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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52459 | The Modern Oppressor
As the world becomes more educated and self-reliant, we find ourselves hoping that traditional evils of oppression and violence will diminish equitably.
Rendering Women Visible
I recently wrote a paper about the "invisibility" of women in Public Health. I discussed how if women were made more visible in this field, we would see drastic improvements in the human condition. |
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it right. he said the strategy was effective in the short-term vulnerable in the long term. romney gave a good performance, the problem is none of it was rooted in fact. he told the debate medicare is -- mr. etch-a-sketch said that was wrong. the romney camp had to send someone in the spin room right after the debate to say, well he can't really do that. as for taxed obama appeared to be caught off guard by the statement that his plan wouldn't increase taxes. much of romney's performance was rooted in deception from his very first answer when he tried to disown his tax program, and then finally he is unable to deem regulation he would keep -- he has been saying for how long he would repeal dodd-frank. and suddenly just because he said it, oh no you have to have regulation -- [ cuckoo clock chimes ] >> stephanie: unbelievable. paul tonko, good morning, congressman. >> good morning, stephanie. how are you. it's great to join you and your listeners. >> stephanie: you too. it was great to see you at the dnc. it really is stunning to try to fact check romney, right? >>
time. during the primaries mitt romney often had more speaking time than his opponents. as for mr. lehrer he only spoke 9% of the time during the republican primaries moderators weighed in an average of twice that much. so in the aftermath as steph and i were discussing what does it all mean. he could get some more cash he could get a few more undecided voters, and republicans could show some renewed industry. but substance should trump style in the long run. we'll be back with more stephanie after the break. stay with us. ♪ it's go time. it's go time. go time. you know what time it is. go time. it's go time. it's go time. what time is it rob? here comes the young turks go time! it's go time. oh is it? then it's go. go. go. go. go. go. go. go time. anybody? anybody? what time is it? oh, right. go time! only on current tv. double miles you can "actually" use. but with those single mile travel cards... [ bridesmaid ] blacked out... but i'm a bridesmaid. oh! "x" marks the spot she'll never sit. but i bought a dress! a toast... the capital one venture card. fly any
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52583 | Scientific Method / Science & Exploration
All your cameras are belong to us
New technology claims to uniquely link a digital picture to the camera the …
The digital age has been both a boon and a curse on the photographic world. Image manipulation has never been so available, giving rise to a revolution in the art of image composition. Cheap digital cameras and vastly improved optical systems have made it possible for all but the poorest to obtain a reasonable, and often, discrete camera. Events of interest have never been so well covered by amateur photographers. The downside has been the use of image manipulation to change the context or contents of photographic images used in publications. Another side effect of the digital revolution is the (according to law enforcement officials) proliferation of child pornography. The same effects that make for fascinating art imagery also allow Joe Bad to cover his tracks by altering images of children. One of the key defenses used by child pornographers is that the images were not produced on their camera.
Now new research has shown that the statistical noise in pixel placement and size on the CCD or CMOS array gives each camera a unique fingerprint that lies hidden in every picture. To extract the fingerprint, one takes multiple different pictures using the camera and software is then used to look for commonalities in the pixel noise, which can then be used to uniquely identify the camera. In a test of 2700 digital cameras, the researchers managed to correctly link photo to camera with a 100 percent success rate.
Although the article on which this is based focuses on child pornography, this technology has much wider implications. Part of the fingerprint is removed by image alteration, therefore this technology could be used to make sure images used for publication are unaltered, or acceptably altered. However, there are still several sticking points before this technology can be used with assurance. For instance I accept that there is noise in the manufacturing process, and that this noise can distinguish some cameras. However, they have yet to demonstrate how widely separated in the manufacturing process two sensors need to be before they are distinguishable. For instance, are two chips produced adjacently on the same wafer distinguishable? What about two sensors on different wafers, but produced by the same machine and in identical row-column locations? If the technique proves to be robust, and hence admissible in court, there remains the question for its potential usefulness. Since, the information is extracted digitally, it can be removed digitally - thus a clever criminal can produce photos with no fingerprint. On a more entertaining note, conspiracy theorists can take comfort from the idea that anything digitally removed can also be digitally added.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52586 | Law & Disorder / Civilization & Discontents
Worried about data caps? Here’s how to check your usage
Worried about going over your ISP's data cap limit? Most services offer some …
Bandwidth caps are all the rage these days, in North America and around the world. We're talking about the notorious ceilings on how much broadband data you can use before your ISP starts charging you extra, or slowing down your connection, or shaping your traffic use (eg, blocking your access to certain applications).
AT&T's shiny new caps started on May 2: 150GB a month for DSL and 250GB for UVerse. AT&T customers will get a $10 charge if they cross the line, with that ding repeated for every 50GB thereafter. Comcast set a 250GB cap in 2008. Canadian ISPs have had them for a while, too.
Ars readers sometimes write in asking us how they can monitor their bandwidth use to avoid extra charges. Here are some links and pictures from major ISPs, which are broadly representative of the tools used by most Internet providers.
AT&T offers a monitoring site here. Login with your user name and password, and you'll get a report like this.
An AT&T DSL data use report
This is from the AT&T DSL account retained at my end of the Ars Orbiting HQ. Our typical monthly usage has averaged out to 43GB a month over the last four. That includes plenty of Apple TV Netflix viewing, Skype video conferencing, Pandora listening, and YouTubing on top of the usual low bandwidth consuming activities, like website viewing and e-mail.
Comcast has a similar meter, which offers the same basic features: the metric for your cap (250GB), how much of the allotment you have used, and how much you have left to consume.
Comcast's usage meter
Canada, UK, Australia
If you are a Rogers Cable customer in Canada, you've got to log into your account, register, and then you can track your usage on a fairly detailed basis (at least according to the instructions), including use by day.
Rogers usage meter
The process is similar for the United Kingdom's BT broadband service. Log in here. Go to "manage your services," hit the "broadband" tab, click "view your broadband usage," and you'll see something like this:
BT usage meter
Needless to say, there are too many ISP services around the world for us to document. Last on our tour is Australia's BigPond ISP. Instructions here. And here's what the monitor looks like:
BigPond usage meter
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52612 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a few gigabyte of old mail, mostly unsorted as nnml format (i.e. Gnus, with one file per mail). How can I turn that mail into something useful, i.e. something I can search and browse easily and fast (i.e. grep takes far to long). I have no need for a full mail client, just the archive management part of it.
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1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
You might find the Notmuch mail indexer library. It is designed so that it can be used as a backing store for some mail client, but can also be used as independent mail index.
It maintains a Xapian full text index of your mail, so search queries should be a lot more efficient than grep once you have all the messages imported.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52613 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
The smooth scrolling and Android-style scrolling is great, but how do I keep Ubuntu from scrolling when I try to click and drag to select text?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
It's fixed, after the system updates awhile ago... Thanks to whoever fixed this bug :)
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You can accept this answer that you've posted. (You only have to wait 2 days to accept an answer to your own question after posting it. BTW, after accepting it please feel free to flag this comment as obsolete.) – Eliah Kagan Jul 4 '12 at 11:04
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52614 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have two VMs configured identically (hardware wise), the only difference is that the Windows XP one is uber fast and the Xubuntu very slow. I know this is an open ended question, but would anyone have any hunches on why?
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closed as not a real question by Takkat, John S Gruber, con-f-use, htorque, izx Aug 21 '12 at 20:31
How did you benchmark your system performance? – Takkat Aug 19 '12 at 12:20
after 2 months xp would get slower, and what is more, try to see even now how the latest versions of Firefox or Chrome fare on the two systems – cipricus Aug 27 '12 at 14:35
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
If it's a fresh install of XP (without updates, antivirus and everything else you need) then it will seem very fast compared with Xubuntu.
The minimum & recommended RAM for Xubuntu are 256mb & 512mb, which is 4 time more than XP.
Lubuntu would provide similar performance to XP.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52615 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Possible Duplicate:
How can I suspend/hibernate from command line?
I have an Acre Aspire One and this netbook does not have a sleep function on the key board and with the removal of the hibernate option I have been required to resort to shutting my comp down every time. So I know that under 'system settings'>'keyboard'>'shortcuts' I can create a custom key combo but I do not know that the command is of the sleep setting. So, please help.
Thank you
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marked as duplicate by jokerdino, Ringtail, Stephen Myall, Anwar Shah, Mitch Sep 14 '12 at 15:09
2 Answers 2
up vote 10 down vote accepted
All of the following commands require root permissions. The most common way to do this is prefix the command with sudo.
The command for Suspend (Sleep) is pm-suspend (sudo pm-suspend etc.)
The command for Hibernate is pm-hibernate (Note that Hibernation mode is not compatible with all hardware, please test this before using it.)
The command for the hibrid of them both is pm-suspend-hybrid
The hybrid command saves the session to the Hard Disk (safer storage place), but the system will stay running, allowing for faster resume. This does not mean you can turn off your computer and have your session saved. You will need to use the regular hibernate command for that.
These commands are provided by the package pm-utils, installed by default in Ubuntu 12.04LTS
Source: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/man8/pm-action.8.html
If you have problems with those commands, please see the source. It states that
A list of these quirks, and what they mean can be found here
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But pm-hibernate not working in all computers. Don't miss to test it. Close all files and programs, write in terminal sudo pm-hibernate and wait. If computer will hibernate successfully you can use it anytime you want. If not, forget it :) – Emin Mastizada Aug 28 '12 at 14:53
Thank you the the quick response! – powell4076 Aug 28 '12 at 14:59
As an FYI, you can get the hibernation option back in the system menu by making the following changes (you should test the hibernate function from a terminal before doing this to ensure that it works properly):
The previous command will open a new text file. Copy and paste the following into this new file:
[Enable Hibernate]
Save and close the file.
Log out and log back in, and Hibernate should appear as an option in the system menu.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52617 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm trying to create a custom "open with" dialog that allows the user to open a file with a not-yet-installed application. In Ubuntu, is it possible to obtain a list of programs that can be used to open a file? I need to find a list of downloadable programs (instead of installed programs) that can open a file, from the command line.
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I know this doesn't help, but I really doubt that it is possible as it would require a huge DB of MIME-types. I might be wrong though. – MiJyn Nov 30 '12 at 17:07
@MiJyn Why wouldn't it be feasible to query a large database of MIME-types? – Anderson Green Nov 30 '12 at 17:13
2 Answers 2
PackageKit allows you to search for applications by mime-type. Sadly, the Ubuntu devs haven't put much effort into integrating PackageKit with Ubuntu by default, but it still works surprisingly well.
First, make sure you've installed the graphical toolkit for PackageKit, gnome-packagekit-tools Install gnome-packagekit-tools.
Then, run gpk-install-mime-type on the command line, followed by a mime-type. For example:
gpk-install-mime-type text/plain
First gpk-install-mime-type confirmation dialog
Dialog listing applicable packages
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It looks like you posted the same answer to two separate questions: askubuntu.com/questions/224001/… – Anderson Green Nov 30 '12 at 21:17
I know. I realise they're different questions, but this answer is useful for both of them. I'm not sure what the policy is on copying and pasting like this. – Flimm Nov 30 '12 at 21:20
Here is a relevant discussion relating to this issue: meta.stackexchange.com/questions/36648/… – Anderson Green Nov 30 '12 at 21:22
My guess is you would need to compile the information yourself. You would need to compile the file types and associations with programs in the package manager. A lengthy task, but I'd be happy to help. Sounds like a worth while project. We could even open source the task and get others to help. You can go to my site and send me an email from the contact form.
Other then that known file types are stored internally in most linux distros to a smaller degree. Here is a question that addresses that Where are file associations stored?
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Which package manager are you referring to specifically? – Anderson Green Nov 30 '12 at 20:09
apt-get is the package manager I use and theoretically you could probably set it up to work with other package managers and distros, but it might be more work. – Goddard Nov 30 '12 at 20:12
Here's a relevant question: askubuntu.com/questions/224001/… – Anderson Green Nov 30 '12 at 20:28
There's a program called PackageKit that you can use to obtain a list of programs for a specific mime type: askubuntu.com/a/224022/71277 – Anderson Green Nov 30 '12 at 21:14
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52618 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
When I double-click on a script in Nautilus to run it, the script just opens in my text editor with no option to run it. Using Nautilus, how do I run executable text files and/or scripts?
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The default behavior is a bug. Users should not have to fiddle with settings to make this work. I've filed bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/nautilus/+bug/1433774. – Lee Revell Mar 18 at 20:09
10 Answers 10
1. Open Nautilus.
2. Open this from the menu bar:
Edit → Preferences
3. Select the 'Behavior' tab.
4. Select "Ask each time" under "Executable Text Files".
5. Close the window.
Now you can double-click your executable text file in Nautilus to be asked whether to execute or edit your script.
enter image description here
Answer credit: Nur
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Thank you very much – Rob Apr 27 '13 at 15:39
What a weird default to have. And not even a right-click option to just run the file. Very unfriendly to users. – romkyns Sep 11 '14 at 22:59
What about I want it to always run in terminal? – Derek 朕會功夫 May 5 at 17:08
Follow these steps:
Install dconf-editor because it isn't installed by default.
In dconfg-editor goto: orggnomenautiluspreferences
enter image description here
launch: to launch scripts as programs.
ask: to ask what to do via a dialog.
Close dconf-editor. Thats it!
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You can also open nautilus, click Files > Preferences, check behaviour tab, and select the option you prefer for Executable Text Files, open with text editor is the default. – Nur Apr 27 '13 at 14:03
Thanks for your help – Rob Apr 27 '13 at 15:39
Next solution is easiest way of doing :) – mac May 9 '13 at 6:24
Although this works too, dconfg-editor is the worst possible way of changing application configuration. – Benjamin May 5 '14 at 18:15
This answer was very helpful for me, even though using the preferences dialog would "normally" be a better answer, as I'm using a tiling window manager and the "Files" menu appears to be completely inaccessible! – Ben Apr 27 at 1:17
I think this is a nuisance caused by Gnome people who decided to change that default behavior we were accustomed to.
To fix it, you can;
1. install (if you haven't already) and start dconf Editor,
2. go to: org > gnome > nautilus > preferences, and
3. change the value for executable-text-activation back to ask (or even launch, if you prefer).
If you want the same Nautilus behavior as Root as well you can repeat the steps above, starting dconf Editor this time as Root.
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Thank you very much! – Olivier Van Bulck Apr 2 '13 at 17:26
Change Nautilus' Behavior with Executable Text Files
Open Nautilus
enter image description here
1. Files > Preferences
2. Go to Behaviour tab
3. Select Ask Each Time
Double-click your Executable Text File in Nautilus
Answer credit: Nur, Jorge Castro
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in a terminal
gsettings set org.gnome.nautilus.preferences executable-text-activation ask
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1. Depending on which Ubuntu version you have,
• Before 13.04
In Nautilus, open this from the menu bar:
Edit → Preferences
• 13.04 or 13.10
In Nautilus, open this from the menu bar:
Files → Preferences
• 14.04
In Nautilus, open this from the menu bar:
Edit → Preferences
2. Then, in the 'Behaviour' tab, select "Run executable text files with they are opened".
Alternatively, select "Ask each time" instead if you would like a dialog (example) asking you whether to edit or execute the file.
enter image description here
Command line
If you prefer a command:
dconf write /org/gnome/nautilus/preferences/executable-text-activation "'launch'"
Note: Both GUI and command line methods work only for Nautilus (the default graphical file manager in Ubuntu)
Originally from another answer posted by me here.
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@DKBose: The command 'dconf' is in Ubuntu by default. dconf-editor only provides the GUI program to edit dconf. – minerz029 Feb 23 '14 at 8:43
You are correct. Sorry about that! – DK Bose Feb 23 '14 at 11:04
You can use the most upvoted answer in Fedora 20 + GNOME too:
Open Nautilus, check Preferences -> Behavior -> Executable Files, put as always ask
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For that I guess the best way will be to make .desktop launcher, make that launcher executable using
chmod +x blah.desktop
And after that you will be ready to run it via just clicking, and even more you can add it to launcher. To read more about how to make .desktop files look here. Main part of it is this
[Desktop Entry]
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You can do this for a single file by going into permissions in file properties and selecting "run this file as an executable".
enter image description here
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You have to check 3 points :
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52619 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I want to make a keyboard shortcut to increase and the decrease the keyboard backlight brightness.
The command I have for full brightness is:
echo -n 100 > /sys/class/leds/chromeos\:\:kbd_backlight/brightness
No keyboard led brightness (off):
echo -n 0 > /sys/class/leds/chromeos\:\:kbd_backlight/brightness
If I wanted to get the current brighness I would:
cat /sys/class/leds/chromeos\:\:kbd_backlight/brightness
Whats the simplest way to increase and decrease the values by a percantage, like 12%. This seems like a fairly common task.
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@Dan: -n is an echo option, so it does not output a trailing newline. It has nothing to do with the number. – MestreLion May 2 '13 at 23:27
There are 2 questions here: how to create a script to do calculate (and automate) those commands, and another one on how to assign such scripts to keyboard shortcuts, correct? Since they are pretty distinct and unrelated I suggest you split them in 2 questions, keeping this one for the script (which is the hardest part). The other one I'm sure there are dozens of answers already, just search for it. – MestreLion May 2 '13 at 23:36
By the way, Chrome OS is not supported in Ask Ubuntu :P – MestreLion May 2 '13 at 23:37
@MestreLion I am running 12.10 on a Chromebook Pixel... the latest 3.10-rc1 kernel just names the driver like that :) – Oldarney May 3 '13 at 5:27
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
Script to increase and decrease brightness:
case "$1" in
-i|--increase) ((val = +step));;
-d|--decrease) ((val = -step));;
if !((val)); then
echo "Increase or decrease screen brighness"
echo "Usage: ${0##*/} --increase | --decrease"
read -r cur < "$file"
((val = cur + val))
if ((val < 0)); then ((val = 0)); fi
if ((val > 100)); then ((val = 100)); fi
printf '%d' "$val" > "$file"
printf 'Before: %3d\n' "$cur"
printf 'After : %3d\n' "$val"
Could be a lot simpler for a keyboard shortcut, but I decided to make it a stand-alone script with help and args, just for fun :)
To run:
• save it somewhere, for example ~/keyboard-brightness
• set execute permission: chmod +x ~/keyboard-brightness
• ~/keyboard-brightness --increase
• ~/keyboard-brightness --decrease
Now just add them as keyboard shortcuts
share|improve this answer
Thanks! I should really get into those more. In action, pressing repeatedly – Oldarney May 3 '13 at 6:05
So it worked? great! :) – MestreLion May 6 '13 at 20:49
I tried this script on my pixel running a native Ubuntu 13.10 install, but I end up with the following error: /sys/class/leds/chromeos::kbd_backlight/brightness: No such file or directory any suggestions? – user200275 Oct 9 '13 at 19:17
@user200275: this script was customized for the OP's hardware. Maybe your Chromebook is different. Check the /sys tree for a file that looks related to keyboard leds (start with the /sys/class/leds/chromeos tree) and change the script accordingly – MestreLion Oct 10 '13 at 8:33
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52620 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
In my Linux distro called Mageia 2, I've installed TexMaths-0.38.oxt from Tools > Extension Manager in Writer (LibreOffice suite) but when I go to use it, it asks that I indicate a certain "path" for LaTeX. I don't have any latex packages installed in Mageia however latex path is mandatory while dvipng and dvisvgm are optional.
Can you help me fix this problem? Do I have to install an additional extension called LaTeX and type its path in the box?
I installed TexMaths extension in Windows7 - LibreOffice as well as MikTeX and didn't experience any problem with it. In Mageia2 (a KDE distro), TexMaths extension is not working.
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closed as off topic by Eric Carvalho, Thomas W., Mitch, user68186, aquaherd Jun 13 '13 at 22:07
If you take the time and have a look at the project page roland65.free.fr/texmaths/install.html, you will find a 6 (simple) step guide on how to install on linux. – hmayag Jun 1 '13 at 23:18
1 Answer 1
In order to use TexMaths, you must have LaTeX packages installed.
Open up Drakerpm and install the package texlive.
Or you can open a console and su to root and type urpmi texlive
then you must configure TexMaths to use the proper latex binary. If you don't know the path, type which latex in the console and it will tell you.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52621 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there any way I can see at what time the commands were executed from the bash history ? we can see the order but is there any way I can get the time also ?
Bottom-Line : Execution time in the Bash history
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3 Answers 3
up vote 15 down vote accepted
echo 'export HISTTIMEFORMAT="%d/%m/%y %T "' >> ~/.bash_profile ; source ~/.bash_profile
For more info see man bash or An A-Z Index of the Bash command line for Linux.
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Thank you for answering , just added bash to apply the changes. – Raja Dec 15 '13 at 12:06
Thanks for the correction :) – Mitch Dec 15 '13 at 12:06
@Raja: Your method to reload bash opens a shell into the shell ;-) and this can cause a "A process is running..." message when closing the terminal. Isn't better to reload the edited file? – Helio May 21 at 9:45
Open terminalCtrl+Alt+T and run,
To make the changes permanent follow the below steps,
gedit ~/.bashrc
you need to add the below line to .bashrc file and then save it,
run the below command to source .bashrc file,
source ~/.bashrc
After that run history command.
enter image description here
share|improve this answer
Thanks for answering , \will it be permanent change ? – Raja Dec 15 '13 at 12:06
Yes, you can: if you set $HISTTIMEFORMAT, the .bash-history will be properly timestamped. That doesn't help with existing .bash-history content, but will help in the future.
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can you expand it for more clarity ? – Raja Dec 15 '13 at 12:06
@Raja I think it means that for the already existing history the time stamps will not be correct, am I right? – Vesnog Jan 8 at 16:50
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52622 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm an extreme Linux newbie. I dualboot 12.04 Ubuntu on my ARM Samsung Chromebook, and I like it a lot so far. I'm trying to install a .bin file through the terminal, and despite following the guides I've read thus far, it's like the terminal doesn't even hear me???
(precise)akamnis@localhost:~$ cd Downloads
(precise)akamnis@localhost:~/Downloads$ chmod a+x yohoho-0--en-install.bin
(precise)akamnis@localhost:~/Downloads$ sudo ./yohoho-0--en-install.bin
[sudo] password for akamnis:
I've done this a million times, and the terminal always kicks me back to the file path after I enter password.
EDIT: Here is the Pastebin for the code. Everything afterwards is garbled--Gedit says that the characters are invalid. Should be worth noting that it's the third time I've downloaded the file, and the other two downloads are apparently file size = 0 bytes? The file I got this code from, though, lists it as 1.2 MBs.
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How did you get the .bin file? Are you sure it's a Linux program? – edwin Jul 13 '14 at 22:46
I got it here: puzzlepirates.com/download.xhtml The website says that the program is Linux-compatible, and user-created guides tell me run cd Downloads followed by sh yohoho-0--en-install.bin but it returns the same result. The guide says to "hold" enter. I assume that means to run the line, because holding enter just causes (precise)akamnis@localhost:~/Downloads$ to flood the screen. – Marlin Bates Jul 13 '14 at 22:59
Could you add the contents of the file to pastebin.com? Then edit the question and share the link with us. – edwin Jul 13 '14 at 23:18
What do you mean by the contents of the file? I'm not able to open .bin files with the bare bones applications I have right now (at least i dont think so) I only implemented the desktop today. – Marlin Bates Jul 14 '14 at 0:07
Open the text editor app (Gedit). From within Gedit click File -> Open, and try to open the file normally. If the contents are readable (i.e., not garbled), add the contents to a pastebin and add the link to the question. – edwin Jul 14 '14 at 0:19
Your Answer
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52623 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I wanted to try out unity interface , but currently xubuntu is installed , which package should i install ?
I tried to install "unity" package directly , but the unity panel on left won't show up
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
The left panel is hidden by default. Install ccsm Install ccsm to enable you to change the Launcher's settings so it shows all the time.
To show the launcher, all you have to do is put your mouse on the left side of the screen for a few seconds (on 11.10) or at the top left (on 11.04).
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I couldn't see that image here , it's no longer available from imgur.com , could you tell me that which feature should i enable ? – warl0ck Sep 29 '11 at 6:21
@warl0ck: what image? – RolandiXor Sep 29 '11 at 14:41
the one after ccsm , i see a image , which saying "The image you are requesting does not exist or is no longer available. imgur.com" – warl0ck Sep 30 '11 at 6:39
great , after enabling Unity plugin , the interface shows up ;-p – warl0ck Sep 30 '11 at 6:50
@warl0ck: that's odd, the image (which is a software center icon, and really just acts as a button) is working fine for me. BTW glad you got it fixed :). – RolandiXor Sep 30 '11 at 14:33
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52624 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Ubuntu Software Center does not recognize my net connection when I connect using wvdial, which I often do (even though Network-Manager works).
Is this a bug? If so, where do I file a bug report for this?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
If any other application can connect to the Internet and Ubuntu Software Center cannot, then definitely something is wrong with it. Do report this bug, even if the bug is somewhere else (for example: in the wvdial, or in some system's network settings), the developers will help you diagnose this problem and determine the reason. The page where you should report bugs in Ubuntu Software Center is: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/software-center/+filebug
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Thanks for the link. Filed the bug report (#863569) – Santanu Sep 30 '11 at 19:04
Linkified for everyone's convenience, this is bug 863569. – Eliah Kagan Nov 22 '11 at 18:51
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52641 |
Fantasy Basketball 2013
MGKNBA 2013 Message Board
Update #3
1. Based on feedback, have changed draft to Saturday at 8 p.m. EST. Can everybody manage this?
2. Kyle and Luke: team names! Come on, it's the cool thing to do!
Sat at 8 works for me. And I'll come up with something eventually, I'm just jazzed that it called my team "neat."
Sat at 8PM works for me!
Well 5PM PST for me, anyway.
Saturday at 5 PST is fine for me, as far as I can tell. I don't know the future, though, so I may accidentally open a temporal rift and be busy battling medieval knights in my living room on Saturday. We'll see.
As for Luke, you could just go with The Miami Neat if you're so keen on being called neat.
I can probably manage Saturday night. But even if not, I have faith in the automatic draft to know more about the current state of the NBA than I do.
Looks good for me. If something unforeseen comes up, I'll take my chances with the auto-bidder.
Sounds good to me...
Okay- unfortunately, I'm now NOT going to be able to live draft tonight...which is extraordinarily lame of me, since the draft night was moved for my sake in the first place...I feel shitty for missing tonight, and I'd feel worse if the draft got moved again, so go ahead, and I'll deal with whatever the draftbots dish out as my deserved punishment...sorry all- have fun tonight!
Are we not doing the only one bench player thing?
It's two bench players - one less than the usual three (that might be the source of your confusion).
Ah. Thanks. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52642 | BEEF Daily
Crunch Time
It's crunch time at South Dakota State University, as students are in a frenzy with last minute projects, tests and activity events before finals week and the end of the semester. For me, that means I'm running from one thing to the next, busy as ever and waiting for things to slow down. As soon as homework slows down, it's another writing assignment to do, a load of work to do on the farm, or a list of presents to buy before Christmas. Things are moving fast in the beef industry these days, too. Cattlemen are worried about earning high prices for their sale cattle, keeping the feeder calves healthy, wondering about the first snowstorm and trying to prepare the ranch for winter.
food.jpg Do you ever feel like you are in over your head? With the weak economy, ranchers are feeling the crunch. Because money is in short supply, consumers eat out less and purchase cheaper chicken instead of beef products. Fewer dollars are spent on quality meats, and this trickles down directly to you, the beef producer. You know, sometimes I feel like a broken record, but now is a crucial time to encourage others to keep beef at the center of the plate. A few years ago, I worked with the SD Cattlemen's Auxiliary to produce seasonal commercials, one for summer grilling and the other for Christmas. I was amazed at the feedback from people as they called and wrote to tell me what beef meals they prepared that Christmas, instead of turkey!
All it takes is a few minutes to share your favorite beef recipes with a friend. Suggest a cut of beef to use, how to prepare it and what side dishes compliment your recipe best. Even though we are all busy with a hundred things to do, slow down for a minute and talk with your friends. Let's take a proactive approach this holiday season to keep beef at the center of the plate.
What's BEEF Daily?
Amanda Radke
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52645 | James Goldgeier
Professor, George Washington University; Author
James M. Goldgeier is a professor of Political Science and International Affairs at George Washington University. He received his B.A. in government from Harvard and his M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from the University of California at Berkeley.
He is the author of Leadership Style and Soviet Foreign Policy (John Hopkins, 1994), which received the Edgar Furniss book award in national and international security, and Not Whether But When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO (Brookings, 1999). Dr. Goldgeier co-authored (with Michael McFaul) Power and Purpose: U.S. Policy toward Russia after the Cold War (Brookings, 2003), which received the 2004 Lepgold Prize for the best book on international relations. His most recent book (co-authored with Derek Chollet) is America Between the Wars: From 11/9 to 9/11, published in June 2008 by Public Affairs. Dr. Goldgeier is also a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations.
James Goldgeier's Contributions |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52705 | Introducing the Pageflow Sample
Introducing the Pageflow Sample
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• Comments 40
Thanks go to Shelly Guo, the developer and Israel Hilerio, the PM who had worked on this feature, and to Jon Flanders for providing packaging and quality control
Now for the good stuff, download the bits from here!
Navigate to setup.exe and run the setup, this will copy the sample projects and the source code for the sample, as well as some new visual studio project templates.
Now, let's open up a sample project, so navigate to the samples directory and open the ASPWorkflow sample, this will show off both an ASP.NET Front end as well as a WPF Controller (you can actually use the two together). Let's get to the good stuff right away, and open up the workflow file.
Wow… what's going on here? It kind of looks like a state machine, but not really. What has been done here is to create a new base workflow type. Things like SequentialWorkflow and StateMachineWorkflow aren't the only ways to write workflows, they are just two common patterns of execution. A NavigatorWorkflow type has been created (and you can inspect the source and the architecture document to see what this does) and a WorkflowDesigner has been created for it as well (again, this source is available as a guide for those of you who are creating your own workflow types).
Each of the activities you see on the diagram above is an InteractionActivity, representing the interaction between the user (via the UI technology of their choosing) and the process. A nice model is to think of the InteractionActivity as mapping to a page within a UI. The output property is the information that is sent to that page (a list of orders or addresses to display) and the input is the information that is received from the page when the user clicks "submit". The InteractionActivity is a composite activity, allowing one to place other activities within the activity to be executed when input is received. The interesting property of the InteractionActivity is the Transitions collection. By selecting this and opening its designer, we are presented with the following dialog:
This allows us to specify n-transitions from this InteractionActivity or "page" to other InteractionActivities. And we can specify this via a WF activity condition. This way, we could forward orders greater than $1000 to a credit verification process, or orders containing fragile goods through a process to obtain insurance from a shipper. What's cool about this, my page does not know about that process, it just says "GoForward" and my process defines what comes next. This de-couples the pages from the logic of your process.
We then need to wire things up in config:
<section name="NavigationManagerSettings"
type="Microsoft.Samples.Workflow.UI.NavigationManagerConfigSection, Microsoft.Samples.Workflow.UI, Version=, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=40B940EB90393A19"/>
<section name="AspNavigationSettings"
type="Microsoft.Samples.Workflow.UI.Asp.AspNavigationConfigSection, Microsoft.Samples.Workflow.UI, Version=, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=40B940EB90393A19"/>
<NavigationManagerSettings StartOnDemand="false">
<Workflow mode="Compiled" value="ASPUIWorkflow.Workflow1, ASPUIWorkflow"/>
<!--<Workflow mode="XOML" value="WebSite/XAMLWorkflow.xoml" rulesFile="WebSite/XAMLWorkflow.rules" />-->
<add type="System.Workflow.Runtime.Hosting.DefaultWorkflowCommitWorkBatchService, System.Workflow.Runtime, Version=, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35"/>
<add type="System.Workflow.Runtime.Hosting.SqlWorkflowPersistenceService, System.Workflow.Runtime, Version=, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" ConnectionString="Initial Catalog=WorkflowStore;Data Source=localhost;Integrated Security=SSPI;" UnloadOnIdle="true"/>
<add bookmark="Page1" location="/WebSite/Default.aspx"/>
<add bookmark="Page2" location="/WebSite/Page2.aspx"/>
<add bookmark="Page3" location="/WebSite/Page3.aspx"/>
<add bookmark="Page4" location="/WebSite/Page4.aspx"/>
<add bookmark="Page5" location="/WebSite/Page5.aspx"/>
<add bookmark="LastPage" location="/WebSite/LastPage.aspx"/>
<add type="Microsoft.Samples.Workflow.UI.WorkflowNotFoundException" location="/WebSite/ErrorPage.aspx"/>
<add type="Microsoft.Samples.Workflow.UI.WorkflowCanceledException" location="/WebSite/ErrorPage.aspx"/>
<add type="System.ArgumentException" location="/WebSite/ErrorPage.aspx"/>
<add type="System.Security.SecurityException" location="/WebSite/ErrorPage.aspx"/>
Finally, let's look inside an ASP.NET page and see what we need to do to interact with the process:
AspNetUserInput.GoForward("Submit", userInfo, this.User);
This code is specifying the action and is submitting a userInfo object (containing various information gathered from the page) to the InteractionActivity (in this case, it submits to the Page2 InteractionActivity). If we look at what we've configured as the Input for this InteractionActivity, we see the following, which we can then refer to in the transition rules in order to make decisions about where to go next:
Plenty of other stuff we could talk about here, support for back button, persistence, etc and I could continue to ramble on about this in another record-length blog post, but I will stop here for now. I will continue to blog about this, look forward to hearing any and all types of feedback, and what you'd be interested in seeing in this. Moving forward, there aren't any formal plans around this, but if there is enough interest in the community, we could get it created as a project on codeplex. If that sounds intriguing either contact me through this blog, leave a comment so that I can gauge the interest in such a scenario.
Go, grab the bits! And, if you have feedback, please contact me.
• For designing and controlling the page flow through an application, Java-based platforms can take advantage
• I'm going to be confused. During the last three days we've seen: Acropolis : a set of tools to make it
• 微軟負責 Workflow Foundation 技術推廣的專家 Matt Winkler，日前在 Matt Winkler's blog 提供了一套整合 Workflow Foundation 與 ASP.NET
• Finally access to the stuff =)
• S-au intamplat destul de multe in ultima vreme in ceea ce priveste "clientii" Windows: Avem o noua versiune
• Awesome presentation yesterday. Glad you got the bits posted. Look forward to leveraging your teams great work.
• Introducing the Pageflow Sample
• I couldn't help but chuckle at the installer for the WF-based ASP.NET Pageflow sample. It first asked
• I came across this cool example of using WF to drive ASP.NET page flow.
• Page Flow WF sample Jon Flandr's-WCF and WF session at TechEd The Moth--.NET Framework 3.5 Glenn Block
• The idea of using Windows Workflow foundation for driving the UI behavior of an application is a very
• Matt Winkler gave a session this week at TechEd where he described how to use Windows Workflow Foundation
• I've had a couple of ISVs ask me about a Windows Workflow Foundation page flow session that was delivered
• Have you seen all the recent chatter on the MSDN Blogs about ASP.NET Page Flow this past week? The Web Client Software Factory has a Page Flow Application Block that does the same thing and is very, very slick. Read more...
• NavigatorWorkflow looks like a state machine to me. Why create a new workflow type?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52707 | Introduction to software engineering entropy
Introduction to software engineering entropy
• Comments 1
Software engineering entropy vs software entropy
When I started thinking about this topic, I planned to name this blog "Some new thoughts on software engineering entropy". After doing some searches and studies, I realized that there is actually no such thing called "software engineering entropy". All the studies are carried out focusing on "software entropy", which, in my own perspective, is a measurement of overall software complexity. The major contribution to software complexity is the complexity of the problem domain. The concept I want to discuss in this blog, however, is a way to measure how well the problem is solved. So I changed the name as it is now and hope it can inspire some similar thoughts.
The complexity of software comes from two major sources, the complexity of the problem domain itself and the complexity introduced due to imperfection of implementation. As most discussions I found are focusing on the first one, which actually unavoidably mixes with the complexity from the latter one, I would like to focus on the latter one which contributes most to the quality of software from a software engineering perspective.
Entropy can be viewed as a measurement of disorder or ignorance. The latter one is quite helpful to understand the quality of software engineering. I would like to give a semi-definition of software engineering entropy here: assuming you are looking into an immediate context to understand how this context works, every time you have to leave your immediate context to seek some knowledge in order to understand how your immediate context is working, it signifies an instance of ignorance of your context and all instances of such ignorance thus determine the entropy of the context in question. This entropy is called software engineering entropy.
A few clarifications are needed for this interesting definition. First of all, this concept is not a completely new discovery. Software engineering has been a hot study area for the past decades. Many recognitions are obtained and new methodologies are being put into practice. This new concept will provide new insights into existing topics and hopefully improve existing methodologies for higher quality. Secondly, this definition has a strong dependency on observer. For example, an engineer who enters a new project will face maximum entropy because of the complete ignorance and the entropy will decline over time and stay around some value eventually. It's obviously true that the engineering entropy cannot be zero. But the stable value varies based on the engineer. This actually reflects the reality that more experienced engineering can grab key concepts and move forward with certain amount of ambiguity or entropy. Putting those two factors together, entropy comparison can be useful for one observer to measure two different projects. And also, for engineers who have stayed in one project for long enough, the average entropy could reflect the quality of the project. Thirdly, the complexity from problem domain could be a cause of engineering entropy. But this impact is decreasing when an engineer gets more knowledge of the core problem over time. Eventually and ideally no more ignorance from the problem itself. Lastly, it's true that the engineering entropy defined this way has not got practical ways to do real measurement. But high entropy areas could be identified according to the definition and improvements can be found accordingly.
Engineering entropy as a thinking tool
As stated above, this entropy is a new way to see how well engineering is done and we will study a few cases to demonstrate this. It should be emphasized that the entropy idea could be applied at quite different scales. It could be used to evaluate the quality of the implementation of one single function and it could also be used to evaluate the engineering process for a multi discipline engineering group. We will see cases for both of them.
Case 1
Naming is an important factor for every careful engineer. Many have been discussing the importance of it and the confusions caused by it for years. I'm also one of them. But the arguing of confusions is more or less subjective as it's lack of a definitive answer. This will remain true regardless of what effort is put to resolve it. In this article, we want to discuss why bad naming is causing problem from the perspective of engineering entropy and how this entropy concept could contribute to the rationality of the everyday naming arguing.
Two typical arguments regarding naming problems are variable naming and function naming. Variable naming relates to maintaining invariant in the context of a function. The invariability maintained by the name allows engineers to understand its meaning in a clear way which does not require tracking how the variable changes its meaning in the code path. Thus, it does not require leaving current part of a function to find out the meaning of a variable and this avoids engineering entropy. Contrarily, all kind of bad names could be interpreted in two or more possible ways and when reading some line of implementation, engineer has to leave current context to find the real meaning and thus results in higher engineering entropy. Function naming is another hot area as the name of function is a representation of protocol between caller and callee. For the caller, the intention of making the call should be present in the caller part. It could be simply perceived from the function name or comment elaborating the reason. If one feels the need to go inside the implementation to understand why the caller is making such call, it signifies an ignorance and thus indicates higher engineering entropy. In this case, the name of function always plays an important role. From the callee's perspective, ideally the name of the function should cover no more and no less what the implementation is doing. This is hard to be maintained in everyday work and the bottom line should be that a function name should be specific enough that it could be easily distinguished from others. Putting them together, an experienced developer who has sufficient knowledge about the problem domains and the overall architecture, should be able to understand a problem in its local context. If this is not the case, the switching between contexts should be considered as evident of higher engineering entropy. An effort should be made to identify what is causing the ignorance and correct it so that understanding could be achieved easily. This could be also used as a definition of a good name. A good name should make sure that everyone works on the same codebase can understand what the variable or the function means in local context.
Case 2
We will now discuss the nonadditivity property of engineering entropy. Suppose that there is a component K. The input and output of this component is very clear so that you can absolutely understand how K works by working with K as your immediate context. It means that component K has value 0 as its engineering entropy. This is definitely an ideal example but it fits this case study very well. There are 2 sub-components of K and let's call them A and B. It turns out that we want to take a closer look at A after understanding that K has an entropy of 0. By studying A, we find out that A is so hard to understand unless we have to know how B is working. The same thing happens to B. This is a situation that sub-systems A and B have a large value of entropy while the parent system K has an entropy of 0. This is the nonadditivity property of software engineering entropy. Such phenomenon is known to physicists as "quantum entanglement". In software engineering, we call it "coupling". While quantum entanglement is the building block of quantum computing, "coupling" is something we absolutely want to avoid in software engineering. This short case study demonstrates how we can use "engineering entropy" as a thinking tool to evaluate the patterns we can observe in everyday engineering work.
Case 3
In the last case study, I want to apply "engineering entropy" to a larger context, say a multi discipline engineering group. In such a group, there are a lot of feature teams who own different things in different layers of the final product. Nowadays, many groups are leveraging Scrum model as a development framework. Scrum model provides the possibility that things are changing in a fast pace. So it should not be surprising that one component layer is changing its implementation dramatically. But such flexibility inevitably introduces engineering entropy, as one's understanding of the dependencies are going out of date pretty soon. This is a topic in project management instead of software engineering as such ignorance is the result of the separation of engineering entities. By understanding the source of such entropy, it could be easily figured out that a careful management of such entropy is needed. One important way to reduce the entropy is to communicate changes in a clear way so developers are aware of them. When certain change starts causing issues, the information of "why and how" about the change should be immediately available, at least contact information should be available so that assistance of resolving the issues could be pursued as early as possible.
Another similar example is what could happen inside a feature group. As developers in the same group are focusing on different areas, the knowledge of the same component/system could gradually become out of date. As time goes, the entropy of the same component will build up and it could require more efforts to resolve it. A planned catch-up could help to reduce this entropy. A catch-up could be a formal one so that everyone in the team can focus on gaining more insights together or it could be informal so that individual developer can arrange his/her own catch-up in a way that fits his/her own flexibility. The key point is that this should be done with a clear goal in mind and the goal is gaining new knowledge of the product which has been changing for a certain period.
• 英文就算了，字还这么小，读不下去啊
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52711 | Microsoft Malware Protection Center
Threat Research & Response Blog
July, 2013
• The evolution of Rovnix: Private TCP/IP stacks
We recently discovered a new breed of the bootkit Rovnix that introduces a private TCP/IP stack. It seems this is becoming a new trend for this type of malware. The implementation of the private stack is based on an open-source TCP/IP project and it can be accessed from both kernel and user modes. It works like this: At boot time, Rovnix hooks the following exported APIs in ndis.sys by patching the export table in memory: NdisMRegisterMiniportDriver() (for NDIS 6.0) NdisMRegisterMiniport...
• A fresh face for the Microsoft Malware Protection Center
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52759 | The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
Previous Page
Politics & Current Events / Political Asylum
Subject: Re: I dont believe man causes Global Warming Date: 2/23/2013 9:19 PM
Author: nigelwhalmsley Number: 1861942 of 2002049
"I think I go with the 'truthiness' standard set by internet pundits like bears and dope instead."
Who needs experts or science when we have these guys? |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52760 | Revision history of "Fight:102894"
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• (cur | prev) 12:04, 16 January 2013Matt (Talk | contribs). . (550 bytes) (+550). . (Created page with "<fight>102894</fight> "Perrin had an edge in all rounds except the tenth." <i>The New York Times</i> the ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', was a little kinder, giving Escobar a...") |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52764 | Tested by experts
Sony Cyber-shot W710 First Impressions Review
Might be a great option for entry level consumers, but it needs a shutter lag fix to earn our full recommendation.
Design & Usability
The W710's physical design is plain as plain can be, except for a chrome bezel surrounding all the edges.
The camera's surfaces are smooth but a bit slippery. This makes the camera really easy to get in and out of pockets, but more difficult to handle confidently once it's out. The rear control scheme is simple enough to serve as a Fisher-Price My First Digital Camera learning tool, and all the buttons are legible and clear. The directional pad has solid tactile feedback; in fact, it's easy to navigate the entire menu with just one hand.
Unfortunately, the menu itself is very sluggish and suffers from poor design. We like the way Sony's quick menus work, but the W710 lacks the processing power to render the menu as quickly as we want to use it. The main menu is also adequate, but it's only accessible from the bottom of the quick menu overlay, so you have to page through (slowly) to get to it.
Images are reviewed on an ugly, low resolution rear monitor. But unlike the Sony TF1, which we recently checked out, the menu does not contain an option to increase the quality of the on-screen image at the expense of battery life.
Image quality is clearly entry-level.
We had a chance to examine sample photos straight out of the W710. Sharpness is bad (especially in the corners of the image) and chromatic aberration is abundant all over, but noise performance isn't nearly as bad as we expected—even at moderately high sensitivities.
Adding to the W710's overall lack of speed is very noticeable shutter lag; more often than not, the camera waits juuuuust until you're sure it's taken then shot, then fires the shutter. Unbelievably, the shutter lag actually isn't as bad as the Cyber-shot TF1's, but it's still unacceptable.
FI Handling Photo 1
It's pretty ridiculous to nitpick a 100-dollar point-and-shoot...
Sure, the sensor is a bargain bin CCD, but based on the spec sheet, this camera ought to have more than enough performance and a simple enough design for its segment of the market. But leave it to us to find a deal-breaking complaint. Although this is a cheap camera, shutter lag of this severity is never okay. If Sony doesn't fix this issue before release, we won't be able to recommend the Cyber-shot W710, even at $99.
Even as recently as a few years ago, it would've been hard to predict a single Benjamin could buy a 16-megapixel sensor with HD video recording capabilities. Offering just that sort of package, the Cyber-shot W710 is a simple camera for a specific kind of consumer. There's nothing wrong with a no-frills camera, and in fact that's precisely the point here. But this time, Sony's cost-cutting efforts might have gone too far.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52779 | HOME > Chowhound > Home Cooking >
May 31, 2011 09:50 AM
There must be a ton of neat things you all have picked up along the way that makes life a littlier easier in the kitchen. Please share with us.
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. Date a woman who loves to cook and does it well.
1 Reply
1. re: beevod
Your mamma done brought you up right....& your priorities are certainly in order!!
2. I think the best general wisdom I can share is that you can't make an omelette without breaking eggs. Since I found that out, my egg cookery is much improved.
10 Replies
1. re: Harters
My dear Harters, you need to stay close to this post....I am sure there will be many other tips that will enlighten you...I know I certainly have learned a lot since I have been looking around here & there on Chowhound..
1. re: cstout
I can assure you, Harters MORE than knows his way around his (or anyone else's) kitchen. ;-)
1. re: LindaWhit
Dear LindaWhit....my comment was ment to be all in fun, I deeply apologize if you or him took it any other way...I certainly am the one who needs all your suggestions & I deeply appreciate any & all comments, as I am sure the others do too.
1. re: cstout
No apology necessary. Since you don't seem to have been around on CH for any great length of time, I wasn't sure whether you were serious or not with your post to Harters, and it read "serious" to me.
1. re: LindaWhit
Actually Linda, that is my problem...I do not have a serious bone in my body & that is not a good thing sometimes...some people don't like to be recipient of humor & I do respect that...what's most important is that we are friends. I shall leave you in peace.
2. re: cstout
No apologising needed by anyone.
I live my life by trying not to be serious. Unfortunately, I fail too often for my own liking.
More general wisdom - cabbage, chickpeas and jerusalem artichokes all make you fart. Don't cook them too early in a relationship with someone new or ever before an important job interview.
And asparagus can make your wee smell of asparagus. This is a good or bad thing depending on whether you like the smell of asparagus.
If you're going to make a white sauce from a packet mix, check carefully if it is a sweet or savoury mix (Christmas dinner 1972 refers and is still periodically mentioned at Harters
1. re: Harters
Can you imagine eating all three of those farting veggies at the same time...surely something to remember before any important event....
1. re: Harters
I prefer the smell of asparagus to the smell of urine!
1. re: Joebob
There is much wisdom in that post, Joebob.
It should be a lesson for us all.
2. re: Harters
TJ's has huge [like the largest] artichokes on earth and I bought 4, why, no idea buying 4, but anyway...........
2. Buy and use kitchen twine.
You can't have enough tongs, whisks, pots, pans, parchment paper, aluminum foil, plastic wrap, storage containers or paper towels.
Understand anchovy paste.
A pressure cooker should be your best friend.
When in doubt make breakfast for dinner.
Master roasting a whole chicken.
Alcohol and a good radio are the only kitchen companions you will ever need.
Cast iron is king.
Create and bake your own bread.
Be able to create a simple vinaigrette with the proper ratio.
Always have sherry vinegar on hand.
Fresh picked berries become a great dessert with only the addition of sweetened cream.
A great baguette and the best butter help sustain you while you cook.
The end cut, the Pope's nose, chicken oysters, the last frying, the warmest cookie and a snifter of good Cognac are all reserved for the chef. Dishes are to be done by the diners.
21 Replies
1. re: CDouglas
Now come on & fess up...you copied this from somewhere didn't you....doesn't matter though...but I do have questions. You opened up a can of worms here, I can tell.
KITCHEN TWINE - what do I use it for??...I must go out & buy some just as soon as you tell me what to do with it.
ANCHOVY PASTE - can't say as I have ever used it...again, please refer to the above statement....gosh this is going to be some grocery list for the week. Got my pencil sharpened though, so let me trudge on...I think I am going to flunk this whole thing.
MASTER ROASTING A WHOLE CHICKEN - you got me on this one because I don't really know if I am doing it right or not...in case there are others in doubt too, please give us the details.
ALCOHOL & A GOOD RADIO....please allow me to correct you on that one.....should be GOOD ALCOHOL & A RADIO..I speak from experience on that one.
CAST IRON IS KING - you betcha.
CREATE & BAKE YOUR OWN BREAD - what is your favorite bread recipe??
SIMPLE VINAIGRETTE - well, again, please share.
SHERRY VINEGAR - what foods do you use it in?
FRESH PICKED BERRIES - now that was an easy one...I know how to do that.
GREAT BAGUETTE - ah yes, it is all coming together now...good alcohol...some soft jazzy music, a fresh baked baguette (baked from your recipe you are going to share with us), homemade butter...I don't think I can finish this quiz...was looking ahead at the next set of items...have no idea what the Pope's nose is...I just hate those trick questions...& I don't even want to think about chicken oysters...some things are best left to the imagination. OK, I told you I would flunk. Thanks for a wonderful list...I shall go now & have another baguette & glass of wine & think about how I can use kitchen twine.
1. re: cstout
I don;t know what gender CDouglas and you are - but a man should always have twine. I believe it is enshrined in international law somewhere.
I have different sorts - kitchen, parcel and garden (although where I am we call it string , not twine, usually). You can't have too much twine or, indeed, string.
1. re: cstout
Kitchen twine is to be used for trussing poultry, securing veal shank cuts for Osso Buco, tying crown roast of pork, securing roasts into uniform cylinders, tying off rolled, stuffed roasts to secure the contents etc...
Anchovy paste is a great depth of flavor enhancer to stews, an essential if not official ingredient in Caesar dressing and a great "umami bomb" ingredient to add a savory tang to many dishes.
I am more of a Kafka/Zuni chicken roaster than the lower temp versions. Minimum oven temp should be 475 degrees. I use Empire kosher birds rubbed with olive oil and sprinkled with salt and fresh pepper right before roasting. I dry the bird overnight on a rack in the refrigerator to help get crispy skin. I set it in a roasting pan on top of cut celery, carrots and onions and roast until 160-165 internal measured by my Polder. Roast chicken is a simple, cheap, elegant and delicious foundation for a great dinner.
I will agree with you on the good alcohol quip. I hate fuzzy, static spewing radios though so I will go with good for both.
I make the "Almost no knead bread" recipe often and love it. I have made muffaletta bread, hearth bread and various French and Italian loaves from the King Arthur flour website but I am now experimenting with sourdough breads. No good recipe yet as I am very much a work in progress but I am dedicated to mastering this.
Vinaigrette is a 3-1 ratio of oil to acid. I like olive oil, sherry vinegar, shallots, Dijon mustard and salt & pepper. La Tienda has a great variety of sherry vinegars. Look for vinegars from Jerez that use the Solera process.
Sherry vinegar goes in gazpacho, ajo blanco, vinaigrette and can be used as a marinade for meat and fish and is great to spike up sauces, cream soups and in the liquid used to steam shellfish, especially clams.
Pope's nose is the triangular tail tip on a turkey or chicken at the bottom of the cavity. When roasted it fries up quite nicely and is concentrated chicken goodness. It is not for everyone.
Chicken oysters are two small morsels of supremely tender and chickeny meat located on the bird's back about where "love handles" would be found. Unbelievably tender and delicious. I made the mistake of informing my children of their existence and thus have not had one myself in many years.
1. re: CDouglas
CDouglas..I bow down to you...this was a treasure trove of wonderful tips...somehow I think you are a chef..it amazes me how many talented folks there are in the cooking world...thanks for sharing. I want to climb up there & hob knob with the Big Bobs, such as you & others on this site, but since I just recently graduated from the ol "Campbell's Soup Supper Recipes"...these tips clearly remind me that there is a huge expanse of learning to get from here to where you all are. I have seen the light, but it is in the distance. I am jotting down every tibit & I will start with making that Vinaigrette right now. Thanks again.
1. re: CDouglas
Never, NEVER, tell someone else about the chicken oysters. I made the same mistake with my husband and now only get one.
Now that we have a child, it will be the first lie I tell him: "Oh, no, honey, those are gross. Here, let mommy eat those parts..."
1. re: CDouglas
Lol on the chicken oysters. Same thing here. Shared with my husband then one day he shared with kids...rookie
1. re: CDouglas
best food name ever -- the French call the oysters "sot l'y laisse" -- literally, "what the idiot leaves"
2. re: CDouglas
"Dishes are to be done by the diners."
Well put!
Avoid most unitaskers.
Knifes should be kept well-sharpened for safety/good results.
It is possible to turn leftovers into fabulous meals if you have a little creativity.
I'm sure I'll think of more.
1. re: melpy
Very good wisdom...I think I am a unitasker though...oh well, somebody has to do it.
1. re: cstout
Actually, for most common kitchen fires (think buring oil) sodium bicarbonate works as a fire extinguisher and is a multitasker. And, as a unitasker, a corkscrew is a must.
1. re: therealdoctorlew
But I do have a small fire extinguisher near the stove. Glad I've not had to use it. And a lid slapped onto the pot will deprive a fire of needed oxygen.
2. re: melpy
By "unitasker" I believe melpy is channeling Alton Brown in that you should not have any kitchen gadgets that are limited to only one use. Think garlic press or knife sharpener.
The only one Maha Alton has in his kitchen is a fire extinguisher.
1. re: CDouglas
Well, I still think I am a unitasker though...please leave me be.
1. re: CDouglas
You only use the knife sharpener for one thing, but you use the knife constantly. Since the underlying principle is getting the most function/time saving/pleasure out of each square inch of kitchen storage space, the knife sharpener should count as a multitasker.
1. re: jvanderh
engh - if the reference was to a wet stone, then you are right, but something tells me the reference towards those big, bulky, ceramic tools. A proper knife wielder should have a honing steel to tru edges. Since I only sharpen my knives once every nine to twelve months, I send my knives away. I will be exploring a wet stone next round...
2. re: CDouglas
Bravo! Love this list!
I'll skip the Pope's nose, but I live in fear that my family will ever discover the existence of the oysters...they've never had a bird that had them intact, as they're Cook's Treat.
(and I have to work on the dishes to be be done by the diners part)
1. re: sunshine842
Maybe I should delve deeper into this chicken oyster thing...I have some chickens, but have never ate one of them....gosh no. The store bought ones don't have any oysters that I know of...is this one of those things like "mountain oysters" ? If so, I shall go my way & forgo the oysters to someone else.
1. re: cstout
no, no, no -- the oyster is a small muscle that lies on the back of a chicken, just below the wing and at the top of the thigh (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_%... has a diagram and a photo). It's an oyster-sized morsel that is tender and juicy and packs an amazing amount of flavor into such a little nugget of meat (on a 3-4 pound bird you should get an oyster about the size of a walnut
(my poultry lady sells turkey oysters in bulk, so I'm thinking how to make those into an amazing dish...it makes me laugh that in French, the oysters are called sot-l'y-laisse, which translates roughly to "what the fool leaves behind")
1. re: sunshine842
Love that "fool" phrase. My maternal grandmother always ate the back (she was about the size of a little bird) and we felt sorry for her. Til we discovered the oysters.
2. re: cstout
re: ".is this one of those things like 'mountain oysters' ?"
Reminds me of the old joke- a woman, after having had matzo ball soup several times, finally asks, "Isn't there some other part of the matzo you can make soup from?"
1. re: eclecticsynergy
eclecticsynergy, definately something to think about there....thanks for the joke.
2. Many years ago, Martha Stewart was a very good sport to take part in NPR's Car Talk radio program. She was invited to participate to answer questions about cooking food under the hood while driving. Martha believes aluminum foil is toxic so she insists on a layer of parchment paper between food and foil. The brothers Magliozzi were clearly unfamiliar with parchment, and thought it sounded hard to find. She assured them that it wasn't (although back then it wasn't common in most home kitchens). Their comment later was that "everybody needs parchment, they just don't know it". They were joking, but they spoke the truth! I found struggling with curling parchment from a roll sufficiently annoying that I bought a box of large sheets - more than I'll ever need. Consequently, I use it liberally, and it certainly makes cooking and clean-up a lot easier.
11 Replies
1. re: greygarious
Did you purchase the large sheets of parchment online or at your local store...? Those large sheets sure would be nice to have...yes, I need parchment too.
1. re: cstout
I found them at a store that sells both party goods and wholesale restaurant paper items. This was probably 10 yrs ago - 1000 sheets (17"x34"?) for about $40. I've given some to all my friends who cook and still have plenty.
1. re: greygarious
I always disliked the rolled up parchment paper; finally found some and ordered from King Arthur Flour -- love it flat and it fits perfectly in my half sheet pan -- those are essential, too.
My advice: practice making a recipe until you do it well -- practice makes perfect.
Try doing a whole turkey (about 15 lb) on the barbecue grill -- delicious. You can google for recipe.
1. re: walker
I desperately need to master the making a recipe until I do it well. I'm such a once and done gal. Usually first time it works and second time bombs so I give up.
2. re: greygarious
There's a book about cooking on the engine called "Manifold Destiny."
1. re: escondido123
I have no idea what that book is about, my daddy always tried to teach me about cars so I would'nt get stranded on the highway, but I just never wanted any part of that. Bless his heart, I think he may have written that book & dedicated it to me....got to go find it right now...he told me I would regret not learning those things...I am afraid he was right....daddy, please forgive me...I will get it immediately....well maybe only if I can find it used.
1. re: escondido123
Re: escondido123
That was brilliant - I joined this site just so I could compliment you - too funny
1. re: LaCole
Thank you but there really is such a book. A friend of mine wrote it and included one of my recipes. There were on The Today Show and made a book tour. http://www.amazon.com/Manifold-Destin...
1. re: LaCole
Lacole, thanks for joining us.
2. re: greygarious
Parchment was one of the discoveries I made when we moved to France. I will never understand how I ever lived without it.
1. re: sunshine842
I discovered the joys of parchment about five years ago and like you, sunshine, cannot understand how I lived without it. And also why no one had ever clued me in earlier!
3. Simplify. Simplify. Simplify.
(with regards to ingredients, techniques, and tools).
1 Reply
1. re: raytamsgv
That has been my main objective the last few months...I tend to make a mountain out of a molehill when all it takes is just to stop & think about what you are doing & why you are doing it. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52780 | HOME > Chowhound > Los Angeles Area >
Jun 27, 2011 07:44 PM
Lawry's...why so much food?
Hello, y'all! I haven't been to Lawry's in a long time, and I've been invited to go tomorrow night. I remember the meals being substantial, but the online menu is quite overwhelming! I mean...mashed potatoes AND Yorkshire pud? The spinning bowl salad AND the horseradish? I'll gladly take food home with me, but I just wonder...is there a way to have a lovely piece of prime rib without all the accoutrements? I mean: I don't wish to have my generous friend go broke!
All advice is welcome...thanks, 'Hounds!
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1. What? Too much food? Whatever do you mean? I'll just leave you with my Lawry's write up from earlier in the year found here: http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/767480 ;-D> Just remember, you don't have to finish it all. A lot of folks go home with leftovers...
8 Replies
1. re: Servorg
Thanks, Serv! I've already read your review, and was (as always) delighted.
I just don't want my friend to spend a large amount of money so that I can have leftovers...
What to do...what to do?
1. re: kauma
Well, you could order the smallest cut possible.
Or, have your friend switch the reservation to the Tam O Shanter (owned by lawry's) which gives you the same prime rib, no spinning salad bowl BUT -- the side dishes and salad are INCLUDED. Plus the bartenders at the Tam know how to make a fine martini. Their wine list is surprisingly nice. And it's a way fun part of Los Angeles history, having been there for over 80 years.
1. re: happybaker
Yup. Get yourself a California cut. I'll continue ordering the Diamond Jim Brady, though in my advancing age, i confess to having to take leftovers back now.
2. re: kauma
Just enjoy yourself, but offer to buy the wine.
1. re: kauma
The Dinner includes the salad, mashed, yorkshire but not the veg which is $6.00 additional. You have several choices of cut. I would suggest the Lawrys cut for a first timer. Its about $38 IIRC. with the veg thats $44
Dont forget the homemade chips and meatballs ( in the waiting area )
1. re: Foodandwine
Also, if you like it, you have to request jus. I didn't know this when I went. It was delicious (as were the leftovers!).
2. re: Servorg
Servorg. I read your tale.
How did a cardiologist not just show up at your house and cuff you?!
3. to answer your original question:
the fixed costs of providing each dinner (i.e. the labor costs, the rent, the business licenses, the costs of washing the dishes, insurance premiums, etc) far outweigh the variable costs associated with increasing portion size.
this means that for a relatively small amount of additional expenditure, the restaurant can charge much more per dinner.
this is a good business model, both for lawreys, for C&O, and for many other smart restaurants.
1. Eat 20% of your prime rib there, and take the rest home in a doggie bag. The next day, make fried rice and/or stew with your copious leftover meat.
1. Kauma, no man I know would worry about cost when he's out with an intelligent, good-looking woman like you (other than his wife ;-). Try the English Cut. The thin slices are very flavorful, and leftovers are tailor-made for sandwiches. -Harry
1 Reply
1. Thanks to everyone! I'll report on the dinner tomorrow...
1 Reply
1. re: kauma
If you have any room after dinner Lawry's is the only place in town that still has C.C. Brown's Hot Fudge Sundaes. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52781 | HOME > Chowhound > Home Cooking >
Jul 28, 2011 06:48 AM
Adding flour to cheesecake?
I have heard various theories on adding flour to cheesecake from making it more dense to diminishing the likelihood of cracking. Are these true?
I made the creme fraiche cheesecake from the NYT and thought the flavor was amazing but it wass very messy to serve as it was a bit loose. Would it benefit from a few tablespoons of flour? I linked the recipe. To be clear, I am not looking for a dense NY style, but a cheesecake that will slice well when chilled.
I'm linking the recipe. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/din...
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1. I've never added flour to cheesecake and it's never collapsed. It's best, texture wise, if refrigerated overnight before serving, after cooling an hour in the oven before coming out. If you overbeat cheesecake batter, it can be too mushy after baking, or if there aren't enough eggs for the amount of cheese.
Looking at your recipe, I'm wondering of overbeating was the problem or if another egg or two would help. From the instructions, it looks as if overbeating is a strong possibility.
2 Replies
1. re: mcf
I didn't realize it could be an issue of overbeating. That was most likely the case. Does the overbeating occur at the egg stage?
1. re: jules127
I don't think you want to fluff any stage up with extra air. IME, you can end up with something too loose and chiffon-y that way. I've made both ricotta and NY style cheese cakes by just stirring (ricotta) or beating on low (cream cheese) the least amount necessary to blend things with good results. I think the less you beat the better off you are.
2. I've never added flour and haven't had it collapse or be loose. Did you cook yours long enough? There's a wide variation for baking time and the description isn't easy to follow. I cook until the outer 1/3 is firm but center if wobbly but then I leave it in the oven w/ it turned off and the door slightly ajar for an hour. The slow cooling helps prevent cracking, as does a water bath (which I'd highly recommend, too).
That recipe looks really good. How was the flavor?
7 Replies
1. re: chowser
I believe it was baked long enough, this time I will use an instant read thermometer to verify. Is 150 degrees is the correct temp?
This was the first time I used a stand mixer for a cheesecake and I am afraid I overbeat it (I used to mix in my food processor). I beat the cream cheese and goat cheese together for several minutes before proceeding.
My creme fraiche was more runny than usual (from Vermont Creamery) and I wondered if that could have made a difference as well.
1. re: jules127
I've used a stand mixer without problems but the cheeses should be at room temperature. Runny creme fraiche might make a difference but with those proportions, I don't think so. I've made cheesecake that have simliar proportions with added heavy cream that were creamy but held together well. I've never used internal temperature w/ cheesecake, mostly go by the way it looks and feels. As I said, I turn off the oven when it's slightly underdone and leave it in for an hour so it does continue cooking some. By the time I take it out, it's done.
1. re: jules127
I absolutely think it was overbeaten if you got the fluffy chiffon texture and as I said earlier, it might have needed more egg to compensate for the runny creme fraiche. Several minutes is an awful lot for cheesecake batter.
1. re: mcf
I used four eggs, so I can't imagine it was the amount of eggs that was the problem. As I said, I loved the flavor and have tons of cream cheese on my hands right now so I am going to try the cake again tonight. I will take care to not overbeat and bake to 150 degrees. Any other suggestions? I have baked tons of cheesecakes before, but never before with a mixer and never with such "messy" results.
1. re: jules127
I never take the temp of the cake, I go by feel and a wobbly middle the way chowser does. I use a bain marie, but honestly, have had wonderful results without it, too. Let us know how it comes out. My usual ratio is about 3 extra large eggs to 24 oz total of cream cheese and the liquid from a couple of lemons. More cheese, more egg. Some of your contents are wetter than cream cheese, so it still could be the eggs, or both beating and eggs.
If you've had success in the past with similar batters and only the mixing method is different...
Let us know how it comes out and good luck!
1. re: mcf
Reporting back. I was careful not to overbeat and baked it significantly longer until only a small circle in the center was wobbly. It was a great success!! I think this will become my go-to plain cheesecake recipe. Thanks everyone!!
1. re: jules127
Thanks for reporting back! Glad it worked out for you.
1. I don't use flour ever, I mix my batter for a long time in a food processor and I've never had it come out runny. I bake it in a water bath and rarely does it crack. I tried something new I saw on an America's Test Kitchen video. Instead of wrapping my pan in foil and setting it in the water bath, I set my pan in another pan slightly larger, then put it in the water bath. I usually make a ten inch cake but didn't have a pan big enough to set it in so I used my 8 inch springform pan and it came out great. My cake is not dense like NY style but if I have it more than a day it does firm up a bit more. I also don't use the typical amount of eggs. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52783 | HOME > Chowhound > Northern New England >
Aug 30, 2012 03:39 PM
Maine - 2 nights in Southwest Harbor and a drive up to Nahmakanta Lake
Hi, I'm a Los Angeles hound and am going to a wedding in mid-September at Nahmakanta Lake. On the way there the girlfriend and I will be spending a night in Portland - reservation at Fore St. - then spending two nights in Southwest Harbor exploring that general vicinity - then driving to the lake via Bangor on a Friday - driving back to Boston, via Portland, on the following Monday.
Any recommendations for around Southwest Harbor or the drive through Bangor up to the Lake - I-95 to a bit north of Bangor to (a little north of Old Town) -ME-16 (Brownville) to ME-11 - would be very welcome. Thanks.
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1. For Mt Desert, I'd strongly suggest driving from Southwest to Bar Harbor to dine at Mache Bistro. You'll probably get some recs for Red Sky in SW Harbor, but we ate there last month and were not very impressed: pretense is better than performance. North of Bangor, fuggedaboutit!
1 Reply
1. re: mainemal
Thanks. What about lunch in Bangor? (Every time I type "Bangor" I throw a K in there by mistake, turning it into Bangkok. Sheesh. I do know some good lunch places in Bangkok, but that won't do me any good in Maine.
2. We love Red Sky. Also in SW Harbor....Fiddler's Green, XYZ, and Sips. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52784 | HOME > Chowhound > Philadelphia >
Jun 22, 2013 07:12 PM
Best Salad in the City
Had the Salad of Grilled Asparagus, Artichoke, White Beans, Tomato-Onion Relish and Pine Nuts at Tria (18th street) today and was blown away (and I'm a devote carnivore). What are your favorite salads in the city today?
1. Click to Upload a photo (10 MB limit)
1. I like the Ensalada de Jamon (Serrano ham, figs, cabrales, and spiced almonds) at Amada and the warm salad with wilted greens, pancetta, and a lightly scrambled egg that used to be on the menu at Vetri. It isn't on the current menu, but I bet they would make it if you asked.
1. Not as fancy as the two already mentioned but I like the Gorgonzola salad at Fiorino, with candied walnuts and apples.
1. Tria makes great salads. I love their duck salad with pistachios and cherries.
I also love Ela's kale salad with mustard dressing.
1. (Good) salad is one of my favorite foods. There are really a TON of places that do them well, but 2 of my (slightly surprising) favorites in casual places are any of the choices at either Cantina (Dos Segudos or Los Caballitos) and Khyber.
1 Reply
1. re: PhillyA
Which salad in particular do you like at the Khyber?
2. Little Fish's changing salad line up is quite refreshing - they are lighthanded with salt. Meritage is also worth a look. I was pleasantly surprised by the bibb and beet salads at North 3rd. At Cantina Dos Segundos, avoid the papaya salad and the arugula salad dressed with pumpkin-seed dressing. Neither had zip and both were underseasoned. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52820 |
On Monday 25 August 2008 19:28:31 Soren Hansen wrote:
> > pay more attention to my general suggestion: namely, pick a solution
> > that is Bacula independent.
> >
> >> His idea is a repeat of one of my suggestions, namely teaching Bacula
> >> to interact directly with S3.
> >
> > Great. :)
> You realise that a solution that is bacula independent and a solution
> that teaches Bacula to interact directly with S3 are opposites, right?
Yes. What interests me is that the solution used for Bacula is not system
dependent. Obviously something that is Bacula independent requires no new
code in Bacula, but it is rare that we find Bacula independent solutions that
work for all systems ...
> > But my understanding is it involves write a driver which confirms to
> > the API. Much like writing a SCSI interface to S3.
> else pointed out, the semantics of interfacing with a tape drive and S3
> are very different. I'm not saying it couldn't be done, but it would be
> a horrible hack, and would be useless for anything but applications that
> deal with tapes, so you've won absolutely nothing.
> Even interfacing with S3 and a filesystem is different. AFAIK, you can't
> randomly.
My understanding (rather limited at this point) is that you can open a file on
S3 and seek back and forth in it and access it randomly. There may be
certain restrictions on writing to it such as always adding, but as I
understand it, it is much like a filesystem.
> Also, which API are you referring to? Bacula's or S3's?
I am referring to the S3 API. Bacula doesn't really have an API or at least
it is not defined. What the current trunk has is a much easier way of adding
additional "device" drivers (it currently has tape, disk, DVD, and vtape
drivers). To implement S3 one must add a new s3 driver in Bacula, plus
probably a few additional directives so that the user can properly identify
himself to the s3 system and get logged in, probably with a password -- I'm
not sure about the details.
This SF.Net email is sponsored by the Moblin Your Move Developer's challenge
Bacula-devel mailing list
This mailing list archive is a service of Copilotco. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52846 | Simon Cowell made what word trend?
myocytolysis of heart
myocytolysis of heart in Medicine
myocytolysis of heart n.
Local loss of myocardial syncytium as a result of a metabolic imbalance, insufficient in intensity or duration to cause stromal injury or to elicit an inflammatory reaction.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Word Value for myocytolysis
Scrabble Words With Friends |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52849 | Peter Chouteau vs. Edward Hempstead
View original image: Page 013
[missing figure]
Edward HempsteadEdward Hempstead ,
adm of Meriwether LewisMeriwether Lewis dec
Peter ChouteauPierre Chouteau
The defendant demurs to
the plaintiff's declaration and assigns the following causes
to wit-
1. Because the Bills of Exchange are not
declared on -
2. Because matters aremixed
in one count
3. Because there are no dates, nor places
mentioned in said declaration of the
said declaration is informal
E. Hampstead for himself
nov 4 1811 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52852 | Enabling Oracle Database Resource Manager and Switching Plans
You enable Oracle Database Resource Manager (the Resource Manager) by setting the RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN initialization parameter. This parameter specifies the top plan, identifying the plan to be used for the current instance. If no plan is specified with this parameter, the Resource Manager is not activated.
By default the Resource Manager is not enabled.
The following statement in a text initialization parameter file activates the Resource Manager upon database startup and sets the top plan as mydb_plan.
You can also activate or deactivate the Resource Manager, or change the current top plan, using the DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.SWITCH_PLAN package procedure or the ALTER SYSTEM statement.
The following SQL statement sets the top plan to mydb_plan, and activates the Resource Manager if it is not already active:
An error message is returned if the specified plan does not exist in the data dictionary.
Automatic Enabling of the Resource Manager by Oracle Scheduler Windows
The Resource Manager automatically activates if an Oracle Scheduler window that specifies a resource plan opens. When the Scheduler window closes, the resource plan associated with the window is disabled and the resource plan that was running before the Scheduler window opened is reenabled. (If no resource plan was enabled before the window opened, the Resource Manager is disabled again when the window closes.) In an Oracle Real Application Clusters environment, a Scheduler window applies to all instances, so the window's resource plan is enabled on every instance.
Note that by default a set of automated maintenance tasks run during maintenance windows, which are predefined Scheduler windows that are members of the MAINTENANCE_WINDOW_GROUP window group and which specify the DEFAULT_MAINTENANCE_PLAN resource plan. Thus, the Resource Manager activates by default during maintenance windows.
Disabling Plan Switches by Oracle Scheduler Windows
In some cases, the automatic change of Resource Manager plans at Scheduler window boundaries may be undesirable. For example, if you have an important task to finish, and if you set the Resource Manager plan to give your task priority, then you expect that the plan will remain the same until you change it. However, because a Scheduler window could activate after you have set your plan, the Resource Manager plan might change while your task is running.
To prevent this situation, you can set the RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN initialization parameter to the name of the plan that you want for the system and prepend "FORCE:" to the name, as shown in the following SQL statement:
Using the prefix FORCE: indicates that the current resource plan can be changed only when the database administrator changes the value of the RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN initialization parameter. This restriction can be lifted by rerunning the command without preceding the plan name with "FORCE:".
The DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.SWITCH_PLAN package procedure has a similar capability.
See Also:
Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for more information on DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.SWITCH_PLAN.
Disabling the Resource Manager
To disable the Resource Manager, complete the following steps:
1. Issue the following SQL statement:
2. Disassociate the Resource Manager from all Oracle Scheduler windows.
To do so, for any Scheduler window that references a resource plan in its resource_plan attribute, use the DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE procedure to set resource_plan to the empty string (''). Qualify the window name with the SYS schema name if you are not logged in as user SYS. You can view Scheduler windows with the DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS data dictionary view. See "Altering Windows" and Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for more information.
By default, all maintenance windows reference the DEFAULT_MAINTENANCE_PLAN resource plan. If you want to completely disable the Resource Manager, you must alter all maintenance windows to remove this plan. However, use caution, because resource consumption by automated maintenance tasks will no longer be regulated, which may adversely affect the performance of your other sessions. See Chapter 24, "Managing Automated Database Maintenance Tasks" for more information on maintenance windows. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52855 | 2.1 MySQL Installation Overview
This chapter describes how to obtain and install MySQL. You can choose to install MySQL Enterprise or MySQL Community Server:
If you plan to upgrade an existing version of MySQL to a newer version rather than install MySQL for the first time, see Section 2.19.1, “Upgrading MySQL”, for information about upgrade procedures and about issues that you should consider before upgrading.
If you are interested in migrating to MySQL from another database system, you may wish to read Section A.8, “MySQL 5.0 FAQ: Migration”, which contains answers to some common questions concerning migration issues. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52856 | Sun Java System Application Server 9.1 Developer's Guide
Message Queue varhome Directory
The Sun Java System Message Queue software uses a default directory for storing data such as persistent messages and its log file. This directory is called varhome. The Application Server uses domain-dir/imq as the varhome directory if the type of relationship between the Application Server and the Message Queue software is LOCAL or EMBEDDED. If the relationship type is REMOTE, the Message Queue software determines the varhome location. For more information about the types of relationships between the Application Server and Message Queue, see The JMS Provider.
When executing Message Queue scripts such as as-install/imq/bin/imqusermgr, use the -varhome option to point the scripts to the Message Queue data if the relationship type is LOCAL or EMBEDDED. For example:
imqusermgr -varhome $AS_INSTALL/domains/domain1/imq add -u testuser
For more information about the Message Queue software, refer to the documentation at http://docs.sun.com/coll/1343.4. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52857 | Sun Identity Manager 8.1 Upgrade
ProcedureTo Upgrade the Identity Manager Gateway
1. Log in to the Windows system and change to the directory where Gateway is installed.
2. Stop the Gateway service.
gateway -k
3. If using at least Windows 2000, exit all instances of the Services MMC plug-in.
4. Remove the Gateway service.
gateway -r
5. Back up and delete the existing Gateway files.
6. Extract the new Gateway files.
If you are installing the newly upgraded Gateway on a system that is not the Identity Manager server, then copy the gateway.zip file from the Identity Manager installation package.
7. Unpack the gateway.zip file into the directory where Gateway was installed.
8. Install the Gateway service.
gateway -i
9. Start the Gateway service.
gateway -s |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52858 | Sun Identity Manager 8.1 Resources Reference
Usage Notes
The External Resource adapter picks up the datastore information from the external resource configuration. If the datastore information is modified during configuration, then the External Resources configuration settings are updated as well.
To modify the datastore configuration of an external resource, you must modify the External Resource configuration. Note that a change to the system-wide configuration causes all external resources to be updated with the new datastore configuration.
Active Sync Configuration |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52859 | Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server v3 Application Development Guide
Using the jar-signing-alias Deployment Property
The asadmin deploy command property jar-signing-alias specifies the alias for the security certificate with which the application client container JAR file is signed.
Java Web Start won't execute code requiring elevated permissions unless it resides in a JAR file signed with a certificate that the user's system trusts. For your convenience, Enterprise Server signs the JAR file automatically using the self-signed certificate from the domain, s1as. Java Web Start then asks the user whether to trust the code and displays the Enterprise Server certificate information.
To sign this JAR file with a different certificate, first add the certificate to the domain keystore. You can use a certificate from a trusted authority, which avoids the Java Web Start prompt, or from your own company, which users know they can trust. To add a certificate to the domain keystore, see Administering JSSE Certificates in Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server v3 Administration Guide.
Next, deploy your application using the jar-signing-alias property. For example:
asadmin deploy --property jar-signing-alias=MyAlias MyApp.ear
For more information about the asadmin deploy command, see the Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server v3 Reference Manual. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52860 | System Administration Guide: Devices and File Systems
Diskette Hardware Considerations
Keep the following in mind when formatting diskettes:
A Solaris system can format the following diskette types:
On a Solaris system (either SPARC or x86), you can format diskettes with the following densities.
Diskette Size
Diskette Density
High density (HD)
1.44 MB
Double density (DD)
720 KB
By default, the diskette drive formats a diskette to a like density. This default means that a 1.44 MB drive attempts to format a diskette for 1.44 MB, regardless of whether the diskette is, in fact, a 1.44 MB diskette, unless you instruct it otherwise. In other words, a diskette can be formatted to its capacity or lower, and a drive can format to its capacity or lower. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52861 | x86 Assembly Language Reference Manual
Numerical Constants
Numbers in the x86 architecture can be integers or floating point. Integers can be signed or unsigned, with signed integers represented in two's complement representation. Floating-point numbers can be: single-precision floating-point; double-precision floating-point; and double-extended precision floating-point.
Integer Constants
Integers can be expressed in several bases:
Floating Point Constants
Floating point constants have the following format:
A valid floating point constant must have either an integer part or a fractional part. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52863 | Sun Directory Server Enterprise Edition 7.0 Upgrade and Migration Guide
Problems Related to Tombstone Purging
In some cases, after migrating a replicated topology you might experience problems related to tombstone purging. In some cases, tombstone entries are not purged when they should be. This problem can be resolved by re-indexing the objectclass attribute of the corresponding suffix. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52864 | Oracle GlassFish Server 3.0.1 Application Development Guide
Enabling Comet
Before running a Comet-enabled application, you need to enable Comet in the HTTP listener for your application by setting a special attribute in the associated protocol configuration. The following example shows the asadmin set command that adds this attribute:
asadmin set server-config.network-config.protocols.protocol.http-1.http.comet-support-enabled="true"
Substitute the name of the protocol for http-1. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52873 | Researchers at Duke University’s Pratt School of Engineering have designed a power-harvesting device with efficiency similar to that of modern solar panels. They used inexpensive materials configured and tuned to capture microwave signals, wirelessly converting the microwave signal to direct current voltage capable of recharging a cell phone battery or other small electronic device.
According to Duke's School of Engineering Web site, the device operates on a similar principle to solar panels, which convert light energy into electrical current. But this energy harvester could be tuned to harvest the signal from other energy sources, including satellite signals, sound signals or Wi-Fi signals.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52886 | 1930 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1930 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Championship details
Dates 18 May - 7 September 1930
Teams 12
All-Ireland Champions
Winning team Tipperary (11th win)
Captain John Joe Callinan
All-Ireland Finalists
Losing team Dublin
Captain Jimmy Walsh
Provincial Champions
Munster Tipperary
Leinster Dublin
Ulster Not Played
Connacht Not Played
Championship statistics
No. matches played 11
Goals total 70 (6.3 per game)
Points total 91 (8.2 per game)
Top Scorer John Joe Callinan (5-1)
All-Star Team See here
The 1930 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 44th staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 18 May 1930 and ended on 7 September 1930.
Cork were the defending champions, however, they were defeated in the provincial series of games. Tipperary won the title following a 5-6 to 3-6 victory over Dublin in the final.[1]
A total of twelve teams contested the championship, the same number of participants from the previous championship. There were no new entrants.
Team summaries[edit]
Team Colours Most recent success
All-Ireland Provincial League
Clare Saffron and blue 1914 1914
Cork Red and white 1929 1929 1929-30
Dublin Blue and navy 1927 1928 1928-29
Galway Maroon and white 1923
Kilkenny Black and amber 1922 1926
Laois Blue and white 1915 1915
Limerick Green and white 1921 1923
Meath Green and gold
Offaly Green, white and gold
Tipperary Blue and gold 1925 1925 1927-28
Waterford White and blue
Wexford Purple and gold 1910 1918
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship[edit]
Munster Senior Hurling Championship[edit]
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship[edit]
Championship statistics[edit]
• Tipperary become the first team to win the Triple Crown of hurling by winning the All-Ireland titles in the senior, junior and minor grades.[2]
External links[edit]
1. ^ "All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Roll of Honour". The GAA website. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
2. ^ "Famous feats". Premier View website. Retrieved 11 December 2013. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52887 | A Man Called Shenandoah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A Man Called Shenandoah
Robert Fuller A Man Called Shenandoah.jpg
Robert Horton in the title role.
Genre Western
Written by Ed Adamson
Robert C. Dennis
Robert Hamner
E. Jack Neuman
Samuel A. Peeples
Paul Savage
Daniel B. Ullman
Directed by David Alexander
Murray Golden
Tom Gries
Harry Harris
Nathan H. Juran
Joseph H. Lewis
Don McDougall
Jud Taylor
Starring Robert Horton
Opening theme "Oh Shenandoah"
Country of origin USA
Original language(s) English
No. of seasons 1
No. of episodes 34
Producer(s) Robert Hamner
Running time 30 mins.
Production company(s) Bronze Enterprises
MGM Television
Original channel ABC
Original release September 13, 1965 – May 16, 1966
A Man Called Shenandoah is an American Western series that aired Monday evenings on ABC-TV from September 13, 1965 to September 5, 1966.[1] It was produced by MGM Television. Some of the location work for the 34 half-hour black and white episodes was filmed in California's High Sierras and Mojave Desert.[2] When reruns aired on Turner Network Television in the 1990s, only 29 of the 34 episodes were rebroadcast. In February 2014, Warner Archive Instant offered all 34 uncut episodes as part of their streaming service, but they still are not available on DVD.
The series starred Robert Horton, who had costarred on Wagon Train from 1957 to 1962. He left that series, vowing to never do another television western, but agreed to star in A Man Called Shenandoah because he felt the show would be a great opportunity for him as an actor.[3]
Robert Horton plays a man who was shot and left for dead. Two buffalo hunters find him out on the prairie and, thinking he might be an outlaw, take him to the nearest town, in hopes of receiving reward money.[4] When he regains consciousness he has no recollection of who he was, or why anyone would want to harm him.
The doctor who treated his wounds gives him the name "Shenandoah," stating the word means "land of silence." [5] For the remainder of the series Shenandoah roams the West in search of clues to his identity. He learns that he had been a Union officer during the Civil War, and comes to believe he had been married.[6]
The last episode, "Macauley's Cure", ends with Mrs. Macauley telling Shenandoah: "It's not always important who you are; it's always important what you are". These words register with Shenandoah, who is now content, bringing the series to the end.
Among the guest stars were Claude Akins, Ed Asner, John Dehner, Bruce Dern, Elinor Donahue, Leif Erickson, Beverly Garland, George Kennedy, Martin Landau, Cloris Leachman, John McIntire, Jeanette Nolan, Warren Oates, and Michael Witney.
Theme Song[edit]
Robert Horton composed new lyrics for the traditional folk song Oh Shenandoah and sang the "Shenandoah" theme song.[7] His recording became a Columbia single in 1965. It is from Horton's Columbia album The Man Called Shenandoah (Cs-9208, stereo; Cl-2408, mono; both 1965).
The series is surprisingly popular on Rhodesian Television (RTV) in central Africa, and the song, reworked by local talent Nick Taylor, reached No 3 on the Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation hit parade. [[8]]
1. ^ Brooks, Tim and Marsh, Earle, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present (Seventh Edition), Ballantine Books, 1999
2. ^ Summers, Neil and Crowley, Roger M., The Official TV Western Round-Up Book, The Old West Shop Publishing, 2002
3. ^ A Man For All Seasons, in the Spring 1994 issue of Trail Dus
5. ^ see Shenandoah Episode Guide in External Links
6. ^ see Shenandoah Episode Guide in External Links
7. ^ Eder, Bruce, liner notes for Small Screen Cowboy Heroes (AT 57474), Sony Music Distribution
8. ^ Illustrated Life Rhodesia magazine, 14 July 1972
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52889 | Altered Space
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Altered Space: A 3-D Alien Adventure
Altered Space
North American cover art of Altered Space
Developer(s) Software Creations
Programmer(s) Mike Follin
Artist(s) Anthony Anderson
Composer(s) Geoff Follin[2]
Platform(s) Game Boy
Release date(s)
Genre(s) Puzzle
Mode(s) Single-player
Altered Space: A 3-D Alien Adventure is a 1991 video game produced for the Nintendo Game Boy. The basic concept is that the player is an astronaut trapped on an alien spaceship who has to try to find his way out while avoiding aliens and continually replenishing his oxygen supply. This was the first isometric view game on the Game Boy - a style made popular by games such as Knight Lore on the ZX Spectrum and Solstice on the NES and finally Equinox.[1]
1. ^ a b c d e f g Altered Space Release Data at Retrieved September 7, 2010.
2. ^ Altered Space Composer Information at Portable Music History. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
External links[edit]
Review scores
Publication Score
AllGame 2.5/5 stars |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52890 | Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes (literal translation: Analysis of the infinitely small to understand curves), 1696, is the first textbook published on the infinitesimal calculus of Leibniz. It was written by the French mathematician Guillaume de l'Hôpital, and treated only the subject of differential calculus. Two volumes treating the differential and integral calculus, respectively, had been authored by Johann Bernoulli in 1691–1692, and the latter was published in 1724 to become the first published textbook on the integral calculus.
In this book is the first appearance of L'Hôpital's rule. The rule is believed to be the work of Johann Bernoulli since l'Hôpital, a nobleman, paid Bernoulli a retainer of 300 per year to keep him updated on developments in calculus and to solve problems he had. Moreover, the two signed a contract allowing l'Hôpital to use Bernoulli's discoveries in any way he wished.[1][2] Among these problems was that of limits of indeterminate forms. When l'Hôpital published his book, he gave due credit to Bernoulli and, not wishing to take credit for any of the mathematics in the book, he published the work anonymously. Bernoulli, who was known for being extremely jealous, claimed to be the author of the entire work. Nevertheless, the rule was named for l'Hôpital, who never claimed to have invented it in the first place.[3]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Maor, Eli, e: The Story of a Number. P. 116. Princeton University Press, 1994.
2. ^ C. Truesdell The New Bernoulli Edition Isis, Vol. 49, No. 1. (Mar., 1958), pp. 54–62, discusses the strange agreement between Bernoulli and l'Hôpital on pages 59–62.
3. ^ Finney, Ross L. and George B. Thomas, Jr. Calculus. 2nd Edition. P. 390. Addison Wesley, 1994.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52891 | Ben Harney (actor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people of the same name, see Ben Harney.
Ben Harney
Born (1952-08-29) August 29, 1952 (age 62)
Brooklyn, New York, USA
Occupation Stage actor
Spouse(s) Olive Harney
Ben Harney (29 August 1952, Brooklyn, New York) is an African American actor and dancer who was active in his career between 1972 and 1985. Harney won the 1982 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical for his role as the Berry Gordy-esque character, Curtis Taylor, Jr. in the Broadway musical Dreamgirls.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52892 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Industry Retail
Founded 1955 Yakima, Washington, U.S.
Number of locations
Products clothing, footwear, housewares, sporting goods, hardware, toys electronics, foods, pharmacy, beer, seasonal goods
Bi-Mart is an employee-owned chain of retailers located in the U.S. states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.[1] A typical Bi-Mart houses merchandise including electronics and small appliances, housewares, hardware and power tools, sporting and hunting supplies, apparel, canned and packaged food, personal care products, a drugstore and pharmacy. An average Bi-Mart is approximately 31,000 square feet (2,900 m2),[2] a fraction of the typical 107,000 square feet (9,900 m2) WalMart[3] that offers similar product diversity but greater depth.
The company was founded in 1955 and is headquartered in Eugene, Oregon. As of early 2011, there are 75 store locations.[4] Bi-Mart's first store opened in Yakima, Washington in 1955 and did not open a second store until 1962. In 1976, Bi-Mart was bought by Pay 'n Save which itself was acquired by Thrifty Corporation in 1984. It was subsequently merged into the former Kmart subsidiary PayLess Drug, and finally purchased by Rite Aid in 1996.
In 1997, Bi-Mart's management and Endeavour Capital (a Portland-based venture capital firm) bought the company;[5] they sold it to employees March 1, 2004, for $94 million, which included $12.5 million contributed from the 401(k) plan. Bi-Mart is the sole surviving store name of former Pay 'n Save subsidiaries. (Schucks Auto Supply retained its name until acquired by OReilly and rebranded in 2010.)
In October 2003, Bi-Mart announced it was expanding eastward. Eight stores were planned with the first store in Havre, Montana. The second store opened three years later in Weiser, Idaho. In 2006, Bi-Mart exited the Montana market due to poor sales.
As of December 2004, the company projects sales for the fiscal year ending February 28, 2005, of $650 million, compared with $621 million for the previous year.
A typical Bi-Mart store in Ontario, Oregon
Like Costco and Sam's Club, Bi-Mart stores are membership stores; unlike those chains, its members-only policy started as a workaround to fair trade laws established in the United States in the 1930s by laws such as the Miller-Tydings Act and those related to suggested retail prices.[1]
1. ^ a b "About Bi-Mart". Retrieved 2012-01-07.
2. ^ Marcus Hathcock (Oct 30, 2009) [original January 23, 2008]. "Bi-Mart coming to town? Commercial zone's biggest hole may be filled soon". Sandy Post. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
3. ^ "Our Retail Divisions". Walmart. August 24, 2007. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
4. ^ "Bi-Mart Store Locations & Hours of Operation". Retrieved 2012-12-04.
5. ^ "Endeavour Capital Portfolio Overview". Endeavour Capital. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52893 | Bilabial clicks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Labial click
IPA number 176
Entity (decimal) ʘ
Unicode (hex) U+0298
Kirshenbaum p!
Braille ⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346) ⠏ (braille pattern dots-1234)
Voiced labial click
Kirshenbaum b!
Nasal labial click
ᵑʘ ᵐʘ
Kirshenbaum m!
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is ʘ. This may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks, and increasingly a diacritic is used instead. Common labial clicks are:
IPA I IPA II Description
ʘ tenuis bilabial click
ʘʰ aspirated bilabial click
ʘ̬ ᶢʘ voiced bilabial click
ʘ̃ ᵑʘ bilabial nasal click
ʘ̥̃ʰ ᵑ̊ʘʰ aspirated bilabial nasal click
ʘ̃ˀ ᵑʘˀ glottalized bilabial nasal click
Features of ingressive labial clicks:
• The forward place of articulation is labial, which means it is articulated with the lips. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound. Bilabial articulation, using both lips, is typical. Sometimes this may pass through a labio-dental stage as the click is released, making it noisier.[1] In other cases, the lower lip may start out in contact with both the upper teeth and the upper lip.[2]
• The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive (also known as velaric ingressive), which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than being moved by the glottis or the lungs/diaphragm. The release of the forward closure produces the "click" sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous pulmonic egressive airstream. (One of the two labial clicks in Damin is lingual egressive, which means that the trapped air pocket is compressed by the tongue until it is allowed to spurt out through the lips.)
The labial clicks are sometimes erroneously described as sounding like a kiss. However, they do not have the pursed lips of a kiss. Instead, the lips are compressed, more like a [p] than a [w], and they sound more like a noisy smack of the lips than a kiss.
The bullseye or bull's eye (ʘ) symbol used in phonetic transcription of the phoneme was made an official part of the International Phonetic Alphabet in 1979, but had existed for at least 50 years earlier. It is encoded in Unicode as U+0298 LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK.
Similar graphemes consisting of a circled dot encoded by Unicode are:
A symbol a turned b with a tail was created and is used in older publications. It was never widely used and was eventually dropped for ʘ. Still the deprecated IPA character is encoded at U+024B ɋ latin small letter q with hook tail (HTML ɋ). Earlier it is privately encoded by SIL International at U+F211 <private-use-F211> and is available in SIL supporting fonts.[3]
English does not have a labial click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but a plain bilabial click does occur in mimesis, as a lip-smacking sound children use to imitate a fish.
Labial clicks only occur in the Tuu and Kx'a families of southern Africa, and in the Australian ritual language Damin.
Language Word IPA Meaning
ǂHoan ʘoa two
Taa ʘàa child
Damin m!i ʘ̃i vegetable
See also[edit]
1. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:251)
2. ^ Miller, 2007, The Sounds of N|uu, pp 121ff
3. ^ "SIL PUA 6.1c". SIL International. 2002-09-16. Retrieved 2013-01-21.
• Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide. University of Chicago Press. pp. 132–133.
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 246–280. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52894 | Boulder, Colorado
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Boulder, co)
Jump to: navigation, search
Boulder, Colorado
Home Rule Municipality
View of Boulder from Bear Peak
View of Boulder from Bear Peak
Location in Boulder County and the State of Colorado
Location in Boulder County and the State of Colorado
Coordinates: 40°01′39″N 105°15′07″W / 40.027435°N 105.251945°W / 40.027435; -105.251945Coordinates: 40°01′39″N 105°15′07″W / 40.027435°N 105.251945°W / 40.027435; -105.251945[1]
Country United States
State Colorado
County Boulder[2]
Settled 1858 as Boulder City, N.T.
Incorporated 1871-11-04[3]
• Type Home Rule Municipality[2]
• Mayor Matthew Appelbaum
• Deputy Mayor Lisa Morzel
• Home Rule Municipality 25.7 sq mi (66.5 km2)
• Land 24.7 sq mi (63.9 km2)
• Water 1.0 sq mi (2.6 km2)
Elevation 5,430 ft (1,655 m)
Population (2010)[4]
• Home Rule Municipality 97,385
• Estimate (2013)[5] 103,166
• Rank US: 279th
• Density 3,800/sq mi (1,500/km2)
• Metro 310,048 (US: 160th)
Demonym Boulderite
Time zone MST (UTC-7)
• Summer (DST) MDT (UTC-6)
ZIP codes[6] 80301-80310, 80314, 80321-80323, 80328, 80329
Area code(s) Both 303 and 720
INCITS place code 0807850
GNIS feature ID 0178680
The City of Boulder is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Boulder County, and the 11th most populous municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado.[7] Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 5,430 feet (1,655 m). The city is 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Denver.
The population of the City of Boulder was 97,385 at the 2010 United States Census,[8] while the population of the Boulder, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area was 294,567.[9]
Boulder is famous for its colorful Western history, being a choice destination for hippies in the late 1960s, and as home of the main campus of the University of Colorado, the state's largest university. Furthermore, the city of Boulder frequently acquires top rankings in health, well-being, quality of life, education and art.[10]
Panorama print of Boulder, 1900
On November 7, 1861, legislation was passed making way for the state university to be located in Boulder, and on September 20, 1875, the first cornerstone was laid for the first building (Old Main Building) on the C.U. campus. The university officially opened on September 5, 1877.[11]
Boulder adopted an anti-saloon ordinance in 1907.[12] Statewide prohibition started in Colorado in 1916[13] and ended with the repeal of national prohibition in 1933.
Historical population
Census Pop.
1870 343
1880 3,069 794.8%
1890 3,330 8.5%
1900 6,150 84.7%
1910 9,539 55.1%
1920 11,066 16.0%
1930 11,223 1.4%
1940 12,958 15.5%
1950 19,999 54.3%
1960 37,718 88.6%
1970 66,870 77.3%
1980 76,685 14.7%
1990 83,312 8.6%
2000 94,673 13.6%
2010 97,385 2.9%
Est. 2013 103,166 5.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[15]
2013 Estimate[5]
As of the census of 2010, there were 97,385 people, 41,302 households, and 16,694 families residing in the city. The population density is 3,942.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,524.0/km²). There were 43,479 housing units at an average density of 1,760.3 per square mile (680.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 88.0% White, 0.9% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 4.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.2% some other race, and 2.6% from two or more races. 8.7% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.[16]
There were 41,302 households, out of which 19.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.2% were headed by married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 59.6% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16, and the average family size was 2.84.[16]
Boulder's population is younger than the national average, largely due to the presence of university students. The median age at the 2010 census was 28.7 years compared to the U.S. median of 37.2 years. In Boulder, 13.9% of the residents were under the age of 18, 29.1% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 105.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and older, there were 106.2 males.[16]
In 2011 the estimated median household income in Boulder was $57,112, and the median family income was $113,681. Male full-time workers had a median income of $71,993 versus $47,574 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,600. 24.8% of the population and 7.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 17.4% of those under the age of 18 and 6.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[17]
Boulder's iconic rock formations, the Flatirons
The city of Boulder is in Boulder Valley where the Rocky Mountains meet the Great Plains. West of the city are slabs of sedimentary stone tilted up on the foothills, known as the Flatirons. The Flatirons are a widely recognized symbol of Boulder.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.7 square miles (66.5 km2). 24.7 square miles (63.9 km2) of it is land and 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2) of it (3.97%) is water.[8]
Denver International Airport is located 45 miles (72 km) southeast of Boulder.[20]
Boulder, Colorado
Climate chart (explanation)
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: NOAA
Autumn in Boulder brings many sunny days
Snowfall is common in Boulder throughout the winter
Boulder has a dry climate typical of much of the state and receives many sunny or mostly sunny days each year. Under the Köppen climate classification central parts of the city have a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk).[21] Winter conditions range from generally mild to the occasional bitterly cold, with highs averaging in the mid to upper 40s °F (7–9 °C). There are 4.6 nights annually where the temperature reaches 0 °F (−18 °C). Because of orographic lift the mountains to the west often dry out the air passing over the Front Range, often shielding the city from precipitation in winter, though heavy falls may occur. Snowfall averages 88 inches (220 cm) per season, but snow depth is usually shallow; a strong warming sun due to the high elevation can quickly melt snow cover during the day and Chinook winds bring rapid warm-ups throughout the Winter months. Summers are very warm and dry, with 30 days reaching 90 °F (32 °C) or above.[22] Diurnal temperature variation is large year-round due to the high-elevation dry climate.
The highest recorded temperature in Boulder of 104 °F (40 °C) occurred on June 23 and July 11, 1954. The lowest temperature recorded in Boulder was −33 °F (−36 °C) on January 17, 1930.
Climate data for Boulder, Colorado (1981–2010 normals)
Record high °F (°C) 74
Average high °F (°C) 46.9
Average low °F (°C) 22.2
Record low °F (°C) −33
Average precipitation inches (mm) .71
Average snowfall inches (cm) 11.6
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 5.3 6.4 8.4 10.0 12.1 10.4 10.4 10.8 8.3 7.2 5.9 5.7 101.0
Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.2 6.3 6.4 4.2 .6 0 0 0 .5 1.8 4.8 5.4 35.2
Source: NOAA (extremes 1893–present)[22]
Politics and government[edit]
Boulder is a Home Rule Municipality, being self-governing under Article XX of the Constitution of the State of Colorado; Title 31, Article 1, Section 202 of the Colorado Revised Statutes.[citation needed]
Politically, Boulder is one of the most liberal and Democratic cities in Colorado. As of April 2012, registered voters in Boulder County, which includes Boulder's more conservative suburbs, were 41% Democratic, 20% Republican, 1% in other parties, and 38% unaffiliated.[23] To residents and detractors alike, the city of Boulder is often referred to as the "People's Republic of Boulder."[24]
Outdoor sports[edit]
Trailheads for many popular hikes are located at Chautauqua park.
Boulder is surrounded by thousands of acres of recreational open space, conservation easements, and nature preserves. Almost 60 percent, 35,584 acres (144.00 km2), of open space totaling 61,529 acres (249.00 km2) is open to the public.[26]
Rock climbing is found near the small unincorporated community of Eldorado Springs, south of Boulder. There are also climbing routes available in the city open space, including climbing routes of varying difficulty on the Flatirons themselves (traditional protection). Boulder Canyon (sport), directly west of downtown Boulder, also has many routes. All three of these areas are affected by seasonal closures for wildlife.[27][28]
Bolder Boulder[edit]
Boulder has hosted a 10 km road run, the Bolder Boulder, on Memorial Day, every year since 1979. The race involves over 50,000 runners, joggers, walkers, and wheelchair racers, making it one of the largest road races in the world. It has the largest non-marathon prize purse in road racing.[29] The race culminates at Folsom Field with a Memorial Day Tribute. The 2007 race featured over 54,000[30] runners, walkers, and wheelchair racers, making it the largest race in the US in which all participants are timed and the fifth largest road race in the world.[31]
Founded in 1976 by Giora Berstein, the Colorado Music Festival presents a summer series of concerts in Chautauqua Auditorium.[33]
Conference on World Affairs[edit]
The Conference on World Affairs, started in 1948, is an annual one-week conference featuring dozens of discussion panels on a variety of contemporary issues.
The internationally syndicated radio program eTown has its headquarters at eTown Hall, 16th and Spruce Streets, in downtown Boulder. Most tapings of this weekly show are done at eTown Hall.
Polar Bear Plunge[edit]
Beginning in 1983, hundreds of people head to the Boulder Reservoir on New Years Day to take part in the annual polar bear plunge.[34] With rescue teams standing by, participants use a variety of techniques to plunge themselves into the freezing reservoir.[35] Once the plunge is complete, swimmers retreat to hot tubs on the reservoir beach to revive themselves from the cold.
Naked Pumpkin Run[edit]
April 20 (4/20)[edit]
Every year on April 20, thousands of people have gathered on the CU Boulder campus to smoke marijuana at and before 4:20 pm. The 2010 head count was officially between 8,000 and 15,000 with some discrepancy between the local papers and the University administrators (who have been thought to have been attempting to downplay the event). Eleven tickets were given out whereas the year before there were only two.[37] 2011 was the last year of mass 4/20 partying at CU[38] as the university, in 2012, took a hard stance against 4/20 activities, closing the campus to visitors for the day, using smelly fish fertilizer to discourage gathering at the traditional Norlin Quad, and having out-of-town law enforcement agencies help secure the campus.[39] In 2013, 4/20 fell on a Saturday; the university continued the 4/20 party ban and, again, closed the campus to visitors.[40]
Boulder Cruiser Ride[edit]
The Boulder Cruiser Ride is a weekly bicycle ride in Boulder Colorado. The Boulder Cruiser Ride grew from a group of friends and friends of friends riding bicycles around Boulder into "an all out public mob". Some enthusiasts gather wearing costumes and decorating their bikes; themes are an integral part of the cruiser tradition. Boulder Police began following the cruiser ride as it gained in popularity. Issues with underage drinking, reckless bicycle riding, and other nuisance complaints led organizers to drop the cruiser ride as a public event.[41] Returning to an underground format, where enthusiasts must become part of the social network before gaining access to event sites, the Boulder Cruiser Ride has continued as a local tradition. On May 30, 2013 over 400 riders attended the Thursday night Cruiser Ride in honor of "Big Boy", an elk that was shot and killed on New Years Day by an on duty[42] Boulder Police officer.[43]
Top rankings[edit]
Boulder has gathered many top rankings in recent years for health, well-being, quality of life, education and art.[10] The partial list below shows some of the nominations.
• The 10 Happiest Cities – # 1 –[44]
• Top Brainiest Cities – No. 1 –[45]
• Ten Best Cities for the Next Decade – 4th – Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine[46]
• Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index – No. 1 – USA Today[47]
• Best Cities to Raise an Outdoor Kid – No. 1 – Backpacker Magazine[48]
• America's Top 25 Towns to Live Well – No. 1 –[49]
• Top 10 Healthiest Cities to Live and Retire – No. 6 – AARP magazine[50]
• Top 10 Cities for Artists – No. 8 – Business Week[51]
• Lesser-Known LGBT Family-Friendly Cities – No. 1 –[52]
• America's Foodiest Town – No. 1 – Bon Appetit magazine[53]
• Queerest Cities in America 2015 — No. 10 — [54]
Public schools[edit]
The Boulder Valley School District (BVSD) administers the public school system in Boulder and also in the neighboring cities and towns of Broomfield, Lafayette, Louisville, and Nederland. The two largest high schools (grades 9–12) in Boulder are Boulder High School and Fairview High School, both part of BVSD. The District also operates the smaller New Vista High School in the building formerly occupied by Baseline Middle School, specializing in innovative and hands-on education. Boulder Valley also administers several middle and elementary schools in Boulder.
Charter schools[edit]
Charter schools (receiving public funding but under private management) within the city of Boulder include Preparatory High School (9–12), Summit Middle School (6–8), and Horizons Alternative School (K–8).
Private schools[edit]
A variety of private high schools, middle schools and elementary schools operate in Boulder.
Colleges and universities[edit]
Part of the campus at Naropa University
Science institutes[edit]
Economy and industry[edit]
The Boulder MSA had a gross metropolitan product of $18.3 billion in 2010, the 110th largest metropolitan economy in the United States.[55]
In 2007, Boulder became the first city in the USA to levy a carbon tax.[56]
In 2013, Boulder appeared on Forbes magazine's list of Best Places for Business and Careers.[57]
Since Boulder has operated under residential growth control ordinances since 1976, the growth of employment in the city has far outstripped population growth. Considerable road traffic enters the city each morning and leaves each afternoon, since many employees live in Longmont, Lafayette, Louisville, Broomfield, Westminster, and Denver. Boulder is served by US 36 and a variety of state highways. Parking regulations in Boulder have been explicitly designed to discourage parking by commuters and to encourage the use of mass transit, with mixed results.
Mass transit[edit]
Boulder has an extensive bus system operated by the Regional Transportation District (RTD). The HOP, SKIP, JUMP, Bound, DASH and Stampede routes run throughout the city and connect to nearby communities with departures every ten minutes during peak hours, Monday-Friday. Other routes, such as the 204, 205, 206, 208 and 209 depart every 15 to 30 minutes. Regional routes, traveling between nearby cities such as Longmont (BOLT, J), Golden (GS), and Denver (BMX/BV/BX/DM/HX/S/T), as well as Denver International Airport (AB), are also available. There are over 100 scheduled daily bus trips on seven routes that run between Boulder and Denver on weekdays.[58]
Future transit plans[edit]
Boulder is to be connected to downtown Denver by an RTD Bus Rapid Transit route along US 36. As of 2015, the Bus Rapid Transit project is expected to be completed by early 2016.[59]
A 41-mile RTD commuter rail route called the Northwest Rail Line is proposed to run from Denver through Boulder to Longmont, with stops in major communities along the way. The Boulder station is to be north of Pearl Street and east of 30th Street. At one time this commuter rail service was scheduled to commence in 2014, but major delays have ensued. As of 2012, the plan is to open in 2016 a 6-mile segment from downtown Denver to southern Westminster, at 71st Avenue and Lowell Boulevard. The remaining 35 miles of the Northwest Rail Line is planned to be completed by 2044, depending upon funding.[60]
These future transit projects are part of FasTracks, an RTD transit improvement plan funded by a 0.4% increase in the sales tax throughout the Denver metro area. RTD, the developer of FasTracks, is partnering with the city of Boulder to plan a transit-oriented development near Pearl and 33rd Streets in association with the proposed Boulder commuter rail station. The development is to feature the Boulder Railroad Depot, already relocated to that site, which may be returned to a transit-related use.
Boulder, well known for its bicycle culture, boasts hundreds of miles of bicycle-pedestrian paths, lanes, and routes that interconnect to create a renowned network of bikeways usable year-round. Boulder has 74 bike and pedestrian underpasses that facilitate safer and uninterrupted travel throughout much of the city. The city offers a route-finding website that allows users to map personalized bike routes around the city.[61]
In May 2011, B-cycle bike-sharing opened in Boulder with 100 red bikes and 12 stations.[62]
Boulder Municipal Airport is located 3 miles (4.8 km) from central Boulder, is owned by the City of Boulder and is used exclusively for general aviation, with most traffic consisting of single-engine airplanes and glider aircraft.[63]
Growth management[edit]
Government preservation of open space around Boulder began with the Congress of the United States approving the allocation of 1,800 acres (7.3 km2) of mountain backdrop/watershed extending from South Boulder Creek to Sunshine Canyon in 1899.
Since then, Boulder has adopted a policy of controlled urban expansion. In 1959, city voters approved the "Blue Line" city-charter amendment which restricted city water service to altitudes below 5,750 feet (1,750 m), in an effort to protect the mountain backdrop from development. In 1967, city voters approved a dedicated sales tax for the acquisition of open space in an effort to contain urban sprawl. In 1970, Boulder created a "comprehensive plan" that would dictate future zoning, transportation, and urban planning decisions. Hoping to preserve residents' views of the mountains, in 1972, the city enacted an ordinance limiting the height of newly constructed buildings. A Historic-Preservation Code was passed in 1974, and a residential-growth management ordinance (the Danish Plan) in 1976.[64][65]
Wildlife protection[edit]
Prairie Dogs enjoy special protection in Boulder.
The City of Boulder has created an Urban Wildlife Management Plan which sets policies for managing and protecting urban wildlife.[66] Also, the city's parks department has volunteers who monitor parks (including wetlands, lakes, etc.) to protect ecosystems.[67] From time to time, parks and hiking trails are closed to conserve or restore ecosystems.[68] Traditionally, Boulder has avoided the use of chemical pesticides for controlling the insect population. However, with the threat of West Nile Virus, the city began an integrative plan to control the mosquito population in 2003 that includes chemical pesticides. Residents can opt-out of the program by contacting the city and asking that their areas not be sprayed.[69]
Under Boulder law, extermination of prairie dogs requires a permit.[70]
Also in 2005, the city experimented with using goats for weed control in environmentally sensitive areas. Goats naturally consume diffuse knapweed and Canada thistle, and although the program was not as effective as it was hoped, goats will still be considered in the future weed control projects. In 2010, goats were used to keep weeds under control at the Boulder Reservoir.[71]
Boulder's main daily newspaper, the Daily Camera, was founded in 1890 as the weekly Boulder Camera, and became a daily newspaper the following year. The Colorado Daily was started in 1892 as a university newspaper for CU-Boulder. Following many heated controversies over Colorado Daily's political coverage, it severed its ties to the university in 1971. Newspaper conglomerate Scripps acquired the Colorado Daily in 2005 after its acquisition of the Camera in 1997, leaving the Boulder Weekly as the only locally owned newspaper in Boulder. Scripps relinquished its 50 percent ownership in both daily papers in early 2009 to Media News Group. Boulder Magazine, a lifestyle magazine, was founded in 1978.[citation needed] Boulder Magazine is published three times per year.
Boulder is part of the Denver market for television stations, and it also receives many radio stations based in Denver or Ft. Collins. For cable television, Boulder is served by Comcast Cable. Over-the-air television reception is poor in the western part of the city because of interference from mountains.
Paladin Press book/video publishers and Soldier of Fortune magazine both have their headquarters in Boulder.[72][73] Paladin Press was founded in September 1970 by Peder Lund and Robert K. Brown. In 1974, Lund bought out Brown's share of the press, and Brown moved on to found Soldier of Fortune magazine the following year.[74]
Non-commercial community radio station KGNU was founded in 1978[75] and commercial music station KBCO in 1977. KBCO programs an adult album alternative format and is owned and operated by Clear Channel Communications. KBCO transmits from atop Eldorado Mountain south of Boulder.[76]
KVCU, also known as Radio 1190, is another non-commercial radio station run with the help of university-student volunteers. KVCU started broadcasting in 1998.[77]
Notable people[edit]
Notable births in Boulder include: John Fante (writer), Scott Carpenter (Project Mercury astronaut), Arleigh Burke (United States Navy Admiral, Chief of Naval Operations), Kristin Davis (Sex and the City actress), Tony Boselli (five-time Pro Bowl offensive tackle), Chuck Pagano (Indianapolis Colts head coach) and Dead Kennedys frontman Jello Biafra.
Chief Niwot or Left Hand, a tribal leader of the Arapaho, lived at the site of Boulder. In 1858, Captain Thomas Aikins and some would-be goldminers camped at present-day Setter's Park—in the midst of Arapaho territory. The chief and his people were camped at Valmont Butte: then and now a sacred site to the tribe.[78] Niwot and his war party rode to the settler's camp whereupon he pronounced his legendary curse:
Albert Allen Bartlett, emeritus professor of physics, frequent lecturer on the dangers of compound growth, and one of the principal backers of the Blue Line[79] in the late 1950s. Boulder is also home to Paul Danish, author of the Danish Plan[65] of residential growth control and editor and publisher of the former weekly Boulder County newspaper Town and Country Review.
Bill Bower, the last surviving pilot who took part in the Doolittle Raid, resided in Boulder from 1966 until his death in 2011.[80][81]
JonBenét Ramsey, when she was murdered in December 1996. The made-for-TV movie Perfect Murder, Perfect Town: JonBenét and the City of Boulder, based on the book of the same title, was released in 2000. It dramatized the investigation into the murder. It was filmed on location in Boulder.
Leon White, a professional wrestler was born in Boulder, was an offensive lineman for the Colorado Buffaloes football team in the 1970s.[82]
Carrie Ingalls (Little House on the Prairie) moved in 1905 to Boulder and stayed until 1906, in hope of improving her health thanks to the local climate.[83]
Actor Larry Sellers has been living in the town.[84]
Pearl Street Mall in Boulder
South of Pearl Street and adjacent to the CU-Boulder campus is another historic shopping center, The Hill. Featuring some of the city's landmark stores and venues, such as Albums on the Hill and the Fox Theatre, The Hill has been the center of college life for many of the nearby sororities and fraternities.
Sister cities[edit]
Boulder has seven official sister cities:[86]
Landmarks representing Boulder's connection with its various sister cities can be found throughout the city. Boulder's Sister City Plaza – dedicated on May 17, 2007 – is located on the east lawn of Boulder's Municipal Building. The plaza was built to honor all of Boulder's sister city relationships.[88] The Dushanbe Tea House is located on 13th Street just south of the Pearl Street Mall. Dushanbe presented its distinctive tea house as a gift to Boulder in 1987. It was completed in Tajikistan in 1990, then shipped to Boulder where it was reassembled and opened to the public in 1998.[89] A mural representing the relationship between Boulder and Mante, Mexico was dedicated in August 2001. The mural, which was painted by Mante muralist Florian Lopez, is located on the north-facing wall of the Dairy Center for the Performing Arts.[90]
In popular culture[edit]
Woody Allen's Sleeper was filmed on location in Boulder.[91] Some houses and the Mesa Laboratory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (designed by I. M. Pei) were used in the film.
Boulder was a setting for Stephen King's book The Stand (1978), as the gathering point for the survivors of the superflu. King lived in Boulder for a little less than a year, beginning in the autumn of 1974, and wrote The Shining (1977) during this period.[92]
The sitcom Mork & Mindy (1978–1982) was set in Boulder, with 1619 Pine St. serving as the exterior shot of Mindy's home,[93] and the New York Deli, a restaurant on the Pearl Street Mall, was also featured prominently.[94]
In the American adaption of the English television comedy The Office, Steve Carell's character Michael leaves the show in season 7 and in the show, he and his fiancee move to Boulder.[95]
See also[edit]
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5. ^ a b "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
6. ^ "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
8. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Boulder city, Colorado". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
9. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Boulder, CO Metro Area". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
10. ^ a b "Best of Boulder". City of Boulder. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
11. ^ "C.U. History". BoulderGuide. June 30, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
12. ^ "A Boulder Timeline". Boulder History Museum. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
13. ^ "Brief History of Colorado". Archived from the original on March 7, 2008.
15. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved January 31, 2015.
16. ^ a b c "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Boulder city, Colorado". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
17. ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates (DP03): Boulder city, Colorado". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
18. ^ "Metro home prices flat". CNN Money. August 21, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
19. ^ "Boulder Area Sustainability Information Network". Boulder Community Network. August 27, 1999. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
20. ^ "Contact." Sirna Therapeutics. December 8, 2004. Retrieved March 3, 2012. "2950 Wilderness Place Boulder, CO 80301"
21. ^ D. B. Crawley (2007). "Creating weather files for climate change and urbanization impacts analysis" (PDF). Proceedings of Building Simulation: 1075–1082.
22. ^ a b "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
23. ^ "Voter Registration Statistics". Boulder County. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
24. ^ Waylon Lewis (June 13, 2013). "Something’s Rotten in the People’s Republic of Boulder Three Things, to be Exact.". Elephant Journal. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
25. ^ Herel, Suzanne (February 14, 2004). "San Francisco not the first to marry couples of the same gender". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
26. ^ "Acres of Open Space". Boulder County.
27. ^ "Eldorado Canyon State Park Publications". Colorado State Parks. May 27, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
28. ^ "Flatirons Climbing Council Wildlife Closures". Flatirons Climbing Council. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
29. ^ "Media Guide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2006.
30. ^ Ryan Thorburn (May 30, 2007). "Bosley hopes race No. 30 runs smoother". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007.
31. ^ "Largest Races". Running USA. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
32. ^ Hickman, Holly (September 7, 2009). "About Boulder Phil".
33. ^ Shulgold, Marc, 20 Years of High Notes, Giora Bernstein Ignores Naysayers to Build the Award-winning Colorado Music Festival, Rocky Mountain News, June 12, 1996 (accessed December 13, 2009 via subscription)
34. ^ Kaye, Nick (December 23, 2005). "Polar Bear Club Swims: New Year Parties (Don't Hold the Ice)". The New York Times.
35. ^ Tidd, Kelly (February 3, 2014). "Boulder Polar Plunge". Your Boulder.
36. ^ "Police squash nude pumpkin run". BBC News. November 1, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
37. ^ Anas, Brittany (April 20, 2010). "Thousands gather for 4/20 smoke-out on CU-Boulder campus". Colorado Daily. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
38. ^ Rael, Andre (April 21, 2011). "4/20 Boulder Smoke-Out Attracts 10,000". Huffington Post.
39. ^ Spellman, Jim (April 20, 2012). "Colorado public pot-smoking event snuffed out". CNN.
40. ^ Anas, Brittany; Rubino, Joe; Kuta, Sarah. "CU-Boulder succeeds in snuffing campus 4/20 smoke-out". Denver Post.
41. ^ Miller, Vanessa (August 14, 2009). "Cruisers Closing Ride to Public". Daily Camera. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
42. ^
43. ^ Staff, Camera (May 30, 2013). "Boulder Cruisers Ride for Mapleton Elk". Daily Camera. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
44. ^ "The 10 Happiest (and Saddest) Cities in the U.S.)". Retrieved March 26, 2011.
45. ^ "Brain Bounty or Brain Busted?". Retrieved November 30, 2013.
46. ^ "10 Best Cities for the Next Decade". Retrieved February 2, 2011.
47. ^ Page, Susan (February 15, 2012), "Western cities fare best in well-being index", USA Today, retrieved July 3, 2012
48. ^ THE BEST CITIES TO RAISE AN OUTDOOR KID: THE WINNING 25, August 2009, retrieved July 3, 2012
49. ^ Woolsey, Matt (May 4, 2009), "America's Top 25 Towns To Live Well", Forbes, retrieved July 3, 2012
50. ^ AARP The Magazine Names the Top 10 Healthiest Places to Live in America, July 23, 2008, retrieved July 3, 2012
51. ^ "Best of Boulder". Retrieved July 26, 2010.
52. ^ Morrison, Gwen (May 17, 2010). "LGBT Family-Friendly Cities Part 2". (Goodkin, LLC). Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
53. ^ America's Foodiest Town 2010: Boulder, Colorado, October 2010, retrieved July 3, 2012
54. ^ Queerest Cities in America 2015, retrieved February 22, 2015
56. ^ "Where Carbon is Taxed". Retrieved September 3, 2013.
57. ^ "Best Places For Business and Careers - Forbes". Forbes. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
58. ^ "Bus Schedules". Regional Transportation District. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
59. ^ "Flatiron Flyer - Bus Rapid Transit". Transportation District of Denver. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
60. ^ Whaley, Monte (June 29, 2012). "RTD and other officials vow to finish Denver's Northwest Rail Line". Denver Post. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
61. ^ "". City of Boulder. Retrieved October 20, 2014. Login as guest required.
62. ^ Urie, Heath (May 20, 2013). "Boulder B-cycle launches high-tech bike-sharing program with 100 bikes". Daily Camera. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
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67. ^ "Park Volunteer Opportunities". September 25, 2012.
68. ^ "OSMP closures".
69. ^ "Mosquito Control Program". July 6, 2012.
70. ^ "Prairie Dogs & Wild Birds Wildlife Protection Ordinance". City of Boulder. January 18, 2005. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
71. ^ "Goats keep weeds under control at Boulder Reservoir". Daily Camera. July 28, 2010. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
72. ^ "Paladin Press". Paladin Press.
73. ^ "Soldier of Fortune".
74. ^ "Paladin Press Company History".
75. ^ "About us". KGNU.
76. ^ "KBCO-FM Radio Station Information". Retrieved September 3, 2012.
77. ^ "Press". November 4, 1998.
78. ^ OUR PEOPLE: Southern Arapahos Are Part of Boulder's Spirit, by Judy Mattivi Morley, PhD (Originally appeared in Boulder Magazine, 2005.)
79. ^ "The Blue Line".
80. ^ "Col. William Marsh "Bill" Bower February 13, 1917 – January 10, 2011". Camera (newspaper). January 12, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
81. ^ Rees Shapiro, T. (January 15, 2011). "Bill Bower, last surviving bomber pilot of WWII Doolittle Raid, dies at 93". Washington Post. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
82. ^ Just a blue chip off the old blocker Denver Post
83. ^ Brammer, Rebecca; Greetham, Phil. "Caroline Celestia Ingalls". Laura Ingalls Wilder, Frontier Girl. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
84. ^ The Larry Selers Website
85. ^ "About the Boulder and Longmont Farmers' Markets".
86. ^ "Boulder Sister City Program". City of Boulder, Colorado. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
87. ^ 山形市の友好姉妹都市 [Yamagata City Twin Cities] (in Japanese). Japan: Yamagata City. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
88. ^ The Boulder Sister City Plaza
89. ^ The Boulder-Dushanbe Teahouse
90. ^ The Boulder-Mante Mural
91. ^ "Cut to the chase: Woody Allen at NCAR". UCAR. Jun 1998. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
92. ^ "About the author". Retrieved October 8, 2011.
93. ^ "Mork and Mindy FAQ".
94. ^ Mork and Mindy: New York Deli. "Mork and Mindy.".
95. ^ Sarah Kuta (April 29, 2011). "'The Office' ex-boss Michael Scott moving to Boulder". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
External links[edit]
Further reading[edit]
• Deloria, Philip J. "Drain the Lake! Tear Down the Butte! Build Paradise!: The Environmental Dimensions of Social and Economic Power in Boulder, Colorado, and Benzie, Michigan," Southern California Quarterly (2007): 65-88. in JSTOR
• Pettem, Silvia. Boulder: Evolution of a City (University Press of Colorado, 1994) |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52895 | Byron Q. Jones
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Byron Quinby Jones
Byron Quimby Jones o.jpg
Byron Q. Jones, c. 1915
Nickname(s) B.Q.
Born (1888-04-09)April 9, 1888
Henrietta, New York
Died March 30, 1959(1959-03-30) (aged 70)
Washington, D.C.
Allegiance United States
Service/branch CavalryBC.png Cavalry, United States Army
Insignia signal.svg Aviation Section, Signal Corps
Prop and wings.svg Air Service, United States Army
USAAC Roundel 1919-1941.svg United States Army Air Corps
Years of service 1912-1944
Rank US-O6 insignia.svg Colonel
Commands held 4th Composite Group
8th Attack Squadron
2d Bombardment Wing
2nd Sqdn, 13th Cavalry (Mech)
Battles/wars World War II
Byron Quinby Jones (April 9, 1888 – March 30, 1959) was a pioneer aviator and an officer in the United States Army.[1] Jones began and ended his career as a cavalry officer, but for a quarter century between 1914 and 1939 was an aviator in the various organizations that were the Army's air arm. He appeared to be on track in the 1930s to becoming one of the senior commanders of the Air Corps, but his views on the role of airpower diverged from those of his Air Corps peers and he returned to the Army's ground forces at the beginning of World War II.
Early life[edit]
Jones was born on April 9, 1888 near Henrietta, New York to Samuel Titus Jones and Sarah Minerva Quinby.[2][3] His family moved to Rochester, where he graduated from Public School 24 and East High School.[2]
After a year of study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Jones was appointed to the United States Military Academy by Representative James Breck Perkins of New York, and entered the Class of 1911 on June 15, 1907.[4][5]
Following an unremarkable fourth class (plebe) year, Jones performed summer training duties in 1908 between June 16 and July 11 for the incoming Class of 1912, out of which eight upperclassmen, including Jones and five other third class cadets, were accused of hazing violations, some of which involved the beating of the new plebes, prohibited by law since March 1901. As a result of three days of disciplinary hearings convened July 17, 1908, the eight cadets were recommended for dismissal from the academy. The specification against Jones, that he "inaugurated" a new form of punishment for plebes in which they were required to double time, was found to be "conclusive" by the testimony of all cadets called before the board. Jones affirmed that he had double-timed every plebe in his company, but denied that any serious violations of hazing had occurred.[6]
Despite the scandalous notoriety of the incident, supporters of the cadets mounted a campaign directly to President Theodore Roosevelt, who had signed the no-hazing law that had resulted in their dismissal. On August 20, Roosevelt ordered the third class cadets reinstated but suspended with loss of all pay and allowances until June 15, 1909. After Roosevelt approved the December 1908 recommendation of the superintendent of West Point, Colonel Hugh L. Scott, that they be permitted to return to the academy, Jones and the other third class cadets joined the same class that they had hazed on February 1, 1909.[7] Jones graduated on June 12, 1912, 27th in a class of 95.[8]
Military career[edit]
Signal Corps Aviation[edit]
Jones entered active duty and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 14th Cavalry. He performed troop duty at Fort Clark and Marfa, Texas from September 14, 1912, to December 2, 1913, when he volunteered for pilot instruction. Jones was detached to the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps and assigned to the Signal Corps Aviation School at North Field in San Diego, California, on December 5, 1913.
He was taught to fly by civilian instructor Oscar A. Brindley[9] and assigned to the 2nd Company, 1st Aero Squadron on August 5, 1914. On August 19, he earned his rating of Junior Military Aviator (JMA) and was immediately placed on flight status.[4][10] Congress expanded the air arm into the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps in July 1914, and Jones remained assigned to the 1st Aero Squadron until September 23, 1915, when he returned to MIT for a post-graduate course on aeronautical engineering, the first such course ever,[11] graduating on June 7, 1916. While at MIT, Jones served with both Milling and Captain Virginius E. Clark on the Technical Aero Advisory and Inspection Board in April and May 1916, testing aircraft and balloons at the Curtiss Aviation School in Newport News, Virginia, for possible use in Mexico.[12]
During 1915, Jones set two flight duration records: for an aviator alone with a flight time of eight hours and 53 minutes flying S.C. 31, a new Martin TT tractor airplane, on January 15,[13] and for an aviator and two passengers with a flight time of seven hours and five minutes flying S.C. 28, a Burgess H with extra fuel tanks, on March 12, both at North Field.[14] For these flights, Jones received the Mackay Trophy.[15] On July 2 at San Diego, he became the first army pilot to execute a loop and stall an airplane without crashing, and on December 12, to execute a tail spin, flying S.C. 30, a Curtiss J tractor on both flights.[4]
Jones and First Lieutenant Thomas D. Milling, while on temporary duty from mid-April to late May 1915 at Brownsville, Texas, flew the first United States Army aerial reconnaissance mission under combat conditions[n 1] on April 20, 1915.[16] Using one end of the cavalry drill field at Fort Brown as a landing strip, the pair flew S.C. 31 to observe for movements of Pancho Villa, with Jones piloting and Milling to record the location of Villa's troops.[17][18] Their morning flight was uneventful, but on their afternoon sortie, despite being on the American side of the Rio Grande, they were fired upon by at least one machine gun, the first time an American military pilot had ever come under fire.[17][18] Jones climbed to 2,600 feet (790 m) and returned to Fort Brown with both men unscathed.[17] After landing, Jones taxied S.C. 31 into a ditch at Fort Brown and damaged it beyond repair; the chief of the Aviation Section refused to replace the aircraft until pressured to do so on May 1.[19][n 2]
On July 26, 1915, Jones and the 1st Aero Squadron moved by train to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, to work with the field artillery. In August, Jones was part of a detachment of two planes and four pilots sent to the Mexican border at Brownsville. On September 5, the detachment commander, First Lieutenant Joseph C. Morrow, was severely injured in a crash of one of their Curtiss JN2 airplanes, making Jones acting detachment commander. He promptly filed a report that the heavy, underpowered JN2s were too inherently dangerous to use as military aircraft, and that the artillery officers they were to train as observers had refused to fly with them. As a result, the JN2s were grounded on September 13 by the commanding general of the Southern Department,[n 3] and in January their use discontinued by the Aviation Section.[20]
Upon completion of his engineering course, Jones returned to the Aviation School, where he was promoted to first lieutenant, Cavalry, on July 1, 1916, and transferred in grade on the same date to the Field Artillery when an increase in the peacetime strength of the army authorized by the National Defense Act of 1916 resulted in the creation of 15 new regiments.[4] At San Diego, his duties included instruction in aeronautical theory to pilot candidates, engineering support for the 1st Aero Squadron in Mexico with the Punitive Expedition, and Officer-in-charge of Engineering and Repair.[3][21]
World War I and the Air Service[edit]
While still on duty at the Aviation School, Jones received a promotion on May 15, 1917, to captain, Field Artillery, in the first wave of officer promotions following the entry of the United States into World War I. At the beginning of June, he reported to the Office of the Chief Signal Officer (OCSO) in Washington, D.C. for temporary staff duty assisting Major Raynal Bolling in standardizing airplane specifications for the aviation services of the Army and the United States Navy preparatory to Bolling's mission to Europe on behalf of the Aircraft Production Board.[3]
On June 30, he reported to the newly leased aviation field at Mount Clemens, Michigan, soon renamed Selfridge Field, where he organized and commanded an aviation school.[4][22] On September 27, after reaching the legal requirement of three years' pilot experience as a JMA, he was awarded the advanced pilot rating of Military Aviator, one of the first in the Aviation Section to do so. His duties at Selfridge continued until October 23, 1917, when he received a temporary commission as lieutenant colonel in the Signal Corps to act as an observer for the OCSO during an inspection tour of aviation schools in the United States and Canada. On November 30, he returned to Washington to assume the duties of Chief of Air Service Training in the OCSO until April 22, 1918, when the Division of Military Aeronautics (DMA) was created to remove aviation from the purview of the OCSO. He was immediately sent to Europe to observe the training methods of British, French and American aviation schools.[3][4]
Jones returned from Europe on June 12 and was assigned to the office of the Director of Military Aeronautics. In his absence, the DMA had replaced the Aviation Section as the nation's air arm when President Woodrow Wilson issued an executive order on May 20 removing all military aviation activities from the overtaxed Signal Corps, and then itself had been merged with the Bureau of Aircraft Production as the Air Service. As an indirect consequence, Jones reverted to his permanent establishment rank of captain when his Signal Corps commission was discharged on July 9. His new duties were with the Engineering Division at Wilbur Wright Field, Fairfield, Ohio, testing and evaluating new aviation equipment. On November 4, he was again promoted to lieutenant colonel (temporary, Air Service) and assigned as officer in charge of all test and evaluation there.[3][4]
In December 1918, with the war ended, Jones became commandant of the aviation school at Wilbur Wright Field until December 1919, when he was transferred to the Executive of the Director of Air Service in Washington as an Engineering Representative, with membership on the Joint Army and Navy Board on Aeronautics. On March 15, 1920, the wartime temporary promotions of Air Service officers expired, and Jones reverted a second time to his permanent rank of captain.[3][4] Jones transferred from the Field Artillery to the Air Service on July 1, 1920, the date that the Air Service became a statutory combatant arm of the line, commissioned as a major.
He then went on an extended leave of absence of three months in New York City "trying out a position in civil life." On July 3, the designations for all aeronautical ratings were changed and Jones received a new rating of Airplane Pilot, which also qualified him for the rating of Airplane Observer.[23]
Returning to his military duties on October 1920, he completed his assignment at the headquarters of the Air Service in April 1921. He was sent to the Philippines, arriving in July 1921, to serve as Air Officer, Philippine Department at its headquarters in Manila, and concurrently as commanding officer of the 4th Composite Group. When his overseas tour ended in July 1923, Jones returned to Washington D.C. and the office of the Chief of Air Service in September 1923 as Assistant Chief of the Supply Group, a position he held until March 1925, when he became Chief of Property and Requirements Section. Between November and December 1925, he performed additional duty as technical advisor to the prosecution during the court martial proceedings against Brigadier General Billy Mitchell.[4]
Air Corps[edit]
Jones' first assignment as a member of the Air Corps was as a student officer at the Army Industrial College between February and July 1926, followed by a tour as student officer at the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from September 1926 to June 1927.[24] Following his graduation, he was assigned as Air Officer, Seventh Corps Area, at Omaha, Nebraska between July 1927 and May 16, 1928. He then attended the Army War College in Washington, D.C., graduating July 1, 1929, and was immediately assigned to the G-2 Division of the War Department General Staff that date.[23] He organized the newly activated 8th Pursuit Group at Langley Field, Virginia, on June 25, 1932,[25] and commanded it until February 1934.[26]
In that month, President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled mail contracts between the United States Post Office and commercial airlines as the result of a scandal, and gave the task of delivering air mail to the Air Corps.[27] The project, known as the Army Air Corps Mail Operation (AACMO), divided the country into three zones, with Jones placed in charge of the Eastern Zone.[1][26][27] He established his headquarters at Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York, and later at Mitchel Field on Long Island. Flight operations commenced on February 19 in severe winter weather. By February 24, there were three crashes in the Eastern Zone, two of them fatal. Jones instituted a number of operational restrictions in the interest of safety, but these were often disregarded by his pilots, many of whom were inexperienced young reservists. AACMO continued into June 1934, and Jones' report of his zone's activities was published and widely read.[28]
Following the mail operation, Jones was given command of the 2d Bombardment Wing at Langley Field in November 1934.[26] In January and February 1935, in a run-up exercise to the service test of the General Headquarters Air Force (GHQAF), Jones directed a force of 81 aircraft, an airship, and more than 350 men in maneuvers conducted throughout the southeastern United States, organizing them into opposing "Red" and "White Force" provisional units, to demonstrate the ability of Air Corps units to operate in the field from continuously changing bases.[29] On March 1, 1935, the 2nd Wing became a part of GHQAF, and command of it carried a temporary rank of brigadier general. Jones was not selected to fill the new billet. Dispossessed of his command assignment, Jones was attached to the General Staff's War Plans Division and placed on the faculty of the Army War College as an instructor. He was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant colonel, Air Corps, in August 1935, and to the temporary rank of colonel the following year on August 26.[26]
In the fall of 1937, Jones lectured in the Army War College's course on the use of military airpower. Using attaché reports from both the Spanish Civil War and the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, Jones reiterated the long-standing position of the General Staff that airpower was of limited value when employed independently, declared that the "Flying Fortress concept had died in Spain",[n 4] and that airpower was useful mainly as "long range artillery." Air Corps officers in the G-3 Department of the General Staff rejected Jones' conclusions as inconsistent with Training Regulation TR 440-15 Employment of the Air Forces of the Army (then current Air Corps doctrine), although their views were dismissed by the Deputy Chief of Staff.[30]
In March 1938, the War Department offered Jones command of the 18th Wing in Hawaii, which also included temporary promotion to brigadier general. However Jones declined the position, stating in his submission to Cullum's Biographical Register in 1940[n 5] that he did so "because of desire of superiors to retain his services within continental U.S." (sic)[26] He remained as a senior instructor at the Army War College in his temporary rank of colonel until September 1939. He then returned to the ground forces, becoming a battalion commander in the 13th Cavalry (Mechanized) at Fort Knox, Kentucky. On November 7, 1939, Jones left the Air Corps and formally transferred back to the Cavalry branch in the rank of lieutenant colonel.[26][n 6]
World War II[edit]
Soon after his return to the Cavalry, Jones attended the Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas, for a 30-day student officer course. When he returned to the Fort Knox, he was elevated on January 2, 1940, to regimental Executive Officer.[26] The 13th Mechanized Cavalry was a component of the 7th Cavalry Brigade (Mechanized), the Army's only combined-arms mechanized force in 1939, and Jones returned at a time when advocates of mechanization struggled to overcome resistance from horse-cavalry proponents, including the Chief of Cavalry, Major General John K. Herr. While at Fort Knox, Jones became "an early and persistent advocate of light aviation [for air-armor coordination]" and "the intellectual force behind...a full-scale endorsement of flivver aircraft [with] cavalry pilots" organic to mechanized cavalry units.[31][n 7]
In June 1940, Jones was admitted to Walter Reed General Hospital on an extended medical leave of six months. After his release to full duty, he served at Fort Bliss, Texas, as commanding officer, Special Troops, 1st Cavalry Division, from December 9, 1940 to June 16, 1941. In the expansion of the Army leading up to American participation in World War II, he transferred to Providence, Rhode Island, to become Anti-Tank Officer of 6th Army Corps on October 4, 1941, where he was stationed when the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor took place.
He received promotion to permanent colonel on February 1, 1942. On July 9, 1942, Jones was ordered to the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA), when he served from August 14 to February 5, 1943, during the Guadalcanal Campaign. On March 27 he began his final career assignment at Camp Pickett, Virginia, as commanding officer, Special Troops, Second Army to August 22. Jones subsequently retired from the Army with a line-of-duty medical disability on January 31, 1944.[32]
Even though the first major production series of the quarter-ton truck known as the "Jeep" had been of the design submitted by Willys, the Army had a strong interest in establishing ownership of the design. Jones filed an application to be certified as the inventor on behalf of the Army, covering "various aspects of the design and construction of the Jeep body"[33] with the United States Patent Office on October 8, 1941, stating in the application that "The invention described herein, if patented, may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty thereon".[34] Patent 2,278,450 for a "Military Vehicle Body" was granted on April 7, 1942.[34]
Jones was himself an inventor. The March 1944 issue of Popular Science described his proposal for a lightweight amphibious tank,[35] and he was issued several patents:
• a steering by driving mechanism, granted June 17, 1941[36]
• a multiple differential, granted November 3, 1942[37]
• an armored vehicle body, granted September 28, 1943[38]
• possibly a diaphragm muffler, granted March 22, 1927 to a Byron Q. Jones of Washington, D.C.[39]
• possibly a wind indicating airways beacon, granted June 27, 1933 to Byron Q. Jones of Washington, D.C.[40]
In all the above patent applications except that of the muffler, there is a stipulation that "The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment to me of any royalty thereon."
He died on March 30, 1959 at age 70 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center of a heart ailment.[2][41] He was predeceased by less than a year by his wife, Evelyn Kennerly Chadwick Jones, whom he had married on June 4, 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I.[2]
1. ^ Civilian pilot Philip Orin Parmelee and Lieutenant Benjamin Foulois had flown a reconnaissance mission under non-combat conditions during US Army maneuvers in Texas in 1911.
2. ^ The chief of the Aviation Section, Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Reber, was a career signal officer and a non-flyer. At the time of the incident he was also the acting Chief Signal Officer. Considerable friction over safety issues existed between Reber and the young flyers that culminated in 1916 with Reber's censure and replacement.
3. ^ Major General Frederick Funston. It was the second time in four years that a Southern Department commanding general had grounded aircraft, the other being in May 1911 after the fatal crash of Lieutenant George E.M. Kelly.
4. ^ German and Italian high-altitude bombing had been both ineffective militarily and a cause of defiance among the Spanish population.
5. ^ The Biographical Register is a nine-volume work covering all USMA graduates between 1802 and 1949. The editors were fellow graduates who solicited and organized information from living graduates, and from War Department records for deceased or separated graduates. The task was massive. Supplements to the original volume were compiled at the end of every decade through 1950 and often took several years to complete for publication. For career officers such as Jones, the entries are autobiographical.
6. ^ The supposition from biographers such as Heaton, of course, is that Jones was coerced out of the Air Corps for having views on the role of the service contrary to his peers, going back at least to the Mitchell court-martial. All general officer ranks in the Air Corps were temporary, allotted to specific positions, a system that did not change until the first pre-war expansion in October 1940. It is difficult to imagine Jones turning down flag rank for the reason given unless he was wary of retribution once his term ended. Other officers in the Air Service and Air Corps (Mitchell, Foulois, Arnold and Andrews most notably) had encountered such retribution, but previously the presumed antagonist was the General Staff, not the senior Air Corps hierarchy.
7. ^ Herr had twice been Jones' instructor, first in History and Tactics at the Academy, then in 1928-1929 at the Army War College. They also had in common being expelled and reinstated for hazing incidents while cadets at the Academy, so that Jones had some influence on Herr in the mechanization controversy. However, Herr also illustrates why the advocates for a separate Air Force were often strident in their views, in that while he was lukewarm about organic aviation for the ground forces in general, he favored development of the helicopter for the Cavalry using funds appropriated for the Air Corps.
1. ^ a b "Major B.Q. Jones Leads in 5 Langley Field Planes. Plans Fleet of 70". The New York Times. February 16, 1934. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
2. ^ a b c d "Col. Byron Q. Jones Dies; Pioneer Flyer". Times Union. March 31, 1959.
3. ^ a b c d e f Gardner (1922), p. 61
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cullum's Biographical Register Vol. 6, pp. 1580-1581
5. ^ Heaton (2012), p. 8
6. ^ Hazing at the United States Military Academy. Washington D.C.: House of Representatives 60th Congress 2nd Session. 1909. Retrieved 8 January 2013. , pp. 6-7, 14
7. ^ Heaton (2012), pp. 9-10
8. ^ Official Register of the Officers and Cadets (1912), p. 36
9. ^ Hennessy (1958), p. 99
10. ^ Hennessy (1958), p. 120
11. ^ Hennessy (1958), p. 124
12. ^ Hennessy (1958), pp. 156, 162
13. ^ Hennessy (1958), p. 135
14. ^ Hennessy (1958), p. 122
15. ^ Hennessy (1958), p. 139
16. ^ Fredricksen (2011), p. 15
17. ^ a b c Dan Heaton (June 6, 2012). "Combat Over Texas: America’s First Combat Sortie Took Place April 20, 1915, in Brownsville, Texas". Texas Escapes online magazine. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
18. ^ a b "Launching Site of First U.S. Army Warplane: Texas Historical Marker". Retrieved August 25, 2012.
19. ^ Hennessy (1958), p. 145
20. ^ Hennessy (1958), pp. 147-148
21. ^ Hennessy (1958), p. 158
22. ^ "Byron Q. Jones". Early Aviators. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
23. ^ a b Cullum's Biographical Register, Vol.7, pp. 940-941
24. ^ "Annual Report of the Commandant, The General Service Schools, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1926-1927" (PDF). Retrieved August 27, 2012.
25. ^ "8th Fighter Group". Army Air Corps Library & Museum. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
26. ^ a b c d e f g Cullum's Biographical Register, Vol.8, p. 249
27. ^ a b Saltzman and Searle (2001), p. 20
28. ^ Maurer (1987), pp. 303-305
29. ^ Maurer (1987), p. 333
30. ^ Futrell (1989), pp. 85–86
31. ^ Raines (2000), pp. 44-45
32. ^ Cullum's Biographical Register, Vol. 9, p. 157
33. ^ "The Sun Never Sets On The Fighting Jeep!". Retrieved August 26, 2012.
34. ^ a b "Patent 2,278,450: Military Vehicle Body". Retrieved August 31, 2012.
35. ^ "War Ideas". Popular Science: 90. 1944.
36. ^ "Patent 2,245,591: Steering by Driving Mechanism". Retrieved August 27, 2012.
37. ^ "Patent 2,300,424: Multiple Diffential". Retrieved August 26, 2012.
38. ^ "Patent 2,330,218: Armored Vehicle Body". Retrieved August 26, 2012.
39. ^ "Patent 1,622,150: Diaphragm Muffler". Retrieved August 26, 2012.
40. ^ "Patent 1,915,319: Wind Indicating Airways Beacon". Retrieved August 27, 2012.
41. ^ "Byron Jones Dies. Pioneer Pilot, 70. Head of Army Training in World War I Was Holder of Endurance Records". New York Times. April 1, 1959. Retrieved 2012-08-26. Byron Quinby Jones, a Army flier and World War I chief of Arms [for] aviation training, died last night at Walter Reed Hospital of a heart ailment. His age was ...
• Association of Graduates (2012). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. West Point, New York: USMA Digital Library. ("Cullum's Biographical Register")
Cullum's Biographical Register Vol.6 1910-1920
Cullum's Biographical Register Vol. 7 1920-1930
Cullum's Biographical Register Vol. 8 1930-1940
Cullum's Biographical Register Vol. 9 1940-1950 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52897 | Connor Wickham
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Connor Wickham
Chelsea 1 Sunderland 2 (Wickham cropped).jpg
Wickham playing for Sunderland in 2014
Personal information
Full name Connor Neil Ralph Wickham[1]
Date of birth (1993-03-31) 31 March 1993 (age 22)[1]
Place of birth Hereford, England
Height 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)[2]
Playing position Striker / Winger
Club information
Current team
Number 10
Youth career
2002–2006 Reading
2006–2009 Ipswich Town
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2009–2011 Ipswich Town 65 (13)
2011– Sunderland 74 (11)
2013–2014 Sheffield Wednesday (loan) 17 (9)
2014 Leeds United (loan) 5 (0)
National team
2008 England U16 2 (1)
2009–2010 England U17 13 (9)
2010–2011 England U19 4 (1)
2010– England U21 17 (6)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 18:13, 25 April 2015 (UTC).
† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 30 August 2013
Connor Neil Ralph Wickham (born 31 March 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays for Sunderland as a forward.
He played youth football at Reading before moving to Ipswich Town in 2006 where he continued in the youth structure. He made his full professional debut for the club in April 2009. He has also played at various levels of international football, scoring the winning goal in the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship Final.
Early life[edit]
Wickham was born in Hereford, Herefordshire,[3] the son of an Army Warrant Officer,[4] He attended Philip Morant School in Colchester, where he achieved eight A-C grade GCSEs – as well as being a prominent member of the school football team, where he was a prolific goalscorer from a young age.[4] He played youth football with Reading for four years.[4] Wickham's father is Northern Irish.[5]
Club career[edit]
Ipswich Town[edit]
Wickham made his debut for the Ipswich Town first team on 11 April 2009, aged 16 years and 11 days. He came on as a 66th-minute substitute for Veliče Šumulikoski in a 3–1 home defeat against Doncaster Rovers[6] and in doing so he became Ipswich's youngest ever player, beating the previous record being held by Jason Dozzell by 46 days.[7]
Wickham with Ipswich Town in 2009
Wickham scored his first two senior goals in only his fourth appearance, when he scored in Ipswich's 2009–10 League Cup tie against Shrewsbury Town. He also scored in the penalty shootout, which saw Ipswich prevail 4–2.[8] He scored his first league goal in a 1–0 home victory over Scunthorpe United in March 2010, his winning effort coming deep into injury time.[9] In April 2010, Wickham scored his second league goal, which came in the 90th minute in a 3–1 victory over Derby County. This came two days after he signed his first professional contract at Ipswich, a two-year deal following his 17th birthday.[10]
In April 2010, Wickham was named the Football League young player of the month. He won the award after scoring three goals in four matches during that time.[11] The following month Tottenham Hotspur made offers to buy Wickham, but these were rejected by Ipswich Town.[12]
Wickham extended his contract with Ipswich to 2013 in January 2011.[13] It has an offer clause in it which states that if any bid equals or beats the one written in the contract, Ipswich would have to allow him to speak to the bidding club. It was reported that the figure was around the £15 million mark.[14]
On 22 January 2011, Wickham scored Ipswich's his first goal of the season in a 3–2 win over Doncaster Rovers.[15] Two games later, Wickham scored in a 3–0 win over Sheffield United at Portman Road. A clearance of a set piece saw Wickham pass two opponents before wrong-footing Robert Kozluk and goalkeeper Steve Simonsen to tap the ball into the net.[16] Former Ipswich player, Kevin Beattie witnessed the goal, and described it as one of the greatest goals ever scored at Portman Road.[17] Two weeks later Wickham recorded his first professional hat-trick in a 6–0 win at Doncaster Rovers.[18] Wickham's superb scoring form continued when he scored late in the match against Reading on 8 March. With Ipswich already 3–0 down, his goal counted for little, although it was once again a superb finish, as he volleyed a ball that was coming over his shoulder into the top corner of the goal from a tight angle.[19]
On 4 March 2011, Wickham was named Championship player of the month for February after scoring four goals in the month, including his first professional hat-trick at Doncaster.[20] Two weeks later he was named the Football League Young Player of the Year as well as the Championship Apprentice of the Year at the 2011 Football League Awards.[21]
On 2 April 2011, Tottenham Hotspur manager, Harry Redknapp admitted that his side had not made a bid for Wickham. This was despite several reports to the contrary suggesting a bid in the region of £10m had been made.[22] The same day, Wickham scored the second of Ipswich's two goals against Burnley in the Championship, as they won 2–1.[23]
He signed a one-year extension to his contract on 8 April 2011, contracting him to the club until the summer of 2014.[24] Wickham admitted he was delighted to have signed the contract, and said he just wanted to concentrate on achieving his goals with Ipswich, rather than focusing on speculation about his future. He said:
He scored his next league goal on 7 May away to Leicester City, making the score 3–2 in Leicester's favour.
On 29 June 2011, Wickham signed a four-year deal with Premier League club Sunderland for a fee of £8 million. The fee has the potential to rise to £12 million over the course of the contract.[26] Despite having recently signed a new contract with Ipswich, Wickham had been widely tipped to move to a Premier League club following a highly successful 2010–11 season. Although Ipswich manager Paul Jewell had said there was no pressure to sell the youngster, Sunderland's eventual offer proved too lucrative.[27] The fee broke Ipswich's record for transfer fees recouped, and broke the transfer record for a Football League player moving to a Premier League club. Ipswich's chief executive Simon Clegg summed it up:
He scored his first goal for Sunderland in a pre-season friendly against Kilmarnock. Wickham made his first competitive appearance for Sunderland when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 defeat to Newcastle United in the Tyne–Wear derby on 20 August 2011.[29] He made his first Premier League start for Sunderland on 22 October 2011 where he helped Sunderland secure their second win of the season against Bolton Wanderers.[30]
Wickham scored his first Premier League goal for the Black Cats a week later in the 2–2 draw with Aston Villa. The following week against Manchester United at Old Trafford, Wickham suffered a knee injury and had to be substituted just five minutes into the game.[31] The arrival of new manager Martin O'Neill saw Wickham fall out of favour as he spent the majority of the remainder of the season on the bench and playing for the reserves.[32] Wickham came off the bench at Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the FA Cup to score his first goal of the season as Sunderland to came from 2–0 down to earn a replay.[33]
Loan spells[edit]
On 8 February 2013, Wickham joined Sheffield Wednesday on loan, initially on a one-month deal.[34] He made his debut on 9 February, in a 2–2 draw against Derby County.[35] He scored his first goal for the club on 9 March, in a 1–0 win away against Leicester City in what was the last game of his loan spell, firing a first time volley into the roof of the net.[36] On 14 March 2013 it was confirmed that Wickham would not be re-joining Sheffield Wednesday on loan.[37]
On 27 August 2013, Wickham inspired Sunderland to a late comeback against Milton Keynes Dons in the Football League Cup, scoring twice and assisting Jozy Altidore's goal as the Premier League side scored four times in the last 20 minutes to win 4–2.
On 1 November 2013, Wickham re-joined Sheffield Wednesday in another loan move until 1 January 2014.[38] Wickham scored on his return in the 5–2 win over Reading at Hillsborough on 2 November. Wickham again appeared on the score sheet scoring a brace of goals in the 2–1 win over Leicester City on 3 December. Four goals in four games in December 2013 earned Wickham a nomination for the December Championship Player of the Month award[39] but he ultimately lost out to Leicester City's Danny Drinkwater.[40] On 31 December 2013, his loan spell at Wednesday was extended by a further month,[41] although his parent club prevented him from representing the Owls in the FA Cup.[42] On 11 January 2014, he scored in Wednesday's 6–0 win over Yorkshire rivals Leeds United.[43] After the game, he described the win as a “fantastic team performance“ while saying that he was “unhappy with my own personal performance.”[44] He was recalled to his parent club on 27 January 2014.[45]
On 26 February 2014, Wickham joined Football League Championship side Leeds United on loan until the end of the 2013–14 season.[46] Wickham was handed the number 9 shirt for Leeds.[47] He made his debut on 1 March 2014 in a 1–1 draw away to Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road.[48]
Return to Sunderland[edit]
On 24 March, Wickham was recalled from his loan after playing four games for Leeds to bolster Sunderland's goal scoring options, with Steven Fletcher injured and Jozy Altidore badly out of form.
On 16 April, he scored two goals in a 2–2 draw with Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium.[49] Three days later, he scored the club's first goal in Sunderland's 2–1 win against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.[50] On 27 April, he scored a brace to help Sunderland overcome Cardiff City 4–0, playing a pivotal role in Sunderland's late surge to try and avoid relegation.[51] He was named Premier League Player of the Month for April.[52] On 3 May, his cross assisted Sebastian Larsson's goal in a 1–0 win at Old Trafford, making it Sunderland's first win away to Manchester United since 1968.[53]
2014–15 Season[edit]
On 4 October 2014, he scored his first goal of the season and assisted a Steven Fletcher goal in a 3–1 win over Stoke City.[54]
In December 2014 Connor Wickham agreed a new four-and-a-half year deal with Sunderland.[55]
International career[edit]
Wickham is eligible for Northern Ireland, as his father is Northern Irish meaning that until he receives a full cap from England in a competitive game he is still eligible for the national team. His progress in the English Premier League is also being monitored by the Republic of Ireland management duo of Martin O'Neill and Roy Keane.[56] His links to Northern Ireland mean that he also qualifies to play for the Republic of Ireland though there are no reports of Wickham having been approached yet by either O'Neill or Keane.[5]
England U16[edit]
Wickham has represented the England under-16 team and was also on stand-by for the under-17 squad during the 2008–09 season.[57] He won the 2008 Victory Shield with England, scoring in the 2–0 final win over Scotland.
England U17[edit]
On 11 August 2009 Wickham received a call-up to the under-17 squad, for their three-game FA International Tournament, which would take place later that month.[58]
In May 2010, Wickham was included in the England U17 squad for the UEFA European U17 Championship in Liechtenstein. He was involved in two of the goals in England's 3–1 win against the Czech Republic in the group stage, with a convincing performance.[59] He then played the full game in the second group match against Greece, once again playing well.[60] Wickham was rested for the final group game of the tournament, but returned to face France in the semi-final. He scored both goals for England in a 2–1 victory, both left-footed, and both in the first half.[61] Wickham scored the winner in a 2–1 victory over Spain in the final. He received the ball on the edge of the box before proceeding to beat two defenders and drill the ball low into the net.[62] He was given the Golden Player award by UEFA for the best player in the tournament.[63]
Following the success of Wickham in the England youth set-up, speculation began to mount about him winning a senior cap, and possibly even being included in Fabio Capello's World Cup squad – although seemingly a longshot. Former England defender Russell Osman said:
England U21[edit]
Wickham playing for England Under 21s in 2012
On 7 September 2010, England under-21 boss, Stuart Pearce admitted that he had been monitoring Wickham's progress, and that he would consider calling him up to the under-21 squad once he had recovered from injury.[64] On 15 November 2010 Pearce did name Wickham in the under-21's friendly match against Germany on 16 November 2010.[65] In that game he came on as a 66th minute substitute in a 2–0 defeat for England. Following that game, and the important experience Wickham gained, he returned to the England under-19 side. However, it would not be long before he was back in the fold for the under-21's.
On 14 March 2011, it was announced that Wickham had been included in the squad for England's games against Denmark and Iceland.[66] He came on as a substitute in the game against Denmark, which England went on to win 4–0.[67] The following Monday, Wickham started the game in a friendly against Iceland at Deepdale in Preston. It was his first start for the under-21's, and he played the full 90 minutes as England lost the game 2–1 to a very strong Iceland side that consisted of a number of first team regulars. Wickham played as a lone striker in the game.
Prior to the Iceland game, Wickham admitted that he was hopeful of being included in the squad that would play in the summer's Euro 2011 under-21's tournament due to take place in June. Having been an instrumental figure in the success of the under-17's the previous summer, he felt he could repeat the feat at a higher level. He said:
He scored his first goal for the under-21's on 10 September 2012, scoring the only goal of the game in a win against Norway in Chesterfield, ensuring England won their European Under-21 Championship qualifying group.[69] He scored his second goal on 16 October, helping England to a 2–0 aggregate win in the play-off against Serbia.[70]
Career statistics[edit]
As of match played 25 April 2015.[71]
Season Club Division League FA Cup League Cup Play-offs Total
Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
2008–09 Ipswich Town Championship 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
2009–10 26 4 1 0 2 2 29 6
2010–11 37 9 1 0 3 0 41 9
Ipswich total 65 13 2 0 5 2 0 0 72 15
2011–12 Sunderland Premier League 16 1 2 0 1 0 19 1
2012–13 12 0 2 1 0 0 14 1
2013–14 15 5 1 0 2 2 18 7
2014–15 31 5 3 0 1 1 35 6
Sunderland total 74 11 8 1 4 3 0 0 86 15
2012–13 Sheffield Wednesday (loan) Championship 6 1 0 0 0 0 6 1
2013–14 11 8 0 0 0 0 11 8
Sheffield Wednesday total 17 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 9
2013–14 Leeds United (loan) Championship 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0
Career total 161 33 10 1 9 5 0 0 179 39
In 2010, Wickham signed a sponsorship deal with British sportswear and equipment supplier, Umbro.[4] He appeared in an advert for the new England kit in September 2010[72] and is one of the flagship wearers of Umbro's GT range of football boots.[73]
England U16
England U17
1. ^ a b Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2010). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11. Mainstream Publishing. p. 436. ISBN 978-1-84596-601-0.
2. ^ "Connor Wickham". Sunderland A.F.C. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
4. ^ a b c d Lansley, Peter (17 May 2010). "Striker Connor Wickham soon to cast aside his L plates". The Times (London). Retrieved 18 May 2010.
5. ^ a b Speck, Ivan (16 August 2010). "All the buzz from the Football League: The Irish are coming poaching! Connor Wickham approached by Nigel Worthington". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved 5 February 2011.
6. ^ "Ipswich 1–3 Doncaster". BBC Sport. 11 April 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
7. ^ "Teenage star set to shine". Evening Star. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
8. ^ "Shrewsbury 3–3 Ipswich". BBC Sport. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
9. ^ "Ipswich 1–0 Scunthorpe". BBC Sport. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
10. ^ "Connor Signs Two Year Deal". Ipswich Town F.C. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
11. ^ "Wickham Young Player of the Month". TWTD. 17 May 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
12. ^ a b Henderson, Mel (1 June 2010). "Ipswich wonderkid Connor Wickham passes Euro test on his way to the top". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved 1 June 2010.
13. ^ "Connor Wickham signs fresh Ipswich Town deal". BBC Sport. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
14. ^ "New Wickham Contract Has Offer Clause". TWTD. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
15. ^ Match report, Ipswich 3–2 Doncaster. BBC Sport
16. ^ Wickham solo goal, BBC sport
17. ^ TWTD: The Greatest Goals
18. ^ "Jewell hopes to keep Wickham". Sky Sports. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
19. ^ Ipswich 1 – 3 Reading (BBC Sport)
20. ^ a b | Wickham Named Championship Player of the Month – Ipswich Town News
21. ^ "Connor Wickham wins Young Player of the Year". Football League. 20 March 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
22. ^ Harry denies bids
23. ^ Burnley 1–2 Ipswich
24. ^ Connor Wickham extends Ipswich Town contract
25. ^ Wickham Delighted to Extend Contract
26. ^ "Black Cats snap up Wickham". Sunderland A.F.C. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
27. ^ "Sunderland sign Ipswich striker Connor Wickham". BBC Sport. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
28. ^ "Wickham leaves Town in record move". Ipswich Town F.C. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
29. ^ Alistair Magowan (21 August 2011). "Sunderland 0–1 Newcastle". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
30. ^ "Bolton 0–2 Sunderland". BBC Sport. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
31. ^ Sky Sports Missing or empty |title= (help)
32. ^ Spellman, Damian (21 December 2012). "Martin O'Neill challenges Sunderland striker Connor Wickham to take his chance". The Independent. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
33. ^ Cartwright, Phil (5 January 2013). "Bolton 2–2 Sunderland". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
34. ^ "Connor Wickham: Sheffield Wednesday secure loan deal". BBC Sport. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
35. ^ "Sheffield Wed 2–2 Derby" BBC Sport. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
36. ^ "Leicester 0–1 Sheff Wed" BBC Sport. 9 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
37. ^ "Wickham returns to Sunderland". 2013-03-14.
38. ^ "Wickham signs". 1 November 2013.
39. ^
40. ^
41. ^
42. ^
43. ^
44. ^
45. ^ "Connor Wickham: Sunderland recall Sheffield Wednesday striker". BBC Sport. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
46. ^ "UNITED WIN STRIKER RACE". Leeds United AFC. 26 February 2014.
47. ^ "Striker Connor Wickham signs on loan for Leeds". ITV. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
48. ^ "QPR 1 1 Leeds". BBC. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
49. ^ "Manchester City 2–2 Sunderland" BBC Sport. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
50. ^ Sheringham, Sam (19 April 2014). "Chelsea 1 – 2 Sunderland". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
51. ^ "Sunderland 4–0 Cardiff City" BBC Sport. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
52. ^ a b "Tony Pulis & Connor Wickham" BBC Sport. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
53. ^ Stone, Simon (3 May 2014). "Manchester United 0–1 Sunderland". BBC Sport. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
54. ^
55. ^ Vose, Stuart (9 December 2014). "Wickham pens new deal". Sunderland Association Football Club. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
56. ^ Irish Independent Weekender Magazine 26/04/2024
57. ^ "Profiles – Connor Wickham". Ipswich Town F.C. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
58. ^ Wickham Gets England Call. Simply-Blue. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
59. ^ "England flex muscles against Czechs". UEFA. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
60. ^ "Barkley banks semi spot". The Football Association. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
61. ^ "Wickham brace sends England into Final". The Football Association. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
62. ^ Moxley, Neil (31 May 2010). "England youngsters show the seniors how it's done by claiming UEFA Under 17 title". London: The Daily Mail. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
63. ^ "2010: Connor Wickham". UEFA. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
64. ^ "Pearce well aware of Wickham". Yahoo! Sports. 7 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
65. ^ | Wickham Called Up to England U21s – Ipswich Town News
66. ^ Wickham in England U21 Squad
67. ^ Denmark 0–4 England
68. ^ Wickham: "I just want to play"
69. ^ "England U-21 1–0 Norway U-21" BBC Sport. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
70. ^ "Serbia U21 0–1 England U21" BBC Sport. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
71. ^ Connor Wickham career statistics at Soccerbase
72. ^ "Closer Look At England 10/11 Home Shirt". Football Shirts News. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
73. ^ "Umbro GT Football Boots". Retrieved 22 August 2011.
74. ^ "Connor Wickham named best young player for April". BBC Sport. 17 May 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
75. ^ npower Football League awards
76. ^ Wickham Wins Awards
77. ^ "Larsson scoops fans’ award". SAFC. 13 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52898 | Danger at Dunwater
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Danger at Dunwater
The cover of the module with art by Timothy Truman showing a Sahuagin.
Code U2
Rules required Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition
Character levels 1–4
Campaign setting Greyhawk
Authors Dave J. Browne with Don Turnbull
First published 1982
Linked modules
U1 U2 U3
Danger at Dunwater is an adventure module for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) fantasy roleplaying game, written by Dave J. Browne with Don Turnbull The module was first published by TSR, Inc. in 1982 and contains a 32-page adventure set in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting. It was designed for 6-10 characters of level 1-4.[1]
Plot summary[edit]
In the adventure, the player characters must track down Lizardmen to their lair, to stop them from massing for an assault on the town of Saltmarsh.[2]
Saltmarsh is a small fishing village facing serious problems. Lizard Men are gathering a force nearby and buying many sophisticated weapons. A party of adventurers is hired by the town council to investigate the Lizard Men so the villagers can live in peace.[1]
Publication history[edit]
Danger at Dunwater was written by Dave J. Browne with Don Turnbull, and art drawn by Tim Truman; it was published in 1982 as a 32-page booklet with an outer folder.[2] Designed and developed in the United Kingdom, it was intended for 6–10 characters of level 1–4. The module has been described as a low-level scenario that carries on where The Sinister Secret of Saltmarsh leaves off.[3][4] It is the second module in the "Saltmarsh" series.[2]
The second of three related adventures in an underwater campaign set in the town of Saltmarsh, the module is a sequel to U1 – The Sinister Secret of Saltmarsh and is followed by U3 – The Final Enemy, which concludes the series.
Doug Cowie gave Danger at Dunwater a positive review in Imagine magazine,[1] noting that "modules are currently being turned out to a very high standard and this one is no exception".[1] He felt that the module provides clear and well organized details as well as "well rounded" NPCs but that it should be run by an experienced DM who can do justice to its subtleties. Cowie's only reservation was that the town of Saltmarsh plays a central role in all of the modules of the U1-3 series, but that DMs are expected to create it themselves with the help of "minimal outline material".[1] Cowie felt that this is the sort of detail one expects to find in a module. Nevertheless, he found this to offer a "rewarding set" of adventures which are best played as part of the series. In conclusion, Cowie praised the careful design and "fresh approach" and urged his readers to "play it".[1]
Jim Bambra reviewed Danger at Dunwater for White Dwarf, and gave it 8/10 overall, commenting that the module was evidence that a low level adventure can be still be interesting and challenging. Bambra felt that this adventure was meant for players who enjoy a mental challenge; "Players who attack everything they meet will find the adventure entertaining but will not realise its full potential. Those who do not overlook obvious clues will realise that there is something more afoot here than immediately meets the eye." Bambra concluded by praising the module further feeling that "A lot of thought has gone into this module, monsters are not there to be slain, they have personalities and feelings which come across very well."[4]
Ken Denmead of Wired's GeekDad listed the module as one of the "Top 10 D&D Modules I Found in Storage This Weekend".[5] According to Denmead, this is "another module where the challenge is not what it seems, which is always fun. A little understanding and compassion can go a long way towards avoiding deadly combat."[5]
1. ^ a b c d e f Cowie, Doug (June 1983). "Game Reviews". Imagine (review) (TSR Hobbies (UK), Ltd.) (3): 12–13.
4. ^ a b Bambra, Jim (August 1983). "Open Box". White Dwarf (review) (Games Workshop) (44): 14.
5. ^ a b Denmead, Ken (December 21, 2007). "Top 10 D&D Modules I Found in Storage This Weekend". Wired. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
Review: Fantasy Gamer #2 (1983)
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52899 | Dave Barbour
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Dave Barbour
Born (1912-05-28)May 28, 1912
Long Island, New York, USA
Died December 11, 1965(1965-12-11) (aged 53)
Hollywood, California, USA
Dave Barbour (May 28, 1912 – December 11, 1965) was an American musician. He was a jazz banjoist and guitarist, a pop songwriter, an actor, and the husband of Peggy Lee for nine years.
Barbour was born in Long Island, New York started off as a banjoist with Adrian Rollini in 1933 and then Wingy Manone in 1934. He switched to guitar in the middle of the decade and played with Red Norvo in 1935-1936. He found much work as a studio musician and played in ensembles with Teddy Wilson and Billie Holiday (1937), Artie Shaw (1939), Lennie Hayton, Charlie Barnet (1945), Raymond Scott, Glenn Miller, Lou Holden, and Woody Herman (1949). He also recorded with André Previn in 1945.
He played with Benny Goodman in 1942, and while a member of Goodman's ensemble, he fell in love with lead singer Peggy Lee, and the pair quit the group to marry in 1943. Soon after they moved to Los Angeles, Johnny Mercer put them to work as a songwriting team, and they wrote a number of Lee's hits, such as "Mañana (Is Soon Enough for Me)" and "It's a Good Day". The couple had a daughter, Nicki, in 1943. Barbour was an alcoholic and had domestic troubles with Lee; this eventually split apart their marriage, which ended in 1951. Dave Barbour and His Orchestra had the best-selling version (USA) of the peppy song "Mambo Jambo."
Barbour's remaining career was far less successful than Lee's (who would marry three more times). His songwriting royalties sustained him, as the tunes he co-wrote with Lee were covered by many hitmakers of the 1950s. He acted in the films The Secret Fury and Mr. Music, and occasionally performed, including with Benny Carter in 1962. He died in 1965 in Malibu Beach, California, aged 53. He was survived by Peggy Lee, and their daughter Nicki Lee Foster.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52902 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about dichotomy in logic and related topics. For usage of "dichotomous" in botany, see Glossary of botanical terms.
An example of a dichotomy is the partition of a scene into figure and ground – the letters are foreground or figure; the rest is the background.
A dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets) that are:
Such a partition is also frequently called a bipartition.
The term dichotomy derived from the Greek language [ διχοτομία ']'dichotomia' "dividing in two" from δίχα dicha "in two, asunder" and τομή tome "a cutting, incision".
• In statistics, dichotomous data may only exist at first two levels of measurement, namely at nominal level of measurement (such as in case of "British", "American", "Australian" etc. when measuring nationality) and at ordinal level of measurement (such as in case of "tall" vs "short", when measuring height).
• Divine Dichotomy as mentioned in the Conversations With God series of books by religious author Neale Donald Walsch
• In economics, the classical dichotomy is the division between the real side of the economy and the monetary side. According to the classical dichotomy, changes in monetary variables do not affect real values as output, employment, and the real interest rate. Money is therefore neutral in the sense that it cannot affect these real variables.
• In computer science, more specifically in programming-language engineering, the term dichotomy can denote fundamental dualities in a language's design. For instance, C++ has a dichotomy in its memory model (heap versus stack), whereas Java has a dichotomy in its type system (references versus primitive data types).
• Perceived Dichotomies are common in Western thought. C. P. Snow believes that Western society has become an argument culture (The Two Cultures). In The Argument Culture (1998), Deborah Tannen suggests that the dialogue of Western culture is characterized by a warlike atmosphere in which the winning side has truth (like a trophy). Such a dialogue virtually ignores the middle alternatives.
• In sociology and semiotics, dichotomies (also sometimes called 'binaries' and/or 'binarisms') are the subject of attention because they may form the basis to divisions and inequality. For example, the domestic–public dichotomy divides men's and women's roles in a society; the East-West dichotomy contrasts the Orient and the Occident. Some social scientists attempt to deconstruct dichotomies in order to address the divisions and inequalities they create: for instance Judith Butler's deconstruction of the gender-dichotomy and Val Plumwood's deconstruction of the human-environment dichotomy.
See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
1. ^ Komjath, Peter; Totik, Vilmos (2006). Problems and Theorems in Classical Set Theory. Google Books (Springer Science & Business Media). p. 497. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
External links[edit]
• The dictionary definition of dichotomy at Wiktionary |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52903 | Donor managed investment account
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(Redirected from Donor Managed Investment Account)
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A donor managed investment account (DMI account) is a charitable giving mechanism in which donors receive a full tax deduction at the time they fund the DMI account, but retain investment management rights over the account, and can request donations from the account to charities.
By offering investment autonomy[clarification needed], the DMI account method is designed to appeal to donors who want to actively participate in the philanthropic support of a favorite charity. Donors using a DMI account to manage their gifts to qualified charities receive an upfront federal income tax and gift tax deduction for up to 50 percent of their adjusted gross income, and can actively invest the assets (independently or through a financial manager) in various investment vehicles, including hedge funds, private equity and real estate.
The technique was developed in 2003 by Winklevoss LLC, a financial consulting firm based in Greenwich, Connecticut.[1] In July 2004, the firm received a favorable private letter ruling from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service that effectively confirmed the tax-deductibility (for federal income and gift-tax purposes) of donor’s gifts that are managed in a DMI account.[2]
Since the charity that offers the DMI account owns the donated funds outright from the time of their receipt, funds are managed in a tax-free environment, and can potentially result in a larger gift to the organization than the initial contribution. Charities can offer this method to encourage incremental gifts from investment-oriented donors, while fostering relationships between giver and recipient.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Ashlea Ebeling (1 November 2004). "Stupid Tax Tricks". Forbes. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
2. ^ "IRS Approves Donor Managed Investment Account Technique". 1 April 2005. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52904 | Esteban de Sanlúcar
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(Redirected from Esteban Sanlucar)
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Esteban Delgado Bernal (1910 in Sanlúcar de Barrameda – 1989 in Buenos Aires), stage name Esteban de Sanlúcar, was a Spanish flamenco guitarist and composer.
He began his musical career in private meetings and cabarets, later participating in theater companies with Pepe Marchena and Angelillo, among others.[1] The last forty years of his life were spent in Latin America, Venezuela and Argentina, where he alternated his work as guitarist between teaching and composition. One of his early pupils in Spain was Manolo Yglesias.[2] His works include Perfil Flamenco, El Castillo de Xauén, Aromas del Puerto, Primavera andaluza, Horizonte de Málaga, Mantilla de Feria and Panaderos Flamencos and Panaderos Flamencos II. Panaderos Flamencos[3] and Perfil Flamenco[4] in particular are perhaps his best-known compositions, and have become a part of the Flamenco guitar repertoire.
1. ^ "Esteban de Sanlúcar". Flamenco World. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
2. ^ Herrero, Óscar (12 April 2010). 24 Studies For Flamenco Guitar, Intermediate Level Book/CD Set 2nd Edition. Mel Bay Publications. p. 100. ISBN 978-84-934729-0-0. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
3. ^ Sanlúcar, Manolo; Worms, Claude (29 August 2007). WORLD OF THE FLAMENCO GUITAR AND ITS FORMS / MUNDO. Mel Bay Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-84-934729-5-5. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
4. ^ Mackenzie, Sir Compton; Stone, Christopher (1996). The Gramophone. C. Mackenzie. Retrieved 14 July 2012. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52907 | Gila River Indian Community
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Location of Gila River Indian Community in northwestern Pinal County, Arizona. The Phoenix metropolitan area is located north of the reservation.
The Gila River Indian Community is an Indian reservation in the U.S. state of Arizona, lying adjacent to the south side of the city of Phoenix, within the Phoenix Metropolitan Area in Pinal and Maricopa counties. Gila River Indian Reservation was established in 1859, and the Gila River Indian Community formally established by Congress in 1939. The community is home for members of both the Akimel O’odham (Pima) and the Pee-Posh (Maricopa) tribes.
The reservation has a land area of 583.749 sq mi (1,511.902 km²) and a 2000 Census population of 11,257. It is made up of seven districts[1] along the Gila River and its largest communities are Sacaton, Komatke, Santan, and Blackwater. Tribal administrative offices and departments are located in Sacaton. The Community operates its own telecom company, electric utility, industrial park and healthcare clinic, and publishes a monthly newspaper. As of 2012, the Gila River Indian Community Governor was Gregory Mendoza. It has one of the highest rates of type 2 diabetes in the world, around 50%. The community has been very helpful in type 2 diabetes research, participating in many studies of the disease.
House with Bow Roof, Sacaton vicinity, Pinal County, AZ. Photo from Historic American Buildings Survey, 1938
Government And Council Members Listing[edit]
• Gregory Mendoza, Governor
• Stephen R. Lewis, Lt. Governor
• Arzie Hogg, Council Member, Dist 1
• Augustine Enas, Council Member, Dist 1
• Jewel Whitman, Council Member, Dist 2
• Myron G. Schurz, Council Member, Dist 3
• Rodney Jackson, Council Member, Dist 3
• Darrell Gerlaugh, Council Member, Dist 4
• John Antone, Council Member, Dist 4
• Malcolm Eschief, Council Member, Dist 4
• Rebecca Rowe, Council Member, Dist 4
• Cecil R. Lewis, Council Member, Dist 5
• Delane Enos, Council Member, Dist 5
• Brenda Robertson, Council Member, Dist 5
• Franklin Pablo, Sr., Council Member, Dist 5
• Albert Pablo, Council Member, Dist 6
• Terrance Evans, Council Member, Dist 6
• Anthony Villareal, Sr., Council Member, Dist 6
• Devin Redbird, Council Member, Dist 7[2]
The Gila River Indian Community, with over four million potential customers in the Phoenix metro area, owns and/or operates three casinos, a resort hotel, a spa, an equestrian center, two golf courses, an arts & crafts center, two tribal museums, an NHRA certified race track, a race-car driving school, and a racing-boat course.[citation needed] The first casino opened in 1994.[3]
Currently inhabited communities[edit]
The community owns and operates Gila River Memorial Airport, a small, private-use airport, located 4 miles southwest of the central business district of Chandler. It is used for cropdusting and air charter operations, with no scheduled commercial services. There are plans to redevelop the airfield into a casino.
Famous people[edit]
The reservation was the birthplace of and the home of the time of death of Ira Hayes, depicted in the photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima in 1945.
Jay Morago, who served as the first Governor of the Gila River Indian Community from 1954 until 1960, and helped to draft the reservation's 1960 constitution, died on May 14, 2008.[4][5]
Mary Thomas became the first woman to serve as Governor of the Gila River Indian Community from 1994 until 2000.[3]
See also[edit]
1. ^
2. ^ "Gila River Indian Community Introductory Information". itcaonline. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
3. ^ a b McKinnon, Shaun (2014-08-22). "Mary Thomas, first woman to lead Gila River, dies at 70". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
4. ^ Boehnke, Megan (2008-05-20). "Gila River's first governor dies at 90". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
5. ^ "Jay Morago Jr. Obituary". Casa Grande Dispatch. 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 33°09′16″N 111°55′36″W / 33.15444°N 111.92667°W / 33.15444; -111.92667 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52909 | Gofraid mac Sitriuc
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For his late 11th-century namesake, see Fingal mac Gofraid.
Gofraid mac Sitriuc (died 951), in Old Norse Guðrøðr Sigtryggsson,[1] was King of Dublin. He was the son of Sihtric ua Ímair and a great-grandson of Ímar, founder of the Uí Ímair kindred which dominated much of the Norse-Gael and Scandinavianised parts of Britain and Ireland in the 10th century.
Gofraid became ruler of Dublin on the death of his cousin Blácaire mac Gofrith in a battle against Congalach mac Máel Mithig, the High King of Ireland, in 948. The men of Dublin suffered heavy losses in this battle, over a thousand being killed or captured.[2]
An even bloodier defeat followed in 950 when Gofraid allied with Congalach against the would-be High King Ruaidrí ua Canannáin. Gofraid attacked Ruaidrí at an unidentified place called Móin Brocaín, somewhere between the River Boyne and the River Liffey, on 30 November 950. Although Ruaidrí and one of his sons were killed in the battle, Gofraid was heavily defeated and fled. The Annals of Ulster say that some two thousand of the Dublin force were killed, while other, less reliable Irish annals claim as many as six thousand. It may be that Congalach betrayed Gofraid, as some sources present him as the victor.[3]
Gofraid's fortunes improved in 951. Raids from Dublin targeted the Abbey of Kells and other churches in the Irish midlands. The Annals of Ulster say that from Kells alone "three thousand men or more were taken captive and a great spoil of cattle and horses and gold and silver was taken away". The prisoners would be ransomed or sold into slavery, the cattle would feed Dublin as the city depended on importing mature beasts, and the rest would strengthen the city's defences.[4]
Neither walls nor money nor soldiers were of any protection when, as the annals report, plague appeared in Dublin later in 951. This is described as leprosy and dysentery. According to the Chronicon Scotorum Gofraid was among the dead, and his death is reported as divine vengeance for the sacking of Kells.[5]
Gofraid's brother Amlaíb Cuarán succeeded him as king in Dublin in 952.
1. ^ Other forms of the name include Gothfrith, Guthfrith, Godred, and Godfrey.
2. ^ Downham, pp. 47 & 254; Hudson, p. 37; Woolf, p. 189.
3. ^ Downham, pp. 47 & 254; Hudson, p. 37; Doherty; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 950; Chronicon Scotorum, s.a. 950, states "Congalach son of Máel Mithig was the victor". The late Annals of the Four Masters add that the tánaiste—heir apparent—of Dublin, called Ímar, was killed: Annals of the Four Masters, s.a. 948; Downham, p. 259.
4. ^ Downham, pp. 47 & 254; Hudson, p. 37; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 951; Ó Cróinín, pp. 258–259.
5. ^ Downham, pp. 47 & 254; Hudson, p. 37; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 951; Chronicon Scotorum, s.a. 951; Annals of the Four Masters, s.a. 949. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52910 | Ground control station
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The inside of the RQ-7A Shadow 200 GCS
A ground control station (GCS) is a land- or sea-based control center that provides the facilities for human control of unmanned vehicles in the air or in space. A GCS could be used to control unmanned aerial vehicles or rockets within or above the atmosphere.
See also[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52911 | Guoqing Temple
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The Guoqing Temple
The Guoqing Temple (simplified Chinese: 国清寺; traditional Chinese: 國清寺; pinyin: Guóqīng sì; Wade–Giles: Kuoch'ing Szu) is a Buddhist temple on Mount Tiantai, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. Originally built in 598 AD during the Sui Dynasty, and renovated during the reign of the Qing Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735 AD), the temple is located roughly 220 kilometres (140 mi) from the city of Hangzhou. It was the initial site for the creation of the Tiantai school of Mahayana Buddhism, founded by Zhiyi (538–597 AD). The temple covers an area of some 23,000 m2 (250,000 sq ft) and features 600 rooms in a total of 14 different halls, including the Grand Hall of Sakyamuni, the Hall of Five Hundred Arhats and the Hall of Monk Jigong. The exterior of the building features Chinese pagodas such as the Sui Pagoda, the Seven Buddha Pagoda, and the Memorial Pagoda of Monk Yi Xing (683–727 AD).
This mountain temple is the site where indigenous Chinese Buddhism branched away from Buddhist teachings and doctrine commonly found in India. From there, the Tiantai sect of Buddhism spread to both Korea and Japan during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD). The tall brick Guoqing Pagoda built at the temple in the year 597 AD is still standing,[1] making it one of the oldest surviving brick pagodas in China (after the 40 metres (130 ft) tall Chinese Songyue Pagoda built in 523 AD).
See also[edit]
1. ^ Steinhardt, 433.
Further reading[edit]
• Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan," Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture (Volume X, 1993): 369-381.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 29°10′44″N 121°02′32″E / 29.178843°N 121.042213°E / 29.178843; 121.042213 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52912 | HMAS Diamantina (K377)
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For other ships of the same name, see HMAS Diamantina.
The former HMAS Diamantina (K377) in 2008
The former HMAS Diamantina (K377) in 2008
Career (Australia (RAN))
Namesake: Diamantina River
Builder: Walkers Ltd., Maryborough
Laid down: 12 April 1943
Launched: 6 April 1944
Commissioned: 27 April 1945
Recommissioned: 22 June 1959
Decommissioned: 21 February 1980
Motto: "Whoever Leads Protects"
Honours and
Battle honours:
Pacific 1945
Status: Preserved as a museum ship at Queensland Maritime Museum
Badge: HMAS diamantina crest.png
General characteristics
Class and type: River class frigate
Displacement: 1,420 long tons (1,440 t; 1,590 short tons)
2,020 long tons (2,050 t; 2,260 short tons) (deep load)
Length: 283 ft (86.3 m) p/p
301 ft 3 in (91.8 m) o/a
Beam: 36 ft 6 in (11.1 m)
Draught: 9 ft (2.7 m); 13 ft (4.0 m) (deep load)
Propulsion: 2 × Admiralty 3-drum boilers, 2 shafts, reciprocating vertical triple expansion, 5,500 ihp (4,100 kW)
Range: 500 long tons (510 t; 560 short tons) oil fuel; 5,180 nautical miles (9,590 km; 5,960 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement: 140
Armament: 2 × QF 4-inch (101.6 mm) Mk.XVI guns, single mounts HA/LA Mk.XX
8 × QF 20 mm Oerlikon, single mounts Mk.III, later;
3 × QF 40 mm Bofors, single mounts Mk.VII
4 × QF 20 mm Oerlikon, twin mounts Mk.V
1 × Hedgehog 24 spigot A/S projector
up to 50 depth charges
HMAS Diamantina (K377/F377/A266/GOR266), named after the Diamantina River in Queensland, is a River class frigate that served the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Constructed in the mid-1940s, Diamantina was active from 1945 until 1946, was placed in reserve, then was recommissioned as a survey ship from 1959 until 1980.
Following her second decommissioning, the frigate was preserved at the Queensland Maritime Museum as a museum ship. She was the last World War II-era frigate to leave RAN service, and of the 151 River class frigates constructed for 19 navies worldwide, Diamantina is the only one preserved as a museum ship.
Design and construction[edit]
Diamantina had a displacement of 2,120 tons fully loaded, or 1,420 standard displacement tons. She was equipped with two triple expansion engines driving twin screws at 5,500 l.h.p.[1] She had a range of 5,180 nautical miles (9,590 km; 5,960 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), with a top speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph). She was armed with two single-mounted QF 4-inch (101.6 mm) Mk.XVI guns fore and aft and eight single-mounted QF 20 mm Oerlikons, although these were later replaced by three single-mounted QF 40 mm Bofors and four twin-mounted QF 20 mm Oerlikons. For anti-submarine warfare the ship was fitted with one Hedgehog 24 spigot A/S projector, and carried up to 50 depth charges. She had a crew of 140.[1]
Diamantina was laid down on 12 April 1943 at Walkers Limited in Maryborough, Queensland. She was launched on 6 April 1944, and commissioned into the RAN at Hervey Bay, Queensland, on 27 April 1945 carrying pennant number K377. She was named for the Diamantina River in Queensland, and was one of eight River Class frigates built for the RAN during World War II.[1]
Operational history[edit]
After commissioning, Diamantina sailed to Sydney, New South Wales, remaining there until late May when she embarked for New Guinea to complete her trials. These were concluded in June 1945 and by the end of the month she proceeded from Madang to Cairns, and then to the Solomon Islands.[2] After transporting several high-ranking officers to Saposa Island, Diamantina was committed to the Bougainville Campaign, providing fire support to the Australian Army units operating ashore in July and August 1945. Transiting through the Solomon Islands, on 7 July she shelled Sohana Island and then a week later provided counter-battery fire against Japanese positions on Taiof Island. At the conclusion of hostilities she returned to the Solomon Islands in early September.[3] The frigate carried Lieutenant General Kanda and Vice Admiral Baron Samejima, officers of the Japanese Imperial High Command to the surrender of Torokina on 8 September 1945. She was also involved in the surrenders of Nauru on 13 September and Ocean Island on 1 October; both ceremonies conducted on her quarterdeck.[4]
Diamantina berthed in Melbourne prior to her 1946 decommissioning
Diamantina returned to Sydney, arriving at Garden Island on 13 December 1945,[3] with 78 passengers embarked.[2] The ship remained in Sydney until 1 February 1946, when she departed for a patrol in New Guinea waters.[2] Diamantina returned to Sydney in mid-June,[2] and after sailing to Williamstown was paid off into reserve on 9 August 1946.[3]
The ship was awarded the battle honour "Pacific 1945" for her wartime service.[5]
Diamantina was recommissioned as an oceanographic survey ship on 22 June 1959.[6] She carried the pennant numbers F377, A266, and GOR266 at various points throughout this period of her career.[7] After successfully completing her first oceanographic survey in July, she embarked on her first oceanographic cruise on 20 August. On 20 September, the ship performed the first survey of the Montebello Islands following the British atomic test, Operation Hurricane. On 22 October, Diamantina carried out the first survey of the waters around Christmas Island.[8]
Diamantina’s most notable achievement during her second commission was the discovery of the deepest known part of the Indian Ocean on 7 February 1960, which was named Diamantina Deep after the ship. Based in Fremantle, Western Australia, Diamantina remained in service as an oceanographic vessel until 1980;[2] she briefly interrupted these duties in March 1963, escorting the Royal Yacht during Queen Elizabeth's tour to Australia.[6]
Decommissioning and preservation[edit]
Diamantina paid off from the RAN on 29 February 1980, and was the last World War II-era frigate to serve Australia. Diamantina was handed over to the Queensland Maritime Museum to be permanently berthed in the dry dock located on the Brisbane River at South Brisbane.[2] She was replaced in RAN service by HMAS Cook.[6]
Diamantina afloat on the Brisbane River in 2006, during repairs to the drydock at the Queensland Maritime Museum
In March 2006, Diamantina left her berth for the first time in 25 years when she was towed out into the river to allow repairs to the dock,[9] which had been flooded since the seals failed in 1998.[10] On 10 May 2006, she returned to the dry dock adjacent to the Queensland Maritime Museum,[11] where she was used as a self-touring museum ship. During the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, the dry dock flooded but the ship escaped damage.[12]
1. ^ a b c Gillett & Graham 1977, p. 178.
2. ^ a b c d e f "HMAS Diamantina I". Royal Australian Navy. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
3. ^ a b c Gillett & Graham 1977, p. 179.
4. ^ Gillett & Graham 1977, p. 91.
6. ^ a b c Gillett & Graham 1977, p. 180.
7. ^ "Diamantina". Historic Naval Ships Association. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
8. ^ Blaxell, Gregory. "The Queensland Maritime Museum". Afloat. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
9. ^ Hides, Mark (29 March 2006). "HMAS Diamantina refloated as dry-dock undergoes repairs". ABC News. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
10. ^ "HMAS Diamantina". Australian Heritage Database. Department of the Environment. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
11. ^ Davis, Graham (1 June 2006). "Resting at home". Navy News. Volume 49 (No. 9). Retrieved 6 September 2014.
12. ^ Dumas, Daisy (20 January 2011). "Historical treasures escape worst of Qld flood". Australian Geographic. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
• Gillett, Ross; Graham, Colin (1977). Warships of Australia. Adelaide, South Australia: Rigby. ISBN 0-7270-0472-7.
Further reading[edit]
• Nunan, Peter (2005). HMAS Diamantina: Australia's Last River Class Frigate, 1945–1980. McCrae: Slouch Hat Publications. ISBN 9780957975279.
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 27°28′55″S 153°1′36″E / 27.48194°S 153.02667°E / -27.48194; 153.02667 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52914 | Helga Pedersen (Norway)
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Not to be confused with Helga Kleiva Pedersen.
For other uses, see Helga Pedersen (disambiguation).
Helga Pedersen
Helga Pedersen 2009.jpg
Helga Pedersen in 2009
Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs
In office
Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg
Preceded by Svein Ludvigsen
Succeeded by Sylvia Brustad
County mayor of Finnmark
In office
Preceded by Evy-Ann Midttun
Succeeded by Kirsti Saxi
Personal details
Born January 13, 1973 (1973-01-13) (age 42)
Sør-Varanger, Norway
Political party Labour
Spouse(s) Erik Brenli[1]
Children Two daughters
Alma mater University of Tromsø
University of Bergen
Religion Christianity[2]
Helga Pedersen (born 13 January 1973) is a Norwegian politician, former Minister, and member of the Storting, who is currently deputy leader for the Norwegian Labour Party. A native of Sør-Varanger, she served between 2003 and 2005 as the County Mayor of the northernmost Finnmark county. From 2005 to 2009 she served as Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, becoming the youngest member of the Labour-led Red-Green Coalition headed by Jens Stoltenberg.
A teacher by profession, she has spent most her adult life as a career politician. In 2009 she was elected to the Norwegian parliament, the Storting for the first time, and from 2009 until the 2013 parliamentary election she served as the Labour Party's parliamentary leader. Officially registered as a member of the Sami national minority, Pedersen was Norway's first officially Sámi cabinet minister.[3]
Early life[edit]
Helga Pedersen was born in the municipality of Sør-Varanger in Finnmark county on 13 January 1973, but was raised in the rural settlement of Vestertana in the nearby Tana municipality. Her father, Terje Pedersen (1941-) was a farmer who had built his own sheep-farm, as well as being a fisherman and a local politician.[3] Her mother, Hjørdis Langholm (1942-), was originally from Jæren and worked as a registered nurse. She grew up with three siblings in a culturally Sámi household.
She attended elementary school as well as lower secondary school at the local settlement school in Vestertana. Later she went to Vadsø Upper Secondary school, during which time she spent a year studying at the Lycée Alain Chartier in Bayeux, France. Upon finishing high school, she enrolled in the University of Bergen graduating in 1996 with a bachelor degree in Russian studies. After leaving Bergen she enrolled in the University of Tromsø, graduating in 1998 with a degree in History.
Early career[edit]
Pedersen started her professional career in 1992, when she was employed as a teacher's assistant, and later full-time teacher at the rural Boftsa school in Tana. She left the job in 1993. In 1998 she was hired as a construction planning consultant by the Finnmark county administration. This employment lasted until 2000.
Political career[edit]
Her political career started early. She became leader of her local Workers' Youth League chapter at age 19 and later served as political adviser within the Labour Party. At age 30 she was elected county mayor for Finnmark. From April to October 2001, during the first cabinet Stoltenberg, she was appointed political advisor in the Ministry of Industry and Trade. In 2005, during the second cabinet Stoltenberg, she was appointed Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. Pedersen is the first politician of Sámi descent to have been member of any country's government, and also the first member of any ethnic minority hold a place in the Norwegian government.
On the local level she was a deputy member of Finnmark county council from 1999 to 2003, and county mayor from 2003 to 2005. In 2007 she was elected as deputy leader of the Labour Party, as the first woman with Sami background to hold this position.[4] Following the 2009 election, Pedersen was chosen to be the parliamentary leader for the Labour Party in the Storting. She therefore resigned as fishery minister and left the cabinet.[5] She remained in this capacity until the election defeat in the 2013 parliamentary elections, when former prime minister Jens Stoltenberg returned to the parliament.
Pedersen was named as a potential candidate for the Labour leadership, after Jens Stoltenberg announced he was stepping down as leader, in order to become the Secretary General of NATO. Other sources speculated that Pedersen could in fact be sacked as deputy leader, in order to promote Anniken Huitfeldt or the rising star Hadia Tajik.[6] At a special Party Congress in March 2014, Pedersen was snubbed for the leadership post in favour of former Minister of Health Jonas Gahr Støre. She was re-elected as deputy leader however, mainly due to massive pressure from the Northern branches of the party.[7]
The fact that Pedersen, as the deputy leader, was not promoted to the top post, was described by veteran political commentator Stein Kåre Kristiansen a "humiliation".[8] On 3 September 2014 she announced her intention of stepping down as deputy leader of the Labour party. The decision was due to her desire to spend more time, including evenings and weekends with her family.[9]
Personal life[edit]
Pedersen is married to Erik Brenli, a journalist originally from Brandbu in Hadeland. The married 12 July 2008, after having been in a relationship for almost five years.[10] Together they have two daughters, and they divide their time between Oslo and their rural estate in Vestertana, Finnmark.[1]
Both Pedersen and her children are officially listed as members of the Sámi national minority, gaining some privileges in regards to the Sami parliamentary elections, as well as in agriculture. Pedersen speaks fluently the Sami language, and always dons the traditional Sami Gákti dress on official celebrations and receptions.[3]
In the summer of 2009, the newspaper Dagbladet reported that Pedersen and her husband illegally had resided in their beach-front home in Tana. It emerged that the residence was only approved as a part-time vacation retreat, and the couple had not applied for the necessary permits to have it reclassified as an all-year residence. The case was compared to that of former minister Åslaug Haga who resigned the previous year, also due to building permit irregularities.[11]
"Smear" comments[edit]
Pedersen ignited controversy, when she during a speech to local Labour party members in Vadsø, publicly called for the spectators to help smear (Norwegian: Sverte) the Conservative-led government, after openly stating that she has done the same. She stated: "Now I've spent a lot of time smearing the government, but it's important. And it is important that everyone helps to do just that."[12] The comments caused a fierce reaction from several conservative cabinet ministers, with Jan Tore Sanner stating that the new Labour strategy was revealed. Member of Parliament Frank Bakke-Jensen called the comments "shameful" and "ridiculous". The Progress Party labelled the comments "sad and serious for the democracy".[13] Pedersen subsequently apologized unreservedly for her comments, calling it a "slip-of-the-tongue", which she regretted.[14]
1. ^ a b Larsen, Dan. "Helgas ektemann vil "være same"". Nrk.no. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
2. ^ Kristne Arbeidere - SOM MENNESKER TRENGER VI NOE MER!
3. ^ a b c Opedal, Hallgeir. "Hjem til Helga". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
4. ^ "Hør statsministeren tale på samisk". Retrieved 25 February 2014.
5. ^ Knudsen, Sjur Øverås (2009-09-29). "Pedersen går ut av regjeringen" (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
6. ^ Blindheim, Anne. "Helga Pedersen kan bli vraket". Retrieved 4 September 2014.
7. ^ Mogård, Lars. "– Helga blir sittende som nestleder". Retrieved 4 September 2014.
8. ^ Hansen, Håvard. "– Ydmykende for Helga Pedersen". Retrieved 4 September 2014.
9. ^ Auestad, Gunn. "Pedersen tar ikke gjenvalg: – Vil ha mer tid med barna". Retrieved 4 September 2014.
10. ^ "Helga Pedersen sa ja til Erik Brenli". Adressa.no. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
11. ^ "Her bor Helga Pedersen ulovlig". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
12. ^ "Ap-nestleder: - Det er viktig at alle bidrar til å sverte den nye regjeringen". Vg.no. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
13. ^ "Ordene i Vadsø". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
14. ^ "Ap-toppen beklager "svertekampanjen"". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
Political offices
Preceded by
Evy-Ann Midttun
County mayor of Finnmark
Succeeded by
Kirsti Saxi
Preceded by
Svein Ludvigsen
Norwegian Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs
Succeeded by
Sylvia Brustad |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52915 | Indian Youth Congress
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Indian Youth Congress
भारतीय युवा कांग्रेस
President Amrinder Singh Raja Warring, MLA of Gidderbaha, Punjab
Chairperson Rahul Gandhi, MP
Founded 1960
Headquarters New Delhi
Membership 7.9 million
Mother party Indian National Congress
The Indian Youth Congress is the youth wing of the Indian National Congress party. The Indian Youth Congress was a department of the Indian National Congress from the period just after the Partition of India in 1947 until the late 1960s. While prime minister, Indira Gandhi gave the Youth Congress a new dimension by establishing it as a frontal organisation of the Congress Party, with the objective of doing social work and arguing against right-wing parties. Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi was the first elected governor of the Indian Youth Congress; he later became Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Parliamentary affairs in the Indian cabinet. Narayan Dutt Tiwari was the first President.
During the 1970s, under the leadership of Sanjay Gandhi, the Youth Congress undertook activities such as tree plantation, family planning, and fought against domestic violence and dowry deaths. After the death of Sanjay Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi took over in charge of the Youth Congress. After he became prime minister in 1984, Rajiv Gandhi reduced the voting age to 18. Rahul Gandhi was appointed a general secretary of the All India Congress Committee on 24 September 2007 and was given charge of the Indian Youth Congress[1] along with the National Students Union of India.[2]
It has over 7,900,000 members across India. The Indian Youth Congress has its headquarters in New Delhi and is headed by Amrinder Singh Raja Warring. There are 39 office bearers at the national level, followed by the state, Loksabha, Assembly and Booth level. In all, 174,000 committees have been formed at the Booth level.[3]
Issue stances[edit]
UTI Scam rally protest[edit]
In 2001, several Youth Congress workers held Lalkar Rally around Parliament of India to protest against UTI Scam under National Democratic Alliance government and asked for resignation of then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[4][5][6]
Protest against violent attacks[edit]
In 2011, 2,500 Youth Congress activists rallied and protested in Calcutta against the violent attacks on its supporters by the All India Trinamool Congress party.[7][8]
Tripura civil disobedience movement[edit]
In 2012, Tripura Pradesh Youth Congress organized civil disobedience movement in all 23 sub-divisions in Tripura as part of agitation to protest against the Left Front government's failure to provide employment, nepotism, rise of crime and atrocities against women in the state. This saw procession of 4,000 Congress workers and detainment about 25,000 Youth Congress activists across the state.[9]
Madhya Pradesh memorandum[edit]
In 2012, Madhya Pradesh Youth Congress president submitted a memorandum to the Governor of Madhya Pradesh demanding dismissal of the State Government run by Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for not able to protect teenager girls and murders.[10] hell
Karnataka drought failure[edit]
In 2012, Youth Congress workers of Karnataka took out a procession in protest against the failure of the Government of Karnataka under BJP to tackle drought in 123 taluks and staged a mass protest in front of all taluk offices and locked the offices.[11] A memorandum was submitted to Deputy Commissioner.[12]
In January 2013, a 17 kilometer rally was held in Kannur demanding the dissolution of BJP government for 'failing' to provide good administration and losing the support of the majority.[13][14][15]
India-Pakistan border protest for Indian soldiers[edit]
On 14 January 2013 more than hundred Youth Congress activists staged protests across India against Pakistan and its army outside the old customs gate at the Attari border over the killing of two Indian soldiers by Pakistani forces.[16][17]
Implementation of 73rd and 74th Amendments in Jammu and Kashmir[edit]
In August, 2012 the Pradesh Youth Congress Jammu and Kashmir launched a state wide protest against the Government led by National Conference for the implementation of the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution of India relating to Panchayti Raj in Jammu and Kashmir. The protests were led by J&K youth Congress president Mohammad Shahnawaz Choudhary.[18]
Kisaan Satyagrah against Land Acquisition Ordinance[edit]
In January 2015, Indian National Congress Vice President Rahul Gandhi directed nation wide protest against Land Acquisition Ordinance brought in by Indian Central government.[19] The protest took place in various part of country.[20][21]On 18 February, Indian Youth Congress protested against Vyapam Scam and Land Acquisition Ordinance near Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha where they were charged with water canon in which several youth congress volunteers were hurt and arrested along with Indian Youth Congress National President Amrinder Singh Raja Warring.[22]
List of previous presidents[edit]
Year Name Place
1969–1971 Narayan Dutt Tiwari Uttarkhand
1971–1975 Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi West Bengal
1975–1977 Ambika Soni.jpg Ambika Soni Lahore, British India ()
1978–1980 Ram Chander Rath
1980–1982 Ghulam Nabi Azad Jammu and Kashmir
1982–1985 Tariq Anwar Bihar
1985–1987 Anand Sharma - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg Anand Sharma Himachal Pradesh
1987–1988 Gurudas Kamat Karnataka
1988–1990 Mukul Wasnik Maharashtra
1990–1993 Ramesh Chennithala BNC.jpg Ramesh Chennithala Kerala
1993–1996 Maninderjeet Singh Bitta Punjab
1996–1998 Satyajit D. Gaekwad
1998–2000 Manish Tiwari Punjab
2000–2005 Randeep Surjewala Chandigarh
2005–2010 Ashok Tanwar Haryana
2010–2014 Rajiv Satav Maharashtra
2014–Current Amrinder Singh Raja Warring Punjab
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Reform School: Can the Youth Congress expunge the sins of its fathers before it inherits their wicked ways?". The Caravan. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
2. ^ "Rahul Gandhi gets Youth Congress Charge". The Hindu. 25 September 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
3. ^ "Booth committees in IYC". 2013-11-28.
4. ^ "IYC demands cases against Prime Minister Atal Vajpayee and Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha on UTI scam". The Tribune. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
5. ^ "NDA Government's achievement, a litany of scams: Sorake". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
6. ^ "Youth Cong call to unseat NDA Government at Center". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
7. ^ "Youth Congress protest rally chokes south Calcutta". The Telegraph (Calcutta). Retrieved 15 May 2012.
8. ^ "Congress holds silent rally in Kolkata against Trinamool". NDTV. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
9. ^ "Youth Congress rally to protest against Left Front apathy". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
10. ^ "Youth Cong demands ouster of State Government". The Pioneer (Indian newspaper). Retrieved 9 May 2012.
11. ^ "Youth Congress slams government's failure to tackle drought". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
12. ^ "Youth Congress stages protest in Karnataka". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
13. ^ "Mangalore: Youth Congress Launches Protest Rally Against BJP Govt". Daijiworld Media. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
14. ^ "Youth Cong takes up cudgels against BJP govt; organizes vehicle rally". Mangalore Today. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
15. ^ "Youth Congress rally on Jan 15 against misrule of BJP govty". Mangalore Today. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
16. ^ "Indian Youth Congress stages protest against Pakistan". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
17. ^ "YCC protests against killing of two Indian soldiers in Kashmir". State Times. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
18. ^ "Youth Cong's 7-day ultimatum to Omar". The Kashmir Times. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
19. ^ Rahul asks Youth Congress to launch ‘Kisan Satyagraha’; meet each MP, MLA, 16 January 2015.
20. ^ "Youth congress protest at CM house in Haryana". Retrieved 22 February 2015.
21. ^ "Youth congress protest at Deputy Commissioner’s office in Shivamogga Karnataka". Retrieved 22 February 2015.
22. ^ "Youth Congress workers protest at MP Vidhansabha". Retrieved 22 February 2015.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52916 | Israeli–Lebanese conflict
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Israeli-Lebanese conflict
Part of Arab-Israeli conflict and Iran-Israel proxy conflict
Israel and Lebanon.JPG
Israel and Lebanon (regional map)
Date 14 May 1948 – ongoing
(67 years, 2 weeks and 6 days)
Location Israel and Lebanon
Status General cease-fire since the 2006 Lebanon War
Lebanon Lebanon
Palestine Liberation Organization PLO (until 1994)
Israel Israel
Casualties and losses
1,900 killed Lebanese Factions
11,000 killed palestinian factions
1,000 Lebanese killed [1]
5,000-8,000 civilians killed[2]
Lebanese sources: 15,000–20,000 killed, mostly civilians[3][4]
1,400 killed IDF
954–1,456 killed SLA
191+ killed Israeli civilians
The Israeli–Lebanese conflict describes a series of related military clashes involving Israel, Lebanon and Syria, as well as various non-state militias acting from within Lebanon.
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) recruited militants in Lebanon from among the families of Palestinian refugees who had been expelled or fled due to the creation of Israel in 1948.[5][6] After the PLO leadership and its Fatah brigade were expelled from Jordan for fomenting a revolt, they entered Lebanon and the cross-border violence increased. Meanwhile, demographic tensions over the Lebanese National Pact led to the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990).[7] Israel's 1978 invasion of Lebanon pushed the PLO north of the Litani River, but the PLO continued their campaign against Israel. Israel invaded Lebanon again in 1982 and forcibly expelled the PLO. Israel withdrew to a slim borderland buffer zone, held with the aid of proxy militants in the South Lebanon Army (SLA). In 1985, Hezbollah, a Lebanese Shia radical movement sponsored by Iran,[8] called for armed struggle to end the Israeli occupation of Lebanese territory.[9] When the Lebanese civil war ended and other warring factions agreed to disarm, Hezbollah and the SLA refused. Combat with Hezbollah weakened Israeli resolve and led to a collapse of the SLA and an Israeli withdrawal in 2000 to their side of the UN designated border.[10] Citing Israeli control of the Shebaa farms territory, Hezbollah continued cross border attacks intermittently over the next six years. Hezbollah now sought freedom for Lebanese citizens in Israeli prisons and successfully used the tactic of capturing Israeli soldiers as leverage for a prisoner exchange in 2004.[11][12] The capturing of two Israeli soldiers by Hezbollah ignited the 2006 Lebanon War.[13] Its ceasefire called for the disarmament of Hezbollah and the remaining armed camps of the PLO, and for Lebanon to control its southern border militarily for the first time in four decades.
Hostilities were suspended as of 8 September 2006. As of 2012 Hezbollah had not disarmed.[14] On 18 June 2008, Israel declared that it was open to peace talks with Lebanon.[15]
The rise of anti-Semitism in Europe, culminating in the Holocaust during World War II, had meant an increase of Jewish immigrants to a minority Jewish, majority Arab Mandate.[16] During the 1936–39 Arab revolt and thereafter the British increasingly came to rely on Jewish police forces to help maintain order.[17] Eventually, the resultant rise in ethnic tensions and violence between the Arabs and Jews due to Jewish immigration and collaboration would force the British to withdraw in 1947. (The area of their mandate east of the Jordan river had already become the independent state of Jordan in 1946.) The United Nations General Assembly developed a gerrymandered 1947 UN Partition Plan,[18] to attempt to give both Arabs and Jews their own states from the remains of the British Mandate; however, this was rejected by the Arabs, and the situation quickly devolved into a full-fledged civil war.
1948 Arab–Israeli war[edit]
After the war, the United Nations estimated 711,000[22] Palestinian Arabs, out an estimated 1.8 million dwelling in the Mandate of Palestine,[23] fled, emigrated or were forced out of Israel and entered neighboring countries. By 1949, there were 110,000 Palestinian Arabs in Lebanon,[24] moved into camps established by and administered by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.[25]
With the exception of two camps in the Beirut area, the camps were mostly Muslim.[25] Lebanese Christians feared that the Muslim influx would affect their political dominance and their assumed demographic majority.[25] Accordingly, they imposed restrictions on the status of the Palestinian refugees. The refugees could not work, travel, or engage in political activities. Initially the refugees were too impoverished to develop a leadership capable of representing their concerns.[25] Less democratic regimes also feared the threat the refugees posed to their own rule, but Lebanon would prove too weak to maintain a crackdown.[5]
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) recruited militants in Lebanon from among the families of Palestinian refugees who had left Israel in 1948.[5][6]
The 1967 Six-Day War[edit]
Despite sharing in the ongoing border tensions over water,[26] Lebanon rejected calls by other Arab governments to participate in the 1967 Six-Day War.[27] Militarily weak in the south, Lebanon could not afford conflict with Israel.[27]
Nevertheless, the loss of additional territory radicalized the Palestinians languishing in refugee camps hoping to return home.[5] The additional influx of refugees turned Palestinian camps throughout the Middle East into centers of guerrilla activity.[5]
Rise of the PLO (1968–1975)[edit]
The PLO, from its inception in 1964 by Ahmed Shukeri, began executing numerous terror attacks on Israeli civilians in attempt to fulfill its mission charter's vow to pursue in "the path of holy war (al-jihad)" until the establishment of a Palestinian State in place of the State of Israel. In response to these many attacks (such as the 1966 bombings in Romema, Jerusalem) drove the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) to strike in return; instigating the long and still unresolved struggle between the PLO and the IDF.
From 1968 onwards, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) began conducting raids from Lebanon into Israel, and Israel began making retaliatory raids against Lebanese villages to encourage the Lebanese people to themselves deal with the fedayeen.[28] After an Israeli airline was machine-gunned at Athens Airport, Israel raided the Beirut International Airport in retaliation, destroying 13 civilian aircraft.[5]
The unarmed citizenry could not expel the armed foreigners, while the Lebanese army was too weak militarily and politically.[28] The Palestinian camps came under Palestinian control after a series of clashes in 1968 and 1969 between the Lebanese military and the emerging Palestinian guerrilla forces.[25] In 1969 the Cairo Agreement guaranteed refugees the right to work, to form self-governing committees, and to engage in armed struggle.[25] "The Palestinian resistance movement assumed daily management of the refugee camps, providing security as well as a wide variety of health, educational, and social services."[25]
In 1970, the PLO attempted to overthrow a reigning monarch, King Hussein of Jordan, and following his quashing of the rebellion in what Arab historians call Black September, the PLO leadership and their troops fled from Jordan[29] to Syria and finally Lebanon, where cross-border violence increased.
With headquarters now in Beirut, PLO factions recruited new members from the Palestinian refugee camps.[6] South Lebanon was nicknamed "Fatahland" due to the predominance there of Yasser Arafat's Fatah organization. With its own army operating freely in Lebanon, the PLO had created a state within a state.[30] By 1975, more than 300,000 Palestinian displaced persons lived in Lebanon.[31]
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command, which split from the PLO in 1974, carried out the Kiryat Shmona massacre in April of that year. In May 1974, the DFLP crossed again into Israel and carried out the Ma'alot massacre.
Lebanese Civil War (1975–90)[edit]
Main article: Lebanese Civil War
The Lebanese Civil War (1975–90) was a complex conflict in the form of various factions and shifting alliances between and among Lebanese Maronite Catholics, Lebanese Muslims, Palestinian Muslims, Lebanese Druze, and other non-sectarian groups. Governmental power had been allotted among the different religious groups by the National Pact based partially on the results of the 1932 census. Changes in demographics and increased feelings of deprivation by certain ethnic groups, as well as Israeli-Palestinian clashes in the south of the county all contributed to the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War.[7]
Beginning in May 1976, Israel supplied the Maronite militias, including the Lebanese Forces, led by Bachir Gemayel, with arms, tanks, and military advisers.[33][34] The border between Israel and Lebanon was at this time was nicknamed the Good Fence.
Fearing loss of commercial access to the port of Beirut, in June 1976 Syria intervened in the civil war to support the Maronite dominated government,[35] and by October had 40,000 troops stationed within Lebanon.
Operation Litani[edit]
On 11 March 1978, eleven PLO militants made a beach landing 30 km. south of Haifa, Israel, where they seized a bus,[36] full of people, killing those on board in what is known as the Coastal Road massacre. By the end of the incident, nine hijackers[37] and 38 Israeli civilians (including 13 children) were dead.[36]
In response, on 14 March 1978, Israel launched Operation Litani occupying southern Lebanon, except for the city of Tyre,[38] with 25,000 troops. The objective was to push the PLO away from the border and bolster a Lebanese Christian militia allied with Israel, the South Lebanese Army (SLA).[36] However, the PLO concluded from the name of the operation that the invasion would halt at the Litani River and moved their forces north, leaving behind a token force of a few hundred men.[39] As a result, the casualties were almost all civilians.[39]
SLA leader Saad Haddad (right) in a conversation with Norwegian UNIFIL personnel in Metula, Israel, 1980
1982 Lebanon war and Israeli occupation (6 June 1982 – January 1985)[edit]
The 1982 Lebanon war began on 6 June 1982,[41] when Israel invaded again for the purpose of attacking the Palestine Liberation Organization. The Israeli army laid siege to Beirut. During the conflict, according to Lebanese sources, between 15,000–20,000 people were killed, mostly civilians.[3][4] According to American military analyst Richard Gabriel, between 5,000–8,000 civilians were killed.[2] Fighting also occurred between Israel and Syria. The United States, fearing a widening conflict and the prestige the siege was giving PLO leader Yasser Arafat, got all sides to agree to a cease-fire and terms for the PLO's withdrawal on 12 August. The predominantly Muslim Multinational Force in Lebanon arrived to keep the peace and ensure PLO withdrawal. The PLO leadership retreated from Beirut on 30 August 1982 and moved to Tunisia.
The National Assembly of Lebanon narrowly chose Bachir Gemayel as president-elect, but when he was assassinated on 14 September 1982, Israel reoccupied West Beirut and Maronite militias carried out the Sabra and Shatila massacre.
On 15 January 1985, Israel adopted a phased withdrawal plan, finally retreating to the Litani River to form the 4–12 kilometer (2.5–9 mi) deep[34] Israeli Security Zone (map at[45]) while using the native South Lebanese Army militia to help control it.[citation needed]
Consolidation of Hezbollah (February 1985 – May 2000)[edit]
On 16 February 1985, Shia Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin declared a manifesto[9] in Lebanon, announcing a resistance movement called Hezbollah, whose goals included combating the Israeli occupation. During the 1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict the Hezbollah militia waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon and their South Lebanon Army proxies. "Throughout the period of 1985–92, there were very few limited exchanges between Israeli and Hezbollah or Amal forces in southern Lebanon", and "with the exception of 1988, during which twenty-one Israeli soldiers were killed, the number of Israeli fatalities per year over this period was in the single-digit figure".[46]
From 1985 through 2000, Israel continued to fund the South Lebanon Army. In January 2000, Hezbollah assassinated the man responsible for day to day SLA operations, Colonel Akel Hashem.[49][50] The Israeli Air Force, in apparent response, on 7 February struck Lebanon's civilian infrastructure, including power stations at Baalbek, Deir Nbouh and Jambour. Eighteen people were reported to have been injured.[51]
Border clashes, assassinations (September 2000 – July 2006)[edit]
• On 7 October 2000, three Israeli soldiers – Adi Avitan, Staff Sgt. Benyamin Avraham, and Staff Sgt. Omar Sawaidwere – were abducted by Hezbollah across the Israeli-Lebanese border.[53] The soldiers were killed either during the attack or in its immediate aftermath.[54]
On 2 September 2004 Resolution 1559 was approved by the United Nations Security council, calling for the disbanding of all Lebanese militia. An armed Hezbollah was seen by the Israeli government as a contravention of the resolution.[56] The Lebanese government differed from this interpretation.[57][58]
Syrian troops withdrew from Lebanon in April 2005.[59]
On 26 May 2006, a car bomb killed Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader Mahmoud Majzoub and his brother in Sidon. Prime Minister of Lebanon Fuad Saniora called Israel the prime suspect, but Israel denied involvement.[60] On 28 May 2006, rockets were fired from Lebanon into Israel. According to an interview with Walid Jumblatt in World Net Daily, "agents" of Iran and Syria were responsible for these attacks. Hours later, Israel responded by bombing suspected militant rocket launch sites and exchanging fire across the border. The United Nations negotiated a ceasefire the same day.[61]
On 10 June 2006 the Lebanese army arrested members of an alleged Israeli spy ring, including Mahmoud Rafeh, his wife, and two children.[62] Police discovered bomb-making materials, code machines and other espionage equipment in his home.[62] Rafeh reportedly confessed to the Majzoub killings and to working for Mossad,[63] and admitted that his cell had assassinated two Hezbollah leaders in 1999 and 2003 and the son of Ahmed Jibril, leader of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command, in 2002.[64] Former Lebanese Minister Walid Jumblatt, an outspoken critic of Hezbollah, suspected that the exposure of the spy ring was a Hezbollah fabrication.[62]
2006 Lebanon War[edit]
Main article: 2006 Lebanon War
On 12 July 2006, in an incident known as Zar'it-Shtula incident, the Hezbollah initiated diversionary rocket attacks on Israeli military positions near the coast and near the Israeli border village of Zar'it,[13] while another Hezbollah group crossed from Lebanon into Israel and ambushed two Israeli Army vehicles, killing three Israeli soldiers and seizing two.[65][66]
Post-2006 war activity[edit]
On 7 August 2013 four Israeli soldiers were wounded in a landmine explosion allegedly by Hezbollah. The Lebanese army said that the soldiers were 400 meters into Lebanese territory.[83][84]
On 18 January 2015, Israel conducted an airstrike on a convoy in the Syrian controlled part of Golan Heights, killing six Hezbollah members and at least one IRGC officer. In response, on 28 January, Hezbollah fired missiles at Israeli convoy in the Israeli-occupied Shebaa farms, killing two soldiers. IDF fired shells into southern Lebanon, killing one Spanish peacekeeper.[87]
Israeli incursions into Lebanon[edit]
Since the civil war, Israel has routinely breached Lebanese airspace, waters, and borders, which is illegal since it violates Lebanon's territory and United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 and 1701.[88][89][90]
The most frequent breaches are overflights by Israeli war planes and drones; such violations have occurred since the inception of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, and have happened continuously and almost daily since the 2006 Lebanon war, being the source of much conflict between Lebanon and Israel.[91] Israeli warplanes sometimes stage mock attacks on Lebanese cities, and emit sonic booms that frighten civilians.[92][93]
The UN has continuously protested the repeated Israeli overflights.[97][98] Lebanese officials fear the escalation in overflights heighten tensions and could lead to war.[99][100]
Israel rejects such critisicm, and claim the overflights are necessary.[101][102] In spite of this, a leaked US cable shows that Israel offered to stop such violations.[103]
On land, the Blue Line (Lebanon) is often crossed,[104] as well as incursions into the Shebaa Farms (which Israel considers Israeli territory as part of Golan Heights, which it captured from Syria in 1967, but which Lebanon claims is Lebanese territory).[105] The 2010 Israel–Lebanon border clash was also performed on the basis of claims of such violations.[106]
At sea, Israeli gunboats have shot into Lebanese territorial waters, and there have been Lebanese claims that Israel is breaching the law of the sea and might lay claim on Lebanese natural resources through the Tamar gas field.[107][108][109][110]
Hezbollah uses such violations as justification for the legimitacy of their continued armed resistance against Israel.[111]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Washington Post, 16 November 1984.
4. ^ a b "The 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon: the casualties". Race & Class 24 (4): 340–3. 1983. doi:10.1177/030639688302400404.
8. ^ Westcott, Kathryn (2002-04-04). "Who are Hezbollah?". BBC News. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
9. ^ a b Hezbollah (1985-02-16). "An Open Letter to all the Oppressed in Lebanon and the World". Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
10. ^ a b "Hezbollah celebrates Israeli retreat". BBC. 2000-05-26. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
11. ^ a b "Factfile: Hezbollah". Aljazeera. 2006-07-12.
12. ^ a b "Israel, Hezbollah swap prisoners". CNN. 2004-01-29.
13. ^ a b c "Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (S/2006/560)". United Nations Security Council. 2006-07-21. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
14. ^ a b Macleod, Hugh (2007-11-25). "Hezbollah recruits thousands in Lebanon crisis". London: Telegraph (UK).
15. ^ McCarthy, Rory (2008-06-18). "Israel calls for Lebanon peace talks". London: The Guardian (UK).
16. ^ Bickerton, Ian; Hill, Maria (2003). Contested Spaces: The Arab-Israeli Conflict. McGraw-Hill. pp. 43 (Cited from 1922 census figures quoted in Janowsky, 1975). ISBN 0-07-471217-9.
18. ^ United Nations General Assembly (1947-11-29). "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181". Retrieved 14 October 2006.
19. ^ Karsh, Efraim (2002). The Arab-Israeli Conflict. The Palestine War 1948. Osprey Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 1-84176-372-1.
21. ^ "Israel". Encarta Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
22. ^ United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine (1951-10-23). "General Process Report and Supplementary Report Covering the period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950". New York: United Nations. Archived from the original on 28 June 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2006.
23. ^ United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (1947-09-03). "Recommendations to the General Assembly, A/364". UNSCOP. Retrieved 14 October 2006.
29. ^ "Black September in Jordan 1970-1971". Armed Conflict Events Database. 2000-12-16. Retrieved 15 September 2006.
31. ^ "Refugees and internally displaced persons". Lebanon. The CIA World Factbook. 2006-08-08. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
37. ^ Deeb, Marius (July 2003). Syria's Terrorist War on Lebanon and the Peace Process. Palgrave McMillian. p. 39. ISBN 1-4039-6248-0.
40. ^ "Lebanon – UNIFIL Background". United Nations. 2005. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
41. ^ "Timeline: Lebanon". BBC News. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 15 September 2006.
43. ^ Kelly, James (1983-08-08). "A House Divided: Hope grows dimmer for unifying Lebanon". Time. Retrieved 15 September 2006.
46. ^ Zeev Maoz Defending the Holy Land Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan 2006 >[1]
48. ^ "Cease-fire understanding in Lebanon, and remarks by Prime Minister Peres and Secretary of State Christopher". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1996-04-26. Retrieved 14 October 2006.
49. ^ also spelled Aql Hashem
50. ^ Segal, Naomi (2000-02-04). "Hezbollah kills 3 Israeli soldiers, veteran SLA leader in Lebanon". Jerusalem: Jewish Telegraphic Agency / The Jewish News Weekly of Northern California. Retrieved 15 September 2006.
51. ^ Immigration and Nationality Directorate (October 2001). "Country Assessment" (PDF). United Kingdom Home Office. Retrieved 14 September 2006.
52. ^ Karam, Zeina (2006-09-06). "Hezbollah Defines Its Political Role". Washington Post / Associated Press. Retrieved 3 October 2006.
53. ^ "Israelis Held by the Hizbullah - October January 20, 200004".
55. ^ "Israeli jets hit Lebanon targets". BBC News. 2004-01-20. Retrieved 13 July 2006.
56. ^ Butcher, Tim; David Blair (2006-08-17). "Lebanese troops will not disarm Hizbollah". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 September 2006.
57. ^ "Security Council Notes Significant Progress in Lebanon..". United Nations Security Council. 2006-01-23.
58. ^ "Hezbollah rejects call to disarm". ABC (AU). 2005-04-27.
59. ^ "Timeline: Decades of conflict in Lebanon, Israel". CNN. 2006-07-14. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
60. ^ Mroue, Bassem (2006-05-26). "Islamic Jihad leader killed in Lebanon". Boston Globe. Retrieved 14 August 2006. [dead link]
61. ^ Klein, Aaron (2006-05-29). "Syria, Iran directed rocket barrage against Israel". World News Daily. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
62. ^ a b c Blanford, Nicholas (2006-06-15). "Lebanon exposes deadly Israeli spy ring". London: The Times UK. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
63. ^ "Lebanon arrests key suspect in Islamic Jihad assassination". Ya Libnan. 2006-06-11. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
64. ^ "Murr: Israeli aircraft detonated the car bomb in Sidon". Ya Libnan. 2006-06-16. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
65. ^ Harel, Amos (2006-07-13). "Hezbollah kills 8 soldiers, kidnaps two in offensive on northern border". Haaretz. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
66. ^ "Hezbollah Raid Opens 2nd Front for Israel". The Washington Post. 2006-07-13. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
67. ^ "Press Conference with Hasan Nasrallah". UPC. 2006-07-26. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
68. ^ Cloud of Syria's war hangs over Lebanese cleric's deathRobert Fisk, Tuesday 22 May 2012, The Independent
74. ^ "Let's face it: Israel's refugees (in Hebrew)". Walla News. 2006-08-10.
75. ^ Pannell, Ian (2006-09-09). "Lebanon breathes after the blockade". BBC News. Retrieved 9 September 2006.
76. ^ Greenberg, Hanan (2007-02-07). "IDF, Lebanese army exchange fire on northern border". ynet. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
77. ^ Avni, Benny (2007-02-09). "U.N.'s Ban Veers From Standard Line on Israel". New York Sun. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
79. ^ "Israeli soldiers in Israel during clash: U.N. - Yahoo! News". Retrieved 8 August 2010. [dead link]
81. ^
82. ^
83. ^
84. ^
85. ^
86. ^ Soldier's killer surrenders to Lebanese authorities
87. ^ "Two Israeli soldiers killed in Hezbollah missile attack". 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-01-29.
88. ^ "Security Council Extends Unifil Mandate for Six Months, to 31 January 2002". Retrieved 14 March 2011.
89. ^ "UN Questions Usefulness of Peacekeepers - Security Council - Global Policy Forum". 2002-07-30. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
90. ^ ":Middle East Online ميدل ايست أونلاين:". 2007-11-30. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
91. ^ Associated, The (2008-04-02). "Lebanese army: 12 IAF jets fly over Beirut, Lebanese areas - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Retrieved 14 March 2011.
92. ^ "Middle East | Israeli planes create sonic boom confusion over Lebanon". BBC News. 1998-12-09. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
93. ^ Pinkas, Alon (2007-01-22). "Report: IAF jets emit sonic booms over s. Lebanon". Retrieved 14 March 2011.
94. ^ Ravid, Barak. "Lebanon to UN: Israel breached truce deal hundreds of times - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Retrieved 14 March 2011.
95. ^ "France calls IAF overflights in Lebanon 'extremely dangerous' - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". 2008-04-02. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
96. ^ Benn, Aluf (2008-04-02). "U.S. officials demand IAF cease overflights in Lebanese airspace - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Retrieved 14 March 2011.
97. ^
98. ^
99. ^ "Israeli overflights ‘dangerous situation’ - Lebanon". Jordan Times. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
100. ^ "Israel's incessant overflights heighten Lebanon tensions". 2010-02-26. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
101. ^ Teeple, Jim (2006-10-23). "Israel Continues Overflights of Lebanon". Retrieved 14 March 2011.
102. ^ "Petraeus Visit Highlights Growing Strategic Prominence of Lebanon - August 7, 2008 - The New York Sun". 2008-08-07. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
103. ^ "Spotlight - Israel offered to cease overflights for US intel". The Daily Star. 2010-12-06. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
104. ^
105. ^ "Politics - Israel again violates Lebanese air space, enters Shebaa Farms". The Daily Star. 2010-12-29. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
106. ^ "Israel-Lebanon border clash kills five people". BBC News. 2010-08-03.
107. ^ "Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Israeli gunboat fired shots toward Lebanese waters". NOW Lebanon. 2010-08-07. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
108. ^ Bassam, Laila (2011-01-10). "Lebanon says Israel gas search violates sea border". Reuters. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
109. ^ "Oil, gas discoveries, a potential Israel-Lebanon conflict | Ya Libnan | World News Live from Lebanon". LB: Ya Libnan. 2010-11-02. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
110. ^ "Report: Israel stealing Lebanese gas - Israel News, Ynetnews". 1995-06-20. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
111. ^ "Israel and Hizballah Ready to Rumble?". Time. 2008-08-01.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52917 | Jim Koch
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Jim Koch (pronounced /kʊk/, "cook"; born May 27, 1949) is the co-founder and chairman of the Boston Beer Company, the producers of Samuel Adams. He co-founded the company in 1984. He is an American entrepreneur and former consultant with The Boston Consulting Group. He was formerly an Outward Bound instructor. Koch earned a Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration both from Harvard University. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52919 | Josefine Öqvist
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Josefine Öqvist
Josefine Oqvist.jpg
Öqvist in 2013
Personal information
Full name Anna Lenita Josefine Öqvist[1]
Date of birth (1983-07-23) 23 July 1983 (age 31)
Place of birth Uppsala, Sweden
Height 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in)
Playing position Winger
Youth career
Storvreta IK
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
1998 Danmarks IF
1999–2004 Bälinge IF
2005–2010 Linköpings FC
2011 Tyresö FF 19 (7)
2013 Kristianstads DFF 10 (4)
2013–2014 Montpellier 22 (18)
National team
2002–2013 Sweden 80 (20)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 15:11, 7 June 2014 (UTC).
† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 15:11, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
Anna Lenita Josefine Öqvist (born 23 July 1983) is a Swedish former footballer who played for Montpellier of the French Division 1 Féminine and the Swedish national team.[2] She scored a critical goal at the 86' minute in the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup semifinals against Canada to put Sweden through to the final.[3] Nicknamed Jossan, she was named the Swedish Rookie of the Year in 2003.[4]
While her primary position is a forward, she was named as a midfielder for the 2008 Summer Olympics. During the tournament she was injured and replaced with Maria Aronsson.[5] Along with Caroline Jönsson, Öqvist tore her anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) before the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup and was consequently removed from the roster to recover.[6]
Pin-up girl Öqvist attracted attention for a bikini photoshoot in the magazine, Slitz, in the Spring of 2004.[7] She was also filmed swapping jerseys with a male supporter at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany.[8]
Club career[edit]
After the 2008 season, Swedish giants Umeå IK wanted Öqvist. Instead she signed a new two-year contract with Linköping. Öqvist suffered a tragedy in her personal life in November 2009 when her 29-year-old sister Caroline had a fatal epileptic seizure.[9] In 2011 Öqvist signed with the top attendance team in Sweden, Tyresö FF. Tyresö boasted three members of the Swedish national team along with players from the Brazilian and Dutch national teams.
In January 2012 it was revealed that Öqvist was pregnant and would miss the entire season, including the 2012 London Olympics.[10] After the birth of daughter Stella, Öqvist returned to play in 2013, but decided to join Kristianstads DFF instead of Tyresö. She lived in nearby Malmö with her partner Stefan Lassen, the Danish professional ice hockey player who was playing for Malmö Redhawks.[11]
After featuring for hosts Sweden at UEFA Women's Euro 2013, Öqvist signed a contract with French club Montpellier.[12] She performed well in France but soon became unsettled because Lassen had moved to Austria to play for Graz 99ers. He described living so far apart from Öqvist and Stella as "unsustainable".[13] In May 2014 Öqvist announced her retirement from football, stating that she wanted to stop while still playing at the top level.[14]
International career[edit]
Öqvist playing for Sweden in the 2011 World Cup
On 18 August 2002, coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors gave Öqvist her senior Sweden women's national football team debut in a 1–0 win over North Korea.
Öqvist was a member of the Sweden team that won a bronze medal at the 2011 World Cup and played in all the matches. On 16 July 2011, she received a red card in the 3rd place game against France after clashing with Sonia Bompastor, but Sweden went on to win 2–1 despite being a player down.[15] Öqvist had scored in the semi final against eventual winners Japan, but Sweden were beaten 3–1.[16]
In February 2014, Öqvist retired from international football after 12 years of playing for Sweden. She had scored 20 goals in her 80 caps.[17]
1. ^ "Josefine Öqvist". Retrieved 1 August 2013.
2. ^ "Josefine Öqvist player profile". December 2012.
3. ^ "Budding Swedish star walks on the wild side". 8 October 2003. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
4. ^ "Övriga utmärkelser" (in Swedish). Swedish Football Association. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
5. ^ Sillén, Jakob (12 August 2008). "Slut i förtid för Josefine Öqvist". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 19 October 2013.
6. ^ "Öqvist injury shocks Sweden". 9 July 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
7. ^ Laul, Robert (23 March 2004). "Öqvist viker ut sig i Slitz". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 22 May 2013.
8. ^ "Female Sweden pin-up Josefine Oqvist swaps shirts with Germany fan: Video". Metro. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
9. ^ Rylander, Johan (30 March 2010). "Jossan: "Jag gråter varje dag"". Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). Retrieved 18 August 2013.
10. ^ Larsson, Johan (13 January 2012). "Öqvist gravid – missar London-OS i sommar". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 22 May 2013.
11. ^ Wall, Johan (7 January 2013). "Därför valde Öqvist bort mästarlaget". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 23 May 2013.
12. ^ Lindbäck, Elisabeth (4 August 2013). "Bomben: Josefine Öqvist lämnar KDFF". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 August 2013.
13. ^ Dahlkvist, Jens (24 April 2014). "Dilemmat för Lassen och Josefin Öqvist". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 June 2014.
14. ^ Falk, Fredrik (24 May 2014). "Öqvist lägger av". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 June 2014.
15. ^ "Sweden beats France for third place". 16 July 2011.
16. ^ "Japan sink Sweden, reach first final". 13 July 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
17. ^ "Josefine Öqvist slutar i landslaget" (in Swedish). Swedish Football Association. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52920 | Kamitakai District, Nagano
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kamitakai (上高井郡 Kamitakai-gun?) is a district located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 19,073 and a density of 162.23 persons per km². The total area is 117.57 km².
Towns and villages[edit]
Coordinates: 36°39′58″N 138°24′43″E / 36.666°N 138.412°E / 36.666; 138.412 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52922 | Karima Delli
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Karima Delli
Karima Delli (born 4 March 1979 in Roubaix, Nord) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament elected in the 2009 European election for the Île-de-France constituency.
Born to Algerian parents, she grew up in poor conditions in Tourcoing as the ninth child in the family of 13. She obtained a Master of Advanced Studies in political science at the Lille IEP. During this period, she met Green Senator Marie-Christine Blandin, later becoming Blandin's parliamentary assistant.[1]
Delli is a member of Europe Écologie–The Greens. In the 2009 European elections, she was the fourth candidate on the Europe Écologie list in the East region, and was elected to the European Parliament. She is the second-youngest French MEP after Damien Abad.
1. ^ "Biographies des 72 élus français au Parlement européen". EurActiv. 2010-08-09. Retrieved 2011-01-08. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52923 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Founded in the United States in 1978, Kindermusik is an early childhood education music and movement program for children from infants to 7 years of age (2nd grade in Elementary School). It is based on a Kindergarten music and movement program developed by educational experts in Germany in the 1960s. When developing Kindermusik's curriculum, the original creative team drew on the works of esteemed musicians and educators from Europe and Asia, including Shinichi Suzuki, Maria Montessori, Zoltán Kodály, Emile Jaques-Dalcroze and Carl Orff.
Within a few years, Kindermusik programs had expanded into Canada, and, from there, around the world. More than 1 million families in at least 60 countries have attended Kindermusik classes in programs worldwide.
The Kindermusik curriculum is based on the research of the original creators, but has been revised as the curriculum development team examines emerging research in child development, music and education. The program uses high-quality recordings, instruments, and award-winning literature books along with traditional nursery rhymes, fingerplays and songs to build a strong foundation of not only music education, but other areas of development, including cognitive, emotional, social, physical, and language development.[1]
The phrase derives from the German for Children's Music.[2]
Kindermusik International is a company based in the United States that develops the curricula and materials used by Licensed Kindermusik Programs around the world.
"Kindermusik (Demo)" is the name of a five song demo tape independently released by New York City based industrial metal band Hanzel und Gretyl in 1994.
See also[edit]
1. ^
2. ^
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52924 | Liangshan County
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the former Liangshan County in Chongqing, see Liangping County.
Liangshan County (Chinese: ; pinyin: Liángshān Xiàn) is a county in Shandong province, China. Within its administrative territory is the famous Mount Liang (same name as the city). The area is the setting for the classic novel the Water Margin.
Coordinates: 35°48′45″N 116°06′10″E / 35.81250°N 116.10278°E / 35.81250; 116.10278 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52925 | Málaga Airport
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Málaga-Costa del Sol Airport)
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Málaga Airport
Aeropuerto de Málaga-Costa del Sol
Malaga (AGP - LEMG) AN1863602.jpg
Airport type Public
Operator Aena
Serves Málaga
Location Churriana, Málaga, Spain
Elevation AMSL 16 m / 52 ft
Website aena-aeropuertos.es
AGP is located in Andalusia
Location within Andalusia
Direction Length Surface
m ft
13/31 3,200 10,500 Asphalt
12/30 2,750 9,022 Asphalt
Statistics (2014)
Passengers 13,749,134
Passenger change 13-14 Increase6.4%
Aircraft Movements 108,263
Movements change 13-14 Increase5.8%
Sources: Passenger Traffic, AENA[1]
Spanish AIP, AENA[2]
Málaga Airport (IATA: AGPICAO: LEMG), officially Málaga–Costa del Sol Airport[3] (Spanish: Aeropuerto de Málaga-Costa del Sol) since June 2011,[4][5] is the fourth busiest airport in Spain[1] after Madrid–Barajas, Barcelona and Palma de Mallorca. It is an important airport for Spanish tourism as it is the main international airport serving the Costa del Sol. It is 8 km (5.0 mi) southwest[2] of Málaga and 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Torremolinos. The airport has flight connections to over 60 countries worldwide, and over 13.5 million passengers passed through it in 2013.[1]
Málaga Airport is the busiest international airport of Andalucía, accounting for 85 percent of the region non-domestic traffic. It offers a wide variety of international destinations. The airport, connected to the Costa del Sol, has a daily link with twenty cities in Spain and over one hundred cities in Europe. Direct flights also operate to Africa, the Middle East and also to North America in the summer season. Airlines with a base at the airport are Air Europa, Norwegian, Ryanair and Vueling.
History and development[edit]
Another view of the airport
Málaga Airport opened on 9 March 1919. After test flights, the first scheduled air service from Málaga began on 1 September 1919 when Didier Daurat began regular flights between Toulouse, Barcelona, Alicante, Tangier and Casablanca.
In 1937, Málaga Airport became a military base. Training academies for the Air Force were set up, under the command of Republican Don Abelardo Moreno Miró.
On 12 July 1946, the airport was opened to international civil passenger flights, and was classified as a custom post.
Control Tower at Málaga Airport, built in 2002
The airport's domestic departures section once had the head office of Binter Mediterraneo.[7]
In November 2002 a new control tower was built with a height of 54m,.[8]
In November 2005 Monarch Airlines opened a base at Málaga.[9] It based an Airbus A320-200 there and operated scheduled services were added to Aberdeen, Blackpool and Newquay. However, due to their routes being unpopular, the base was closed in 2007.
Passport stamp
In November 2011, Helitt Líneas Aéreas opened their base at Málaga, operating flights to Melilla Airport. The airline currently operates five routes from Málaga.
Málaga Airport has three terminals, adjacent to each other. There is also a General Aviation Terminal and a Cargo Terminal. The terminals have a total of 164 check-in desks, and have a total of 48 boarding gates of which 26 have airbridges. Although certain airlines check-in at certain terminals, all flights leave from Terminal 3.
Terminal 1[edit]
Terminal 1 (styled as T1) was used for flights to non-Schengen destinations, along with flights to Ceuta and Mellila. On 16 March 2010, flights to non-Schengen destinations moved to Pier C in Terminal 3 and flights to Ceuta and Mellila moved to Pier D, leaving Terminal 1 operating no flights. When the new terminal opened, the airline Jet2.com checked in their luggage there, but now this is done in Terminal 2. It opened on 30 June 1972. Terminal 1 can be accessed from the Terminal 2 check-in hall, but there is little there as all the shops are closed. The terminal is currently closed off and has no entry access whatsoever.
The terminal is due to be refurbished, and has received new check-in desks, along with a new baggage reclaim carousel. There are four gates, numbered B32, B34, B36 and B38, of which can also be accessed from Terminal 2. However they are rarely used.
Terminal 2[edit]
Terminal 2.
Pier B was used for flights to mainland Europe and the rest of the world while Pier C was used for flights to the UK and Ireland, however some flights destined for the UK and Ireland occasionally used Pier B. The flights to mainland Europe did not apply to Blue Air, as they left from Pier C. Pier B and Pier C are now in Terminal 3 (same building however).
Development work was completed on the terminal in 2008. The original structure leading to Pier C in departures was demolished and relocated, to allow building work for Terminal 3. However, it has now closed and Pier C is now accessed from the new terminal building.
When the new terminal opened, Terminal 2 changed. The arrivals waiting area was closed to allow passengers to transfer themselves between terminals. This area now has three extra baggage carousels. Most of the alleyway was closed off and a new part was created, of which it now has a brand new passport control and a new set of escalators.
Terminal 2 has had renovation since the new terminal has opened. Although work has not finished, the arrivals floor of Terminal 2 was refurbished in early 2011. There is also currently work on the old shopping area, currently closed off. The total cost for all of the refurbishment work is 2,567,700 euros.[13]
Terminal 3[edit]
Pier D, opened on 15 March 2010
Terminal 3 (styled as T3) is a new terminal at Málaga Airport. Plans for construction started in 2001 and construction started in 2004. It was expected to open in 2008 but it was delayed to 2009. It was opened on 15 March 2010 by King Juan Carlos.[14]
The new terminal building at Málaga Airport has been designed by the architect Bruce S Fairbanks. The terminal was built to increase tourism around the Costa Del Sol, and to expand the airport due to increasing number of passengers. The cost of developing the new terminal is 410 million euros. It is adjacent to Terminal 2 and has an area of 250,000m², which is more than double the size of Terminal 2. It has 86 check in counters, numbered 301 to 386, 20 new boarding gates, twelve of which will have airbridges and 12 baggage reclaim carousels, nine European Union, two non-European Union and one special baggage reclaim carousel.
It has the largest food hall in Europe and the first National Geographic store in the world. The shops also include a Starbucks, a Burger King with a Whopper Bar in, a Pizza Hut and an Adidas shop. The terminal has more than doubled capacity to 30 million passengers or 9,000 an hour, is expected to double the number of flights and the 12,813,764 passengers handled during 2008,[15] and this will increase further when the new runway is complete.
It consists of three piers or docks: Pier B (with 13 gates, 7 with airbridges), Pier C (with 10 gates, 7 with airbridges) and Pier D (with 20 gates, 12 with airbridges). Pier B is used for non-European traffic, Pier C is used by non-Schengen Traffic and Pier D is used for Schengen Traffic. Flights to the UK and Ireland use both Pier B and Pier C, of which these piers used to be in Terminal 2. When the new apron opens, a further 8 gates in Pier D will be opened.
Video about the new terminal is at YouTube.[16]
General aviation terminal[edit]
The terminal is used for private jets.
Cargo terminal[edit]
The cargo terminal was opened in 1996, with 16 docking bays for road transport vehicles.[17] It has an area of 5,700 m2 (61,000 sq ft) and contains four cold-storage rooms, a vault for valuable merchandise, and an area for hazardous and radioactive materials.[18] It is located in the north of the airport, named "Carga Aena" in Spanish.[17]
Airlines and destinations[edit]
Air Europa Boeing 737-800 landing at Málaga Airport
Aer Lingus Airbus A320 landing at Málaga Airport
Air Nostrum DHC-8-315Q Dash 8 taxiing at Málaga Airport
Jet2.com Boeing 737-300 landing at Málaga Airport
Monarch Airlines Airbus A321 taking off from Málaga Airport
Norwegian Air Shuttle Boeing 737-800 landing at Málaga Airport
Ryanair Boeing 737-800 taking off from Málaga Airport
easyJet Airbus A319 landing at Málaga Airport
Transavia.com Boeing 737-700 landing at Málaga Airport
Vueling Airbus A320 landing at Málaga Airport
Airlines Destinations Pier[19]
Aer Lingus Cork, Dublin
Seasonal: Belfast-City, Shannon
B, C
Aeroflot Moscow–Sheremetyevo B
Aigle Azur Seasonal: Paris–Orly D
Air Berlin Berlin–Tegel, Cologne/Bonn, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Munich, Palma de Mallorca, Stuttgart D
Air Europa Madrid, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Tenerife North
Seasonal: Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Palma de Mallorca
Air France Toulouse D
Air Méditerranée Lyon D
Air Transat Montréal–Trudeau B
Alitalia Rome–Fiumicino D
Blue Air Bucharest C
British Airways London–Gatwick
Seasonal: London–Heathrow
B, C
British Airways
operated by BA Cityflyer
London–City B, C
Brussels Airlines Brussels D
Bulgaria Air Sofia B, C
Delta Air Lines Seasonal: New York–JFK B
easyJet Berlin–Schönefeld, Milan–Malpensa, Paris–Charles de Gaulle D
easyJet Switzerland Basel/Mulhouse, Geneva D
Estonian Air Seasonal: Tallinn D
Finnair Helsinki D
Flybe Exeter, Southampton
Seasonal: Guernsey, Jersey
B, C
Germanwings Stuttgart D
operated by Air Nostrum
Madrid, Melilla, Valencia
Seasonal: Ibiza, Nice, Vigo (begins 8 July 2015)[20]
Iberia Express Madrid D
Icelandair Seasonal: Reykjavík–Keflavík D
Jet2.com East Midlands, Leeds/Bradford, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne
Seasonal: Belfast–International, Edinburgh, Glasgow
B, C
Jetairfly[21] Antwerp,[22] Brussels, Charleroi, Liège, Ostend/Bruges
Seasonal: Châlons-en-Champagne
Leon Airlines Burgos [23] TBA
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich D
Luxair Luxembourg D
Melilla Airlines
operated by Aeronova
Melilla D
Monarch Airlines Birmingham, London–Gatwick, London–Luton, Manchester B, C
Neos Seasonal: Milan–Malpensa D
Niki Vienna D
Norwegian Air Shuttle Birmingham, Edinburgh, London–Gatwick B, C
Norwegian Air Shuttle Aalborg, Bergen, Cologne/Bonn, Copenhagen, Gothenburg–Landvetter, Hamburg, Helsinki, Moss, Munich, Oslo–Gardermoen, Stavanger, Stockholm–Arlanda, Trondheim, Warsaw–Chopin D
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca
Seasonal: Agadir
Ryanair Birmingham, Bournemouth, Bristol, Dublin, East Midlands, Edinburgh, Leeds/Bradford, Liverpool, London–Stansted, Manchester, Prestwick
Seasonal: Cork, Knock, Shannon
B, C
Ryanair Beauvais, Bergamo, Berlin-Schönefeld (begins 31 October 2015), Billund, Brussels, Charleroi, Cologne/Bonn, Copenhagen (begins 25 October 2015), Eindhoven, Gothenburg–Landvetter, Hahn, Hamburg (begins 25 October 2015), Memmingen, Rome–Ciampino, Sandefjord, Santiago de Compostela, Stockholm-Skavsta, Weeze
Seasonal: Barcelona, Bologna, Bratislava, Bremen, Dortmund, Haugesund, Ibiza, Karlsruhe/Baden Baden, Kraków, Marseille, Moss, Münster/Osnabrück, Nuremberg, Palma de Mallorca, Santander, Tampere,[24] Treviso, Västerås, Wrocław
Scandinavian Airlines Bergen, Copenhagen, Oslo–Gardermoen, Stavanger, Stockholm–Arlanda D
operated by Travel Service Airlines[25]
Seasonal: Prague[26] D
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich D
Swiss International Air Lines
operated by Swiss European Air Lines
Geneva B, D
TAP Portugal
operated by Portugália
Lisbon D
Thomson Airways Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Doncaster/Sheffield, East Midlands, London–Gatwick, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne
Seasonal: Belfast–International, Dublin, Glasgow, London-Luton
B, C
Transaero Airlines Seasonal: Moscow–Domodedovo[27] B
Transavia Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Rotterdam D
Transavia France Paris–Orly D
Tunisair Seasonal: Tunis B
Turkish Airlines Istanbul–Atatürk B
Volotea Asturias, Bordeaux, Nantes D
Vueling Moscow–Domodedovo B
Vueling Cardiff B, C
Vueling Amsterdam, Asturias, Barcelona, Bilbao, Bordeaux, Brussels, Copenhagen, Gran Canaria, Hamburg, Munich, Paris–Orly, Rome–Fiumicino, Santiago de Compostela, Tenerife–North, Valencia (Begings 26 October, 2015)
Seasonal: Fuerteventura, Ibiza, Lyon, Menorca, Nantes, Toulouse, Zürich
Wizz Air Bucharest C
Wizz Air Budapest D
XL Airways France Lille D
Airlines Destinations Pier
Adria Airways Seasonal Charter: Athens D
AlbaStar Seasonal charter: Catania, Milan–Malpensa D
Arkefly Charter: Amsterdam D
Avion Express Seasonal charter: Bologna, Milan–Malpensa D
BA Cityflyer Seasonal charter: Aberdeen, Glasgow B, C
Condor Charter: Frankfurt, Munich D
Enter Air Seasonal charter: Katowice, Warsaw–Chopin D
Europe Airpost Seasonal charter: Amsterdam, Brest, Caen, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Metz/Nancy, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Rouen, Toulouse D
Freebird Airlines Seasonal charter: Istanbul–Atatürk B
operated by BA CityFlyer
Seasonal charter: Humberside B, C
LOT Charters
operated by LOT Polish Airlines
Seasonal charter: Katowice, Warsaw–Chopin D
Mistral Air Seasonal charter: Bergamo D
Small Planet Airlines Seasonal charter: Tallinn, Vilnius D
Travel Service Airlines Seasonal charter: Brno, Ostrava, Prague, Warsaw–Chopin[citation needed] D
Sun d'Or International Airlines
operated by El Al
Seasonal charter: Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion B
Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium Charter: Brussels D
Titan Airways Seasonal charter: Aberdeen, London–Stansted B, C
Other plans, works and developments[edit]
Arrivals at Pier C (before refurbishment)
Car park[edit]
A new car park has been built with seven floors and 2,500 parking spaces, with underground parking for 66 coaches.[28] A long stay car park is also expected to open in mid-2010.[29]
Fire station[edit]
There is due to be a new building for the airport's fire service, located on the new runway. The airport will then have two fire stations, one on each runway.
South power station[edit]
Málaga Airport Passenger Totals 2000-2014 (millions)
Updated: 16 January 2015. 2014 data Provisional.[1]
Passengers Aircraft movements Cargo (tonnes)
2000 9,443,872 92,930 9,920
2001 9,932,975 98,174 9,365
2002 10,429,439 101,519 8,670
2003 11,566,616 110,220 6,837
2004 12,046,277 116,047 6,811
2005 12,669,019 123,959 5,493
2006 13,076,252 127,776 5,399
2007 13,590,803 129,698 5,828
2008 12,813,472 119,821 4,800
2009 11,622,443 103,536 3,400
2010 12,064,616 105,631 3,064
2011 12,823,117 107,397 2,992
2012 12,581,944 102,162 2,711
2013 12,922,403 102,359 2,661
2014 13,749,134 108,263 2,497
Source: Aena Statistics[1]
Route statistics[edit]
Busiest European Routes from Málaga, January–September (2012)[citation needed]
Rank Airport Passengers Top Carriers
1 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg London Gatwick, United Kingdom 789,706 British Airways, EasyJet, Monarch Airlines, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomson Airways
2 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Manchester, United Kingdom 394,112 EasyJet, Jet2.com, Monarch Airlines, Ryanair, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomson Airways
3 Flag of Ireland.svg Dublin, Ireland 360,129 Aer Lingus, Germania, Ryanair, Thomson Airways
4 Flag of France.svg Paris Charles de Gaulle, France 350,948 Air Europa, EasyJet, Europe Airpost, XL Airways France
5 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg London–Stansted, United Kingdom 280,165 EasyJet, Titan Airways, Ryanair
6 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Amsterdam Schiphol, Netherlands 267,585 Arkefly, Europe Airpost, Transavia.com, Vueling
7 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Birmingham, United Kingdom 255,331 Monarch Airlines, Ryanair, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomson Airways
8 Flag of Belgium.svg Brussels, Belgium 252,617 Brussels Airlines, Jetairfly, Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium, Vueling
9 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Bristol, United Kingdom 219,467 EasyJet, Ryanair
10 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg East Midlands, United Kingdom 248,468 Jet2.com, Monarch Airlines, Ryanair
The busiest routes are those within the EU, particularly to and from the United Kingdom and Ireland. According to Aena, the busiest route is to London Gatwick followed by Dublin and Manchester.[30] Other busy routes are to London Stansted, Paris Charles de Gaulle, Amsterdam, Brussels, Cork, Shannon and Copenhagen.
Airline operations[edit]
This is a table of airlines at Málaga Airport operating the most flights:[31]
Airline Percentage of flights
1 Ryanair 21%
2 EasyJet 15%
3 Vueling 7%
4 Iberia 7%
5 Air Berlin 7%
6 Aer Lingus 5%
7 Monarch Airlines 4%
8 Air Europa 4%
9 Transavia.com 3%
10 Norwegian Air Shuttle 3%
11 Thomson Airways 3%
Transportation hub[edit]
Transportation hub
Suburban train line[edit]
New train station
The airport has opened an underground station for Cercanías Málaga commuter trains, connecting it with Málaga and providing this way better communications with the city center.[33] The station opened on 10 September 2010.[34] Málaga's new suburban train line has opened, providing access from the arrivals area of terminal 3. Trains run every 20 minutes between Málaga City and Fuengirola via Málaga Airport.
The line is to be extended to Marbella, but this will not be complete until 2020 at the earliest. Works are stopped waiting for financial help from the European Investment Bank. The line also may be extended to Algeciras, but this has yet to be confirmed.[35]
Bus station[edit]
Public transport information[edit]
Following a collaborative agreement between the Málaga Metropolitan Transport Consortium, the Malaga Transport Company (EMTSAM) and the Portillo Avanza bus company, a new public information and bus ticket sale point is now in operation at Málaga Airport. Located near the exit from terminal T3 (Arrivals), it will enable tourists and local residents alike to obtain the Billete Único (Málaga Metropolitan Travel Card), which offers significant discounts on the inter-urban bus services managed by the Málaga Metropolitan Transport Consortium, and to purchase both the bus card used within the city of Málaga itself and tickets for direct Portillo Avanza bus connections from the airport to the Costa del Sol (Marbella, Estepona and, in the near future, Algeciras).
The new service will be open to the public from 8:30 to 20:00 without interruption. Tourists arriving at the airport will now be able to take public transport from the airport to their final destinations and get around the city of Málaga and other locations on the Costa del Sol in convenient, practical and economical fashion without having to depend on private vehicles.[36]
The following bus services operate from Málaga Airport:
Means of bus routes at Málaga airport
Bus Departure zone Carrier Line Destination Website
Bus – Bus Terminal 3 Arrivals Roadway EMT Málaga A Express Málaga city center http://www.emtmalaga.es/
Terminal 3 Arrivals Roadway EMT Málaga 19 Port of Málaga http://www.emtmalaga.es/
Terminal 3 Arrivals Roadway CTSA-Portillo -------- Marbella http://www.ctsa-portillo.com/
Terminal 3 Arrivals Roadway and Outside Cargo Terminal Málaga Metropolitan Transport Consortium M-135 Santa Amalia http://www.ctmam.es/lineas/M-135 http://www.ctmam.es/recorridos/M-135
Car parks[edit]
Accidents and incidents[edit]
• 25 September 1998 – PauknAir Flight PV4101 a British Aerospace BAe 146 (Registration EC-GEO) crashed on a flight from Málaga, Spain to the Spanish North African exclave of Melilla due to bad visibility. All 38 passengers and crew on board the aircraft were killed in the accident.
Public attractions[edit]
See also[edit]
• Aena (Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea)
1. ^ a b c d e f "Estadsticas - Aeropuertos Espaoles y Navegacin Area - aena-aeropuertos.es". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
2. ^ a b "How to consult the AIP - ENAIRE - Air Navigation". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
3. ^ "Airports". AENA. 2012-10-29.
4. ^ "Airport to be renamed Malaga-Costa del Sol". SUR in English. 2011-06-15.
5. ^ "Order FOM/1509/2011" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado. 18 de mayo. Check date values in: |date= (help)
8. ^ Málaga Airport Control Tower.
9. ^ http://news.flightmapping.com/05/07/21/new-monarch-flights-to-malaga_525.html
10. ^ New Runway Open
13. ^ "Malaga Airport New Terminal Building, Costa Del Sol - Airport Technology". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
14. ^ King to open new terminal at Málaga Airport.
15. ^ anna.aero (13 April 2010). "Málaga opens Terminal 3 to double capacity". anna.aero Airline News & Analysis.
16. ^ Aena - Aeropuerto de Málaga. Inauguración T3. YouTube. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
17. ^ a b "Malaga Airport Cargo Terminal". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
18. ^ "Malaga Airport Cargo Terminal". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
19. ^ Piers (In Boarding Section)
20. ^ "IBERIA Regional Adds New Seasonal Routes from Vigo in S15". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
21. ^ "Jetairfly Flight Plan". Jetairfly.
22. ^ "Jetairfly Adds Antwerp Routes from late-April 2015". Airline Route. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
23. ^ "LEON AIRLINES SL". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
24. ^ "Ryanair cans Tampere winter routes". Yle Uutiset. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
25. ^ "SmartWings Contact". smartwings.com.
26. ^ "SmartWings Flight schedule". smartwings.com.
27. ^ Юрий, Плохотниченко (10 October 2012). ""Трансаэро" будет летать из Москвы в Малагу". Travel.ru. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
30. ^ "Introduction - Málaga-Costa del Sol Airport - Aena". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
31. ^ "Malaga opens Terminal 3 to double capacity; Ryanair to establish base in June; UK market dominance decreasing". anna.aero. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
32. ^ La autopista de Las Pedrizas estará acabada en noviembreLa Opinión de Málaga (Spanish)
33. ^ "Malaga airport information: Departures, Arrivals, Reviews and Blog". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
35. ^ www.diariosur.es (Spanish)
36. ^ "ctmam – Noticias". Retrieved 1 June 2015.
External links[edit]
Media related to Málaga Airport at Wikimedia Commons |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52926 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mandubracius or Mandubratius was a king of the Trinovantes of south-eastern Britain in the 1st century BC.
Mandubracius was the son of a Trinovantian king, named Imanuentius in some manuscripts of Julius Caesar's De Bello Gallico, who was overthrown and killed by the warlord Cassivellaunus some time before Caesar's second expedition to Britain in 54 BC. Mandubracius fled to the protection of Caesar in Gaul. Cassivellaunus then led the British defence against the Romans, but the Trinovantes betrayed the location of his fortress to Caesar, who proceeded to besiege him there. As part of the terms of Cassivellaunus's surrender, Mandubracius was installed as king of the Trinovantes, and Cassivellaunus undertook not to make war against him.[1]
Medieval traditions[edit]
He appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) as Androgeus, eldest son of the legendary king Lud. The name change can be traced to copying errors in Orosius's Seven Books of History Against the Pagans, a 5th-century Christian history which was influential in medieval Britain, where it appears in different manuscripts as "Mandubragius" and "Andragorius".[2] Bede, who follows Orosius almost verbatim for his account of Caesar's expeditions, calls him "Andragius"[3] (a name which Geoffrey used for an earlier British king). Geoffrey may also have been influenced by the Greek mythological character Androgeus.
When Lud died, Androgeus and his brother Tenvantius were too young to rule, so the throne went to their uncle Cassibelanus. Androgeus was made Duke of Trinovantum (London) and Kent, and participated in the defence of Britain against Julius Caesar. After Caesar's first two invasions were repelled, the Britons held a celebration at which sacrifices were made to the gods and games played. Cuelinus, a nephew of Androgeus, wrestled with Hirelglas, Cassibelanus's nephew, and killed him in a dispute over the result. Cassibelanus demanded Androgeus hand over his nephew for trial, but fearing the king's intentions, Androgeus refused, offering to try him in his own court. Cassibelanus made war on Androgeus, who appealed to Caesar for help. He gave hostages, including his own son Scaeva, as proof of his intentions, and Caesar invaded a third time. Between them, Androgeus and Caesar forced Cassibelanus to submit and agree to pay tribute to Rome. Caesar spent the winter in Britain, and he and Cassibelanus became friends. When he finally returned to Rome to fight the civil war against Pompey, Androgeus went with him, never to return.[4]
In Middle Welsh versions of Geoffrey's Historia,[5] and in the Welsh Triads, he appears as Afarwy. The Triads name him as one of the "Three Dishonoured Men of the Island of Britain" for inviting Caesar to invade.[6]
John Koch suggests that Mandubracius may be the historical basis of the Welsh mythological figure Manawydan: he reconstructs the original form of his father's name as *Mannue:tios, and an earlier form of Manwydan as *Mannue:tiagnos, "son of Mannuetios".[7]
1. ^ Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico 5:20, 5:22
2. ^ Orosius, Histories Against the Pagans 6.9
3. ^ Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 1.2
4. ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae 3.20, 4.1-11
5. ^ Acton Griscom (1929), The Historiae Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth
6. ^ Triads from the Red Book of Hergest
7. ^ John Koch, "A Welsh Window on the Iron Age: Manawydan, Mandubracios", Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 14 (1987), pp. 17-52.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52930 | Nicobar shrew
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Nicobar Shrew
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Soricomorpha
Family: Soricidae
Genus: Crocidura
Species: C. nicobarica
Binomial name
Crocidura nicobarica
Miller, 1902
Nicobar Shrew area.png
Nicobar Shrew range
Nicobar White-tailed Shrew
The Nicobar Shrew or Nicobar White-tailed Shrew (Crocidura nicobarica) is a critically endangered species of mammal in the Soricidae family. It is endemic to the Great Nicobar Island of India.
1. ^ Saha, S.S., Molur, S. & Nameer, P.O. (2008). "Crocidura nicobarica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 15 February 2014. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52932 | Music of Palestine
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The music of Palestine (Arabic: الموسيقى الفلسطينية, al-musiqa-l-filastaniyya, "the Palestinian music") is one of many regional subgenres of Arabic music. While it shares much in common with Arabic music, both structurally and instrumentally, there are musical forms and subject matter that are distinctively Palestinian.[1]
Historical development[edit]
Palestinian oud performer in Jerusalem, 1859.[2]
Palestinian shepherd flutist in traditional dress, c.1910–1920
In the areas now controlled by both Israel and the Palestinian National Authority, multiple ethnic groups, races and religions have long held on to a diversity of cultures. Palestinians (including Druze and Bedouin) constituted the largest group, followed by Jews (including Sephardim and Ashkenazim), Egyptians, Cypriots, Samaritans, Circassians Armenians, Dom, and others. Wasif Jawhariyyeh was one oud-player, famous for his post 1904-diary.
Early in the 20th century, Palestinians that lived in rural areas, either as farmers or as nomads. The farmers (fellaheen) sang a variety of work songs, used for tasks like fishing, shepherding, harvesting and making olive oil. Traveling storytellers and musicians called zajaleen were also common, known for their epic tales. Weddings were also home to distinctive music, especially the dabke, a complex dance performed by linked groups of dancers. Popular songs made use of widely varying forms, particularly the mejana and dal'ona (see below Forms of Palestinian Songs).
After the creation of Israel in 1948, large numbers of Arab Palestinians fled to, or were forced into, refugee camps in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The most popular recorded musicians at the time were the superstars of Arab classical music, especially Umm Kulthum and Sayed Darwish. The centers for Palestinian music were in the Palestinian (now Israeli) towns of Nazareth and Haifa, where performers composed in the classical styles of Cairo and Damascus. A shared Palestinian identity was reflected in a new wave of performers who emerged with distinctively Palestinian themes, relating to the dreams of statehood and the burgeoning nationalist sentiment.
In the 1970s, a new wave of popular Palestinian stars emerged, including Sabreen and Al Ashiqeen. After the 1987 First Intifada, a more hard-edged group of performers and songwriters emerged, such as al- Funoun, songwriter Suhail Khoury, songwriter Jameel al-Sayih, Thaer Barghouti's Doleh and Sabreen's Mawt a'nabi.
In the 1990s, the Palestinian National Authority was established, and Palestinian cultural expression began to stabilize. Wedding bands, which had all but disappeared during the fighting, reappeared to perform popular Egyptian and Lebanese songs. Other performers to emerge later in the 90s included Yuad, Washem, Mohsen Subhi, Adel Salameh, Issa Boulos, Wissam Joubran, Samir Joubran, and Basel Zayed with his new sound of Palestine and Turab group founded in 2004 with the CD Hada Liel.
The Diaspora Palestinian Reem Kelani is one of the foremost researchers and performers in the present day of music with a specifically Palestinian narrative and heritage. [3] Her 2006 debut solo album Sprinting Gazelle – Palestinian Songs from the Motherland and the Diaspora comprised Kelani's research and arrangement of 5 traditional Palestinian songs, whilst the other 5 songs were her own musical settings of popular and resistance poetry by the likes of Mahmoud Darwish, Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Rashid Husain and Mahmoud Salim al-Hout. [4] All the songs on the album relate to 'pre-1948 Palestine'.
A large part of Palestinian music includes wedding songs and dancers. Due to the large amount of weddings in Palestinian culture, wedding singers have been able to maintain the tradition of Palestinian songs whilst incorporating modern vocals and rhythms. Wedding singers draw from a repertoire of ceremonial material including henna songs sung at the henna ceremony, wedding processionals (zeffat), and popular debkah and dance songs.
Music and identity[edit]
Palestinian music reflects Palestinian experience.[5] As might be expected, much of it deals with the struggle with Israel, the longing for peace, and the love of the land of Palestine. A typical example of such a song is Baladi, Baladi (My Country, My Country), which has become the unofficial Palestinian national anthem:
Palestine, Land of the fathers,
To you, I do not doubt, I will return.
Struggle, revolution, do not die,
For the storm is on the land.[6]
Zareef et Tool is one of the most popular Palestinian songs of today and can be traced back decades. The song encourages Palestinians not to leave their homeland.:[7]
يا زريف الطول وقّف تاقلك ... رايح عالغربة و بلادك أحسنلك
خايف يا زريف تروح و تتملك .. و تعاشر الغير و تنساني أنا
O, elegant and tall one stop so I can tell you
You are going abroad and your country is better for you
I am afraid you will get established there
And find someone else and forget me
Forms of traditional Palestinian songs[edit]
Unlike many other cultures, traditional Palestinian songs have no set lyrics but rather a set rhythm to them. The singers are usually family members or close friends that make up the lyrics on the spot. At modern Palestinian events there may be a professional singer but the forms mentioned below, still very popular today, were created before the popularization of professional singers. Therefore, the song lyrics differ from city to city. Many types of Palestinian songs, including Atab/Mejana and Dal'ona, have transcended time. Due to the relevance of the subject matter and the need to maintain tradition and culture, traditional types of Palestinian songs can still be heard at events of today, such as weddings or gatherings. They still remain extremely popular throughout the Palestinian culture. These forms of songs include:[7]
1. Mejana or Ataba is the most popular type of song in Palestine. You can hear farmers, workers, and shepherds singing the Palestinian song while doing their jobs. However, weddings are the main environment for the songs. As with the other forms of songs, Mejana deals with poetry. Usually the singer starts with the long sound of, "Ooaaaff". Then the verses of ataba follow. Ataba is composed of four verses of poetry. The first three end with the same word in sound but different meanings. The fourth verse ends with a word that usually ends with a sound like, "Aab or Aywa!".[7]
2. Dal'ona is the second most popular type of song in Palestine. It is easier to compose than ataba because it does not require the similar sound of the ends of the first three verses. However, like ataba, dal'na had four verses of poetry where the first three have similar endings and the fourth usually ends with a sound like, "Oana". Dal'ona is the sound of the Palestinian popular dance, dabka, where the dancers sing it along with the sound of the shubbabah (flute), yarghool or mijwiz.[7]
3. The Sahja is another popular form of Palestinian song usually sung at weddings. It may be done by men or women and involves clapping to the rhythm of song that is being sung to the bride for women, or groom for men. The men gather in two lines and facing each other or surround the groom. Then the zajal leads the sahja. The zajal is a talented singer or close family member who sings the sahja on the spot. The zajal leads the sahja with a verse, and the entire group repeats. The sahja done by women consists of the same idea but with many women leading (usually older women) while the young women repeat. Also, the women may add a loud, "Lolololeey" during and at the end of the sahja. Also, there is no female zajal.
4. Zaghareet (pl) is one of the oldest forms of Palestinian songs. It is another important form of song during Palestinian weddings. The zaghreet is traditionally sung by women at weddings or important events. One woman starts the zaghroot with a loud, "Heeey Hee..." or "Aweeha...". She then continues with a small poem or few short rhyming words. After the women are done they all join with a loud, "Lolololoolololoeeeey" sound. Unlike the women's sahja, the zaghroot involves no clapping an only one women must take turns to offer a zaghareet.
Palestinian hip hop[edit]
Main article: Palestinian hip hop
Beginning in the late 1990s, Palestinian youth forged a new Palestinian musical subgenre – Palestinian rap or hip hop – which blends Arabic melodies and Western beats, with lyrics in Arabic, English and even Hebrew.
Borrowing from traditional rap music that first emerged in the ghettos of Los Angeles and New York in the 1970s, "young Palestinian musicians have tailored the style to express their own grievances with the social and political climate in which they live and work"[8]
DAM were pioneers in forging this blend. As Arab citizens of Israel, they rap in Arabic, Hebrew, and English often challenging stereotypes about Palestinians and Arabs head-on in songs like "Meen Erhabe?" ("Who's a terrorist?")
More peculiar is the West Bank group Ramallah Underground, found by the two brothers Aswatt, Boikutt and Stormtrap. Their sound is a mix of hip hop, trip hop, downtempo alongside traditional Arab music.
Repression under Hamas rule[edit]
According to the human rights organization Freemuse, Palestinian musicians feared the same was going to happen in the Palestinian territories where Islamic fundamentalists have become increasingly assertive since the militant Hamas group scored political gains in the Palestinian Authority local elections of 2005.[9]
In 2005 an outdoor music and dance performances in Qalqiliya were suddenly banned by the Hamas led municipality, for the reason that such an event would be forbidden by Islam. The municipality also ordered that music no longer be played in the Qalqiliya zoo, and mufti Akrameh Sabri issued a religious edict affirming the municipality decision.[9][10] In response, the Palestinian national poet Mahmoud Darwish warned that "There are Taliban-type elements in our society, and this is a very dangerous sign".[9][10][11][12]
The Palestinian columnist Mohammed Abd Al-Hamid, a resident of Ramallah, warned that this religious coercion could cause the migration of artists, and said "The religious fanatics in Algeria destroyed every cultural symbol, shattered statues and rare works of art and liquidated intellectuals and artists, reporters and authors, ballet dancers and singers – are we going to imitate the Algerian and Afghani examples?"[10]
Musicians and instruments from palestine, anno 1860[edit]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Rima Tarazi (April 2007). "The Palestinian National Song:A Personal Testimony". This Week in Palestine.
3. ^
4. ^
7. ^ a b c d
8. ^ Amelia Thomas. "Israeli-Arab rap: an outlet for youth protest". Christian Science Monitor.
9. ^ a b c Palestine: Taliban-like attempts to censor music Freemuse – The World Forum On Music And Censorship. 17 August 2005.
10. ^ a b c Afghanistan in Palestine, by Zvi Bar'el, Haaretz, 26.07.05
11. ^ "Palestinians Debate Whether Future State Will be Theocracy or Democracy". Associated press, July 13, 2005.
12. ^ Gaza Taliban? by Editorial Staff, The New Humanist, Volume 121 Issue 1, January/February 2006
• Morgan, Andy and Mu'tasem Adileh. "The Sounds of Struggle". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp. 385–390. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
Further reading[edit]
• Cohen, Dalia and Ruth Katz (2005). Palestinian Arab Music: A Maqam Tradition in Practice. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-11298-5.
• Mashmalon, Micah (1988). Palestinian Folk Songs. Morris Moore Series in Musicology, 4. Shazco. ISBN 9998300916.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52933 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Petechial rash)
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For other uses of "Purpura", see Purpura (disambiguation).
Petechiae and purpura on the lower limb due to medication induced vasculitis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 D69
ICD-9 287
DiseasesDB 25619
MedlinePlus 003232
MeSH D011693
Purpura (from Latin: purpura, meaning "purple") are red or purple discolorations on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. They are caused by bleeding underneath the skin usually secondary to vasculitis or dietary deficiency of vitamin C (scurvy).[1] Purpura measure 0.3–1 cm (3–10 mm), whereas petechiae measure less than 3 mm, and ecchymoses greater than 1 cm.[2]
This is common with typhus and can be present with meningitis caused by meningococci or septicaemia. In particular, meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis), a Gram-negative diplococcus organism, releases endotoxin when it lyses. Endotoxin activates the Hageman factor (clotting factor XII), which causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The DIC is what appears as a rash on the affected individual.
Purpura are a common and nonspecific medical sign; however, the underlying mechanism commonly involves one of:
Cases of psychogenic purpura are also described in the medical literature,[4] some claimed to be due to "autoerythrocyte sensitization". Other studies[5] suggest the local (cutaneous) activity of tissue plasminogen activator can be increased in psychogenic purpura, leading to substantial amounts of localized plasmin activity, rapid degradation of fibrin clots, and resultant bleeding. Petechial rash is also characteristic of a rickettsial infection.
See also[edit]
1. ^ "UCSF Purpura Module" (PDF).
2. ^ Mitchell RS; Kumar V; Robbins SL; Abbas AK; Fausto N (2007). Robbins basic pathology (8th ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 10–11. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.
3. ^ "Toxic Effects of Levamisole in a Cocaine User". New England Journal of Medicine.
4. ^ Anderson JE, DeGoff W, McNamara M (1999). "Autoerythrocyte sensitization (psychogenic purpura): a case report and review of the literature". Pediatric emergency care 15 (1): 47–8. doi:10.1097/00006565-199902000-00014. PMID 10069314.
5. ^ Lotti T, Benci M, Sarti MG, Teofoli P, Senesi C, Bonan P et al. (1993). "Psychogenic purpura with abnormally increased tPA dependent cutaneous fibrinolytic activity". Int J Dermatol 32 (7): 521–3. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb02840.x. PMID 8340191.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52934 | Pier Luigi Pizzi
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Pier Luigi Pizzi
Born (1930-06-15) June 15, 1930 (age 84)
Milan, Italy
Nationality Italian
Occupation Film director, Costume designer
Years active 1967 - present
In 1990 Pizzi opened the new Opéra Bastille in Paris with its production of Les Troyens. In December 2004, Pizzi arranged sets and costumes for L'Europa riconosciuta (by Antonio Salieri) for the reopening of the renovated La Scala, where he collaborated again after an approximately twenty-year break with director Luca Ronconi.
(Unless otherwise noted, Pizzi is responsible for the direction, sets, and costumes.)
Pizzi is a :
• Maria Ida Biggi (Hrsg.): Pier Luigi Pizzi alla Fenice. Marsilio 2005. 248 pages, 334 illustrations (color, black and white). (ISBN 88-317-8807-8)
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52935 | List of traditional card and tile packs
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This is a list of traditional sets of playing cards or gaming tiles such as mahjong tiles or dominoes. A typical traditional pack of playing cards consists of up to 52 regular cards, organized into 4 suits, and optionally some additional cards meant for playing, such as jokers or tarot trumps. The cards of each suit typically form a hierarchy of ranks. However, some traditional packs, especially from Asia, follow a different scheme.
French suited packs[edit]
French-suited cards are the most popular design and can be found in most countries. Historically, kings were the highest cards and aces were the lowest, and this hierarchy is sometimes still prescribed for cutting. Aces are now the most common high card in most games. In Ace–Ten card games such as pinochle, tens have the second-highest card-point value and therefore tend to rank high between ace and king rather than in their natural position. Other common high cards are twos, threes, and jacks.
Full French-suited pack[edit]
The full French-suited pack contains 52 cards, organized into the 4 French card suits spades, clubs, diamonds and hearts and 13 ranks. The modern common hierarchy is ace > king > queen > jack > 10 > 9 > 8 > 7 > 6 > 5 > 4 > 3 > 2, i.e. aces are high and twos are low. Many decks in France and Belgium use the numeral "1" for the ace. Full French-suited packs often contain anywhere from one to four jokers with two being the most common, which are needed for some games. Zwicker decks come with six jokers. Jokers have neither suit nor rank. Some packs are sold with accessories needed for specific games like cribbage boards, bidding boxes, or cut cards.
Double packs (2x52 plus jokers) and triple packs (3x52 plus jokers) with the same back designs are sold for Canasta and Samba. These decks usually contain point values marked on the cards.
Stripped French-suited packs[edit]
24-card stripped decks are often sold in Germany and Austria for Schnapsen. These decks go from nines to aces in each suit. Doubled versions of this deck (2x24) are used to play Pinochle and Doppelkopf.
32-card packs have ranks seven through ace in each suit and are very common in Europe. They are used to play Piquet, Belote, Skat, Klaverjas, and Préférence. Doubled decks (2x32) are sold for Bezique.
36-card packs go from ranks six through ace in each suit. This pack is in use in western Switzerland as the French-suited Jass pack and is quite common in Russia for playing Durak. It was once used to play Piquet until the sixes were dropped to make the game more interesting.
40-card packs are found mostly in Latin countries where they compete against local Italian or Spanish suited decks. These sets range from two to seven and jack to ace in each suit. An exception is Portugal where the ranks go from two to six, eight, and jack to ace.
Expanded French-suited pack[edit]
63-card packs are produced for playing the six-handed version of 500, a variant of Euchre. These decks add elevens, twelves, red thirteens, and a single joker to the standard 52 card pack. The decks are mostly sold in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
French-suited Tarot packs[edit]
The 78-card Tarot Nouveau deck is the most widely used set for Tarot card games in France, Belgium, Denmark, and parts of Switzerland. A full set contains the standard 52 cards plus a Knight face card for each suit ranking between the Queen and Jack. Aces are marked with "1" and are the lowest ranked cards. There are 21 numbered trump cards and one unnumbered and suitless card, The Fool, which excuses the player from following suit.
The 54-card Cego and Industrie und Glück decks omit the aces through sixes in black suits and fives through tens in the red suits. They are found in Germany, Switzerland, and throughout the former Austro-Hungarian empire. In games played with these decks, The Fool is part of the trump suit. Plain suit cards don't have corner indexes.
German suited packs[edit]
German-suited cards are still common in large parts of Central Europe, although they generally compete with French-suited cards, which are often more popular.
Full German-suited pack[edit]
Full German-suited packs are largely confined to southern Germany and Austria where Bavarian tarock and Jass are played. They contain 36 cards, organized into the four German suits of acorns, leaves, hearts, and bells and 9 ranks. The role of the queen is played by another male figure (ober) similar to the jack (unter). The ober has its suit sign placed in a high position, and the unter has it placed in low position. Aces are styled as deuces. The modern natural hierarchy is ace > king > ober > unter > ten > 9 > 8 > 7 > 6, i.e. aces are high. In Austria and South Tyrol, the Six of Bells is often used like a joker.
Italian manufacturers also started producing 40-card packs for South Tyrol since the 1980s. This set includes the 5s which allows players to play Italian card games that require 40 cards.
Standard German-suited pack[edit]
This is a German-suited pack without the sixes, as used for many Central European games such as Skat and Sixty-six / Mariáš. Some packs add the Six of Bells to make it into a 33-card deck.
Stripped German-suited packs[edit]
24-card sets are available for Schnapsen. They go from ranks nine to ace in each deck. The doubled deck version (2x24) is used for Doppelkopf. Another doubled deck version for Pinochle and Gaigel replaces rank nine with sevens.
Swiss suited packs[edit]
Swiss-suited cards are used only in part of the German-speaking area of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Locally they are known as "German" cards.
Jass pack[edit]
The only frequently encountered Swiss-suited pack is known as the Jass pack. It contains 36 cards and is very similar to the southern German-suited pack. The main difference is that instead of leaves and hearts there are shields and bells, and the ten is styled as a banner.
Kaiser pack[edit]
The 48-card Kaiser pack is only produced to play Kaiserspiel, which requires 40 or 48 cards. If the banner and deuce are regarded as a ten and ace, the pack is equivalent to an extended Jass pack that lacks only aces. If the banner and deuce are regarded as ace and deuce, the pack is equivalent to a full Spanish-suited pack.
Spanish suited packs[edit]
Spanish-suited cards are used in most Spanish-speaking countries and in the south of Italy.
Full Spanish-suited pack[edit]
The full Spanish-suited pack contains 48 cards, organized into the 4 Spanish suits swords, clubs, cups and coins and 12 ranks. These decks usually include two jokers. The court cards are usually numbered. The role of the queen is played by the caballo (cavalier), visually distinct from the sota (jack) by riding a horse. The common ranking from to low to high is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, jack (10), cavalier (11), king (12), and ace (1).
Standard Spanish-suited pack[edit]
The standard Spanish-suited pack consists of 40 cards in the ranks ace, king, cavalier, jack and 2–7.
Spanish-suited Tarot pack[edit]
The uncommon 64-card Tarocco Siciliano set uses Spanish styled straight swords and crude clubs like other southern Italian decks. It omits the Two and Three of coins, and numerals one to four in clubs, swords and cups. One card, the Ace of Coins, is almost never used as it was added solely for the purpose of the stamp tax. It is one of the rare sets to feature female knaves.
Italian suited packs[edit]
Italian-suited cards are used only in the north of Italy.
Full Italian-suited pack[edit]
The full Italian-suited pack contains 52 cards, organized into the 4 Spanish suits swords, batons, cups and coins and 13 ranks. It is very similar to the full Spanish-suited pack, but does have tens as pip cards.
Standard Italian-suited pack[edit]
Like the standard Spanish-suited pack, the standard Italian-suited pack consists of 40 cards in the ranks ace, king, cavalier, knave and 2–7.
Italian-suited Tarot packs[edit]
Italian game packs are largely confined to Italy and parts of Switzerland. Among them, the 78-card Tarocco Piemontese is the most popular. Each suit now includes the Queen between the King and Knight. The hierarchy of the pip cards depends on its suit. The Fool is labelled 0 while trump 20 is usually the strongest, even beating trump 21.
A rarer 78-card set is the Swiss 1JJ Tarot found in a few pockets in Switzerland. Despite using Italian suits, the trumps labelled in French.
The 62-card Tarocco Bolognese omits pip cards 2 to 5, has Ace instead of 1, and makes the bottom four of the trumps equal in rank. It is used to play Tarocchini.
Ganjifa packs[edit]
Main article: Ganjifa
The Ganjifa packs are associated with India and Persia. They are typically hand painted and many different designs are known. The suits vary and can number 8, 10, 12 or more. A feature of Ganjifa cards is that they are often circular, although rectangular designs also exist.
Hanafuda pack[edit]
Main article: Hanafuda
The Japanese Hanafuda pack contains 48 cards. There are 12 suits representing months, and three ranks: normal, poetry ribbon and special. Every normal card exists twice.
Main article: Mahjong
Chinese domino packs[edit]
Further information: Chinese dominoes |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52936 | Pittsburgh Keystones (baseball)
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Pittsburgh Keystones
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
League affiliation(s)
Negro National League
The Pittsburgh Keystones were a professional Negro league baseball team that operated in 1921 and 1922. The club was founded by Alexander McDonald Williams, a Barbadian immigrant and pool hall operator.[1] The Keystones' home field was Central Park, located in the Hill District at the corner of Chauncey Street and Humber Way.[2] The park was built by the prominent African American architect Louis A. S. Bellinger, who would later design Greenlee Field for the Pittsburgh Crawfords.[3][4]
In their first season the Pittsburgh Keystones played as associate members of the Negro National League. Managed by Fred Downer, they compiled a 7-14-1 record against league and other associate clubs.[5] The Keystones joined the league as full members in 1922, finishing sixth with a 14-23-2 record in league play under managers Dizzy Dismukes and Dicta Johnson.[6] The team disbanded after the season.
1. ^ Ashwill, Gary (2009-09-09). "Central Park, Pittsburgh 1920-1925". Retrieved 2012-04-07.
2. ^ Ashwill, Gary (2006-05-07). "Pittsburgh's Central Park". Retrieved 2012-04-07.
3. ^ Tannler, Albert M. (2006-05-07). "Pittsburgh's African-American Architect Louis Bellinger and the New Granada Theater". Retrieved 2012-04-10.
4. ^ Strecker, Geri, "The Rise of Greenlee Field: Biography of a Ballpark," Black Ball: A Negro Leagues Journal 2:2 (Fall 2009): 39-40.
5. ^ "Seamheads.com Negro Leagues Database". 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-07. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52937 | This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Pond Eddy Bridge
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Pond Eddy Bridge
A view along a bridge with metal girders overhead and a wooden deck
from the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River.
Coordinates 41°26′21″N 74°49′13″W / 41.43917°N 74.82028°W / 41.43917; -74.82028
Carries Quadrant Route 1011 (Pennsylvania)[1]
CR 41 (New York)[2]
Crosses Delaware River
Locale Pond Eddy, NY-PA
Maintained by PennDOT
Heritage status NRHP #88002170
ID number 000000000029949[3]
Design Petit truss
Material Steel, wood
Total length 521 feet (159 m)
Width 12 feet (3.7 m)
Number of spans 2
Load limit 4 tons
Clearance above 13.5 feet (4.1 m)
Clearance below 31 feet (9.4 m)
Designer Oswego Bridge Company
Constructed by Oswego Bridge Company
Opened 1903
Daily traffic 29
The Pond Eddy Bridge is a petit truss bridge spanning the Delaware River between the hamlet of Pond Eddy in Lumberland, New York and the settlement informally called Pond Eddy in Shohola Township, Pennsylvania. It is accessible from NY 97 in Lumberland on the New York side and two dead-end local roads, Flagstone Road (State Route 1011) and Rosa Road on the Pennsylvania side. The bridge was built in 1903 by the Oswego Bridge Company to replace an old suspension bridge that had washed away in a flood earlier in the year. It connected the bluestone quarries in Pennsylvania to New York.
The bridge remained intact for many years and, in 1963, it was rededicated as the All Veterans Memorial Bridge by two local veterans groups.[4] In 1998, it was nominated for the U.S. National Register of Historic Places for its engineering significance; it is also listed in the New York State Register of Historic Places.[5]
Over the years, the bridge's condition has deteriorated, weakening its retaining strength. The National Bridge Inventory Survey categorizes its condition as "Structurally Deficient" and "Basically intolerable requiring high priority of replacement".[3] In 2005, the town of Narrowsburg passed a resolution calling on the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) to replace the bridge. There has also been a local movement to save the bridge. The bluestone quarries are no longer active, but the bridge still serves as the only access to 26 homes on the Pennsylvania side and the only access those residents have to emergency services. Because of the state of the bridge, planning for its replacement began in 1999;[5] full construction to replace the bridge is scheduled to begin in 2013.
The 1870 suspension bridge[edit]
Erie Railroad tracks, now part of the Norfolk Southern system, run along the ridge on the Pennsylvania side of the bridge, paralleling the river and the local road below it.
Settlement around Pond Eddy was triggered by the Delaware and Hudson Canal, which was constructed in the 1820s. The Erie Railroad, on the Pennsylvania side, also contributed to the community's growth. After Pond Eddy continued to grow in both states, local officials decided a bridge should be erected to connect the two communities. The new bridge would make it easier to ship bluestone, slate and lumber via the railroad. In 1870, a new bridge was funded with taxpayer's money and the Town of Lumberland in New York helped build the new Pond Eddy Bridge. The new bridge was a wire-rope suspension bridge, similar to those used by John Augustus Roebling. James D. Decker, then the Sullivan County sheriff and former Lumberland town supervisor was hired to supervise the construction of the bridge. He lived so close to the bridge site that it was soon nicknamed "Decker's Bridge". When finished, the new bridge was 521 feet (159 m) long and 12 feet (3.7 m) wide, enough to hold the anticipated traffic. It stood 31 feet (9.4 m) above the water, higher than most bridges on the Delaware.[6]
Historians believe that from the beginning of the bridge's life, it was toll-free for Lumberland residents.[6] Eventually the town leased the bridge out to private individuals, who collected tolls indiscriminately. During times when bridge could not be leased, the town retained control. The tollhouse was later removed and sold. It is now a home. Originally, the settlement of Pond Eddy on the Pennsylvania side was named Flagstone, but changed to its current name upon construction. Both Pond Eddys expanded rapidly. A new railroad station was created in Pond Eddy on the Pennsylvania side. The riverfront location on the New York side had two stores, a Methodist church, a telegraph office, eighteen homes and a new hotel with a restaurant. The hotel had new owners around the time of the bridge and eventually became a large stop for travelers. The Pond Eddy Bridge served the town of Lumberland well in the late 19th century, but the area's prosperity did not last. The canal went out of business in 1898, after years of competition from railroads. The Erie station on the Pennsylvania had no roads to go anywhere, and the community began to decline. Decker died at 77 years old in 1900, having lived long enough to experience the rise and fall of Pond Eddy.[6]
The bridge from river level
The 1903 petit truss bridge[edit]
In 1903, the "floods of the century" struck the Delaware River Valley. Two storms of massive strength, including one from the Great Lakes converged in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and New York on October 9, causing massive flooding.[7] The Riverside Hotel received little damage, but homes and businesses were damaged heavily as well as the railroad. The 1870 bridge was destroyed in the storm. Lumberland hired the Oswego Bridge Company to build a replacement for $28,900 ($759,000 in contemporary dollars[8]). The company built the current two-span, one-lane steel structure.
The lumber industries and stone mines on both sides of the river were eventually exhausted and closed. Tourists coming up the river from Port Jervis became the mainstay of the local economy. During the next two decades, seasonal homes and hotels were built in Pond Eddy.[6]
During the 1920s, the Joint Bridge Commission in Pennsylvania and New York started buying up the tolled bridges along the Delaware. The town of Lumberland offered the Pond Eddy bridge to the Commission, but was refused. The bridge, according to the Commission, was already toll-free and adequately maintained. However, the town was eager to get rid of the responsibility to maintain the two-decade old structure, and continued to try. Finally in 1926, the Lumberland town supervisor, a friend of Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot, offered the commission the bridge for $1; around the same time, the commission paid $55,000 ($733,000 in 2015 dollars[8]) for the Narrowsburg–Darbytown Bridge. The Joint Commission became the owner of both bridges. Since then the bridge's history has been virtually uneventful, surviving the flooding during the remains of Hurricane Diane in 1955 with little damage.[6]
Replacement plans[edit]
In 2005, the community of Narrowsburg, New York, several miles upstream, requested that Pennsylvania Department of Transportation replace the 102-year old structure. It had already had its weight limits reduced. The same year, an engineering firm in Millburn, New Jersey reported replacing the bridge would cost about $6.16 million, while keeping it would cost even more and raise its life expectancy by no more than 15 years.[9] The Upper Delaware Council said that the 8 ton (7.2 tonne) limit on the bridge was inadequate for service trucks and emergency vehicles. The Shohola Township supervisors support maintaining the existing bridge, but the Lumberland Town Board was not convinced that it would be sufficient.[9]
Ground-level view of a road leading up to a Pratt truss bridge spanning a river
The approach to the bridge from the south on Route 97
More proposals were made in 2007. Replacing the bridge would cost $7–8 million and take two years to complete. Rehabilitation would require bringing the bridge up to code so it could carry loads of up to 40 tons (36 tonnes). A preservation group formed to oppose a replacement. Its founder compared the bridge to the Dingmans Ferry Bridge on the Pennsylvania–New Jersey border, which carries similar traffic loads. One possibility is to replace the bridge, and move the antique structure elsewhere in Sullivan County, since it is a popular tourist attraction.[10] In June 2008, a compromise was made defining the possibility of a $12 million bridge to replace the 104-year-old deteriorating structure. PennDOT has suggested that they will let anyone preserve the bridge by taking it somewhere else. However, there has been no response, and plans for the new bridge were initially scheduled to begin by 2010.[11]
PennDOT has recently begun the Route 1011-Pond Eddy Bridge Replacement Project. Route 1011 is the internal designation for Flagstone Road, one of the two side roads in Pennsylvania along with the bridge. The state has proposed a four-span bridge with three connecting bridge piers, with four side options: replacing the bridge upstream, buying out the 26 residences on the Pennsylvania side, rehabilitating the structure to handle weights of 16-18 tons or maintain the bridge in its current form. Depending on which project is chosen, the estimated start would be in 2013, when the structure reaches its 110th year in use. The entire project would cost $8.5-11 million. Opponents of demolishing the bridge hope that that they can find a place to move the bridge, which would cost $500,000, and have the new owners maintain it.[12]
On December 17, 2010, PennDOT's District 4 downposted the bridge's weight limit to four tons due to deterioration on the bridge. PennDOT will also front $350,000–$500,000 to replace 70 planks on the bridge, which will then restore the weight back to seven tons. Signage has already adjusted for the demotion by both PennDOT and Sullivan County.[13] Replacement began on April 18, 2011 of 64 stringer beams and on May 25, the project was completed, less than a month ahead of schedule. The seven-ton weight limit was also restored as a result of the completed construction.[14] The cost of the project totaled out to $493,000 (2011 USD).[15]
View of the Pennsylvania side of the bridge from a kayak on the Delaware River
Officials from the state of New York stopped the replacement project in 2012 due to concerns of the local preservationist group, Save the Pond Eddy Bridge, which complained that the $12 million (2012 USD) project would only serve twelve families in Shohola Township and was a waste of taxpayer funding. The new bridge, which would have a weight limit of 40 tons and 32 feet (9.8 m) wide, caused New York State Department of Transportation to work with PennDOT to redesign the bridge. In May 2013, a deal was reached between all agencies, developing a new bridge that would be 22 feet (6.7 m) wide, with a single lane and sidewalk. The new bridge also got approval from the Federal Highway Administration despite the critics who thought it would be cheaper to build a road in Shohola Township side, which would be about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of new road. The new bridge would look similar to the original structure and would cost about $9 million (2013 USD) to construct. The 15-month project however would require the Delaware River to have the waters below rerouted for the construction.[16]
On July 14, 2014, PennDOT announced that they were opening bids on selling the Pond Eddy Bridge for people who wish to reassemble to use it as a bridge within the next ten years. The agency also sent out invitations for all municipalities in Lackawanna, Luzerne, Pike, Susquehanna, Wayne and Wyoming counties.[17]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Pike County, Pennsylvania Type 10 Map (PDF) (Map). Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. 2009. p. 1. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
2. ^ Pond Eddy Digital Raster Quadrangle (Map). 1:24,000. New York State Department of Transportation. 1994. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
3. ^ a b Inventory, National Bridge. "Structure Number: 000000000029949". Washington D.C.: United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
4. ^ See the plaque at File:Pond Eddy Bridge plaque.jpg
5. ^ a b "Seven to Save 2002". Preservation League of New York State. 2001. Archived from the original on 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
6. ^ a b c d e Dale, Frank T. (2003). Bridges Over The Delaware River: A History of Crossings. Rutgers University Press. pp. 158–164. ISBN 978-0-8135-3213-4. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
7. ^ Flood Scene in Paterson, N.J. -H36824. [motion picture]. Edison Manufacturing Company. October 13, 1903
8. ^ a b Inflated values automatically calculated.
9. ^ a b Buterbaugh, Charlie (August 2005). "River council supports new bridge at Pond Eddy". The River Reporter (Narrowsburg, New York: Stuart Communications). Retrieved 2008-05-05.
10. ^ Koenig, Sarah (May 8, 2007). "Decision near on fate of Pond Eddy Bridge; the Pa. DOT is thinking of replacing it, while local groups want to save it". Times Herald-Record (News Corporation). Retrieved 2008-05-05.
11. ^ Koenig, Sarah (June 3, 2008). "Catskill Confidential: Compromise reached regarding Pond Eddy Bridge". Times Herald-Record (News Corporation). Retrieved 2008-06-16.
12. ^ "Route 1011, Pond Eddy Bridge Replacement Shohola, Pike County". Pennsylvania Department of Transportation-Region 4. Milford, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
13. ^ "Pond Eddy Bridge limited to 4 tons". The News Eagle (Hawley, Pennsylvania: The News Eagle). December 20, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
14. ^ Brelje, Beth (May 26, 2011). "Pond Eddy Bridge repairs wrap up ahead of schedule". The Pocono Record. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
15. ^ Brelje, Beth (May 25, 2011). "Pond Eddy Bridge back in business after repairs". The Pocono Record. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
16. ^ Mayer, Fritz (May 1, 2013). "Deal reached on Pond Eddy Bridge; Replacement will be smaller than planned". The River Reporter. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
17. ^ Brelje, Beth (July 14, 2014). "Historic Pond Eddy Bridge, built in 1904, up for sale in Pennsylvania". Pocono Record. Retrieved July 14, 2014. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52938 | Pubic Fruit
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Pubic Fruit
Compilation album by Curve
Released 17 November 1992
Recorded 1991–1992
Genre Alternative rock, shoegazing
Length 58:53
Label Anxious Records/
Charisma Records
Producer Curve (track 1)
Curve and Steve Osborne (tracks 2–12)
Curve and Flood (track 13)
Curve chronology
Pubic Fruit
Radio Sessions
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic 4/5 stars link
Pubic Fruit is a compilation album by Curve, containing the band's first three EPs and an extended mix of 'Faît Accompli'.
Curve released three critically acclaimed and increasingly successful EPs, The Blindfold EP, The Frozen EP and The Cherry EP, in the UK throughout 1991. None of these EPs' songs were included on the band's début, Doppelgänger, except for 'Clipped' which was included on the US pressing only. Pubic Fruit was released shortly after Doppelgänger to collect together the early EPs. The album also included an extended version of hit single 'Faît Accompli'.
Pubic Fruit was only officially released in the USA, though it has been widely exported and is now the easiest way to acquire Curve's earliest releases.
Track listing[edit]
The Blindfold EP
1. 'Ten Little Girls' – 4:28
2. 'I Speak Your Every Word' – 3:55
3. 'Blindfold' – 4:32
4. 'No Escape from Heaven' – 4:22
The Frozen EP
1. 'Coast is Clear' – 4:02
2. 'The Colour Hurts' – 4:35
3. 'Frozen' – 4:00
4. 'Zoo' – 3:51
The Cherry EP
1. 'Clipped' – 4:14
2. 'Die Like a Dog' – 4:41
3. 'Galaxy' – 3:58
4. 'Cherry' – 5:51
From The Faît EP
1. 'Faît Accompli Extended Extended Extended' – 6:25
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52939 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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P'yŏng'an Province
Korean transcription(s)
• Hangul 평안도
• Hanja 平安道
• Revised Romanization Pyeong-an-do
• McCune–Reischauer P'yŏng'an-do
Short name transcription(s)
• Hangul 평안
• Revised Romanization Pyeongan
• McCune–Reischauer P'yŏngan
Country Korea
Region Kwansŏ
Capital P'yŏngyang
• Type Province
Dialect P'yŏngan
P'yŏng'an (P'yŏng'an-do [pʰjʌŋando]) was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. P'yŏngan was located in the northwest of Korea. The provincial capital was P'yŏngyang.
P'yŏngan Province was formed in 1413. Its name derived from the names of two of its principal cities, P'yŏngyang (평양; 平壤) and Anju (안주; 安州).
In 1895, the province was replaced by the Districts of Kanggye (Kanggye-bu; 강계부; 江界府) in the northeast, Ŭiju (Ŭiju-bu; 의주부; 義州府) in the northwest, and P'yŏngyang (P'yŏngyang-bu; 평양부; 平壤府) in the south.
In 1896, Kanggye and Ŭiju Districts were reorganized into North P'yŏngan Province, and P'yŏngyang District was reorganized into South P'yŏngan Province. North and South P'yŏngan Provinces are today part of North Korea.
P'yŏngan was bounded on the east by Hamgyŏng, on the south by Hwanghae, on the west by the Yellow Sea, and on the north by China.
The regional name for the province was Kwansŏ.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52940 | Rita Corbin
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Rita Corbin
Born (1930-05-21)May 21, 1930
Died November 17, 2011(2011-11-17) (aged 81)
Cause of death
Automobile Accident
Nationality American
Occupation Graphic Artist
Religion Catholic
Spouse(s) Martin Joseph Corbin
Rita Corbin was a Catholic Worker and artist. Her prints have been used in religious publications, such as the newspaper The Catholic Worker and Commonweal, as well as in publications by peace organizations such as the War Resisters League. She is known for her painting on the wall of the Catholic Worker farm in Tivoli.[1][2]
In 2011 Corbin died of injuries from an automobile accident.[3]
Illustrated Books[edit]
• Ramshaw, Gail (April 1995). A Metaphorical God: An Abecedary of Images for God. Rita Corbin (Illustrator). ISBN 978-1-56854-071-9.
• Bay, Christian; Walker, Charles C. (1975). Civil disobedience: theory and practice. Black Rose Books E18. cover illustration by Rita Corbin. Montreal. ISBN 978-0-919618-56-5. OCLC 2525869.
1. ^ Day, Dorothy (March 1966). "On Pilgrimage - March 1966". Catholic Worker ((Dorothy Day Library on the Web at http://www.catholicworker.org/dorothyday/)). Retrieved 20 December 2009.
2. ^ Vogel, Matt (May 2008). "An Artist for All Seasons". Catholic Worker.
3. ^ "Catholic Worker artist Rita Corbin dies". National Catholic Reporter. November 18, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52941 | Robert William Jameson
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Robert William Jameson
Christian Pringle
Robert William Jameson, WS (1805–1868): A Writer to the Signet in Edinburgh, Town Councillor, newspaper editor, poet and playwright, Robert William Jameson was the father of Sir Leander Starr Jameson, South African statesman and prime minister, and the nephew of Professor Robert Jameson of the University of Edinburgh. Born in Edinburgh in 1805, Robert William was the son of Thomas Jameson, a wealthy shipowner, merchant and burgess of the city of Edinburgh, as recorded in Colvin, Vol. 1: 1-2 (1922). Colvin writes of Robert William's father and grandfather, both of whom were named Thomas Jameson, that:
"These Jamesons came, so the tradition goes, from the Shetland Islands; and both their origin and their crest, a ship in full sail, with Sine Metu for motto, suggest that they once followed a seafaring life. But they had been long settled in Leith and Edinburgh." (Colvin, 1922, Vol.1:1).
In 1835, Robert William Jameson married Christian Pringle, daughter of Major-General Pringle of Symington and his wife Christian Watson. The Jamesons had eleven children, of whom Leander Starr was the youngest, born on February 9, 1853.
Having first pursued a career as a Writer to the Signet in Edinburgh, Robert William's interest in journalism was recognised by his Whig friend and patron the Earl of Stair, who in 1954 made him Editor of the Wigtownshire Free Press, the headquarters of which was based in Stranraer, to which the family moved from Edinburgh, remaining there until 1860.
Robert William was a radical and free thinker, author of the dramatic poem Nimrod, published in 1848 and of the play Timolean, a tragedy in five acts, published and performed at the Adelphi Theatre in Edinburgh in 1852. Timolean, inspired by liberal anti-slavery views of the era, was popular with audiences and ran to a second edition within the first year of publication. In 1854 Jameson published the novel The Curse of Gold.
Writing for The Scotsman in 1922, W.Forbes Gray observed of Robert William Jameson that:
"There was probably no better known man in Edinburgh in the earlier part of the last century than Robert William Jameson, W.S., the father of the South African statesman whose biography is reviewed in your columns to-day. When the agitation for Parliamentary and municipal reform was at its height, Jameson, who was a sturdy Radical and a violent opponent of the Corn Law, ranged himself alongside of Adam Black, and was able as well as indefatigable in his advocacy of the policy of the 'clean slate'. Lord Chancellor Campbell considered Jameson the best hustings speaker he ever heard. Jameson was prominent at most of the public meetings of that time, and when the citizens of Edinburgh gave their feelings over the rejection of the first Reform Bill by the House of Lords, Jameson was one of the speakers at a mass meeting in the King's Park, attended by about 50,000 people. He was also an ardent municipal reformer, and was among those chosen at the first election of the reformed Town Council of Edinburgh. In 1835 Councillor Jameson opposed a proposal that the College Committee of the Town Council should supervise the teaching given in the University."
Robert William and his family moved to Chelsea and Kensington in London in 1861, where he died in 1868.
• Colvin, I. (1922) The Life of Jameson: in Two Volumes. London: Edward Arnold and Co.
• Forbes Gray, W. (1922) Sir Starr Jameson's Edinburgh Ancestry, The Scotsman, Tuesday, 24 October 1922, page 6. Available from the Archives of The Scotsman. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52942 | This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Robert Winchelsey
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Robert Winchelsey
Archbishop of Canterbury
Province Canterbury
Diocese Diocese of Canterbury
Elected 13 February 1293
Term ended 11 May 1313
Predecessor John Peckham
Successor Thomas Cobham
Consecration September 1294
by Pope Celestine V
Personal details
Died 11 May 1313
Buried Canterbury Cathedral
Robert Winchelsey (or Winchelsea) (c. 1245–1313) was an English Christian theologian and Archbishop of Canterbury. He studied at the universities of Paris and Oxford, and later taught at both. Influenced by Thomas Aquinas, he was a scholastic theologian. Winchelsey held various benefices in England, and was the Chancellor of Oxford University before being elected to Canterbury in early 1293. Although he initially had the support of Edward I, Winchelsey later became a forceful opponent of the king. The archbishop was encouraged by the papacy to resist Edward's attempts to tax the clergy. Winchelsey was also an opponent of the king's treasurer Walter Langton as well as other clergy. On one occasion he rebuked an abbot so sternly that the abbot suffered a fatal heart attack.
Following the election of a former royal clerk as Pope Clement V in 1305, the king was able to secure the archbishop's exile that same year. Upon the succession of Edward's son, Edward II, Winchelsey was allowed to return to England after the new king petitioned the pope to allow his return. Winchelsey soon joined the king's enemies, however, and was the only bishop to object to the return of the king's favourite, Piers Gaveston. Winchelsey died in 1313. Although miracles were alleged to have happened at his tomb, an attempt to have him declared a saint was unsuccessful.
Early life[edit]
Medieval lecturer from a painting by Laurentius de Voltolina, second half of the 14th century. Robert would have taught much like this.
Winchelsey studied and taught at the universities of Paris and Oxford, and became the Rector of Paris, and Chancellor of Oxford. While in Paris, he read, and possibly met, Thomas Aquinas, and his own theology was thereafter purely scholastic.[1] In 1283, he was appointed canon of St. Paul's in London, but it is unclear exactly when he returned to England. He held the prebend of Oxgate in the diocese of London,[2] and was made Archdeacon of Essex, also in the London diocese, in about 1288.[3]
John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, died in December 1292, and on 13 February 1293 Winchelsey was elected as his successor.[4] Unusually, neither the pope nor the king had a hand in his election.[1] On 1 April Winchelsey left England for Rome to get papal confirmation.[1] He was not consecrated immediately because of a papal vacancy; Celestine V eventually performed the ceremony at Aquila on 12 September 1294.[5]
Disputes with Edward I[edit]
Winchelsey was a fearless opponent of Edward I. When he swore his oath of fealty to Edward, he offended the king by adding a declaration that he was only swearing fealty for the temporalities, not the spiritualities. All through his term as archbishop he refused to allow Edward to tax the clergy beyond certain levels, and withstood severe pressure to change his mind. In August 1295, he offered the king a tenth of all ecclesiastical revenues, less than Edward had hoped to collect from the clergy. Winchelsey did concede though that if the war with France, which was what the money was requested to fund, continued into the following year, then the clergy would be amenable to making further contributions.[6]
Following the issue of the papal bull Clericis laicos in 1296, forbidding the payment of taxes to a secular power, Winchelsey urged his clergy in 1297 to refuse payments to Edward. However, the clergy of the province of York paid a tax of a fifth of their revenues. Edward then declared clerics who refused to pay outlaws, and ordered their property to be seized. He conceded that the clergy could return to his protection if they paid a fine of a fifth of their revenues, exactly what the northern clergy had offered in the way of taxation. The royal clerks and many other clergy paid the fines, and in March, the southern clergy met again, and after a long debate, Winchelsey instructed each clerk to decide for himself whether or not to pay the fine. It appears that most chose to pay,[7] but the archbishop still refused to make any contribution, and so Edward seized his lands. They were returned to him in July 1297, when the king and prelate were reconciled at Westminster.[8] Winchelsey then tried to mediate between Edward and the earls, who also objected to Edward's tax demands.[9]
Winchelsey further irritated Edward with his opposition to the Bishop of Lichfield, Walter Langton, who was the king's treasurer.[1] The king was not the only one to be upset by the archbishop; the abbot of Oseney, in 1297, was so affected by a rebuke from him that he suffered a fatal heart attack.[10] In 1299, Winchelsey and the king briefly reconciled, and the archbishop presided at the king's second marriage, to Margaret of France, at Canterbury.[11] Winchelsey vigorously asserted his authority over his suffragan, or subordinant bishops, quarrelled with Pope Boniface VIII over a Sussex living, and was excommunicated by one of the pope's clerks in 1301. He was absolved in 1302.[5]
Exile and return[edit]
A statue of Pope Boniface VIII, from Florence. Robert supported Boniface's claims to be protector of Scotland.
Winchelsey and the barons joined in demanding reforms from the king at the parliament of Lincoln in 1301, but Winchelsey's support of Boniface VIII's claim to be the protector of Scotland, broke the alliance. One of the reasons which led the archbishop to ally with the barons was his hostility to Edward's adviser, Walter Langton, Bishop of Lichfield. The king took no action against Winchelsey until the Gascon and former royal clerk Bertrand de Got was named Pope Clement V in 1305.[12] Edward then sent two envoys – Langton and Henry Lacy – to the pope, to press his claim that Winchelsey was plotting against him. Clement suspended the archbishop on 12 February 1306.[5] Winchelsey left England and went to the papal court at Bordeaux, where he stayed until Edward's death in July 1307. Only Antony Bek, Bishop of Durham supported the archbishop.[1]
After the death of Edward I, the new king, Edward II, asked that Winchelsey be restored,[13] which the pope agreed to on 22 January 1308.[5] Soon after his return to England in early 1308 the archbishop joined the king's enemies.[14] The archbishop, along with the Earl of Warwick, were the only people to object to the return of the new king's favourite Piers Gaveston to England in 1309.[15] Winchelsey aided the barons in their prosecution of Edward II by sentencing their enemies to excommunication.[16] He was appointed an Ordainer in 1310,[17] and died at Otford on 11 May 1313.[1][4]
Winchelsey was a preacher of some note, and when preaching at St. Paul's he attracted large crowds to his sermons and lectures.[18] Winchelsey's theological writings date primarily from his time at St. Paul's, where he delivered a number of quodibeta. The quaestiones disputatae from those sessions survive, and illustrate his highly orthodox trinitarian views and his scholastic method. Miracles were said to have been worked at his tomb in Canterbury cathedral, but efforts to have him declared a saint were unsuccessful.[1]
1. ^ a b c d e f g Denton "Winchelsey, Robert" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2. ^ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 1: St. Paul's, London: Prebendaries: Oxgate
3. ^ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 1: St. Paul's, London: Archdeacons: Essex
5. ^ a b c d Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Canterbury: Archbishops
6. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 405
7. ^ Prestwich Edward I pp. 415–417
8. ^ Powell and Wallis House of Lords pp. 232–235
9. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 420
10. ^ Prestwich Edward I pp. 412–413
11. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 521
12. ^ Prestwich Edward I pp. 540–541
13. ^ Powell and Wallis House of Lords p. 266
14. ^ Weir Queen Isabella p. 42
15. ^ Weir Queen Isabella p. 49
16. ^ Weir Queen Isabella p. 55
17. ^ Powell and Wallis House of Lords pp. 275–276
18. ^ Moorman Church Life pp. 162–163
Further reading[edit]
• Denton, J. H. (1980). Robert Winchelsey and the Crown, 1294–1313: A Study in the Defence of Ecclesiastical Liberty. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22963-4.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
John Peckham
Archbishop of Canterbury
Succeeded by
Walter Reynolds
(Thomas Cobham
chosen but vetoed by the Pope)
Academic offices
Preceded by
Hervey de Saham
Chancellor of the University of Oxford
Succeeded by
William de Kingescote |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52944 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of vyākaraṇa (Sanskrit: व्याकरण, IPA: [ʋjɑːkərəɳə]) is one of the six Vedanga disciplines. It has its roots in late Vedic India, and includes the famous work, Aṣṭādhyāyī, of Pāṇini (c. 4th century BCE).
The impetus for linguistic analysis and grammar in India originates in the need to be able to obtain a strict interpretation of the Vedic texts.[citation needed]
The work of the very early Indian grammarians has been lost; for example, the work of Sakatayana (roughly 8th century BCE) is known only from cryptic references by Yaska (c. 6th or 5th century BCE) and Pāṇini. One of the views of Sakatayana that was to prove controversial in coming centuries was that most nouns can be derived etymologically from verbs.
In his monumental work on etymology, Nirukta, Yaska supported this claim based on the large number of nouns that were derived from verbs through a derivation process that became known as krit-pratyaya; this relates to the nature of the root morphemes.
Yaska also provided the seeds for another debate, whether textual meaning is inherent in the word (Yaska's view) or in the sentence (see Pāṇini, and later grammarians such as Prabhakara or Bhartrihari). This debate continued into the 14th and 15th centuries CE, and has echoes in the present day in current debates about semantic compositionality.
Pre-Pāṇinian schools[edit]
Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī, which is said to have eclipsed all other contemporary schools of grammar, mentions the names of nine grammarians.[1][2] A number of predecessors are referred to by Yāska, who is thought to have flourished a couple of centuries before Panini (c. 800 BCE[3]). Many of these individual names actually reflect the opinion of different schools of thought. Some of these pre-Paninian names of individuals / schools are:
• Agrayana[1]
• Aindra
• Āpiśali (Pan. 6.1.92)
• Aupamanyava[1]
• Aurnabhava (Nir. 6.13, also[1]
• Cakravarmaṇa (Pan. 6.1.130)
• Gālava (Nir. 4.3
• Gārgya
• Kāśyapa (Pan. 8.4.67)
• Kāṣakṛtsna
• Katthakya[1]
• Kautsa
• Krauṣṭuki (Nir. 8.2)
• Kuṇaravāḍava (Pan. 3.2.14; 7.3.1)
• Śākalya (Pan. 8.4.51)
• Śākaṭāyana (Pan. 8.4.50)(c. 800 BCE)
• Senaka (Pan. 5.4.112)
• Shakapuni
• Sphoṭāyana (Pan. 6.1.123)
The works of most these authors are lost but we find reference of their ideas in the commentaries and rebuttals by later authors. Yāska's Nirukta is one of the earlier surviving texts, and he mentions Śākaṭāyana, Krauṣṭuki, Gārgya, etc. In Yāska's time, nirukta "etymology" was in fact a school which gave information of formation of words. The etymological derivation of words. According to the nairuktas or "etymologists", all nouns are derived from s verbal root. Yāska defends this view and attributes it to Śākaṭāyana. While others believed that there are some words which are "Rudhi Words". 'Rudhi" means custom. Meaning they are a part of language due to custom, and a correspondence between the word and the thing if it be a noun or correspondence between an act and the word if it be a verbroot. Such word can not be derived from verbal roots. Yāska also reports the view of Gārgya, who opposed Śākaṭāyana who held that certain nominal stems were 'atomic' and not to be derived from verbal roots[4]
Of the remaining schools, Śākalya is held to be the author of the padapatha of the Rigveda (a word-by-word pronunciation scheme, aiding memory, for ritual texts).
Pāṇini's school[edit]
Pāṇini's extensive analysis of the processes of phonology, morphology and syntax, the Aṣṭadhyāyī, laid down the basis for centuries of commentaries and expositions by subsequent Sanskrit grammarians. Pāṇini's approach was amazingly formal; his production rules for deriving complex structures and sentences represent modern finite state machines.
Pāṇini's grammar consists of four parts:
Commentators on Pāṇini and some of their views:
• Kātyāyana (linguist and mathematician, 3rd century BCE): that the word-meaning relation is siddha, i.e. given and non-decomposable, an idea that the Sanskriticist Ferdinand de Saussure called arbitrary. Word meanings refer to universals that are inherent in the word itself (close to a nominalist position).
• Patanjali (linguist and yoga sutras, 2nd century BCE) – author of Mahabhashya. The notion of shabdapramânah – that the evidentiary value of words is inherent in them, and not derived externally. Not to be confused with the founder of the Yoga system.
• The Nyaya school, close to the realist position (as in Plato). Considers the word-meaning relation as created through human convention. Sentence meaning is principally determined by the main noun. uddyotkara, Vachaspati (sound-universals or phonemes)
• The Mimamsa school. E.g. sentence meaning relies mostly on the verb (corresponds to the modern notion of linguistic head). Kumarila Bhatta (7th century), prabhakara (7th century CE).
• Bhartṛhari (c. 6th century CE) that meaning is determined by larger contextual units than the word alone (holism).
• Kāśikāvṛttī (7th century)
• Bhaṭṭi (c. 7th century CE) exemplified Pāṇini's rules in his courtly epic the Bhaṭṭikāvya.[5]
• The Buddhist school, including Nagarjuna (logic/philosophy, c. 150 CE) Dignaga (semantics and logic, c. 5th century CE), Dharmakirti.
Medieval Accounts[edit]
The earliest external historical accounts of Indian grammatical tradition is from Chinese Buddhist pilgrims to India from the 7th century.[6]
The Indica of Al-Biruni (973–1048), dating to c. 1030 contains detailed descriptions of all branches of Hindu science.
Mughal period[edit]
Early Modern (Mughal period, 17th century) Indian linguists who revived Pāṇini's school include Bhattoji Dikshita and Varadaraja.
Similar to the Chinese Buddhists, Tibetan Buddhism aroused interest in India among its followers. Taranatha (born 1573) in his treatise of the history of Buddhism in India (completed around 1608) speaks about Pāṇini and provides some information about grammars, but not in the manner of a person familiar with their content.
Gaudiya Vaishnava Sanskrit grammar is outlined by Jiva Goswami in his Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇam.[7]
Modern Sanskrit grammarians[edit]
Further information: Sanskrit in the West
Beginning of Western scholarship[edit]
19th century[edit]
20th century to present[edit]
1. ^ a b c d e Monier Monier-Williams (1876). Indian Wisdom Or Examples of the Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus. quote: "Panini himself mentions several grammarians as having preceded him, such as Apisali, Kasyapa, Gargya, Galava, Cakravarmana, Bharadvaja, Sakatayana, Sakalya, Senaka, and Sphotayana. The Unadi-sutras are thought by some to be anterior to Panini." Also discusses the differences in opinions on interpreting Vedic texts, as given by Aurnabhava, Aupamanyava, Agrayana, Katthakya, Kautsa and Shakapuni – all mentioned as "anterior to Yaska" on p. 169
2. ^ Ashtyadhyayi 6.1.92, 6.1.123, 8.4.67, etc. (annotated in list)
3. ^ Satkari Mukhopadhyaya,. "Sanskrit Grammatical Literature". in Encyclopaedia of Indian literature v.2, ed. Amaresh Datta, Sahitya Akademi. p. 1490.
4. ^ Matilal, Bimal Krishna (2001) [1990]. The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-565512-5{{inconsistent citations}} 8f. (excerpts)
5. ^ Fallon, Oliver. 2009. Bhatti's Poem: The Death of Rávana (Bhaṭṭikāvya). New York: Clay Sanskrit Library[1]. ISBN 978-0-8147-2778-2 | ISBN 0-8147-2778-6 |
6. ^ Frits Staal, A Reader on the Sanskrit Grammarians, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1972), reprint by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi (1985), ISBN 81-208-0029-X.
7. ^ Sri JivaHari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇam
• Coward, Harold G., and K. Kunjunni Raja, eds., The Philosophy of the Grammarians, Volume V of Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, ed. Karl Potter, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
See also[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52945 | Serravalle, Switzerland
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(Redirected from Serravalle, Ticino)
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Malvaglia village in Serravalle
Malvaglia village in Serravalle
Serravalle is located in Switzerland
Coordinates: 46°25′N 8°59′E / 46.417°N 8.983°E / 46.417; 8.983Coordinates: 46°25′N 8°59′E / 46.417°N 8.983°E / 46.417; 8.983
Country Switzerland
Canton Ticino
District Blenio
• Mayor Sindaco
• Total 96.92 km2 (37.42 sq mi)
Population (Dec 2013[2])
• Total 2,089
• Density 22/km2 (56/sq mi)
Postal code 6713, 6714, 6721
SFOS number 5050
Surrounded by Acquarossa, Biasca, Bodio, Blenio, Hinterrhein (GR), Mesocco (GR), Rossa (GR), Sobrio
SFSO statistics
Serravalle is a municipality in the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was formed on 1 April 2012 by the merger of the former municipalities of Malvaglia, Semione and Ludiano.[3]
In 1926 a grave was discovered which contained Iron Age grave offerings. The modern municipality of Ludiano is first mentioned in 1211 as Luguilano.[4] It was mentioned as a local center for surrounding farmhouses and villages in 1351.
The parish church of S. Secondo is first mentioned in 1293. It was rebuilt in 1779-82, though the older romanesque clock tower was retained.[4]
In the past, the main sources of income were crops, livestock and vineyards. This income was supplemented by money sent back to the village by emigrants to other European countries. After the emigration-related decline in the mid-19th century, the number of inhabitants has increased in the last decades of the 20th century and has led to numerous new homes. In 2000 about half the jobs in the village were in manufacturing and the services sector accounted for about a fifth of the jobs. Two thirds of the working population earned their livelihood outside the community.[4]
Malvaglia is first mentioned in 1205 as de Malvallia. In German it used to be known as Manglia.[5] Malvaglia's development and history is closely tied to the development and history of the Blenio valley. In the settlement of Rongier, an ancient town on the Lukmanier road, a Roman coin hoard was found. The settlement is also home to the Casa Baggio. Casa Baggio was built in the 16th century and expanded in the 17th. It was probably the ruling seat of the bailiff. The building is now listed as a historic building. Above the village is also the remains of Casa dei pagani, a cave castle from the 11th-13th Centuries.[5]
The original, parish church was dedicated to St. Benedict and first mentioned in 1207. The current building, with St. Martin as the patron saint is from 1602–03, but the bell tower is from the 13th Century.[5]
The local economy was dominated by agriculture, animal husbandry, vineyards. The emigration in until the 19th century to Italy and in the 19th and 20th centuries to France, England, and America, led to a sharp population decline. Between 1933 and 1959, the first cable car in the Canton was in operation between Malvaglia and Ponterio in the Malvaglia Valley. In 1995 a new line was inaugurated on Mount Dagro. In the 1940s for the construction of the dam, a road was built into the Malvaglia Valley. The ring road around the village open in 1976. In 2000 about one-third and one-half of the workers were employed in manufacturing and the services sectors, respectively. More than half of employed persons worked outside of the municipality.[5]
Serravalle has an area of 96.92 km2 (37.42 sq mi).[1] Of this area, 3.37 km2 (1.30 sq mi) or 3.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 44.08 km2 (17.02 sq mi) or 45.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.63 km2 (0.63 sq mi) or 1.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.24 km2 (0.48 sq mi) or 1.3% is either rivers or lakes and 37.38 km2 (14.43 sq mi) or 38.6% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.4%. Out of the forested land, 36.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.8% is used for growing crops and 1.1% is used for alpine pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.2% is in lakes and 1.1% is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 13.0% is unproductive vegetation and 25.5% is too rocky for vegetation.[6]
Historic Population[edit]
Heritage sites of national significance[edit]
The Casa dei pagani (a cave castle) and the parish church of S. Martino with its ossuary and churchyard in Malvaglia and the Parish Church of S. Maria Assunta with Ossuary, the Oratory of S. Maria Bambina a Navone and the Rovine del castello di Serravalle in Semione are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The villages of Rongie/Orino, Semione, Navone and the Val Malvaglia region are all listed on the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites[8]
1. ^ a b Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeindedaten nach 4 Hauptbereichen
2. ^ Swiss Federal Statistics Office – STAT-TAB Ständige und Nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Region, Geschlecht, Nationalität und Alter (German) accessed 18 August 2014
3. ^ Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (German) accessed 23 May 2012
4. ^ a b c Ludiano in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
5. ^ a b c d Malvaglia in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52947 | Sylhet District
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This article is about the district of Sylhet. For other uses, see Sylhet (disambiguation).
Location of Sylhet in Bangladesh
Location of Sylhet in Bangladesh
Coordinates: 24°53′N 91°52′E / 24.883°N 91.867°E / 24.883; 91.867Coordinates: 24°53′N 91°52′E / 24.883°N 91.867°E / 24.883; 91.867
Country Bangladesh
Division Sylhet Division
Established 1782
• Total 3,452.07 km2 (1,332.85 sq mi)
Population (2011 census)
• Total 3,434,188
• Density 990/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
Literacy rate
• Total 66%
Time zone BST (UTC+6)
Postal code 3100
Sylhet (Bengali: সিলেট জেলা, Sylhet Jela also Sylhet Zila), located in north-east Bangladesh, is one of the four districts in the Sylhet Division.
Sylhet is the chief town of the division, where the division headquarters as well as Sylhet district headquarters are located. Its most famous natural touristic spot is Jaflong and it is also home to the grave of the Muslim saint, Hazrat Shah Jalal Yamani, located in Sylhet town.
Sylhet District is divided into twelve sub-districts or Upazilas.
They are:[2]
Sylhet district was established on 3 January 1782, and until 1878 it was part of Bengal province. In that year, Sylhet was included in the newly created Assam Province, and it remained as part of Assam up to 1947 (except during the brief break-up of Bengal province in 1905–11). In 1947, Sylhet became a part of East Pakistan as a result of a referendum (except the sub-division of Karimganj.) Sylhet subsequently became a sub-division of Sylhet Division and was converted into a district in 1983–84.
Madhobkundo falls in Sylhet district
Rice fields in Balaganj, Sylhet
Shahi Eidgah in Sylhet is one of the oldest and largest Eidgahs in Bangladesh and a popular tourist spot
The district of Sylhet has 6,754 mosques, 453 temples, 96 churches and four Buddhist temples.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Bangladesh at GeoHive
2. ^ Ashfaq Hossain (2012). "Sylhet District". In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52950 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
WikiProject Disambiguation
Requested move[edit]
The result of the move request was: move. -- tariqabjotu 14:49, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
Digital (disambiguation)Digital – to stimulate wikipedia community participation in disambiguation of this vague and often misused adjective. No one article covers every possible meaning of the adjective "digital". This solution of making an adjective title a disambiguation page seems to be working fine for the antonym "Analog." Oicumayberight (talk) 18:53, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
• Support and speedy move: I think that, in principle, this was already agreed as part of the intended outcome of the move request now recorded at Talk:Digital data#Requested move. I think this could have been handled as an uncontroversial technical request. —BarrelProof (talk) 20:37, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
• Comment. I don't oppose this, but note that WP:FIXDABLINKS applies. Moving this disambig page over the existing redirect will require fixing well over 1,000 other articles that currently link to the redirect. --R'n'B (call me Russ) 22:00, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
That's where the wikipedia community participation comes in. It's a wider division of labor. Each person who clicks on the link will either be satisfied with the disambiguation page, or will direct the link to the more specific article. Oicumayberight (talk) 01:12, 28 June 2013 (UTC)
Thanks for the pointer to WP:FIXDABLINKS. I wasn't previous aware of the policy or the python robot tool (although I had previously noticed a lot of links get mysteriously fixed very quickly and wondered how it happened and figured there must be some automated process for it). —BarrelProof (talk) 02:05, 28 June 2013 (UTC)
This is not the kind of link that can be fixed automatically (unless you believe that every link to digital really should point to digital data). There is a WikiProject devoted to fixing ambiguous links and many volunteers. However, Oicumayberight, mostly we are fixing links that were introduced inadvertently; it is not encouraged to add to the already monumental task deliberately. --R'n'B (call me Russ) 16:54, 28 June 2013 (UTC)
Pointing every "digital" link to digital data is what is already in effect now with the redirect. Moving and automating is no worse than the way it is now. Not automating after changing the dab title would just be a tradeoff. What would be lost in accurate links would be gained in removal of inaccurate links and due attention brought to oversimplified links that need to be more specific than "digital data." Eventually, the accurate links would be restored, while more careful consideration would be made towards fixing inaccurate or oversimplified links.
I don't think we are questioning whether or not to move the page. The critical question is whether to do the quick-and-dirty automated fix after moving the page or let the community participation do a slower, yet more accurate case-by-case correction of the links. I doubt many of the links that need correcting will be corrected if they all point to digital data. Most users will probably just click on those links, and then go away confused after a little bit of reading. And they may never know that there were more accurate and specific articles written to describe the concept in the context of the article they linked from. I think there will be less confusion, and the inaccuracy/oversimplification problems will be corrected quicker if the links initially point to the disambiguation page. Oicumayberight (talk) 00:51, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
• STRONG support. "Digital" is too broad. Worry about the work later, just get the right title first. Red Slash 07:47, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
• Support, provided that the links currently pointing to Digital are first fixed to point to the correct target articles (presumably most are intended for Digital data) to avoid a lot of noise in the list of disambiguation links needing to be fixed. bd2412 T 22:35, 4 July 2013 (UTC)
Disambiguation page[edit]
This is a disambiguation page. Please see WP:D (esp. WP:PTM) and WP:MOSDAB. Rather than claiming WP:IAR in an edit summary, please show need (and consensus) for ignoring the rules first. -- JHunterJ (talk) 20:26, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
I've explained the need above. Did you not read the talk page? The disambiguation effort needs more careful effort from the wikipedia community than a bot can provide. Just linking to the lists of the hundreds of alternative links does not make it much easier for editors to find the most relevant articles that aren't oversimplified. Whatever style guide suggestions or rules you are using is obviously inconsistent or weak considering the importance of the links you allowed to be deleted and the unimportance of the links you allowed to remain.
Rather than violate WP:EW instead of applying WP:BRD, please show the specific guidelines or rules that you think have been violated for each link you've deleted and the need (and consensus) for applying the guideline or rule. Oicumayberight (talk) 21:08, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
You didn't undo a bot's edits. You reverted an editor's edits that cleaned the disambiguation page according to the manual of style agreed upon by the broader community for disambiguation pages. I deleted links that are not needed in a disambiguation page. If they are needed for exploration (as opposed to disambiguation), then an article (article, set index article, broad concept article) is needed in addition to this disambiguation page, which is needed for efficient navigation of topics that could have an ambiguous title "Digital". WP:PTM for the partial title matches, which was the only type of entry I deleted. -- JHunterJ (talk) 21:23, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
You are neither making a case for why they aren't needed, nor are you making a case for why the ones you allowed to remain are needed. In discussions of proposals to add, modify or remove material, a lack of consensus commonly results in retaining the version as it was prior to the proposal or bold edit. You don't have consensus for your specific edits on this page just by pointing to a WP:MOS. The broader community that created the MOS is only agreeing to what guidelines should be included in the MOS, not the actual edits to other articles that one person considers to be based on those guidelines or rules. You've already made edits where you've deleted multiple links to important articles without discussing the specifics as to why you've deleted them. The MOS is not a badge for you to do a hatchet job on other people's edits without consensus. I'm open to discussion of each link you want to remove in a more surgical manner, rather than a hatchet job. Oicumayberight (talk) 21:58, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
I didn't undo bot edits? Forgive me for mistaking you're very bot like edits for actual bot edits. Oicumayberight (talk) 05:19, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
My edits were also not bot-like. -- JHunterJ (talk) 11:19, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
DexDor has only mentioned 1 link specifically were WP:PTM applied. That one can obviously go. At least 10 of the 13 other linked article's subjects (or the relevant subtopic thereof) could plausibly be referred to by essentially the same name as the disambiguated term in a sufficiently generic context—regardless of the article's title. Examples: Digital infinity "spoken language is digital" [1] Digital signal "digital is clearer" [2] Digital media "digital is more durable" [3] Electronic media "Digital instead of print" [4] Digital physics "The universe is digital" [5] Digital philosophy ""we think digitally" [6] Digital Revolution "the world has gone digital" [7] Information Age "ever since the digital age" [8] Digital divide "most digital countries" [9] Digital native "young digital generations" [10] Oicumayberight (talk) 20:30, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
• The references might be helpful for discussion purposes, but so far as disambiguation is concerned they are irrelevant unless the linked articles support the claimed usage. And in any case, I don't think these arbitrary gleanings from Google actually do much to support the usages you claim. In many cases, they show little more than informal conversations on chat boards, not usage in reliable sources. olderwiser 21:32, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
Oh! So now we are reinterpreting WP:PTM to say " article's subjects (or the relevant subtopic thereof) could plausibly be referred to by essentially the same name as the disambiguated term in a sufficiently generic context except for informal conversations on chat boards." Go ahead. Keep up with WP:CREEP in your search for a one-size-fits-all bot-like solution. Keep rendering disambiguation pages useless. Keep making it difficult for editors to find the specific article that may better describe the context in which they intend to link to. Oicumayberight (talk) 00:27, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
Reliable sourcing is one of the pillars of Wikipedia; no reinterpretation has occurred. Keeping disambiguation pages uncluttered by partial title matches makes disambiguation pages more useful, not useless. Editors who want to search for occurrences of the word "digital" should click on "containing... Digital" at the bottom of the search box. -- JHunterJ (talk) 00:45, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
First, as mentioned, there are hundreds of links to sift through using that method. Talk about a needle in a haystack. So you want to go from a page with practically no links that have partial title matches to pages with an overwhelming hundreds of links? How's that gonna make looking for a more specific usage any easier? Second, that doesn't cover any of the links that do not include the word "digital" in the title such as electronic media or information age. You are really showing how your one-size-fits-all solution is not a solution at all. It's just a way to make everything look sharper, user-friendliness be damned. Oicumayberight (talk) 01:30, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
Or, it happens to look sharper as a side effect of being more efficient for user navigation, user-friendliness be praised. -- JHunterJ (talk) 01:46, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
Oicumayberight (or wrong as the case may be), what would help is if the articles you want to link to on this disambiguation page actually supported the claim that the articles are ambiguous with the unmodified term "digital", preferably with reliable sources per WP:V. olderwiser 03:11, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
Let me get this straight. You are expecting something in print from a well-known respected author that says something to the effect of "digital is used generically to describe electronic media" or "digital age is used to colloquially describe the information age" or "digital could mean digital media?" I didn't know that well-respected publishers were in the business of stating the obvious. Think about what you are saying here. You're basically claiming evidence of absence by claiming that the meaning of "digital" has never been mistaken for any of the meanings I've listed. And then when I show you evidence, you dismiss it because it wasn't in print by a well-known author or it's "informal conversations on chat boards." I doubt you'll accept anything as proof for your subjective PTM guide posing as policy. Oicumayberight (talk) 04:34, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
Not quite. A citation in a reliable source showing the unmodified term "digital" is used to refer to a subject is all that is needed. olderwiser 04:46, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
I guess I missed the part of WP:PTM that added that specific criteria that "informal conversations on chat boards" doesn't count as a source showing evidence of unmodified term "digital" is used to refer to a subject. Probably because it's not there. Oicumayberight (talk) 05:02, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
You giving links on a talk page is what is irrelevant. What is needed is for the articles themselves to support the ambiguous usage that you claim. olderwiser 11:44, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
WP:RS The term "published" is most commonly associated with text materials, either in traditional printed format or online. Regarding digital media, explain why these articles are not notable: [11] [12]. Oicumayberight (talk) 06:08, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
Perhaps you missed the section on self-published sources (online and paper)? [S]elf-published media—whether books, newsletters, personal websites, open wikis, blogs, personal pages on social networking sites, Internet forum postings, or tweets—are largely not acceptable. But let's suppose for the sake of discussion that the external links you provided were reliable sources. What precisely are they supposed to demonstrate? That is, what term is it that you think these links demonstrate ambiguity with "digital"? olderwiser 11:44, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
That's referring to statements of fact, not evidence of ambiguity from wikipedia editors. You are mixing policies here. Think about what you are saying here. The disambiguation page is for the wikipedia users and editors. Do you think a well-respected highly paid (but not self-publishing) author fits the profile of an average wikipedia user? You are saying that a term is ambiguous only if a well-respected highly paid author (that isn't publishing his/her own work) has been proven to have used the term generically. Under those requirements, a well-spoken author of a book on the subject of digital media must never used the phrase "digital media" in the book, or you could say that the meaning was clear throughout the book. So nothing is ambiguous unless a well-spoken well-respected highly-paid authors have been unclear in print. Got it! Oicumayberight (talk) 16:41, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
I think the only confusion around here is yours. Disambiguation pages are navigational aides to help readers find articles where the subject of the article may be known by an ambiguous term. In general, the title of the article makes the ambiguity obvious. E.g., Barton, Cambridgeshire and Barton Transport. Either could be referred to as simply "Barton". In some cases, the ambiguity may be an alternate name, or a topic addressed in a section of an article with another name. E.g., Barton is also the name of a computer processor. But in these cases, the ambiguous usage is clear in the linked article. As Theoldsparkle explained below, PTM are excluded where there is no indication that the subject is known solely by the ambiguous term. If the linked article gives no indication that it may be known by the ambiguous term, there is no reason to include it on the disambiguation page. olderwiser 16:59, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
There's your evidence of absence again. I'm just the only one willing to discuss the confusion on the talk page. Most user/editors don't have the patience if they even know the talk page is an option. And after what I've experienced, I don't blame them. Oicumayberight (talk) 19:33, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
"evidence of absence"!?!, excuse my French, but WTF are you going on about? How is that concept even remotely applicable here? It is certainly not anything that I or anyone else here has been talking about. How you imagine it to be relevant is simply beyond understanding. It is absolutely possible to produce positive evidence that a term is ambiguous. Period. Full stop. For an article to be considered as ambiguous, the article should make the usage clear. If there is verifiable evidence that reliable sources use the unqualified term "digital" to refer to a topic, that detail should be noted in the article. olderwiser 20:59, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
The "evidence of absence" was based on you're claim that I was the only person who found it confusing just because I'm the only person who was willing to discuss it. Could you show an example of a proof positive for anything that you've allowed to stay on a disambiguation page? And should all entries now be sourced with a link to the reference to comply with your strict standard so that nobody will ever question that it's ambiguous? Oicumayberight (talk) 21:17, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
Just to be clear, Oic, if I were to pick a random internet forum right now and post a comment there saying "The English rock band, The Beatles are also know as Digital", that would be enough of a basis in your view to add *The Beatles to this page? bd2412 T 17:08, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
No. But if the Beatles could be generically or colloquially described by the adjective "digital" for whatever reason (e.g. band member coined the term, first band to use digital audio, etc.) enough to make the adjective used generically or colloquially in multiple forums, that would make it a candidate for a link on this disambiguation page. Whether that generic use was common enough to include is a matter of judgement worth discussing case-by-case, not a matter of someone applying WP:JUSTAPOLICY without discussing why it's removed. Oicumayberight (talk) 19:13, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
I concur with JHunterJ and Bkonrad on what uses the disambiguation page should generally include. I'm not sure the reasoning behind this opinion has been made clear. The issue behind including any given meaning on a disambiguation page, at least from my view and I believe the view of the MOS, is: is it reasonable that a user seeking this topic would search or navigate to the disambiguated term? For example, it's reasonable that someone who wants to read about a song titled "Digital" would go to Digital. It seems less reasonable and likely that someone who wants to read about digital philosophy would go to Digital, as opposed to Digital philosophy. Even if there's a blog post that establishes it's talking about digital philosophy and then uses the shorthand "digital" to refer to digital philosophy, that doesn't mean someone who reads the blog post and wants to know more about digital philosophy will go to Wikipedia and search for the single word "digital." Theoldsparkle (talk) 12:48, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
This was never about someone searching for "digital." This was about editors who've linked to "digital" but didn't realize that there was an article that was more accurate or more specific than digital data. This was about including the most common articles that are more accurate or more specific than digital data. Most wikipedia editors who link terms aren't going to go digging through hundreds of articles just to find the more accurate and more specific usage. If you don't believe that, just look at what links to digital data. By removing the most common meanings from the disambiguation page, it's defeated the purpose of the disambiguation page. Now it's barely any different from doing a search on the term. Oicumayberight (talk) 17:04, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
Good. It should be barely any different from doing a search on the term. Disambiguation pages specifically index direct uses of the term as reflected in Wikipedia. bd2412 T 17:44, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
Too bad there's no way to keep track of that other than to manually comb the history looking for evidence of confusion. If disambiguation pages were intended to be no better than searches, then we should just speedy delete them all. It would be the same effect. Oicumayberight (talk) 19:20, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
Further Disambiguation in See Also[edit]
Why was Diego Moya's edits reverted [13]. WP:SEE ALSO states "unless used for further disambiguation in a disambiguation page." The guide is clearly leaving these matters to judgement with subjective language. What's the criteria here? Why is one link allowed to stay (but with no description), while other links with seemingly equal ambiguity being removed. This is beyond cleaning. This is stripping the wall paint and floor covering. Oicumayberight (talk) 17:08, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
The All pages beginning with "Digital" and the All pages with titles containing "Digital" links aren't very helpful because the number of hits are too numerous to visually scan, especially for those who don't know what they are looking for. And it doesn't cover the terms that don't have the word "digital" in the title or the article, but may be mistakenly interpreted as digital. Eventually the articles may clear up the confusion, but the disambiguation page could only help in pointing to those articles most commonly mistaken to be synonymous or summed up by the adjective "digital." Oicumayberight (talk) 18:41, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
I don't have particular strong feelings about the items currently listed under "See also" (actually, I don't understand at all why Boolean algebra is there, but I'm assuming that there's a decent reason because it hasn't been a subject of contention, as far as I've seen). I reverted User:Diego Moya's additions to "See also" because they appeared to be based on a misunderstanding. His edit summary said, "Non-ambiguous but related articles belong in the See also section, per WP:SEEALSO and WP:D#Usage guidelines." But a dab page can't have "related articles", because a dab page has no topic that those articles can relate to. WP:SEEALSO is a guideline applying to articles, not disambiguation pages. (And WP:D#Usage guidelines is discussing the use of hatnotes on articles, not disambiguation pages.)
WP:SEEALSO includes a passing reference to disambiguation pages, by saying that disambiguation pages can be linked from other disambiguation pages, but not from articles. I don't think any of the links Diego Moya had added were to a disambiguation page, so that doesn't seem relevant. WP:SEEALSO also links to WP:MOSDAB#"See also" section, which does discuss what belongs in a dab page's "See also" section; the links Diego Moya had added don't seem to fall within the described boundaries. Theoldsparkle (talk) 18:52, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
You probably don't understand at all why Boolean algebra is there because the explanation for why it was there was removed by one of the wikiproject disambiguation members, making it ambiguous as to why it was listed on a disambiguation page, the same user who moved it to the see also section. Oicumayberight (talk) 20:23, 15 July 2013 (UTC)
Source for ambiguity notability[edit]
For some strange reason, a stricter standard has been pushed while editing this page requiring references beyond casual conversation or blogs and obviously misdirected links on wikipedia for including some links. IMO, this is a ridiculous WP:CREEPY stretched over-application of subjective policy using WP:JUSTAPOLICY with little or no discussion to back it. But in an effort to collaborate, I'm starting this talk section to list references. They could also be listed in the articles themselves according to WP:DABREF, but I'm putting them here for those who are only interested in deleting the link before reading the article.
Are you still trying to prove that people refer to these topics as just "digital"? I honestly don't know a) what specific links you're arguing to include at this point, or b) what link is supposed to be supported by this reference. I have to ask you something: my understanding from your comments at Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation is that you have no objection to using a broad concept article instead of a disambiguation page to meet your purpose, but you decided to use the dab because it seemed easier. Does the dab still seem easier than the broad concept article? Theoldsparkle (talk) 19:07, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
Wait, you were using this article to support including a link to Analogue electronics on this page? I'm not sure how to politely comment on that. Just, seriously, do the broad concept thing already. Theoldsparkle (talk) 19:14, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
I'm not initiating the broad concept article in any way other than discussion. I haven't the patients for hours of edits deleted by seconds of deletionist failing to see a problem or subjective interpretation passing for objective. That article would take a long time to develop, and I'm not even sure everyone is sold on the idea. At this point, judging by the quickness which they are reverted without little discussion, I already feel like too many of my article edits regarding digital are not welcome.
In your comments you said "It seems like quite a stretch to assume there's a high enough likelihood that users will go to Digital looking for Analogue electronics that we need to include the link to the latter here." That's not the likely scenario as I see it. More likely, a user will assume that "digital" is synonymous for "electronic," never knowing that there's a distinction between analog and digital electronics. The word, electronic may never even occur to them when talking about what powers their digital devices, assuming that the batteries and power supply are also "digital." Never overestimate the limited vocabulary of teenagers born in the digital information overload age. It should be at least mentioned as an in contrast to "analog electronics" in the link description for digital. Something tells me that it's OK for anyone but me to make that change. Oicumayberight (talk) 19:50, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
Further reading for doubters of ambiguity[edit]
Here's some external links that may help any doubters to the extent of the "digital" adjective's ambiguity, use more than bot-like consideration when removing links. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52952 | Flight of the Red Balloon
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Flight of the Red Balloon
©BAC Films 2007
Directed by Hou Hsiao-Hsien
Produced by Kristina Larsen
François Margolin
Written by Hou Hsiao-Hsien
François Margolin
Starring Juliette Binoche
Hippolyte Girardot
Cinematography Pin Bing Lee
Edited by Jean-Christophe Hym
Ching-Song Liao
Release dates
• May 17, 2007 (2007-05-17) (Cannes Film Festival)
• January 30, 2008 (2008-01-30) (France)
Running time
115 minutes
Country France
Language French
Flight of the Red Balloon (French: Le voyage du ballon rouge) is a 2007 French-Taiwanese film directed by Hou Hsiao-Hsien. It is the first part in a new series of films produced by Musée d'Orsay, and tells the story of a French family as seen through the eyes of a Chinese student. The film was shot in August and September 2006 on location in Paris. This is Hou Hsiao-Hsien's first non-Asian film. It references the classic 1956 French short The Red Balloon directed by Albert Lamorisse.
The film opened the Un Certain Regard section of the Cannes Film Festival in May 2007.[1]
Suzanne, a puppeteer, lives with her young son Simon in an apartment in Paris. While her daughter Louise is away in Brussels and she is worried over a financial battle with her tenant, Marc, Suzanne hires a Chinese filmmaker named Song as Simon's new nanny.
Critical reception[edit]
Rotten Tomatoes reported that 80% of 86 sampled critics gave the film positive reviews and that it got a rating average of 6.9 out of 10.[2]
J. Hoberman, writing in The Village Voice was particularly appreciative of the film stating, "Flight of the Red Balloon is contemplative but never static, and punctuated by passages of pure cinema".[3]
Hong Kong film critic Perry Lam, however, wrote a largely negative review in Muse Magazine: "You get the sense that the director hasn't really made up his mind about what kind of movie he wants Red Balloon to be. His style seems to embrace naturalism, while his thematic concern disavows it."[4]
Top ten lists[edit]
The film appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008.[5]
The film won the FIPRESCI Prize at the 2007 Valladolid International Film Festival.
1. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Le voyage du ballon rouge". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
2. ^ "Le Voyage du Ballon Rouge (The Flight of the Red Balloon) (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
3. ^ http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-04-01/film/floating-life/
4. ^ Lam, Perry (December 2007). "Far away, too close". Muse Magazine (11): 100.
5. ^ a b c d e f g "Metacritic: 2008 Film Critic Top Ten Lists". Metacritic. Retrieved January 11, 2009. [dead link]
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52954 | To the Extreme
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To the Extreme
Studio album by Vanilla Ice
Released August 28, 1990
Recorded 1989—1990
Genre Pop rap
Length 57:22
Label SBK
Producer Vanilla Ice, Kim Sharp, Khayree, Darryl Williams
Vanilla Ice chronology
To the Extreme
Mind Blowin'
Singles from To the Extreme
1. "Play That Funky Music"
Released: April 25, 1990
2. "Ice Ice Baby"
Released: July 2, 1990
3. "I Love You"
Released: 1990
To the Extreme is the major label debut studio album of American rapper Vanilla Ice and his best selling album. The album was initially released in 1989 by independent record label Ichiban Records under the title Hooked. Vanilla Ice signed to SBK Records, who reissued the album under its current title. The album contains Vanilla Ice's most successful singles, "Ice Ice Baby" and "Play That Funky Music". Although reviews of the album were mixed, To the Extreme spent 16 weeks at the top of the Billboard 200, and sold 15 million copies worldwide.[1]
In 1989 Vanilla Ice released an early version of To the Extreme under the title Hooked on Ichiban Records.[2][3][4] "Play That Funky Music" was released as the album's first single, with "Ice Ice Baby" appearing as the B-side.[5][6] The 12-inch single featured the radio, instrumental and a cappella versions of "Play That Funky Music" and the radio version and "Miami Drop" remix of "Ice Ice Baby".[7] When a disc jockey played "Ice Ice Baby" instead of the single's A-side, the song gained more success than "Play That Funky Music".[5] A music video for "Ice Ice Baby" was produced for $8000.[8][9] The video was financed by Vanilla Ice's manager, Tommy Quon, and shot on the roof of a warehouse in Dallas, Texas.[10]
In 1990, Vanilla Ice signed to SBK Records, who reissued Hooked under the title To the Extreme. The reissue contained new artwork and music.[11] "Ice Ice Baby" was given its own single, released in 1990 by SBK Records in the United States, and EMI Records in the United Kingdom. The SBK single contained the "Miami Drop", instrumental and radio mixes of "Ice Ice Baby" and the album version of "It's A Party".[12] The EMI single contained the club and radio mixes of the song, and the shortened radio edit.[13]
Vanilla Ice wrote "Ice Ice Baby" at the age of 16, basing its lyrics upon the South Florida area in which he was raised.[14] The lyrics describe a drive-by shooting and Vanilla Ice's rhyming skills.[15] The chorus of "Ice Ice Baby" originates from the signature chant of the national African American fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha.[16][17] The song's hook samples the bassline of the 1981 song "Under Pressure" by Queen and David Bowie.[18] Freddie Mercury and David Bowie did not receive credit or royalties for the sample.[5] In a 1990 interview, Vanilla Ice said the two melodies were slightly different because he had added an additional note. In later interviews, Vanilla Ice readily admitted he sampled the song and claimed his 1990 statement was a joke; others, however, suggested he had been serious.[19][20] Vanilla Ice later paid Mercury and Bowie, who have since been given songwriting credit for the sample.[19]
The stylistic origins of "Rosta Man" are based upon reggae toasting.[11][21]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Entertainment Weekly (B)[22]
Smash Hits (8/10)[23]
AllMusic 3/5 stars[11]
Robert Christgau C−[24]
To the Extreme became the fastest selling hip hop album of all time,[25] peaking at #1 on the Billboard 200.[26] The album spent 16 weeks at the top of the charts, and seven million copies were shipped across the United States.[27] To the Extreme was the best selling hip hop album up until that time.[28] "Ice Ice Baby" has been credited for helping diversify hip hop by introducing it to a mainstream, white audience.[29]
Reviews of To the Extreme were mixed. Entertainment Weekly reviewer Dom Lombardo gave the album a B, calling the album "so consistent in its borrowings that it could be a parody, if it weren't for its total absence of wit",[22] but concluding that "if there's about a two-to-one ratio of winners [...] to clunkers, that's not the worst track record for a debut album."[22] Udovitch cited "Ice Ice Baby", "Play That Funky Music", "Dancin'" and "It's a Party" as the album's highlights.[22] Robert Christgau gave the album a C- rating, writing that Vanilla Ice's "suave sexism, fashionably male supremacist rather than dangerously obscene, is no worse than his suave beats".[24] AllMusic reviewer Steve Huey wrote that "Ice's mic technique is actually stronger and more nimble than MC Hammer's, and he really tries earnestly to show off the skills he does have. Unfortunately, even if he can keep a mid-tempo pace, his flow is rhythmically stiff, and his voice has an odd timbre; plus, he never seems sure of the proper accent to adopt. He's able to overcome those flaws somewhat in isolated moments, but they become all too apparent over the course of an entire album."[11]
After audiences began to view Vanilla Ice as a novelty act, his popularity began to decline. He would later regain some success, attracting a new audience outside of the mainstream audience that had formerly accepted him, and then rejected him.[30]
Track listing[edit]
To the Extreme
No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length
1. "Ice Ice Baby" Vanilla Ice and Earthquake Vanilla Ice 4:31
2. "Yo Vanilla" Vanilla Ice Vanilla Ice 0:04
3. "Stop That Train" Vanilla Ice and Earthquake Vanilla Ice 4:29
4. "Hooked" Vanilla Ice Khayree 4:52
5. "Ice Is Workin' It" Vanilla Ice and Earthquake Vanilla Ice 4:36
6. "Life Is a Fantasy" Vanilla Ice and Earthquake Earthquake 4:47
7. "Play That Funky Music" Vanilla Ice and Earthquake Vanilla Ice 4:22
8. "Dancin'" Vanilla Ice and Earthquake Earthquake and Khayree 5:00
9. "Go Ill" Vanilla Ice David Deberry 5:00
10. "It's a Party" Vanilla Ice Khayree 4:39
11. "Juice to Get Loose Boy" Vanilla Ice Vanilla Ice 0:08
12. "Ice Cold" Vanilla Ice Darryl Williams 4:05
13. "Rosta Man" Vanilla Ice Darryl Williams 4:36
14. "I Love You" Vanilla Ice Kim Sharp 5:06
15. "Havin' a Roni" Vanilla Ice Vanilla Ice 1:09
Total length:
Ice Ice Baby
Stop That Train
Play That Funky Music
It's a Party
Go Ill
• "Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine" by James Brown
Ice Cold
The following people contributed on To the Extreme:[32]
Additional musicians[edit]
• Paul Loomis – keyboards, producer, engineer, keyboard bass
• Craig Pride – vocals
Technical personnel[edit]
• Deshay – overdubs, beats
• George Anderson – engineer
• Tim Kimsey – engineer
• Tommy Quon – executive producer
• Kim Sharp – producer
• Gary Wooten – engineer
• Henry Falco – engineer
• Khayree – producer
• Janet Perr – art direction, design
• Michael Lavine – photography
• Darryl Williams – producer
• Michael Sarsfield – engineer
Chart (1990) Peak position
Billboard 200 1[26]
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums 6[26]
End of decade charts[edit]
Chart (1990–1999) Position
U.S. Billboard 200[33] 20
1. ^ "Vanilla ice special 1999". YouTube. 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
2. ^ "Overview for Hooked". AllMusic. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
3. ^ "Information for Hooked". Discogs. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
4. ^ Price, Jason. "The Next Ice Age". Live-Metal. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
7. ^ "Information for "Ice Ice Baby" (12")". Discogs. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
9. ^ Hilburn, Robert (March 17, 1991). "Why Is Everyone Still Fussing About Ice?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
10. ^ Perkins, Ken Parish (March 31, 1991). "Building with Ice: Tommy Quon struggled for years running clubs -- then found a ticket out". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
11. ^ a b c d Huey, Steve. "Review of To the Extreme". AllMusic. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
12. ^ "Information for "Ice Ice Baby" (SBK)". Discogs. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
13. ^ "Information for "Ice Ice Baby" (EMI)". Discogs. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
19. ^ a b Stillman, Kevin (February 27, 2006). "Word to your mother". Iowa State Daily. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
21. ^ Perkins, William Eric (1996). "Whiteface mimicry: dissin' race and culture". Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture. Temple University Press. p. 199. ISBN 1-56639-362-0.
22. ^ a b c d Udovitch, Mim (November 2, 1990). "Review of To the Extreme". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
23. ^ Andrews, Marc. "Review: Vanilla Ice: To The Extreme (SBK)". Smash Hits (EMAP Metro) (12–25 December 1990): 54.
24. ^ a b Christgau, Robert (1990). "Review of To the Extreme". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
26. ^ a b c "Charts and awards for To the Extreme". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
30. ^ "Catching Up With... Vanilla Ice". The Washington Post. February 17, 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
31. ^
32. ^ "Credits for To the Extreme". AllMusic. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
Preceded by
Step by Step by New Kids on the Block
Billboard 200 number-one album
November 10, 1990 - March 1, 1991
Succeeded by
Mariah Carey by Mariah Carey |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52955 | Tulip vase
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Delftware tulip vase, 18th Century. Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, Rotterdam
A tulip vase, or pyramid vase, is a vase designed to put cut flowers and especially tulips in, but it primarily serves as a decorative showpiece. They were first made in the Netherlands in the 17th century and were decorated with Delfts blauw or Chinese decoration. Replicas of the original tulip vases were made in China and were imported by the Dutch East India Company.
History and origin[edit]
The tulip vase is a form of Delftware faience known for its specific blue colour which is used to decorate the earthenware. Delftware originated from the attempt to imitate Chinese porcelain; the Dutch potters tried to copy it, but they did not succeed.
The stackable tulip vases were made like that because the potters weren't able to make the vase out of one piece around 1700; it would collapse while firing it. Tulips were introduced in the Netherlands at the end of the 16th century; the flowers came from Turkey and became a very expensive, fashionable flower. To this day tulips are very popular flowers.
Sometimes the pyramid vases were not used as flower vases at all, just as showpieces.
Tulip vases can be round, square or oval and they are made in different sizes; the big ones have multiple floors and consist of loose stackable watertight elements and can be up to more than 1.5 metres high. At every level of the vase, one can insert flowers in the appropriate spouts around the vase. The big tulip vases were used to decorate the hearth during the summer and the smaller vases would be placed on the table on a festive occasion.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52956 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 1723
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UN Security Council
Resolution 1723
Iraqi 6th army.jpg
Iraqi forces
Date 28 November 2006
Meeting no. 5,574
Code S/RES/1723 (Document)
Subject The situation concerning Iraq
Voting summary
15 voted for
None voted against
None abstained
Result Adopted
Security Council composition
Permanent members
Non-permanent members
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1723, adopted unanimously on November 28, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions on Iraq, the Council extended the mandate of the multinational force until the end of 2007.[1]
The resolution, sponsored by Denmark, Japan, Slovakia the United Kingdom and the United States,[2] was requested by the Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki in a letter that was attached to the resolution as an annex, along with a letter from the United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice confirming the force's willingness to continue.
In the preamble of the resolution, the members of the Security Council welcomed the formation of a unity government, further welcoming progress made in training Iraqi forces and the transfer of responsibilities in Muthanna and Dhi Qar provinces to the security forces.[3] The text recognised the work of the Iraqi government towards a united and democratic Iraq with respect for human rights; it was vital that dialogue and reconciliation were supported and sectarianism was rejected.
The Council demanded that individuals or groups that deliberately attempt to disrupt the political process lay down their arms and participate. It also addressed issues relating to the betterment of the Iraqi people, including reaffirming the role of the Development Fund for Iraq and International Monetary Fund, the responsibility of the government for co-ordinating humanitarian assistance, and United Nations operations in the country. It was also important that the Iraqi authorities upheld the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations relating to the protection of diplomatic personnel.
Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council extended the mandate of the multinational force, established by Resolution 1546 (2004) in Iraq until December 31, 2007, to be reviewed by June 15, 2007; it could be terminated at any time by the request of Iraq. At the same time, arrangements provided in Resolution 1483 (2003) for depositing proceeds from export sales of petroleum, petroleum products, and natural gas into the Development Fund for Iraq, and its monitoring by the International Advisory and Monitoring Board, were extended until December 31, 2007.[4]
Finally, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan and the United States were requested to report on a quarterly basis on the progress made by the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) and the multinational force respectively.
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Security Council extends mandate of multinational force in Iraq until 31 December 2007". United Nations. November 28, 2006.
2. ^ "UN extends forces in Iraq". The Manila Times. 30 November 2006.
3. ^ Swedish Network of Peace, Conflict, and Development Research (2009). The democratization project: opportunities and challenges. Anthem Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-84331-314-4.
4. ^ Zedalis, Rex J. (2010). Claims Against Iraqi Oil and Gas: Legal Considerations and Lessons Learned. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-521-19350-4.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52957 | User:Big maybe
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Hello, everyone, and thanks for visiting my page. I'm a long-time Wikipedia reader (isn't everyone?), and sometime editor (although anonymously until now).
I am starting out with really small changes, like simple typos and formatting issues. My intent is to improve Wikipedia, one bit at a time, that's all. Please don't take offense if I edited an article of yours without permission. I've assumed good faith on your part, please do the same for me. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52958 | User:Einsteinewton/Guest Book
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Talk Page
Guest Book
Push a button!
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Crystal Clear app kwrite.png This user is a signature collector.
Here is a list created by Bydand of other user guestbooks. Please feel free to add yours.
Anyone can use this list; just add {{User:Bydand/ABs}} where you want it.
hi!Orsd (talk) 02:45, 11 July 2011 (UTC) |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52959 | Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Vaginal)
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Scheme female reproductive system-en.svg
Diagram of the female human reproductive tract and ovaries
Vaginal opening description.jpg
Vulva with vaginal opening
1: Clitoral hood
2: Clitoris
3: Labium minorum (synonym: labium minus)
4: Urethral opening
5: Vaginal opening
6: Perineum
7: Anus
Latin Vagina
Precursor urogenital sinus and paramesonephric ducts
uterovaginal venous plexus, vaginal vein
Sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic plexus
Parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic plexus
Gray's p.1264
MeSH A05.360.319.779
TA A09.1.04.001
FMA 19949
Anatomical terminology
The vagina is a fibromuscular tubular sex organ that is part of the female genital tract. In humans, the vagina extends from the vulva to the uterus. At the vulva, the vaginal orifice may be partly covered by a membrane called the hymen, while, at the deep end, the cervix (neck of the uterus) bulges through the anterior wall of the vagina. The vagina facilitates sexual intercourse and childbirth. It also channels the menstrual flow, consisting of blood and pieces of mucosal tissue, that occurs periodically with the shedding of lining of the uterus in menstrual cycles.
The location and structure of the vagina varies among species, and may vary in size within the same species. Unlike mammalian males, who usually have the urethral orifice as the sole external urogenital orifice, mammalian females usually have two external orifices, the urethral orifice for the urological tract and the vaginal orifice for the genital tract. The vaginal orifice is much larger than the nearby urethral opening, and both openings are protected by the labia in humans. In amphibians, birds, reptiles and monotremes, an opening called the cloaca functions as a single external orifice for the gastrointestinal tract, urological tract, and reproductive tract.
The vagina plays a significant role in human female sexuality and sexual pleasure. During sexual arousal for humans and other animals, vaginal moisture increases by way of vaginal lubrication, to reduce friction and allow for smoother penetration of the vagina during sexual activity. The texture of the vaginal walls can create friction for the penis during sexual intercourse and stimulate it toward ejaculation, enabling fertilization. In addition, a variety of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other disorders can affect the vagina. Because of the risk of STIs, health authorities and health care providers, recommend safe sex practices.
Cultural perceptions of the vagina have persisted throughout history, ranging from viewing the vagina as the focus of sexual desire, a metaphor for life via birth, inferior to the penis, or as visually unappealing or otherwise vulgar. Colloquially, the word vagina is often used incorrectly to refer to the vulva.
Etymology and definition
The term vagina is from Latin vāgīnae, literally "sheath" or "scabbard"; the Latinate plural of vagina is vaginae.[1] The vagina may also be referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy and childbirth.[2][3] Although by its dictionary and anatomical definitions, the term vagina refers exclusively to the specific internal structure, it is colloquially used to refer to the vulva or to both the vagina and vulva.[4][5] Using the term vagina to mean "vulva" can pose medical or legal confusion; for example, a person's interpretation of its location not matching another person's interpretation of the location.[4] Medically, the vagina is the muscular canal between the hymen (or remnants of the hymen) and the cervix, while, legally, it begins at the vulva (between the labia).[4]
The vaginal plate, a precursor to the inferior portion of the vagina, is the growth of tissue that gives rise to the formation of the vagina; it is located where the solid tips of the paramesonephric ducts (Müllerian ducts) enter the dorsal wall of the urogenital sinus as the Müllerian tubercle. The plate's growth is unrestrained, as it significantly separates the cervix and the urogenital sinus; eventually, the central cells of the plate break down to form the vaginal lumen.[6] Until twenty to twenty-four weeks of pregnancy, the vagina is not fully canalized. If it fails to fully canalize, this may result in various forms of septae, which cause obstruction of the outflow tract later in life.[6]
In the absence of testosterone during sexual differentiation (sex development of the differences between males and females), the urogenital sinus persists as the vestibule of the vagina, the two urogenital folds (elongated spindle-shaped structures that contribute to the formation of the urethral groove on the belly aspect of the genital tubercle) form the labia minora, and the labioscrotal swellings enlarge to form the labia majora.[7][8]
The human vagina develops into an elastic muscular canal that extends from the vulva to the uterus.[9][10] It is reddish pink in color, and it connects the superficial vulva to the cervix of the deep uterus. The vagina is posterior to the urethra and bladder, and reaches across the perineum superiorly and posteriorly toward the cervix; at approximately a 90 degree angle, the cervix protrudes into the vagina.[11] The vaginal orifice and urethral opening are protected by the labia.[12]
There exists debate as to which portion of the vagina is formed from the Müllerian ducts and which from the urogenital sinus by the growth of the sinovaginal bulb.[6][13] Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology states, "Some believe that the upper four-fifths of the vagina is formed by the Müllerian duct and the lower fifth by the urogenital sinus, while others believe that sinus upgrowth extends to the cervix displacing the Müllerian component completely and the vagina is thus derived wholly from the endoderm of the urogenital sinus." It adds, "It seems certain that some of the vagina is derived from the urogenital sinus, but it has not been determined whether or not the Müllerian component is involved."[6]
Layers, regions and histology
An illustration showing a cut-away portion of the vagina and upper female genital tract (only one ovary and fallopian tube shown). Circular folds (also called rugae) of vaginal mucosa can be seen
Medium-power magnification micrograph of a H&E stained slide showing a portion of a vaginal wall. Stratified squamous epithelium and underling connective tissue can be seen. The deeper muscular layers are not shown. The black line points to a fold in the mucosa.
The wall of the vagina from the lumen outwards consists firstly of a mucosa of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying lamina propria of connective tissue, secondly a layer of smooth muscle with bundles of circular fibers internal to longitudinal fibers, and thirdly an outer layer of connective tissue called the adventitia. Some texts list four layers by counting the two sublayers of the mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria) separately.[14][15] The lamina propria is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic channels. The muscular layer is composed of smooth muscle fibers, with an outer layer of longitudinal muscle, an inner layer of circular muscle, and oblique muscle fibers between. The outer layer, the adventitia, is a thin dense layer of connective tissue, and it blends with loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers that is present between the pelvic organs.[11][15][16]
Folds of mucosa (or vaginal rugae) are shown in the front third of a vagina
A normal cervix of an adult as seen through the vagina (per vaginam or PV) using a bivalved vaginal speculum. The blades of the speculum are above and below and stretched vaginal walls are seen on the left and right.
The mucosa forms folds or rugae, which are more prominent in the caudal third of the vagina; they appear as transverse ridges and their function is to provide the vagina with increased surface area for extension and stretching. Where the vaginal lumen surrounds the cervix of the uterus, it is divided into four continuous regions or vaginal fornices; these are the anterior, posterior, right lateral, and left lateral fornices.[9][10] The posterior fornix is deeper than the anterior fornix.[10] While the anterior and posterior walls are placed together, the lateral walls, especially their middle area, are relatively more rigid; because of this, they vagina has a H-shaped cross section.[10] Behind, the upper one-fourth of the vagina is separated from the rectum by the recto-uterine pouch. Superficially, in front of the pubic bone, a cushion of fat called the mons pubis forms the uppermost part of the vulva.
Supporting the vagina are its upper third, middle third and lower third muscles and ligaments. The upper third are the levator ani muscles (transcervical, pubocervical) and the sacrocervical ligaments; these areas are also described as the cardinal ligaments laterally and uterosacral ligaments posterolaterally. The middle third of the vagina concerns the urogenital diaphragm (also described as the paracolpos and pelvic diaphragm). The lower third is the perineal body; it may be described as containing the perineal body, pelvic diaphragm and urogenital diaphragm.[9][17]
The epithelial covering of the cervix is continuous with the epithelial lining of the vagina. The vaginal mucosa is absent of glands. The vaginal epithelium consists of three rather arbitrary layers of cells[18] – superficial flat cells, intermediate cells and basal cells – and estrogen induces the intermediate and superficial cells to fill with glycogen. The superficial cells exfoliate continuously and basal cells replace them.[10][19][20] Under the influence of maternal estrogen, newborn females have a thick stratified squamous epithelium for two to four weeks after birth. After that, the epithelium remains thin with only a few layers of cells without glycogen until puberty, when the epithelium thickens and glycogen containing cells are formed again, under the influence of the girl's rising estrogen levels. Finally, the epithelium thins out during menopause onward and eventually ceases to contain glycogen, because of the lack of estrogen.[10][20][21] In abnormal circumstances, such as in pelvic organ prolapse, the vaginal epithelium may be exposed becoming dry and keratinized.[22]
Vaginal opening and hymen
The hymen is a membrane of tissue that surrounds or partially covers the vaginal opening.[10] The effects of vaginal intercourse and childbirth on the hymen are variable. If the hymen is sufficiently elastic, it may return to nearly its original condition. In other cases, there may be remnants (carunculae myrtiformes), or it may appear completely absent after repeated penetration.[23] Additionally, the hymen may be lacerated by disease, injury, medical examination, masturbation or physical exercise. For these reasons, it is not possible to definitively determine whether or not a girl or woman is a virgin by examining her hymen.[23][24]
Variations and size
Main article: Human vaginal size
Pelvic anatomy including organs of the female reproductive system
In its normal state, there is anatomical variation in the length of the vagina of a woman of child-bearing age. The length is approximately 7.5 cm (2.5 to 3 in) across the anterior wall (front), and 9 cm (3.5 in) long across the posterior wall (rear), making the posterior fornix deeper than the anterior.[10][16] During sexual arousal, the vagina expands in both length and width. If a woman stands upright, the vaginal tube points in an upward-backward direction and forms an angle of approximately 45 degrees with the uterus and of about 60 degrees to the horizontal.[10][17] The vaginal opening and hymen also vary in size; in children, although a common appearance of the hymen is crescent-shaped, many shapes are possible.[10][25]
The Bartholin's glands, located near the vaginal opening and cervix, were originally thought to be the primary source for vaginal lubrication, but they provide only a few drops of mucus for vaginal lubrication;[26] the significant majority of vaginal lubrication is generally believed to be provided by plasma seepage from the vaginal walls, which is called vaginal transudation. Vaginal transudation, which initially forms as sweat-like droplets, is caused by vascular engorgement of the vagina (vasocongestion); this results in the pressure inside the capillaries increasing the transudation of plasma through the vaginal epithelium.[26][27][28]
Before and during ovulation, the cervix's mucus glands secrete different variations of mucus, which provides an alkaline, fertile environment in the vaginal canal that is favorable to the survival of sperm.[29] As women age, vaginal lubrication decreases, which does not necessarily mean that a physical or psychological problem exists.[30] After menopause, the body produces less estrogen, which, unless compensated for with estrogen replacement therapy, causes the vaginal walls to thin out significantly.[10][20][31]
Sexual activity
The concentration of the nerve endings near the entrance of the vagina (the lower third) usually provide pleasurable vaginal sensations when stimulated during sexual activity, and many women additionally derive pleasure from a feeling of closeness and fullness during penetration of the vagina.[32][33] The vagina as a whole, however, lacks nerve endings, which commonly hinders a woman's ability to receive sufficient sexual stimulation, including orgasm, solely from penetration of the vagina.[32][33][34] Although some scientific examinations of vaginal wall innervation indicate no single area with a greater density of nerve endings, or that only some women have a greater density of nerve endings in the anterior vaginal wall,[35][36] heightened sensitivity in the anterior vaginal wall is common among women.[35][37] These cases indicate that the outer one-third of the vagina, especially near the opening, contains the majority of the vaginal nerve endings, making it more sensitive to touch than the inner (or upper) two-thirds of the vaginal barrel.[32][34][38] This factor makes the process of child birth significantly less painful, because an increased number of nerve endings means that there is an increased possibility for pain and pleasure.[32][39][40]
Besides penile penetration, there are a variety of ways that pleasure can be received from vaginal stimulation, including by masturbation, fingering, oral sex (cunnilingus), or by specific sex positions (such as the missionary position or the spoons sex position).[41] Some women use sex toys, such as a vibrator or dildo, for vaginal pleasure.[42] Foreplay is often used to incite sexual arousal, and may include one or more of the aforementioned sexual activities. The clitoris additionally plays a part in vaginal stimulation, as it is a sex organ of multiplanar structure containing an abundance of nerve endings, with a broad attachment to the pubic arch and extensive supporting tissue to the mons pubis and labia; it is centrally attached to the urethra, and research indicates that it forms a tissue cluster with the vagina. This tissue is perhaps more extensive in some women than in others, which may contribute to orgasms experienced vaginally.[34][43][44]
During sexual arousal, and particularly the stimulation of the clitoris, the walls of the vagina lubricate. This begins after ten to thirty seconds of sexual arousal, and increases in amount the longer the woman is aroused.[45] It reduces friction or injury that can be caused by insertion of the penis into the vagina or other penetration of the vagina during sexual activity. The vagina lengthens during the arousal, and can continue to lengthen in response to pressure; as the woman becomes fully aroused, the vagina expands in length and width, while the cervix retracts.[45][46] With the upper two-thirds of the vagina expanding and lengthening, the uterus rises into the greater pelvis, and the cervix is elevated above the vaginal floor, resulting in "tenting" of the mid-vaginal plane.[45] As the elastic walls of the vagina stretch or contract, with support from the pelvic muscles, to wrap around the inserted penis (or other object),[38] this stimulates the penis and helps to cause the male to experience orgasm and ejaculation, which in turn enables fertilization.[47]
An area in the vagina that may be an erogenous zone is the G-spot (also known as the Gräfenberg spot); it is typically defined as being located at the anterior wall of the vagina, a couple or few inches in from the entrance, and some women experience intense pleasure, and sometimes an orgasm, if this area is stimulated during sexual activity.[35][37] A G-spot orgasm may be responsible for female ejaculation, leading some doctors and researchers to believe that G-spot pleasure comes from the Skene's glands, a female homologue of the prostate, rather than any particular spot on the vaginal wall; other researchers consider the connection between the Skene's glands and the G-spot area to be weak.[35][36][37] The G-spot's existence, and existence as a distinct structure, is still under dispute, as its reported location can vary from woman to woman, appears to be nonexistent in some women, and it is hypothesized to be an extension of the clitoris and therefore the reason for orgasms experienced vaginally.[35][39][44]
The vagina provides a channel to deliver a newborn from the uterus to its independent life outside the body of the mother. When childbirth (or labor) nears, several symptoms may occur, including Braxton Hicks contractions, vaginal discharge, and the rupture of membranes (water breaking).[48] When water breaking happens, there may be an uncommon wet sensation in the vagina that is an irregular or steady small stream of fluid from the vagina, or a gush of fluid.[49][50]
When the body prepares for childbirth, the cervix softens, thins, moves forward to face anteriorly, and may begin to open. This allows the fetus to settle or "drop" into the pelvis.[48] When the fetus settles into the pelvis, this may result in pain in the sciatic nerves, increased vaginal discharge, and increased urinary frequency. While, for women who have given birth before, these symptoms are likelier to happen after labor has already begun, they may happen approximately ten to fourteen days before labor in women experiencing the effects of nearing labor for the first time.[48]
The fetus begins to lose the support of the cervix when uterine contractions begin. With cervical dilation reaching a diameter of more than 10 cm (4 in) to accommodate the head of the fetus, the head moves from the uterus to the vagina.[48] The elasticity of the vagina allows it to stretch to many times its normal diameter in order to deliver the child.[16]
Births are usually successful vaginal births, but there are sometimes complications and a woman may undergo a caesarean section instead of a vaginal delivery. The vaginal mucosa has an abnormal accumulation of fluid (edematous) and is thin, with few rugae, a little after birth. The mucosa thickens and rugae return in approximately three weeks once the ovaries regain usual function and estrogen flow is restored. The vaginal opening gapes and is relaxed, until it returns to its approximate pre-pregnant state by six to eight weeks in the period beginning immediately after the birth (the postpartum period); however, it will maintain a larger shape than it previously had.[51]
Vaginal microbiota
Main article: Vaginal flora
The vagina is a dynamic ecosystem that undergoes long-term changes, from neonate to puberty and from menarche to menopause. Healthy vaginal bicrobiota consists of species and genuses which generally do not cause symptoms, infections, result in good pregnancy outcomes, and is dominated mainly by Lactobacillus species.[52] Under the influence of hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the vaginal ecosystem undergoes cyclic or periodic changes.[53] Average vaginal pH varies significantly during a woman's lifespan, from 7.0 in premenarchal girls, to 3.8-4.4 in women of reproductive age to 6.5-7.0 during menopause without hormone therapy and 4.5-5.0 with hormone replacement therapy.[54] Estrogen, glycogen and lactobacilli are important factors in this variation.[53]
Clinical significance
The vagina is self-cleansing and therefore usually does not need special hygiene. To maintain vulvovaginal health, doctors generally discourage the practice of douching.[55] Since a healthy vagina is colonized by a mutually symbiotic flora of microorganisms that protect its host from disease-causing microbes, any attempt to upset this balance may cause many undesirable outcomes, including but not limited to abnormal discharge and yeast infection.[55]
The vagina and cervix are examined during gynecological examinations of the pelvis, often using a speculum, which holds the vagina open for visual inspection or taking samples (see pap smear).[56] This and other medical procedures involving the vagina, including digital internal examinations and administration of medicine,[56][57] are referred to as being "per vaginam", the Latin for "via the vagina",[58] often abbreviated to "p.v.".[57]
A disposable plastic bi-valved vaginal speculum used in gynecological examination
The healthy vagina of a woman of child-bearing age is acidic, with a pH normally ranging between 3.8 and 4.5., and this is due to the degradation of glycogen to the lactic acid by enzymes secreted by the Döderlein's bacillus, which is a normal commensal of the vagina.[53] The acidity retards the growth of many strains of pathogenic microbes.[53] An increased pH of the vagina (with a commonly used cut-off of pH 4.5 or higher) can be caused by bacterial overgrowth, as occurs in bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis, or rupture of membranes in pregnancy.[53][59] There are different types of bacterial vaginosis.[53]
Infections and disorders
Main article: Vaginal disease
There are many infections, diseases and disorders that can affect the vagina, including candidal vulvovaginitis, vaginitis, vaginismus, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or cancer. Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina, and is attributed to several vaginal diseases, while vaginismus is an involuntary tightening of the vagina muscles caused by a conditioned reflex, or disease, during vaginal penetration.[62] HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes and trichomoniasis are some of the STIs that may affect the vagina, and health authorities and health care providers recommend safe sex practices when engaging in sexual activity to prevent STIs.[63][64] Cervical cancer may be prevented by pap smear screening and HPV vaccines. Vaginal cancer is very rare, and is primarily a matter of old age; its symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding or vaginal discharge.[65][66]
There can be a vaginal obstruction, such as one caused by agenesis, an imperforate hymen or, less commonly, a transverse vaginal septum; these cases require differentiation because surgery for them significantly varies.[67] When there is a lump obstructing the vaginal opening, it is likely a Bartholin's cyst.[68] Vaginal prolapse is characterized by a portion of the vaginal canal protruding (prolapsing) from the opening of the vagina. It may result in the case of weakened pelvic muscles, which is a common result of childbirth; in the case of this prolapse, the rectum, uterus, or bladder pushes on the vagina, and severe cases result in the vagina protruding out of the body. Kegel exercises have been used to strengthen the pelvic floor, and may help prevent or remedy vaginal prolapse.[69]
The vagina, including the vaginal opening, may be altered as a result of genital modification during vaginoplasty or labiaplasty; for example, alteration to the inner labia (also known as the vaginal lips or labia minora). There is no evidence that such surgery improves psychological or relationship problems; however, the surgery has a risk of damaging blood vessels and nerves.[70]
Female genital mutilation (FGM), another aspect of female genital modification, may additionally be known as female circumcision or female genital cutting (FGC).[71][72] FGM has no known health benefits. The most severe form of FGM is infibulation, in which there is removal of all or part of the inner and outer labia (labia minora and labia majora) and the closure of the vagina; this is called Type III FGM, and it involves a small hole being left for the passage of urine and menstrual blood, with the vagina being opened up for sexual intercourse and childbirth.[72]
Society and culture
Biological perceptions, symbolism and vulgarity
There have been various perceptions of the vagina throughout history, including that it is the center of sexual desire, a metaphor for life via birth, inferior to the penis, visually unappealing, inherently "smelly," or otherwise vulgar.[73][74][75] These views can largely be attributed to sex differences, and how they are interpreted. David Buss, an evolutionary psychologist, stated that because a penis is significantly larger than a clitoris and it is "on display and ready to be noticed" while the vagina is not, and males urinate through the penis, boys are taught from childhood "to touch and hold their penises" while girls are often taught that they should not touch their own genitals, as if there is harm in doing so. Buss attributed this to the reason why many women are not as familiar with their genitalia as men are familiar with their own, and that researchers assume these sex differences explain why boys learn to masturbate before girls, and masturbate more often than girls.[76]
The word vagina is commonly avoided in conversation,[77] and many men in addition to women do not know that the vagina is not used for urination.[78][79][80] This is exacerbated by the phrase "Boys have a penis, girls have a vagina.", which causes children to think that girls have one orifice in the pelvic area.[79] Author Hilda Hutcherson stated, "Because many of us [women] have been conditioned since childhood through verbal and nonverbal cues to think of our genitals as ugly, smelly and unclean, we aren't able to fully enjoy intimate encounters because of fear that our partner will be turned off by the sight, smell, and taste of our genitals." She added that women, unlike men, did not have locker room experiences in school where they compared each other's genitals, and so many women wonder if their genitals are normal.[74] Scholar Catherine Blackledge stated that having a vagina meant she would typically be treated less well than a "vagina-less person" and that she "could be expected to work all [her] life for less money than if [she] was minus female genitalia"; it meant she "could expect to be treated as a second-class citizen".[77]
Negative views of the vagina are simultaneously contrasted by views that it is a powerful symbol of female sexuality, spirituality, or life. Author Denise Linn stated, "[The vagina] is a powerful symbol of womanliness, openness, acceptance, and receptivity. It is the inner valley spirit."[81] Sigmund Freud placed significant value on the vagina,[82] postulating the concept of vaginal orgasm, that it is separate from clitoral orgasm, and that, upon reaching puberty, the proper response of mature women is a change-over to vaginal orgasms (meaning orgasms without any clitoral stimulation). This theory, however, made many women feel inadequate, as the majority of women cannot achieve orgasm via vaginal intercourse alone.[83][84][85] Regarding religion, the vagina represents a powerful symbol as the yoni in Hindu, and this may indicate the value that Hindu society has given female sexuality and the vagina's ability to birth life.[86]
The vagina has additionally been termed many vulgar names,[89] three of which are cunt, twat, and pussy. Cunt is used as a derogatory epithet referring to people of either sex. This usage is relatively recent, dating from the late nineteenth century.[90] Reflecting different national usages, cunt is described as "an unpleasant or stupid person" in the Compact Oxford English Dictionary, whereas Merriam-Webster has a usage of the term as "usually disparaging and obscene: woman",[91] noting that it is used in the U.S. as "an offensive way to refer to a woman";[92] and the Macquarie Dictionary of Australian English states that it is "a despicable man". When used with a positive qualifier (good, funny, clever, etc.) in Britain, New Zealand and Australia, it can convey a positive sense of the object or person referred to.[93] Pussy, on the other hand, can indicate "cowardice or weakness", and "the human vulva or vagina" or by extension "sexual intercourse with a woman".[94]
In contemporary art and literature
Reasons for vaginal modification
In addition to FGM, reasons for modification of the female genitalia include voluntary cosmetic operations and surgery for intersex conditions, which can involve surgery to the vagina, labia minora, or clitoris.[70] There are two main categories of women seeking cosmetic genital surgery: those with congenital conditions such as an intersex condition, and those with no underlying condition who experience physical discomfort or wish to alter the appearance of their genitals because they believe they do not fall within a normal range.[70]
Significant controversy surrounds FGM,[71][72] with the World Health Organization (WHO) being one of many health organizations that have campaigned against the procedures on behalf of human rights, stating that it is "a violation of the human rights of girls and women" and "reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes".[72] FGM has existed at one point or another in almost all human civilizations,[97] most commonly to exert control over the sexual behavior, including masturbation, of girls and women.[72][97] It is carried out in several countries, especially in Africa, and to a lesser extent in other parts of the Middle East and Southeast Asia, on girls from a few days old to mid-adolescent, often to reduce sexual desire in an effort to preserve vaginal virginity.[71][72][97] It may also be that FGM was "practiced in ancient Egypt as a sign of distinction among the aristocracy"; there are reports that traces of infibulation are on Egyptian mummies.[97]
Custom and tradition are the most frequently cited reasons for FGM, with some cultures believing that not performing it has the possibility of disrupting the cohesiveness of their social and political systems, such as FGM also being a part of a girl's initiation into adulthood.[72][97] Often, a girl is not considered an adult in a FGM-practicing society unless she has undergone FGM.[72]
Other animals
The vagina is a general feature of animals in which the female is internally fertilized (other than by traumatic insemination). The shape of the vagina varies among different animals.
In placental mammals and marsupials, the vagina leads from the uterus to the exterior of the female body. Female marsupials have two lateral vaginas, which lead to separate uteri, but both open externally through the same orifice.[98] The urethra and vagina of the female spotted hyena exits through the clitoris, allowing the females to urinate, copulate and give birth through the clitoris.[99] The canine female vagina contracts during copulation, forming a copulatory tie.[100]
In birds, monotremes, and some reptiles, a homologous part of the oviduct leads from the shell gland to the cloaca.[101][102] In some jawless fish, there is neither oviduct nor vagina and instead the egg travels directly through the body cavity (and is fertilised externally as in most fish and amphibians). In insects and other invertebrates, the vagina can be a part of the oviduct (see insect reproductive system).[103] Females of some waterfowl species have developed vaginal structures called dead end sacs and clockwise coils to protect themselves from sexual coercion.[104]
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47. ^ DK Publishing (2011). The Pregnant Body Book. Penguin. pp. 66–67. ISBN 0756687128. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
48. ^ a b c d Susan A. Orshan (2008). Maternity, Newborn, and Women's Health Nursing: Comprehensive Care Across the Lifespan. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 585–586. ISBN 0781742544. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
49. ^ Joel M. Evans, Robin Aronson (2005). The Whole Pregnancy Handbook: An Obstetrician's Guide to Integrating Conventional and Alternative Medicine Before, During, and After Pregnancy. Penguin. pp. 435–436. ISBN 1592401112. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
50. ^ Boston Women's Health Book Collective, Judy Norsigian (2008). Our Bodies, Ourselves: Pregnancy and Birth. Simon & Schuster. pp. 172–174. ISBN 1416565914. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
51. ^ Susan Scott Ricci, Terri Kyle (2009). Maternity and Pediatric Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 431. ISBN 0781780551. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
52. ^ Petrova, Mariya I.; Lievens, Elke; Malik, Shweta; Imholz, Nicole; Lebeer, Sarah (2015). "Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health". Frontiers in Physiology 6. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00081. ISSN 1664-042X.
53. ^ a b c d e f Tekoa L. King, Mary C. Brucker (2010). Pharmacology for Women's Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 951–953. ISBN 1449610730. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
55. ^ a b Jill Ann Grimes, Lori Apffel Smith, Kristyn Fagerberg (2013). Sexually Transmitted Disease: An Encyclopedia of Diseases, Prevention, Treatment, and Issues [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Diseases, Prevention, Treatment, and Issues. ABC-CLIO. pp. 590–592. ISBN 1440801355. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
56. ^ a b Donald M. Vickery, James F. Fries (2013). Take Care of Yourself: The Complete Illustrated Guide to Medical Self-Care. Da Capo Press. pp. 427–428. ISBN 0786752181. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
57. ^ a b Colin Hinrichsen, Peter Lisowski (2007). Anatomy Workbook (in 3 Volumes). World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 101. ISBN 9812569065. Retrieved November 29, 2014. Digital examination per vaginam are made by placing one or two fingers in the vagina.
58. ^ Anderson, Douglas M, ed. (2002). Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (6th UK ed.). St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Mosby. p. 1324. ISBN 0-7234-3225-2.
59. ^ Brian K. Alldredge, Robin L. Corelli, Michael E. Ernst (2012). Koda-Kimble and Young's Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1636–1641. ISBN 1609137132. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
60. ^ Vasant V. Ranade, John B. Cannon (2011). Drug Delivery Systems, Third Edition. CRC Press. p. 337. ISBN 1439806187. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
61. ^ Richard A. Lehne, Laura Rosenthal (2014). Pharmacology for Nursing Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1146. ISBN 0323293549. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
62. ^ Fred F. Ferri (2012). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2013,5 Books in 1, Expert Consult - Online and Print,1: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2013. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1134–1140. ISBN 0323083730. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
65. ^ Sudha Salhan (2011). Textbook of Gynecology. JP Medical Ltd. p. 270. ISBN 9350253690. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
66. ^ Michele A. Paludi (2014). The Praeger Handbook on Women's Cancers: Personal and Psychosocial Insights. ABC-CLIO. p. 111. ISBN 1440828148. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
67. ^ Arnold G. Coran, Anthony Caldamone, N. Scott Adzick, Thomas M. Krummel, Jean-Martin Laberge, Robert Shamberger (2012). Pediatric Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1599. ISBN 032309161X. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
68. ^ John Marx, Ron Walls, Robert Hockberger (2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1314. ISBN 1455749877. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
74. ^ a b Hutcherson, Hilda (2003). What Your Mother Never Told You about Sex. Penguin. p. 8. ISBN 0399528539. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
76. ^ David M. Buss, Cindy M. Meston (2009). Why Women Have Sex: Understanding Sexual Motivations from Adventure to Revenge (and Everything in Between). Macmillan. p. 33. ISBN 1429955228. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
77. ^ a b Catherine Blackledge (2003). The Story of V: A Natural History of Female Sexuality. Rutgers University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 0813534550. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
78. ^ Rosenthal, M. Sara (2003). Gynecological Health : a Comprehensive Sourcebook for Canadian Women. Viking Canada. p. 10. ISBN 0670043583. Retrieved November 21, 2014. The urine flows from the bladder through the urethra to the outside. Little girls often make the common mistake of thinking that they're urinating out of their vaginas. A woman's urethra is two inches long, while a man's is ten inches long.
79. ^ a b Meg Hickling (2005). The New Speaking of Sex: What Your Children Need to Know and When They Need to Know It. Wood Lake Publishing Inc. p. 149. ISBN 1896836704. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
80. ^ Lissa Rankin (2011). Sex, Orgasm, and Coochies: A Gynecologist Answers Your Most Embarrassing Questions. Macmillan. p. 22. ISBN 1429955228. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
81. ^ Denise Linn (2009). Secret Language of Signs. Random House Publishing Group. p. 276. ISBN 0307559556. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
82. ^ Thomas Walter Laqueur (1992). Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Harvard University Press. p. 236. ISBN 0674543556. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
86. ^ Ponna Wignaraja, Akmal Hussain (1989). The Challenge in South Asia: Development, Democracy and Regional Cooperation. United Nations University Press. p. 309. ISBN 0803996039. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
104. ^ Brennan, P. L. R., Clark, C. J. & Prum, R. O. Explosive eversion and functional morphology of the duck penis supports sexual conflict in waterfowl genitalia. Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society 277, 1309–14 (2010).
105. ^ Arielle Duhaime-Ross (April 17, 2014). "Scientists discover the animal kingdom's first 'female penis’". The Verge. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
106. ^ Kazunori Yoshizawae; Rodrigo L. Ferreira; Yoshitaka Kamimura; Charles Lienhard (17 April 2014). "Female Penis, Male Vagina, and Their Correlated Evolution in a Cave Insect". Current Biology. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.022. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
External links
• Media related to Vaginas at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of vagina at Wiktionary |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52960 | Val di Stava dam collapse
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The destruction in the valley.
The Val di Stava Dam collapse occurred on 19 July 1985, when two tailings dams above the village of Stava, near Tesero, Northern Italy, failed. It resulted in one of Italy's worst disasters, killing 268 people, destroying 63 buildings and demolishing eight bridges.
The upper dam broke first, leading to the collapse of the lower dam. Around 180,000 cubic metres of mud, sand, and water were released into the Rio di Stava valley and toward the village of Stava at a speed of 90 km/h. Having crashed through the village, the torrent continued until it reached the Avisio River a further 4.2 km away, destroying everything in its path.[1]
An investigation into the disaster found that the dams were poorly maintained and the margin of safe operation was very small.[1]
A pipe in the upper dam used to drain water had begun to sag under the weight of sediment, making the dam's drainage less effective. Meanwhile, water continued to be pumped into the reservoir behind the dam, which, coupled with the less efficient drainage, meant the pressure on the bank of the upper dam began to increase. Following the path of least resistance, water began penetrating the bank, causing the soil within to liquefy and weaken the bank until it failed. The water and tailings from the upper dam then flowed into the lower dam, which, under the immense pressure produced, failed thirty seconds later.[1]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
1. ^ a b c F. Luino and J. V. De Graff (2012). "The Stava mudflow of 19 July 1985 (Northern Italy): a disaster that effective regulation might have prevented" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (Copernicus Publications) 12: 1030–1042. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Coordinates: 46°19′14.09″N 11°30′2.41″E / 46.3205806°N 11.5006694°E / 46.3205806; 11.5006694 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/52963 | Wendy Carlos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Walter Carlos)
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Wendy Carlos
Birth name Walter Carlos
Genres Ambient, jazz, classical, synthpop, electronic
Occupation(s) Electronic musician,
Instruments Synthesizer, keyboards, vocoder
Website wendycarlos.com
Carlos was a musical prodigy who started piano lessons at six[1] and at ten composed "A Trio for Clarinet, Accordion, and Piano".[2] In 1953 (aged 14), Carlos won a Westinghouse Science Fair scholarship for a home-built computer, well before "computer" was a household word. After graduating from St. Raphael Academy, a Catholic high school in Pawtucket, RI, Carlos earned a B.A. in music and physics at Brown University (1962) and an M.A. in music from Columbia University (1965). Carlos studied with Vladimir Ussachevsky, a pioneer in electronic music, as well as Otto Luening and Jack Beeson, working in the famed Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center.
A sequel of additional synthesized baroque music, The Well-Tempered Synthesizer, followed in 1969. The title is a play on Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier (1722). A second sequel, Switched-On Bach II, was released in 1973, continuing the style of the previous two albums and adding a Yamaha Electone organ to the Moog for certain passages in Bach's 5th Brandenburg Concerto.
In 1971, Carlos composed and recorded music for the soundtrack of A Clockwork Orange, directed by Stanley Kubrick and based on the 1962 eponymous novel by Anthony Burgess. Additional music not used in the film was released in 1972 as Walter Carlos' Clockwork Orange. Some portions of her work for this film reappeared in her Tales of Heaven and Hell (2003), in movement 3 A Clockwork Black.[citation needed]
She worked with Kubrick again on the score for The Shining (1980). While in the end Kubrick mostly used the pre-existing music by avant-garde composers he had used as guide tracks, Carlos' contribution was notable for her reinterpretation of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique used during the opening scene. Carlos's complete contributions were finally released 25 years later, in 2005.[citation needed]
Sonic Seasonings (1972) was packaged as a double album, with one side dedicated to each of the four seasons and each side consisting of one long track. The album blended field recordings with synthesized sounds, occasionally employing melodies, to create an ambient effect. Though not as popular as Carlos' earlier albums, it significantly influenced other artists who went on to create the ambient genre.[13]
Beauty in the Beast (1986) saw Carlos experimenting with various tunings, including just intonation, Balinese scales, and several scales she invented for the album. (One scale she invented, the Harmonic Scale, involved setting a "root note" and retuning all of the notes on the keyboard to just intonation intervals from the root note. There are a total of 144 possible notes per octave in this system: 12 notes in a chromatic scale times 12 different keys.) Other scales included Carlos' Alpha, Beta, and Gamma scales, which experimented with dividing the octave into a non-integral number of equally-spaced intervals. These explorations in effect supplemented the more systematic microtonal studies of the composer Easley Blackwood, Jr., whose etudes on all 12 equal-tempered scales between 13 and 24 notes per octave had appeared in 1980.[citation needed]
Personal life[edit]
Gender transition[edit]
Carlos became aware of her gender dysphoria from an early age; she told Playboy, "I was about five or six...I remember being convinced I was a little girl, much preferring long hair and girls' clothes, and not knowing why my parents didn't see it clearly".[14] In 1962 (aged 22), when she moved to New York City to attend graduate school at Columbia University, she came into contact for the first time with information about transgender issues (including the work of Harry Benjamin). In early 1968, she began hormone treatments and soon began living full-time as a woman.[15][16][17] In her Whole Earth Catalog review of synthesizers (1971), Carlos asked to be credited simply as "W. Carlos".[3] After the success of Switched-On Bach, in May 1972, Carlos was finally able to undergo sex reassignment surgery.[18]
Carlos chose to announce herself as the featured interview in May 1979's Playboy magazine, picking Playboy because, "The magazine has always been concerned with liberation, and I'm anxious to liberate myself".[14] She has since come to regret the interview, has created a "Shortlist Of The Cruel" page on her website, and gave Playboy 's editors three "Black Leaf" awards, meaning "Arrogant selfish prig, with a genuine sadistic streak".[19]
In 1998, Carlos sued the songwriter/artist Momus for $22 million[21] for his satirical song "Walter Carlos" (which appeared on the album The Little Red Songbook, released that year), which suggested that if Wendy could go back in time she could marry Walter. The case was settled out of court, with Momus agreeing to remove the song from subsequent editions of the CD and owing $30,000 in legal fees.[22]
Awards and honors[edit]
• Album Of The Year, Classical
• Best Engineered Recording, Classical
Appears on[edit]
• 1972 A Clockwork Orange (soundtrack)
• 1980 The Shining: Score Selections (soundtrack)
4. ^ Holmes, Thom (2008). Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture. New York: Routledge. p. 218.
9. ^ a b Barbrick, Greg. "Book Review: Keyboard Presents Synth Gods". Seattle Post-Intellegencer. Retrieved 25 July 2012. Switched On Bach almost single-handedly revolutionized the public's perception of synthesizers...
11. ^ "Searchable Database". RIAA.
15. ^ Playboy (1979), p. 84.
16. ^ Pinch, Trevor & Trocco, Frank Trocco (March 2013). Analog Days. The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer.
17. ^ "Wendy Carlos aka Walter Carlos". Studio Innocenti. September 2010.
23. ^ "Grammy Award Winners". grammy.com.
External links[edit] |
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