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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53559 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I know of at least two byte-code enhancer that modify the "object model" at runtime to allow transaction to be performed transparently. One of them is part of Versant VOD, which I use at work every day, and the other is part of Terracotta. There are probably quite a few others, for example in ORM, but Versant takes care of that at my company.
My question is, is there such an open-source API that can be used on it's own, independent of the product that it was designed for? You could say an "hackable" API. It should only track changes, not read access, which would slow down the code significantly. In other words, it should not require explicit read/write locking. This requires either access to all classes that perform changes, not just to the data model, or it requires to keep some form of "previous version" in memory to do a comparison.
The problem that I'm trying to solve is that I have "large" (32K to 256K) object graphs that are "serialized" in a (NoSQL) DB. They are long-lived and must be re-serialized regularly to have an "history" of the changes. But they are rather expensive to serialize, and most changes are minor.
I could serialize them fully each time and run a binary diff on the stream, but that sounds very CPU intensive. A better solution would be an API that modify write operations on the model to protocol the changes, so that after the initial "image" is stored, only the protocol need to be stored.
I've found some questions talking about Apache Commons Beanutils to compare objects, but that is not useful for in-place changes; I would need to make a complete clone of the model between every "business transaction".
To reiterate, I'm looking for an "in-memory" API, within the same JVM, which does not involve any external server application. APIs involving native code are OK if they are available on Win, Mac & Linux. The API does not have to be currently packaged independently; it just has to be possible to extract it from the "parent project" to form an independent API (the parent project license must allow this).
My object graphs will involve many large arrays, and so that needs to be supported efficiently.
The changes are not desired only for auditing, but so that they can be replayed, or undone. More precisely, with the deserialized initial graph, and a list of changes, I should arrive at an identical end graph. Also, starting with the end graph, it should be possible to go back to the initial graph by applying the changes in reverse. This uses exactly the same functionality, but requires the change protocol to keep the old value in addition to the new value.
The API license should be compatible with commercial use.
[EDIT] So far I did not get a useful answer, and it does not seem like what I want exists. That leaves me with only one option: make it happen. I'll post a link here as answer when I have a working implementation, as this is the next step in my project and I cannot go forward without it.
[EDIT] I found by accident this somewhat related question: Is there a Java library that can "diff" two Objects?
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Not totally sure what you're after. But its sounds analogous to subversion. If the objects were serialized to a file, that was checked into SVN, then the change history would be there. Not very helpful if you're after programmatic access to the changes. What do you need? – scorpdaddy May 3 '12 at 20:49
LOL! I see what you mean, but that doesn't fit at all to my use case. Firstly, I should all be "in-memory", not client-server based, and secondly, all RCS are inherently bad at binary data, which is what I am trying to version. No XML or JSON involved here. I'll update the question. – Sebastien Diot May 4 '12 at 10:37
I don't know of any such API, but maybe you could think in order approaches. Instead of trying the transparent-API approach, it sounds that it is actually a requirement for your application. You may store the initial graph once, and then build a tree with the versions and the new data. – Daniel H. May 4 '12 at 11:28
if you switch your serialization over to something like BSON (bsonspec.org) it would be easier to isolate the "diff" to specific attributes (since the binary for the rest of the attributes would be the same) – radai May 6 '12 at 11:06
probably would be. you might be able to "diff" the object with a prev ious copy of it while serializing but its "O(n)" either way unless you use something like ASM/javassist to dynamically subclass all of your domain classes and overwrite all the setters to mark "dirty" fields. but even if you mark dirty fields you might miss out on things like: someDomainObject.getSomeInternalClass().nonSTandardMethodThatCHangesState() comparing the serialized form is the only "bulletproof" way (especially if you have no control over 3rd parties). using BSON just allows you to narrow down diffs to fields – radai May 6 '12 at 13:28
5 Answers 5
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Kryo v1 had a serializer that knows about the last data that was serialized and only emits a delta. When reading, it knows about the last data received and applies the delta. The delta is done on at the byte level. Here is the serializer. Most of the work is done by this class. This could be used in a few useful ways, eg networking similar to Quake 3.
This was omitted in Kryo v2 because AFAIK it had never been put to use. Also, it did not have an extensive set of tests. It could be ported though and may do what you need, or serve as the basis for what you need.
Above also posted on JVM serializers mailing list.
Doing it at the object level would be a bit tricky. You could write something similar to FieldSerializer that walks two object graphs simultaneously This would be standalone code though, not a Kryo serializer. At each level you could call equals. Write a byte so that when you read you know if it was equals. If not equals, use Kryo to write the object. Equals would be called many times for the same object, especially for deeply nested objects.
Another way you might do it is to only do the above for scalars and strings, ie only values written by the Output class. The problem is walking two object graphs. To use Kryo I think you'd have to duplicate all the serializers to know about the other object graph.
Possibly you could use Kryo with your own Output that collects values in a list instead of writing them. Use this to "serialize" your old object graph. Now write another version of your own Output that takes this list and use it to serialize your new object graph. Each time a value is written, first check it with the next object in your list. If equals, write a 1. If not equals, write a 0 and then the value.
This could be made more space efficient by using the first Output twice, once on the old and once on the new graph. Now you have two lists of values. Use these to write a bitstring denoting which are equal. This saves space over writing a whole byte for each value, but has the overhead of an extra list. Finally, write all the values that are not equal.
To finish this idea, you need to be able to deserialize the data. You'll need an your own version of the Input class that takes a list of values from the old object graph. Your Input first reads the bitstring (or a byte per value). For a value that was equal, it returns the value from the list instead of reading from the data. If a value was not equal, it calls the super method to read from the data.
I'm not sure if this would be faster than doing it at the byte level. If I had to guess I'd say it probably would be faster. Storing all values in a list will be lots of boxing/unboxing, and this approach still assigns all fields even if they haven't changed. I doubt performance will be a problem either way, so I'd probably just choose the easier approach. Hard to say which that is tho... resurrect the delta stuff or write your own Output/Input classes.
If you feel like contributing back to Kryo, that would of course be great. :)
share|improve this answer
This might well be my best bet. :) But please write something about it here too, so SO readers don't have to follow the link. – Sebastien Diot May 11 '12 at 8:12
Just looked at Kryo again. I had dismissed it before due to lack of facility for long-term storage (schema evolution), but V2 seems to solve that. :) – Sebastien Diot May 11 '12 at 10:59
Updated with some more info. TaggedFieldSerializer is the next step up from FieldSerializer schema evolution-wise. After that there is CompatibleFieldSerializer. – NateS May 11 '12 at 20:27
Take a look at Content repository API for Java, it is used by Artifactory to control maven dependencies. The Apache Jackrabbit is the reference implementation of this JSR (JSR-283 version 2)
share|improve this answer
This is very interesting. And it says this: "Another popular type is the versionable type. This makes the repository track a document's history and store copies of each version of the document." :) – Sebastien Diot May 11 '12 at 10:42
I do not know such API, but it cant be that complicated:
I would say you need only 2 components: Action and ActionProcessor
You only need to persist a list (protocol) of performed actions.
interface ActionProcessor{
void perform(Action action);
void undoToDate(Date date);
iterface Action{
Date getDate();
void perform();
void undo();
share|improve this answer
This would be the prevayler.org approach. While it would work, the amount of code required to manually implement the undo functions for every action would be tremendous, which would result in many bugs, which would result in failure to undo correctly. That would be the last solution, if all else fails. Secondly, once you bring out a new version of your code, your Action impl would change, causing you to loose reproducibility, and "undoability", because you would have recorded the Action ID and it's parameters, instead of the real change. – Sebastien Diot May 10 '12 at 11:36
As far as I know, GemFire is a Gemstone (now VmWare) enterprise product doing something similar to the Gemstone smalltalk OODB, but then for java. James Foster has created a series of videos on how Gemstone works. I found them very interesting. Gemstone has a free version to build small (Seaside web) systems with.
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I think Hibernate (or any ORM mapping tool) does this. It has to detect all changes in order to optimize the number of IO operations. Internally it uses ASM, cglib, Javassist or other byte code manipulator. Maybe you should look at the source and documentation and hook up in phases you need. However it may be too powerful/difficult a tool for your needs. It may be easier to simply do some smart graph traversal algorithm with some minor usage of byte code manipulation.
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Hi @piotrek. While what you say is correct, it doesn't actually brings me any useful information to solve my problem. Just reading my question should be enough to work out that I know that much. I'm sure there must be about another 10,000 S.O. users which could have told me the same, but didn't because they realized it would not help me. If you want to get a bonus, you have to put in more of an effort than the 10 seconds it took you to write this. – Sebastien Diot May 8 '12 at 17:12
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53560 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a 2D simulation that they want to add X3D to by saving it out and then loading in a viewer for demonstration. I have everything I need from a simulation point of view (ie layout, objects, etc). What I need to do now is to output X3D compliant XML that can be loaded into something like FreeWRL and viewed. I have used JAXB in the past but only for simple tags. X3D has complicated tags with strings in the tag itself as well as in between the tags. Does anyone have any examples/tutorials/classes/etc that they can point me to that will help me get the XML writer part correct so that I can focus on making sure we get all of the 2D simulation components visualized in the 3D world.
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1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
You can use an .xsd schema to generate java classes that map to the schema. From there it's a matter of generating the java objects and having jaxb serialize them. http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-06-2006/jw-0626-jaxb.html
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Where can I find the jaxb compiler? The article mentions it but I didn't see the link for it. A search just tells me to use the script in the bin directory of my platform (Fedora 14) but it is not there. – PRAquilone Jun 8 '12 at 22:24
Ok, found links on bottom of page. But the one I need goes to jaxb.dev.java.net and that does not open. – PRAquilone Jun 8 '12 at 22:26
I found it. THANKS! – PRAquilone Jun 8 '12 at 22:38
I posted another question at stackoverflow.com/questions/10989243/… in case you might have some insight to help me. Again, thanks! – PRAquilone Jun 12 '12 at 0:43
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53561 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am new to android and I am building an app that I want to authenticate using the local users google account. Unfortunately I have gotten myself in a bit of a bind looking at Auth 2.0 and logging in via the google services.
What is the recommended route to authenticate (and hopefully not require typing a login name)? I tried many of the samples that I saw but much of it seems deprecated.
Any example code would be very helpful as well.
I was using this tutorial but it is a bit outdated and I believe that it is much simplier now.
Thanks, Craig
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1 Answer 1
Here is how I solved it. Don't know if it is the recommended approach but it works...
in OnCreate of my entry activity (main) I put...
AccountManager accountManager = AccountManager.get(this);
Account[] accounts = accountManager.getAccountsByType("com.google");
AccountManagerFuture<Bundle> futur;
futur = accountManager.getAuthToken(accounts[0],AUTH_TOKEN_TYPE_USERINFO_PROFILE, null, null,
new OnTokenAcquired(), new Handler(new OnError()));
In that same activity I created...
private class OnTokenAcquired implements AccountManagerCallback<Bundle> {
public void run(AccountManagerFuture<Bundle> result) {
// Get the result of the operation from the AccountManagerFuture.
Bundle bundle;
try {
bundle = result.getResult();
// The token is a named value in the bundle. The name of the
// value
// is stored in the constant AccountManager.KEY_AUTHTOKEN.
String token = bundle.getString(AccountManager.KEY_AUTHTOKEN);
//If token isn't null then let them in and also make sure Crunchy accounts are created
ProcessToken pt = new ProcessToken(token);
Intent launch = (Intent) bundle.get(AccountManager.KEY_INTENT);
if (launch != null) {
startActivityForResult(launch, 0);
}catch (OperationCanceledException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
} catch (AuthenticatorException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
I also created an asyncTask to process the token (because I do a bit more logic to setup account and set a cookie). It looks like this (much of my processing/cookie logic is not completed yet)
package com.craig.activities.login;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.util.Log;
public class ProcessToken extends AsyncTask<String,Integer,Long>{
private static final String AUTH_ACCESS_TOKEN_URL = "https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/userinfo?access_token=";
private static final String DEBUG_TAG = "OnTokenAcquired.class";
private static String token="";
public ProcessToken(String tokenValue){
protected Long doInBackground(String... params) {
try {
URL url = new URL(AUTH_ACCESS_TOKEN_URL+token);
HttpURLConnection con = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
int serverCode= con.getResponseCode();
Log.i(DEBUG_TAG, "code 200!!!");
//PUT MY LOGIC IN HERE....
Log.i(DEBUG_TAG, "Oops, We had an error on authentication");
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
return null;
Not sure if this is the best but it seems to be working for me....
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53562 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I know I can access the Score API to store the player's score on Facebook. My question is what if I want to score multiple score values, how can I do that?
For example, I want to store Highscore and Total Distance Travelled. The way I'm doing now is:
NSMutableDictionary* params = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", mScore], @"score",
[FBRequestConnection startWithGraphPath:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%llu/scores",
fbid] parameters:params HTTPMethod:@"POST"
completionHandler:^(FBRequestConnection *connection, id result, NSError *error)];
But this only allow me to store one value, because by calling the same thing again for other value, it will overwrite the old value.
Anyone know how can I store multiple values? Please help.
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1 Answer 1
up vote 0 down vote accepted
From the Facebook documentation - https://developers.facebook.com/docs/games/scores/:
The Graph API for scores lets game developers publish game stories on news feed and timeline when a player earns a new high score or beats a friend's score.
Basically a user can currently have one score associated with an application, which works for games where there is just one high score, but not multiple.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53563 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have this list
LinkedList<ASD> list = new LinkedList<ASD>();
then, I add some objects which extend ASD
BSD bsd = new BSD(); // BSD extends ASD
and serialize list.
How can I get it to serialize and deserialize teh bsd element as BSD and not as ASD?
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in fact, I have tried a lot of things before asking, just not teh right ones. I have tried a minor example and my problem seems to come from another sauce. Maybe I just need some sleep. – rogi Feb 5 '13 at 13:53
2 Answers 2
up vote 2 down vote accepted
It is not a problem. All objects that you want to serialize must be instances of classes that implement Serializable. LinkedList does it. Declare either ASD or BSD (it does not matter in your case) to implement Serializable and try. Everything should work.
share|improve this answer
Thanks! I should have tried some smaller test before, teh real problem seem to come not from this, but from another sauce. – rogi Feb 5 '13 at 13:55
As noted by AlexR, everything is fine:
class ASD implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
class BSD extends ASD {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
list.add(new BSD())
Now, if you serialize list, and later deserialize it, its elements will be of the correct type BSD.
Furthermore, the generic type argument (the <ASD> thing) is not saved during the serialization. The serialization procedure will only remember that list is a LinkedList object. What this means is that you can serialize an object of type LinkedList<ASD> and then deserialize it as LinkedList<BSD> (or even as e.g. LinkedList<Integer>). An exception can be thrown later, though, if you try to access an element of the list that cannot be cast to the newly specified generic type.
Finally, I'm just saying this is doable, not that it is a good practice :)
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53564 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am new to Rails, programming in general. I have the web design done in HTML/CSS. At what point should I start implementing it to my code? Should I have the stylesheets done for it already before I begin coding? Is there a quick/easy way to do it?
I'm just not sure when to start with adding in my web design.
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closed as not constructive by zneak, cimmanon, KatieK, sgarizvi, Sergio Tulentsev Feb 21 '13 at 6:21
How are you learning rails? Any rails book covers templates, css and stuff like that. You should get one. – Sergio Tulentsev Feb 21 '13 at 6:21
4 Answers 4
I usually write my tests first, without worrying about the presentation of the app yet. Once my tests are in place I then start to implement code to make those tests pass. I keep the UI itself as simple as possible, with the idea that I want it to WORK first. My experience is that the UI tends to go through several iterations as you work with it, but most of the functionality stays the same.
To me getting the app to be as stable as possible is job #1. Then I can attack the presentation knowing that the underlying code is able to be relied upon not to be a factor in the design.
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So from the sounds of it I should implement the design last. Work the tests, do the code and then when finished add the design? If adding the design at the end wouldn't that take out having to go back and modify the parts several times? – Cornelius Wilson Feb 20 '13 at 18:07
Rails is very good about separating the view from the model and the controllers. Getting the models and controllers stable means that you can test ideas about functionality before you have to be specific about the views. I use foundation.zurb.com to prototype the presentation, but use it more as a wireframe than a final design. I guarantee you whatever you have in mind right now will not be the final look and feel of your web site. But I bet you have a good idea of what you want it to do. – Richard Brown Feb 20 '13 at 18:16
I go back and forth between the code and the layout.
I recommend getting some code working, then working on the layout. But you don't have to get the layout perfect the first time, you can go back and continue working on the layout after you get more code working.
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I'd start outputing the necessary data to the view from the controller and, after that, I would apply the style to the page.
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When I started out, I'd get a complete HTML/CSS site from a designer, then start to wire in the RoR that already PARTIALLY existed.
I did this three times.
Your fundamental question 'where/when' to start adding code, is really going to depend on you, your app, your HTML/CSS. I don't think there is a real answer to this.
What I did was start at app/views/layouts/application.html.erb, and got the new HTML/CSS working. But that was because the HTML/CSS design I was handed was for a single home page and one example secondary page. Regardless, I think in the case where HTML/CSS already exists, the first RoR file you're going to want to focus on is:
As you get that first layout working, you'll be adding stuff to your pipeline manifests, i.e.:
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53565 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
What is the proper/preferred way to allocate memory in a C API?
I can see, at first, two options:
1) Let the caller do all the (outer) memory handling:
myStruct *s = malloc(sizeof(s));
The _init and _destroy functions are necessary since some more memory may be allocated inside, and it must be handled somewhere.
This has the disadvantage of being longer, but also the malloc can be eliminated in some cases (e.g., it can be passed a stack-allocated struct:
int bar() {
myStruct s;
Also, it's necessary for the caller to know the size of the struct.
2) Hide mallocs in _init and frees in _destroy.
Advantages: shorter code, since the functions are going to be called anyway. Completely opaque structures.
Disadvantages: Can't be passed a struct allocated in a different way.
myStruct *s = myStruct_init();
I'm currently leaning for the first case; then again, I don't know about C API design.
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btw i think this would be a great interview question, to compare and contrast the two designs. – frankc Jul 21 '10 at 5:01
Here's an article by Armin Ronacher on how to make the structures opaque but still allow customizing allocation: lucumr.pocoo.org/2013/8/18/beautiful-native-libraries – Sam Hartsfield Apr 8 '14 at 18:00
10 Answers 10
up vote 7 down vote accepted
My favourite example of a well-design C API is GTK+ which uses method #2 that you describe.
Although another advantage of your method #1 is not just that you could allocate the object on the stack, but also that you could reuse the same instance multiple times. If that's not going to be a common use case, then the simplicity of #2 is probably an advantage.
Of course, that's just my opinion :)
share|improve this answer
Now, this is a interesting comment. I've heard many people say exactly the opposite, that GTK+ is a terrible API. I've unfortunately only used it a little, I'm usually up in the clouds of C++, and using Gtkmm. My experience remembers ref-counted pointers, and _new and _free functions, however, which seems to match the 3rd option more. I'd be curious as to your reasons to your opinion. – Thanatos Jul 21 '10 at 4:52
The general design philosophy of GLib/Gtk seems to be "we won't use C++ on principle, so we'll hand-code all the same stuff". This approach has some advantages in a sense that it's still a pure C API, which makes it easier to use with various C-only FFIs... but from a pure C/C++ perspective, it seems to be rather impractical. – Pavel Minaev Jul 21 '10 at 6:24
Method number 2 every time.
Why? because with method number 1 you have to leak implementation details to the caller. The caller has to know at least how big the struct is. You can't change the internal implementation of the object without recompiling any code that uses it.
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Which means #2 can be implemented as a binary compatible interface, with minor version API additions, enhancements etc not breaking client code when shipped in a .so or .dll This answer needs more upvotes – kert Apr 2 '13 at 2:02
The caller does have to know the size of the object (and perhaps the alignment?), but that doesn't mean that it has to know it statically: you could have myStruct_size(void) and myStruct_alignment(void). See this question. – Kalrish Oct 23 '14 at 9:53
@Kalrish Why does the caller have to know the size? I agree that if the caller, at any point needs to know the size, you can add the methods you suggest, but a properly designed API does not require the caller to know anything about the internals of an object - including size and alignment. – JeremyP Oct 28 '14 at 14:37
@JeremyP Such design makes it impossible to use, e.g., static memory, or to reuse the same memory - and memory allocation is one of the problems of statically hiding the implementation. I agree, nevertheless, that it wouldn't be pleasant to use. Perhaps, an intermediate solution would be to also implement *_alloc(...) methods as part of the API. That way, "lazy" users could go with dynamic allocation, and wrappers (e.g. C++) could do their own memory management. – Kalrish Oct 28 '14 at 18:38
@Kalrish Yes, but so what? You cannot do proper encapsulation if you insist on being able to allocate memory from the stack (for example). Objects should always be implemented as references and every sane OO language implements them in this way. C++ is not a sane OO language and fortunately the question is not a C++ question, so we can ignore it. – JeremyP Oct 30 '14 at 10:19
Another disadvantage of #2 is that the caller doesn't have control over how things are allocated. This can be worked around by providing an API for the client to register his own allocation/deallocation functions (like SDL does), but even that may not be sufficiently fine-grained.
The disadvantage of #1 is that it doesn't work well when output buffers are not fixed-size (e.g. strings). At best, you will then need to provide another function to obtain the length of the buffer first so that the caller can allocate it. At worst, it is simply impossible to do so efficiently (i.e. computing length on a separate path is overly expensive over computing-and-copying in one go).
The advantage of #2 is that it allows you to expose your datatype strictly as an opaque pointer (i.e. declare the struct but don't define it, and use pointers consistently). Then you can change the definition of the struct as you see fit in future versions of your library, while clients remain compatible on binary level. With #1, you have to do it by requiring the client to specify the version inside the struct in some way (e.g. all those cbSize fields in Win32 API), and then manually write code that can handle both older and newer versions of the struct to remain binary-compatible as your library evolves.
In general, if your structs are transparent data which will not change with future minor revision of the library, I'd go with #1. If it is a more or less complicated data object and you want full encapsulation to fool-proof it for future development, go with #2.
share|improve this answer
+1 for the point about abstraction and opaque pointers - this is a big advantage as it completely decouples your implementation from the calling code – Paul R Jul 21 '10 at 5:12
Why not provide both, to get the best of both worlds?
Use _init and _terminate functions to use method #1 (or whatever naming you see fit).
Use additional _create and _destroy functions for the dynamic allocation. Since _init and _terminate already exist, it effectively boils down to:
myStruct *myStruct_create ()
myStruct *s = malloc(sizeof(*s));
if (s)
return (s);
void myStruct_destroy (myStruct *s)
If you want it to be opaque, then make _init and _terminate static and do not expose them in the API, only provide _create and _destroy. If you need other allocations, e.g. with a given callback, provide another set of functions for this, e.g. _createcalled, _destroycalled.
The important thing is to keep track of the allocations, but you have to do this anyway. You must always use the counterpart of the used allocator for deallocation.
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Is there any well known C library that took this approach? – cubuspl42 Jul 4 '14 at 22:19
Both are functionally equivalent. But, in my opinion, method #2 is easier to use. A few reasons for prefering 2 over 1 are:
1. It is more intuitive. Why should I have to call free on the object after I have (apparently) destroyed it using myStruct_Destroy.
2. Hides details of myStruct from user. He does not have to worry about it's size, etc.
3. In method #2, myStruct_init does not have to worry about the initial state of the object.
4. You don't have to worry about memory leaks from user forgetting to call free.
If your API implementation is being shipped as a separate shared library however, method #2 is a must. To isolate your module from any mismatch in implementations of malloc/new and free/delete across compiler versions you should keep memory allocation and de-allocation to yourself. Note, this is more true of C++ than of C.
share|improve this answer
Both are not equivalent, because the latter requires dynamic allocation, and the former does not. – Tom Jul 21 '10 at 5:06
Well...yeah. Should have said functionally equivalent. Updated. – 341008 Jul 21 '10 at 5:20
That could give some element of reflexion:
case #1 mimick the memory allocation scheme of C++, with more or less the same benefits :
• easy allocation of temporaries on stack (or in static arrays or such to write you own struct allocator replacing malloc).
• easy free of memory if anything goes wrong in init
case #2 hides more informations on used structure and can also be used for opaque structures, typically when structure as seen by user is not exactly the same as internally used by the lib (say there could be some more fields hidden at the end of structure).
Mixed API between case#1 and case #2 is also common : there is a field used to pass in a pointer to some already initialized structure, if it is null it is allocated (and pointer is always returned). With such API the free is usually responsibility of caller even if init performed allocation.
In most cases I would probably go for case #1.
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The problem I have with the first method is not so much that it is longer for the caller, it's that the api now is handcuffed on being able to expand the amount of memory it is using precisely because it doesn't know how the memory it received was alloced. The caller doesn't always know ahead of time how much memory it will need (imagine if you were trying to implement a vector).
Another option you didn't mention, which is going to be overkill most of the time, is to pass in a function pointer that the api uses as an allocator. This doesn't allow you to use the stack, but does allow you to do something like replace the use of malloc with a memory pool, which still keeping the api in control of when it wants to allocate.
As for which method is proper api design, it's done both ways in the C standard library. strdup() and stdio uses the second method while sprintf and strcat use the first method. Personally I prefer the second method (or third) unless 1) I know I will never need to realloc and 2) I expect the lifetime of my objects to be short and thus using the stack is very convienent
edit: There is actually 1 other option, and it is a bad one with a prominent precedent. You could do it the way strtok() does it with statics. Not good, just mentioned for completeness sake.
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Both are acceptable - there's tradeoffs between them, as you've noted.
There's large real world examples of both - as Dean Harding says, GTK+ uses the second method; OpenSSL is an example that uses the first.
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Both ways are ok, I tend to do the first way as a lot of the C I do is for embedded systems and all the memory is either tiny variables on the stack or statically allocated. This way there can be no running out of memory, either you have enough at the beginning or you're screwed from the start. Good to know when you have 2K of Ram :-) So all my libraries are like #1 where the memory is assumed to be allocated.
But this is an edge case of C development.
Having said that, I'd probablly go with #1 still. Perhaps using init and finalize/dispose (rather than destroy) for names.
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I would go for (1) with one simple extension, that is to have your _init function always return the pointer to the object. Your pointer initialization then may just read:
myStruct *s = myStruct_init(malloc(sizeof(myStruct)));
As you can see the right hand side then only has a reference to the type and not to the variable anymore. A simple macro then gives you (2) at least partially
#define NEW(T) (T ## _init(malloc(sizeof(T))))
and your pointer initialization reads
myStruct *s = NEW(myStruct);
share|improve this answer
How do you handle a malloc failure? – Secure Jul 21 '10 at 6:37
@Secure: Good point. I think _init functions should be made robust to passing in a NULL pointer and just pass this through on return. The check for that is than left to the user of the pointer, as usual. – Jens Gustedt Jul 21 '10 at 6:43
The other design philosophy in this regard is that most functions should expect valid pointers (with the obvious exception of deallocators) and assert() them to not being NULL. Which would make your approach to effectively use assert for the program logic, which is a big no-go. It depends on the overall design of your program, for sure, but personally I prefer to be explicit with error handling. I.e. malloc is used separately and tested for validity before anything else is done with the pointer. – Secure Jul 21 '10 at 7:00
@Secure: I would tend to just extend the convention to check pointers returned by the macro NEW. This is only a slight extension of such a convention since you'd have to check several functions for that already, not only malloc but also realloc and calloc (and maybe others that I forget). – Jens Gustedt Jul 21 '10 at 7:23
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53566 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a very simple android project. I got the following error message when I try to run it. The emulator is running but the application doesn't come up. I couldn't find any useful information online. Can anyone help me?
public class Profile extends Activity {
/*Button button1;
CheckBox check1, check2;
EditText text1;*/
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
<EditText android:text="@+id/EditText01" android:id="@+id/EditText01"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:enabled="false"></
EditText><CheckBox android:text="@+id/CheckBox03" android:id="@+id/
CheckBox03" android:layout_width="fill_parent"
<CheckBox android:text="@+id/CheckBox02" android:id="@+id/CheckBox02"
<CheckBox android:text="@+id/CheckBox01" android:id="@+id/CheckBox01"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:checked="true">
<activity android:name=".Profile"
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="8" />
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8 Answers 8
It is not an error message, it is a warning. What the system is trying to tell you: The application on the device is the same as your application in Eclipse. And because the application is already running on the device, the system tells you that it is not going to kill and restart it, but bring the activity of your already running app into the foreground. This is pretty normal. ;-)
The warning will not continue if you edit your code and run it (because the app is then killed, reinstalled and started) or if you kill your process on the phone, e.g. via the DDMS.
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Thanks for your quick comment. However I couldn't see my app running in the emulator. The emulator is running and all I can see is the home screen. What should I do to see my app? When I first created the app I can see it running in the emulator. – Lewis Sep 23 '10 at 18:21
I think then you might give a shot for Robert's solution - maybe this is your problem. Otherwise: Upload your AndroidManifest.xml to pastebin.com and post the link here so we can have a look at it. :-) – mreichelt Sep 23 '10 at 19:44
To run DDMS, from Eclipse: Click Window > Open Perspective > Other... > DDMS – Will Sep 13 '13 at 21:42
@mreichelt: Where or what is "Robert's solution"? I do not see any occurrence of "Robert" anywhere in this question or its answers or comments other than in your comment. – O. R. Mapper Dec 15 '13 at 11:24
I've seen this before - you want to re-run your app even though you may not have made any code changes. On the emulator, click the back button (to the right of the menu button) and then run your app as usual from Eclipse.
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Thanks. Got it fixed. – Lewis Sep 24 '10 at 17:42
This happens if you run an app from eclipse without recompiling (recompilation will not be done if you have not changed the code) it doesn't go through the uninstall-install process, instead it pushes the application to the front just like you start application from Home Launcher. It's not an error but a 'working as intended'.
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Project > Clean and then start your emulator again.
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I found eclipse somehow got into a state where it was not building a new apk, even with code changes. Deleting the apk:
rm ./bin/"YOUR APP NAME".apk
and re-running your app from eclipse fixes the problem.
share|improve this answer
On the emulator,
• press "Home"
• "Menu" button -> scroll through the list and select the app which you are running
• press "Force Stop".
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This is warning It says app is already running.. I have solved it by recompiling my code and you can close your emulator and re run your app.. GoodLuck Happy coding
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If you get this warning it means you haven't changed any line of your code and this instance of your project is running on emulator or on your device. So if you want to run that again you can:
1- Make some changes in your code and then compile it again.
2- Or you can easily close the app and then relaunch it with eclipse or android studio or ...
If the problem still persist try to uninstall the app and run it again.
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protected by Community Apr 29 '14 at 1:21
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53567 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
This is boggling to me! I had a jQuery carousel working just perfectly as an HTML page (see jtroll.com/chd/web/index_jq.html ), but when porting over to WordPress to actually make the site go live, it disappeared completely: See here.
What can I do to get that jQuery carousel back?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Your WordPress page has the JavaScript, but not the HTML for the carousel. There is no element with id "slideblock" on that page to apply the carousel effects to.
You also have a few possibly-unrelated JavaScript errors you should fix. If you use Firefox, get the Firebug plugin to debug it. If you use Chrome, use the built-in JavaScript console.
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Okay, that was a bit embarrassing... in the transfer to WordPress, I must have chopped things up poorly. Yikes. But! With the carousel back in, those Javascript errors are still there. And to be honest, I have no idea how to fix them, knowing next to nothing about Javascript! (I definitely know how to pull up the debug console, so I'm seeing the errors it's throwing out, but that's the extent of my capabilities.) – J.T. Feb 1 '11 at 16:21
I've added and overflow:hidden; to the #slideblock for now, until I can figure this out (just so that the extra images in the carousel aren't being displayed haphazardly below the first, since the carousel is broken). – J.T. Feb 1 '11 at 16:29
It looks like the fact that I'm using multiple WordPress plugins is the problem, because they're each calling an instance of jQuery (a contact form plugin, the carousel plugin, etc.). Still working on a solution. This is why WordPress plugins are a bad idea. If I had any real knowledge of this stuff, it'd be better to just custom code it all. – J.T. Feb 1 '11 at 18:48
Properly written WordPress plugins don't interfere with each other as they use WordPress's script dependency system and only one copy of jQuery is loaded -- by WordPress. – Dan Grossman Feb 1 '11 at 20:27
Looks like I have three different jQuery plugins all running together on different pages, but WordPress is making them difficult to function. I'm down to a single error now, on this page: cypresshilldevelopment.com/ourhomes_portfolio1 (A large image is supposed to be loading from the thumbnails below it, but it's not appearing right now). If you have any insight on this, it's appreciated, but otherwise I think you successfully called me out on the boneheaded mistake I made above. – J.T. Feb 1 '11 at 22:30
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53568 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm thinking of Chrome & IE8 as examples of applications which have multiple processes each associated with separate windows (and other things too). How does this work? Specifically focusing on the GUI side - one question I have is does Windows treat a HWND as belonging to a process or can one process arbitrarily interact with any HWND?
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4 Answers 4
up vote 1 down vote accepted
This is a great question. I'm going to throw out what I think to be a possible solution.
The primary application is responsible for spinning up additional processes (tabs) as necessary. This is very similar to spinning up additional threads.
It will use some type of inter-process commuications, such as named pipes, for transferring commands from the primary application to the additional processes and retrieving the results. For example, telling the new tab to go to a specific URL. Also, it could be used to pass some type of handle for the child process's drawing surface.
Or even just allow the parent process to set exactly where the display view point is for the child paint areas. This way you could appear to have a fully integrated app while maintaining nearly complete separation.
The key here is to define the communication point well enough. Of course, the benefit is tremendous as a dead sub process will not kill the primary application UNLESS the communications between the two are very badly written.
Further, as long as the communication points are well guarded you can effectively sandbox child processes preventing them from screwing with the host application. And, for bonus points, you could even run the child processes under limited user accounts which would further limit what damage they could do.
You might look at these sites for some examples of data sharing: http://www.catch22.net/tuts/tips#ShareData
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So going a bit more basics – Mr. Boy Feb 6 '11 at 2:15
@John: yep. However, I've never actually needed to do this so mileage may vary;) – NotMe Feb 6 '11 at 2:47
Each HWND can be arbitrarily interacted with, mostly. For example, this post shows how to embed notepad into a Windows Forms panel.
That being said, it often causes programs to not function correctly, unless they are designed with this in mind.
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So is it valid that say the top-level app might add 4 panels, and spawn one process for each panel, passing the HWND to the process, and then the processes do their rendering into the passed HWND? Would the processes be able to handle events on the HWND or should/must the parent app remain in charge of this, catching events and throwing commands to the processes? – Mr. Boy Feb 10 '11 at 11:14
@John: It's possible to do this, and have the processes monitor their own messages. It's very "brittle" though, so I wouldn't recommend it for anything real. – Reed Copsey Feb 10 '11 at 16:11
so instead have the processes render into the HWND they're passed, but centralise all Windows message-handling in the parent process? – Mr. Boy Feb 11 '11 at 12:43
@John: Yeah - you can do that, basically. Or have the child setup their own HWND, and just reparent them, so it's self-managed, with an "overseeing" process. It's very tricky to get right, though - wouldn't recommend it unless there's a really good reason to go about it. – Reed Copsey Feb 11 '11 at 16:45
None of these programs share a GUI among multiple processes.
Instead, they handle pages in separate processes, and route all UI interactions to the UI process.
Sharing a GUI among multiple process is possible but difficult.
share|improve this answer
OK well since the answer is "how", can you elaborate? – Mr. Boy Feb 6 '11 at 0:37
See the other answers, which already have. – SLaks Feb 6 '11 at 0:37
Here is the MSDN description of processes and threads. It contains a lot of good info: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms681917(v=VS.85).aspx
As for a windows handle, I believe it is just a resource like any other that a process contains. However, I think that there are built in safety measures and limits as to how processes can interact with each others resources, which includes HWNDs.
share|improve this answer
An HWND is not a handle in the meaning of the act. You don't call CloseHandle on it. – David Heffernan Feb 6 '11 at 0:06
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53569 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
We are intermittently getting "java.io.IOException: The pipe is being closed" with below code. There is very intermittent in nature. Any advice? I tried to replicate this and when i disconnect my machine from network then i am able to get this error. This class read and write information after Siebel CRM session is open.
Here with Java class code.
private Process _process;
private OutputStream _processOut;
private ByteArrayOutputStream _sessionOutput;
_processOut = _process.getOutputStream();
_sessionOutput = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
public void writeCommand(String command)
throws IOException
Here with Actual error:
java.io.IOException: The pipe is being closed
at java.io.FileOutputStream.writeBytes(Native Method)
at java.io.FileOutputStream.write(FileOutputStream.java:260)
at java.io.BufferedOutputStream.flushBuffer(BufferedOutputStream.java:65)
at java.io.BufferedOutputStream.flush(BufferedOutputStream.java:123)
at mySession.writeCommand(mySession.java:169)
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2 Answers 2
What is happening is that the external process you are trying to write to has closed the pipe connected to its standard input stream. It may have just exited.
Try to read and print the processes standard output and standard error to see if they give an explanation as to what is going on.
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Well it is the case when you have closed the streams and even after that you are trying to write data to streams...
I guess a single stream is handled in 2 threads at where one thread might have closed the stream (may be programatically or by some exception in your stream closing finally block). and the other thread is not notified and trying to write on that stream.
I hope this might help you
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does this worked? – rohit mandiwal Feb 18 '11 at 11:02
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53570 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I come from a python background, where it's often said that it's easier to apologize than to ask permission. Specifically given the two snippets:
if type(A) == int:
except TypeError:
Then under most usage scenarios the second one will be faster when A is usually an integer (assuming do_something needs an integer as input and will raise its exception fairly swiftly) as you lose the logical test from every execution loop, at the expense of a more costly exception, but far less frequently.
What I wanted to check was whether this is true in C#, or whether logical tests are fast enough compared to exceptions to make this a small corner case?
Oh and I'm only interested in release performance, not debug.
OK my example was too vague try this one:
Naive solution:
return float(A) % 20 # coerse A to a float so it'll only fail if we actually don't
# have anything that can be represented as a real number.
Logic based solution:
if isinstance(A, Number): # This is cheaper because we're not creating a new
return A % 20 # object unless we really have to.
return float(A) %20
Exception based solution:
try: # Now we're doing any logical tests in the 99% of cases where A is a number
return A % 20
except TypeError:
return float(A) % 20
Examples using FSOs, database connections, or stuff over a network are better but a bit long-winded for a question.
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Related question: stackoverflow.com/questions/52312/…. @Tobi's answer seems relevant to your question. – rsbarro Jun 10 '11 at 11:22
I'm not sure I understand. Throwing exceptions should almost always be more expensive because it has a lot to remember, testing for a type on the other hand does not. – Kevin Jun 10 '11 at 11:22
Can you give a scenario for C#? Because the one you provided for python isn't really common as C# is strong typed. – Daniel Hilgarth Jun 10 '11 at 11:23
Even if you do check first, in Python (and, I would think, in C#) it is always a bad idea to do if type(A) == int - you should prefer if isinstance(A, int). – lvc Jun 10 '11 at 11:27
General rule of thumb. Its worth asking permission if your going to need a lot of forgiveness. Otherwise just be forgiven. – Jakob Bowyer Jun 10 '11 at 11:46
5 Answers 5
up vote 14 down vote accepted
Probably not. .NET exceptions are relatively expensive.
Several .NET functions offer both variants for this reason. (int.TryParse, which returns a success code is often recommended because it is faster than int.Parse which throws an exception on failure)
But the only answer that matters is what your own profiling data tells you. If you need performance, then you need to measure, measure, measure.
Because what was fastest on my computer, with my code, with my version of the .NET framework, at this time may not be the fastest on your computer, with your code, with your version of the .NET framework at the time when you read it.
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Could you please provide some evidence of 'Probably not. .NET exceptions are relatively expensive.'? – Abdul Muqtadir Jun 10 '11 at 11:25
@Abdul: please read the last paragraph of my answer. Test it for yourself. But note that I said "relatively", because compared to a simple branch on a boolean value, exceptions are very expensive. But compared to most of what goes on in an application's lifetime, exceptions are typically not a problem. – jalf Jun 10 '11 at 11:26
Exceptions in .NET are fairly heavyweight, so the philosophy in C# is to use exceptions only for exceptional situations, not for program flow.
The philosophy in C# is also geared towards checking all input received from external code before using it. Example:
public void Foo(int i)
if (i == 0) // validate input received from external code
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("i");
public void Foo()
internal void DoSomething(int i)
Debug.Assert(i != 0); // validate that i is not zero in DEBUG build
// assume that i is not zero in RELEASE build
Console.WriteLine(42 / i);
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As a rule of thumb, I would say that exceptions should not be used for flow control. Use exceptions for exceptional circumstances - so if you do expect A to be an int, then your first approach is sensible. If it could be an int or a string, the second is more readable.
Performance-wise there is a difference in a release build - sensible logical tests are certainly fast enough - so personally I would go for readability.
share|improve this answer
He specifically asked about performance, so talking about readability, no matter how true, is kind of missing the point. – jalf Jun 10 '11 at 11:28
@jalf: As I read the question it is 'How should I approach this problem in the C# way, based on the approaches I know from my Python background?' coupled with 'Which would provide better performance in a release build', so I'd have to disagree with that comment. – mdm Jun 10 '11 at 11:34
Sure. If you ignore the [performance] tag, the phrase "I'm only interested in release performance", and that he states that the exception version is faster in Python, and then asks "whether this is true in C#". Sure. Then performance is completely irrelevant – jalf Jun 10 '11 at 11:38
What about the rules-of-thumb tag? I was simply trying to provide a balanced answer. Clearly I'm not going to win you over, so we'll just have to agree to disagree. – mdm Jun 10 '11 at 11:48
The questioner is new to C# and is seeking advice from an experienced, knowledgeable C# user. If I were the questioner, or the random google searcher, it would be important that I have full knowledge of the incidental consequences of my choice. When answering a question, it's common to note any caveats that the questioner was not aware of, but needs to know. Namely: using exceptions for flow control is frowned upon in C#. – dss539 Jun 10 '11 at 13:38
Exceptions should no be used as a "normal" execution flow control tool, and yes they are expensive.
Anyhow I think your question is slightly misguided, coming from python. C# is (or was?) a statically typed language which means that many scenarios similar to what you are proposing can be resolved at compile time.
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http://paltman.com/2008/01/18/try-except-performance-in-python-a-simple-test/ has a similar test, except looking at has_key, which I'd expect to be (slightly) more expensive than type checking.
For the case of some large number of iterations where the key exists (so the exception is never thrown) it's about 25% faster, but still fairly fast. Where the key never exists it's about 1000% slower.
Now bearing in mind that type checking is faster than looking up a key, and that .Net exceptions are, as mentioned above, fairly heavyweight, you'd need A to be an integer the vast majority of the time before it's even potentially worthwhile.
But, as jalf mentioned earlier. Try it out and see.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53571 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I've successfully made several Visual Studio debugger visualizers, and they're working very well, except that on some objects I get a time out error when I try to deserialize the object with objectProvider.GetObject()
System.Exception: Function evaluation timed out.
at Microsoft.VisualStudio.DebuggerVisualizers.DebugViewerShim.PrivateCallback.MaybeDeserializeAndThrowException(Byte[] data)
The time out happens rather quickly (maybe about a second after I click on the visualizer icon), even though some of my other visualizers work fine even with large data objects that much longer to display (5-10 seconds) and still don't timeout.
I've already made a custom object source to limit the serialization to the fields I need to display. What else can I do to get the data to deserialize without timing out?
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 28 down vote accepted
I think this is not documented, but you can try changing some of the Timeouts in the above registry key, and restart Visual Studio.
share|improve this answer
Looks like NormalEvalTimeout is the value to change (value is specified in milliseconds). QuickwatchTimeout is also worth updating if you use this feature (hovering over a variable in the debugger to view it's current value). The defaults for these values are are 5000 and 15000 respectively if you need to restore them. – alastairs Oct 20 '10 at 14:42
As with other registry keys, make sure Visual Studio is closed (no devenv processes running), or VS will overwrite the value when you quit! – ashes999 Jan 19 at 20:11
I was recently hit by this in VS2012 and after googling I found this:
As the exception message says, this exception means the debugger visualizer for the datatable is timed out. In VS debugger, each expression evaluation windows(such as watch window, locals window, datatips, autos window etc..) has different default max expression evaluation timed out value. For datatip, we prefer to give a short time out value because otherwise it will provide a poor user expression. If you do want to use the visualizer functionality for that datatable, you may add the expression to a watch and try to visualize it.(Because watch window has a longer timeout value). If you do want to get rid of this timeout in datatip, you may try to increase the timeout value for datatip. The timeout value is a setting in "DataTipTimeout" registry key under: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio\10.0\Debugger Note: you should probe WOW64Node for 64bit OS. You can also see other windows' default timeout value under this key.
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To Visual Studio debugger work well - "Locals" window in "WPF visualizer" (tested in WPF application), you need to find in registry: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio\12.0\Debugger\ DWORD parameter "LocalsTimeout" and default value (1000) set to big enough value, 5000, for example.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53572 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have following code to get different parts of current system Date (10-11-2011 for this case).
Calendar now = Calendar.getInstance();
String dt = ""+now.get(now.DATE)+"-"+now.get(now.MONTH)+"-"+now.get(now.YEAR);
Here, DATE and YEAR fields are giving values as expected but MONTH field is giving unexpected results, firstly I didn't knew that MONTH field starts with zero, so having current month as 11 will give me 10. Now, if I use now.get(now.MONTH+1) than it returns 46. And using simply now.MONTH instead of using get method gives 2.
So, what am I doing wrong here? it shouldn't be a bug in Calendar class.
Note that I'm using JDK 7.
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 5 down vote accepted
You need now.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1.
now.get(Calendar.MONTH) returns the month starting at 0. And you need to add 1 to the result. If you do now.get(Calendar.MONTH + 1), you're getting something other than the month, because you don't pass the MONTH constant to the get method anymore. get just takes an int as parameter. The constant MONTH means "I want to get the month". The constant DATE means "I want to get the date". Their value has no meaning. MONTH is 2, and 3 is WEEK_OF_YEAR.
Also note that static variables (or constants) should be accessed using the class name, and not an instance of the class.
Have you considered using SimpleDateFormat? That's the class to use to format a Date using a specific pattern:
new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy").format(now.getTime());
share|improve this answer
Month is zero-indexed according to the Javadoc:
A month is represented by an integer from 0 to 11; 0 is January, 1 is February, and so forth; thus 11 is December.
and similarly for Calendar
The first month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars is JANUARY which is 0; the last depends on the number of months in a year.
You need to add 1 to it to display it numerically or use java.text.SimpleDateFormat which will do this automatically for you.
If you're doing a lot of work with dates, then I suggest using Joda time instead. It is much better than the Java core library date/time handling.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53573 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
While trying to paste images, I noticed that Cases[] is very slow.
To reproduce, first copy a large image to the clipboard (just press Print Screen), then evaluate the following:
In[33]:= SetSystemOptions["PackedArrayOptions" -> "UnpackMessage" -> True];
In[34]:= AbsoluteTiming[nb = NotebookGet@ClipboardNotebook[];]
Out[34]= {0.4687500, Null}
In[35]:= AbsoluteTiming[d1 = nb[[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]];]
Out[35]= {0., Null}
In[36]:= AbsoluteTiming[d2 = First@Cases[nb, r_RasterBox :> First[r], Infinity, 1];]
During evaluation of In[36]:= Developer`FromPackedArray::unpack: Unpacking array in call to Notebook. >>
Out[36]= {0.9375000, Null}
(I did this on Windows, not sure if the paste code is the same on other systems.)
Note that extracting the data using Cases is extremely slow compared to using Part directly, even though I explicitly tell Cases that I need only one match.
I did find out (as shown above) that Cases triggers unpacking for some reason, even though the search should stop before it reaches the packed array inside. Using a shallower level specification than Infinity might avoid unpacking.
Question: Using Cases here is both easier and more reliable than Part (what if the subexpression can appear in different positions?) Is there a way to make Cases fast here, perhaps by using a different pattern or different options?
Possibly related question: Mathematica's pattern matching poorly optimized? (This is why I changed the Cases rule from RasterBox[data_, ___] -> data to r_RasterBox :> First[r].)
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1 Answer 1
up vote 14 down vote accepted
I don't have access to Mathematica right now, so what follows is untested. My guess is that Cases unpacks here because it searches depth-first, and so sees the packed array first. If this is correct, then you could use rules instead (ReplaceAll, not Replace), and throw an exception upon first match:
nb /. r_RasterBox :> Block[{}, Throw[First[r], tag] /; True];
As I said, this is just an untested guess.
Edit 2: an approach based on shielding parts of expression from the pattern-matcher
In the first edit (below) a rather heavy approach is presented. In many cases, one can take an alternative route. In this particular problem (and many others like it), the main problem is to somehow shield certain sub-expressions from the pattern-matcher. This can be achieved also by using rules, to temporarily replace the parts of interest by some dummy symbols.
Here is a modification of Cases which does just that:
Module[{dummy,inverseShieldingRules, shielded, i=0},
inverseShieldingRules =
Reap[shielded= expr/.(p:shieldPattern):>
With[{eval = With[{ind = ++i},Sow[dummy[ind]:>p];dummy[ind]]},
This version of Cases has one additional parameter shieldPattern (third one), which indicates which sub-expressions must be shielded from the pattern-matcher.
Advantages and applicability
The code above is pretty light-weight (compared to the suggestion of edit1 below), and it allows one to fully reuse and leverage the existing Cases functionality. This will work for cases when the main pattern (or rule) is insensitive to shielding of the relevant parts, which is a rather common situation (and in particular, covers patterns of the type _h, including the case at hand). This may also be faster than the application of myCases (described below).
The case at hand
Here, we need this call:
Out[55]= {0.,Null}
and the result is of course the same as before:
In[61]:= d2===d4
Out[61]= True
Edit: an alternative Cases-like function
Motivation and code
It took me a while to produce this function, and I am not 100 percent sure it always works correctly, but here is a version of Cases which, while still working depth-first, analyzes expression as a whole before sub-expressions:
myCases[expr_, lhs_ :> rhs_, upToLevel_: 1, max : (_Integer | All) : All,
opts : OptionsPattern[]] :=
Module[{tag, result, f, found = 0, aux},
mopts = FilterRules[{opts}, {Heads -> False}],
frule =
Hold[lhs, With[{eval = aux}, Null /; True]] /.
{aux :> Sow[rhs, tag] /; max === All,
aux :> (found++; Sow[rhs, tag])}
SetAttributes[f, HoldAllComplete];
If[max =!= All,
_f /; found >= max := Throw[Null, tag]
f[x_, n_] /; n > upToLevel := Null;
f[x_, n_] :=
ex : _[___] :>
With[{ev =
y_ :> With[{eval = f[y, n + 1]}, Null /; True],
Sequence @@ mopts
Null /; True
]; (* external With *)
result =
If[# === {}, #, First@#] &@
Reap[Catch[f[expr, 0], tag], tag, #2 &][[2]];
(* For proper garbage-collection of f *)
How it works
This is not the most trivial piece of code, so here are some remarks. This version of Cases is based on the same idea I suggested first - namely, use rule-substitution semantics to first attempt the pattern-match on an entire expression and only if that fails, go to sub-expressions. I stress that this is still the depth-first traversal, but different from the standard one (which is used in most expression-traversing functions like Map, Scan, Cases, etc). I use Reap and Sow to collect the intermediate results (matches). The trickiest part here is to prevent sub-expressions from evaluation, and I had to wrap sub-expressions into HoldComplete. Consequently, I had to use (a nested version of the) Trott-Strzebonski technique (perhaps, there are simpler ways, but I wasn't able to see them), to enable evauation of rules' r.h.sides inside held (sub)expressions, and used Replace with proper level spec, accounting for extra added HoldComplete wrappers. I return Null in rules, since the main action is to Sow the parts, so it does not matter what is injected into the original expression at the end. Some extra complexity was added by the code to support the level specification (I only support the single integer level indicating the maximal level up to which to search, not the full range of possible lev.specs), the maximal number of found results, and the Heads option. The code for frule serves to not introduce the overhead of counting found elements in cases when we want to find all of them. I am using the same Module-generated tag both as a tag for Sow, and as a tag for exceptions (which I use to stop the process when enough matches have been found, just like in my original suggestion).
Tests and benchmarks
To have a non-trivial test of this functionality, we can for example find all symbols in the DownValues of myCases, and compare to Cases:
myCases[DownValues[myCases],s_Symbol:>Hold[s],#1,Heads->#2] ===
Out[185]= True
The myCases function is about 20-30 times slower than Cases though:
Out[186]= {3.188,Null}
In[187]:= Do[Cases[DownValues[myCases],s_Symbol:>Hold[s],20,Heads->True],{500}];//Timing
Out[187]= {0.125,Null}
The case at hand
It is easy to check that myCases solves the original problem of unpacking:
In[188]:= AbsoluteTiming[d3=First@myCases[nb,r_RasterBox:>First[r],Infinity,1];]
Out[188]= {0.0009766,Null}
In[189]:= d3===d2
Out[189]= True
It is hoped that myCases can be generally useful for situations like this, although the performance penalty of using it in place of Cases is substantial and has to be taken into account.
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Cases[{{{1}}}, _, Infinity] returns {1, {1}, {{1}}}, supporting the depth-first hypothesis. Also, On["Packing"]; Cases[z[Range[10]], _, {1}] does not issue an unpacking warning but On["Packing"]; Cases[z[Range[10]], _, {2}] does. This suggests that Cases unconditionally unpacks arrays once it determines that it needs to scan them. +1 – WReach Jan 2 '12 at 17:02
Great Leonid! This works. I needed to add point-evaluation to make it work in my case (apparently something is holding the expression unevaluated), and I also made it return $Failed when the expression is not found (so it won't return the whole huge expression). I edited your post. – Szabolcs Jan 2 '12 at 17:11
@WReach I think Cases[z[Range[10]], _, {2}] must unpack because we're explicitly asking to search level 2. Cases[{z[Range[10]]}, _z, 3, 1] however doesn't need to because we're telling it that once it found a single match, it can return. When it finds it, it still hasn't reached the packed array, so it wouldn't in theory need to touch it. I guess there's some room for optimization for this (admittedly uncommon) situation. Do you agree? – Szabolcs Jan 2 '12 at 17:19
I think it's worth pointing out that once ReplaceAll has found a match, it won't search subexpressions of that match anymore, while Cases does. The last argument of Cases doesn't seem to prevent this. Now it makes sense to me, but it wasn't something that's very intuitive or easy to figure out ... – Szabolcs Jan 2 '12 at 17:22
@Szabolcs I agree that there is room for optimization in Cases. It is not immediately obvious to me that an array must be unpacked to scan it -- but then again I don't know what's going on under the covers here. A breadth-first searching variant of Cases could be useful too. I was able to prevent the unpacking by limiting the search to level 6 or less, e.g. First@Cases[nb, r_RasterBox :> First[r], {6}, 1], though that is obviously fragile. – WReach Jan 2 '12 at 17:34
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53601 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there a way to get a Windows Experience Index Rating (the one shown in Windows 7/Vista) on a Windows XP machine ?
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1 Answer 1
According to this article, you can perform the test -
One interesting aspect of winsat.exe is that it can also be launched under Windows XP. It provides the same functionality on that operating system with the exception of the Windows Experience Engine. What you basically get is a benchmarking tool for your computer system developed by Microsoft.
The steps for doing this are described in the article.
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As far as I know, you have to take into account that the rating between Vista and 7 changed, so the same values don't tell the same story between Vista and 7. – private_meta Aug 5 '10 at 21:11
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53602 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Do routers (in my case dlink dir-655) have a task manager of sorts? I know they are essentially a processor and some memory and probably a little permanent storage, but is there a good way to gauge how busy the thing is?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Most (probably all) such routers run a multitasking operating system. They might not all maintain separate memory areas per process or collect per-process CPU usage statistics, so the information you're probably thinking of is not always measurable. However the DIR-655 is relatively high-end and probably does allow such measures.
Typical routers only provide a web interface. Then you're limited by the web interface. Bandwidth usage statistics is usually available, but often not other information such as memory consumption. So even though the information is technically measurable, there may be no way to obtain it.
Some routers are more open than others. There are routers that you can telnet or ssh into, and then you can run command-line statistics utilities. For example, many Linux-based routers have at least the top utility.
I don't know what OS the DIR-655 runs, but various clues suggest it's one made by Ubicom to go with their processors. Their developer documentation suggests that the OS is based on Linux and other open-source software. However the DIR-655 is seemingly an exception: according to a D-Link representative, unlike most other comparable D-Link router models, it doesn't run a Linux-based OS, but instead a proprietary one.
Since the OS is proprietary, there's little hope of having more features than what the official interface provides.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53603 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
The problem is consistent. Using Windows 7, without running any service (), just the Basic Windows 7 startup putting the laptop into sleep works fine but when I try to resume by clicking on any button or the power button, the power goes down suddenly and all lights go off.
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1 Answer 1
Try updating your bios, chipset, and graphics drivers.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53604 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a image on a USB disk that I want to recover.
I've been trying a lot of free programs but when they recover the image, it can't be shown.
Is there some way I can byte recover this image or another way i can get this picture back?
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3 Answers 3
up vote 4 down vote accepted
PhotoRec http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec
the guide is here
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The OP tried "a lot of freeware programs", how is PhotoRec different from/better than other recovery programs? – Martin May 4 '11 at 20:05
Because I went through many of these myself. As he has already figured out most of these are fairly limited in their abilities. PhotoRec, on the other hand, is extremely capable. If his image is even remotely recoverable this software will do it. – Blomkvist May 4 '11 at 20:12
thanks mate! im trying it now, hope it works :) – Patrick R May 4 '11 at 21:09
it just completed, but got some kind of an "harddrive", its inside my /Volumes/ dir, but cant find it.. its called recup_dir.1 how do i find this "file" and open it ? i tryed searching for it, but no luck – Patrick R May 4 '11 at 22:33
it should have asked you where to put the recovered files cgsecurity.org/mw/images/PhotoRec_dst.png – Blomkvist May 5 '11 at 0:09
There are fewer freeware data recovery on Mac OS X than Windows. PhotoRec is definitely one that needs to be speak highly of. But it's a command line tool which may not be comfortable for general users. In your case, if the lost images lost from your USB is JPG format, you can also use Exif Untrasher (also freeware but few people know). Here is a review of those free ones on Mac OS X (truely freeware data recovery on Mac).
One more tip: if you can find a computer installed with Windows, things will be easier.
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Disk Drill can help you to recover deleted image, but it's not free. http://download.cnet.com
Unfortunately the free version only scans and you need to buy the pro version to recover your deleted files.
After mistakenly letting a Verbatim Media Share Mini wreck two HFS+ drives, Disk Drill's thorough deep scan recovered all the media files lost from two drives. It was amazing.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53605 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
What's the safe and acceptable temperature range for my laptop?
• 500GB hard drive
• Intel Core i5 2nd generation CPU
• 6GB RAM ddr3
hdd name- wdc wd5000bpvt-22hxzt1 500.1gb
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There are lots of 500GB hard drives out there... – Ignacio Vazquez-Abrams Oct 12 '11 at 6:24
Still not enough. Which one? – Ignacio Vazquez-Abrams Oct 12 '11 at 6:28
Every laptop has different cooling architectures. You need to be more explicit in your question. – Jin Oct 12 '11 at 6:30
added the hdd name, what other details are expected @jin? – 168335 Oct 12 '11 at 6:32
The laptop model will be useful. – Jin Oct 12 '11 at 6:37
4 Answers 4
up vote 1 down vote accepted
http://www.wdc.com/wdsearch/search.aspx?sc=&sl=en-US&sq=how+hot+hard+drive I did this search, and most of the internal Disk items have a range to About 60-65*C.
Drives that come in a box or are sealed in another container (like passport), are listed at around 40*C, (external ambient) this is probably different because the drive itself inside the box , will reach higher temps.
The sure to be non-operational temps I saw were 70*C, by then I assume not only would it be non-operational then :-) but not very likly to work later either.
In the warrenty section, where I suspected I might find a no-warrenty policy for a drive so overheated, there was nothing specific about it.
I like my drive to be 40*C and down, I have seen them run just fine for days at 50*C , I agree with Charles, your going to have a lot more problems than that if the hard drive gets to the non-operational temperature, on the other hand, I think that many smaller devices (non-desktop) are unnessisarily harsh on some things.
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Laptop already contains temperature control mechanism. If your laptop gets overheated then the BIOS gives you the warning and turns off your laptop automatically.
Every brand laptop has different temperatures. You don't need to bother about it.
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Not many have temperature control mechanism for hard drives, which is the title of the question! – AndrejaKo Oct 12 '11 at 8:53
In general, if your hard disk is getting hot enough to fry, other components in your laptop are going to go first. Capacitors will start popping in the power circuitry and your CPU will start going before the hard disk will suffer.
I've seen some research results from Google's hard disks, and surprisingly, cooler does not necessarily correlate with longer life, which is most likely what you're after. The single largest factor in a hard disk's life is the batch quality. Unfortunately you have essentially zero control over this, and there's no practical way to measure it, aside from running a bunch of the disks for years and seeing how quickly they fail on average.
That said, laptops do get hot, especially if used for gaming, and I do recommend some variety of external cooling if you're going to be using this computer for long periods at high performance levels like 3d games or HD movies.
Check your laptop's manual to see how it deals with overheat conditions, as it may do processor stepping, or take more aggressive countermeasures if the chassis overheats.
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According to this datasheet: http://www.wdc.com/wdproducts/library/SpecSheet/ENG/2879-701278.pdf
0 - 60 C (operating)
-40 - 65 C (non-operating)
That's only the hard drive, other components have different limits, and will have different temperature.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53606 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
What is the main purpose of the swapper process in Unix?
Swapper process has the PID 0 and I guess it is the first process that loads. Can anyone throw more light on this topic?
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Is this present in all UNIX variants? I don't think I've seen it before. Could have something to do with task scheduling, though. – John Chadwick Jan 12 '12 at 9:18
2 Answers 2
Process 0 is a special process (called swapper or idle process) which runs when the system is idle, i.e. no other process is scheduled. It is the only process which can invoke the idle() system call.
This is the first process to be spawned, which then creates init (PID 1) which starts other processes.
root 1 0 /sbin/init
You can also check man idle.
See also: Understanding the Linux Kernel – Process Scheduling
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It hasn't been a swapper process since the 1990s, and swapping hasn't really been used since the 1970s.
Unices stopped using swapping a long time ago. They've been demand-paged operating systems for a few decades — since System V R2V5 and 4.0BSD. The swapper process, as was, used to perform process swap operations. It used to swap entire processes — including all of the kernel-space data structures for the process — out to disc and swap them back in again. It would be woken up, by the kernel, on a regular basis, and would scan the process table to determine what swapped-out-and-ready-to-run processes could be swapped in and what swapped-in-but-asleep processes could be swapped out. Any textbook on Unix from the 1980s will go into this in more detail, including the swap algorithm. But it's largely irrelevant to demand-paged Unices, even though they retained the old swap mechanism for several years. (The BSDs tried quite hard to avoid swapping, in favour of paging, for example.)
Process #0 is the first process in the system, hand-crafted by the kernel. It fork()s process 1, the first user process. What it does other than that is dependent from what Unix the operating system actually is. As mentioned, the BSDs before FreeBSD 5.0 retained the old swapper mechanism, and process #0 simply dropped into the swapper code in the kernel, the scheduler() function, after it had finished system initialization. System V was much the same, except that process #0 was conventionally named sched rather than swapper. (The names are pretty much arbitrary choices.) In fact, most — possibly all — Unices had a (largely unused) old swapper mechanism that hung around as process #0.
Linux, traditionally, has been somewhat different to the Unices, in that process #0 is the idle process, running cpu_idle(). It simply does nothing, in an infinite loop. It exists so that there's always a task ready to be scheduled.
Even this is an out-of-date description. The late 1980s and early 1990s was the advent of multi-threading operating systems, as a result of which process #0 became simply the system process. In the world of old single-threaded Unices, one could only get a separate flow of execution to do a continuous kernel task by fork()ing a process. So all of the kernel tasks (vmdaemon, pagedaemon, pagezero, bufdaemon, syncer, ktrace, and so forth on FreeBSD systems, for example) were low-numbered processes, fork()ed by process #0 after it fork()ed ìnit. In multiple-threaded Unices, it makes no sense to create a whole new process context for something that runs entirely in kernel space, and doesn't need an address space, file descriptor table, and whatnot all to itself. So all of these tasks became (essentially) threads, sharing the address space of a single system process.
Along the way, several Unices fianlly lost the old swapper mechanism, that they were trying their utmost to avoid ever using anyway. OpenBSD's initialization code now simply drops into a while(1) tsleep(…); loop, for example, with no swapping mechanism anywhere.
So nowadays process #0 on a Unix is the system process, which effectively holds a number of kernel threads doing a number of things, ranging from page-out operations, through filesystem cache flushes and buffer zeroing, to idling when there's nothing else to run.
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Note that the idle(2) system call is a relic in Linux and has not existed since kernel 2.3.13 (about 15 years!). See the manual page for the call (still shipped on most modern distro) for more historical details. – user173633 Nov 15 '12 at 11:31
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53607 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Possible Duplicate:
Where are apps from the Windows Store installed to?
Where exactly are the apps saved in Windows 8?
I have searched through the C:/Program Files and ProgramFiles(x86) and there is no sight of the programs that I installed through the Windows Store.
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marked as duplicate by Karan, Windos, Hennes, Synetech, 8088 Nov 9 '12 at 3:38
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
C:\Program Files\Applications. You have to give yourself permission to access the folder through the Security Settings tab in the Properties window.
Source: this video on YouTube.
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Please summarize the instructions here. Videos might become unavailable at some point.. – slhck Nov 8 '12 at 22:40
ok so I found the folder named: "Windows Apps" , however I tried appling the permissions (show in the video) to grant me access to the folder and yet havent been able to do so... I shows like loading but then nothing happens. – Raykud Nov 8 '12 at 22:45
@Raykud it does open after loading all the way thru... – MimiEAM Nov 8 '12 at 23:20
The folder was renamed at some point in the beta program from Applications to WindowsApps – Erik Funkenbusch Nov 9 '12 at 7:57
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53608 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am writing a report in a 2 column page format. Now I want to insert a rather large picture that requires to use full width of the page and cut the columns horizontally. How can I achiveve this? Please see the images below for what I mean :
enter image description here
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Can you please better describe what you're trying to accomplish? Based upon your question, it appears that you've already been able to insert a picture across two columns. Do you want the text to wrap top and bottom of the picture? – dav Feb 26 '13 at 13:09
No, in the second image I just drawed a rectangle in photoshop! I want to do the same with an image inside the word iteself. – Sean87 Feb 26 '13 at 13:35
Ok, then see my answer, step 1 for the basic image inserting. The second two steps will help clean up the text flow above and below the image. Good luck. – dav Feb 26 '13 at 13:43
2 Answers 2
up vote 6 down vote accepted
If you're looking to have your text read left to right columns above the image, and begin left to right again after the image (rather than left top to bottom, right top to bottom), all you need to do is add two breaks.
1. Insert your image, Insert > Picture, then Format > Wrap Text > Top & Bottom will insert your image and apply the basic, proper formatting.
2. Insert a Column Break in the left column where you want your image (this forces the text to the next column).
3. Insert a Continous Section Break in the right column immediately above the image's location (this pushes the text back to the left column, but below your image).
In the sample image, there is a column break after paragraph 2 (before image) and a section break (continuous) after paragraph 4 (before image).
enter image description here
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Select picture -> Wrap Text -> Top and Bottom
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53609 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
In text editors, if I press the up and down arrow keys, it moves the cursor between lines of text.
In Bash, if I’m typing a long command that spans multiple lines and I press the up and down arrow keys, it cycles through the command history.
I want the former behavior in Bash. Is this possible? If not, is there any way to move the cursor directly up or down in a multi-line command?
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They move between lines... just that the line is very long. – vonbrand May 4 '13 at 1:58
6 Answers 6
up vote 11 down vote accepted
No, it's not possible. Bash uses GNU Readline to handle interactive line input. There is no command in Readline that moves between display lines as you desire, nor is there a configuration variable comparable to the line-move-visual variable of GNU Emacs that causes next-line and previous-line to move by display lines.
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Disappointing, but thanks! And I think the answers to another question would be useful to people with this same question: stackoverflow.com/questions/657130/… – Frungi May 11 '13 at 23:15
What I do is press CTRL + Left Arrow and it will leap to the first letter after the last space found. You can quickly get to where you need by doing this.
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That's a non-standard key binding. The standard key binding for moving backwards by one word is Alt+b. See cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/rluserman.html#SEC5 – sleske May 5 '13 at 10:42
Maybe you're looking for something like xiki. It's like a shell/text-editor.
Here's a video demo: http://youtu.be/bUR_eUVcABg
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Xiki looks amazing! I want something like that that can run on windows... – Max May 10 '13 at 7:12
@Max according to the projects github page, "We just patched el4r, so there's a chance Xiki might work in windows." You can check it out here: github.com/trogdoro/xiki – I-Ii May 11 '13 at 17:34
thanks for the tip – Max May 11 '13 at 22:00
This is startlingly neat and nerdy, but really not what I was wanting to do. I just wanted to use Bash or some other common shell. Thanks, though! – Frungi May 11 '13 at 23:22
You can use Ctrl+Left and Ctrl+Right to navigate through words rather than characters, and Home and End to go to the beginning and the end of the typed command.
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Also, Ctrl+A to go to the beginning and Ctrl+E to go to the end – ignis May 4 '13 at 8:35
@ignis you should put that in an answer. – evilsoup May 4 '13 at 20:49
See also the bash(1) manpage under the heading Commands for Moving section for other navigation shortcuts.
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Ctrl+A to go to the beginning and Ctrl+E to go to the end of the command.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53610 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Last week, I installed Windows 7 Ultimate x64, activated online, and everything went smoothly. However, every day after midnight, Windows informs me that it hasn't been activated (via the version number and text on the desktop). If I go to "My Computer | Properties", however, the windows "genuine" seal appears and the desktop text disappears. Does anyone know why this is happening? And is there a way to stop it? I have a genuine copy of the OS.
Thank you.
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A number of questions that might help figure out what's going on if Microsoft is not being helpful. Is it a retail, OEM, promotional, or upgrade version? Also, do you leave the system on all the time or shut it down regularly? Does the system time change at all? How old is this hardware? "Desktop Text disappears" is a rather odd thing to have happen, is there anything else "strange" that happens? – Doltknuckle Nov 10 '09 at 22:15
It's a copy from MSDN. I do leave the system on all the time. The system time does not change and the hardware is about 3-yo. What I meant by "desktop text disappears" is that the Activation reminder text on the desktop disappears. I might have found an answer here: social.answers.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/w7install/thread/…, but I don't know if it's a permanent solution. I'm afraid it's just delaying the text from appearing for a few days/months. – RHPT Nov 11 '09 at 20:26
2 Answers 2
Sounds like a classic job for Microsoft Support. If you phone them eventually you can even get through to a human.
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up vote 2 down vote accepted
Finally figured this out. I had set the "Software Protection" service to manual.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53613 | On Point at the Capitol: advice from women in politics
In this episode of On Point, “Holly on the Hill” blogger Holly Richardson interviews several Democratic and Republican state legislators about the highs and lows of the 2014 session and finds out how they got started in politics.
Click here to watch on Sutherland Daily.
Click here to watch on our YouTube channel. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53614 | Intel drops MeeGo, backs new OS project
— 9:28 AM on September 28, 2011
Looks like MeeGo is about to join webOS in the graveyard of mobile operating systems that didn't quite make it. Intel announced this morning that it's embracing Tizen, a "new Linux-based open source software platform for multiple device categories," and plans to help its MeeGo partners transition to it.
What makes Tizen worth dropping MeeGo like a hot potato? Intel Open Source Technology Center Director Imad Sousou elaborates:
According to the official Tizen website, the first Tizen release and developer toolkit is planned for the first quarter of next year. Tizen will emphasize HTML5 and "other web standards," and it will purportedly support everything from netbooks and tablets to phones and TVs. Just like MeeGo, the project is backed by Intel and a major handset vendor—this time Samsung. The Linux Foundation is also hosting the project.
More details will come to light "in the coming weeks."
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53654 | John Hawkins
Mike Huckabee's campaign manager Ed Rollins has been ceaselessly pilloried on the Right for saying, "It's gone. The breakup of what was the Reagan coalition -- social conservatives, defense conservatives, anti-tax conservatives -- it doesn't mean a whole lot to people anymore."
While my gut impulse is to disagree with Rollins, the rapid rise of John McCain, the man who has done more to thwart Reagan conservatives than any other Republican over the last few years, is evidence that Rollins is right -- or at a minimum, evidence that movement conservatives have been marginalized in the Republican Party.
Amongst grassroots conservatives, John McCain's name is an expletive -- and for good reason -- because he has made a name for himself by knifing conservatives time and time again for the amusement of his liberal pals in the mainstream media.
McCain supports amnesty for illegal aliens, was behind the Gang of 14, is a gun grabber, opposed the Bush tax cuts, ran roughshod over the Constitution with McCain-Feingold Campaign Finance Reform, opposes a Constitutional amendment to protect marriage, was rumored to be considering switching parties multiple times, talked with John Kerry about being his Vice-President, lines up with the global warming alarmists, wants to close Gitmo, wants to coddle captured terrorists -- you can go on and on with this. In essence, John McCain is hawkish, he's fiscally conservative, he has a solid pro-life voting record that is at odds with his previously stated opposition to overturning Roe v. Wade ("I would not support repeal of Roe v. Wade." --John McCain, 1999) -- and on everything else, he's a Democrat.
In other words, we're talking about a man who could fairly be called a Rockefeller Republican, a Country Club Republican, a RINO, or just a toweringly arrogant, out of touch D.C. insider who seems to assume that any position he takes is right solely because he happens to hold it. However, what John McCain cannot fairly be called is a conservative.
Granted, some of his leading competitors for the Republican nomination depart from the conservative orthodoxy in a number of ways as well, but in their defense, none of them has built a career out of smashing a boot into the faces of the very people they're going to need to vote for them in November.
.......Which brings me to the current mood of the Republican base: as is, they're grouchy, irritated, and unmotivated by the GOP's performance of late. If John McCain becomes the Republican Party's nominee, you have to think conservatives will become utterly despondent. Sure, a John McCain vs. Barack Obama or John McCain vs. Hillary Clinton match-up might look good on paper, but how are we going to elect someone who makes conservatives despondent?
Moreover, how are we going to elect someone who is richly, heartily despised by most of the conservative media? Republicans are always complaining that the mainstream media is against them and that the conservative media, diligent though it is, doesn't have the firepower to adequately combat them. So what happens when the mainstream media inevitably turns on John McCain and predictably, few members of the already outgunned conservative media like McCain well enough to even fight for him?
Then there's the illegal immigration issue, which was the biggest domestic issue of 2007 and figures to be an enormous emotional issue in 2008. John McCain does not represent the position of most Republicans on illegal immigration. To the contrary, he has a position that is functionally identical to that of Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama.
So here's a little "straight talk" for you: having John McCain lose in 2008, because he's pro-amnesty, would probably scare Congress so badly that they wouldn't even consider voting on a path to citizenship before 2013, while a John McCain victory would signal to Congress that they can go ahead and proceed with amnesty, because conservatives don't care about the issue very much.
Now, am I saying that Republicans should vote for a third party or stay home if John McCain is the nominee? Absolutely not. I don't believe in protest votes and besides, the presidency is bigger than any one issue. Still, when you set up a situation where people on your own side are perversely incentivized to sabotage the candidacy of your party's President over the biggest domestic issue of last year, you're not just asking for trouble, you're begging for it.
After all, this has been a wildly unpredictable election season and gloom and doom scenarios often don't come to pass. However, when a political party selects a man as a leader who is wildly out of step with the views of the majority of people who belong to it, it doesn't take a rocket scientist to figure out that party is going to have one hell of a rough time. If that's the road that the Republican Party goes down in 2008, may God help us all.
John Hawkins
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53656 | Paul Greenberg
How sum up this new prayer book's prose style - sleek contemporary? Safely ecru? I'm reminded of what Robert Alter, the Biblical translator, once said: The problem with the King James Bible is that the translators' Hebrew was shaky; the problem with every translation since is that its English is shaky.
It's a testament to the archaic yet never dated Hebrew of the Sabbath service that not even this new edition can disguise its awesome power. The worshipper is not only led but confronted. The ancient words strike to the core - like a childhood rhyme that one realizes in old age means a lot more than a childhood rhyme.
The old prayers put together so long ago - whether in Babylon or over the course of many an exile and homecoming since - still admonish and forgive, cast down and raise up, fill one with sorrow and hope. Age cannot wither nor custom stale their infinite power; they only increase the appetite they satisfy.
Ahvenu Malkeynu, Our Father, our King, forgive us for the sin of judging, always judging. (How would you translate that ancient cry - Our Father! Our King! Forgive Us! - into the latest gender-neutral prayerbook prose? Our Parent, Our Ruler, don't be judgmental?)
Out of habit I look around and silently count the sparse attendance this Saturday morning. Jewish tradition frowns upon counting people. It's associated with taking a census, and whenever a census is taken, it's seldom been good for the Jews. A census means another tax, another restriction on where we may live outside the ghetto or mellah or Pale of Settlement, another increase in the number of Jewish conscripts for the czar's army, another order to report at dawn for Resettlement in the East. So I count to myself. There are only eight of us today, not even enough for the traditional minyan, the quorum of 10 worshippers traditionally required for communal prayer. I'm sent back to childhood, to those times when evening prayers might be held in the back of my father's shoe store because another shopkeeper on the street needed to say Kaddish. That's the prayer recited on the anniversary of a loved one's death - a parent, a spouse, a brother or sister, or, God forbid, a child. When there weren't 10 men present, I'd be dispatched to spread the word that we needed a 10th.
Everyone I asked would invariably put down whatever he was working on and come. It was a good deed, an honor, a special blessing to be the 10th man, the one who made the service possible.
Actually, we might need an additional two or three to make a minyan, but my request wasn't entirely misleading. Just because we needed an 8th or 9th man, too, didn't mean we didn't need a 10th. It occurs to me that I've been sitting here only a few minutes and already I'm thinking like a Talmudist.
Just as we begin the service, we're joined by one more worshipper - the 9th. Well, I think, we almost made it. Close but no minyan.
Then I think again: Isn't it a greater thing to be the 9th rather than the 10th worshipper, to be the unrecognized worker who lays one more brick in the edifice unheralded, rather than he who sets the capstone to much ado? Isn't it better to join the common effort for its own sake, even if it does not succeed, perhaps especially if it does not succeed, rather than wait for the honor of completing it?
Blessed be the 9th man.
Paul Greenberg
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53663 | PC-BSD: Ticket #50: unable to load printer driver (Foomatic) for epson stylus photo 825 http://trac.pcbsd.org/ticket/50 <p> While trying to add printer, either in user mode or admin mode the following error occurs: </p> <p> Unable to load the requested driver: Unable to create the Foomatic driver [Epson-Stylus_Photo_825,gutenprint]. Either that driver does not exist, or you don't have the required permissions to perform that operation. </p> <p> Asrock 915dual celeron D 3.06ghz 1GB Pc3200 160GB SATA Maxtor Intel 915g onboard video </p> <p> PC-BSD 1.4RC </p> en-us PC-BSD http://trac.pcbsd.org/chrome/site/pcbsd_trac_banner.png http://trac.pcbsd.org/ticket/50 Trac 1.0.1 tim Sat, 06 Oct 2007 16:32:38 GMT status changed; resolution set http://trac.pcbsd.org/ticket/50#comment:1 http://trac.pcbsd.org/ticket/50#comment:1 <ul> <li><strong>status</strong> changed from <em>new</em> to <em>closed</em> </li> <li><strong>resolution</strong> set to <em>invalid</em> </li> </ul> <p> This isn't a bug. </p> <p> You need to install the gutenprint print driver before you can use it. </p> <p> The error message you received indicates it isn't installed. </p> Ticket |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53674 | %%* Funny/WithoutRemorse
%%* Funny/PatriotGames
%%* Funny/RedRabbit
* Funny/TheHuntForRedOctober
%%* Funny/TheCardinalOfTheKremlin
* Funny/ClearAndPresentDanger
%%* Funny/TheSumOfAllFears
%%* Funny/DebtOfHonor
%%* Funny/ExecutiveOrders
%%* Funny/RainbowSix
%%* Funny/TheBearAndTheDragon
%%* Funny/TheTeethOfTheTiger
%%* Funny/DeadOrAlive
%%NB: The reason the following are listed here is that they don't yet have their own works page to hang subpages off.
!!''Dead or Alive''
* In an attempt to crack messages to terrorists encrypted with [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography steganography]], Jack Jr. inadvertently "decrypts" an image from a URC website into an image of a busty topless woman, much to Jack's chagrin and the amusement of other people at The Campus. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53675 | ''Make Room! Make Room!'' is a 1966 ScienceFiction novel by Creator/HarryHarrison.
It is set in the CrapsackWorld of [[BigApplesauce New York City]] in the far-future year of 1999, beset by overpopulation and environmental collapse, where a bland artificial food called soylent (made from soy and lentils) is the best thing most people ever get to eat.
It is now best-known as the inspiration for the film ''Film/SoylentGreen''. (The famous secret of Soylent Green was invented for the movie, and isn't in the book.)
!!This novel provides examples of:
* CrapsackWorld: In addition to the everything crapsack-y about the movie, the transportation system has ''completely'' broken down. In other words, everyone is trapped in the city; the only non-human-powered vehicles mentioned are old buses taken from a history museum, used by the police and running on extremely low grade fuel.
* EatTheDog: "Leg of dog" is one of the rare delicacies offered at a black-market butcher shop.
* TheEndIsNigh: A secondary character in the novel is a defrocked priest who's eagerly awaiting the turn of the millennium, which he assumes will bring the end of the world.
* FutureFoodIsArtificial: Soylent steaks made of soy and lentils are an expensive item.
* GaiasLament
* GlobalWarming: Barely a page goes by without someone complaining about the ever-present humidity... in New York at winter time.
* NewYearHasCome: The novel ends shortly after midnight on January 1, 2000.
* OnlyElectricSheepAreCheap: Even soy-based faux steak is expensive and worth practically rioting over.
* PostPeakOil: Cities effectively become their own totally isolated city states when the oil becomes too rare to use. The only form of long-distance transport mentioned are large freighters (shipping food to the millions effectively trapped in cities); on the local level, motorized transit has been replaced with human-powered "pedicabs" and "tugtrucks".
* TwentyMinutesIntoTheFuture: The book was written in 1966 and set in 1999.
* UsedFuture |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53676 | ->''"Peace means having a bigger stick than the other guy!"''
-->-- '''Tony Stark''', quoting his late father,'''Howard Stark''', ''[[{{Film/IronMan1}} Iron Man]]'' (the guy selling the sticks)
In series in which two or more characters (or factions) frequently come to blows, you can often find characters who spend their time [[TrainingFromHell training]] in order to [[MyKungFuIsStrongerThanYours defeat their enemies]]. Sometimes, you get characters who just use a Bigger Stick. They don't care if they aren't as strong as their opponents: it's their equipment which does all the fighting -- if you have better equipment, you can handily defeat anybody, after all. Just Add MoreDakka.
This trope is commonly found in Mecha shows, and is related to SuperPrototype, but subversions aren't unheard of (see MagicFeather). If two factions try to beat each other's Big Stick with an even ''Bigger'' Stick, you get a LensmanArmsRace. A commander who believes that WeHaveReserves may try to get a Bigger Stick by sending in even more [[ZergRush ludicrous numbers]] of disposable {{mooks}}. Overwhelming numbers may actually ''be'' the Bigger Stick -- tie enough small sticks together and you can make a pretty good club, after all.
If TheRival captures {{the Hero}}es' Stick and tries to use it against them it will fail. Sticks are typically [[UnusableEnemyEquipment user-locked or otherwise protected]] to prevent this from happening. WeakButSkilled is the exact opposite. The UnskilledButStrong often seek this. Wielders of smaller sticks may note that they're GonnaNeedMoreX.
Although this trope is not inherently [[FreudWasRight Freudian]], a large majority of its examples are. The BiggerStick is probably going to end up being a {{BFS}} or {{BFG}}. Mostly unrelated to CarryABigStick.
[[folder:Anime and Manga]]
* ''Franchise/{{Gundam}}'' series.
** At the start of the original ''Anime/MobileSuitGundam'', Amuro is initially nowhere near the level of Zeon's aces, but survives several encounters because he's piloting the Gundam. Ramba Ral even lampshades it when he's defeated by Amuro, who promptly calls him a sore loser.
** In ''Anime/MobileSuitGundamZZ'', this is Glemmy's thing. He isn't exactly an AcePilot, nor are most of his subordinates especially skilled (though [[spoiler: he's the only leader in the series able to field a full battalion of Newtype soldiers]]), but he has money, he has technology, and he uses it to ensure that his personal suit and the suits of his elite subordinates are significantly more powerful than anyone else's gear.
** Similarly, Setsuna F. Seiei of ''[[Anime/MobileSuitGundam00 Gundam 00]]'' fame survived his battles with Graham, Sergei and Ali because he has Gundam Exia: had he been piloting a lesser Mobile Suit he would've had his ass handed to him all three times. Hell, ''all'' of Celestial Being, [[spoiler:Thrones included]], was like that until the [[LensmanArmsRace GN-X units were deployed]]. And in the one occasion when it seemed to get subverted, [[spoiler:it turned out the Gundam in question had a OneWingedAngel form.]]\\
This later proves to not exactly be true late into the second series when Setsuna pulls the reverse. He pilots a trashed Exia that is held together by spare parts, spit and sheer dumb luck. The unit is missing an arm, has a makeshift replacement camera eye, joint protection parts missing and a literally a broken weapon. That combined with the fact that his Gundam is literally five years out of date means that he was actually very skilled to have made it that far fighting that Ahead and GN-X III because if he had been any less skilled, he would have been shot down like before.
*** Throughout much of the second season, the Bigger Stick came into play with the A-LAWS updating their newer units on a regular basis, with only minor adjustments to the Celestial Being Gundam (00 Raiser), yet Celestial Being would triumph every single time. Unfortunately for her, Nena Trinity wound up becoming the victim of a Bigger Stick when Louise Halevy did her in with the [[SuperPrototype Regnant]] after ambushing [[SoLastSeason her outdated Throne]].
** The events of ''[[Anime/MobileSuitGundamSeed Gundam SEED]]'' are touched off by the Earth Alliance's attempt at building a BiggerStick with which to fight the more physically-abled Coordinators of ZAFT, and ZAFT's theft of all but one of those {{Bigger Stick}}s. Then the protagonist and TheRival get even ''bigger'' sticks halfway through the series, which only the BigBad in the Biggest Stick yet succeeds in being an actual threat to... The only exception is AcePilot Mu La Flaga, who manages to hold his own against Coordinators in cutting-edge HumongousMecha while he is piloting a much less powerful mobile armor and, in some cases, only a fighter jet. Nevertheless, in ''[[Anime/MobileSuitGundamSeedDestiny Gundam SEED Destiny]]'', even Mu gets a BiggerStick. And then there's cases where you want your BiggerStick to literally be much bigger. Cue [[OhCrap Destroy Gundam.]]
*** It's especially noticable in Destiny when Kira's Freedom is the only nuclear powered unit still in service, and he is just untouchable by everyone up until Shinn manages to destroy it by exploiting his unwillingness to kill in a situation where Kira can't go all out without footage of the fight being used as bad press against his homeland. Then Shinn gets a nuclear powered MS and also becomes unstoppable. Where as before he was an ace by skill, with the Destiny he can basically crush the EA without even trying. In fact Shinn's skills notably degrade after awhile with Destiny, because against all but Kira and Athrun (who get new nuclear MS's equally powerful) all he has to do is fail his sword or fire his cannon and his enemies die.
* ''Franchise/YuGiOh''
** ''Anime/YuGiOh'' anime: This appears to be Seto Kaiba's strategy for much of the series. Even after getting the his Egyptian God Card, it doesn't seem to work. He actually does display tactics, and a great deal of strategy - though it primarily centers around bringing out his Bigger Sticks quickly, protecting his Bigger Sticks, reviving his Bigger Sticks, using his Bigger Sticks to power up Still Bigger Sticks, and [[OhCrap gaping]] [[TheWorfEffect when the opponent brings out a Bigger Stick Than The Bigger Stick He Has.]]
** Many, many [[MonsterOfTheWeek one-shot antagonists]] use this tactic, as well as the game's creator, Pegasus, and his totally invincible one-of-a-kind Toon Deck. TheHero [[DeathByIrony inevitably brings them down]] [[CherryTapping with their weakest Monster.]]
** Manjoume once faced an opponent on ''Anime/YuGiOhGX'' whose deck seemed to revolve around Equip Spell Cards and monsters with Special Effects that favored or worked with Equip Cards. Manjoume defeated him with zero-attack-point Ojama Trio.
* ''LightNovel/FullMetalPanic''
** Averted. Despite their mecha being superior in every way to those possessed by the major world powers, Mithril is shown to be a force that depends heavily on small-scale and well-planned surgical interventions and hit-and-run attacks, because ultimately they cannot hope to fight protracted battles and come out the victors. Also, those piloting the near-SuperRobot lambda driver-equipped arm slaves are given that privilege ''because'' they're already highly skilled pilots.
** The trope is subverted in the ''Second Raid'' season when Belfangen Clouseaux neatly bowls over Sousuke, lambda driver or no, in a training match using an inferior mecha. While Clouseaux is a skilled mecha pilot, the primary explanation given for how handily he beat Sousuke was that Sousuke, on the verge of a HeroicBSOD, was stuck piloting a mech he ''hated''.
** Also, the first episode of ''Second Raid'' is an object lesson in the fact that, no matter how superior your weapons are, you can still run out of ammunition.
* ''MagicalGirlLyricalNanoha'':
** In the second season, after being soundly defeated by the new villain group with shiny NitroBoost equipped weapons and with their own weapons suffering heavy damage, Nanoha and Fate's weapons are repaired and upgraded with the same nitro boost systems. They fight the villains a second time with the upgraded weapons, but this time to a standstill and forces them to retreat.
** And in Season 3, they get even bigger sticks, culminating with a DungeonBypass through an entire warship with a single shot.
** And in Force (the sequel), They continue to get more bigger stick, after they found out the antagnoists' weapons are [[AntiMagic immune to magic]].
** This was used in a filler arc, when the villains are seemingly normal people, who are able to outfight their otherwise superior opponents (the Sand Siblings) with their magical weapons, culminating with their resurrected clan leader beating the utter crap out of Naruto and Gaara who can't even use their Jutsu due to his Chakra-absorbing armor. It didn't help when Gaara threw a massive spear made of sand at him.
** Similarly, in the [[Anime/NarutoTheMovieNinjaClashInTheLandOfSnow first Naruto movie]], the four main villains have "Chakra Armour", which makes their Jutsu stronger and making them immune to the effects of Genjutsu and Ninjutsu. These are beaten however. Sasuke kicks his opponent into her partner and their armour detonates, killing them, Kakashi piledrives his opponent into oblivion, and the main villain is taken out by Naruto, who blasts him with his Rainbow Rasengan, destroying his armour (which Sasuke had previously cracked with an overcharged Chidori; guess where Naruto aimed the Rasengan) and sending him flying about fifty feet into a mirror.
** The titular Naruto has shadow clones, more shadow clones, rasengan, more-different rasengan, (seriously, he beats the bad guy of most movies by pulling out a special environmentally-enabled rasengan out of his ass) and various degrees of bigger rasengan.
* ''TengenToppaGurrenLagann'' takes the Bigger Stick trope very literally, substituting upgrades and power-ups with [[SerialEscalation increasingly humongous]] HumongousMecha, eventually culminating in the titular mech which uses ''[[AbusingTheKardashevScaleForFunAndProfit galaxies]]'' [[RuleOfCool stepping stones and shurikens]]''.
** Poor, poor [[IneffectualSympatheticVillain Viral.]] He's WeakButSkilled in a ''SuperRobot'' show, which dooms him to DiminishingVillainThreat when the protagonists (unwittingly) discover Spiral Power.
** Possible LampshadeHanging:
--->'''[[spoiler:Viral]]''': We took some bad damage just now. That thing is too big. I just don't think our drill is gonna be enough!\\
'''Simon''': [[WhenAllYouHaveIsAHammer You mean we're gonna need to use an even bigger]] [[ThisIsADrill drill]]?
* ''CodeGeass'': [[TheEmpire Britannia]] initially has this advantage over any resistance groups in spades, via their [[HumongousMecha Knightmares]], particularly [[SuperPrototype the Lancelot]]. That is, until [[LaResistance the Black Knights]] acquire their own SuperPrototype, the Guren, and later, the inventor of said machine into their ranks, [[BollywoodNerd Rakshata Chawla]]. From then on, the show becomes one giant LensmanArmsRace.
* Rando of ''YuYuHakusho'' has about a hundred different powerful spiritual techniques, but he's not very strong without them, doesn't use them very well, and doesn't even completely understand how they work. He's ultimately defeated when [[HoistByHisOwnPetard one of his own spells backfires]] as a result of him not understanding its weakness.
* ''Anime/PuellaMagiMadokaMagica'': Homura doesn't care of the jarring power difference between her and The Walpurgis Night, she will just bring more devastating [[PostModernMagick (conventional!)]] arsenal against it/them, [[spoiler: [[GroundhogDayLoop each time]]. It doesn't work.]]
* Anime/{{Windaria}} Shadowland's militar has tanks and machine guns while Lunaria's has hover craft and crossbows. When the war starts, the former marches [[CurbStompBattle more or less unopposed]] to the latter's capital.
* In ''Anime/InfiniteRyvius'', the Ryvius manages to survive repeated attacks from experienced military personal despite being run by a bunch of teenagers because it and its [[HumongousMecha Vital Guarder]] have incredibly powerful [[GravityMaster gravity manipulation]] abilities--which will occasionally start operating on its own at oddly convenient times. This, however, works against them as well as it lets the GovernmentConspiracy think the ship is actually being operated by a bunch of highly-trained terrorists rather than kids who are the ''survivors'' of a terrorists hijacking. [[spoiler:Then they get attacked by enemies who ''also'' have the same technology.]]
* In a ''{{Garfield}}'' strip, John and Garfield try to one-up each other with sticks. It starts with Garfield giving John orders while holding a small stick. John pulls out a club to make it clear who the boss is, then Garfield leaves and comes back with a TREE, but is unable to hold it up.
* In ''Comicbook/IronMan'', Tony will regularly get his suit destroyed by an opponent, only for him to come back and win with a much better version.
[[folder:Fan Fic]]
* In ''FanFic/AnEntryWithABang!'', while the ''{{TabletopGame/Battletech}}'' chaps have the FrickinLaserBeams and the tougher armour, Clancy-Earth's effective BVR (Beyond Visual Range) capability is one of the key reasons why the latter has prevailed so far.
* ''Film/IronMan'' series
** ''Iron Man'': Tony Stark literally makes reference to {{Bigger Stick}}s, although it is [[spoiler:Obadiah Stane]] who gets the larger and supposedly more advanced suit. Too bad he didn't do his homework:
--->'''Iron Man:''' How'd you solve [[spoiler:the icing problem]]?"\\
'''[[spoiler:Iron Monger]]:''' [[spoiler:Icing problem]]?\\
'''[[spoiler:*Iron Monger suit shuts down*]]'''\\
'''Iron Man:''' Might wanna look into it! *BONK*
*** Plus as Christine Everhart points out, it's an interesting philosophy for the man who's selling the sticks.
** ''Iron Man 2'': Comicbook/WarMachine is supposed to be this to Iron Man, but it turns out that Tony has more tricks in the Mark VI than in the Mark IV. They're actually pretty well matched, but as Tony points out, War Machine ''has'' a big gun, he's not ''the'' big gun. Tony's got a lot of cool [[SpinAttack tricks]] [[FrickinLaserBeams up]] [[EnergyWeapon his sleeve]]; the War Machine suit, created by Tony and then upgraded by Justin Hammer, is [[EnergyWeapon more]] [[GatlingGood of]] [[BottomlessMagazines a]] [[MoreDakka mixed bag]].
* Another Robert Downey Jr. film, ''[[Film/SherlockHolmes Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows]]'', has Dr. Watson pinned down by a sniper that was in the same war as him. It takes Watson a few seconds to realize what he's hiding behind...[[{{BFG}} an artillery cannon]]. The resulting cannon fire takes out the lighthouse the sniper was using, and almost takes out the sniper and [[BigBad Moriarty]].
* ''CrocodileDundee'': "That's not a knife. ''This'' is a knife." Though arguably it was less to do with the mugger's intended victim having a ''bigger'' stick -or knife in this case- than the fact he had one at all, and quite clearly knew how to use it.
* ''Franchise/RoboCop'' series
** In ''Film/RoboCop1987'', Detroit is being torn apart by rampant crime, and the police are starting to feel like they're more like an army on the losing side of a war with casualties mounting. Cue the titular [=RoboCop=], who is nigh-immune to small-arms fire and single-handedly trashes the largest drug factory in the city. In response, the criminals get anti-tank weapons.
** In ''Film/RoboCop2,'' when the new drug kingpin takes out [=RoboCop=] by outsmarting him, OCP uses it to push the need for the much larger and deadlier [=RoboCop=] 2; there is actually a certain amount of conspiracy on their parts to take advantage of this trope, although they don't directly plan all of it. When [=RoboCop=] 2 goes rogue, [=RoboCop=] is smart enough to bring one of those anti-tank rifles to the fight, although this is a subversion since it turns out the rifle isn't actually ''enough'' of a bigger stick than his sidearm to hurt [=RoboCop=] 2.
* A series of PiersAnthony's had a pathetic hero who only won because he had magic gloves (and later magic shoes) that did all the work for him.
* ''Literature/HonorHarrington'' series, by David Weber: Subverted in that Manticore indeed holds the biggest stick in the Galaxy, but first, not everybody thinks so, second, they constantly spend positively ''enormous'' amounts of money and effort just to keep the edge, and third, they ''train'' to use that stick, and do it ''hard''. And still, it's just barely enough, because while their sticks are bigger, their enemy has a ''lot'' more of them.\\
Honor, ''personally'', typically goes into any given battle wielding the smaller stick, because otherwise how could she show how badass a commander she is? [[spoiler:As of Storm from the Shadows Manticore may turn out not to have the biggest stick anymore.]]
* Creator/DrSeuss's ''The Butter Battle Book'' featured two separated races, the Yooks and the Zooks, building bigger and bigger weapons to go against each other, each time with the Zooks ahead in the arms race. In the end both sides develop a weapon capable of obliterating the other side, resulting in both wielders of the weapons staring down each other in a [[DoesThisRemindYouOfAnything life-or-death]] [[UsefulNotes/ColdWar stalemate]] -- all because they were [[Anvilicious arguing]] over [[SeriousBusiness which side of a slice of bread should be buttered]].
* The High-Technology Aerospace Weapons Center "Dreamland" from DaleBrown's books exists to create and test bleeding-edge technology, so it is unsurprising that they come up with a lot of potent high-tech stuff. The Americans are not the only ones with new toys, though.
* ''Literature/AdventureHunters'': The driving force of the story; Ryvas lacks both the funds and the manpower to defend his territory against Jerrod so he needs a game changer. The war golems are his only hope.
* The ''Literature/{{Bolo}}'' stories do feature clever tactical thinking and attempts to outwit the opponent from time to time. But far more often the titular supertanks are the most advanced thing on the battlefield by far and can simply, well, tank everything thrown at them, [[ZergRush unless the enemy wears them down with a stupendous advantage in numbers and weight]]; to the point than in most of those stories actual exchanges of shots are not the real focus.
[[folder:Live-Action TV]]
* Happened in ''Series/StargateAtlantis'' during the Ancients' war against the Wraith. The Ancients' bigger stick was their superior technology, which was eventually trumped by the Wraith's bigger stick: superior numbers. It got to the point where the Ancients started throwing all their resources into developing even bigger technological sticks (like murderous nanites, a power source that destroyed five-sixths of a solar system when it overloaded, and a device whose unfortunate side-effect was that it caused stargates to blow up), most of which would come back to bite their descendants in the ass ten thousand years later.
* Used in Creator/SternPinball's ''[[Pinball/IronManStern Iron Man]]'', which requires the player to advance the Iron Man armor up six technological levels, from Mark I through Mark VI.
[[folder:Tabletop Games]]
* Most players in ''SurvivalOfTheFittest'' tend to be concerned more with getting better weapons than everyone else had, rather than actually ''surviving''. This gets a lot of them [[TooDumbToLive killed]].
* The ultimate weapon of ''TabletopGame/{{Warhammer 40000}}'s'' Imperial Guard? Gigantic tanks. If that doesn't work, they get ''[[MilitaryMashupMachine even bigger]]'' tanks. If those don't cut it, they roll out the ''really'' [[BaseOnWheels big tanks]]; we're talking ''tanks so big they can serve as [=APCs=] for '''other tanks'''.'' And we haven't even got ''started'' on their HumongousMecha. If that still fails, they just call [[ApocalypseHow Exterminatus]] and wipe out all life on the planet.
[[folder:Video Games]]
* Appropriately enough, the Imperial Guard in ''VideoGame/DawnOfWar'' works like this. You have two options: go for Strength in Numbers (which is risky and actually works best with lots of upgrades, leaving it to the late-game), or try to quickly roll out a [[TankGoodness Baneblade]].
* In ''VideoGame/StarFox64'', the Star Wolf team shows up near the end with improved fighters that are technically superior to the Arwings.
** Incidentally, in ''Command'', Star Wolf team do indeed have better ships, outclassing every other playable ships in the game.
* In ''[[BaldursGate Baldur's Gate 2]]'', when Minsc notices his current weapon cannot harm his enemy, he exclaims "No effect!? I need a bigger sword..." He makes a similar remark after the first encounter with one of the game's {{Bonus Boss}}es, the red dragon.
* In the ''AceCombat'' series and other flight-action titles, getting a better plane which is better-armed, faster and more agile is an [[InvokedTrope invocation of this trope]]. As to be expected, every now and then a WeakButSkilled enemy ace, like Alberto "Espada One" Lopez from ''ACZ'', will proceed to show that having the better plane is not all that matters.
* AirForceDelta Strike plays this straight with its progressively better planes.
** Jamie subverts it by pulling off repeated AirstrikeImpossible missions in ''prop fighters'' through 2/3 of the game.
* ''VideoGame/TeamFortress2'' has been locked in what can only be described as an escalating Arms Race between its 9 classes. However, the Engineer, despite having received less updates than any other class, has been given a ''smaller'' stick: the combat mini-sentry that deploys faster and has a higher rate of fire than a level 1 sentry at the cost of possessing less firepower and lacking upgrade potential.
** Special note for the Engineer:
--> ''How do I stop some mean mother-hubbard from tearing me a structurally superfluous new behind? Answer: use a gun. If that don't work: use [[MoreDakka more gun]].''
* In the ''NavalOps'' series, the player's Bigger Stick comes in two flavours: Bigger guns for your ship, or a bigger ship.
* Welcome to ''VideoGame/StarRuler'', where when your opponent outclasses your ship with a bigger ship, you build one to planetary scale. When your opponent decides, "Well gee, that's a big ship, let's build a STAR-sized ship," there's always the option of building a ship on the [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJJEMmzKzR4 galactic scale.]]
* In ''VideoGame/JaggedAlliance 2'', this can happen to either side a lot. For example, either you'll be stuck with used AK-47s bought on the cheap and whatever your mercenaries had on time when you hired them and the enemies will have [=M4s=] and [=G3A3s=] with dot sights, or vice versa - and that's not getting into if you or the enemies have armor vests.
** It goes farther in the unofficial 1.13 patch - if you cheated or saved up, your mercenaries can be equipped with top-of-the-line armor (or even bomb suits!) and weapons such as the G11, P90, XM8, or FN SCAR-H, and you'll be fighting troops with [=80s=] weaponry, such as old [=M16s=] and flak jackets.
* In ''VideoGame/{{Fallout 3}}'', the Brotherhood of Steel fights the Enclave, who have greater numbers, better technology and better resources, and besides that the Brotherhood is busy fighting super mutants and other hostiles in the area. Then they activate [[HumongousMecha Liberty Prime]], who for a period of two weeks utterly crushes any resistance and helps the Brotherhood track down the remnants of the Enclave one group at a time. They the Brotherhood tries to use Prime to assault an Enclave main base and find out the Enclave has been holding back the biggest stick of all--[[spoiler:an orbital missile satellite, which blasts Liberty Prime to pieces.]]
* ''VideoGame/FalloutNewVegas'' has Mr. House' Securitron Army and their software upgrade. Depending on your choices, you can choose to help him along with activating both of these which would ensure his dominance of the Mojave or destroy the army under the orders of Caesar. Even better, help House upgrade his army, kill him and then ''take'' the Bigger Stick for yourself (or at least under the control of a YesMan A.I.).
* Buying and upgrading new ships is a major part of survival in ''VideoGame/InfiniteSpace''. In the storyline, it explains some {{Curb Stomp Battle}}s.
* New Mobile Suits and weapons are at least as important as character levels in ''MSSagaANewDawn''.
* Generally the M.O. of ''XCOM'', where Earth's defenders are woefully underequipped to fight the alien menace, who have much bigger sticks. Grinding through casualties to scratch out victories allows XCOM to acquire those big sticks, research them, and turn them on their masters. In some games, XCOM actually ''improves'' on the designs, which ends up as a problem for the aliens, who are unable to do the same.
* ''VideoGame/VectorThrust'' has a challenge system which is used to unlock more variants of an aircraft family. Subverted in that the variants may not be better than their previous one- you may end up unlocking a ground attack variant instead of a direct upgrade.
[[folder:Western Animation]]
* ''WesternAnimation/LooneyTunes''
** Parodied in one episode of where one character pulls out a gun on another character, then that character pulls out a bigger gun. The two keep pulling out guns bigger than the other until the guns reaches ''outer space''!
** A similar exchange in another episode subverts this at the last second, with Bugs' final Bigger Gun being...a peashooter. (that is, a hollow straw full of peas)
** And another happens at the end of ''The Rabbit of Seville''. They start with axes, work up to guns, then cannon. Bugs's final weapon? [[spoiler: Flowers. And candy. And a ring.]] Elmer's response? [[spoiler:Putting on a white wedding dress.]]
** In ''WesternAnimation/BallotBoxBunny'', Yosemite Sam uses it by name against Bugs Bunny. When Bugs says he [[UsefulNotes/TheodoreRoosevelt speaks softly and carries a big stick]], Sam retorts that he talks loud, carries a bigger stick, and uses it, too.
* In Tex Avery's ''King-Size Canary'', a cat and mouse fought over a bottle of growth formula, each trying to get bigger than the other one. The cartoon ends with them at a stalemate, the both of them bigger than the Earth when they run out of the stuff, and they're forced to end the cartoon on an anticlimax.
* In a ''WesternAnimation/DarkwingDuck'' episode, Darkwing is turned into EvilTwin Negaduck, then goes out to kill him. When they meet, they start on this with melee weapons, with dialogue escalating as well. Cut to Gosalyn and Launchpad trying to find them. Back to Darkwing and Negaduck ... and one has just flown in on a fighter plane, the other counters with an aircraft carrier, and the first flies out and returns with a missile. Presumably nuclear.
* ''WesternAnimation/IronMan'': In the second-season finale, after his plan to destroy all advanced technology has fallen, Mandarin reveals his backup plan to be this - armor bigger, stronger, faster and generally better than Tony's and [[MagiTek increasing the power of his rings]].
-->'''Mandarin:''' One of the pitfalls of technology, Stark. There's always someone with a better mousetrap.
* [[DiscussedTrope Discussed]] in a HalloweenEpisode of ''WesternAnimation/TheSimpsons''. [[JackassGenie Lisa wishes for world peace from a Monkey's paw]] causing everybody to throw away their guns, but then [[AlienInvasion Aliens invade]]. Ned Flanders then obtains the Monkey paw and wishes the aliens away. Moe chases them off with a board with a nail in it.
--> '''Kodos''': It seems the earthlings won.
--> '''Kang''' Did they? That board with a nail in it may have defeated us. But the humans won't stop there. They'll make bigger boards and bigger nails, and soon, [[ParodiedTrope they will make a board with a nail so big, it will destroy them all!]]
--> '''Both''': [[EvilLaughter Hahahahahahah!]]
[[folder:Web Original]]
* In TheSalvationWar, the demons lost because they were suprised by the fact our 'sticks' weren't ''literally'' sticks. They came expecting swords and sheilds and met long-range artillary bombardment. [[CurbStompBattle Guess who won]].
[[folder:Real Life]]
* The US Navy is currently developing a {{railgun}} system for use on their ships, expected to be in service by 2020. According to the Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Gary Roughead, they were being developed because, as he says, "I never ever want to see a Sailor or Marine in a fair fight. I always want them to have the advantage." [[http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=34718]]
* Being the armed guy fighting an unarmed opponent. Even a two-bit thug wildly flailing a knife or pole has a large UnskilledButStrong advantage over the unarmed guy, never mind the ones who have enough experience to know how to use their weapons well. In contrast, it takes a lot of skill to take down an armed opponent while unarmed.
* A [[NukeEm nuclear weapon]] is probably the biggest stick of all. Assuming that the nations being hit (or those near or allied with them) do not have second-strike capabilities. The world is so well-connected now that no nuclear weapon can be fired without devastating consequences. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53678 | Analysis: Action Doom 2 Urban Brawl
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53679 | Analysis: Rock Raiders
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53680 | Analysis: The Book Of Joe
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53681 | Analysis: The Extraordinaries
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53682 | Analysis: Video Credits
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53683 | Awesome: Its Me Or The Dog
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53684 | Awesome: The Bare Pit
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53685 | Fan Fic: Fang Vice Addiction
"Fang Vice Addiction" is a Negima epic by Traingham. The tale picks up some time before the Festival Arc in the manga and focuses on the resulting consequences of Negi being turned into a vampire by Evangeline McDowell. While the story seems to remain faithful to the events of the manga early on, the author throws in twists in later chapters that really manage to screw up the flow of things. It eventually culminates into its own sequel called "By Your Enrapture".
The writing in the early chapters manage to carry the story, but it isn't until the Mahora festival comes in that the writing actually begins to take on its own art. The narrative is pretty unique too.
There appear to be influences from "Vampire: The Masquerade" if you squint really hard.
It is now being rewritten with two chapters as of now named "Fang Vice Addiction Pureblood Edition".
Add tropes as you see them. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53686 | Funny: Not Going Out
• Tim discussing the death of his grandmother is definitely funnier than it sounds:
Tim: It was a shock. I mean I thought she was going to live till she was a hundred.
Lee: Were you close?
Tim: Well... 94, I was only six years out.
• The first episode also has a couple of gems - Lee's discussion with Kate about the training course advertisment, and this:
Kate: Sensitive? This from the guy who upset my mom by calling her the happy hippo?
Lee: C'mon, she's bigger than that.
• Then there's the "Aussie" episode, where Lee is employed in a shopping centre handing out leaflets - dressed as a six foot tall bird.
Lee: I've heard 'em all today. "That looks like an eggciting job." "At least it's a feather in your cap." "Are you the one that crapped on my car?!" I wouldn't have minded, but the last one I wasn't even wearing the costume.
• And then later, when Kate brings it up again:
Kate: That thing about taking a doo-doo on the man's car? That was a joke, right?
Lee: Course it was. (beat) He didn't see it that way though...
• Practically all of Lee's responses to Barbara about her cleaning abilities are very funny.
Barbara: This apartment doesn't clean itself, you know.
Lee: It does more than you.
• Lee and Tim having to babysit Guy's Grandson (particularly once he's swallowed the subutio football).
• Lucy is considering marrying Pavlov, an Eastern European mechanic, so that he won't be deported to his government oppressed country. She's sat on the sofa deep in thought when Lee comes in and starts singing:
Lee: You say 'potato' , he says 'SZVZNIAK!' You say 'tomato', he says 'Funuftilak', Potato, szvzniak, tomato funuftilak, lets call the whole thing a sham.
• In the Christmas special after the third series.
Frank: The thing is - I'm dying. There, I've said it. Six months, maybe less. They say there's ways to manage the pain, but that's all they can do.
Lee: Fuck off!
• In "Band", the opening episode of series 5 sees Tim joining a band. As the band, Lucy and Lee sit in a bar, the band leader starts comparing the band to the Beatles, and himself to John Lennon. When he starts flirting with Lucy, Lee makes a trademark snide remark, and we get this exchange:
Band Leader ("John Lennon"): I don't remember you introducing yourself... who are you?
Lee: Mark Chapman, pleased to meet you.''
• The camping episode in series 5. All of it.
• Just for the sake of description, it should be absolutely terrifying, but the entire episode manages to be one of the single most hilarious things in the series.
• "A naughty, naughty spanky bum bum"
• When Lee and Frank wake up in a cell and the Policeman walks in and starts speaking in another language. Then revealing it's a joke they do to all the drunks.
• Though Lee's confession of love to Lucy is heartwarming his Oh, Crap realisation that he said it out loud and his line : "If this backfires can we pretend I'm pissed" is hilarious and so in character for him. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53687 | Funny: The Hangover
The Hangover
• Mike Tyson trying to sing "In The Air Tonight".
(upon watching the security feed at Tyson's place)
Tyson: Where'd you get the cop car?
Stu: We, uh, stole it from these dumbass cops.
Tyson: (grinning from ear-to-ear) NICE!
• The Wolfpack. I'll say no more.
• "[Rain Man] was a ri-tard." "REE-tard."
• "That's a good idea, Dr. Faggot."
• Mr Chow pops out of the car boot, naked, attacking the main characters.
• Alan: "I didn't know they gave out rings during the Holocaust."
• Mr. Chow: "It's funny because he's fat."
• Alan's loner speech.
• The Rain Man Shout-Out, especially Alan perfectly mimicking Dustin Hoffman's affectations down the escalator.
• "Our best friend Doug is probably face-down in a ditch right now with a meth head butt-fucking his corpse!"
• Alan's response to the legality of counting cards while gambling.
Stu: It's also illegal.
Alan: It's not illegal. It's frowned upon, like masturbating on an airplane.
Phil: I'm pretty sure that's illegal too.
Alan: Yeah, maybe after 9/11, where everybody got so sensitive. Thanks a lot, bin Laden.
• Alan trying to calm an enraged Mr. Chow.
Mr. Chow: You gonna fuck on me?
Alan: Nobody's going to fuck on you! I'm on your side! I hate Godzilla! I hate him too! He destroys cities! Please! This isn't your fault. I'll get you some pants.
• Alan interacting with the hotel staff.
Alan Garner: Can I ask you another question?
Lisa: Sure.
Alan Garner: You probably get this a lot. This isn't the real Caesar's Palace, is it?
Lisa: What do you mean?
Lisa: No.
Alan Garner: I didn't think so.
• The cops barging in on Jade's room. "Shut the baby up! Shut the baby up!"
• The tiger in the back seat waking up.
• This exchange:
Melissa: I just wish your friends were as mature as you.
Stu: They are mature, actually. You just have to get to know them.
(Phil, Doug and Alan pull up outside.)
Phil: Paging Dr. Faggot! (Beat.) Dr. Faggot!
• The entirety of the taser demonstration, but the little girl shooting Phil in the crotch takes the cake.
• Chow taunting the Wolfpack after giving them the wrong Doug:
Chow: Oh, I'll give your money back, right after you suck on these little Chinese nuts! (makes jerking off motion/sound effect) So long, gayboys!
• The photos on the camera during the credits are arguably the funniest part of the movie. Notable highlights include:
• Alan fiddling with his pager as a lapdancer attempts to perform for him.
• Stu drinking heavily from a bottle of whiskey...
• ... and then vomiting copiously in the very next shot.
• Stu pulling out his own tooth.
• Mr Chow cuddlng and kissing Allen as he gambles, and then Alan asleep on the table.
• Alan getting his belly button pierced.
• Alan falling in a fountain.
• The whole group's antics with Mike Tyson, including taking photos of him in bed and straddling his pet tiger.
The Hangover Part II
• Stu singing "Alantown".
• Stu's reaction when he realizes that he had sex with a transsexual, and he was the "bottom".
• Some of Chow's quotes:
• "I have such an erection right now!" Chow says this after the high speed car chase and crash.
• Chow mentions his business with Kingsley.
Phil: What business is that?
Mr. Chow: It's called not your business, 'kay?
• "Your password is baloney1?" "It used to just be baloney, but then they make you put numbuuhhh."
• "You never do blow before? Sometimes your heart stops, start up again. Read a book!"
• Alan's joke in the back of the truck manages to make everyone else—including the silent monk—laugh their asses off.
Alan: When a monkey nibbles on a penis, it's funny in any language.
• Stu's "bachelor party."
Stu: You see that? That's orange juice with a napkin over it... so nobody Roofie's me!
• Stu's reaction after one too many people say "Bangkok has him now":
"Why does everyone keep saying that?!"
• Alan's interactions with the monkey.
• Phil's entirely justified reaction to Alan messing around with an Uzi and accidentally spraying half the clip into the ceiling.
Phil: ALAN, WHAT THE FUCK?!?!
• The video of the guys starting a riot outside the tattoo parlor and Stu yelling "Fuck the po-lice!"
• The monk kicking the guys' asses for talking in a meditation chamber.
• Phil's reaction later to the said ass kicking.
Phil: Maybe put up a "No Talking!" sign, instead of sicking Crouching Tiger here on us.
• At the end, the completely offhand way Stu explains to Teddy where his finger went.
Stu: We gave it to a drug-dealing monkey.
Teddy: Bangkok.
Stu: Yup, Bangkok.
• When the guys are arriving at the wedding, Doug blinks and says "Is that Alan driving?" Then he and his wife make sure everyone gets out of the way.
Stu: I'm sorry we almost killed everyone...
• Mike Tyson.
• Alan's meditation moment where he tries to remember what happened the night before, only he imagines him, Phil, Stu, Doug, and Chow as kids.
The Hangover Part III
• Alan singing "Ave Maria" in a high operatic voice.
• Also this:
Alan: My name's Alan and I bought a giraffe! My life is great!
• Phil, dangling off the side of Caesar's Palace on a towel rope, only for Alan to ask him to kick out from the building for a photo op. Topped off with Phil genuinely asking if Alan got the shot.
• Chow and Stu crawling on all fours to get into Chow's villa, complete with Chow sniffing Stu's ass and trying to eat dog food, and then crying "OH MY GOD, SO GROSS!"
• When they're trying to disarm the villa's security system by cutting the same in two panels at the same time, only for Chow to be unable to tell Stu which one due to being color blind.
Stu: Just tell me, is it the one to the left, or the right?
Chow: Which is which again? I'm also dyslexic.
• This exchange:
Marshall: "You introduced a virus into my life."
Phil: "Oh, God. What did he do?"
Marshall: "He fucked me in the ass."
Alan: "Oh, he does that from time to time."
Marshall: "Not literally!"
• The Stinger. The morning after Alan and Cassie's wedding, a hotel room is shown to be completely trashed (think of the other morning-aftermath scenes from the other movies), with a motorcycle stuck in a wall along with a minigun having shot many holes in another wall, Phil waking up in Cassie�s wedding dress and Stu walking in to the room, with breast implants! (But Stu only notices that he�s wearing women�s panties.) The Freak Out that follows when he notices his new boobs is also insanely funny. And the gangs Oh, Crap reaction when Alan remembers that Chow gave them the wedding cake, cutting to the same monkey from the second Hangover film jumping on his head, and Chow popping up, totally naked with a samurai sword.
• Marshall reading Alan and Chow's letters to each other.
Marshall: "Dear Leslie, OMG, the McRib is back! Why was it ever gone?"
Alan: I know, right?
Marshall: "Dear Alan. Today I peed on a guard and blamed it on another inmate. Wish you were here."
Alan: Yeah, I wish I was there too. It sounds hilarious.
• The entire scene scene with the chickens attacking everyone and Chow trying to shoot them, then Chow reveals that he only feeds them cocaine and chicken.
• The guys repeatedly calling the other Doug "Black Doug" and him getting increasingly irritated by it.
• Chow singing karaoke.
Phil: What the fuck am I watching?
• Alan's phone password is "Hey Phil". |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53688 | Heartwarming: Farewell Beloved Falco
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53689 | Heartwarming: Whites
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53690 | Inexact title. See the list below. We don't have an article named Main/Evergrace, exactly. We do have:
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53691 | Video Game: Wolf
Wolf is a 1994 DOS game (you'll need DOSBox or similar to play it on a modern machine) downloadable here. In it, you simulate the life of a wolf in one of three environments: the pleasant timber forest, the blazingly hot prairie, or the frigid arctic. Hunt prey, mark your territory, find a mate, raise pups, and generally run around being a wolf. You can also harass humans and their cattle, if you're feeling suicidal.
Has no relation to the film Wolf released the same year.
• Abandonware
• Arcadia: Humans apparently love the forest and prairie, since they're pleasant and good for grazing cattle. You'll wish they'd go home instead, because humans are the most annoying enemy in the game.
• Asskicking Equals Authority: The alpha wolf generally gets to be (and stay) alpha by being bigger, stronger, and more aggressive than the rest of the pack.
• Bloodless Carnage: Meat is red, but that's as much blood as you'll ever see. The process of killing an animal - whether that's you killing your dinner or a hunter killing you - results in zero blood.
• Critical Existence Failure: Averted; while you only have one health meter, it governs your physical abilities. If you are injured, you will be unable to sprint and can only limp along at a pace about as fast as a trot. Played straight with your hunger, thirst, and endurance meters, however. Either you can run some more, or you must trot; either you are fed and watered, or you are dead. You don't slow down before you stop.
• Death from Above: Hunters prowl the skies in helicopters and planes. If you see one coming, don't even bother barking to alert your packmates; just tuck your tail between your legs and scram, because if that shadow touches you, a sniper is gonna take you down in one hit.
• Exactly What It Says on the Tin: The game is called Wolf. You are a wolf. You do wolf things. That's... about it.
• Final Death: Your packmates, should something unfortunate befall them.
• Grim Up North: The tundra itself seems to try to kill you, even on "good weather" settings.
• Hold the Line: Some of the scenarios require you to keep your mate or cubs alive for a certain number of days.
• Humans Are Cthulhu: They'll kill you faster than anything else. Aerial humans are always hunters, but it's impossible to tell a harmless hiker from a deadly hunter until the bullets start flying, so avoid the walking ones, too.
• Hyperactive Metabolism: Averted; you need a full belly to heal, but it's not instantaneous. A rabbit does not solve your limp, even assuming you can limp fast enough to catch said rabbit.
• Instant Death Bullet: Helicopter and plane bullets; sometimes ground-fired bullets.
• In-Universe Game Clock: Day turns to night in a matter of minutes, and eventually, the seasons will change.
• Manual Leader, AI Party: When you rally your pack to hunt large animals, you'll only control your own wolf. The others will simply follow along and provide an attack bonus if you make your move while they're reasonably close. You can also press A and have the game autoplay for you if you wish.
• The Many Deaths of You: Dying results in a screen that says "<<Your wolf's name>> has died of <<the thing that killed you>>." Starvation, dehydration, and bullet wounds are the most common. Especially bullet wounds.
• Nintendo Hard: The scenarios tend to try to kill you as fast as possible - you may start out injured, thirsty, and far from water, for example, and just solving your basic needs can take up most of the time allotted. Even setting the simulation parameters to easy (plenty of prey, few humans, good weather), you're still likely to die quite quickly.
• Noble Wolf: The game generally tries to depict wolves realistically, but was made with the intent that seeing how they live would make people care about them. The information snippets are definitely written with a Noble Wolf in mind.
• One-Hit Kill: Helicopter and plane bullets are always one-hit kills. Bullets fired by ground-based hunters may sometimes be one-hit kills, but are just as often two-hit kills.
• Pregnant Badass: Pregnant alpha females are still the alpha for a reason. She's just as capable of joining in an elk hunt as she was before mating season.
• Papa Wolf: The alpha male when the pack has cubs, in a very literal version of this trope. Do not wander into a neighboring pack's territory.
• Reality Ensues: Attack a cow and farmers will shoot you. You will die very fast.
• Science Marches On: The references to alpha and beta wolves are generally considered redundant in modern literature, being based on observations of captive packs with an unnatural social structure of unrelated or semi-related individuals.note
• Spiritual Successor: WolfQuest is essentially this game modernized. That does not necessarily make it better.
• Sprint Meter: Your wolf can only run at top speed for a certain distance, determined by its endurance. You can trot for forever, however.
• Three-Quarters View
• Timed Mission: Scenarios all have a time limit on them, such as "find water in twelve hours" or "defeat the alpha within two days".
• Unstable Equilibrium: Being injured means you can no long sprint, which makes it more difficult to hunt. However, you require food in order to begin the healing process, meaning you're likely to stay injured and thus stay hungry longer (unless you scavenge off the carcasses laying around, or had a stash of meat hidden somewhere nearby).
• Video Game Cruelty Potential: If you manage to become alpha, make sure to pick on the beta who's the same sex as you. If you don't, they'll start a fight for dominance when they think they can take you, rather than getting a good reminder of why they shouldn't.
• We Cannot Go On Without You: The simulation ends when the player's wolf dies, whether that wolf is an alpha or the omega and regardless of the state of the rest of the pack.
• Wild Wilderness: You're part of it.
• Wolf Needs Food Badly: Hunger is one of your pressing concerns, along with thirst. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53693 | WMG: Steam Powered Giraffe
The Walter Girls are not human.
• Walter Girl Paige greeted a follower on Twitter with "Hello, fellow human female!" which seems just a bit too...specific. Plus, Bunny Bennett once mentioned that the satin striped fabric used for the bots' costumes is meant to convey an artificial, man-made quality about them, and the labcoat dresses worn by the Walter Girls are made of the exact same fabric, but white. My guess? Walter Robotics has gotten a lot better at making their robots look human over the years.
• Perhaps Peter A. Walter VI hasn't revealed this because he doesn't want The Spine to know about it just yet. He doesn't think he's ready to transition.
Weyland Industries is a much older company than we've been led to believe.
• Check out the logos for Weyland Industries and Walter Robotics. Both companies are headed by a scientist named Peter who's eccentric to say the least. Both use technologies that verge on indistinguishable from magic, seemingly out of nowhere. Both companies make robots. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53695 | YMMV: Santo Vs La Hija De Frankestein
Inexact title. See the list below. We don't have an article named YMMV/SantoVsLaHijaDeFrankestein, exactly. We do have:
If you meant one of those, just click and go. If you want to start a YMMV/SantoVsLaHijaDeFrankestein page, just click the edit button above. Be careful, though, the only things that go in the Main namespace are tropes. Don't put in redirects for shows, books, etc.. Use the right namespace for those. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53696 | YMMV: Usagi Yojimbo
• Adaptation Displacement- Marth Debuted in Smash Bros.: Most people know the characters through their appearances in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
• Complete Monster:
• Lord Hikiji, the ultimate Big Bad of the series, schemes to be Shogun. Having murdered Usagi's father and master Lord Mifune, Hikiji launches brutal attacks on his enemies to kill and conquer all they possess. Preferring to operate from the shadows, Hikiji often resorts to dark schemes to foment chaos and murder in order to give himself an edge. He frequently disposes of his operatives while treating them as disposable pawns. Hikiji shows how truly monstrous he is in the coda to the saga Senso when a group of aliens crash on the world. Initially thought to have been killed, Hikiji later reveals that he has joined the aliens as an ally and is leading an attack on his own province to slaughter his own people in order to demonstrate his power to the entire planet. No longer content with just Japan, Hikiji believes he is destined to rule the entire planet, no matter who he has to slaughter.
• Noriko, known as the Blood Princess has had homicidal tendencies since childhood, where she would always beat her cousin Tomoe in spars to inflict as much pain as she could. In the present day, Noriko runs a mine, using slaves that have been press-ganged into service and worked to the point of death. Should any slave falter, Noriko promptly beheads the nearest one to serve as a morale-booster for the others. When she captures Tomoe, Noriko delights in treating her as a slave and when Tomoe refuses to perform the labor, Noriko furiously cuts down a random slave woman. When Tomoe immediately obeys to stop more death, Noriko sneers at her for caring about those of low birth. To conceal the mines, Noriko plans to blow it up, with every slave inside after all its resources are gone. She also reveals that she and Tomoe are actually ''sisters'' and when their father refused to acknowledge Noriko as his daughter, she murdered him, just as she had the man who raised her for for being weak. She reveals this while savagely beating Tomoe, taunting her that it's Tomoe's fault that he died.
• General Fujii was the head of a gang that took over a village. They reduced the workers to slaves, and ordered them to farm and cultivate for long hours. They would continue to do this until the tax collector came, at which point they would just kill all the villagers and go to another town. When Usagi infiltrates them, he's discovered and tortured, with Fujii taking his swords. When the peasants revolt, the slaughter their way through them, and Fujii abandons most of his men to die or face the police. He and his loyal Dragon take over another gang and launch raids on a village, where he almost murders the elderly headsman for refusing them. When the heroes attack the gang to take him down, he abandons his dragon to run.
Fujii: "Yes, I suppose I am."
• Ensemble Darkhorse: Jei-san. Much like the Shredder and The Joker, he started off as just a one-shot villain, but was popular enough to be brought back and promoted to the hero's Arch-Nemesis, a position that used to belong to Lord Hikiji.
• Genius Bonus: The woman who's a secret Christian wears a kimono with a subtle cross design, which was how real secret converts ID'd each other.
• Hilarious in Hindsight: In one issue Usagi is forced to wash dishes at an inn he can't pay for his meal at due to being pick pocketed. When some ruffians break into the inn after he's finished they even call him the Dishwasher. Usagi was the first Dishwasher Samurai.
• I Am Not Shazam: "Yojimbo" (bodyguard) is not part of his name but sometimes his occupation while on the warrior's path. The 80s cartoon took "Usagi Yojimbo" for his name, the 2003 one correctly had "Miyamoto Usagi".
• Moral Event Horizon: Hikiji's done much to cross it, but during the Senso miniseries, he allies himself with the Martian invaders despite all the death they're inflicting upon his own people.
• Nightmare Fuel: Jei's introductory issue. The atmosphere was very haunting. What really set it was seeing Jei go from kind-enough to give Usagi a place to stay in the rain to a ravaging madman in the blink of an eye. When Usagi first fought him, he was close to death, had the bolt of lightning not interfered. While Jei was originally meant to be a one-shot villain, the ending left the reader wondering if he were really dead.
• Tear Jerker: Almost every story. Aren't you reading these?!
• What Do You Mean, It's Not for Kids?: It's an adventure series filled with funny animals, but then the funny animals start slicing each other up with swords.
• However, violence is never trivialized. Usagi (and other morally upright types like Sanshobo and Katsuichi) does not kill wantonly, rarely strikes first, allows flight and accepts surrender; only the villains regard violence as a quick and convenient solution. It's kid-friendly to the extent that the author presents avoiding combat as a morally superior choice.
Katsuichi/Usagi: "The best souls are those which are kept in their scabbards." |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53734 | Jump to: navigation, search
COSMOS Design 209980
Revision as of 11:15, 28 January 2008 by Hkyleung.ca.ibm.com (Talk | contribs)
MDR (and Data Manager) deployment outside of OSGi environment
Change History
Name: Date: Revised Sections:
John Todd 01/22/2008
• Initial version (was WIP)
Workload Estimation
Rough workload estimate in person weeks
Process Sizing Names of people doing the work
Design 1PW Hubert
Code 3PW Hubert
Test unknown TBA
Documentation unknown TBA
Build and infrastructure unknown TBA
Code review, etc.* unknown TBA
TOTAL unknown TBA
Term Definition
MDR Management Data Repository
1. Port the data manager and MDR Framework to allow data managers and MDRs to be deployed on a web server (Tomcat).
2. Support non-MUWS clients.
- annotation implementation in ME that supports J2EE - Axis2 JAX-WS implementation
Implementation details
Requirement: Update the framework to allow data managers be deployed on Tomcat.
1. Port the current implementation to use the annotation in ME subproject, and change some of the framework design (such as application configuration) to support both OSGi and web environment.
2. A requirement is to make MDRs be interoperable with web service clients that don't support MUWS. Provide an alternativie set of APIs that support JAX-WS.
Test Coverage
list test cases here.
Open Issues
This task is still being scoped. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53736 | Jump to: navigation, search
Catnicon.gif UNDER CONSTRUCTION Catnicon.gif
'NOTE: 'Currently called ORM
NOTE: Currently called OXM
NOTE: This component does not yet exist
The Service Data Objects (SDO) component of EclipseLink provides a complete SDO 2.1 implementation as well as many advanced features ...
NOTE: This component does not yet exist
The Database Web Services (DBWS) component of EclipseLink will provide the capability to easily expose a back-end data source as a web service with flexible control over the data source access and the XML payload used in the web services operations.
Enterprise information Systems (EIS) - Does not yet exist
NOTE: This component does not yet exist
• Migration
• Package Re-name utility
• Oracle TopLink Migration Tool
• TopLink Essentials Migration Tool
• Workbench: Standalone mapping tool supporting externalized XML mapping
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|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53738 | Falkland Islands
From Wikishire
Revision as of 23:44, 23 July 2011 by RB (Talk | contribs)
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Falkland Islands
(British overseas territory)
Falkland Islands
Flag of Falkland Islands Arms of Falkland Islands
"Desire the right"
West Falkland, near Keppel Island
Area: 4,700 square miles
Population: 3,140 (July 2008 est)
Capital: Stanley
Time zone: GMT -4
Dialling code: +500
TLD: .fk
The Falkland Islands are an archipelago and British overseas territory in the South Atlantic Ocean. The islands lie some 250 nautical miles from the coast of South America. The archipelago consists of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands.
The islands became famous in 1982 when invaded by Argentina in pursuit of a long-festering territorial claim. The resultant Falklands War lasted for two months and resulted in the complete defeat and withdrawal of the Argentine forces.
Since the war, there has been strong economic growth in both fisheries and tourism.
The Falkland Islands took their English name from "Falkland Sound", the channel between the two main islands, which was in turn named after Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland by Captain John Strong, who landed on the islands in 1690.[1]
A French name for the islands is Îles Malouines, given by Louis Antoine de Bougainville in 1764 after the first known settlers, mariners and fishermen from the port of Saint-Malô in Brittany, from which is derived the name used by Spanish-speaking nations, Islas Malvinas.[2] [2] The use of this and other Spanish names is considered offensive in the Falkland Islands, particularly those names associated with the 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands by Argentina.[3] General Sir Jeremy Moore would not allow the use of Islas Malvinas in the surrender document, dismissing it as a propaganda term.[4]
Geography and ecology
Map of the Falkland Islands
San Carlos Water, one of many inlets on East Falkland
The Falkland Islands comprise two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland and about 776 small islands.[5] The islands are heavily indented by sounds and fjords.
The islands are located 185 nautical miles[6] from Staten Island (off Tierra del Fuego) and 250 nautical miles[7] from the mainland of South America. The Falklands are 582 nautical miles[8] west of the Shag Rocks of South Georgia and 501 nautical miles[9] north of the British Antarctic Territory.
The total land area is 4,700 square miles; slightly smaller than Northern Ireland, with a coastline estimated at 800 miles.
The two main islands are East Falkland and West Falkland, on either side of Falkland Sound, and these make up most of the land. East Falkland contains the capital, Stanley, and most of the population. Both islands have mountain ranges
The islands' highest point is Mount Usborne, at 2,313 feet on East Falkland. There are also some boggy plains, most notably in Lafonia, the southern half of East Falkland. Almost the whole area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep.
Great amounts of wildlife are found on the Falkland islands and in their seas. Native fauna include colonies of many sorts of penguin. Biogeographically, the Falkland Islands are classified as part of the Neotropical realm, together with South America. It is also classified as part of the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom.
The islands claim a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles and an exclusive fishing zone of 200 nautical miles.
Main islands
The main islands are:
Smaller islands
Smaller islands surround the main two. They include:
Lesser islands
Lesser islands include:
Surrounded by cool South Atlantic waters, the Falkland Islands have a Maritime Subarctic climate (Koppen Cfc) that is very much influenced by the ocean in that it has a narrow annual temperature range. The January average maximum temperature is about 13°C (55°F), and the July maximum average temperature is about 4°C (39°F). The average annual rainfall is 22.58 inches but East Falkland is generally wetter than West Falkland.[10] Humidity and winds, however, are constantly high. Snow is rare but can occur at almost any time of year. Gales are very frequent, particularly in winter. The climate is similar to that of the Shetland islands, but with less rainfall and longer and slightly more severe winters.
Christ Church Cathedral, Stanley
The Falkland Islands form a parish which is an extra-provincial church under the supervision of the Archbishop of Canterbury. It was formerly a diocese which at one time covered not only the islands but all Anglican missionary activity in South America, which work was so successful that the Church of the Southern Cone of America is now a thriving Anglican church, but from which the islands have been separated.
There are but three churches in the islands, all in Stanley: Christ Church Cathedral, The Tabernacle, United Free Church and St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, all Victorian buildings. The Cathedral was cmpleted in 1892. The whalebone arch in front of it was erected in 1933 to celebrate 100 years of resumed British rule.
The extinct Falkland Island fox of warrah; the only native land mammal found on the islands upon discovery
The islands were uninhabited when they were first discovered by British sailors, but there is evidence that Patagonian Indians may have reached the Falklands in canoes.[11] Artefacts including arrowheads and the remains of a canoe have been found on the islands.[12] There was also the presence of the Falkland Island fox, or Falkland Island Wolf (the Warrah) (now extinct), but warrahs may have reached the islands by way of a land bridge when the sea level was much lower during the last ice age.
Early Explorers
There is some dispute about which European explorer first set foot on the islands. Islands in the seas west of Patagonia appear on some Spanish and other maps beginning in the 1520s, but it is not known which islands they intend to show, if any genuine islands are portrayed.[12] The English explorer John Davis, commander of the Desire, one of the ships belonging to Thomas Cavendish's second expedition to the New World, is recorded as having visited the islands in 1592.[13] He was separated from Cavendish off the coast of Patagonia by a severe storm and discovered the islands. For a time the islands were known as "Davis Land".[11] In 1594, the English commander Richard Hawkins visited the islands. Combining his own name with that of Queen Elizabeth I, the "Virgin Queen", he gave them the name of "Hawkins' Maidenland." Many give the credit to Sebald de Weert, a Dutchman, who discovered the islands in 1600.[12]
In January 1690, Captain John Strong of the Welfare was heading for Puerto Deseado (now in Argentina). Driven off course by contrary winds, he reached the Sebald Islands instead and landed at Bold Cove. He sailed between the two principal islands and called the passage "Falkland Channel" (now Falkland Sound), after Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland, who as Commissioner of the Admiralty had financed the expedition (Cary later became First Lord of the Admiralty). The island group later took its English name from this body of water.
The first settlers
John Byron by Joshua Reynolds, 1759.
The first settlement on the Falkland Islands, named Port St Louis, was founded by the French navigator and military commander Louis Antoine de Bougainville on Berkeley Sound, in present-day Port Louis, East Falkland in 1764.
In January 1765, the British captain John Byron, unaware of the French presence, explored and claimed Saunders Island, at the western end of the group, where he named the harbour of Port Egmont. He sailed near other islands, which he also claimed for King George III. A British settlement was built at Port Egmont in 1766. Also in 1766, Spain acquired the French colony. Spain attacked Port Egmont, ending the British presence there in 1770. The expulsion of the British settlement brought the two countries to the brink of war, but a peace treaty allowed the British to return to Port Egmont in 1771 with neither side relinquishing sovereignty.[14]
In 1774, as a result of economic pressures leading up to the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain withdrew her garrisons unilaterally from many of her overseas settlements, including Port Egmont.[15][16] On their withdrawal in 1776 they left behind a plaque asserting Britain's claims. Spain abandoned the islands in 1811 and also left behind a plaque asserting a claim.
On 6 November 1820, an American privateer, Colonel David Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate (Argentina) at Port Louis. Jewett was in the employment of Buenos Aires businessman Patrick Lynch to captain his ship, the frigate Heroína (Lynch had obtained a letter of marque from the Buenos Aires Supreme Director José Rondeau). Jewett had put into the islands the previous month, following a disastrous eight month voyage with most of his crew disabled by scurvy and disease. After resting in the islands and repairing his ship he was relieved of command and returned to South America.
In 1828 Luis Vernet founded a settlement, seeking authorisation from both the British and Argentine authorities. Modern Argentina claims the United States warships destroyed this settlement in 1831 after Vernet seized US seal hunting ships during a dispute over fishing rights. (The Captain of the Lexington reported destroying a powder store and spiking the settlement guns.) In November 1832, Argentina sent Commander Mestivier as an interim commander to found a penal settlement on the islands. Mestivier was killed in a mutiny after 4 days.[17] Two months later the tentative colony was to be ended.
British settlement
In January 1833, British forces returned and informed the Argentine commander that they intended to reassert British sovereignty. The few settlers there were allowed to remain, with an Irish member of Vernet's settlement, William Dickson, appointed as the Islands' governor. Vernet's deputy, Matthew Brisbane, returned later that year and was informed that the British had no objections to the continuation of Vernet's business ventures provided there be no interference with British control. [18]
In 1844 the Governor ordered the removal of the capital from Port Louis to a new spot he chose on the sheltered waters of the bay then known as Port Jackson. The new town was named Stanley and the harbour was renamed Stanley Harbour.
Road sign to the capital
The islands became a strategic point for navigation around Cape Horn. During the California Gold Rush from 1849, would-be prospectors from the east coast of the United States hurried to California and as few were willing to risk the crossing of the wild west, ships laden with them sailed south for the Horn, and Stanley became a gold-rush town, with something of an evil reputation, somewhat hard to imagine given its crime-free status today.
A World War I naval battle, the Battle of Falkland Islands, took place in December 1914, resulting in a British victory over the Imperial German Asiatic Fleet. During World War II, Stanley served as a Royal Navy station and serviced ships which took part in the 1939 Battle of the River Plate.
The islands' first air link began in 1971. The Argentine Air Force, which operates the state airline LADE, began amphibious flights between Comodoro Rivadavia and Stanley using Grumman HU-16 Albatross aircraft. The following year, Britain agreed to allow Argentina to build a temporary air strip, which was completed that November. Flights between Stanley and Comodoro Rivadavia continued twice a week using Fokker F27 and later Fokker F28 aircraft following the construction of the permanent air strip until 1982.[19][20][21] During the same period, the Argentine national oil and gas company supplied the islands' energy needs.
Falklands War
British paratroopers guard Argentine prisoners of war
On 2 April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and also South Georgia. The military junta which had ruled Argentina since 1976 sought to maintain power by diverting public attention from the nation's poor economic performance and exploiting the long-standing feelings of the Argentines towards the islands. Several British writers hold that the United Kingdom's reduction in military capacity in the South Atlantic also encouraged the invasion. The Foreign Secretary, Lord Carrington, and two junior ministers had resigned by the end of the week, taking the blame for Britain's poor preparations and plans to decommission HMS Endurance, the Navy's only Antarctic patrol vessel.
The United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 502, calling on Argentina to withdraw forces from the Islands and for both parties to seek a diplomatic solution.[22] International reaction ranged from support for Argentina in Latin American countries (except Chile and Colombia), to opposition in the Commonwealth and Europe (apart from Spain), and eventually the United States.
The British sent an expeditionary force to retake the islands, leading to the Falklands War. After short but fierce naval and air battles, the British landed at San Carlos Water on 21 May, and a land campaign followed until the Argentine forces surrendered on 14 June 1982.
The war resulted in the deaths of 255 British and 649 Argentine soldiers, sailors and airmen, as well as of three civilian Falklanders.
After the war, the British military presence on the islands was increased. RAF Mount Pleasant was built and the garrison was increased such that for several years there were more soldiers than civilians on the islands. The United Kingdom and Argentina did not resume diplomatic relations until 1992.
Except for defence, the islands are self sufficient; exports account for more than $125 million a year (2004 estimate).
Farmland accounts for more than 90% of the Falklands land area.[23] Since 1984, efforts to diversify the economy have made fishing the largest part of the economy and brought increasing income from tourism.[24] Sheep farming was formerly the main source of income for the islands and still plays an important part with high quality wool exports going to the UK. According to the Falklands Government Statistics there are over 500,000 sheep on the islands with roughly 60% on East Falkland and 40% on West Falkland.[23]
Falkland Islands economic zone
The government has operated a fishing zone policy since 1986 with the sale of fishing licences to foreign countries. These licences have recently raised only £12 to 15 million a year in revenue, reduced from £20m to £25m annually during the 1990s. Locally registered fishing boats are also in operation. More than 75% of the annual catch of 220,000 ton are squid.[25]
Tourism has grown rapidly. The islands have become a regular port of call for the growing market of cruise ships with more than 36,000 visitors in 2004.[26] Attractions include the scenery and wildlife conservation with penguins, seabirds, seals and sealions, as well as visits to battlefields, golf, fishing and wreck diving.
Geological surveys showed there might be up to 60 billion barrels of oil under the sea bed surrounding the islands.[27] Falklands Oil and Gas Limited signed an agreement with BHP Billiton to investigate the potential exploitation of oil reserves.[28] Climatic conditions of the southern seas mean that exploitation will be a difficult task, though economically viable, and the continuing threats by Argentina are hampering progress.[29] In February 2010, exploratory drilling for oil was begun by Desire Petroleum,[30] but the results from the first test well were disappointing.[31] Two months later, on 6 May 2010, Rockhopper Exploration announced that "it may have struck oil".[32] On Friday 17th September 2010 Rockhopper Exploration released news that a flow test of the Sea-Lion 1 discovery was a commercially viable find.[33]
Census figures show that the population rose from an estimate of 287 in 1851 to 2272 in 1911. It was 2094 in 1921 and 2392 in 1931 but then it declined and in 1980 the population was 1813. The population then rose and was 2955 in 2006. The 2006 census recorded 2115 people in Stanley and 477 in Mount Pleasant, 194 in the rest of East Falkland, 127 in West Falkland and 42 people in all the other islands. These figures exclude all military personnel and their families, but includes 477 people who were present in the Falkland Islands in connection with the military garrison.[34]
About 70% are of British descent.[35] The native-born inhabitants call themselves "Islanders"; the term "Kelpers", from the kelp which grows profusely around the islands, is no longer used in the Islands. People from the United Kingdom who have obtained Falkland Island status are known locally as 'belongers'.
A few Islanders are of French, Gibraltarian, Portuguese and Scandinavian descent. Some are the descendants of whalers who reached the Islands during the last two centuries. There is also a small minority of South American descent, mainly Chilean, and in more recent times many people from St Helena have also come to work and live in the Islands.[36]
The main religion is Christianity and the main denomination is Church of England, with some Roman Catholics, United Free Church and Lutherans. Smaller numbers of Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventists and Greek Orthodox are found; the latter due to Greek fishermen passing through.
As from 1 January 1983, the islanders have been full British citizens.
Education is compulsory and free between five and sixteen, and follows the English system. There is a primary school and a secondary school with boarding facilities in Stanley. There are also several rural settlement schools, travelling teachers for children living remotely and a primary school for children of service personnel at RAF Mount Pleasant. After 16, suitably qualified students may study at two colleges in England for their A-levels or for vocational qualifications. The government pays for older students to attend higher education, usually in the UK.[37]
Broadcasting and telecommunications
Penguins at Gypsy Cove
Radio services are operated by the Falkland Islands Radio Service, formerly the Falkland Islands Broadcasting Service, and the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS). FM stereo broadcasting using the UK allocation is standard. Medium Wave broadcasting using 10 kHz steps.
The only terrestrial channel available is BFBS1. PAL television, using the UK UHF allocation standard. There is also a cable television service in Stanley operated by KTV Ltd.
The Falkland Islands has a modern telecommunications network providing fixed line telephone, ADSL and dial-up internet services in Stanley. Telephones to outlying settlements use microwave radio. A GSM 900[38] mobile network was installed in 2005[39] providing coverage to Stanley, Mount Pleasant and surrounding areas. It is operated under the Touch Mobile brand.
Cable & Wireless Worldwide is the sole telecommunications provider in the Falkland Islands.[40]
Dash-7 of the British Antarctic Survey at Stanley
The Falkland Islands have two airports with paved runways. The main international airport is RAF Mount Pleasant, 27 miles west of Stanley.[41] There are weekly flights, operated by LAN Airlines, to Santiago, Chile, by way of Punta Arenas. Once a month, this flight also stops in Río Gallegos, Argentina.[42]
The Royal Air Force operates flights from RAF Mount Pleasant to RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire, with a refuelling stop at RAF Ascension Island. RAF flights are on TriStars although charter aircraft are often used if the TriStars are required for operational flights. At present Omni Air International operates the RAF air link, using DC-10s. British International (BRINTEL) also operate two Sikorsky S61N helicopters, based at RAF Mount Pleasant, under contract to the Ministry of Defence, primarily for moving military personnel, equipment and supplies around the islands.
The British Antarctic Survey operates a transcontinental air link between the Falkland Islands and the Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula and servicing also other British bases in the British Antarctic Territory using a de Havilland Canada Dash 7.
The smaller Port Stanley Airport, outside the city, is used for internal flights. The Falkland Islands Government Air Service (FIGAS) operates Britten-Norman Islander aircraft that can use the grass airstrips that most settlements have. Flight schedules are decided a day in advance according to passenger needs. The night before, the arrival and departure times are announced on the radio.
The road network has been improved in recent years. However, not many paved roads exist outside Stanley and RAF Mount Pleasant. Speed limits are 25 mph in built-up areas and 40 mph elsewhere.[43]
Badge of the Falkland Islands Defence Force
There is a British military garrison stationed on the Falkland Islands, but the islands also have their own Falkland Islands Defence Force, a volunteer corps. This company-sized force is completely funded by the Falklands government. It uses vehicles such as: quad bikes, inflatable boats and Land Rovers to traverse the islands' terrain. The Falkland Islands Defence Force uses the Steyr AUG as its main assault rifle.
1. Peter J. Pepper. "Port Desire and the Discovery of the Falklands". Falkland Islands Newsletter, No. 78, March 2001. http://www.falklands.info/history/histarticle19.html. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
2. 2.0 2.1 "Falkland Islands Guide". Blog at Worldpress.com. http://falklandislandsguide.wordpress.com/. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
3. "AGREEMENT OF 14th JULY 1999". Falklands.info. http://www.falklands.info/background/99agree.html. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
4. "PSYOP of the Falkland Islands War". psywar.org. http://www.psywar.org/falklands.php. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
5. "The Islands: Location". Falkland Islands Government web site. 2007. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/location.php. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
6. Distance between Bird Island and Staten Island
7. Distance between Jason Island and Punta Buque
8. Distance between a rock off Cape Pembroke and Shag Rocks
9. Distance between Beauchêne Island and Seal Island
10. http://www.visitorfalklands.com/assets/documents/falklands-factsheet.pdf
11. 11.0 11.1 "History : Falkland Islands : Locations : Welcome to the Learning Zone : Visit & Learn". Royalnavy.mod.uk. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/visitandlearn/learning-zone/locations/falkland-islands/history/. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Falkland Islands". Britishislesgenweb.org. 20 January 2009. http://www.britishislesgenweb.org/index.php/falkland-islands. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
13. Molle, Kris (7 October 2008). "John Davis—Polar Conservation Organisation". Polarconservation.org. http://www.polarconservation.org/education/explorers/john-davis. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
14. A brief history of the Falkland Islands Part 2 - Fort St Louis and Port Egmont.. Retrieved 8 September 2007.
15. [1] A Brief History of the Falkland Islands: Part 2 - Fort St Louis and Port Egmont
16. [2] Falkland Islands Timeline: A chronology of events in the history of the Falkland Islands
17. "Historical Dates". The Falkland Islands Government. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/Historical_Dates.html. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
18. "Darwin's Beagle Diary (1831–1836)". The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online. p. 304. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=EHBeagleDiary&viewtype=text&pageseq=304&keywords=falklands. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
19. [3] Argentine National Congress, Chamber of Deputies. Líneas Aéreas Del Estado, LADE.
20. [4] Asociación Tripulantes de Transporte Aéreo. Argentine Air Force, Grumman HU-16B Albatross.
21. [5] Asociación Tripulantes de Transporte Aéreo. Argentine Air Force, Fokker F-27 Troopship/Friendship
22. "HistoryCentral. United Nations Resolution 502, ''Adopted by the Security Council at its 2350th meeting held on 3 April 1982.''". Historycentral.com. http://www.historycentral.com/HistoricalDocuments/UNReso502.html. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
23. 23.0 23.1 "Biennial Report 2008/9". Falklands Island Government Department of Agriculture. 31 May 2009. http://www.agriculture.gov.fk/publications/farming_statistics/2008-2009.pdf. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
24. LA, Paris, Port Stanley?, Frank Kane, The Observer, 4 April 2004
25. "Fisheries". The Falkland Islands Government. http://www.falklands.gov.fk//Fisheries.html. Retrieved 14 Julyl 2010.
26. Sharon Jaffray (22 April 2005). "Four Seasons and more than 3,000 Tourists in One Day". Penguin News. http://www.falklands.info/background/lifearticle31.html.
27. Carroll, Rory; Kelly, Annie (7 Feb 2010). "Falklands oil prospects stir Anglo-Argentine tensions". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/feb/07/falkland-islands-oil-britain-argentina.
28. Mortished, Carl (3 October 2007). "BHP Billiton strikes $100m Falklands drilling deal". The Times (London). http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article2577806.ece. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
29. Webber, Jude (3 October 2007). "Argentina protests at Falklands oil stake". The Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/aa2294fe-71d7-11dc-8960-0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
30. "Drilling for oil begins off the Falkland Islands". BBC News. 22 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8527307.stm. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
31. Clark, Nick (30 March 2010). "Explorers fail to strike oil in test sites off Falklands". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/explorers-fail-to-strike-oil-in-test-sites-off-falklands-1930807.html. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
32. "Falklands oil firm Rockhopper claims discovery". BBC News. 6 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/10100769.stm. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
33. "Result of Flow Test- Sea Lion 14/10-2". Rockhopper Exploration plc. 17 September 2010. http://www.rockhopperexploration.co.uk/pdf/Result_of_Flow_Test_FINAL_RNS.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
34. [documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf "Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006"]. Falkland Islands Government. documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
35. Vincent, Patrick (March 1983). The Geographical Journal, Vol. 149, No. 1, pp 16–17.
36. "UK | Falklands questions answered". BBC News. 4 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6683677.stm. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
37. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/Education.html
38. "GSM coverage in the Falkland Islands". Gsmworld.com. http://www.gsmworld.com/ROAMING/GSMINFO/net_fkcw.shtml. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
39. "Cable and Wireless Falkland Islands". Cwfi.co.fk. http://www.cwfi.co.fk/. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
40. "Telecommunications". falklands.info. http://www.falklands.info/factfile/comms.html. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
41. "43.28 km in Map Crow Travel Distance Calculator". Mapcrow.info. 23 October 2007. http://www.mapcrow.info/Distance_between_London_UK_and_Port_Stanley_FK.html. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
42. "Official Tourism Website of the Falkland Islands". Xtold.visitorfalklands.com. 18 August 2009. http://xtold.visitorfalklands.com/content/view/186/175/. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
43. "The Falkland Islands". Falkland Islands Tourist Board. http://www.falklandislands.com/assets/documents/falklands-factsheet.pdf. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53741 | Theramore Tabard
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• From completing Official alliance mini-icon Theramore's Fall associated quest line.
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I wished to send a token of my gratitude for your assistance after the Horde-wrought catastrophe upon Theramore Isle.
May you wear it with pride, and always: Remember Theramore.
Lady Jaina Proudmoore
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53767 | Discover your family's story.
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Coosa and Their Descendants
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In De Soto’s time the most powerful Upper Creek town was Coosa. The first news of this seems to have been obtained in Patofa (or Tatofa), a province in southern Georgia, where the natives said “that toward the northwest there was a province called Coça, a plentiful country having very large towns.”1
The expedition reached Coça after leaving Tali and Tasqui, and after passing through several villages which according to Elvas were “subject to the cacique of Coça.”2 On Friday, July 16, 1540, they entered the town. The chief of Coosa came out to meet them in a litter borne on the shoulders of his principal men, and with many attendants playing on flutes and singing.3 ” In the barbacoas,” says Elvas, “was a great quantity of maize and beans; the country, thickly settled in numerous and large towns, with fields between, extending from one to another, was pleasant, and had a rich soil with fair river margins. In the woods were many ameixas [plums and persimmons], as well those of Spain as of the country; and wild grapes on vines growing up into the trees, near the streams; like-wise a kind that grew on low vines elsewhere, the berry being large and sweet, but, for want of hoeing and dressing, had large stones.”4
After a slight difference with the natives, who naturally objected to having their chief virtually held captive by De Soto, the Spaniards secured the bearers and women they desired and started on again toward the south or southwest on Friday, August 20.5 It would appear that the influence of the Coosa chief extended over a large number of the towns later called Upper Creeks, although this was probably due rather to ties of alliance and respect than to any actual overlordship on his part. At a town called Tallise, perhaps identical with the later Tulsa, this authority seems to have come to an end, and farther on were the Mobile quite beyond the sphere of his influence.
In 1559 a gigantic effort was made on the part of the Spaniards to colonize the region of our Gulf States. An expedition, led by Tristan de Luna, started from Mexico with that object in view. We have already mentioned the landing of this colony in Pensacola Harbor, or Mobile Bay, and their subsequent removal northward to a town called Nanipacna. Being threatened with starvation here, De Luna sent a sergeant major with six captains and 200 soldiers northward in search of Coosa, whither some of his companions had accompanied De Soto 20 years before, and which they extolled highly. They came first to a place called Olibahali, of which we shall speak again, and after a short stay there continued still farther toward the north. The narrative continues as follows:
The whole province was called Coza, taking its name from the most famous city within its boundaries. It was God’s will that they should soon get within sight of that place which had been so far famed and so much thought about and, yet, it did not have above thirty houses, or a few more. There were seven little hamlets in its district, five of them smaller and two larger than Coza itself, which name prevailed for the fame it had enjoyed in its antiquity. It looked so much worse to the Spaniards for having been depicted so grandly, and they had thought it to be so much better. Its inhabitants had been said to be innumerable, the site itself as being wider and more level than Mexico, the springs had been said to be many and of very clear water, food plentiful and gold and silver in abundance, which, without judging rashly, was that which the Spaniards desired most. Truly the land was fertile, but it lacked cultivation. There was much forest, but little fruit, because as it was not cultivated the land was all unimproved and full of thistles and weeds. Those they had brought along as guides, being people who had been there before, declared that they must have been bewitched when this country seemed to them so rich and populated as they had stated. The arrival of the Spaniards in former years had driven the Indians up into the forests, where they preferred to live among the wild beasts who did no harm to them, but whom they could master, than among the Spaniards at whose hands they received injuries, although they were good to them. Those from Coza received the guests well, liberally, and with kindness, and the Spaniards appreciated this, the more so as the actions of their predecessors did not call for it. They gave them each day four fanegas6 of corn for their men and their horses, of which latter they had fifty and none of which, even during their worst sufferings from hunger, they had wanted to kill and eat, well knowing that the Indians were more afraid of horses, and that one horse gave them a more warlike appearance, than the fists of two men together. But the soldiers did not look for maize; they asked most diligently where the gold could be found and where the silver, because only for the hopes of this as a dessert had they endured the fasts of the painful journey. Every day little groups of them went searching through the country and they found it all deserted and without news of gold. From only two tribes were there news about gold – one was the Oliuahali which they had just left; the others were the Napochies, who lived farther on . Those were enemies to those of Coza, and they had very stubborn warfare with each other, the Napochies avenging some offense they had received at the hands of the people of Coza. The latter Indians showed themselves such good friends of the Spaniards that our men did not know what recompense to give them nor what favor to do them. The wish to favor those who humiliate themselves goes hand in hand with ambition. The Spaniards have the fame of not being very humble and the people of Coza who had surrendered themselves experienced now their favors. Not only were they careful not to cause them any damage or injury, but gave them many things they had brought along, outside of what they gave in the regular exchange for maize. Their gratitude went even so far that the sergeant major, who accompanied the expedition as captain of the 200 men, told the Indians that if they wanted his favor and the strength of his men to make war on their enemies, they could have them readily, just as they had been ready to receive him and his men and favor them with food. Those of Coza thought very highly of this offer, and in the hope of its fulfillment kept the Spaniards such a long time with them, giving them as much maize each day as was possible, the land being so poor and the villages few and small. The Spaniards were nearly 300 men between small and big [young and old] ones, masters and servants, and the time they all ate there was three months, the Indians making great efforts to sustain such a heavy expense for the sake of their companionship as well as for the favors they expected from them later. All the deeds in this life are done for some interested reason and, just as the Spaniards showed friendship for them that they might not shorten their provisions and perhaps escape to the forests, so the Indians showed their friendship, hoping that with their aid they could take full vengeance of their enemies. And the friars were watching, hoping that a greater population might be discovered to convert and maintain in the Christian creed. Those small hamlets had until then neither seen friars nor did they have any commodities to allow monks to live and preach among them; neither could they embrace and maintain the Christian faith without their assistance….
Very bitter battles did the Napochies have with those from Coza, but justice was greatly at variance with success. Those from Coza were in the right, but the Napochies were victorious. In ancient times the Napochies were tributaries of the Coza people, because this place (Coza) was always recognized as head of the kingdom and its lord was considered to stand above the one of the Napochies. Then the people from Coza began to decrease while the Napochies were increasing until they refused to be their vassals, finding themselves strong enough to maintain their liberty which they abused. Then those of Coza took to arms to reduce the rebels to their former servitude, but the most victories were on the side of the Napochies. Those from Coza remained greatly affronted as well from seeing their ancient tribute broken off, as because they found themselves without strength to restore it. On that account they had lately stopped their fights, although their sentiments remained the same and for several months they had not gone into the battlefield, for fear lest they return vanquished, as before. When the Spaniards, grateful for good treatment, offered their assistance against their enemies, they accepted immediately, in view of their rabid thirst for vengeance. All the love they showed to the Spaniards was in the interest that they should not forget their promise. Fifteen days had passed, when, after a consultation among themselves, the principal men went before the captain and thus spoke:
“Sir, we are ashamed not to be able to serve you better, and as we would wish, but this is only because we are afflicted with wars and trouble with some Indians who are our neighbors and are called Napochies. Those have always been our tributaries acknowledging the nobility of our superiors, but a few years ago they rebelled and stopped their tribute and they killed our relatives and friends. And when they can not insult us with their deeds, they do so with words. Now, it seems only reasonable, that you, who have so much knowledge, should favor and increase ours. Thou, Señor, hast given us thy word when thou knowest our wish to help us if we should need thy assistance against our enemies. This promise we, thy servants, beg of thee humbly now to fulfill and we promise to gather the greatest army of our men [people], and with thy good order and efforts helping us, we can assure our victory. And when once reinstated in our former rights, we can serve thee ever so much better.”
When the captain had listened to the well concerted reasoning of those of Coza, he replied to them with a glad countenance, that, aside from the fact that it had always been his wish to help and assist them, it was a common cause now, and he considered it convenient or even necessary to communicate with all the men, especially with the friars, who were the ministers of God, and the spiritual fathers of the army; that he would treat the matter with eagerness, procuring that their wishes be attended to and that the following day he would give them the answer, according to the resolutions taken in the matter.
He [the captain] called to council the friars, the captains, and all the others, who, according to custom had a right to be there, and, the case being proposed and explained, it was agreed that only two captains with their men should go, one of cavalry, the other of infantry, and the other four bodies of their little army remain in camp with the rest of the people. Then they likewise divided the monks, Fray Domingo de la Anunciacion going with the new army and Fray Domingo de Salazar remaining with the others in Coza. The next day, those who wished so very dearly that it be in their favor, came for the answer. The captain gave them an account of what had been decided, ordering them to get ready, because he in person desired to accompany them with the two Spanish regiments and would take along, if necessary, the rest of the Spanish army, which would readily come to their assistance. The people from Coza were very glad and thanked the captain very much, offering to dispose everything quickly for the expedition. Within six days they were all ready. The Spaniards did not want to take more than fifty men, twenty-five horsemen and twenty-five on foot. The Indians got together almost three hundred archers, very skillful and certain in the use of that arm, in which, the fact that it is the only one they have has afforded them remarkable training. Every Indian uses a bow as tall as his body; the string is not made of hemp but of animal nerve sinew well twisted and tanned. They all use a quiver full of arrows made of long, thin, and very straight rods, the points of which are of flint, curiously cut in triangular form, the wings very sharp and mostly dipped in some very poisonous and deadly substance.7 They also use three or four feathers tied on their arrows to insure straight flying, and they are so skilled in shooting them that they can hit a flying bird. The force of the flint arrowheads is such that at a moderate distance they can pierce a coat of mail.
The Indians set forward, and it was beautiful to see them divided up in eight different groups, two of which marched together in the four directions of the earth (north, south, east, and west), which is the style in which the children of Israel used to march, three tribes together in the four directions of the world to signify that they would occupy it all. They were well disposed, and in order to fight their enemies, the Napochies, better, they lifted their bows, arranged the arrows gracefully and shifted the band of the quiver as if they wanted to beseech it to give up new shafts quickly; others examined the necklace [collar] to which the arrow points were fastened and which hung down upon their shoulders, and they all brandished their arms and stamped with their feet on the ground, all showing how great was their wish to fight and how badly they felt about the delay. Each group had its captain, whose emblem was a long stave of two brazas8 in height and which the Indians call Otatl9 and which has at its upper end several white feathers. These were used like banners, which everyone had to respect and obey. This was also the custom among the heathens who affixed on such a stave the head of some wild animal they had killed on a hunt, or the one of some prominent enemy whom they had killed in battle. To carry the white feathers was a mystery, for they insisted that they did not wish war with the Napochies, but to reduce them to the former condition of tributaries to them, the Coza people, and pay all since the time they had refused obedience. In order to give the Indian army more power and importance the captain had ordered a horse to be fixed with all its trappings for the lord or cacique of the Indians, and as the poor Indian had never seen much less used one, he ordered a negro to guide the animal. The Indians in those parts had seen horses very rarely, or only at a great distance and to their sorrow, nor were there any in New Spain before the arrival of the Spaniards. The cacique went or rather rode in the rear guard, not less flattered by the obsequiousness of the captain than afraid of his riding feat. Our Spaniards also left Coza, always being careful to put up their tents or lodgings apart from the Indians so that the latter could not commit any treachery if they so intended. One day, after they had all left Coza at a distance of about eight leagues, eight Indians, who appeared to be chiefs, entered the camp of the Spaniards, running and without uttering a word; they also passed the Indian camp and, arriving at the rearguard where their cacique was, took him down from his horse, and the one who seemed to be the highest in rank among the eight, put him on his shoulders, and the others caught him, both by his feet and arms, and they ran with great impetuosity back the same way they had come. These runners emitted very loud howlings, continuing them as long as their breath lasted, and when their wind gave out they barked like big dogs until they had recovered it in order to continue the howls and prolonged shouts. The Spaniards, though tired from the sun and hungry, observing the ceremonious superstitions of the Indians, upon seeing and hearing the mad music with which they honored their lord, could not contain their laughter in spite of their sufferings. The Indians continued their run to a distance of about half a league from where the camp was, until they arrived on a little plain near the road which had been carefully swept and cleaned for the purpose. There had been constructed in the center of that plain a shed or theatre nine cubits in height with a few rough steps to mount. Upon arriving near the theatre the Indians first carried their lord around the plain once on their shoulders, then they lowered him at the foot of the steps, which he mounted alone. He remained standing while all the Indians were seated on the plain, waiting to see what their master would do. The Spaniards were on their guard about these wonderful and quite new ceremonies and desirous to know their mysteries and understand their object and meaning. The cacique began to promenade with great majesty on the theatre, looking with severity over the world. Then they gave him a moat beautiful fly flap which they had ready, made of showy birds’ plumes of great value. As soon as he held it in his hand he pointed it towards the land of the Napochies in the same fashion as would the astrologer the alidade [cross-staff], or the pilot the sextant in order to take the altitude at sea. After having done this three or four times they gave him some little seeds like fern seeds, and he put them into his mouth and began to grind and pulverize them with his teeth and molars, pointing again three or four times towards the land of the Napochies as he had done before. When the seeds were all ground he began to throw them from his mouth around the plain in very small pieces. Then he turned towards his captains with a glad countenance and he said to them: “Console yourselves, my friends; our journey will have a prosperous outcome; our enemies will be conquered and their strength broken, like those seeds which I ground between my teeth.” After pronouncing these few words, he descended from the scaffold and mounted his horse, continuing his way, as he had done hitherto. The Spaniards were discussing what they had seen, and laughing about this grotesque ceremony, but the blessed father, Fray Domingo de la Anunciacion, mourned over it, for it seemed sacrilege to him and a pact with the demon, those ceremonials which those poor people used in their blind idolatry. They all arrived, already late, at the banks of a river, and they decided to rest there in order to enjoy the coolness of the water to relieve the heat of the earth. When the Spaniards wanted to prepare something to eat they did not find anything. There had been a mistake, greatly to the detriment of all. The Indians had understood that the Spaniards carried food for being so much more dainty and delicate people, and the Spaniards thought the Indians had provided it, since they (the Spaniards) had gone along for their benefit. Both were to blame, and they all suffered the penalty. They remained without eating a mouthful that night and until the following one, putting down that privation more on the list of those of the past. They put up the two camps at a stone’s throw, being thus always on guard by this division, for, although the Indians were at present very much their friends, they are people who make the laws of friendship doubtful and they had once been greatly offended with the Spaniards, and were now their reconciled friends.
With more precaution than satiety the Spaniards procured repose that night, when, at the tenth hour, our camp being at rest, a great noise was heard from that of the Indians, with much singing, and dances after their fashion, in the luxury of big fires which they had started in abundance, there being much firewood in that place. Our men were on their guard until briefly told by the interpreter, whom they had taken along, that there was no occasion for fear on the part of the Spaniards, but a feasting and occasion of rejoicing on that of the Indians. They felt more assured yet when they saw that the Indians did not move from their place and they now watched most attentively to enjoy their ceremonials as they had done in the past, asking the interpreter what they were saying to one another. After they had sung and danced for a long while the cacique seated himself on an elevated place, the six captains drawing near him, and he began to speak to them admonishing the whole army to be brave, restore the glory of their ancestors, and avenge the injuries they had received. “Not one of you,” he said, “can help considering as particularly his this Enterprise, besides being that of all in common. Remember your relatives and you will see that not one among you has been exempt from mourning those who have been killed at the hands of the Napochies. Renew the dominion of your ancestors and detest the audacity of the tributaries who have tried to violate it. If we came alone, we might be obliged to see the loss of life, but not of our honor; how much more now, that we have in our company the brave and vigorous Spaniards, sons of the sun and relatives of the gods.” The captains had been listening very attentively and humbly to the reasoning of their lord, and as he finished they approached him one by one in order, repeating to him in more or fewer words this sentence: ” Señor, the more than sufficient reason for what thou hast told us is known to us all; many are the damages the Napochies have done us, who besides having denied us the obedience they have inherited from their ancestors, have shed the blood of those of our kin and country. For many a day have we wished for this occasion to show our courage and service thee, especially now, that thy great prudence has won us the favor and endeavor of the brave Spaniards. I swear to thee, Señor, before our gods, to serve thee with all my men in this battle and not turn our backs on these enemies the Napochies, until we have taken revenge.” These words the captain accompanied by threats and warlike gestures, desirous (and as if calling for the occasion) to show by actions the truth of his words. All this was repeated by the second captain and the others in their order, and this homage finished, they retired for the rest of the night. The Spaniards were greatly surprised to find such obeisance used to their princes by people of such retired regions, usages which the Romans and other republics of considerable civilization practiced before they entered a war. Besides the oath the Romans made every first of January before their Emperor, the soldiers made another one to the captain under whose orders they served, promising never to desert his banner, nor evade the meeting of the enemy, but to injure him in every way. Many such examples are repeated since the time of Herodianus, Cornelius Tacitus, and Suetonius Tranquilus, with a particular reminiscence in the life of Galba. And it is well worth consideration that the power of nature should have created a similarity in the ceremonials among Indians and Romans in cases of war where good reasoning rules so that all be under the orders of the superiors and personal grievances be set aside for the common welfare. This oath the captains swore on the hands of their lord on that night because they expected to see their enemies on the following day very near by, or even be with them, and the same oath remained to be made by the soldiers to their captains. At daybreak hunger made them rise early, hoping to reach the first village of the Napochies in order to get something to eat, for they needed it very much. They traveled all that day, making their night’s rest near a big river which was at a distance of two leagues from the first village of the enemy. There it seemed most convenient for the army to rest, in order to fall upon the village by surprise in the dead of night and kill them all, this being the intention of those from Coza. In order to attain better their intentions, they begged of the captain not to have the trumpet sounded that evening, which was the signal to all for prayer, greeting the queen of the Angels with the Ave Maria, which is the custom in all Christendom at nightfall. “The Napochies” said the people of Coza, “are ensnarers and always have their spies around those fields, and upon hearing the trumpet they would retire into the woods and we would remain without the victory we desire; and therefore the trumpet should not be sounded.” Thus the signal remained unsounded for that one night, but the blessed father Fray Domingo de la Anunciacion, with his pious devotion, went around to all the soldiers tolling them to say the Ave Maria, and he who was bugler of the evangile now had become bugler of war in the service of the Holy Virgin Mary. That night those of Coza sent their spies into the village of the Napochies to see what they were doing and if they were careless on account of their ignorance of the coming of the enemy; or, if knowing it, they were on the warpath. At midnight the spies came back, well content, for they had noticed great silence and lack of watchfulness in that village, where, not only was there no sound of arms, but even the ordinary noises of inhabited places were not heard. “They all sleep,*’ they said, “and are entirely ignorant of our coming, and as a testimonial that we have made our investigation of the enemies’ village carefully and faithfully, we bring these ears of green corn, these beans, and calabashes, taken from the gardens which the Napochies have near their own houses.” With those news the Coza people recovered new life and animation, and on that night all the soldiers made their oath to their captains, just as the captains had done on the previous one to their cacique. And our Spaniards enjoyed those ceremonies at closer quarters, since they had seen from the first ceremony that this was really war against Indians which was intended, and not craft against themselves. The Indians were now very ferocious, with a great desire to come in contact with their enemies….
All of the Napochies had left their town, because without it being clear who had given them warning, they had received it, and the silence the spies had noticed in the village was not due to their carelessness but to their absence. The people of Coza went marching towards the village of the Napochies in good order, spreading over the country in small companies, each keeping to one road, thus covering all the exits from the village in order to kill all of their enemies, for they thought they were quiet and unprepared in their houses. When they entered the village they were astonished at the too great quiet and, finding the houses abandoned, they saw upon entering that their enemies had left them in a hurry, for they left even their food and in several houses they found it cooking on the fire, where now those poor men found it ready to season. They found in that village, which was quite complete, a quantity of maize, beans, and many pots filled with bear fat, bears abounding in that country and their fat being greatly prized. The highest priced riches which they could carry off as spoils were skins of deer and bear, which those Indians tanned in a diligent manner very nicely and with which they covered themselves or which they used as beds. The people of Coza were desirous of finding some Indians on whom to demonstrate the fury of their wrath and vengeance and they went looking for them very diligently, but soon they saw what increased their wrath. In a square situated in the center of the village they found a pole of about three estados in height10 which served as gallows or pillory where they affronted or insulted their enemies and also criminals. As in the past wars had been in favour of the Napochies, that pole was full of scalps of people from Coza. It was an Indian custom that the scalp of the fallen enemy was taken and hung on that pole. The dead had been numerous and the pole was quite peopled with scalps. It was a very great sorrow for the Coza people to see that testimonial of their ignominy which at once recalled the memory of past injuries. They all raised their voices in a furious wail, bemoaning the deaths of their relatives and friends. They shed many tears as well for the loss of their dead as for the affront to the living. Moved to compassion, the Spaniards tried to console them, but for a very long time the demonstrations of mourning did not give them a chance for a single word, nor could they do more than go around the square with extraordinary signs of compassion or sorrow for their friends or of wrath against their enemies Then they [the Indians] got hold of one of the hatchets which the Spaniards had brought with them, and they cut down the dried out tree close to the ground, taking the scalps to bury them with the superstitious practices of their kind. With all this they became so furious and filled with vengeance, that everyone of them wished to have many hands and to be able to lay them all on the Napochies. They went from house to house looking for someone like enfuriated lions and they found only a poor strange Indian [from another tribe] who was ill and very innocent of those things, but as blind vengeance does not stop to consider, they tortured the poor Indian till they left him dying. Before he expired though, the good father Fray Domingo reached his side and told him, through the interpreter he had brought along, that if he wished to enjoy the eternal blessings of heaven, he should receive the blessed water of baptism and thereby become a Christian. He further gave him a few reasonings, the shortest possible as the occasion demanded, but the unfortunate Indian, with inherent idolatry and suffering from his fresh wounds, did not pay any attention to such good council, but delivered his soul to the demon as his ancestors before him had done. This greatly pained the blessed Father Domingo, because, as his greatest aim was to save souls, their loss was his greatest sorrow.
When the vindictive fury of the Coza people could not find any hostile Napochies on whom to vent itself, they wanted to burn the whole village and they started to do so. This cruelty caused much grief to the merciful Fray Domingo de la Anunciacion, and upon his plea the captain told the people of Coza to put out the fires, and the same friar, through his interpreter, condemned their action, telling them that it was cowardice to take vengeance in the absence of the enemies whose flight, if it meant avowal of their deficiency, was so much more glory for the victors. All the courage which the Athenians and the Lacedemonians showed in their wars was nullified by the cruelty which they showed the vanquished. “How can we know,” said the good father to the Spaniards, “whether the Indians of this village are not perhaps hidden in these forests, awaiting us in some narrow pass to strike us all down with their arrows? Don’t allow, brethren, this cruel destruction by fire, so that God may not permit your own deaths at the hands of the inhabitants of this place [these houses].” The captain urged the cacique to have the fire stopped; and as he was tardy in ordering it, the captain told him in the name of Fray Domingo, that if the village was really to be burnt down, the Spaniards would all return because they considered this war of the fire as waged directly against them by burning down the houses, where was the food which they all needed so greatly at all times. Following this menace, the cacique ordered the Indians to put out the fire which had already made great headway and to subdue which required the efforts of the whole army. When the Indians were all quieted, the cacique took possession of the village in company with his principal men and with much singing and dancing, accompanied by the music of badly tuned flutes, they celebrated their victories.
The abundance of maize in that village was greater than had been supposed and the cacique ordered much of it to be taken to Coza11 so that the Spaniards who had remained there should not lack food. His main intention was to reach or find the enemy, leaving enough people in that village [of the Napochies] to prove his possession and a garrison of Spanish soldiers, which the captain asked for greater security. He then left to pursue the fugitives. They left in great confusion, because they did not know where to find a trace of the flight which a whole village had taken and although the people of Coza endeavored diligently to find out whether they had hidden in the forests, they could not obtain any news more certain than their own conjectures. “It can not be otherwise,” they said, “than that the enemy, knowing that we were coming with the Spaniards became suspicious of the security of their forests and went to hide on the great water.” When the Spaniards heard the name of great water, they thought it might be the sea, but it was only a great river, which we call the River of the Holy Spirit, the source of which is in some big forests of the country called La Florida. It is very deep and of the width of two harquebuse-shots. In a certain place which the Indians knew, it became very wide, losing its depth, so that it could be forded and it is there where the Napochies of the first village had passed, and also those who lived on the bank of that river, who, upon hearing the news, also abandoned their village, passing the waters of the Oquechiton, which is the name the Indians give that river and which means in our language the great water (la grande agua).12 Before the Spaniards arrived at this little hamlet however, they saw on the flat roof (azotea) of an Indian house, two Indians who were on the lookout to see whether the Spaniards were pursuing the people of the two villages who had fled across the river. The horsemen spurred their horses and, when the Indians on guard saw them, they were so surprised by their monstrosity [on horseback] that they threw themselves down the embankment towards the river, without the Spaniards being able to reach them, because the bank was very steep and the Indians very swift. One of them was in such a great hurry that he left a great number of arrows behind which he had tied up in a skin, in the fashion of a quiver.
All the Spaniards arrived at the village but found it deserted, containing a great amount of food, such as maize and beans. The inhabitants of both villages were on the riverbank on the other side, quite confident that the Spaniards would not be able to ford it. They ridiculed and made angry vociferations against the people from Coza. Their mirth was short lived, however, for, as the Coza people knew that country, they found the ford in the river and they started crossing it, the water reaching the chests of those on foot and the saddles of the riders. Fray Domingo de la Anunciacion remained on this side of the water with the cacique, because as he was not of the war party it did not seem well that he should get wet. When our soldiers had reached about the middle of the river, one of them fired his flint lock which he had charged with two balls, and he felled one of the Napochies who was on the other side. When the others saw him on the ground dead, they were greatly astonished at the kind of Spanish weapon, which at such a distance could at one shot kill men. They put him on their shoulders and hurrriedly carried him off, afraid that other shots might follow against their own persons. All the Napochies fled, and the people of Coza upon passing the river pursued them until the fugitives gathered on the other side of an arm of the same stream, and when those from Coza were about to pass that the Napochies called out to them and said that they would fight no longer, but that they would be friends, because they [the Coza people] brought with them the power of the Spaniards; that they were ready to return to their former tributes and acknowledgment of what they owed them [the Coza people]. Those from Coza were glad and they called to them that they should come in peace and present themselves to their cacique . They all came to present their obedience, the captain of the Spaniards requesting that the vanquished be treated benignly. The cacique received them with severity, reproaching them harshly for their past rebellion and justifying any death he might choose to give them, as well for their refusal to pay their tributes as for the lives of so many Coza people which they had taken, but that the intervention of the Spaniards was so highly appreciated that he admitted them into his reconciliation and grace, restoring former conditions. The vanquished were very grateful, throwing the blame on bad counselors, as if it were not just as bad to listen to the bad which is advised as to advise it. They capitulated and peace was made.
The Napochies pledged themselves to pay as tributes, thrice a year, game, or fruits, chestnuts, and nuts, in confirmation of their [the Coza people’s] superiority, which had been recognized by their forefathers. This done, the whole army returned to the first village of the Napochies, where they had left in garrison Spanish soldiers and Coza people. As this village was convenient they rested there three days, until it seemed time to return to Coza where the 150 Spanish soldiers were waiting for them. The journey was short and they arrived soon, and although they found them all in good health, including Father Fray Domingo de Salazarwho had remained with them, all had suffered great hunger and want, because there were many people and they had been there a long time. They began to talk of returning to Nanipacna, where they had left their general, not having found in this land what had been claimed and hoped for. As it means valor in war sometimes to flee and temerity to attack, thus is it prudence on some occasions to retrace one’s steps, when the going ahead does not bring any benefit.13
Barcia’s account of this expedition is much shorter and contains little not given in the narrative of Padilla. He says that Father Domingo de la Anunciacion “asked the Indians about a man called Falco Herrado14 a soldier of low rank, who remained voluntarily at Coza when Hernando de Soto passed through there; and he also asked about a negro, by the name of Robles, whom De Soto left behind sick,15 and he was informed that they had lived for 11 or 12 years among those Indians, who treated them very well, and that 8 or 9 years before they died from sickness.”16
After consultation the Spaniards determined to send messengers back to De Luna, the bulk of the force remaining where it was until they learned whether he would join them. They found that the Spanish settlers had withdrawn to the port where they had originally landed, and, arrived there, they received orders to return to the Spaniards in Coza and direct them to abandon the country and unite with the rest of the colony. As soon as the messengers reached them they set out “to the great grief of the Indians who accompanied them two or three days’ journey weeping, with great demonstrations of love, but not for their religion, since only one dying Indian asked for baptism, which Father Salazar administered to him. In the beginning of November they reached the port after having been seven months on this exploration.”17
We learn from this narrative that the nucleus of the Coosa River Creeks and the Tallapoosa River Creeks was already in existence, and that the Coosa and Holiwahali tribes were then most prominent in the respective groups. It is probable that most of the other tribes afterwards found upon Tallapoosa River were at this time in Georgia, and it is likely that the Abihka had not yet come to settle beside the Coosa. In spite of an evident confusion in the minds of the Spaniards of Indian and feudal institutions there must have been some basis for the overlordship said to have been enjoyed by the Indians of Coosa. The Napochies seem to have been a Choctaw-speaking people on the Black Warrior and Tombigbee Rivers. Mr. Grayson informs me that the name was preserved until recent years as a war title among the Creeks. They were probably identical with the Napissa, whom Iberville notes as having already in his time (1699) united with the Chickasaw.18
In 1567 Juan Pardo came toward this country, advancing beyond Chiaha on the Tennessee to a place called Satapo, from which some Indians and a soldier proceeded to Coosa. On the authority of the soldier, Vandera gives the following description of Coosa town:
Coosa is a large village, the largest to be met after leaving Santa Elena on the road we took from there. It may contain about 150 people – that is, judging by the size of the village. It seems to be a wealthier place than all the others; there are generally a great many Indians in it. It is situated in a valley at the foot of a mountain. All around it at one-quarter, one-half, and one league there are very many big places. It is a very fertile country; its situation is at midday’s sun or perhaps a little less than midday.19
Fear of this tribe, allied with the “Chisca, Carrosa, and Costehe,” was what decided Pardo to turn back to Santa Elena.20 While Vandera seems to say that Coosa had 150 inhabitants, he must mean neighborhoods, otherwise it certainly would not be the largest place the Spaniards had discovered. Garcilasso says that in Coosa there were 500 houses, but he is wont to exaggerate.21 At the same time, if Vandera means 150 neighborhoods and Garcilasso counted all classes of buildings, the two statements could be reconciled very well.
And now, after enjoying such early prominence, the Coosa tribe slips entirely from view, and when we next catch a glimpse of it its ancient importance has gone. Adair, the first writer to notice the town particularly, says:
In the upper or most western part of the country of the Muskohge there was an old beloved town, now reduced to a small ruinous village, called Koosahy which is still a place of safety to those who kill undesignedly. It stands on commanding ground, overlooking a bold river.22
The name appears in the enumerations of 1738, 1750,23 and 1760,24 and a part at least in the enumeration of 1761.25 In 1796 John O’ Kelly, a half-breed, was trader there, having succeeded his father.26
Hawkins describes the town as follows, as it existed in 1799:
Coo-sau; on the left bank of Coo-sau, between two creeks, Eu-fau-lau and Nau-chee. The town borders on the first, above; and on the other river. The town is on a high and beautiful hill; the land on the river is rich and flat for two hundred yards, then waving and rich, fine for wheat and com. It is a limestone country, with fine springs, and a very desirable one; there is reed on the branches, and pea- vine in the rich bottoms and hill sides, moss in the river and on the rock beds of the creek.
They get fish plentifully in the spring season, near the mouth of Eu-fau-lau-hat-che; they are rock, trout, buffalo, red horse and perch. They have fine stocks of horses, hogs and cattle; the town gives name to the river, and is sixty miles above Tus-kee-gee.27
Coosa had evidently fallen off very much from its ancient grandeur and its name does not appear in the census enumeration of 1832. Those who lived there abandoned their town some years after 1799, and settled a few miles higher up on the east side of the river near what is now East Bend.28 It is not now represented by any existing town among the Creeks, but the name is well known and still appears in war titles. From the census list of 1761 one might judge that part of the Coosa had moved down on Tallapoosa River and settled with the Fus-hatchee people, with whom they would have gone to Florida and afterwards, in part at least, to the southern part of the Seminole Nation, Oklahoma.29 The French census of about 1760 associates them rather with the Kan-hatki, but the fate of Kan-hatki and Fus-hatchee was the same.30 What happened to the greater portion of them will be told presently.
Besides Coosa proper we find a town placed on several maps between Tuskegee and Koasati and called “Old Coosa,” or “Coussas old village.” From the resemblance of the name to that of the Koasati as usually spelled, and the proximity of the two places, Gatschet thought it was another term applied to the latter.31 But on the other hand we often find Coosa-old-town and Koasati on the same map, and both are mentioned separately in the enumerations of 1760 and 1761.32 The fact that, according to the same lists, there were Coosa on Tallapoosa River not far away, associated with the Fus-hatchee and Kan-hatki, would strengthen the belief that there were really some Coosa Indians at this place. Even if there were not, the name itself clearly implies that the site had once been occupied by Coosa Indians, and by inference at a time anterior to the settlement of the Coosa already considered. Without traceable connection with any of these bodies is “a Small Settlement of Indians called the Cousah old Fields” encountered in 1778 between the Choctawhatchee and Apalachicola Rivers by a British expedition under David Holmes sent into East Florida from Pensacola.33
Still another branch of this tribe was in all probability the Coosa of South Carolina which has been elsewhere considered.34
By common tradition and the busk expression, “We are Kos-istagi,” still used by them, we know that there are several other towns descended from Coosa, though no longer bearing the name. The most important of these was Otciapofa, commonly called “Hickory Ground,” whose people came from Little Tulsa. Little Tulsa was the seat of the famous Alexander McGillivray and was located on the east bank of Coosa River 3 miles above the falls. After his death the inhabitants all moved to the Hickory Ground, Otciapofa, which was on the same side of the river just below the falls.35 The condition of this latter town in 1799 is thus described by Hawkins:
O-che-au-po-fau; from Oche-ub, a hickory tree, and po-fau, in or among, called by the traders, hickory ground. It is on the left bank of the Coosau, two miles above the fork of the river, and one mile below the falls, on a flat of poor land, just below a small stream; the fields are on the right side of the river, on rich flat land; and this flat extends back for two miles, with oak and hickory, then pine forest; the range out in this forest is fine for cattle; reed is abundant in all the branches.
The falls can be easily passed in canoes, either up or down; the rock is very different from that of Tallapoosa; here it is ragged and very coarse granite; the land bordering on the left side of the falls is broken or waving, gravelly, not rich. At the termination of the falls there is a fine little stream, large enough for a small mill, called, from the clearness of the water, We-hemt-le, good water.36 Three and a half miles above the town are ten apple trees, planted by the late General McGillivray; half a mile further up are the remains of Old Tal-e-see,37 formerly the residence of Mr. Lochlan38 and his son, the general . Here are ten apple trees, planted by the father, and a stone chimney, the remains of a house built by the son, and these are all the improvements left by the father and son.
These people are, some of them, industrious. They have forty gunmen, nearly three hundred cattle, and some horses and hogs; the family of the general belong to this town; he left one son and two daughters; the son is in Scotland, with his grand-father, and the daughters with Sam Macnack [Moniac], a half-breed, their uncle; the property is much of it wasted. The chiefs have requested the agent for Indian affairs to take charge of the property for the son, to prevent its being wasted by the sisters of the general or by their children. Mrs. Durant, the oldest sister, has eight children. She is industrious, but has no economy or management. In possession of fourteen working negroes, she seldom makes bread enough, and they live poorly. She can spin and weave, and is making some feeble efforts to obtain clothing for her family. The other sister, Sehoi, has about thirty negroes, is extravagant and heedless, neither spins nor weaves, and has no government of her family. She has one son, David Tale [Tate?] who has been educated in Philadelphia and Scotland. He promises to do better.39
The town is given in the lists of 1760 and 1761, by Bartram, by Swan, and in the census of 1832,40 and, probably in a distorted form, in 1750.41
Big Tulsa, which separated from the town last mentioned, may be identical with that which appears in the De Soto chronicles under the synonymous terms Talisi, Tallise, and Talisse.42 Biedma does not mention it. The other three chroniclers describe it as a large town by a great river, having plenty of corn. Elvas states that other towns and many fields of maize were on the opposite shore.”43 Garcilasso says that this place was “the key of the country,” and that it was “palisaded, invested with very good terraces, and almost surrounded by a river.” He adds that “it did not heartily acknowledge the cacique [of Coosa], because of a neighboring chief, who endeavored to make the people revolt against him.”44 We may gather from this that Tulsa had at that time become such a large and strong town that it no longer leaned on the mother town of Coosa, as would be the case with a new or weak offshoot. There may indeed be some question whether this was the Tulsa of later history, but there does not appear to be a really valid reason to deny this, although the name from which it is thought to have been derived is a very common one. Spanish documents of 1597-98 speak, for instance, of a town called Talaxe (or Talashe) in Guale and a river so called, evidently the Altamaha. Woodward says that “the Tallasses never settled on the Tallapoosa River before 1756; they were moved to that place by James McQueen” from the Talladega country,45 but the name occurs here on the earliest maps available, at a date far back of any period of which Woodward could have had information. Probably his statement applies to an independent body of Tulsa entered in the list dating from 1750, 41 as in the Abihka country, and appearing on the Purcell map (pl. 7) as ‘ ‘Tallassehase,” Tulsa old town. The history of this settlement is otherwise unknown. In De Soto’s time the several towns may not have become separated, but of that we have no knowledge. My opinion is that in either case the town entered by De Soto was farther toward the southwest than the position in which Big Tulsa was later found, somewhere, in fact, between the site of Holiwahali and that of the present St. Clair, in Lowndes County, Alabama.46
The name of this town occurs frequently in later documents, and it is given in the lists of 1750, 1760, and 1761, by Bartram, Swan, and Hawkins, and in the census of 1832.47 In the great squares of this town and Tukabahchee Tecumseh met the Creeks in council. In 1797 the traders here were James McQueen, the oldest white man in the Creek Nation, who had come to Georgia as a soldier under Oglethorpe in 1733,48 and William Powell. Hawkins gives the following description of it as it existed in 1799:
Tal-e-see, from Tal-o-fau, a town, and e-see, taken.49 Situated in the fork of Eu-fau-be On the left bank of Tal-Ia-poo-sa, opposite Took-au-bat-che. Eu-fau-be has its source in the ridge dividing the waters of Chat-to-ho-che from Tal-la-poo-sa, and runs nearly west to the junction with the river; here it is sixty feet wide. The land on it is poor for some miles up, then rich flats, bordered with pine land with reedy branches; a fine range for cattle and horses.
The Indians have mostly left the town, and settled up the creek, or on its waters, for twenty miles.50 The settlements are some of them well chosen, and fenced with worm fences. The land bordering on the streams of the right side of the creek, is better than that of the left; and here the settlements are mostly made. Twelve miles up the creek from its mouth it forks; the large fork of the left side has some rich flat swamp, large white oak, poplar, ash, and white pine. The trading path from Cus-se-tuh to the Upper Creeks crosses this fork twice. Here it is called big swamp (opil-thluc-co). The waving land to its source is stiff. The growth is post oak, pine, and hard-shelled hickory.51
The Indians who have settled out on the margins and branches of the creek have several of them, cattle, hogs, and horses, and begin to be attentive to them. The head warrior of the town, Peter McQueen, a half-breed, is a snug trader, has a valuable property in negroes and stock, and begins to know their value.
These Indians were very friendly to the United States during the Revolutionary War, and their old chief, Ho-bo-ith-le Mic-co, of the halfway house (improperly called the Tal-e-see king), could not be prevailed on by any offers from the agents of Great Britain to take part with them. On the return of peace, and the establishment of friendly arrangements between the Indians and citizens of the United States, this chief felt himself neglected by Mr. Seagrove, which resenting, he robbed and insulted that gentleman, compelled him to leave his house near Took-au-bat-che, and fly into a swamp. He has since then, as from a spirit of contradiction, formed a party in opposition to the will of the nation, which has given much trouble and difficulty to the chiefs of the land. His principal assistants were the leaders of the banditti who insulted the commissioners of Spain and the United States, on the 17th September, 1799, at the confluence of Flint and Chat-to-ho-che. The exemplary punishment inflicted on them by the warriors of the nation, has effectually checked their mischief-making and silenced them. And this chief has had a solemn warning from the national council, to respect the laws of the nation, or he should meet the punishment ordained by the law. He is one of the great medal chiefs.
This spirit of party or opposition prevails not only here, but more or less in every town in the nation. The plainest proposition for ameliorating their condition, is immediately opposed; and this opposition continues as long as there is hope to obtain presents, the infallible mode heretofore in use, to gain a point.52
Tulsa had several branch towns. Mention has already been made of one of these.53 On the French list of 1760 and several early maps is a place called Nafape, or Nafabe, which was evidently a Tulsa out-village on a creek of the same name flowing into Ufaupee Creek.54 Near, and possibly identical with this, was Chatukchufaula, although on some maps it appears on Tallapoosa River itself. It is evidently the “Challacpauley ” of Swan,55 and I give it as a branch of Tulsa on the authority of Woodward.56 It was destroyed in the war of 1813-14 by Indians friendly to the United States Government and the people probably migrated to Florida.57
The “Halfway House,” of which the “Ho-bo-ith-le Mic-co” of Hawkins was chief, is frequently mentioned by travelers. Taitt gives its Creek name as “Chavucleyhatchie.” He says:
I took the bearings and distance of the path to this place which is twenty -five miles ENE. from the Tuckabatchie, situated on a creek called Chavucleyhatchie being the north branch of Nufabee Creek, which emptys itself into the Tallapuse River at the great Tallassies. In this village which belongs to the Tallasies are about 20 gunmen and one trader.58
In Bartram’s list (1777) it appears as “Ghuaclahatche.”59 Although given as a town distinct from the Halfway house the “Chawelatchie” of the Purcell map (pl. 7) is evidently intended for this, especially since Hawkins calls it “Chowolle Hatche.”60 The name is perpetuated in the “Chewockeleehatchee Creek” of modern maps.
Another branch was Saoga-hatchee, “Rattle Creek,” which appears as early as 1760. 54 Hawkins has the following to say regarding it:
Sou-go-hat-che; from sou-go, a cymbal, and hat-che, a creek. This joins on the left side of Tallapoosa, ten miles below Eu-fau-lau. It is a large creek, and the land on the forks and to their sources is stiff in places, and stony. The timber is red oak and small hickory; the flats on the streams are rich, covered with reed; among the branches the land is waving and fit for cultivation.
They have thirty gunmen in this village, who have lately joined Tal-e-see. One of the chiefs, O-fau-mul-gau, has some cattle, others have a few, as they have only paid attention to their stock within two years, and their means for acquiring them were slender.
Above this creek, on the waters of Eu-fau-lau-hat-che, there are some settlements well chosen. The upland is stiff and stony or gravelly; the timber is post and red oak, pine and hickory; the trees are small; the soil apparently rich enough, and well suited for wheat, and the streams have some rich flats.61
Another branch, Lutcapoga, ” terrapin resort,” “place where terrapins are gathered,” appears only in Hawkins’s Letters62 and in the census of 1832.63 There is to-day a place called Loachapoka in Lee County, Alabama, about halfway between Montgomery and West Point. The name was also given to a western tributary of the Chattahoochee.63 After the Creek removal this town settled in the northern-most part of the nation, where the flourishing modern city of Tulsa has grown up, named for its mother town. The main town of Tulsa also split into two parts in Oklahoma, called after their respective locations Tulsa Canadian and Tulsa Little River. The last is the only one which in 1912 maintained a square ground.
The Okfuskee [Akfaski] towns constituted the largest group descended from Coosa. Like the Tulsa, these people referred to them-selves in busk speeches as Kos-istågi, “Coosa people. ” The name, which signifies “point between rivers,” nowhere appears in the De Soto narratives, but is in evidence very early in the maps and documents of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. On the Lamhatty map it is given in the form “Oufusky,” apparently as far east as the east bank of Flint River.64 Not much reliance can be placed on the geography of this map, though it is not unlikely that Lamhatty was attempting to place the eastern Okfuskee settlements on the upper Chattahoochee River. On the De Crenay map of 1733 two Okfuskee towns appear – one, “Oefasquets,” between the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers well down toward the point where they come together; the other, “Les grands Oefascjué,” a considerable distance up the Tallapoosa.65 They occur again in the Spanish census of 1738, in which the latter is called “Oefasque Talajase,” showing it to have been the original town.66 The same pair are repeated in the census of 1750.67 The former appears in the list of 1760 as “Akfeechkoutchis” (i. e., Little Okfuskee); the latter as “Akfaches” (i.e., the Okfuskee proper).68 This last is “the great Okwhuske town” which Adair mentions and locates on the west bank of Tallapoosa River. He calls the Tallapoosa River after it.69
In 1754 the French of Fort Toulouse almost persuaded the Okfuskee Creeks to cut off those English traders who were among them, but they were prevented by the opposition of a young chief.70 In 1760 such a massacre did take place at Okfuskee and its branch town, Sukaispoga, as also at Okchai and Kealedji.71 The name of Okfuskee appears in the list of 1761, and in the lists of Bartram, Swan, and Hawkins.72 Bartram mentions an upper and a lower town of the name, perhaps the two distinguished by the French.73 In 1797 the trader was Patrick Donnally.74 In the census rolls of 1832 no such town appears, but by that time the main settlement seems to have adopted the name Tcatoksofka, “deep rock,” i. e., one where there was a considerable fall of water, or “rock deep down,” and this does occur.75 After the removal to Oklahoma, Tcatoksofka was still the principal town. The old name Okfuskee was revived somewhat later by a chief named Fushatcutci (Little Fus-hatchee) who moved into the western part of the nation with part of the Tcatoksofka people and gave the old name to his new settlement. From this circumstance his people afterwards called him Tal-mutca’s mi’ko, “New town chief.”
Another branch is called Abihkutci [Abi’kutci]. The name signifies “Little Abihka” and it might naturally be supposed that the people so designating themselves belonged to the Abihka Creeks. In fact, the principal Abihka town before the emigration was known as Abihkutci, whereas, after their removal, the diminutive ending was dropped and the name Abihka resumed. Two stories were given me of the way in which this name “Abihkutci” came to be used for an Okfuskee town. According to one, the town was founded by a few Abihka Indians, but it was later filled up with Okfuskee. According to the other, some Abihka joined the Okfuskee before the Civil War and afterwards left them. Then they formed a town apart and said “We will be called Little Abihkas.” But since they had at one time lived with the Okfuskee the latter adopted the name Abihkutci for use among themselves. In any case the occurrence does not seem to have preceded the westward emigration of the Creeks, and the town did not have a very long separate existence. At the present day it has no square ground of its own.
Another branch was known as Tukabahchee Tallahassee, probably because it occupied a place where the Tukabahchee had formerly lived. It appears in the lists of Swan and Hawkins,76 and the latter states that in 1797 it received the name of Talmutcasi (New Town). We find it under this latter designation in the census list of 1832.77 It follows from its recent origin that it is distinct from the Talimachusy78 or Tallimuchase79 of De Soto’s time, though the names mean the same thing. After removal these people settled in the south-western part of the nation and appear to have changed from the White to the Red side, being sometimes treated as a branch of Atasi. Their square ground was given up so long ago that very little is remembered regarding it.
One of the oldest branches of Okfuskee was Sukaispoga, “place for getting hogs,” called by Hawkins “Sooc-he-ah,” and known to the traders as “Hog Range,” It appears in the censuses of 1760 and 1761, and in the lists of Bartram, Swan, and Hawkins.80 In 1772 it had about 45 gunmen.81 From Hawkins’s description, given below, it appears that the town united with Imukfa about 1799, and therefore the name does not appear in the census rolls of 1832. Imukfa was, according to Hawkins, made up of settlers from “Thu-le-oc-who-cat-lau” and the people of the town just referred to. “Thu-le-oc-who-cat-lau” is evidently the “Chuleocwhooatlee” which he mentions in 1797 in his letter and which was “on the left bank of Tallapoosa, 11 miles below Newyaucau.82 Tohtogagi [To’togagi] is noted by Swan83 and described (see below) by Hawkins. It preserved a separate existence after its removal west of the Mississippi down to the Civil War and was located east of the Canadian. Sometimes it was known as Hitcisihogi, after the name of its ball ground, though in the census of 1832 Hitcisihogi appears as an independent town. Perhaps two originally independent towns were later united.
While giving Atcina-ulga as an Okfuskee town, Hawkins says it was settled from Lutcapoga.84 These two statements can not be reconciled, unless we suppose that some Okfuskee Indians were settled at Lutcapoga. Another branch village given by Hawkins is Epesaugee (Ipisagi).85
At a very early day several Okfuskee settlements were made on the upper course of the Chattahoochee. One was called Tukpafka, “punk,” a name applied in later times to an entirely distinct town, originating from Wakokai. The name of this particular settlement occurs in Bartram’s list and is referred to by Hawkins, as will be seen below.86 In 1777 (see below) they moved over to the Tallapoosa, where their new settlement was called Nuyaka, an attempt at modifying the name of New York City to accord with the requirements of Creek harmonic feeling. According to Swan the name Nuyaka was bestowed by a Colonel Ray, a New York British loyalist,83 while Gatschet says it was so named after the treaty of New York, concluded between the United States Government and the Creek Indians August 7, 1790.87 It appears in the lists of Swan and Hawkins, but not on the census rolls of 1832.88 After the removal this town continued to preserve its identity and in 1912 it was the only Okfuskee division that still maintained a square ground.
There were three Okfuskee settlements on the Chattahoochee River which existed for a longer time. These were Tculå’ko-nini (Horse Trail), Holi-taiga (War Ford), and Tca’hki låko (Big Shoal). They appear in the lists of Bartram and Hawkins, and, with the possible exception of the last, in that of Swan.89 The census of 1832 includes a town of the same name as the last, but omits the others. September 27, 1793, they were attacked by Georgians and so severely handled that the inhabitants abandoned them and located on the east side of Tallapoosa River, opposite the mother town, Big Okfuskeei.90 ” Wichagoes” and “lllahatchee,” given in the traders’ census of 1761, were probably Okfuskee towns.91 Kohamutkikatska, “place where blow-gun canes are broken off,” was a comparatively late branch of Ok-fuskee. The name, in an excessively corrupted form (“Nohunt, the Gartsnar town”), appears in the census list of 1832.92 Hawkins has the following information regarding Okfuskee and its branches:
Oc-fus-kee; from Oc, in, and fuskee, a point. The name is expressive of the position of the old town, and where the town house now stands on the right bank of Tal-lapoo-sa. The town spreads out on both sides of the river and is about thirty-five miles above Took-au-bat-che. The settlers on the left side of the river are from Chat-to-ho-che. They once formed three well-settled villages on that river – Che-luc-co ne-ne, Ho-ith-le-ti-gau, and Chau-ke thluc-co.
Oc-fus-kee, with its villages, is the largest town in the nation. They estimate the number of gun men of the old town at one hundred and eighty and two hundred and seventy in the villages or small towns. The land is flat for half a mile on the river, and fit for culture; back of this there are sharp, stoney hills; the growth is pine, and the branches all have reed.
They have no fences around the town; they have some cattle, hogs, and horses, and their range is a good one; the shoals in the river afford a great supply of moss, called by the traders salt grass, and the cows which frequent these shoals, are the largest and finest in the nation; they have some peach trees in the town, and the cassine yupon, in clumps. The Indians have lately moved out and settled in villages and the town will soon be an old field; the settling out in villages has been repeatedly pressed by the agent for Indian affairs, and with considerable success; they have seven villages belonging to this town.
1. New-yau-cau; named after New York. It is on the left bank of Tallapoosa, twenty miles above Oc-fus-kee;93 these people lived formerly at Tote-pauf-cau, (spunk-knot) on Chat-to-ho-che, and moved from thence in 1777.94 They would not take part in the war between the United States and Great Britian and determined to retire from their settlements, which, through the rage of war, might feel the effects of the resentment of the people of the United States when roused by the conduct of the red people, as they were placed between the combatants. The town is “on a flat, bordering on the river; the adjoining lands are broken or waving and stony; on the opposite side they are broken, stony; the growth is pine, oak and hickory. The flat strips of land on the river, above and below, are generally narrow; the adjoining land is broken, with oak, hickory, and pine. The branches all have reed; they have a fine ford at the upper end of the town; the river is one hundred and twenty yards wide. Some of the people have settled out from the town, and they have good land on Im-mook-fau Creek, which joins the right side of the river, two miles below the town.95
2. Took-au-bat-che tal-lau-has-see; this village received in part a new name in 1797, Tal-lo-wau moo-chas-see (new town). It is on the right bank of the river, four miles above New-yau-cau;96 the land around it is broken and stony; off the river the hills are waving; and post oak, hard shelled hickory, pine, and on the ridges, chestnut is the growth.
3. Im-mook-fau (a gorget made of a conch). This village is four miles west from Tookaubatche [Tal-lauhas-see], on Immookfau Creek, which joins the right side of Tallapoosa, two miles below New-yau-cau. The settlers are from Chu-le-oc-who-cat-lau and Sooc-he-ah; they have fine rich flats on the creek, and good range for their cattle; they possess some hogs, cattle, and horses, and begin to be attentive to them.
4. Tooh-to-cau-gee, from tooh-to, a corn house, and cau-gee, fixed or standing.97 The Indians of Oc-fus-kee formerly built a corn house here for the convenience of their hunters and put their corn there for their support during the hunting season. It is on the right bank of Tallapoosa, twenty miles above New-yau-cau;98 the settlements are on the narrow flat margins of the river on both sides. On the left side the mountains terminate here, the uplands are too poor and broken for cultivation; the path from E-tow-wah, in the Cherokee country, over the tops of these mountains, is a pretty good one. It winds down the mountains to this village; the river is here one hundred and twenty yards wide, a beautiful clear stream. On the right side, off from the river flats, the land is waving, with oak, hickory and pine, gravelly, and in some places large sheets of rock which wave as the land. The grit is coarse, but some of it is fit for mill stones; the land is good for corn, the trees are all small, with some chestnut on the ridges; the range is a good one for stock; reed is found on all the branches; on the path to New-yau-cau there is some large rock, the vein lies south-west; they are in two rows parallel with each other and the land good in their neighborhood.
5. Au-che-nau-ul-gau; from Au-che-nau, cedar, and ul-gau, all; a cedar grove. These settlers are from Loo-chau-po-gau (the resort of terrapin). It is on a creek, near the old town, forty miles above New-yau-cau. This settlement is the farthest north of all the Creeks; the land is very broken in the neighborhood. West of this village, post and black oak, all small; the soil is dark and stiff with coarse gravel and in some places stone; from the color of the earth in places there must be iron ore; the streams from the glades form fine little creeks, branches of the Tallapoasa. The land on their borders is broken, stiff, stony and rich, affording fine mill seats, and on the whole it is a country where the Indians might have desirable settlements; the path from E-tow-woh to Hill-au-bee passes through these glades.
6. E-pe-sau-gee; this village is on a large creek which gives name to it and enters the Tallapoosa opposite Oc-fus-kee. The creek has its source in the ridge, dividing the waters of this river from Chat-to-ho-che; it is thirty yards wide and has a rocky bottom; they have forty settlers in the village, who have fenced their fields this season for the benefit of their stock, and they have all of them cattle, hogs, and horses. They have some good land on the creek, but generally it is broken, the strips of flat land are narrow; the broken is gravelly, with oak, hickory and pine, not very inviting. Four of these villages have valuable stocks of cattle. McCartney has one hundred; E-cun-chā-te E-maut-lau, one hundred; Tote-cúh Haujo, one hundred, and Took[aubatche] Micco, two hundred.
7. Sooc-he-ah; from Sooc-cau, a hog, and he-ah, here,99 called by the traders, hog range. It is situated on the right bank of Tallapoosa, twelve miles above Oc-fus-kee. It is a small settlement, the land is very broken, the flats on the river are narrow, the river broad and shoally. These settlers have moved, and joined Im-mook-fau, with a few exceptions.100
To these must be added:
• Oc-fus-coo-che (little Oc-fus-kee) is a part of the small village, four miles above New-yau-cau. Some of these people lived at Oc-fus-kee nene, on the Chat-to-ho-che, from whence they were driven by an enterprising volunteer party from Georgia, the 27th September, 1793.101
During the Green Peach war many Okfuskee settled in the edge of the Cherokee Nation, near Braggs, Oklahoma, and afterwards some of them remained there along with a number of the Okchai Indians.
1. Bourne, Narr. of De Soto, I, p. 60.
2. Ibid., p. 81.
3. Ibid., p. 81; II, pp. 16, 112.
4. Ibid., I, p. 82.
5. Ibid., II,p. 113.
6. About the same number of English bushels.
7. This statement is probably erroneous, as the use of poisoned arrows among our southern Indians is denied by all other writers.
8. One brata is 6 feet.
9. Or otatli, a Nahustl word.
10. Three times the height of a man.
11. Acoca in the original MS.
12. This is pure Choctaw, from oka, water, and the objective form of chito, big. This river was not the Mississippi, as Padilla supposes, but probably the Black Warrior.
13. Davila Padilla, Histeria, pp. 205-217. Translation by Mrs. F. Bandelier.
14. Ranjel in Bourne, Narr. of De Soto, II, p. 113; he gives this man’s name as Feryada, and calls him a Levantine.
15. Ibid., p. 114.
16. Barcia, La Florida, p. 35.
17. Ibid., pp. 37-39.
18. Margry, Déc., IV, p. 180.
19. Vandera in Ruidiaz, II, pp. 485-486.
20. Ibid., p. 471.
21. Garcilasso in Shipp, De Soto and Florida, p. 374.
22. Adair, Hist. Am. Inds., p. 159.
23. MS., Ayer Coll.
24. Miss. Prov. Arch., I, pp. 94-95.
25. Col. Docs. Ga., VIII, p. 512.
26. Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., IX, pp. 34, 169.
27. Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., III, p. 41.
28. Plate 8; Royce in 18th Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt. 2, pi. CVIII, map of Alabama.
29. Ga. Col. Docs., VIII, p. 523.
30. Miss. Prov. Arch., I, p. 94.
31. Creek Mig. Leg., I, p. 137.
32. Miss. Prov. Arch., I, p. 94; Ga. Col. Docs., VIII, p. 524.
33. Copy of MS. Lib. Cong.
34. See p. 25.
35. Hawkins in Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., IX, p. 44.
36. Wī hīli – “good water. “
37. Little Tulsa.
38. The Lib. Cong. MS. has “Mr. Lochlan McGillivray.”
39. Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., III, pp. 39-40.
40. Miss. Prov. Arch., I, p. 95; Ga. Col. Docs., VIII, p. 523; Bartram, Travels, p. 461; Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, V, p. 262; Son. Doc. 512, 23d Cong., 1st sess,, IV, pp. 280-281.
41. MS., Ayer Coll.
42. Bourne, Narr. of De Soto, I, p. 86; II, pp. 115-116; Garcilasso in Shipp, De Soto and Florida, p. 375.
43. Bourne, op. cit., I, p. 86.
44. Garcilasso in Shipp, De Soto and Florida, p. 375.
45. Woodward, Reminiscences, p. 77.
46. In plate 2 the positions of Tulsa (1) and Tawusa (1) should be transposed.
47. Miss. Prov. Arch., I, p. 95; Ga. Col. Docs., VIII, p. 523; Bertram, Travels, p. 481; Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, V, p. 262; Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., III, p. 25; Senate Doc. 512, 23d Cong., 1st sess., IV, pp. 260-264.
48. Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., IX, p. 168.
49. There is a Creek tradition to the effect that this town was once “captured” by the Tukabahchee, but I am inclined to think that it was invented to account for the name. It is more likely that Gatschet is right in deriving the name from talwa, town, and, ahasi, old, although it Is now so much abbreviated that its original meaning is totally obscured.
50. The Lib. Cong. MS. has “25 miles.”
51. The Lib. Cong. MS. adds the name of the magnolia.
52. Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., III, pp. 26-27.
53. See p. 243.
54. Miss. Prov. Arch., I, p. 95.
55. Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, V, p. 262.
56. Wood ward, Reminiscences, p. 35.
57. See pp. 409-410.
58. Mereness, Trav. Am. Col., p. 545.
59. Bartram, Travels, p. 461.
60. Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., IX, p. 50.
61. Ibid., III, p. 49.
62. As “Luchaossoguh.”- Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., IX, p. 33.
63. Senate Doc. 512, 23d Cong. 1st .sess., IV, pp. 270-274.
64. Plate 9.
65. Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. x, p.
66. Hamilton, Col. Mobile, p. 190.
67. MS., Ayer Lib.
68. Miss. Prov. Arch., I, p. 96.
69. Adair, Hist. Am. Inds., pp. 258, 262
70. Ga. Col. Docs., VII, pp. 41-42.
71. Ibid., pp. 261-266
72. Ga. Col. Docs., VIII p. 523; Bartram, Travels, p. 461; Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, v, p. 262; Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., III, p. 25.
73. Bartram, Travels, p. 461.
74. Hawkins in Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., IX, p. 169.
75. Sen. Doc. 512, 23d Cong., 1st sess., IV, pp. 331-343.
76. Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, v, p. 262; Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., II, p. 46.
77. Senate Doc. 512, 23d Cong. 1st sess., IV, pp. 254-255.
78. Bourne, Narr. of De Soto, II, p. 113.
79. Ibid., I, p. 84.
80. Miss. Prov. Arch, I, 95; Ga. Col. Docs., VIII, p. 523; Bartram, Travels, p. 461; Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, v, p. 262; Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., II, p. 48.
81. Mereness, Trav. Am. Col., p. 529.
82. Ga. Hist Soc. Colls., IX, p. 169.
83. Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, v, p. 262.
84. Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., III, p. 45.
85. Ibid., p. 47.
86. Bartram, Travels, p. 462; Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., III, p. 45.
87. Misc. Coll. Ala. Hist. Soc., 1, p. 404.
89. Bartram, Travels, p. 462; Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., III, p. 45; Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, v, p. 262.
90. Hawkins, op. cit.; also Early map, pl. 9.
91. Ga. Col. Docs., VIII, p. 523.
92. Senate Doc. 512, 23d Cong., 1st sess., IV, p. 323.
93. In notes made in 1797 he says “eighteen miles.”- Ga. Hist. Sec. Colls., IX, p. 169.
94. The Lib. Cong. MS. says “alter the year 1777.”
95. Near this town Is Horse Shoe Bend, the scene of Jackson’s decisive victory over the Creeks, March 27, 1814.
96. In notes taken in 1797 he says “6 miles.”- Ga Hist. Soc. Colls., IX, p. 170.
97. Jackson Lewis, one of the writer’s informants, says it means “two corncribs,” and this has the sanction of Hawkins (Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., IX, p. 33). It seems to be composed of tohto, corn crib, and kagi, to be or to set up. See Gatschel, Creek Mig. Leg., I, p. 148.
98. In notes taken in 1797 he says ” 15 miles.”- Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., IX, p. 169.
99. Hawkins Seems to have gotten hold of a mongrel expression, half Creek, half English. The proper Creek designation was Suka-ispoga.
100. Ga. Hist. Soc. Colls., III, pp. 45-48; IX, p. 170.
101. Ibid., p. 51.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53783 | Thread: Pablo's DR350
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Old 10-14-2010, 07:13 PM #29
Pablo83 OP
Sleep, Wrench, Ride
Pablo83's Avatar
Joined: Aug 2008
Location: Woodland Park, CO
Oddometer: 4,827
Thanks for the info
Originally Posted by BikePilot
Great project.
For the record the cartridge forks, while nice aren't sourced from any RM and aren't really even similar to RM forks (RM conventionals from the mid-late 90s were 49mm twin chambers).
Stock fork springs I think were .38kg, but you can look it up on racetech's site. This is really too soft for anything without pedals.
The '91 forks are damper rod (non-cartridge) forks. Adjustable compression has nothing to do with the type of valving.
The stock shock spring is pretty stiff and probably just fine as long as you aren't huge.
Boxing in the swingarm will go a long way to keeping the bike straight. The rear shock is also needs valving work quite badly (and the forks need springs badly and could really use a re-valve as well). Between fixing the swingarm and having the suspension sprung and valved properly, it'll be much better. That was going to be my next move on the DR before I decided an XR650R made more sense for me.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53784 | View Single Post
Old 06-09-2011, 11:24 AM #101
ONandOFF's Avatar
Joined: Aug 2009
Location: Shenandoah Valley riding wonderland
Oddometer: 6,971
Well... that was smart.... I was replying, then shut down my browser forgetting to grab my reply text first!
So yeah, I purchased my bike already modified, otherwise I think I'da had the wits to leave that part unchanged.
Good point about the load on the subframe. I expect to delve into emulating your mod. once the battery expires (or the subframe busts!). I'm thinking perhaps to add some tire rubber between the battery case and the frame members, though.
Didn't mean to underestimate your rock riding Sr. Spud. It's just that with all the beautiful pictures of you riding around that I've seen, none have included rocks thus far. This is the kind of stuff we find ourselves hammering through in these parts:
Sometimes you have to speed up to keep your body from being shaken to the point of brain jello!
And sometimes you break your shift shafts off where they exit the case!
PS: Pig was a little reluctant to fire up right off the bat, but she did so before running the battery down (woohoo) and got a good warmup.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53796 | MIT Shares 45 Free Textbooks
By Dianna Dilworth Comment
mitMIT OpenCourseWare has shared 45 free textbooks online. The books include a number of math and science texts, as well as a few foreign language titles.
Here is more from the site: “MIT OpenCourseWare shares the course materials from classes taught on the MIT campus. In most cases, this takes the form of course documents such as syllabi, lecture notes, assignments and exams. Occasionally, however, we come across textbooks we can share openly. This page provides an index of textbooks (and textbook-like course notes) that can be found throughout the OCW site.”
Follow this link to check out all of the books. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53799 | For One Texas High School, Al Jazeera Isn’t Welcome
By Alex Weprin Comment
An interesting story from Al Jazeera reporter Gabriel Elizondo. Elizondo is crossing the U.S., collecting thoughts on people from all over on the 10th anniversary of 9/11. He had planned to stop at a high school football game in Texas, but ended up receiving an exceptionally cold welcome:
So I tried my best: “So, I guess Mrs Yauck told you who I am. I am a journalist crossing the country doing random stories about the 10 year anniversary of 9/11 and I was hoping to talk to some people here about it at the game, and get some opinions.”
He then said something I could not entirely make out, because his voice sort of quivered from a combination of being obviously furious and nervous at the same time.
But I am pretty sure he said:
“I think it was damn rotten what they did.”
“Well, I think it was bad too,” I say. “Well, do you think, sir, we can film a bit of the game and talk to some people here about just that?”
Cut off.
Clearly he didn’t want to hear anything from me.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53888 | Original Manga, Manga Cookbook, Gift Books in the Works from Japanime
posted on 2007-04-12 09:51 EDT
Tokyo-based Japanime, the publisher of the How to Draw Manga guidebooks, commissions award-winning artist Atsuhisa Okura to create its first original manga. Japanime will also develop a series of non-fiction manga books on various aspects of Japanese culture, featuring artwork by some of manga's brightest emerging artists
Japanime, the company behind the Manga University line of drawing guides and the Kanji de Manga series, which use comic strips to introduce students to reading and writing Japanese, has unveiled five original titles that combine the skills of American and Japanese artists and writers.
The first of these, Harvey and Etsuko's Manga Guide to Japan, will be written by lawyer Charles Danziger and illustrated by the manga artist Mimei Sakamoto. Sakamoto recently received much attention for an article she wrote for Shukan Bunshun magazine that strongly criticised fans of moe. Glenn Cardy, CEO of Japanime, describes the guide as a "country mouse visits the city mouse" setup that will serve to educate readers about life in Japan.
Saori Takarai, who draws Japanime's Manga Moods: 40 Faces, 80 Phrases artbook, will work with her sister Misato on Manga Sisters, a 96-page book of stories and full-color manga illustrations. And, in time for Christmas 2007, Japanime will unveil The Manga Cookbook (llustrated recipes of various traditional Japanese foods and snacks), and 50 Little Things We Love About Japan, a "mini-encyclopedia."
For their first original (fiction) manga title, Japanime has turned to another artist who has worked for the company for some time: Atsuhisa Okura, illustrator of the Manga Guide to Sudoku. Okura, thrice winner of Kodansha's Best Independent Manga Artist award, will write and draw Moe USA, the story of two female American anime fans who move to Tokyo and acquire a pair of magical maid dresses that give them the power to control otaku in Akihabara.
Source: Publisher's Weekly
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53889 | Freezing Manga Gets First Chronicle Spinoff Manga Series
posted on 2011-09-23 09:45 EDT
Jae-Ho Yoon, Dall-Young Lim's spinoff to center on Chiffon as 1st-year-student
Manga artist Jae-Ho Yoon will launch a spinoff manga series based on Dall-Young Lim's Freezing manga series in the 34th volume of Kill Time Communication's Comic Valkyrie magazine on Tuesday. The new series will center on the future student body president Chiffon Fairchild when she was a first-year student.
Comic Valkyrie has been running Lim and Kwang-Hyun Kim's original Freezing manga since 2006. The story revolves around Kazuya, a boy who lost his sister in humankind's fight against beings from another dimension. He enrolls in Genetics, a military academy for combat training against the dimensional beings. There, a group of girls known as "Pandora" prepare to fight the unknown enemy.
The original manga inspired a television anime series that ran from January to March of this year. Funimation streamed the anime in the United States as it aired in Japan.
[Via Manga News]
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53894 | Important information
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53903 | Wouldn't the ladder "rungs" press against the emulsion side too, to detrimental effect? The plastic aprons mentioned earlier attempt to avoid this by only really touching the film at the edges, which not only spaces the film out from its neighbor in the coil, but also from the apron itself.
Image stolen from ebay:
Screen shot 2012-03-31 at 7.11.39 PM.png |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53907 | Skip to main content
Full text of "The Loom Of Language"
See other formats
Il8 T/ie Loom of Language
noun other than the subject of the verb., it depends on how we answer
questions constructed by putting the subject and its verb in front of
(a) whom or what9 (b) to whom or to what The direct object which
answers (a) must have the accusative case-ending The indirect object
which answeis (b) must have the dative case-ending
A sentence which has a ducct and an indirect object is the bishop
gave the baboon a bun The bun answers the question the bishop gave
what? So it is the direct object The baboon answers the question the
bishop gave to whom? It is theieiore the indirect object The example
cited means exactly the same il we change the order of the two objects
and put to in Iront oi the baboon It then reads the bishop gave a bun
to the baboon When two nouns 01 pronouns follow the English verb,
we can always leave out the du cctive to by recourse to this trick, i e by
placing the word which otherwise follows to in front of the direct object
What we can achieve by an economical device of word-order applicable
in all circumstances, languages with the dative flexion express by using
the appropriate endings oi the noun, pronoun, adjective or article,
Two sentences in English, German, and Icelandic given below
illustrate this sort of pronoun pathology:
(a) Fate gave htm to her m her hour of need
Das Gcschick gab ihn ihr in der Stunde ihrer Not (Geiman)
Orlogin g^iiu htmm hann i stund hcrrnar thurltar (Icelandic).
(b) Fate gave her to htm in his hour of need
Das Gcschick gab sie ihm in der Stunde seiner Not (German).
Orlogin g&fu honum hana d stund han$ thuiltor (Icelandic).
If all nouns had the same dative ending attached to the plural and to
the singular forms> this would not be an obvious disadvantage. The
trouble with case-flcxion in Aryan languages,, a& with all other flexions,
is this. Even when they convey a common element of meaning (e.g.
plurality) they are not uniform In languages which have case-flexion,
the affixes denoting number and case fuse beyond recognition, and the
final result depends on the noun itself, Before we can use the Icelandic
dative equivalent of to the baboon or to the bishop, we have to know
which of four different dative singular and two different dative plural
case-endings to choose Thus teaching or learning tie language involves
classifying all the nouns in different declensions which exhibit the
singular and plural case-endings appropriate to each*
Latin and Russian have a fifth case respectively called the ablative
and instrumental? which may carry with it the meaning we express by
putting wth> as the dative may express putting to> in front of an English
noun; but Romans used the ablative and Russians use their iBStnimental |
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53938 | Why Coelacanths are Living Fossils
Still capable of adapting: Research team studies genetic diversity of living fossils
Coelacanths are more than ‘passive relics of bygone times’
PD Dr. Kathrin Lampert from the Ruhr-Universitat Bochum’s Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity. Credit: RUB
The morphology of coelacanths has not fundamentally changed since the Devonian age, that is, for about 400 million years. Nevertheless, these animals known as living fossils are able to genetically adapt to their environment. This is described by PD Dr. Kathrin Lampert from the RUB’s Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity along with colleagues from Würzburg, Bremen, Kiel and Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) in the journal Current Biology. "Coelacanths are rare and extremely endangered. Understanding the genetic diversity of these animals could help make preservation schemes against their extinction more effective" says the biologist.
Different populations in Africa studied
Previous genetic studies focused mainly on the biological relationships of coelacanths to lungfish and and vertebrates. In order to assess whether the fish are still able to adapt to new environmental conditions, however, you have to know the genetic diversity within the species. For this purpose, the research team examined 71 specimens from various sites on the east coast of Africa. The researchers analysed genetic markers from the nucleus and from the mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cells.
Geographical differences in the genetic makeup
The data generally revealed low genetic diversity. As presumed, the evolution of these animals is only progressing slowly. Nevertheless, certain genetic patterns were only found in certain geographic regions. "We assume that the African coelacanth originally came from around the Comoros Islands, home to the largest known population" Lampert explains. Since then, however, two further, now independent populations have established themselves in South Africa and Tanzania. In addition, the animals around the Comoros belong to two genetically distinct groups. "We have thus been able to show that despite their slow evolutionary rate, coelacanths continue to develop and are potentially also able to adapt to new environmental conditions" says the RUB researcher. "The image of the coelacanth as a passive relic of bygone times should therefore be put into perspective".
Link between water and land
A preserved specimen of Latimeria chalumnae in the Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria (length: 170 cm – weight: 60 kg). This specimen was caught on 18 October 1974, next to Salimani/Selimani (Grand Comoro, Comoro Islands). Credit: Alberto Fernandez Fernandez, Wikipedia
Coelacanths, Latimeria chalumnae, were regarded as extinct until Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer discovered a live specimen on a fishing boat in 1938. Since then, more than a hundred have been found off the coast of East Africa, most of them off the Comoros. There are probably only a few hundred specimens left in the world, which are seriously threatened with extinction. "Coelacanths are close relatives of the last common ancestor of fish and land vertebrates, and therefore of great scientific interest", says Kathrin Lampert. "By researching them, we hope to gain new insights into one of the major steps of evolution: the colonisation of land." |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53942 | Atheist Nexus Logo
Fukushima nuclear reactors deemed stable
The Fukushima Daiichi reactors are in “a state of cold shutdown,”...
*Big sigh of relief*
Views: 210
Replies to This Discussion
sorry, its a big ass LIE! we got at least three cores, mebey 6, because of the reserve ponds, that are still in a state of melt down. there outer shells may have cooled, but inside they are all still molten, and creating new radioactive elements. rt aftyer the "cool shutdown" was announced they "found " a new hightly radioactive mass of water that had collected in yet another tunnel. the truth is no one has any idea whats going on in there. the cores have dropped and are in the concrete at the bottom on the reator. there are no sensors there. so nothing is known about these cores except the the upper crust where the water touches it must have cooled to a temperature of about 100 C. that tell us nothing about the center of the core. if these core melt thru the concrete, no one knows what will happen, but a huge explosion is possible.
these cores are radioactive element factories, and theyve been at work since march 11. so it seems to me and im no scientist, that the first radioactive elements to be made cud have been even further remade again and again. so we prolly have new elments the entire universe has not seen before.
So you're saying that the center of the cores is not cool enough to prevent a chain reaction?
They did say they can't measure the temperature deep inside. I don't understand this definition from Time. My idea of chain reaction initiation is that you just have to get the right concentration of radioactive elements in a small enough space. I never heard of chain reactions needing pressure or temperature. For example, if you toss a pile of plutonium together, at room temperature and pressure, you will get a chain reaction. Perhaps they assume the configuration of an intact reactor of a particular design for this definition. But these reactors, and the overloaded ponds, are anything but at design specs now.
In any case we've seen a consistent pattern of misinformation from TEPCO and the Japanese government, always under reporting, since this crisis began. So I see your point, Carl.
needing pressure or temperature
They constitute the fundamentals to all chemical reactions.
no one knows the pressure of the inside mof the core. no one lknows the thickness of the cooler hard shell of the core. ive heard 2800 degrees c as the temp or the original melt down to occur, but the inside of the co0re cannot be checked for temp.
Dear TNT666, there are three kinds of change:
physical change such as melting ice
chemical reaction such as TNT detonation
nuclear reaction such as fission or fusion.
This isn't a chemical reaction, although chemical reactions do also occur as a result.
ALL those reactions are subject to pressure and temperature.
ha ha just read the time article. inside the pressure vessel the temp is 70 degrees c, it said. so what? all the radioactive plutonium or uranium left the pressure vessel on march 11 and 12. im confused tho. to get steam they must add water, but the pressure vessel has a hole in it where the melt flowed thru, so they must be recording the ambient temp inside the "pressure" vessel. there is no pressure there.
thing is TEPCO, the gov and the beurocrats, are like a tripod.tepco hires a huge number of retired beurocrats (sp) and gives a lot of money to alll political parties except, of course, the japan comunist party. so none of them want a change. 70% of the people here want to stop nuclear power, even if that causes power outtages.
You have inside knowledge since you live in Japan - thanks for the update Carl.
well even tepco scietists have said that the inside of the cores are prolly molten. prolly cause they cant check it. but a core, once melted is, i believe self sustaining and until some action from outside is taken will not stop. so the inside temp wud be 2800 degrees C, since theres nothing there to cool it. above it theres prolly hot water which cools the further you get from the core, giving the "under 100 degrees' at the point, far away where the temperature sensor is, and below the core there is concrete, i hope lots of concrete, but we havent been told the thickness of it. this concrete would be cold far away from the core, but near it, wud, i imagine, be hot perhaps very hot. the cooled shell wud be thinner at the bottom of the core, because the concrete wud insulate it, thus hotter. its very heavy material, im told, and so it will gradually sink thru the concrete, until it hits earth, or i guess it may stop at some point. we dont know and it seems no one does, least of all our prime minister. this has never hasppened before, so we dont know.
From what I've read, an explosion similar to Chernobyl isn't considered possible because of a lack of graphite. If containment is breached, radioactive elements would get directly into local groundwater. I'd read years ago that exposure to groundwater could cause radioactive steam to be released, but this mess is already continually drenched in water, and radiation release dropped. So I don't anticipate any big event that's easy to see in the event of a breach. Hidden groundwater contamination might go undetected for a while without the public noticing, unless monitoring wells are already in place.
radiation realease dropped according the the liars. they do selective monitoring, discardind the high results and selecting the lowest. the japanese gov/TEPCO has no credibility here in japan, none!!!
Thanks for the news. I hope it is true. Why are we not being told how much extra radiation we have each absorbed, and will continue to absorb because of this predictable tragedy. There is an atheist group here that proclaims their love of nuclear power. F*&^k those pie in the sky fools!
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HELP! A3 1.8 20V NON Turbo Sport!
Discussion in 'A3/S3 Forum (8L Chassis)' started by Ibzzzzz, Jun 30, 2007.
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Driving down the A406 westbound Thursday Night around 9 pm and the cam belt snapped!! i might of F---ed the head...any1 know anywhere to go for a new head fitted for cheap! cheers!! and sorry for the traffic i caused! :haudrauf:
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Default Re: 2.7 update for XA2
It has been suggested to me that having the player do the processing is better than having a receiver do it.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/53991 | The Twilight Saga: New Moon Jacob
Original Price
No Longer Available From Mattel
Reg. $24.95
Release Date: 2/8/2010
Product Code: R9909
Just like his character in the Twilight movies, Jacob is handsome, athletic, and hunk-a-licious! Wearing his signature short cropped brown hair and unmistakable tattoo, ripped denim shorts, and sneakers, Jacob will surely get hearts racing with those six pack abs! Look out, Edward! Bella is sure to take notice.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54012 | Media playback is unsupported on your device
Butler Baiting and Umbrella Jousting? It can only be the Chap Olympiad
9 July 2012 Last updated at 13:02 BST
The eighth annual 'Chap Olympiad' took place in Central London on Saturday, to celebrate the eccentricities of the British upper classes.
An estimated 1000 spectators attended the event, in which "athletes" competed against each other for the much-prized title of "Chap Champion".
Events included such activities as Bowler Hat Golf, Butler Baiting and Umbrella Jousting. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54058 | Luke 16:19-31 ESV
The Rich Man and Lazarus
19 "There was a rich man who was clothed in 1purple and fine linen and 2who feasted sumptuously every day.
References for Luke 16:19
20 And at his gate 3was laid a poor man named Lazarus, covered with sores,
References for Luke 16:20
21 who desired to be fed with 4what fell from the rich man's table. Moreover, even the dogs came and licked his sores.
References for Luke 16:21
22 The poor man died and was carried by 5the angels 6to Abraham's side.a The rich man also died and was buried,
References for Luke 16:22
• 16:22 - Greek bosom; also verse 23
23 and in 7Hades, being in torment, he lifted up his eyes and 8saw Abraham far off and Lazarus 9at his side.
References for Luke 16:23
24 And he called out, 10'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus to dip the end of his finger in water and 11cool my tongue, for 12I am in anguish in this flame.'
References for Luke 16:24
25 But Abraham said, 'Child, remember that 13you in your lifetime received your good things, and Lazarus in like manner bad things; but now he is comforted here, and you are in anguish.
References for Luke 16:25
27 And he said, 'Then I beg you, father, to send him to my father's house--
28 for I have five brothersb--so that he may warn them, lest they also come into this place of torment.'
References for Luke 16:28
• · 16:28 - Or brothers and sisters
29 But Abraham said, 'They have 14Moses and the Prophets; 15let them hear them.'
References for Luke 16:29
30 And he said, 'No, 16father Abraham, but if someone goes to them from the dead, they will repent.'
References for Luke 16:30
31 He said to him, 'If they do not hear 17Moses and the Prophets, 18neither will they be convinced if someone should rise from the dead.'"
References for Luke 16:31 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54059 | Song of Solomon 3 HNV
1 By night on my bed, I sought him whom my soul loves. I sought him, but I didn't find him.
2 I will get up now, and go about the city; In the streets and in the squares I will seek him whom my soul loves. I sought him, but I didn't find him.
3 The watchmen who go about the city found me; "Have you seen him whom my soul loves?"
4 I had scarcely passed from them, When I found him whom my soul loves. I held him, and would not let him go, Until I had brought him into my mother's house, Into the chamber of her who conceived me.
5 I adjure you, daughters of Yerushalayim, By the roes, or by the hinds of the field, That you not stir up, nor awaken love, Until it so desires.
6 Who is this who comes up from the wilderness like pillars of smoke, Perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, With all spices of the merchant?
7 Behold, it is Shlomo's carriage! Sixty mighty men are around it, Of the mighty men of Yisra'el.
9 King Shlomo made himself a carriage Of the wood of Levanon.
10 He made its pillars of silver, Its bottom of gold, its seat of purple, Its midst being paved with love, From the daughters of Yerushalayim.
11 Go forth, you daughters of Tziyon, and see king Shlomo, With the crown with which his mother has crowned him, In the day of his weddings, In the day of the gladness of his heart. Lover |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54063 | Parallel Bible results for Psalm 146
The Darby Translation
New International Version
Psalm 146
DBY 1 Hallelujah! Praise Jehovah, O my soul. NIV 1 Praise the LORD. Praise the LORD, O my soul. DBY 2 As long as I live will I praise Jehovah; I will sing psalms unto my God while I have my being. NIV 2 I will praise the LORD all my life; I will sing praise to my God as long as I live. DBY 3 Put not confidence in nobles, in a son of man, in whom there is no salvation. NIV 3 Do not put your trust in princes, in mortal men, who cannot save. DBY 4 His breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth; in that very day his purposes perish. NIV 4 When their spirit departs, they return to the ground; on that very day their plans come to nothing. DBY 5 Blessed is he who hath the God of Jacob for his help, whose hope is in Jehovah his God, NIV 5 Blessed is he whose help is the God of Jacob, whose hope is in the LORD his God, DBY 6 Who made the heavens and the earth, the sea and all that is therein; who keepeth truth for ever; NIV 6 the Maker of heaven and earth, the sea, and everything in them-- the LORD, who remains faithful forever. DBY 7 Who executeth judgment for the oppressed, who giveth bread to the hungry. Jehovah looseth the prisoners; NIV 7 He upholds the cause of the oppressed and gives food to the hungry. The LORD sets prisoners free, DBY 8 Jehovah openeth [the eyes of] the blind; Jehovah raiseth up them that are bowed down; Jehovah loveth the righteous; NIV 8 the LORD gives sight to the blind, the LORD lifts up those who are bowed down, the LORD loves the righteous. DBY 9 Jehovah preserveth the strangers; he lifteth up the fatherless and the widow; but the way of the wicked doth he subvert. NIV 9 The LORD watches over the alien and sustains the fatherless and the widow, but he frustrates the ways of the wicked. DBY 10 Jehovah will reign for ever, [even] thy God, O Zion, from generation to generation. Halleluiah! NIV 10 The LORD reigns forever, your God, O Zion, for all generations. Praise the LORD. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54070 | The MOG music service is coming to a living room near you, thanks to a just-announced deal with Roku. The deal makes the MOG subscription service available to owners of Roku’s streaming media devices. See the overview here.
The Roku device is designed and marketed primarily as a way to stream movies from Netflix to a connected TV, which MOG’s senior VP of business development Drew Denbo says is the perfect beachhead to get its music service in front of consumers already showing a willingness to pay for streaming entertainment.
“We chose the Roku box because it’s actually done really well in sales,” he says. “Netflix is pushing it really hard, so we thought it’s a really good first platform to go out to.”
Pricing on the Roku: After a three-day trial, users must pay either $5 a month for the basic subscription or $10 to access it on mobile phones via a soon-to-be-released smartphone app.
MOG’s not alone on the Roku platform. Both Pandora and Rhapsody are compatible with Roku devices as well. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54080 | Open Access Case report
Selective acquired long QT syndrome (saLQTS) upon risperidone treatment
Maciej Jakub Lazarczyk1*, Zahir A Bhuiyan3, Nicolas Perrin1 and Panteleimon Giannakopoulos12
Author Affiliations
1 Division of General Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
2 Division of Old Age Psychiatry, Hospices-CHUV, 1008, Prilly, Switzerland
3 Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Psychiatry 2012, 12:220 doi:10.1186/1471-244X-12-220
Published: 5 December 2012
Numerous structurally unrelated drugs, including antipsychotics, can prolong QT interval and trigger the acquired long QT syndrome (aLQTS). All of them are thought to act at the level of KCNH2, a subunit of the potassium channel. Although the QT-prolonging drugs are proscribed in the subjects with aLQTS, the individual response to diverse QT-prolonging drugs may vary substantially.
Case presentation
We report here a case of aLQTS in response to small doses of risperidone that was confirmed at three independent drug challenges in the absence of other QT-prolonging drugs. On the other hand, the patient did not respond with QT prolongation to some other antipsychotics. In particular, the administration of clozapine, known to be associated with higher QT-prolongation risk than risperidone, had no effect on QT-length. A detailed genetic analysis revealed no mutations or polymorphisms in KCNH2, KCNE1, KCNE2, SCN5A and KCNQ1 genes.
Our observation suggests that some patients may display a selective aLQTS to a single antipsychotic, without a potassium channel-related genetic substrate. Contrasting with the idea of a common target of the aLQTS-triggerring drugs, our data suggests existence of an alternative target protein, which unlike the KCNH2 would be drug-selective.
Long QT syndrome; Acquired long QT syndrome; Selective acquired long QT syndrome; QT; Antipsychotic; Risperidone; Clozapine; KCNH2; hERG |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54083 | The Society provides several resources for students and teachers of biophysics. High school students, undergraduates, and graduate students should find the list of biophysics programs useful, as well as the information on summer internships and fellowship opportunities, including the BPS Summer Course in Biophysics. Teachers can use the videos of the National Lectures, which are the keynote talks at the Biophysical Society Annual Meeting, the biophysical techniques material, and the speakers bureau as helpful resources as they plan their syllabi. Everyone involved in science education can use the information on National Lab Day and high school science fairs as a way to contribute to K-12 science education. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54109 |
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54153 | 05:48AM | 08/04/01
Member Since: 08/03/01
1 lifetime posts
The lightbulb broke(separated) from the base when, after MANY years, the bulb burned out, & it was hard to renove the bulb. Base is in the fixture. What steps do I need to get base out of the socketw/o getting shocked, & ruining the socket?
06:18AM | 08/04/01
Member Since: 03/13/00
1675 lifetime posts
Make sure power is OFF. You might even want to turn off the circuit breaker to that area for total safety. Now you can use a needle nose plier or other tool to remove the bulb base by unscrewing it. If you have to bend one edge of the bulb base in slightly toward the center, that's OK. Then you can get ahold of it with pliers. Most light bulb sockest are tougher than the bulb that goes in them. Just be gentle.
One more thing: don't use oil or any lubricant to loosen it. That would be bad "electrically".
[This message has been edited by rpxlpx (edited August 04, 2001).]
Christopher Sparks
03:46PM | 08/10/01
Member Since: 08/09/01
29 lifetime posts
Before I became an electrician, I remember my Momma (God rest her soul) would always use ¬Ω a potato to remove a broken base of an incandescent light bulb and when she was about to replace it she would wipe a little petroleum jelly around the threads of the bulb (NOT the socket) she said that it would help in the future
[This message has been edited by Christopher Sparks (edited August 10, 2001).]
09:09AM | 11/21/01
Member Since: 11/16/01
301 lifetime posts
I use a regular screwdriver with the rubber padding on the handle. Simply press the handle end into the broken lightbulb socket, press and turn. Do not use a potato. They contain liquid which will conduct electricity and "bite" you.
Christopher Sparks
03:15AM | 11/24/01
Member Since: 08/09/01
29 lifetime posts
Yo Iceman:
If you were to look at the packaging that your "regular screwdriver" with the padded handle came in you would have noticed that it says that the material on or around the screwdriver is not designed to prevent electrical shock hazards. (the above is not the exact wording)
Of course when working with electricity ALWAYS turn off the power before attempting any kind of repairs.
[This message has been edited by Christopher Sparks (edited November 24, 2001).]
04:51AM | 11/26/01
Member Since: 03/13/00
1675 lifetime posts
I have found ceiling texture in light sockets, making the bulbs hard to turn and causing poor contact. An old toothbrush can be used to clean out the socket.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54167 | The Dead Are Alive: They Can and Do Communicate with You (Mass Market Paperbound)
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About the Author
From the 1930s to the 1980s, Harold Sherman was a well-known author and lecturer in the fields of spiritual psychology and ESP. After Your Key to Happiness in 1935, his bestselling titles include Thoughts Through Space, You Live After Death, TNT-the Power Within You, and How to Make ESP Work for You.
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ISBN: 9780449131589
ISBN-10: 0449131580
Publisher: Fawcett Books
Publication Date: November 12th, 1986
Pages: 336
Language: English |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54169 | Chapter 3 Notes from A Farewell to Arms
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A Farewell to Arms Chapter 3
When Frederic returns from leave, his regiment is still in the same town, but the town has not really changed:
He goes to the room that he shares with Lieutenant Rinaldi who is sleeping. He wakes and asks Fred how he has been doing and tells him that he should bathe. Fred says that he had the best time in Milan and he met a girl there. Rinaldi says that he is in love with a certain Miss Barkley. The two banter like old friends and are at ease with one another. Rinaldi is a surgeon and has been busy with many sick men. He supposes that the offensive will begin again soon. Rinaldi asks Fred if he should marry Miss Barkley. Fred tells him to go for it. After Fred washes up, Rinaldi asks to borrow 50 lire so that he can make a good impression on Miss Barkley. Fred gives him the money and they leave.
Fred gets drunk at the mess hall and is upset that he did not go to the Arbuzzi. Despite this, Fred and the priest are still good friends, because the priest "had always known what I did not know and what, when I learned it, I was always able to forget." Chapter 3, pg. 14. The captain begins to make fun of the priest again, saying that he cannot be happy without girls. The priest tries to defend himself but the captain accuses the priest of wanting the Austrians to win. The major tells the captain to leave the Priest alone and they all leave the table. Fred does not defend the priest.
Topic Tracking: Friendship 2
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54170 | Notes on The Scarlet Letter Themes
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The Scarlet Letter Topic Tracking: Red
Red 1: The wild rose bush is red, and very visible by the side of the prison-door, which is otherwise barren and desolate.
Red 2: Hester Prynne's scarlet letter is bright red (scarlet), and much more showy and bright than anything normally allowed or accepted in the colony of Massachusetts.
Red 3: Governor Bellingham, the Reverends Wilson and Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth see Pearl dressed in a bright red and gold outfit, and call her "Ruby," "Coral," and "Red Rose."
Red 4: In secret, Dimmesdale uses a whip to inflict a bloody, red wound over his heart.
Red 5: Dimmesdale, while standing on the scaffold with Hester and Pearl, sees a meteorite pass through the sky, and take the shape of a red "A."
Red 6: Hester speaks to Chillingworth, and notices when she looks in his eyes, that there is a red spark in his eyes, like something is burning inside.
Red 7: Pearl, while off playing, replicates Hester's scarlet letter in bright green seaweed laid across her own chest.
Red 8: As Hester lets her hair down, a red flush appears on her cheeks for the first time since before she put on the scarlet letter.
Red 9: In public Hester, after many years of shame brought by her community, looks dead white, without a hint of red in her cheeks.
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Week of January 21, 2013
In Richard Ford's latest bestseller, CANADA, 15-year-old Dell Parsons' sense of a happy, knowable life is forever shattered when his mother and father rob a bank. Undone by the calamity of his parents' criminal actions and arrest, Dell struggles under the vast prairie sky to remake himself and define the adults he thought he knew. |
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Russell's Tomlin freak-out
Posted by Wesley Morris March 26, 2007 09:31 AM
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In case this wasn't emailed to you 400 times last week, David O. Russell tells Lily Tomlin "I heart you" on the set of 2004's "I Heart Huckabees." It just doesn't sound like I heart you. It sounds more like something you can't print on a family blog. (I just typed "family blog," didn't I?)
As a fan of Russell and this movie, the footage is painful to watch. He never seems completely irrational in person. But if memory serves, this was part of Russell's mysterious directing tactic, to break the actors down, apparently by humiliating them, all of which was captured in a highly entertaining account the New York Times's Sharon Waxman wrote a few years ago after she visited the set. Naturally, the details of her account sparked a feud between journalist and director.
(If you don't have a New York Times subscription -- which you'll need in order to read Waxman's piece -- Defamer has picked out relevant highlights.)
Here's the office scene. Here's the car scene. (Both are camera-phone ugly, complete, on one occasion, with incriminating fish-eye effect.)
Tomlin, heroically strikes back, unhinged, in a way that feels like an outtake from a Altman picture that's fallen into Cassavetes's hands. She spares no one, not even poor Naomi Watts, whom we can't see in the rear, but who lets out a giggle that Tomlin attacks. Dustin Hoffman tries to conciliate, while Isabelle Huppert and Mark Wahlberg can barely contain themselves, as if they've never experienced such a raw reaction to a director's mixed signals. It's also as if they're all trapped in that car, adding a layer of real family dysfunction to the proceedings, with "kiddies" Wahlberg and Watts in the back seat, with the veterans up front. This is totally wild.
What's funny is that nothing of the sort comes on the DVD's audio commentary, which is nothing but great memories between Russell and some of the cast. Gawker has Tomlin characteristically putting the leaked footage in perspective.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54211 | Flag of Western Australia
Australian flag
Australian flag consisting of a blue field (background) with the Union Jack in the canton and, at the fly end, a yellow disk bearing a black swan. The flag is sometimes described as a defaced Blue Ensign.
The Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh noted black swans living in the estuary of the Swan River in January 1697, and the first English settlement in the area, established in June 1829, was referred to as the Swan River Colony. Its bank notes, issued in the early 1830s, showed a swan, as did the first newspaper, the Swan River Guardian, in 1836. In the same year, the first issue of the Western Australian Government Gazette used the swan emblem. When governors of British colonies were required to display the British Blue Ensign with the badge of the colony, Governor Frederick Aloysius Weld, in his letter of January 3, 1870, indicated that a black swan on a yellow background was the local badge of Western Australia.
The flag continued to be used by the state of Western Australia after the formation of the Australian Commonwealth. There was discussion about the design, however; the Western Australian badge approved in 1870 showed the swan facing the observer’s right, but in heraldry the observer’s left is considered the point of honour toward which all emblems should face. In 1936 College of Arms officials indicated that the swan was improper, but nothing was done about the matter. Finally, in anticipation of a 1954 royal tour, the question was raised in the state parliament, and on November 3, 1953, the swan was changed to face the observer’s left. Variations of the state flag have been used by shipping companies, port authorities, and other organizations.
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Primary industry
This sector of a nation’s economy includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, and the extraction of minerals. It may be divided into two categories: genetic industry, including the production of raw materials that may be increased by human intervention in the production process; and extractive industry, including the production of exhaustible raw materials that cannot be augmented through cultivation.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54214 | Plate tectonics
Written by: Tjeerd H. van Andel Last Updated
The concept of plate tectonics was formulated in the 1960s. According to the theory, Earth has a rigid outer layer, known as the lithosphere, which is typically about 100 km (60 miles) thick and overlies a plastic layer called the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is broken up into about a dozen large plates and several ... (100 of 16,046 words)
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54215 | Abbey, Kerkrade, Netherlands
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The former abbey of Rolduc (1104) has a notable Romanesque church; its courtyard buildings now serve as a boys’ school. A natural history and mining museum is housed in Oud Ehrenstein Castle. International music contests are held periodically in the Europaplein Park. Kerkrade metropolitan area is contiguous with Heerlen (q.v.). Pop. (2007 est.) 48,769.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54217 | Close Rolls, Edward III: April 1339
Pages 60-76
Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III: Volume 5, 1339-1341. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1901.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54237 | Why I'm Voting Against Attacking Syria http://www.businessinsider.com/syria-tom-marino-vote-no-2013-9/comments en-us Wed, 31 Dec 1969 19:00:00 -0500 Wed, 03 Jun 2015 06:12:51 -0400 Rep. Tom Marino http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522d340decad04fc02696471 Larry Douglas Sun, 08 Sep 2013 22:35:57 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522d340decad04fc02696471 I support your position on Syria.Thank You. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522cbc596bb3f79f17b85520 Anne Ryan Sun, 08 Sep 2013 14:05:13 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522cbc596bb3f79f17b85520 Thank you Mr. Marino for you considered refusal to authorize a strike on Syria. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522bbf36ecad04e52c2fcf97 BearOne Sat, 07 Sep 2013 20:05:10 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522bbf36ecad04e52c2fcf97 Obama should have just made up the info http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522b1e70eab8ea0d2597b163 Sue Sat, 07 Sep 2013 08:39:12 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522b1e70eab8ea0d2597b163 By your comments I find you all spineless and with out merit...Lets just sit this out, maybe we can turn the PC down and won't need to watch this as we sit in our little shit whole of a life and think it's all gonna be ok> Just think. in a few years it won't matter. you all be in the same camp eatting each others crap to stay alive..The weasel Putin is behind this whole thing and you all sit here and say how good he is. Go there. I am tired of supporting you chicen crap people any way..President Obama has it under control. It's already in the works. Just sitting in the oceanis making them back off. and will find a way to help these people. you all grab those chips and have a good day. Sleep well. if you can.... baaahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh idiots... http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522adef369bedd2f0a2fcf95 snedly Sat, 07 Sep 2013 04:08:19 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522adef369bedd2f0a2fcf95 Forget the 1930's. If we had treated Germany decently after the war Hitler would have been sweeping out beer halls instead of making speeches and planning coups in them. France squeezed the Germans extra hard for war reparations. When reparations weren't coming fast enough France sent in troops to occupy the Ruhr, Germanys industrial heartland. Inflation was so bad that wheelbarrows full of marks bought next to nothing and the economy was a mess. By our neglect and France exacting their revenge we caused the rise of Hitler. That's why we had the Marshall plan after WW2 and put Japan and Germany on the road to recovery to prevent the rise of the next Hitler. So we use your ignorant analogy and bomb the schnitzel out of Syria and play wack a mole with all the terrorists that spring up in response. Saddam, Assad, Qadaffi, and Mubarak, were strong men who kept the peace and oppressed the militants. Saddam might still be with us today except he was stupid enough to kill a lot of people with USA encouragement. Even using gas for which we never complained. We knock them all off and wonder why everything is falling apart over there. We are setting the stage for the rise of another Hitler only this time in the middle east and it won't be Iran. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522adb776bb3f7ed71b36ab9 JITESH NAIDOO Sat, 07 Sep 2013 03:53:27 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522adb776bb3f7ed71b36ab9 Well said and a very rational approach. One should think that America has paid a very hefty price in innocent lives for issues that were neither relevant nor material to the day to day existence of an average American. The Iraq war caused the financial collapse of the American economy and created ripples throughout the earth. Many of the countries hurt by the American contagion are just about recovering. When America goes to war it affects everyone. Keep out and let the Syrians sort out their own act. Syria is like a hornet's nest. At the moment Assad is keeping it in check. Remove him and all hell will break loose. The Americans more than anyone else should understand that. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a758269bedd45217c37c1 Bill Jones Fri, 06 Sep 2013 20:38:26 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a758269bedd45217c37c1 So we have to murder Arabs in order to prove to the world that when Obama says Arabs will be murdered, there will be dead Arabs? http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a5a2869bedd95627c37bf Reply to DJR Fri, 06 Sep 2013 18:41:44 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a5a2869bedd95627c37bf You are not talking about republicans, but RINOs (republicans in name only). Big difference!!!..... The RINOs, as well as the Democrats are the same thing and they represent the 1% of the 1% - the GLOBALISTS = those who want a NWO = one world government under the boot of the global Banking Cartel= THE CABAL http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a47c96bb3f71c5db36aa9 doodle Fri, 06 Sep 2013 17:23:21 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a47c96bb3f71c5db36aa9 So let's take that idea out a little. Let's say it's Europe in the late 1930s. Germany is re-arming, but by no means has it completed a task it began in the middle part of the decade. France and Britain have far larger militaries than the Nazis, a point (as we learned after the war) of great concern to Hitler. Now, you're Neville Chamberlain in Munich, 1938. Do you allow the Nazis to expand, or do you promise a military response to such an action, knowing that you have no endgame and that you are too broke to fight a war? Wouldn't it have been cheaper to deal with Hitler then? How many of the lives lost at Pearl Harbor would have been saved by that change in Chamberlain's approach to Munich? How many lives lost in the Battle of the Bulge, or during D-Day would have been spared? If it were Munich, 1938, would you still assert that you're not the world's policeman and that you have no exit strategy, so why do anything, knowing how many millions of people you are consigning to their deaths in doing so? Dealing with Hitler in 1938 would have been a lot cheaper than doing so in 1941-5, and there wouldn't have been the Iron Curtain to contend with afterwords, as well. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a45b4ecad04856300d7ec Doodle Fri, 06 Sep 2013 17:14:28 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a45b4ecad04856300d7ec The problem with your reasoning is that it would be great if it were only Syria that was the question. After all, the US didn't feel obliged to do anything in Rwanda in the 1990s, why do anything here (oops, sorry, I forgot that just like those 400 kids killed in Syria, they weren't white Christians, so they don't count). No, the problem is that Syria is a proxy for Iran. Do you think for a moment Syria would have used those weapons without a "go-ahead" from Tehran? Unlikely. Tehran is using this as a test of US resolve. So, for that matter, are the Israelis. No US activity in Syria will tell the Israelis that they are on their own--and the Israelis will commence a raid on Iran. The problem then is that Iran will close the Straits of Hormuz and attack the US Navy. Why? It looks at Israel as a client-state of the US and therefore under US control much as Tehran controls Syria. If the Israelis don't raid Iran, then be prepared in about two years, to have an explosion of nuclear device somewhere in the Indian Ocean--one big enough to get attention. And do remember that the Iranians have missile technology that will allow delivery of a device at as far as Rome. I'm sure with some development, it may get to London. In the US, we fought two wars (Korea and Vietnam), endured a ten year period of destructive internal finger pointing (McCarthyism), endured a nuclear threat (the Cuban Missile Crisis) and an aborted invasion (the rationale for which remains unclear (Bay of Pigs), and engaged in the largest arms build-up the world has ever seen (the US nuclear arsenal) all in the name of coming to terms with a nuclear Soviet Union. Now, consider that unlike the Soviet Union (or even Russia, to a degree), which was governed by rational individuals, Iran is controlled by a bunch of extremists. If they die, they go to some valhalla, so containment as a strategy doesn't work that well. Even if it did, I'm not sure that I'd rather go through that than engage in a military exercise of knocking out a bunch of runways with cruise missiles in Syria. You think any activity in Syria by the US might perhaps trigger WW3? If there isn't any US activity in Syria, you can count on WW3 starting when the Israelis raid Iran. And if you think for a moment that they are neither capable of mounting such a raid or are the least bit circumspect about conducting one, ask the Iraqis about their Osirik plant--the one the Israelis destroyed. The Israelis see Tehran as an existential threat, and they will not hesitate to respond accordingly, especially if the US is unable to mount an internal consensus to hold Assad accountable for this use of chemical weapons. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a450769bedda8347c37c7 Euro2cent Fri, 06 Sep 2013 17:11:35 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a450769bedda8347c37c7 > hornet's nest Nah, what you do is buy an expensive condom and stick your dick in the hornet's nest. (Hint: the condom seller and the dick sticker are not the same person.) http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a3fc66bb3f7f351b36aa5 deanowen Fri, 06 Sep 2013 16:49:10 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a3fc66bb3f7f351b36aa5 I find it amazing no one has figured this out..... but we will in time Just wait, if obama care gets bad enough, we might have to start a nuke war with Canada to keep the press from talking about it! http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a311369bedd08097c37c2 Dave100 Fri, 06 Sep 2013 15:46:27 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a311369bedd08097c37c2 Weak logic and reasoning in his piece. -Who we can trust has nothing to do with why we should move forward. -No backup for his statement that targeted strikes will lead to troops in Syria -His link to WMDs in Iraq makes no sense Get a backbone (this goes for the President too) http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a3092ecad04e23500d7f7 Miz from Long Iz Fri, 06 Sep 2013 15:44:18 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a3092ecad04e23500d7f7 "Syrian people, Syrian people... " Keep hearing that. These are the same "people" who show up at protests chanting 'Death to America" because they are unhappy we allow girl to participate on Dancing with the Stars. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a3020ecad048b3800d7e6 Aspirations Fri, 06 Sep 2013 15:42:24 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a3020ecad048b3800d7e6 In other words, he has ZERO aspirations to become the President of the UNITED States. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a2c4169bedd457c7c37c1 thetruthno Fri, 06 Sep 2013 15:25:53 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a2c4169bedd457c7c37c1 The only terrorist here is you REP. TOM MARINO for letting the syrian people die every day and voting NO on saving them http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a2beaecad04e52e00d7f2 Jill Klausen Fri, 06 Sep 2013 15:24:26 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a2beaecad04e52e00d7f2 I agree and would like to hear the same from my representative (to whom I've written and called to express my views). http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a29ec69bedd086f7c37cd gmj Fri, 06 Sep 2013 15:15:56 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a29ec69bedd086f7c37cd 1. Where is the proof that the Assad regime used chemical weapons? Most reports I have read say the rebels are responsible. Obama says his evidence is "secret". 2. Even if there is proof, why does the USA have to respond? Why not let the Israelis, the Saudis, and the Turks do the job? 3. Even if you can justify US involvement, what outcome can we expect? Our track record in these matters is disastrous. We are our own worst enemy. 4. If the USA attacks, what will be the reaction from Russia? Will Putin find a way to ensnare us for years? Will Putin find a way to damage our "friends", like Saudi Arabia? http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a271769beddff6e7c37c4 gmj Fri, 06 Sep 2013 15:03:51 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a271769beddff6e7c37c4 From <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#Use_of_chemical_weapons_by_Iraq" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#Use_of_chemical_weapons_by_Iraq</a> : "According to Iraqi documents, assistance in developing chemical weapons was obtained from firms in many countries, including the United States, West Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and France. A report stated that Dutch, Australian, Italian, French and both West and East German companies were involved in the export of raw materials to Iraqi chemical weapons factories.[170] Declassified CIA documents show that the United States was providing reconnaissance intellgence to Iraq around 1987-88 which was then used to launch chemical weapon attacks on Iranian troops and that CIA fully knew that chemical weapons would be deployed and sarin attacks followed." Source: <a href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/25/secret_cia_files_prove_america_helped_saddam_as_he_gassed_iran" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" >http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/08/25/secret_cia_files_prove_america_helped_saddam_as_he_gassed_iran</a> From <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange</a> : "Agent Orange is the combination of the code names for Herbicide Orange (HO) and Agent LNX, one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the U.S. military as part of its chemical warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. Vietnam estimates 400,000 people were killed or maimed, and 500,000 children born with birth defects as a result of its use.[1][2] The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to Agent Orange.[3] The United States government has dismissed these figures as unreliable and unrealistically high." http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a26f0ecad041e2600d7e4 rbw Fri, 06 Sep 2013 15:03:12 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a26f0ecad041e2600d7e4 Exactly my point. The only reason to strike would be to prove some dumb ass point about the fact that he stood his ground and IMO that's not enough. Unless I'm reading you wrong, we're having a loudly typed agreement. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a25e36bb3f7461eb36aaa Tom Peterson Fri, 06 Sep 2013 14:58:43 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a25e36bb3f7461eb36aaa What kind of logic is that? Some type of mafia-like "respect" that he needs? He would just end up making more world citizens HATE him for it. Obama will never visit another country again without being "welcomed" by thousands of protesters anyway, especially after the whole NSA surveillance state under his rule. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a2343eab8ea8125ad5a87 DJR Fri, 06 Sep 2013 14:47:31 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a2343eab8ea8125ad5a87 "Where does it stop?" he said. "Do we go into Africa next? I don't want to sound callous or cold, but this could go on indefinitely around the world." - Rep Tom Marino questioning the invasion of Libya, which is in Africa. Longtime critic of the President. I happen to agree with him on this, but I also would bet every cent I had that if there were a Republican in office, he'd be demanding we strike hard to protect world from evil dictators, friends of Iran and the spread of chemical weapons. <a href="http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/gop-reps-doubt-libya-mission-casey-mostly-backs-it-1.1125447" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" >http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/gop-reps-doubt-libya-mission-casey-mostly-backs-it-1.1125447</a> http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a231769bedd59647c37c6 Skateman Fri, 06 Sep 2013 14:46:47 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a231769bedd59647c37c6 It's not sanity but political opportunism. If it was Romney making a case for war, the Republicans (in Congress) would be getting in line and calling dissenters traitors like they did with Iraq. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a219f69bedd9f617c37c9 Tom Hend Fri, 06 Sep 2013 14:40:31 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a219f69bedd9f617c37c9 Hey Liberals! How is George W Obama doing now? What you idiots refuse to look at is Obama IS BUSH on steriods! Everything you hated about Bush Obama is doing 10X. You liberals have been duped!!! You're so nuanced. AHAHAHHAHAHAHAHHAHHAHAHH http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a2129ecad04291f00d7e4 ONE WAY OR ANOTHER Fri, 06 Sep 2013 14:38:33 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a2129ecad04291f00d7e4 The bigotry and righteousness must come to an end. Citizens must become accepting of each other regardless or their religions, beliefs, skin color or opinions. This is the only way forward! http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a1da0eab8ea1817ad5a8b depression Fri, 06 Sep 2013 14:23:28 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a1da0eab8ea1817ad5a8b i'm sorry i don't follow politics and so I've never heard of this politician before today .. you accuse this man of alot of things , but from reading his response , it seems balanced , well thought out and articulate ... nor does it seem that he tries to offend anyone , he merely states why he's going to vote no .... your post on the other hand is right out there with the tea bangers .... http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a1c0d69beddbf577c37c2 meanpeoplesuck Fri, 06 Sep 2013 14:16:45 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a1c0d69beddbf577c37c2 A TeaBanging RepuliNaziTard coming out against Obama- how courageous! If you substitute Runsfeld for Hagel, Rice for Kerry and Bushitler for Obama, these guys would be lining up on the floor of the House making big speeches about how this was the right thing to do and the Aryan teleprompter readers on Faux News would have their flag lapels on gushing with pride. I'm against doing anything because we've done this in Iraq and Afghanistan and it has bankrupted us. But really, if Obama cured cancer, the RepubliNaziTards would bitch about it- they'd say it would screw up all the "job-creating" health care companies. The only thing that would make these bastards happy is Obama swinging at the end of a rope from a tree. So eff them :) http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a193eeab8ea220bad5a9c Nick Fri, 06 Sep 2013 14:04:46 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a193eeab8ea220bad5a9c The thing about war is that it's often unpredictable. It can last a couple of weeks and cost very little, or it can last for decades, cost trillions of dollars, and still not be finished. Which is why you don't go to war casually. It's a big risk that's worth taking only when you don't have much of a choice, such as when another country attacks you, as it happened during World War II. In the past, countries and empires that went around attacking others eventually suffered such costs and losses that they declined both economically and politically into insignificance. And that's what will happen to USA, if it keeps starting costly wars and borrowing a lot of money to continue them. It's not as if USA has a budget surplus that can be used for another war or two, instead of giving tax breaks to decrease unemployment and help the people with their healthcare and other needs. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a185f6bb3f72f05b36aa9 Kyle Disick Fri, 06 Sep 2013 14:01:03 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a185f6bb3f72f05b36aa9 what a cold hearted vahuina http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a17f4eab8eabc0dad5a84 Taxationwithrepresentation Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:59:16 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a17f4eab8eabc0dad5a84 Finally, an elected official in Washington doing what he was elected to do....represent the American people with relevant thought and analysis. BI, please help this man get the media attention he deserves as an example that there is at least one person in Washington that is doing there job. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a167269beddb84a7c37c7 Don Harder Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:52:50 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a167269beddb84a7c37c7 Good on him. Well reasoned and thorough. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a163f6bb3f76d7fb36aa7 depression Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:51:59 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a163f6bb3f76d7fb36aa7 i love your screen name . http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a15ab69beddb0457c37cd QE6 Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:49:31 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a15ab69beddb0457c37cd Tom - as a fellow Pennsylvanian I couldn't agree more with your assessments on Syria. Voting to attack the country is a mistake. Once the U.S. fires missiles and drops it's bombs, then what, what is the end game? Since the opposition has already had weeks to prepare much of the artillery and munitions have already been moved to other locations, what will we actually strike? What if Russia decides to get involved, then it becomes a much larger and more dangerous war ready to happen? Will this attack really deter any future poison gas attacks, seems rather unlikely because if a regime is willing to do it once then they would be willing to do it again anyways. Who would end up with power controlling the country since their are so many factions there all fighting each other, and some more dangerous than the current regime running the country. Even a small scale attack would run in the hundreds of millions as each of these cruise and tomahawk missiles cost a million bucks a piece, seems money better spent elsewhere in our own country. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a13496bb3f7db76b36aaf rbw Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:39:21 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a13496bb3f7db76b36aaf At this point the only reason to strike would be to preserve whatever credibility Obama has left in the foreign community and I'm not sure there's even enough left to care about. I hope there are looking at this problem from the same lens as this gentleman. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a1275ecad04207b00d7e7 depression Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:35:49 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a1275ecad04207b00d7e7 very well said ... http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a121aeab8ea7001ad5a83 Ignore the Hornet's Nest Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:34:18 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a121aeab8ea7001ad5a83 Only a moron smashes a hornet's nest. The smart person ignores it! http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a11d4eab8eaa67dad5a8f OurFriends Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:33:08 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a11d4eab8eaa67dad5a8f Interesting that he doesn't support our Israel on this. http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a113deab8ea7601ad5a83 A good man Fri, 06 Sep 2013 13:30:37 -0400 http://www.businessinsider.com/c/522a113deab8ea7601ad5a83 Well, at least there's one sane person in Congress! |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54247 | Tennis Player Shouts To His Maker
Olympic gold medalist and former tennis player Robert Seguso yells “God!” after missing a shot. He answered.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54280 | "I think it's time for you to have an allowance."
I expected this grand proclamation to my eight-year-old would be met with applause, shrieks and giddy laughter. Instead, she stunned me with this: "I don't think I really need one."
What ensued was the oddest argument you've ever heard between parent and child. As I advocated for the allowance, she reasoned against. We actually came to an impasse when she finally stated, "I don't want an allowance, mommy."
Heather Setka finds money to be one of the hardest things to talk about with her child. (Heather Setka)
What do I make of this? Most kids her age and above, if you consider a recent study, are flush with cash. The American Institute of CPAs study, released in late summer, found that the average child's allowance provides "enough money in a year to afford an Apple iPad and three Kindles and still have money left over." That's $780 per year.
As parents, we often think that giving our kids money teaches them how to manage it. However, both the above-mentioned study and an annual one called the Parents, Kids and Money Survey from T. Rowe Price find that this approach may be doing more harm than good.
Handing over money doesn't work. It actually teaches entitlement. There are online games, but I wonder how effective those are. My daughter's online pet game clearly hasn't taught her anything real about having a pet, since she hasn't asked about her once-beloved digital dog for months.
'Isn't it better for them to learn from our mistakes than their own'—Heather Setka
So, how do you teach kids about money? Many of us grew up with clichées like "Money doesn't grow on trees" and "You know, I'm not made of money" barked at us from across the dinner table. We learned about money the way we learned about relationships and sex — by making mistakes.
Since I started my personal finance blog, cashgab, people have suggested this topic again and again as one I should write about. Many moms and dads have told me how they've approached financial literacy, while others have expressed interest in tips on how to go about it. I've avoided the topic altogether, because I don't know.
The missing link, according to every study, news source and blog post I found, is conversation. Rather than handing money over to our kids or even making them earn it, we have to talk about money. The T. Rowe Price survey found that close to half of parents are talking more often about money with their children.
That's good. But when it comes to their own financial worries, parents are unwilling to share. In fact, parents would rather talk about bullying, drugs, and smoking than financial matters. The fact that money ranks on par with talking about puberty shows just how taboo this topic is in our society, and our homes.
We want to protect our children, but isn't it better for them to learn from our mistakes than their own?
In further conversation with my daughter about her aversion to an allowance, I discovered that she doesn't want her own money to spend; she'd rather have unlimited access to mine. It looks like we have some talking to do. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54288 | Warren Buffett's Math Lesson
Last Updated Oct 19, 2011 10:32 AM EDT
It's safe to say that most people would call Warren Buffett the greatest investor of our generation. And I personally have the greatest respect for him, citing his advice to investors many times. Yet, it seems Mr. Buffett needs a lesson in basic math.
I'm referring to his comments that the rich should pay higher taxes -- he should pay a higher tax rate than his secretary. The fact is that he already does, as you'll see. It's only a matter of having the proper perspective.
Let's consider two key areas of the tax code, where "first-stage thinking" allows Buffett to conclude that he's paying a lower tax rate than his secretary. Once we view the picture from the proper perspective and engage in "second-stage thinking," you'll see that Buffett's effective tax rate is much higher than it seems.
The first example looks at the tax on dividends and capital gains, which are both currently taxed at lower rates than wages or ordinary income, which in turn leads Buffett to draw his conclusion. However, he fails to consider that the dividend and capital gains distributions have already been taxed at the corporate tax rate of 35 percent. The following example should help illustrate this. Consider two organizations identical in all ways except that one is formed as a partnership and the other as a corporation. Earnings of the corporation are taxed at the corporate level of 35 percent. Earnings of a partnership are proportionally allocated to the owners and taxed at the individual rate.
So let's consider the cases of Company ABC and Partnership XYZ. Both are owned by a high-net-worth individual whose marginal tax rate is 35 percent. Let's assume that both firms are capitalized with $1,000 and valued at their book value, currently $1,000. Both entities earn $100 in year one. Now let's see how the tax system works.
Company A Company A pays $35 in taxes on the $100 it earned and is left with $65 in after-tax income. It pays that out in the form of a dividend, taxed at the preferential rate of 15 percent. The owner of the company thus earns net income of $55.25, and his company is still worth $1,000. The owner would only report taxes of $9.75, or 15 percent of his taxable income of $65. Yet, the effective tax rate is clearly 44.75 percent, not the 15 percent rate Buffett is focusing on.
The same thing would be true if no dividends were paid out, but instead the owner sold the company one day later to receive long-term capital gains treatment. The company would have a book value of $1,065, and he would pay $9.75 cents in capital gains taxes. Total taxes paid are the same $44.75. So once again we see that the tax rate was not 15 percent, but 44.75 percent.
Even worse would be the case if the proposed "millionaire's tax" was imposed -- a surcharge of perhaps 5 percent on incomes above $1 million. Now consider the following. Let's assume an entrepreneur starts a company, runs it for 40 years, sells it for a gain of $1,000,001, and that gain is his sole income for the year. The tax rate would then be at the 5 percent higher rate than the regular long-term gains rate. Yet, the right way to think about it is that the income was earned over 40 years, or just $25,000 a year. Clearly, a tax designed this way would cause all sorts of irrational, uneconomic behavior to avoid it. For example, companies or shares would be sold before the gain got so large that the incremental tax would be imposed. Or since income can fluctuate highly, people will behave in ways to try and smooth income out. Thus, the expected realization of tax revenue will never be realized to the degree expected.
Now let's look at the other entity, Partnership A.
Partnership A As a partnership, the $100 of earnings is taxed at the owner's 35 percent tax rate. Thus, $35 in taxes is paid, and there are no further taxes. So let's assume that the owner withdraws the $35 to pay his tax and also withdraws the $65 of earned income. The total tax rate is 35 percent. And if he sold the company, he would get $1,000 (which was his basis), producing no capital gain.
Both cases are identical in terms of how much was earned. Yet in the case of Company A, Buffett would say the tax rate of 15 percent was less that that of his secretary. Yet, we see that he actually paid a much higher effective rate. 44.75 percent. Our tax system creates what we might call a framing problem, causing Buffett to make the claim that his tax rate is lower than it really is.
While I can't know for sure (since Buffett is obviously a very smart man), my own view is that he certainly knows the math, but he has a political agenda that is motivating his statements.
Let's now turn to a second example, another framing problem.
Municipal Bonds Municipal bonds currently receive preferential tax treatment at the Federal level. The interest income isn't generally taxed (except if the bonds are considered private activity bonds or are bought at a significant discount -- if the discount isn't considered "de minimis," the discount must be amortized and counted as income). Note that in return, Treasury debt also receives preferential treatment at the state level. Interest income on Treasury bonds isn't taxed at the state or local level.
Because of the preferential tax treatment, municipal bonds have typically traded at rates well below those of similar term Treasury bonds. For example, a AAA-rated one-year municipal bond might trade at 65 percent of the one-year Treasury yield, and a AAA-rated 10-year municipal might trade at 80 percent of the 10-year Treasury. So for example, if a 10-year Treasury yielded 4 percent, a AAA-rated municipal bond might yield just 3.2 percent. How does this affect Buffett and his thinking?
All of the income from municipal bonds could be taxed at a zero rate. That could result in his ability to claim that he paid a lower tax rate than his secretary. However, that's the wrong way to look at the picture. First, Buffett has effectively paid a tax of 20 percent, because he gave up the opportunity to earn 4 percent if he had instead bought a 10-year Treasury. So right away we see that there's a framing problem. But the story is actually much worse.
Treasuries are much more liquid than municipal bonds. Thus, municipal bonds should carry a liquidity premium for that extra risk. And even AAA-rated municipal bonds have more credit risk than Treasuries. Thus, they should carry a credit risk premium as well. In addition, most longer-term municipal bonds have call features, allowing issuers to call the bond prior to maturity, which they'll do if rates fall. Thus, investors should again receive a risk premium to compensate them. Thus, to make the two investments comparable on a risk adjusted basis, the yield on the municipal bond should be considerably lower. Thus, the true effective tax rate is higher than even the 20 percent indicated difference in yields in this example.
The bottom line is that the effective tax rate on municipal bonds is much higher than 0.
I would note that while municipal bonds have generally had lower yields than comparable term Treasuries, this hasn't always been the case (and isn't today). Whenever there are crises which result in flights to quality, the spread between Treasuries and municipals narrows, which can even result in municipal rates being higher. The other time when this can happen is when there appears to be a threat to the preferential tax treatment municipals receive. Since we have both of those currently occurring, it shouldn't be a surprise that even AAA-rated municipals are currently yielding more than Treasuries. For example, as I write this the 10-year Treasury was yielding 2.08 percent, and 10-year AAA-rated municipals were yielding about 2.52 percent, or 121 percent of Treasuries (making them an apparent bargain).
Before concluding I would like to make a few other points, the first of which relates to the just mentioned comments. If the federal government eliminated or reduced the tax preference on municipal bonds, investors would react by requiring higher rates, rates sufficiently higher to make their risk-adjusted yields comparable to that of Treasuries. Thus, municipalities would have higher costs, imposing a further burden on them. In other words, all that would be accomplished is that there would be a shift in income from the states and municipalities to the Federal government. Investors would end up with the same risk-adjusted returns. But that's stage-one thinking. We need to do stage-two thinking.
It seems likely to me that if the Federal government were to tax municipal bond income in any way, causing the states to pay higher interest rates, the states would react by taxing Treasury debt to offset their extra expenses. That might result in the Treasury having to pay a bit higher rate on its debt, but certainly would result in lower Federal taxes collected as individuals would report higher taxable income on their state tax returns, paying higher state income taxes, and the result would be larger itemized deductions, and lower Federal taxes collected (perhaps exactly offsetting the gains from taxing municipal bond income). Of course no politician proposing to eliminate or reduce the tax preference on municipal bonds will discuss stage-two thinking with anyone, at least not in public. They want you to focus on the "get the rich to pay more taxes" message. That sounds much better.
Finally, I want to make it clear that I'm not arguing one way or another about whether the tax rates should be raised on higher income earners or that the wealthy should pay more taxes. That's an entirely different discussion. But as the above examples show, the higher income earners are already paying much higher effective rates than Buffett claims they pay. While they want you to be fooled by the "illusion," you shouldn't allow yourself to be "framed."
Photo courtesy of Ethan Bloch on Flickr.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54297 | Wednesday, June 03, 2015
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IBM To Invest $1 billion In Flash Development
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Message Text: IBM today unveiled a strategic initiative to drive Flash technology further into the enterprise to help organizations better tackle the mounting challenges of Big Data.
Flash, a highly efficient re-writable memory, can speed the response times of information gathering in servers and storage systems from milliseconds to microseconds - orders of magnitude faster. Today, as organizations are challenged by swelling data volumes, increasing demand for faster analytic insights, and rising data center energy costs, Flash is quickly becoming a key requirement to enable the Smarter Enterprise.
IBM today announced that it is investing $1 billion in research and development to design, create and integrate new Flash solutions into its portfolio of servers, storage systems and middleware.
As part of that commitment, the company today also announced plans to open 12 Centers of Competency around the globe. These sites will enable IBM's clients to run proof-of-concept scenarios with real-world data to measure the projected performance gains that can be achieved with IBM Flash solutions. IBM is currently targeting Centers of Competency in China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Singapore, South America, U.K., and the U.S to all be operational by the end of the year.
The new IBM FlashSystem joins the company's all-Flash and hybrid (disk/Flash) solutions which include IBM Storwize V7000, IBM System Storage DS8870, and the IBM XIV Storage System.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/54323 | Two figure skaters, one weighing 625 N and the other 725 N, pushoff against each other on frictionless ice.
A) If the heavier skater travels at 1.50 m/s, how fast will thelighter one travel?
B) How much kinetic energy is "created" during the skater'smaneuver, and where does this energy come from?
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