edit]
The Vestals were committed to the priestesshood before puberty (when 6–10 years old) and sworn to celibacy for a period of 30 years.[16] These 30 years were divided in turn into decade-long periods during which Vestals were respectively students, servants, and teachers. Afterwards, they were retired and replaced by a new inductee. Once retired, a former Vestal was given a pension and allowed to marry.[17] The Pontifex Maximus, acting as the father of the bride, would typically arrange a marriage with a suitable Roman nobleman. A marriage to a former Vestal was highly honoured, and – more importantly in ancient Rome – thought to bring good luck, as well as a comfortable pension.
To obtain entry into the order, a girl had to be free of physical and mental defects, have two living parents and be a daughter of a free-born resident of Rome. From at least the mid-Republican era, the pontifex maximus chose Vestals between their sixth and tenth year, by lot from a group of twenty high-born candidates at a gathering of their families and other Roman citizens. Originally, the girl had to be of patrician birth, but membership was opened to plebeians as it became difficult to find patricians willing to commit their daughters to 30 years as a Vestal, and then ultimately even from the daughters of freedmen for the same reason.[18][19]
The choosing ceremony was known as a captio (capture). Once a girl was chosen to be a Vestal, the pontifex pointed to her and led her away from her parents with the words, "I take you, Amata, to be a Vestal priestess, who will carry out sacred rites which it is the law for a Vestal priestess to perform on behalf of the Roman people, on the same terms as her who was a Vestal 'on the best terms'" (thus, with all the entitlements of a Vestal). As soon as she entered the atrium of Vesta's temple, she was under the goddess's service and protection.[20]
To replace a Vestal who had died, candidates would be presented in the quarters of the chief Vestal for the selection of the most virtuous. Unlike normal inductees, these candidates did not have to be prepubescents, nor even virgins (they could be young widows or even divorcees, though that was frowned upon and thought unlucky), though they were rarely older than the deceased Vestal they were replacing. Tacitus (Annals ii.86) recounts how Gaius Fonteius Agrippa and Domitius Pollio offered their daughters as Vestal candidates in AD 19 to fill such a vacant position. Equally matched, Pollio's daughter was chosen only because Agrippa had been recently divorced. The pontifex maximus (Tiberius) "consoled" the failed candidate with a dowry of 1 million sesterces.
House of the Vestals and Temple of Vesta from the Palatine
Their tasks included the maintenance of the fire sacred to Vesta, the goddess of the hearth and home, collecting water from a sacred spring, preparation of food used in rituals and caring for sacred objects in the temple's sanctuary.[21] By maintaining Vesta's sacred fire, from which anyone could receive fire for household use, they functioned as "surrogate housekeepers", in a religious sense, for all of Rome. Their sacred fire was treated, in Imperial times, as the emperor's household fire.
The Vestals were put in charge of keeping safe the wills and testaments of various people such as Caesar and Mark Antony. In addition, the Vestals also guarded some sacred objects, including the Palladium, and made a special kind of flour called mola salsa which was sprinkled on all public offerings to a god.
The dignities accorded to the Vestals were significant.
• in an era when religion was rich in pageantry, the presence of the College of Vestal Virgins was required in numerous public ceremonies and wherever they went, they were transported in a carpentum, a covered two-wheeled carriage, preceded by a lictor, and had the right-of-way;
• at public games and performances they had a reserved place of honour;
• unlike most Roman women, they were not subject to the patria potestas and so were free to own property, make a will, and vote;
• they gave evidence without the customary oath, their word being trusted without question;
• they were, on account of their incorruptible character, entrusted with important wills and state documents, like public treaties;
• their person was sacrosanct: death was the penalty for injuring their person and they had escorts to protect them from assault;
• they could free condemned prisoners and slaves by touching them – if a person who was sentenced to death saw a Vestal on his way to the execution, he was automatically pardoned.
• they participated in throwing the ritual straw figures called Argei into the Tiber on May 15.[22][23]
Early 18th-century depiction of the dedication of a Vestal, by Alessandro Marchesini
Allowing the sacred fire of Vesta to die out, suggesting that the goddess had withdrawn her protection from the city, was a serious offence and was punishable by scourging.[24] The chastity of the Vestals was considered to have a direct bearing on the health of the Roman state. When they entered the collegium, they left behind the authority of their fathers and became daughters of the state. Any sexual relationship with a citizen was therefore considered to be incestum and an act of treason.[25] The punishment for violating the oath of celibacy was to be buried alive in the Campus Sceleratus or "Evil Field" (an underground chamber near the Colline Gate) with a few days of food and water. Ancient tradition required that an unchaste Vestal be buried alive within the city, that being the only way to kill her without spilling her blood, which was forbidden. However, this practice contradicted the Roman law that no person might be buried within the city. To solve this problem, the Romans buried the offending priestess with a nominal quantity of food and other provisions, not to prolong her punishment, but so that the Vestal would not technically be buried in the city, but instead descend into a "habitable room". Moreover, she would die willingly.[citation needed] The actual manner of the procession to Campus Scleretatus has been described like this:[26]
When condemned by the college of pontifices, she was stripped of her vittae and other badges of office, was scourged, was attired like a corpse, placed in a close litter, and borne through the forum attended by her weeping kindred, with all the ceremonies of a real funeral, to a rising ground called the Campus Sceleratus. just within the city walls, close to the Colline gate. There a small vault underground had been previously prepared, containing a couch, a lamp, and a table with a little food. The pontifex maximus, having lifted up his hands to heaven and uttered a secret prayer, opened the litter, led forth the culprit, and placing her on the steps of the ladder which gave access to the subterranean cell, delivered her over to the common executioner and his assistants, who conducted her down, drew up the ladder, and having filled the pit with earth until the surface was level with the surrounding ground, left her to perish deprived of all the tributes of respect usually paid to the spirits of the departed
Cases of unchastity and its punishment were rare.[27] In 483 BC, following a series of portents, and advice from the soothsayers that the religious ceremonies were not being duly attended to, the vestal virgin Oppia was found guilty of a breach of chastity and punished.[28] The Vestal Tuccia was accused of fornication, but she carried water in a sieve to prove her chastity.
O Vesta, if I have always brought pure hands to your secret services, make it so now that with this sieve I shall be able to draw water from the Tiber and bring it to Your temple.[29]
The most prominent feature of the ruins that were once the Temple of Vesta is the hearth (seen here in the foreground).
Because a Vestal's virginity was thought to be directly correlated to the sacred burning of the fire, if the fire were extinguished it might be assumed that either the Vestal had acted wrongly or that the vestal had simply neglected her duties. The final decision was the responsibility of the Pontifex Maximus, or the head of the pontifical college, as opposed to a judicial body. While the Order of the Vestals was in existence for over one thousand years there are only ten recorded convictions for unchastity and these trials all took place at times of political crisis for the Roman state. It has been suggested[25] that Vestals were used as scapegoats[30] in times of great crisis.
Pliny the Younger was convinced that Cornelia, who as Virgo Maxima was buried alive at the orders of emperor Domitian, was innocent of the charges of unchastity, and he describes how she sought to keep her dignity intact when she descended into the chamber:[31]
...when she was let down into the subterraneous chamber, and her robe had caught in descending, she turned round and gathered it up. And when the executioner offered her his hand, she shrunk from it, and turned away with disgust; spurning the foul contact from her person, chaste, pure, and holy: and with all the deportment of modest grace, she scrupulously endeavoured to perish with propriety and decorum
Dionysius of Halicarnassus claims that the earliest Vestals at Alba Longa were whipped and "put to death" for breaking their vows of celibacy, and that their offspring were to be thrown in the river.[32] According to Livy, Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus, had been forced to become a Vestal Virgin, and when she gave birth to the twins, it is stated that she was merely loaded down with chains and cast into prison, her babies put into the river.[33] Dionysius also relates the belief that live burial was instituted by the Roman king Tarquinius Priscus, and inflicted this punishment on the priestess Pinaria.[34] The 11th century Byzantine historian George Kedrenos is the only extant source for the claim that prior to Priscus, the Roman King Numa Pompilius had instituted death by stoning for unchaste Vestal Virgins, and that it was Priscus who changed the punishment into that of live burial.[35] But whipping with rods sometimes preceded the immuration as was done to Urbinia in 471 BC.[36]
Suspicions first arose against Minucia through an improper love of dress and the evidence of a slave. She was found guilty of unchastity and buried alive.[37] Similarly Postumia, who though innocent according to Livy[38] was tried for unchastity with suspicions being aroused through her immodest attire and less than maidenly manner. Postumia was sternly warned "to leave her sports, taunts and merry conceits." Aemilia, Licinia, and Martia were executed after being denounced by the servant of a barbarian horseman. A few Vestals were acquitted. Some cleared themselves through ordeals.[39] The paramour of a guilty Vestal was whipped to death in the Forum Boarium or on the Comitium.[40]
House of the Vestals[edit]
A reconstruction of the House of the Vestals by Christian Huelsen (1905)
Main article: House of the Vestals
The House of the Vestals was the residence of the vestal priestesses in Rome. Behind the Temple of Vesta (which housed the sacred fire), the Atrium Vestiae was a three-story building at the foot of the Palatine Hill.
Vestal festivals[edit]
The chief festivals of Vesta were the Vestalia celebrated June 7 until June 15. On June 7 only, her sanctuary (which normally no one except her priestesses the Vestals entered) was accessible to mothers of families who brought plates of food. The simple ceremonies were officiated by the Vestals and they gathered grain and fashioned salty cakes for the festival. This was the only time when they themselves made the mola salsa, for this was the holiest time for Vesta, and it had to be made perfectly and correctly, as it was used in all public sacrifices.
The main articles of their clothing consisted of an infula, a suffibulum and a palla. The infula was a fillet, which was worn by priests and other religious figures in Rome. A vestal's infula was white and made from wool. The suffibulum was the white woolen veil which was worn during rituals and sacrifices. Usually found underneath were red and white woolen ribbons, symbolizing the Vestal's commitment to keeping the fire of Vesta and to her vow of purity, respectively. The palla was the long, simple shawl, a typical article of clothing for Roman women. The palla, and its pin, were draped over the left shoulder.
Vestals also had an elaborate hairstyle consisting of six or seven braids, which Roman brides also wore.[41][42] In 2013 Janet Stephens became the first to recreate the hairstyle of the vestals on a modern person.[42][43]
List of Vestals[edit]
Legendary Vestals[edit]
• Rhea Silvia, the mythical mother of Rome's founders, Romulus and Remus.
• Aemilia, who, when the sacred fire was extinguished on one occasion, prayed to Vesta for assistance, and miraculously rekindled it by throwing a piece of her garment upon the extinct embers.[44]
Vestals in the Republic[edit]
• Aemilia (d. 114 BC), Marcia (d. 114 BC), and Licinia (d. 114 - 113 BC), accused of multiple acts of incestum (violations of their vows of chastity). Aemilia, who had supposedly led the two others to follow her example, was condemned outright. Marcia, who was accused of only one offence, and Licinia, who was accused of many, were at first acquitted by the pontifices, but were retried by the praetor and jurist Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla (consul 127 BC), and condemned to death.[45] The prosecution offered two Sibylline prophecies in support of the final verdicts. The charges were almost certainly trumped up, and may have been politically motivated.[46]
• Oppia was a Vestal Virgin in the early republic. In 483 BC, following a series of portents, and advice from the soothsayers that the religious ceremonies were not being duly attended to, she was found guilty of a breach of chastity and punished. [47]
• Fonteia, served ca. 91–69 BC, recorded as a Vestal during the trial of her brother in 69 BC, but she would have begun her service before her father's death in 91.[48]
• Fabia, chief Vestal (b ca 98–97 BC; fl. 50 BC), admitted to the order in 80 BC, half-sister of Terentia (Cicero's first wife), and a wife of Dolabella who later married her niece Tullia; she was probably mother of the later consul of that name.[49] In 73BC she was acquitted of incestum with Lucius Sergius Catilina.[50]
• Licinia (flourished 1st century BC), who was supposedly courted by her kinsman, the so-called "triumvir" Marcus Licinius Crassus, who in fact wanted her property. This relationship gave rise to rumors. Plutarch says: "And yet when he was further on in years, he was accused of criminal intimacy with Licinia, one of the Vestal virgins and Licinia was formally prosecuted by a certain Plotius. Now Licinia was the owner of a pleasant villa in the suburbs which Crassus wished to get at a low price, and it was for this reason that he was forever hovering about the woman and paying his court to her, until he fell under the abominable suspicion. And in a way it was his avarice that absolved him from the charge of corrupting the Vestal, and he was acquitted by the judges. But he did not let Licinia go until he had acquired her property."[51] Licinia became a Vestal in 85 BC and remained a Vestal until 61 BC.
Imperial Vestals[edit]
Outside Rome[edit]
Inscriptions record the existence of Vestals in other locations than the centre of Rome.
• Manlia Severa, virgo Albana maxima,[52] a chief Alban Vestal at Bovillae whose brother was probably the L. Manlius Severus named as a rex sacrorum in a funerary inscription. Mommsen thought he was rex sacrorum of Rome, view that is now not considered probable.[53]
• Flavia (or Valeria) Vera, a virgo vestalis maxima arcis Albanae, chief Vestal Virgin of the Alban arx (citadel).[54]
• Caecilia Philete, a senior virgin (virgo maior) of Laurentum-Lavinium,[55] as commemorated by her father, Q. Caecilius Papion. The title maior means at Lavinium the Vestals were only two.
• Saufeia Alexandria, virgo Vestalis Tiburtium.[56]
• Cossinia L(ucii) f(iliae), a Virgo Vestalis of Tibur (Tivoli).[57]
• Primigenia, Alban vestal of Bovillae, mentioned by Symmachus in two of his letters.
Vestals in Western art[edit]
The Vestals were used as models of female virtue in allegorizing portraiture of the later West. Elizabeth I of England was portrayed holding a sieve to evoke Tuccia, the Vestal who proved her virtue by carrying water in a sieve.[58] Tuccia herself had been a subject for artists such as Jacopo del Sellaio (d. 1493) and Joannes Stradanus, and women who were arts patrons started having themselves painted as Vestals.[59] In the libertine environment of 18th century France, portraits of women as Vestals seem intended as fantasies of virtue infused with ironic eroticism.[60] Later vestals became an image of republican virtue, as in Jacques-Louis David's The Vestal Virgin. The discovery of a "House of the Vestals" in Pompeii made the Vestals a popular subject in the 18th century and the 19th century.[citation needed]
Portraits as Vestals[edit]
1. ^ For an extensive modern consideration of the Vestals, see Ariadne Staples, From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion (Routledge, 1998).
2. ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1:20.
3. ^ "Life of Numa Pompilius" 9.5–10.
4. ^ ""Letter to Emperor Valentianus", Letter #18, Ambrose". Retrieved 2012-11-19.
5. ^ English pronunciation: /ɨˈɡniə/ ji-GAY-nee-ə.
6. ^ /vɛnɨˈnə/ ven-i-NEE.
7. ^ /kænˈlə/ kan-ew-LEE.
8. ^ /tɑrˈpə/ tar-PEE.
9. ^ Suetonius, "Julius Caesar", 1.2.
10. ^ Pliny(1855), "The Natural History of Pliny, Volume 5", p.280.
11. ^ Ambrose of Milan. ""The Letters of Ambrose", The Memorial of Symmachus". Retrieved 2012-11-19.
12. ^ ""The New History", 5:38, Zosimus". transcribed by Roger Pearse. Retrieved 2012-11-19.
13. ^ "The Curse of the Last Vestal", Melissa Barden Dowling, Biblical Archaeology Society, Archaeology Odyssey, January/February 2001 4:01.
14. ^ Plutarch, Numa, Langhorne's translation
15. ^ Worsfold, T. Cato, History of the Vestal Virgins of Rome, pg. 22
16. ^ Lutwyche, Jayne (2012-09-07). "Ancient Rome's maidens – who were the Vestal Virgins?". BBC. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
17. ^ ""Life of Numa Pompilius", Plutarch, 9.5–10, 2nd century A.D". Retrieved 2012-11-19.
18. ^ "Vestal Virgins", Encyclopædia Britannica, Ultimate Reference DVD, 2003.
19. ^ Kroppenberg, Inge, "Law, Religion and Constitution of the Vestal Virgins," Law and Literature, 22, 3, 2010, pp. 426 - 7. The earlier, stricter selection rules were determined by the Papian Law of the 3rd Century BC; they were waived as suitable high-born candidates became hard to find. [2]
20. ^ "Vestal Virgins", Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights
21. ^ "Vestal Virgins", Encyclopædia Britannica, Ultimate Reference Suite, 2003.
22. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, i.19, 38.
23. ^ William Smith, "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities", John Murray, London, 1875.
24. ^ ""Vesta", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 Edition". 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2012-11-19.
25. ^ a b "Vestal Virgins – Chaste Keepers of the Flame", Melissa Barden Dowling, Biblical Archaeological Society, Archaeology Odyssey, January/February 2001 4:01.
26. ^ Smith, Anthon (1846) "A school dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities", London: Harper, p.353
27. ^ ""Vesta", Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 Edition". 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2012-11-19.
28. ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2.42
29. ^ Vestal Virgin Tuccia in Valerius Maximus 8.1.5 absol.
30. ^ Since the health of city was perceived in some way to be linked to the purity and spiritual health of the vestals suspicions may have been fuelled in times of trouble. The allusions to a possible scapegoat could have been reinforced by the Vestals throwing Argei into the Tiber each year on May 15. cf. "Religion of Ancient Rome", C.C Martindale, Studies in Comparative Religion, CTS, Vol 2, 14:7
31. ^ Essay, part 2, page 332, "Some Observations on the Worship of Vesta" by G.H. Noehden, in The Classical Journal, NO XXXI, September 1817. London: A.J.Valpy. pp. 321–333.
32. ^ "The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Volume 1" (1758), Spelmann (tr.)p.180
33. ^ Livy, volume 1 Baker translation (1844) New York: Harper&brothers, p.22
34. ^ (1758) "The Roman antiquities of Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Volume 2", Spelman translation p.128-29
35. ^ Smith, Anthon (1843), "A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities", New York: Harper&Brothers p.1040
36. ^ "The Roman antiquities of Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Volume 4", p.75
37. ^ ""History of Rome", Book 8.15, Livy". Retrieved 2012-11-19.
38. ^ ""History of Rome", Book 4.44, Livy". Retrieved 2012-11-19.
39. ^ "Patria Potestas". Archived from the original on 2005-12-03. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
40. ^ Howatson M. C.: Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, Oxford University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-19-866121-5
41. ^ Festus 454 in the edition of Lindsay, as cited by Robin Lorsch Wildfang, Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire (Routledge, 2006), p. 54; Laetitia La Follette, "The Costume of the Roman Bride," in The World of Roman Costume (University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), pp. 59–60 (on discrepancies of hairstyles in some Vestal portraits); "Recreating the Vestal Virgin Hairstyle" video.
42. ^ a b
43. ^
44. ^ Dionysus of Halicarnassus, book II, 68, 3: Loeb edition available at Thayer, Valerius Maximus, I. 1. §7
45. ^ Wildfang, Robin Lorsch, Rome's vestal virgins: a study of Rome's vestal priestesses in the late Republic and early Empire, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 93ff [3]
46. ^ Phyllis Cunham, in Harriet Flower (ed), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p.155.googlebooks partial preview. The accusations against Licinia included fraternal incest. She was a contemporary and possible political ally of the Gracchi brothers. In 123 BC the Roman Senate had annulled her attempted rededication of Bona Dea's Aventine Temple as illegal and "against the will of the people". She may have fallen victim to the factional politics of the times.
47. ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2.42
48. ^ Cicero, Pro Fonteio 46–49; Aulus Gellius 1.12.2; T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, pp. 24–25.
49. ^ Wildfang, Robin Lorsch, Rome's vestal virgins: a study of Rome's vestal priestesses in the late Republic and early Empire, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 96, preview via google books
50. ^ Lewis, R. G., "Catalina and the Vestal", The Classical Quarterly, 51.1, pp. 141 - 9 (2001) link to JSTOR The case was prosecuted by Cicero.
51. ^ "Plutarch, ''Life of Crassus''". Retrieved 2012-11-19.
52. ^ CIL XIV 2140 = ILS 6190, found in 1728 at the XI mile of the Via Appia, now in the Lapidary Gallery of the Vatican Museums: it mentions the dedication of a clipeus by her brother.
53. ^ CIL XIV 2413 = ILS 4942 presently no longer reperible in the palazzo Mattei in Rome.
54. ^ CIL VI 2172 = ILS 5011, found in Rome near the basilique of St. Saba, now in the Lapidary Gallery of the Vatican Museum. It is a dedicatory inscription on a little base, possibly of a statuette that was housed in the home of the same vestal on the Little Aventine. M. G. Granino Cecere "Vestali non di Roma" in Studi di epigrafia latina 20 2003 p. 70-71.
55. ^ Virgo maior regia Laurentium Lavinatium, CIL XIV 2077, as read by Pirro Ligorio, now housed in the Palazzo Borghese at Pratica di Mare. Cecere above p. 72.
56. ^ CIL XIV 3677 = ILS 6244 on the base of an honorary statue, now irreperible. Possibly also mentioned in CIL XIV 3679a. Cecere above p. 73-74
57. ^ Inscr. It. IV n. 213. Inscription on funerary monument discovered at Tivoli in July 1929. On the front the name of the Vestal is incised within an oak wreath onto which adheres the sacred infula, knot of the order; with the name of the dedicant (L. Cossinius Electus, a relative, probably brother or nephew) on the lower margin. Cecere above p. 75.
58. ^ Marina Warner, Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form (University of California Press, 1985), p. 244 ; Robert Tittler, "Portraiture, Politics and Society," in A Companion to Tudor Britain (Blackwell, 2007), p. 454; Linda Shenk, Learned Queen: The Image of Elizabeth I in Politics and Poetry (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 13.
59. ^ Warner, Monuments and Maidens, p. 244.
60. ^ Kathleen Nicholson, "The Ideology of Feminine 'Virtue': The Vestal Virgin in French Eighteenth-Century Allegorical Portraiture," in Portraiture: Facing the Subject (Manchester University Press, 1997), p. 58ff.
Further reading[edit]
• Kroppenberg, Inge, "Law, Religion and Constitution of the Vestal Virgins," Law and Literature, 22, 3, 2010, pp. 418 – 439. [1]
• Peck, Harry Thurston, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)
• Parker, Holt N. "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State", American Journal of Philology, Vol. 125, No. 4. (2004), pp. 563–601.
• Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
• Wildfang, Robin Lorsch. Rome's Vestal Virgins. Oxford: Routledge, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-415-39795-2; paperback, ISBN 0-415-39796-0).
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38375
|
Vic Oliver
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Vic Oliver, born Victor Oliver von Samek (8 July 1898 – 15 August 1964) was a British actor and radio comedian.
Life and career[edit]
He was born in Vienna, the son of Baron Viktor von Samek. He studied medicine at Vienna University but abandoned it for his first love, music. For a time he studied under Mahler. During World War I he served in the Austrian Cavalry. After the war he worked as a banker and a textile manufacturer before returning to music. In 1926 he visited the United States as a conductor and violinist. He discovered his gift for comedy by chance when he had to apologise to his audience for something. A new career as a comedian took him all over the United States. He reached the Palace Theatre, New York in 1929 and the London Palladium two years later. This established him in the United Kingdom and with his deferential, modest humour, he became very popular. He was kept busy in musical revues, variety and pantomime.[1]
He starred in the BBC radio show Hi, Gang!;[1] and appeared in many others, including Discord in Three Flats (1962) with Cicely Courtneidge and Jack Hulbert. He played the violin (deliberately badly in his shows). He had aspirations as a conductor and founded the Vic Oliver Concert Orchestra which gave light classical concerts.[2] In 1953 he established Variety Playhouse as a primetime radio show featuring music, comedy and light drama. The show did not survive him.[1]
He was a regular on Henry Hall's Guest Night and Workers' Playtime and, as a music-based comedian, has been considered a precursor of Victor Borge. He was the very first 'castaway' on the long-running radio series Desert Island Discs in 1942.[2]
As a Jew, his name was reportedly listed on a Nazi blacklist (known as "The Black Book") of people to be arrested (and killed) immediately in the event of a successful German invasion of Britain.[citation needed]
Oliver married Winston Churchill's daughter, Sarah, in 1936. Churchill did not approve of him; there is an anecdote that at a dinner party at which Oliver was present, Churchill was asked whom he most admired. Churchill replied, "Mussolini". When asked why, he replied, "Because he had the good sense to shoot his son-in-law!" Oliver and Sarah divorced in 1945.[2] Oliver married Natalie Frances Conder in 1946 in Westminster, London.
Vic Oliver wrote an autobiography: Mr Showbusiness[1]
After arriving in the United Kingdom in 1936, Oliver became a supporter of Division One side Brentford and was vice-president of the club in the early 1950s.[3] He later became president of the Brentford Supporters' Club.
He died in Johannesburg, South Africa, aged 66.[2]
Selected filmography[edit]
1. ^ a b c d Obituary, The Times Online, Monday, Aug 17, 1964; pg. 10, accessed 13 Feb 2015
2. ^ a b c d Alex Hudson (26 January 2012). "The castaway who annoyed Churchill". BBC News. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
3. ^ Haynes, Graham (1998). A-Z Of Bees: Brentford Encyclopaedia. Yore Publications. ISBN 1 874427 57 7.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38376
|
Von (band)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tuska 20130629 - Von - 23.jpg
Von live at Tuska Open Air 2013
Background information
Origin San Francisco, California, United States
Genres Black metal
Years active 1987–1992, 2010–present
Labels Von Records
Associated acts Abscess, Eatmyfuk, Sixx
Members Venien
Lord Giblete
Dirty FvKn! Pistols
Past members Goat
Charlie Fell
Von is a black metal band from San Francisco, California, United States. They are thought to be the first American black metal band, and have strongly influenced the second wave of black metal.
Von was formed in 1987 by Jason "Venien" Ventura and Shawn "Goat" Calizo. After Venien (temporarily for personal reasons) departed in late 1990, Goat and Snake played one gig as a duo. In early 1991, Kill played bass in the band and the trio recorded their second demo, Satanic Blood. During 1991, Von played a couple of live gigs and recorded another demo, Blood Angel, which was never released on its own. The band disbanded shortly after the release of Satanic Blood in 1992. The band's members also recorded a gothic rock demo under the name Sixx.
In 2003, Nuclear War Now! Productions released Satanic Blood Angel, a double CD/triple LP compilation featuring the band's demos on one CD and a recording of a live show on another. Besides the original Satanic Blood demo, this was the only other official Von release prior to 2010. In 2009, Nuclear War Now! Productions released the Sixx recording on an LP entitled Sister Devil.
The band reformed for a one-off show on June 6, 2010, at the Armageddon Fest in London, England. Watain and The Devil's Blood opened for the band, marking the first time Von has played live in 20 years.
To commemorate the show, the band put out a brand new 7" single with re-recorded versions of "Satanic Blood" and "Veadtuck", and a brand new song titled "Blood Von". The 7" was released on VMG Records with a limit of 500 copies.
In October 31, 2012, Von released their debut studio album titled Satanic Blood.[1] In March 22, 2013, a second full-length album titled Dark Gods: Seven Billion Slaves was released digitally.[2]
Von plays highly simplistic black metal with short songs based on almost continuous blast beats (occasionally accompanied by drum fills) and repetition of only from one to three riffs, each containing only about three or four power chords. The vocals are performed in a guttural growling fashion more characteristic of death metal than the Scandinavian black metal style established later. In Lords of Chaos, Satanic Blood was described as "one raw-sounding demo tape".[3]
Von can be seen having been ahead of their time, playing minimalistic black metal on a time when the genre was virtually non-existent, especially in the thrash-oriented West Coast.
Cult following[edit]
Von has gained a cult following in the black metal underground since their disbandment and the few recordings of Von are considered classic and pioneering black metal. Prominent black metal bands have covered Von, either on record or live (or both), including Dark Funeral,[4] Enthroned,[5] Krieg,[6] Taake[7] and Watain[8] (who are also named after a Von song[9]). Also, in addition to spreading copies of the Satanic Blood demo,[10] Varg Vikernes of Burzum arguably did direct promotion for Von by wearing their T-shirt in one of his murder trial sessions.[10][11]
The band's name[edit]
The band's name is sometimes falsely thought to be an acronym for "Victory Orgasm Nazi(s)". Varg Vikernes used those words to spell the band's name during a phone interview because the interviewer apparently did not hear the name correctly.[10] According to the band, the name stands for "nothing but images of darkness and blood".[10] The word von means hope in some Scandinavian dialects and in Norwegian and Icelandic.
• Satanic Blood (2010), recorded in 2010, three-track 7" EP with tracks "Satanic Blood", "Blood Von", and "Veadtuck". All of the tracks are remixed and re-written from their original form.
Compilation albums[edit]
• Satanic (1990)
• Satanic Blood (1992), recorded in 1991
• Blood Angel (unreleased), recorded between 1991 and 1992[10]
The demo was never released on its own, only as part of the Satanic Blood Angel compilation released in 2003.
• Satanic Blood Ritual (2010), Nuclear War Now! Productions
Several bootlegs exist, mostly containing the Satanic Blood demo, including releases on Hellspawn and Hammerheart Records, while one notable example was a split compilation with Dark Funeral entitled Devil Pigs, released by Karmageddon Media.[12]
1. ^ a b Von - New Single Streaming Online
2. ^ a b Von Reveals "Dark Gods: Seven Billion Slaves" Album Details
3. ^ Michael Moynihan, Didrik Søderlind: Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground, First Edition. Venice: Feral House 1998, p. 96.
4. ^ Dark Funeral: The Secrets of the Black Arts, No Fashion Records 1996.
5. ^ Enthroned Covers....
6. ^ Krieg: Kill Yourself or Someone You Love, Breath of Night Records 2002.
7. ^ Norwegian Evil/Amok/Taake/Urgehal: A Norwegian HAIL to VON, Holycaust Records 2006.
8. ^ Watain: Casus Luciferi (re-release), Season of Mist 2008.
9. ^ Biography.
10. ^ a b c d e The interview in the booklet of Satanic Blood Angel, available at a Von's Myspace page
11. ^ Photo of Varg Vikernes wearing a Von t-shirt on a trial session
12. ^ Review of the bootleg, in Finnish
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38377
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
WMAR 2013.pngWUTB-DT2 Bounce Baltimore.png
Baltimore, Maryland
United States
Branding ABC 2 (general)
ABC 2 News (newscasts)
Slogan ABC 2 Works For You
Channels Digital: 38 (UHF)
Virtual: 2 (PSIP)
Subchannels 2.1 ABC
2.2 Laff
2.3 Bounce TV
Affiliations ABC (1995–present)
Owner E. W. Scripps Company
(Scripps Media, Inc.)
Founded May 1946[1]
First air date October 27, 1947 (1947-10-27)
Call letters' meaning MARyland
Former channel number(s) Analog:
2 (VHF, 1947–2009)
52 (UHF, 1995–2009)
Former affiliations Independent (1947–1948)
CBS (1948–1981)
NBC (1981–1995)
Transmitter power 1000 kW
Height 312 m (1,024 ft)
Facility ID 59442
Transmitter coordinates 39°20′5″N 76°39′3″W / 39.33472°N 76.65083°W / 39.33472; -76.65083
Licensing authority FCC
Public license information: Profile
Website abc2news.com
WMAR-TV, virtual channel 2 (UHF digital channel 38), is an ABC-affiliated television station located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The station is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company. WMAR-TV's studios and offices are located on York Road (MD 45) in the unincorporated community of Towson (though with a Baltimore mailing address), north of the Baltimore City-Baltimore County border, and its transmitter is located on Television Hill in the Woodberry neighborhood of Baltimore City.
Early years; CBS affiliation (1948-1981)[edit]
WMAR-TV first began broadcasting to Baltimore and central Maryland on October 27, 1947.[2][3] It was the fourteenth television station in the United States, and the first to sign on in Maryland. It was owned by the A.S. Abell Company, publisher of The Baltimore Sun, along with the original radio station WMAR-FM (97.9 MHz, frequency now occupied by WIYY-FM). Its first studios and broadcasting facilities were located for the first four years in the old Sun Building at so-called "Sun Square" at the southwestern corner of South Charles Street and West Baltimore Street in downtown Baltimore. With the 1950s and early 1960s redevelopment of downtown with Charles Center and the later razing of the Sun Building to be replaced by the Morris A. Mechanic Theatre and the relocation of the newspaper's offices and printing plant to 501 North Calvert Street, facilities for the station were temporarily located there.
Channel 2 was originally an Independent station, largely because at the time it was not clear whether Baltimore would be part of the Washington, D.C. market (Baltimore is 45 minutes northeast of Washington, and most of the Washington stations decently cover the Baltimore area for major news stories and advertising markets). In 1948, however, the Federal Communications Commission made Baltimore a separate media market. On March 29, 1948, WMAR-TV was announced as the Columbia Broadcasting System's third affiliate, after WCBS-TV in New York City and WCAU-TV in Philadelphia.[4] One of Channel 2's early local personalities was Jim McKay, who later moved over to CBS briefly before achieving greater fame on ABC as host of "Wide World of Sports". Another was Helen Delich Bentley, a maritime editor for the Baltimore Sun who hosted The Port That Built A City, a weekly review presenting maritime, shipping and transportation-related news. (Bentley later ran several times and was finally elected as the U.S. Representative from Maryland, serving several terms. By the 2010s, the Port of Baltimore was renamed symbolically for her.)[5]
As a CBS affiliate, the station preempted an hour of the network's weekday morning daytime schedule, as well as CBS's late night programming. However, this was not a problem for Baltimore area viewers, as most of the area got a decent signal from WTOP-TV in Washington (now WUSA). For many years, the station was also co-owned with WBOC-TV in Salisbury.
In 1959, WMAR-TV teamed up with WBAL-TV and WJZ-TV to build the world's first three-antenna candelabra tower.[6] The new 730-foot tower was built on the newly named "Television Hill" in the Woodberry neighborhood of Baltimore, which significantly improved the station's signal coverage in central Maryland. It is still in operation today, and can be seen from Interstate 83 in Baltimore. During the 1970s, the FCC tightened its cross-ownership rules, eventually barring common ownership between a newspaper and a television or radio station in the same city without a waiver. However, the combination of the Baltimore Sun and WMAR-TV was one of several combinations that were "grandfathered" under these rules.
NBC affiliation (1981-1994)[edit]
In March 1981, CBS announced that it would be moving its local affiliation in Baltimore to WBAL-TV, the market's NBC station. Among its reasons for making the switch, CBS cited WMAR-TV's weak newscast ratings and heavy preemptions of network programs for its widely popular locally-oriented occasional programs.[7] Channel 2 quickly cut a deal with NBC, and Baltimore's first affiliation switch took place on August 30, 1981. However, Channel 2 also preempted as much as two hours of the network's daytime programming. The station also preempted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson for several years in the mid-1980s, choosing to air sitcom reruns instead. Both "Tonight" and preempted daytime programs were aired on then-independent station, WBFF, though Baltimore viewers could also watch the entire NBC lineup on the network's neighboring Washington owned-and-operated station, WRC-TV.
AFTRA member Andy Barth of WMAR-TV, Channel 2 on picket line, March 1982.
On March 1, 1982, after negotiations between WMAR-TV management and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) failed, all of the station's on-air talent, except one, went on strike.[8] AFTRA members, joined by the Teamsters, the Communication Workers of America and other local unions, picketed the station's offices on York Road and Abell's offices at North Calvert and East Centre Streets. When color announcer (and long-time popular Baltimore Orioles third baseman) Brooks Robinson refused to cross the picket line at the start of the baseball season, the strike ended.[9] The following day, both news anchors, Tom Sweeney and Curt Anderson, were fired; there has never been another strike by on-air talent in the Baltimore TV market since.
Ownership changes[edit]
On October 27, 1986, the A.S. Abell Company was purchased by the Los Angeles-based Times-Mirror Company, publisher of the Los Angeles Times.[10] With the loss of the grandfathered protection between the former Abell media properties, Times-Mirror opted to keep the The Sun and The Evening Sun and sold WMAR together with WRLH-TV in Richmond, Virginia to Gillett Communications three days after the merger was consummated.[11] After filing for bankruptcy some time later, Gillett restructured its television holdings into SCI Television, and in the early 1990s, SCI put WMAR-TV on the market.
The Cincinnati-based E. W. Scripps Company announced its purchase of the station in the summer of 1990,[12] but in February 1991, the transfer was cancelled after Scripps accused Gillett of misreporting WMAR's financial statements. Gillett then took legal action against Scripps,[13] but both sides settled and the sale went forward.[14] Scripps took control of the station in the fall of 1991. As this scenario was playing out, the Sinclair Broadcast Group, parent company of WBFF, applied with the FCC for a new station on WMAR-TV's channel 2 allocation under a subsidiary called "Four Jacks Broadcasting."[15] If it were granted, it would have resulted in the entire WBFF intellectual unit (including its Fox network affiliation) moving from channel 45 to channel 2, with WBFF's existing channel 45 allocation would have then been sold.[16] In the end, however, Scripps' license to operate WMAR-TV on channel 2 was reaffirmed by the FCC, and WBFF permanently remained on channel 45.
ABC affiliation[edit]
In 1994, Scripps and ABC announced a long-term affiliation deal, which resulted in four Scripps-owned stations switching to ABC. WMAR-TV was included in the deal, and Channel 2 would displace Baltimore's longtime ABC affiliate, Westinghouse Broadcasting-owned WJZ-TV. ABC agreed to the deal as a condition of keeping its affiliation on Scripps' two biggest stations, WXYZ-TV in Detroit and WEWS in Cleveland. Both of those stations had been heavily wooed by CBS, which was about to lose its longtime Detroit and Cleveland affiliates to Fox.[17] Locally, it triggered Baltimore's second network affiliation swap, which saw WMAR-TV switch to ABC, WBAL-TV reuniting with NBC and CBS moving to WJZ-TV. The second switch occurred on January 2, 1995.[18] As a result, channel 2 became one of the few stations in the country to have been a primary affiliate with each of the "Big Three" networks.
In 1996, a year after the affiliation change, station management opted not to renew channel 2's carriage of The Oprah Winfrey Show, deciding instead to take a chance on the new The Rosie O'Donnell Show. The move proved costly in the long term, as market leader WBAL-TV picked up Oprah, and Rosie lasted only seven years. Since the switch, WMAR-TV has seen a drastic drop in viewership for its 5:00–6:30 p.m. news block, while WBAL-TV has thrived in that time slot.
On May 13, 2014, after a station security guard denied him entry into WMAR-TV's studio/offices, 28-year-old Vladimir Baptiste crashed a pickup truck into the building lobby – which was stolen around 12:00 p.m. from a Maryland State Highway Administration subcontractor.[19] All of the station's approximately 120 employees were evacuated and the building was placed on lockdown as Baltimore County Police officers searched for the suspect. Channel 2 ran an automated feed of ABC programming for four hours, before going dark for about 80 minutes; a satellite relay with Phoenix sister station KNXV-TV was then established late that afternoon until WMAR master control operators were able to resume broadcasting from the studio.[20][21][22] Police captured the man just after 4:30 p.m. that afternoon, as he was watching news coverage of the incident in one of the facility's offices. Officers found weapons in the truck, but there were no reports of gunshots being fired. No staffers inside the building were injured.[23][24] Baptiste was taken to a hospital for a mental evaluation, and was later charged with three counts of attempted second degree murder.[25]
Digital television[edit]
Digital channels[edit]
The station's digital channel is multiplexed:
Channel Video Aspect PSIP Short Name Programming[26]
2.1 720p 16:9 WMAR-HD Main WMAR-TV programming / ABC
2.2 480i 4:3 WMARDT1 Laff
2.3 BOUNCE Bounce TV
Analog-to-digital conversion[edit]
WMAR-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 2, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 52, which was among the high band UHF channels (52–69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to UHF channel 38,[27] using PSIP to display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 2.
Syndicated programs seen on WMAR-TV include Who Wants to be a Millionaire, Rachael Ray, The Doctors, and Right This Minute. As an ABC affiliate, WMAR-TV now usually runs the network's entire lineup. The station was Baltimore's home to the annual Jerry Lewis/MDA Labor Day Telethon for nearly three decades until it moved to WNUV-TV (channel 54). From 1979 to 1993, channel 2 was the over-the-air flagship station of the Baltimore Orioles--long after most "Big Three" stations dropped local regular season sports coverage.
Until September 17, 2012, Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune aired on channel 2 from the beginning. Since then, Fox affiliate WBFF carries both shows.
News operation[edit]
WMAR Comcast WeatherNet Digital screenshot.
WMAR-TV anchors Kelly Swoope and Jamie Costello prepare for live shot in downtown Baltimore, April 27, 2011.
WMAR-TV presently broadcasts 23½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 4½ hours on weekdays and one hour on Sundays); with regards to the amount of news programming, it is the lowest output among Baltimore's television stations. Unlike most news-producing ABC affiliates that are located in the Eastern Time Zone, WMAR does not air a newscast in the weekday midday timeslot; it also holds the distinction of being the largest news-producing "Big Three" station by market size that does not air any local newscasts on Saturdays (although WMAR does produce local weather cut-ins that are shown during the weekend edition of Good Morning America).
WMAR is also one of ten television stations that airs the "Don't Waste Your Money" series of consumer reports from John Matarese, based at Cincinnati sister station WCPO-TV. WMAR formerly operated a 24-hour local weather channel known as "ABC 2 WeatherNet Digital", which was also available on Xfinity digital cable channel 204 and streamed on the station's website; until 2012, the channel was also broadcast on a third digital subchannel of WMAR's over-the-air signal.
Despite its newspaper roots, WMAR's newscasts have been in last place among Baltimore's "Big Three" network affiliates since the early 1960s, and the station has not been a significant factor in the news ratings in over 30 years. It lags behind both WBAL-TV and WJZ-TV in the ratings by a wide margin, and has even trailed WBFF in some timeslots. For the past decade, WMAR and WBFF have formed one tier of local newscast ratings – significantly lower than the tier that is occupied by WBAL and WJZ. As such, it is currently one of ABC's weakest affiliates, especially in a top-50 market. By contrast, WJZ-TV dominated the ratings in the Baltimore market when it was affiliated with ABC before it switched to CBS.
However, WMAR formerly boasted one of the most respected sports departments in the region, thanks in large part to the presence of longtime anchor and former Baltimore Ravens radio play-by-play announcer Scott Garceau. Garceau has since left to host a show on WJZ-FM and sports director Rob Carlin left for MSG Network, meaning WMAR's newscasts no longer have a separate sports anchor. Despite this, the station lays claim to the market's most aggressive coverage of local college and high school lacrosse, arguably the most popular sport in the area among young athletes. WMAR works in partnership with ESPNU to produce the ABC 2 Lacrosse Game of the Week during the college season, featuring prime matchups involving one or more Maryland lacrosse powerhouses, including Johns Hopkins University, Loyola College in Maryland, Towson University, the University of Maryland, College Park, and the U.S. Naval Academy. Garceau continues to do play-by-play for the station's lacrosse telecasts. Quint Kessenich, four-time lacrosse All-American with Johns Hopkins, is a major contributor to lacrosse coverage and appears sporadically as a fill-in anchor, host of the station's Baltimore Blast show and field reporter for select Ravens games.
On October 4, 2010, WMAR-TV became the last station in the market and the last Scripps-owned television station at the time to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition (Scripps has since acquired the television station group of McGraw-Hill; of those stations, one of them still produces its newscasts in pillarboxed 4:3 standard definition as of January 2012). On April 18, 2011, WMAR became the first television station in Baltimore to expand its weekday morning newscast to the 4:30 a.m. timeslot.[28]
Notable former on-air staff[edit]
1. ^ "Nine television stations authorized by FCC." Broadcasting – Telecasting, May 20, 1946, pg. 94.
2. ^ "WMAR Baltimore Sunpapers' television outlet launched." Broadcasting – Telecasting, November 3, 1947, pg. 85.
3. ^ "History of American Broadcasting". Jeff560.tripod.com. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
4. ^ "WMAR-TV Third CBS TV Affiliate" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 5, 1948. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
5. ^ Shapiro, M. Sigmund (Fall 1999). "The Saga of Samuel Shapiro & Company". Generations (Jewish Museum of Maryland). Retrieved 2011-07-16.
6. ^ "Candelabra." Broadcasting, August 10, 1959, pg. 60.
7. ^ "CBS switches affiliation to WBAL-TV in Baltimore." Broadcasting, March 9, 1981, pg. 152.
8. ^ [2][dead link]
9. ^ [3][dead link]
10. ^ "Times-Mirror buys Abell." Broadcasting, June 2, 1986, pg. 41.
11. ^ "Changing hands." Broadcasting, July 14, 1986, pg. 66.
12. ^ "Scripps to buy WMAR-TV; WTNH-TV seeks equity." Broadcasting, July 23, 1990, pg. 28.
13. ^ "Gillett sues Scripps-Howard over WMAR-TV deal break-up." Broadcasting, February 18, 1991, pg. 53.
14. ^ "In brief." Broadcasting, April 8, 1991, pg. 96.
15. ^ "For the record: New stations-Applications." Broadcasting, November 25, 1991, pg. 70.
16. ^ Zurawik, David (September 13, 1991). "Smith family seeks to take Channel 2; WBFF owners' move could shift WMAR". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
17. ^ Foisie, Geoffrey (June 20, 1994). "ABC pre-empts CBS in Cleveland, Detroit." (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
18. ^ Zurawik, David (January 1, 1995). "Get ready, get set, get confused, in TV's big switch in Baltimore Changing Channels". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
19. ^ "Vehicle crashes into Channel 2 station in Towson; suspect is possibly armed". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
20. ^ Suspect in custody after vehicle crashes into Channel 2 station in Towson, The Baltimore Sun, May 13, 2014.
21. ^ Baltimore TV station returns to air after man crashes truck into lobby, CNN, May 13, 2014.
22. ^ "WMAR struggles to carry on programming while its building is locked down". The Baltimore Sun. May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
23. ^ "Man crashes truck into Baltimore TV station, claimed to be God". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
24. ^ "Man claiming to be God crashes truck into Maryland TV station". Yahoo! News (via Reuters). May 13, 2014.
25. ^ "Maryland man charged with attempted murder after crashing truck into TV station". New York Daily News. May 14, 2014.
26. ^ RabbitEars TV Query for WMAR
28. ^ http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/zontv/2011/04/wmar_channel_goes_to_430_am_ne.html
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38380
|
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Whig Party)
Jump to: navigation, search
Whig or Whigs may refer to:
Parties and factions[edit]
In the British Isles[edit]
• A faction of the Scottish Covenanters during the 17th-century Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and the original whigs. (See also Whiggamore Raid)
• Whiggism, a historical political philosophy that grew out of the Parliamentarian faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
• Whigs (British political party), one of two political parties in England, Great Britain, Ireland, and later the United Kingdom, from the 17th to 19th centuries
• Radical Whigs, a faction of British Whigs associated with the American Revolution
• Patriot Whigs or Patriot Party
• A nickname for the Liberal Party, a UK political party that succeeded that country's Whigs
• The Whig Party, a 2014 revival of the Whigs
In the United States[edit]
• True Whig Party, also known as the "Liberian Whig Party", Liberia's overwhelmingly dominant political party from 1878 to 1980
• Confederate States Whig Party, a fictional political party created by alternate history author Harry Turtledove
Other uses[edit]
See also[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38381
|
Help:Permanent link
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Wikipedia:Permalink)
Jump to: navigation, search
A permanent link (or permalink) is a link to a specific version of a wiki page. Normal links always lead to the most current version of a page, but the permalink leads to the text as it was at the time; the text does not include any edits made since. Unlike the name suggests, the permalink does not show exactly the same page, though, only the main text is guaranteed to be retained. The pictures included in the page are still shown at their most current versions,[1] as are the templates, most notably the boxes with text and images placed in the pages' right-top corner.
Permalink is made by clicking 'permanent link' in the sidebar's toolbox or by accessing a prior version of a page from its Page history tab. Both of these will display that version and the page's URL can be used as the target of the permalink.
When to use How to create Result
Linking from anywhere in the Internet.
Linking from the printed publication that is citing Wikipedia.
Copy the 'Permanent link' in the sidebar's Toolbox.
Linking from the inside of Wikipedia (such as from a talk page) Note the oldid part of the 'Permanent link', and write your own Wikicode: [[Special:Permalink/402359171|a version of Wikipedia:Help_desk page]] a version of Wikipedia:Help_desk page
No permalink - just a plain link to the most current version of page [[Wikipedia:Help desk]] Wikipedia:Help desk
See also[edit]
1. ^ The most obvious differences are if images that existed at the time are subsequently deleted. They would be shown as redlinks, and inevitably the layout of article would suffer.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38382
|
Xbox Live
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Xbox Live Achievement system)
Jump to: navigation, search
Xbox Live
The Xbox Live logo
Developer Microsoft
Type Online service
Launch date November 15, 2002
Last updated
December 11, 2014
Platform Xbox (discontinued April 15, 2010)[1]
Xbox 360
Xbox One
Windows XPWindows 7 (as Games for Windows – Live)
Windows 8 onwards (full integration)
Windows Phone
Status Online
Members 48 million[2][3]
Xbox Live (trademarked as Xbox LIVE[4]) is an online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service created and operated by Microsoft. It was first made available to the Xbox system in November 2002. An updated version of the service became available for the Xbox 360 console at the system's launch in November 2005, and a further enhanced version was released in 2013 with the Xbox One.[citation needed]
The service was extended in 2007 on the Windows platform, named Games for Windows – Live, which makes most aspects of the system available on Windows computers. Microsoft has announced plans to extend Live to other platforms such as handhelds and mobile phones as part of the Live Anywhere initiative.[5] With Microsoft's mobile operating system, Windows Phone, full Xbox Live functionality is integrated into new Windows Phones that launched since late 2010.[6] The service shut down for the original Xbox on April 15, 2010, and original Xbox Games are now only playable online through local area network (LAN) tunneling applications such as XLink Kai.[1]
The original Xbox Live logo, used from 2005 until 2013.
As Microsoft developed the original Xbox console, online gaming was designated as one of the key pillars for the greater Xbox strategy. Sega had made an attempt to capitalize on the ever-growing online gaming scene when it launched the Dreamcast video game console in 1999, including online support as standard, called SegaNet and Dreamarena. Nevertheless, due to lack of widespread broadband adoption at the time, the Dreamcast shipped with only a dial-up modem while a later-released broadband adapter was neither widely supported nor widely available. Downloadable content was available, though limited in size due to the narrowband connection and the size limitations of a memory card. The online features, while praised as innovative, were largely considered a failure,[citation needed] and the Dreamcast's immediate competitor, the PlayStation 2, did not initially ship with built-in networking capabilities.
Microsoft, however, hoped that the Xbox would succeed where the Dreamcast had failed. The company determined that intense online gaming required the throughput of a broadband connection and the storage space of a hard disk drive, and thus these features would be vital to the new platform. This would allow not only for significant downloadable content, such as new levels, maps, weapons, challenges and characters, to be downloaded quickly and stored, but also would make it possible to standardize bandwidth intensive features such as voice communication. Steve Ballmer and Bill Gates both had a vision of making premium download content and add-ons that would attract many new customers. Based on this reasoning, the console included a standard Ethernet port (10/100) in order to provide connectivity to common broadband networks, but did not include a modem or any dial-up support, and its online service was designed to support broadband users only. Critics scoffed at it, citing poor broadband adoption at the turn of the century.[8]
When the Xbox launched on November 15, 2001, the as-yet unnamed online service was destined for a Summer 2002 deployment.[9] Xbox Live was finally given a name at E3 2002 when the service was unveiled in its entirety. Sound-dampened booths and broadband-connected Xbox consoles—featuring an early version of Unreal Championship—demonstrated the service on the show floor. The Epic title was one of the flagship titles for the service, which was slated for a debut on November 15, 2002, marking the anniversary of the Xbox launch. Microsoft announced that 50 Xbox Live titles would be available by the end of 2003.[10] Utilizing the required broadband bandwidth, Xbox Live featured a unified gaming "Friends List", as well as a single identity across all titles (regardless of the publisher), and standardized voice chat with a headset and communication, a feature that was still in its infancy.
Leading up to the launch, Microsoft enlisted several waves of beta testers to improve the service and receive feature feedback. The first wave of beta testers were given Revolt! (which never was released officially) and NFL Fever to beta test. Once beta testing concluded, Microsoft sent these beta testers a translucent orange memory card, a headset carrying case, and a beta tester tshirt with the slogan "I have great hands". When the service debuted, it lacked much of the functionality that later titles included, but Xbox Live grew and evolved on the Xbox and many aspects of the service were included with the Xbox 360 console out of the box, rather than through a later update. Microsoft's 5000th patent was Live-related and gave Xbox 360 users access to watch other gamers compete against each other over Xbox Live.[11]
The packaging for playable Xbox Live titles on the original Xbox console featured the trademark gold bar underneath the Xbox header. Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell and Brute Force sported a Live "bubble" design, as they only featured downloadable content. It was changed later, wherein all Xbox Live titles included the universal gold Live bar. By the time of the Xbox 360, all titles were required to provide at least a limited form of Xbox Live "awareness".[clarification needed]
On November 15, 2007, Microsoft celebrated Xbox Live's 5th anniversary by offering its then over 8 million subscribers the title Carcassonne free of charge and awarding gamers who had subscribed to Live since its inception 500 free Microsoft Points. Due to intermittent service interruptions during late December 2007 and early January 2008, Microsoft promised to offer a free Xbox Live Arcade game to all Xbox Live users as compensation, in an open letter to all Xbox Live members from Mark Whitten, Xbox LIVE General Manager.[12] Increased demand from Xbox 360 purchasers (the largest number of new user sign-ups in the history of Xbox Live) was given as the reason for the downtime.[13] On January 18, 2008, Microsoft announced Undertow would be offered free to both Gold and Free members for the week starting January 23 through January 27 as compensation.[14]
On November 12, 2009, Dennis Durkin, COO of Microsoft's interactive entertainment business, announced that November 10, 2009, the release of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 marked the busiest day ever on Xbox Live, with over two million active users simultaneously.[15]
On February 5, 2010, Marc Whitten announced that Xbox Live had reached 23 million members.[16] On the same day, Larry Hyrb, Xbox Live's Major Nelson, announced on his blog that Xbox Live support for the original Xbox would be discontinued on April 15, 2010, including online play through backwards compatibility on the Xbox 360 and all downloadable content for original Xbox games.[17]
In August 2010, Microsoft announced an increase to the cost of Xbox Live Gold in several countries by 20%, for the first time since its inception.[18][19][20] The basic service was also renamed. Prior to October 2010, the free service was known as Xbox Live Silver.[7]
It was announced on June 10, 2011 that the service is going to be fully integrated into Microsoft's Windows 8.[21]
In October 2011, Microsoft announced live streaming cable television with various providers.[22]
In February 2013, Yusuf Mehdi, corporate vice president of Microsoft's Interactive Entertainment Business, shared that Xbox LIVE members now number 46 million, up 15 percent from a year ago. during the D: Dive into Media conference in Southern California.[23]
In June 2014, Microsoft retracted the Xbox Live Gold requirements to download streaming media apps (including Netflix, Hulu, YouTube, Internet Explorer, Skype, and others), though various rental or subscription fees may still aplly.[24][25]
On December 25, 2014, both PlayStation Network and Xbox Live suffered network disruption after a denial-of-service attack.[26] Functionality was restored on December 28, with some users experiencing difficulties in the days that followed.[27][28]
Network chart[edit]
Xbox Live is available as both a free and subscription-based service, known as Xbox Live Gold. A comparison of free and premium services:
Feature Live Free Live Gold Additional requirements Xbox 360 Xbox One
Avatars Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cloud game saves No Yes Yes Yes
Free-to-play games[29] No Yes Yes Yes
Game DVR[30]
5 minutes
No Yes No Yes
Games with Gold No Yes Yes Yes
Live broadcasting[31]
No Yes No Yes
Media sharing[32]
OneDrive, YouTube
No Yes No Yes
Online multi-player No Yes Yes Yes
Video Kinect No Yes Headset (wired or wireless) or Kinect Yes No
Voice/party chat[33] No Yes Yes Yes
Voice messaging No[33] Yes Yes Yes
Web browser
Internet Explorer
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Xbox Live Arcade point results Yes Yes Yes No
First-party apps and entertainment services
Avatar Kinect[34] No Yes Kinect Yes No
Bing Yes Yes Yes Yes
Game Room Yes Yes Yes No
Kinect Fun Labs Yes Yes Kinect Yes No
Upload Studio[35] No Yes No Yes
Skype[d] Yes Yes Skype account and Kinect No Yes
Sports Picks No Yes Yes No
Xbox Music[e] Yes Yes Xbox Music Pass Yes Yes
Xbox Video[e] Yes Yes Yes Yes
A selection of third-party apps and entertainment services
4oD[c] Yes Yes Yes Yes
ABC iView[g] Yes Yes Yes Yes Instant Video[b][e] Yes Yes Amazon account(s) Yes Yes
BBC iPlayer[c] Yes Yes Yes Yes
Crackle[d][e] Yes Yes Yes Yes
Canal+[h][e] Yes Yes Canal+ subscription Yes Yes
Crunchyroll[m][e] Yes Yes Crunchyroll premium membership Yes Yes
Demand 5[c] Yes Yes Yes Yes
ESPN[b][e] Yes Yes WatchESPN affiliated ISP Yes Yes
Foxtel On Xbox Live[g][e] Yes Yes Foxtel On Xbox Live subscription Yes Yes
Halo Waypoint[d] No[36] Yes Yes Yes
Hulu Plus[b][e] Yes Yes Hulu Plus subscription Yes Yes
iHeartRadio[k] Yes Yes Yes Yes
Live events Yes Yes Requirements vary by event Yes Yes
Live TV Yes Yes Cable provider subscription and set-top box (Xbox One) Yes Yes
Miss Teen USA[n] Yes Yes Yes Yes[e] Yes Yes subscription Yes Yes
Movistar TV[e][i] Yes Yes Movistar TV subscription Yes Yes
NFL on Xbox[e][k] Yes Yes NFL account and cable provider subscription (Xbox One) Yes Yes
Netflix[b][c][e] Yes Yes Netflix subscription Yes Yes
Network Ten[g] Yes Yes Yes Yes
OneDrive Yes Yes Yes Yes
SBS on Demand[e][g] Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sky Go[c][e] Yes Yes Sky TV and/or pay-per-view subscription Yes No
TELUS Optik TV[e][l] No Yes Optik TV subscription & kit Yes No[d] Yes Yes account Yes Yes
AT&T U-Verse TV[e][k] Yes Yes AT&T U-Verse Subscription & Kit Yes No
Verizon FiOS TV[e][k] Yes Yes Verizon FiOS TV and Internet accounts Yes Yes
Vodafone Casa TV[e][f] Yes Yes Vodafone Casa TV subscription Yes No
Xfinity[e][k] Yes Yes Xfinity Digital Preferred and Xfinity Internet accounts Yes Yes
Ultimate Fighting Championship[e] Yes[l] Yes Credit card (to purchase fights) Yes Yes
Vevo Yes Yes Yes Yes
YouTube[d] Yes Yes YouTube account Yes Yes
WWE Network[e] Yes Yes WWE Network subscription Yes Yes
ZDF[j] Yes Yes Yes Yes
^ a Some content available one week after Gold subscribers
^ b Available in U.S. and Canada only
^ c Available in UK and Ireland only
^ d Over 18's only/parental permission required
^ e Various rental/subscription fees apply
^ f Available in Portugal only
^ g Available in Australia only
^ h Available in France only
^ i Available in Spain only
^ j Available in Germany only
^ k Available in U.S. only
^ l Available in Canada only
^ m Discontinued from Xbox live marketplace
^ n Available in selected markets
Xbox 360 Features[edit]
• Virtual avatars representing the user's likeness.
• Achievements earned during gameplay.
• Gamerscores amounting the total of a user's Achievement points.
• Rep voted by other users preferring or avoiding the user. Rep defaults to five stars over time after the user has been preferred by at least one other user.
• Friends list displaying the user's chosen friends of up to 100.
• Recent players list displaying the last 50 players the user has met.
• Complaint system allowing users to file reports of other users that have broken Xbox Live Terms of Use.
• Xbox Live Marketplace offering downloadable content for games, music and movies.
• Voice and Video chat.
• Multiplayer gameplay for up to four players via system link or Xbox Live.
• Cross-platform multiplayer with Windows gamers on select games via Games for Windows - Live
• Matchmaking depending on the user's cumulative gamerscore, rep, location, language and gamer zone.
• Party system for up to eight users for playing games and watching movies.
• Family settings controlling younger users' exposure to other users.
• Inside Xbox video newsletter detailing Xbox 360 news, events, products, interviews and games. Content is streamed directly from the Xbox 360 Dashboard.
• Netflix video service offering unlimited streaming for thousands of television shows and movies. (requires Netflix Unlimited account)
• Xbox Video marketplace offering streaming of video content instantly in 1080p HD with 5.1 surround sound. (Requires Gold Membership)
• Halo Waypoint multimedia hub for all Halo-related content.
• Game Room virtual arcade space offering a library of classic retro games.
• MSN entertainment portal providing the latest news and gossip in the world of celebrities, music and movies.
• ESPN live and on-demand sports service offering streaming of up to 3,500 sporting events. (Requires Gold Membership)
• AT&T U-Verse and Telus Optik TV set-top box functionality.
• Windows Phone compatibility allowing users to manage their Xbox Live profiles, send and receive messages, play video games, as well as earn achievements exclusive to Windows Phone titles.
• Xbox Music marketplace offering unlimited streaming of music and music videos. (Requires Gold Membership)
• Avatar Kinect social media service allowing users to interact with one another and create media using their Avatars.
• Hulu Plus video streaming service offering commercially supported television and movie content from networks such as NBC, Fox and ABC (US). (Requires Hulu Plus account)
• Kinect Fun Labs development hub allowing users to play, create and share their own Kinect experiences.
• Bing search engine allowing users to search for any piece of content on their console.
• Internet Explorer allows users to browse the internet using their console. (Requires Gold Membership)
• Cloud storage allowing users to access their profiles and save data from any console.
• iHeartRadio streaming service, which streams over 800 US-based radio stations[37] (requires Gold membership and iHeartRadio account)
• YouTube application allowing for unlimited access to shared video content (requires Gold membership and YouTube account).
• IPTV service offering region-specific television content. (Requires Gold Membership)
• Epix offering movies-on-television content. (Requires Gold Membership)
• Dailymotion allowing users to access television and movie content (requires Gold Membership and Dailymotion account).
• UFC on Xbox Live allows users to view pay-per-view events in 1080p HD, access a library of live and on-demand video content, connect with friends to predict fight results and have the ability to compare fighter statistics and records.
• offering out-of-market Major League Baseball games (requires Gold membership and subscription) (Requires Gold Membership)
• Live event streaming, including video game announcements, award shows, concerts, sports, beauty pageants and news events (most events require Gold membership and fees)
• Sports Picks allowing users to predict the outcome of sporting events, including UFC, NBA and NHL games, with future support for MLB games and Miss Universe Organization pageants (requires Gold membership)
• Various TV on-demand services which are available to all users (no Gold subscription required), albeit restricted by region. Such services include:
• Various TV on-demand services which require a Gold subscription. Access to these services varies by region and some require a separate subscription to the provider. Such services include:
Exclusive Xbox One Features[edit]
• Ability to record gameplay using the Upload app and Game DVR (requires Gold membership)
• Access to "OneGuide", a customizable electronic program guide that integrates TV content and internet content – such as Hulu Plus – into one screen
• Skype support allows users to video chat and voice chat with each other while playing games and using apps (requires Skype account and Kinect)
• Ability to edit saved gameplay clips in the Upload Studio and upload to SkyDrive (requires Gold membership)
User information[edit]
A Gamertag is the universal name for a player's username on Microsoft's Xbox Live. A Gamertag used online must be unique and can be up to 15 characters in length, including numbers, letters, and spaces. Gamertags can be changed using an Xbox One or Xbox 360 console (first time is free, then for a price of $10), the Xbox 360 supports 8 Xbox Live-enabled profiles per memory unit and 32 profiles on the hard drive.[41]
A player's Gamertag account status can be checked using a variety of online tools, which is useful especially when looking for a new Gamertag, or confirming that a Gamertag exists. Using a valid Gamertag, any player can be located and messaged from within Live. There are also several websites which allow users of Gamertags to upload photos and information about themselves.
Gamertags can be used in a variety of places, including Games for Windows – Live, Zune, XNA Creators Club, and of course on Xbox One and Xbox 360.
Gamertags also contain avatar images (or "gamer pictures"), sometimes associated with certain games or game characters. On Xbox 360, individual gamerpics cost between $0.17 and $0.25, but they are usually bundled into packs; packs of four or five gamerpics usually cost $1, while packs of ten typically cost $1.87. It is also possible to take "Public" pictures (which are shown to all that view a profile, unless the user has a different "personal" picture set) which can be taken of avatars while using the avatar editor.
Users were formerly forbidden to use strings such as gay or refer to homosexuality in any way in their Gamertag or profile due to it being considered "content of a sexual nature", even if the string occurs in a legitimate surname. Incidents where a woman was suspended from the service for identifying herself as a lesbian, and an incident where a male user was suspended for using his surname "Gaywood" in his username attracted controversy.[42][43][44][45][46] In February 2009, Xbox Live Lead Program Manager for Enforcement Stephen Toulouse clarified the service's policy on sexual identification, stating that "Expression of any sexual orientation [...] is not allowed in Gamertags" but that the company is "examining how we can provide it in a way that won't get misused."[47] Changes announced in March 2010 permit Xbox Live members to express sexual orientation in their gamertags and profiles.[48]
The Gamerscore (G) is an achievements point accumulation system that reflects the number of achievements accumulated by a user on Xbox Live through the displaying of the amount of points accumulated. These Achievement points are awarded for the completion of game-specific challenges, such as beating a level or amassing a specified number of wins against other players in online matches and other various in game challenges.
Initially, retail Xbox 360 games offered up to 1,000G spread over a variable number of Achievements, while each Xbox Live Arcade title contained 12 Achievements totaling 200G. On February 1, 2007, Microsoft announced on their Gamerscore Blog some new policies that developers must follow related to Gamerscore and Achievements in future releases.[49] All regular disc-based games must have 1,000 Gamerscore points in the base game; the title can ship with fewer than 1,000 points, but anything added later must be free. Game developers also now have the option of adding up to 250 points via downloadable content every quarter after the first year of release (for a total of 1,750 points). Xbox Live Arcade titles also allow players to obtain Gamerscore, initially up to 200 Gamerscore with additional points up to 50 Gamerscore via downloadable content (for a total of 250 points),[50] but some XBLA games now contain up to 400 Gamerscore without DLC.
On May 26, 2007, Halo 2 was the first Games for Windows title to feature Achievements, which counted towards a player's Gamerscore.
On March 25, 2008, Microsoft cracked down on "Gamerscore cheaters" (those who used external tools to artificially inflate their Gamerscore), and reduced their Gamerscores to zero without the option to recover the scores that had been "earned", and branded the player by denoting on their Gamertag that they were a "Cheater".[51]
The development of the Gamerscore system has created a new niche in the internet economy. Many websites have been created to provide gamers with tips and tricks for getting achievement points. Some sites are solely devoted to these achievement guides, and some blogs provide gaming guides in addition to their other content.
On March 13, 2014, Ray Cox IV or "Stallion83" became the first player in history to reach 1 million Gamerscore.
The Gamercard is an information panel used to summarize one's user profile on Microsoft's Xbox Live. The pieces of information on a Gamercard include:
• Gamertag (in front a silver or gold bar) (active gold members who have had Xbox Live for less than a year feature small bubbles. Anything a year or over will feature the number of years.)
• Gamer picture (avatar)
• Reputation
• Gamerscore
• Gamer Zone
• Recent games played
A player's Gamercard can be viewed via the Xbox 360 Dashboard, or online through The top bar that displays the Gamertag is shown in front of either a silver or gold bar which designates if the gamer has an Xbox Live Free or Gold subscription (respectively). If the gamer is part of the Xbox 360 Launch Team, the top bar will also have additional text stating "Launch Team" in the background. Third party sites allow users to post a rendered version of their Gamercard as a small Flash applet or JPEG image on any website or Internet forum.
Similarly, Mac OS X users can download widgets that display their Xbox Live Gamercard within Mac OS X's Dashboard. These can be downloaded onto any Mac with OS X 10.4 or higher via Apple's widget download page.
There are four Gamer Zones; Recreation is for casual gamers, Family is for family-friendly gamers (without profanity, etc.), Pro is for competitive gamers who enjoy a challenge, and Underground is for no-holds-barred gaming where anything goes (as long as it does not violate the Xbox Live Terms of Use). However, in practice these gamer zones are displayed only on the Gamercard of the player, and do not tend to affect the gameplay experience or the matching of players in online games.
Main article: TrueSkill
TrueSkill[52] is a ranking and matchmaking system which was first implemented as part of the Xbox 360's Live services. Developed at Microsoft Research Cambridge (United Kingdom), the TrueSkill ranking system is now used in over 150 titles for the Xbox 360[citation needed] and in the Games for Windows – Live game Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II. It uses a mathematical model of uncertainty to address weaknesses in existing ranking systems such as Elo. For example, a new player joining million-player leagues can be ranked correctly in fewer than 20 games. It can predict the probability of each game outcome, which enhances competitive matchmaking, making it possible to assemble skill-balanced teams from a group of players with different abilities.
When matchmaking, the system attempts to match individuals based on their estimated skill level. If two individuals are competing head-to-head and have the same estimated skill level with low estimate uncertainty, they should each have roughly a 50% chance of winning a match. In this way, the system attempts to make every match as competitive as possible.
In order to prevent abuse of the system, the majority of ranked games have relatively limited options for matchmaking. By design, players cannot easily play with their friends in ranked games. However, these countermeasures have failed due to techniques such as alternate account(s) and system flaws where each system has its own individual TrueSkill rating. To provide less competitive games, the system supports unranked Player Matches, which allow individuals of any skill level to be paired (often including "guests" on an account). Such matches do not contribute to the TrueSkill rating.
Xbox Games Store[edit]
Main article: Xbox Games Store
Xbox Games Store (formerly Xbox Live Marketplace) is a unified storefront which offers both free and premium content for download including Xbox Live Arcade titles, Xbox indie games, original Xbox games, Xbox 360 game demos, game expansion material (e.g. extra maps, vehicles, songs), trailers, gamer pictures and themes, television shows, music videos, movie rentals, and more.[53]
On 17 November 2009, Microsoft released a downloadable Zune application for the Xbox 360. This application turns the Xbox 360 into a Zune device. Once one downloads the Zune application, it takes over the Marketplace menus and sections of the console. With the addition of the Zune Marketplace to a Xbox 360 console, one is able to purchase movies instead of only being able to rent them. The Zune Marketplace has a much more extensive content offering compared to the classic Xbox Live Marketplace.[53]
Xbox Live Gold[edit]
Xbox Live Gold
Developer Microsoft
Type Premium online service
Platform Xbox 360
Xbox One
Website US website
Xbox Live Gold is a paid subscription service for the Xbox community. Signing up to Xbox Live is free, but in order to play online and access some core services, a periodic fee is required. Features that require a Gold subscription include online gaming, matchmaking/smartmatch, private chat, party chat and in-game voice communication. Other features, such as game recording and media sharing also necessitate Gold membership.[35][32] Similarly, ordinary Xbox Live members can download and access the Twitch live streaming application, but in order to broadcast gameplay of one's own, a Gold subscription is necessary.[31] Free-to-play titles also remain behind a paywall.[29] Subscribers are benefited with space "in the cloud" for storing files, and granted early or exclusive access to betas, special offers, Games with Gold, and Video Kinect.
Games with Gold[edit]
Xbox 360 Gold subscribers receive a complimentary game twice a month, while Xbox One subscribers receive one—occasionally two—games a month.
Announced at E3 2013 and beginning in July 2013, the program, titled Games with Gold, began with the 360 games Defense Grid: The Awakening and Assassin's Creed II.[54] In June 2014, the program expanded to Xbox One, with Halo: Spartan Assault and Max: The Curse of Brotherhood as its first games. The program on Xbox One is different from Xbox 360: instead of being able to get two games per month to download and keep, games are added to a non-revolving library of games to play as long as the player retains their subscription.[55]
In 2014, Xbox Live gave away $584 in free games to subscribers,[56] whereas competing service the PlayStation Network gave away over $1,300 in free games to subscribers.[57]
New Xbox Experience [edit]
At E3 2008, Microsoft announced that all Xbox 360 owners would receive a new dashboard update, titled New Xbox Experience (NXE), on November 19, 2008[58] that has added many new features. Though the new interface is generally downloaded when a new Xbox is connected to Xbox Live, some games, including Fight Night Round 4 and Dragon Ball: Raging Blast, will also update it.
One feature is the ability to watch standard quality and 720p streaming movies and TV shows from Netflix through the Xbox 360. This feature is only available in the U.S. and Canada, and requires an Xbox Live Gold subscription and Netflix Unlimited. Users are also able to watch Netflix titles with their friends in a party of up to 8 players. Xbox Live members have the ability to view over 12,000 movies and episodes. Users can browse for titles based on their interests and Netflix ratings with the Xbox interface. Users no longer need to visit the website to choose the content to watch.[59][60] When a player parties up with a group, they also have the ability to join games together, chat together or view a slideshow of photos.
Another feature gives players the ability to create Avatars. Players are able to customize avatars by changing body shape, facial features, hair and clothes, as well as new clothing being released from time to time.[61] Xbox Live requires that users select an avatar.[58] Another feature is the ability to install an entire game disc onto the Xbox 360's hard drive, which decreases loading times, and significantly reduces noise due to the game being read from the hard drive and not the louder disc drive (similar to the PS2 HD LOADER Feature). For most games this feature also reduces the amount of time spent reading the disc, thereby helping to extend the life-span of the optical drive mechanism.[62]
During the Press Conference at E3, Microsoft announced Xbox Live Primetime, a series of scheduled programs where Xbox Live members can play against each other. The first announced game is an adaptation of the Endemol game show 1 vs. 100 in which one Xbox Live member will play against 100 other members with a live host and prizes awarded.[63] On July 15, 2010, Microsoft confirmed that 1 vs. 100 would be cancelled.
The Xbox Guide has also been redesigned. Players are not only able to view their friends and messages, but are able to access their game library. If a user has installed any game onto their Xbox 360 Hard drive, they are able to immediately start the game from the guide, whether they are in a game or in the dashboard. Microsoft also confirmed that every new 360 comes with 3 free Xbox Live Gold trial accounts, upon creating a new account the player is allowed to claim a trial period upon refusing to pay for Gold subscription; therefore allowing the user to try online gameplay for that one-month trial period, after which the player is required to pay subscription fees to continue matchmaking online.[64] Major Nelson also announced that the update supports 16:10 on VGA or HDMI, expanding the choice of resolutions.[65]
While previous system updates have been stored on internal memory, this is the first update to require a storage device. The update requires at least 128MB free space on either a memory card or a hard drive.[66] Microsoft has stated that many Core or Arcade users will not have sufficient space on their limited memory cards for the new update and thus provided them with a free 512MB memory card or a discounted 20GB hard drive for a limited time.[67][68] This promotion has since ended and all new arcade units now come with 512MB of internal memory.[citation needed]
The NXE was leaked onto Torrent sites and could be installed via a USB drive. Microsoft's Major Nelson stated that unauthorized installation of NXE would result in the user's console being banned from Xbox Live until its official release which was on November 19, 2008.[69]
On September 22, 2010, Major Nelson announced that the Xbox Live dashboard would be redesigned once again. The new design would incorporate the Metro interface used in other Microsoft products, such as Zune HD and Windows Phone. As well as a new color scheme and other minor tweaks to the overall layout, the update would also include a "Kinect hub", designed specifically for the Kinect sensor for easier dashboard navigation. Xbox Live members were able to sign up for a preview program, which opened on September 29, 2010.[70] The new dashboard officially went live on December 6, 2011.[71][72]
On June 6, 2011 at E3, it was announced that the dashboard would be updated again to include the Bing search engine, allowing users to search for games, trailers, movies etc. Kinect would also be updated allowing users to navigate the dashboard and Bing using their voice. Other updates would include cloud storage, YouTube access and live television streaming.[73] The dashboard update was delayed till December 6, 2011.[74]
On May 13, 2014, Microsoft announced changes to the Xbox Live Gold membership that would allow subscribers to access available apps such as Netflix, Twitch,, etc. without a Gold membership on both Xbox One and Xbox 360 consoles, though various rental or subscription fees still apply.[75] Microsoft would be offering pro-rated refunds for the service for requests up until August 31, 2014. The company also announced "Games with Gold" that would give subscribers free games on both Xbox 360 and Xbox One with one single membership, and "Deals with Gold" for exclusive discounts for Xbox One games at the Xbox store.[76]
Xbox Video[edit]
On November 6, 2006, Microsoft announced the Xbox Video (formerly Xbox Video Marketplace), an exclusive video store accessible through the console. Launched in the United States on November 22, 2006, the first anniversary of the Xbox 360's launch, the service allows users in the United States to download high-definition and standard-definition television shows for purchase and movies for rental onto an Xbox 360 console for viewing. With the exception of short clips, content is not currently available for streaming, and must be downloaded. Movies are available for rental from the Video Marketplace. They expire in 14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing, whichever comes first. Television episodes can be purchased to own, and are transferable to an unlimited number of consoles. Downloaded files use 5.1 surround audio and are encoded using VC-1 for video at 720p, with a bitrate of 6.8 Mbit/s.[77] Television content is offered from MTV, VH1, Comedy Central, Turner Broadcasting and CBS; and movie content is Warner Bros., Paramount and Disney, along with other publishers.[78]
The "Game with Fame" initiative has been Microsoft's way to connect Xbox Live members with celebrities and game developers.[79] Notable participants of "Game with Fame" include Shia LaBeouf, Jack Black, Rihanna, Velvet Revolver, Victoria Justice, Shaun Wright-Phillips, Scissor Sisters, Paramore, Korn, OK Go, Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Dream Theater, Linkin Park and Green Day[80] and Insane Clown Posse [81]
"Xbox Ambassadors" are Xbox Live members selected by Microsoft who have proven themselves to be helpful towards others, and are willing to assist new Xbox Live users and answer their questions. As of March 2009, there are ambassadors representing 18 countries in more than 30 languages.[82]
"Xbox Rewards" was a promotion designed to provide gamers incentives to play on Xbox Live by subsidizing achievement points earned with actual rewards. Gamers were required to register for specific challenges which, if successfully completed, would yield a challenge-specific reward.
"Xbox Live Rewards" is a current promotion providing Xbox LIVE Members Microsoft Points when they renew their Gold Membership, buy something on the Marketplace, etc.
"Xbox Live Labs" was a program found in the community section and was available from March 10 to March 27, 2011 for members in the United States. If a player chose to participate, they were rewarded with avatar items and 3 zero-point achievements.[citation needed]
SentUAMessage was a show which aimed to answer questions sent in by viewers on anything related to the world of Xbox. The show ran for four series and was released every other Saturday. The show was driven entirely by user-generated questions. To ensure the volume of questions remained high, fans could contact the show in a variety of ways, including sending questions to the SentUAMessage Gamertag over Xbox LIVE, writing an email, or using social network websites.[citation needed]
Social network integration[edit]
On November 19, 2009, integration with Facebook, Twitter and was added with access available to all Xbox 360 XBL Gold subscribers. These features were initially only available to adult (18+) accounts, but Microsoft has since made the service available to users under the age of 18, subject to parental permission (use must be authorized using the parent's account and password).[citation needed]
Facebook features on the console are limited compared to the browser-based version, with users currently only able to update their status, comment on and "like" friends' statuses, and view their own and friends' pictures. There are also some features on the Xbox 360 that are not included on the main website; the Xbox Live Friend Finder allows users to see which Facebook friends use Xbox Live, while the Facebook Friend Finder allows users to see which Xbox Live friends use Facebook.
The Facebook and Twitter applications on Xbox Live were later removed with the new Xbox 360 Dashboard update that was released on October 16, 2012.[83] Microsoft suggests that users now access Facebook and Twitter through Internet Explorer on Xbox 360 instead.
Microsoft implements a number of different security measures on its Xbox Live service. One of these takes the form of a proactive security check that assures that only unmodified machines may access their service. On May 17, 2007, Microsoft banned consoles with modified firmware from Xbox Live. According to Microsoft, consoles with firmware of unknown origin, quality or intent were banned permanently from Xbox Live. A Microsoft representative indicated that the action was taken to assure "the integrity of the service and protect our partners and users."
It has been discovered that pretexting has been used to impersonate an Xbox Live user for sabotage. Microsoft has implemented greater security to decrease the service's susceptibility to social engineering.[84]
In early November 2009 Microsoft banned approximately 1 million consoles with modified firmware from Xbox Live.[85]
In October 2011, users of Xbox Live reported having unauthorized access to their Xbox Live accounts, with Microsoft points subsequently being used and/or bought to purchase various in-game items for FIFA 12. Microsoft is responding to such incidents by restricting access to the account for 25 days whilst the fraud team investigates. Both EA and Microsoft have denied that there is a problem with security.[86]
As of December 16, 2012, Xbox Live is currently available in 42 countries/territories:[87]
Worldwide Xbox Live availability map
Worldwide Xbox Live availability.
Users from other countries are not officially supported, although it is possible for them to access Xbox Live if they provide an address located in a country where Xbox Live is officially available. The country selected during account creation affects the payment options, content, and services available to the user.[88] Previously, users were unable to change their account region, but in October 2012, Microsoft introduced an account migration tool as a pilot project, which allows the user to change their region and maintain their Xbox Live profile. Subscriptions, such as that for Xbox Music, cannot be transferred with this method.[89]
On May 18, 2011, Microsoft announced that it planned to launch Xbox Live in the Middle East within the next twelve months,[90] but it never occurred during that time period. However, on October 20, 2012, Microsoft officially announced the service will be launching in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia in three days time.[91] On November 4, Microsoft announced that the service would be launched on November 29 in Argentina and Israel.[92] The service also appeared in the following month in Slovakia and Turkey.[citation needed]
Live Anywhere[edit]
Main article: Live Anywhere
Live Anywhere is an initiative by Microsoft to bring the Live online gaming and entertainment network to a wide variety of platforms and devices, including Xbox, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows (XP SP2/SP3, Vista and 7), Windows Phone, Java-based phones and Zune.[93] The concept service for mobile devices has been demonstrated at E3 and CES on a Motorola Q mobile phone.[94]
Microsoft's Chris Early clarified that Live Anywhere is a long-term project expected to be rolled out over several years.[95]
On February 15, 2010, Microsoft announced its new mobile operating system, Windows Phone. With Windows Phone 7, Microsoft has integrated full Xbox Live functionality into Windows Phone.
Bloomberg estimates that Xbox Live probably made over $1 billion in revenue in the 2010 fiscal year, which ended on June 30, 2010.[96]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b Whitten, Marc. "A Letter from Marc Whitten: Discontinuation of Xbox LIVE for Original Xbox Games". Archived from the original on 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
2. ^ Prasuethsut, Lily. "Steam rises to the console challenge with 65m users, surpassing Xbox Live". TechRadar.
3. ^ "Microsoft by the Numbers". Microsoft.
4. ^ "Microsoft Trademarks". 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
5. ^ "Imagine A Live Anywhere!". 2007-01-12. Retrieved 2008-07-27. [dead link]
6. ^ "Microsoft Unveils Windows Phone 7 Series". [dead link]
7. ^ a b Kyle Orland. "Microsoft Renames Xbox Live Silver to 'Xbox Live Free'".
8. ^ Dean Takahashi. Opening The Xbox: Inside Microsoft's Plan to Unleash an Entertainment Revolution. p. 339. ISBN 0-7615-3708-2.
9. ^ Microsoft. "Xbox Erupts on the Scene". Retrieved 2008-07-27. [dead link]
10. ^ "Xbox Live Turns up the Volume on the Future of Gaming". Microsoft. 2002-05-20. Retrieved 2006-12-01. [dead link]
11. ^ Console Watcher. "Microsoft's 5,000th Patent: Allowing Users To Spectate Other Players Through Live". [dead link]
12. ^ Hryb, Larry (2008-01-03). "Xbox Live Holiday Performance". Archived from the original on 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
13. ^ Microsoft offers free game for Xbox Live holiday problems. PC World, January 4, 2008.
14. ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07.
15. ^ "Tuesday Was Xbox Live's Busiest Day Ever". G4TV. 2010-04-10.
16. ^ Whitten, Marc (2010-02-05). "An Open Letter from Xbox LIVE General Manager Marc Whitten". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2010-03-16.
17. ^ "Xbox Live being discontinued for Original Xbox consoles and games". Microsoft. 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
18. ^ "Xbox Live Gold subscribers face price increase". 2010-08-30. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
19. ^ "Interview: Microsoft's Davison On How Kinect Will Help Xbox Live Ramp Up". Gamasutra. 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2010-11-15. With this dashboard update, you guys are also increasing the yearly subscription fee to $60. When you compare that to services like the PlayStation Network, which has all of their core online services free, how do you guys justify that significant... At this point, it's the cost of a full retail game. What do you feel justifies that price?
20. ^ "Microsoft surrenders on Linux Kinect hack". ZDNet. 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2010-11-15. The company has admitted that users of its XBox Live online service spend only 60% of their time playing games, and that the company was able to raise its price on the service by 20%.
21. ^ "Windows 8 To Integrate Xbox Live Support". Maximum PC. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
22. ^ "Microsoft reveals new TV providers including Verizon and Comcast coming to Xbox 360 (video)". Engadget. 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
23. ^ "Geekwire:Microsoft: 24M Kinects sold, Xbox Live hits 46M members". Geekwire. February 11, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
24. ^ "Desperate Microsoft removes Xbox Live Gold paywall for Netflix, Hulu, other web services". ExtremeTech. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
25. ^ "Microsoft to remove Xbox Live Gold paywall for streaming apps". Eurogamer. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
26. ^ Ghoshal, Abhimanyu (25 December 2014). "PlayStation Network and Xbox Live down for many over Christmas". Retrieved 27 December 2014.
27. ^ Jensen, Catherine (27 December 2014). "PlayStation Network Update". PlayStation Blog. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
28. ^ "PlayStation Network Still Suffering Connectivity Problems". Business 2 Community.
29. ^ a b Megan Farokhmanesh. MMOs, free-to-play games will remain behind Xbox Live Gold paywall, Polygon, May 14, 2014.
30. ^ Get more with Xbox Live Gold,
31. ^ a b Xbox Support, Official overflow account, September 8, 2014.
32. ^ a b Travis Pope. How to Take a Screenshot on the Xbox One,, February 23, 2015.
33. ^ a b Xbox Live chat on Xbox 360,
34. ^ Microsoft Reveals Avatar Kinect,, January 6, 2011.
35. ^ a b Show off your greatest gaming moments your way with Upload,
36. ^ James Orry. Halo Waypoint for Gold members only,, October 20, 2009.
37. ^ Maloney, Paul (2011-10-06). "Radio on the TV: Clear Channel puts iHeartRadio on Xbox Live, Yahoo! connected TV | RAIN: Radio And Internet Newsletter". Retrieved 2012-03-31. [dead link]
38. ^ "Xbox 360: ZDF-Mediathek ab heute in Xbox Live" [Xbox 360: ZDF-Mediathek available on Xbox Live from today] (in German). 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
39. ^ "BBC News: Microsoft prepares major update for Xbox 360 console". BBC News. 2011-12-05. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
40. ^ October 10, 2010 19.58 Europe/London (2010-10-10). "Canal+ to stream channels to Xbox 360". Retrieved 2012-09-19.
41. ^[dead link]
42. ^ "Lesbian Banned From Microsoft's XBOX Live". FOX News. 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
43. ^ Alexander, Leigh (2008-05-14). "theGAYERgamer gets XBOX live ban Microsoft explains.". Kotaku. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
44. ^ Alexander, Leigh (2008-05-21). "Microsoft explains gaywood ban". Kotaku. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
45. ^ Marco, Meg (2009-02-25). "Identifying yourself as a lesbian gets you banned on XBOX Live". The Consumerist. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
46. ^ Meuiner, Nathan (2010-01-13). "Homophobia and Harassment in the Online Gaming Age". IGN Xbox Live (IGN). Retrieved 2010-01-15.
47. ^ Plunkett, Luke (2009-02-26). "Microsoft looking to change XBOX Live sexual discrimination". Kotaku. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
48. ^ "WOW: Xbox Live Will Let Players Mention Their Sexuality Without Getting Banned". Retrieved 2011-08-29.
49. ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Archived from the original on 2012-02-12.
50. ^ "Xbox LIVE Achievement changes, 411mania". Retrieved 2011-08-29.
51. ^ Grant, Christopher (2008-03-25). "Cheaters Branded on Xbox Live, Gamerscore Reset, Joystiq". Retrieved 2011-08-29.
52. ^ "TrueSkill". Archived from the original on 2009-03-14.
53. ^ a b " Xbox LIVE Marketplace". Microsoft. 2005-11-22. Archived from the original on 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
54. ^ Microsoft Fires Back At Sony With Free 360 Game Downloads For XBOX Live Gold Gamers. TechCrunch (2013-07-10). Retrieved on 2014-01-29.
55. ^ "Games with Gold for June 2014 includes Xbox One". IGN. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
56. ^ Good, Owen S. (13 December 2014). "Xbox Live gave away $584 worth of games in 2014". Retrieved 13 December 2014.
57. ^ Good, Owen S. (13 December 2014). "PlayStation Plus gave away more than $1,300 in free games in 2014". Retrieved 13 December 2014.
58. ^ a b Ryan Geddes (2008-10-09). "IGN: Avatars Required". Retrieved 2011-08-29.
59. ^ "Xbox 360 and Netflix team up". Archived from the original on 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
60. ^ [1][dead link]
61. ^ "Microsoft Announces Avatars for the Xbox 360". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
62. ^ "Install Entire games onto Xbox 360 Hard Drive". [dead link]
63. ^ "E3 2008 – Game play for Every Passion". 2008-07-14. Archived from the original on 2008-07-18. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
64. ^ "Microsoft unveils new Xbox Live interface". Retrieved 2008-09-25.
65. ^ "Xbox 360 Fall '08 Dashboard update adds 16x10 widescreen, expanded resolutions". Retrieved 2008-09-15.
66. ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Archived from the original on 2009-03-18.
67. ^ 20 GB Hard Drive update
68. ^ "Microsoft’s NXE storage solution: Free 512MB memory card or $20 for 20GB HDD « Last Shepard Games". Archived from the original on 2009-02-28.
69. ^ Xav de Matos. "NXE leaked, installation disables Live until November 19".
70. ^ Hryb, Larry (2010-10-04). "Xbox LIVE Update Preview Program". Major Nelson.
71. ^ "New Xbox Experience".
72. ^ Chubb, Justin (2010-10-09). "Xbox 360 Dashboard Update: Release Date and Details". Product Reviews.
73. ^ Mitchell, Richard (2011-06-06). "Xbox getting Kinect-powered dashboard update, coming Fall 2011". Joystiq. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
74. ^ "Xbox Live's Major Nelson » Xbox 360 Dashboard update coming December 6th :". 2011-11-22. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
75. ^ Treguboff, Aaron (2014-05-14). "Xbox Live to give pro-rated refunds to Gold subscribers". HD Report. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
76. ^ "Xbox Live Gold changes frequently asked questions". Microsoft. 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
79. ^ "Game with Fame – Play on Xbox LIVE Against Celebrities". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
80. ^ "Calendar of Events – Game With Fame". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
81. ^ "Insane Clown Posse Takes On Gamers Via Xbox Live's 'Game With Fame' -".
82. ^ "Xbox Ambassadors on Xbox LIVE". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
83. ^ Raby, Mark. "Microsoft retires Facebook, Twitter Xbox apps | TG Daily". TG Daily. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
84. ^ Hryb, Larry (2007-03-23). "Xbox Live Security Update – Xbox Live's Major Nelson". Retrieved 2007-03-23. [dead link]
85. ^ Daniel Terdiman. "Report: Microsoft bans 1 million Xbox Live players".
86. ^ Kuchera, Ben (2011-10-17). "As Xbox Live-FIFA 12 fraud continues, Microsoft's response becomes maddening". Retrieved 2011-11-04.
87. ^ "Countries/Regions with LIVE Service -". Microsoft. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
88. ^ "How to change your Xbox LIVE account language setting". Microsoft Support. 2011-03-22. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
89. ^ "Xbox Live regional account migration tool is now live". Polygon. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
90. ^ "Xbox Live for Middle East in next 12 months – Gadgets – News & Features". Retrieved 2012-03-31.
91. ^ Rego, Nick (2012-10-20). "XBOX Live Launching in UAE and KSA Oct 23rd". IGN Middle East. Retrieved 2012-10-20.
92. ^ "Xbox 360 y todos sus servicios llegan al país". infobae.
93. ^ Jason Cross (2006-05-10). "The Skinny on Microsoft's Live Anywhere Service". ExtremeTech. Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
94. ^ "Exclusive: Live Anywhere". Eurogamer. 2006-05-22. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
95. ^ Jason Dobson (2006-05-18). "Gamasutra – Q&A: Chris Early Breaks Down Microsoft Live Anywhere". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
96. ^ "Microsoft's Online Xbox Sales Probably Topped $1 Billion". Bloomberg. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
External links[edit]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38400
|
D-backs get proposals on 2 straight nights
Your browser does not support iframes.
For all the advanced statistics in baseball, there doesn't seem to be one for "love." But commentators for the Arizona Diamondbacks seem to think their guys (and girls) lead the league in that category, after back-to-back nights of marriage proposals -- accepted, thankfully -- at the ballpark.
And yeah, the moments brought some awwws from the crowd:
Wait, disregard that last photo ...
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38413
|
Robbia, Luca Della, an Italian sculptor; born in Florence in 1399 or 1400. He designed and executed between 1431 and 1440 10 panels of "Angels and Dancing Boys" for the cathedral. Another great work by him was a bronze door, with 10 panels of figures in relief, for the sacristy of the cathedral, made between 1448 and 1467. He sculptured, in marble, in 1457-1458, the tomb of Federighi, Bishop of Fiesole. His name is closely associated with the production of figures in glazed or enamelled terra-cotta, made by a process which, though he did not invent it, he yet perfected greatly. He died in Florence, Feb. 20, 1482. His principal pupil was his nephew Andrea (1435-1525), who worked chiefly at the production of enamelled reliefs, retables, and medallions, these last for the most part productions of the "Madonna and Child." His son Giovanni (1469-1529?) continued the activity of the family in this style of work; his best productions are the frieze, representing the "Seven Works of Mercy," outside a hospital at Pistoja.
Entry from Everybody's Cyclopedia, 1912.
Log in or registerto write something here or to contact authors.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38414
|
Protractor Has Entered the Building
A protractor is a device created in order to divine the degree measure of an angle or to draw an angle with a specific degree measure through the use of a circular measuring scheme. The traditional form of protractor is a semicircle with 181 markings on the outer edge, each corresponding to a certain integer degree measure from 0° to 180°. These markings point radially outward from the center of the base of the protractor, where there is a hole or other space for the placement of a writing implement. The base is a straightedge, usually marked in the same fashion as a ruler, measuring distance in millimeters or fractions of inches for your convenience. Larger protractors tend to have a semicircular hole in the middle for portability and lightness. A protractor can be made from a plethora of materials, including wood, steel, paper or plastic, depending on its intended purpose.
Making and Measuring Angles with Protractors
To make an angle, select a location on your paper for the vertex of the two lines you are about to create. Place the center point of the base of the protractor on this point, and hold it there firmly in place with your less-dexterous hand. With your other hand, using a pen or pencil (or something else if you like), make a mark at the center point, the 0° mark, and the mark on the perimeter corresponding to the degree measure you desire. Warning! You may see two rows of numbers on your protractor: Do not be alarmed. It doesn't matter which row you use as long as you always use the same one. Now, remove the protractor and connect the dots using a straightedge. Having a protractor with a straightedge for a base significantly speeds up this step.
To measure an angle, place the center point above the vertex of the two lines and align one line with the base of the protractor, such that the other line travels under the protractor. This line will pass close to or through one of the degree markers on the outside of the protractor. If the line parallel to the base passes through 0°, then this is the degree measure of the angle. If the line parallel to the base passes through 180°, then subtract the number from 180 to get the final degree measure.
Protractors in the Classroom
As a student of trigonometry, an aspiring mathematician is furnished with a protractor, generally made of plastic. Some such protractors have a swing arm bar that rotates about the central point of the circle, which lets the student draw the line from the center point to the degree mark without using an additional ruler. A paper protractor may also be used, but is best laminated to protect it from serious damage. The teacher may also have a large wooden protractor for chalkboard demonstrations.
Protractors in the Workplace
Protractors find most of their use outside of academia. Architects use protractors when drawing up plans and carpenters use protractors whenever they make buildings other than rectangular boxes. The architect's protractor is generally small, flat and plastic for increased accuracy and range of use. The builder's protractor is made of steel for increased durability. Some carpenters use digital protractors, which are truly a miracle of modern science. A digital protractor consists of two large metal bars attached at one end by a hinge. When the bars are rotated apart, an internal computer calculates and displays the angle between the two bars. It's a geometer's wet dream come true.
Protractors on the Battlefield
A steel protractor is preferred in all combat situations. It is a good idea to equip the base of your protractor with a handle for sturdier gripping. You should also sharpen the outside edge of your protractor for increased destructive power.
A protractor can deflect attacks from a variety of weapons, including swords, clubs, claws and some projectiles. See the Klingons in Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Hand-to-Hand Combat
A protractor functions the same way that brass knuckles do in close combat, except with the added ability to pierce. Aim for the head, neck and gut for greatest bodily injury.
Long-Range Combat
A protractor makes an excellent projectile. See Xena, Warrior Princess.
Protractors at Play
Protractors make excellent toys. You can use a protractor like a frisbee, although more care is necessary due to the lack of sufficient weight and surface area. With proper modifications, a protractor will behave like a boomerang. A protractor can also be used as a substitute for other playthings in games like Kill the Carrier (everyone chases the person with the protractor with the intent of taking it from them by force) and Kick the Protractor (see Kick the Can, except replace "can" with "protractor"). Pre-adolescents have also been known to play Spin the Protractor (see Spin the Bottle, except that a protractor is spun, and the target is the person who, when the protractor stops spinning, is being pointed at by a specific degree measure, say, 69°).
Pro*tract"or (?), n.
One who, or that which, protracts, or causes protraction.
A mathematical instrument for laying down and measuring angles on paper, used in drawing or in plotting. It is of various forms, semicircular, rectangular, or circular.
3. Surg.
An instrument formerly used in extracting foreign or offensive matter from a wound.
4. Anat.
A muscle which extends an organ or part; -- opposed to retractor.
An adjustable pattern used by tailors.
© Webster 1913.
Log in or registerto write something here or to contact authors.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38419
|
The Federal Reserve Board eagle logo links to home page
Finance and Economics Discussion Series
Finance and Economics Discussion Series logo links to FEDS home page Estimating the Worldwide Volume of Counterfeit U.S. Currency: Data and Extrapolation
Ruth Judson and Richard Porter
Abstract: The incidence of currency counterfeiting and the possible total stock of counterfeits in circulation are popular topics of speculation and discussion in the press and are of substantial practical interest to the U.S. Treasury and the U.S. Secret Service. This paper assembles data from Federal Reserve and U.S. Secret Service sources and presents a range of estimates for the number of counterfeits in circulation. In addition, the paper presents figures on counterfeit passing activity by denomination, location, and method of production. The paper has two main conclusions: first, the stock of counterfeits in the world as a whole is likely on the order of 1 or fewer per 10,000 in both piece and value terms; second, losses to the U.S. public from the most commonly used note, the $20, are relatively small, and are miniscule when only counterfeit notes of reasonable quality are considered.
Keywords: Counterfeit, currency
Full paper (429 KB PDF)
Home | FEDS | List of 2003 FEDS papers
Last update: November 17, 2003
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38433
|
Go Down
Topic: Qt Creator Arduino Project wizard (Read 3351 times) previous topic - next topic
I'm using the Qt Creator Custom wizards feature to create Arduino Projects based on makefile (Linux).
The makefile is based on this one: http://mjo.tc/atelier/2009/02/arduino-cli.html with some modifications
Has someone tried to use Qt Creator this way?
There are some things i would like to improve, but i'm little stucked, so any collaboration is very welcome.
Files can be dowloaded from here: http://sourceforge.net/projects/qtarduino/
There is a readme, but if someone needs any help or explanation just ask here or in the project forum.
Best Regards.
Your right in saying the README is limited. What platform are you on?
I'm using Ubuntu 12.04, when I create a Arduino project, I have difficulty uploading my project to my arduino.
no problem using Terminal:
Code: [Select]
$ cd <path to project>
$ make clean
$ make
$ make upload
using the terminal I can compile and upload my project to the arduino but have not yet found out how to upload via Qt Creator.
btw installing gtkterm is helpful when using 'Serial.println();'.
getting this error:
Code: [Select]
/usr/share/arduino/Arduino.mk:513: build-cli/depends.mk: No such file or directory
Go Up
Please enter a valid email to subscribe
Confirm your email address
We need to confirm your email address.
Thank you for subscribing!
via Egeo 16
Torino, 10131
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38434
|
Go Down
Topic: Strangeness with Serial and pololu (Read 917 times) previous topic - next topic
Hi -
I'm using a pololu servo controller via Serial - I have pin #1 (tx) on the arduino connected to "logic-level serial input" pin #3 on the pololu. Power and gnd is wired okay, I'm using 3 servos - it all works.
Sort of.
If I power up the arduino, and connect a terminal (can see the text equivalent of the commands sent to the pololu) everything works great. I can then quit the terminal app, unplug the usb cable, and the servos continue to work fine.
But if I don't hook up the terminal app, it doesn't work. In other words, if I just power up the board with no usb or terminal app, the servos don't move - there is something that the polulo doesn't like (?). As soon as a terminal app is connected, the servos start turning (and the app can be killed and usb unplugged).
I can't figure out what the heck is going on.
Can anyone shed any light? Seems that the act of connecting the terminal somehow "makes it work".
Cheers, and thanks.
How are you powering your setup when it is not connected to the USB port?
Hello- I have 5v power supply- it doesn't seem to be power related, as it works with just the 5v supply.
The weird part is that the terminal program needs to be connected to serial, if only briefly- it can be disconnected and the servos continue to work.
May be code that expects some type of terminal interaction.
Sounds more like the Arduino is not properly initializing serial communication with the controller. Post a link to the controller (and data sheet) and your code.
The user's guide for the pololu is here:
My code is straightforward - here's my setup function:
void setup()
And the commands to control the servo take place here:
void servoSet(int servo, int angle)
unsigned char buff[6];
unsigned int temp;
unsigned char pos_hi,pos_low;
temp = angle & 0x1f80;
pos_hi = temp >> 7;
pos_low = angle & 0x7f;
buff[0] = 0x80; //start byte
buff[1] = 0x01; //device id
buff[2] = 0x04; //command number
buff[3] = servo; //servo number
buff[4] = pos_hi; //data1
buff[5] = pos_low; //data2
for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++) Serial.print(buff, BYTE);
And so a call to servoSet sets the position of the servo.
As stated, all works fine as long as a terminal connection has been connected briefly.
There is a possibly similar thread here, but it doesn't address my issue:
ARG. Arg arg arg - I apologize - I am an idiot - I went down a rabbit hole - still have the issue, but it's not related to the pololu - this is a red herring.
The way I am sending messages to the arduino is via the ethernet shield - have a little http server. If I connect the terminal app, then everything works, if I don't connect the terminal app via serial, then nothing.
So, something to do with how Serial and Ethernet are behaving - I am still stumped, but know a bit more.
Hmmmm... Frustrating....
Closing this thread out, and starting a new one, as the problem still persists, in that I need a serial connection before the server works.
Go Up
Please enter a valid email to subscribe
Confirm your email address
We need to confirm your email address.
Thank you for subscribing!
via Egeo 16
Torino, 10131
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/38435
|
Go Down
Topic: Hex upload for Mega 2560 (Read 606 times) previous topic - next topic
HI All
I am using a Mega 2560 and I would like to upload the hex file without using the IDE.
I have tried XLoader and ArduinoUploader but is seems the it does not support the 2560, does anyone know what settings to change for it to work with the Mega 2560?
Or is there a different way to upload the hex file?
Thank you in advance.
I think the ATmega2560 bootloader uses the stk500v2 protocol, not the stk500 (v1) protocol used by earlier Arduino models.
If you hold down the shift key when you click on the Upload button for an Arduino sketch it will show you the commands it uses to upload the .hex of the sketch. You can than adapt that command to your own .hex file.
Send Bitcoin tips to: 1L3CTDoTgrXNA5WyF77uWqt4gUdye9mezN
Send Litecoin tips to : LVtpaq6JgJAZwvnVq3ftVeHafWkcpmuR1e
Go Up
Please enter a valid email to subscribe
Confirm your email address
We need to confirm your email address.
Thank you for subscribing!
via Egeo 16
Torino, 10131
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.