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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57025 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Millet (disambiguation).
Pearl millet in the field
Finger millet in the field
Ripe head of proso millet
Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. They do not form a taxonomic group, but rather a functional or agronomic one. Millets are important crops in the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa (especially in India, Nigeria, and Niger), with 97 percent of millet production in developing countries.[1] The crop is favored due to its productivity and short growing season under dry, high-temperature conditions.
The most widely grown millet is pearl millet, which is an important crop in India and parts of Africa.[2] Finger millet, proso millet, and foxtail millet are also important crop species. In the developed world, millets are less important. For example, in the United States only proso millet is significant, and it is mostly grown for bird seed.[1]
While millets are indigenous to many parts of the world, it is believed that they had an evolutionary origin in tropical western Africa, as that is where the greatest number of both wild and cultivated forms exist.[3] Millets have been important food staples in human history, particularly in Asia and Africa. They have been in cultivation in East Asia for the last 10,000 years.[4]
The height of the pearl millet plant may range from 0.5 to 4 metres. The pearl millet grain has great variation, and can be nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple. The kernel shape has five different classifications and operates on a three-point system: obovate, hexagonal, lanceolate, globular, and elliptical.[1] Grains of pearl millet are about 3 to 4 mm long, much larger than those of other millets. The seeds usually weigh between 2.5 and 14 mg, with a typical mean of 8 mg. The size of the pearl millet kernel is about one-third that of sorghum. The relative proportion of germ to endosperm is higher in pearl millet than in sorghum.
The height of finger millet plant ranges from 40 cm to 1 metre, with the spike length ranging from 3 to 13 cm. The colour of finger millet grains may vary from white through orange-red, deep brown, purple, to almost black. The grains are smaller than those of pearl millet. The typical mean weight of finger millet seed is about 2.6 mg.[3]
Millet varieties[edit]
varieties of millets grown in India
Pearl millet
Thinai (Foxtail) millet
Varagu (Kodo) millet
- Major millets (The most widely cultivated species)[2]
Eragrostideae tribe :
• Eleusine coracana : Finger millet (also known as ragi, nachani or mandwa in India), fourth most cultivated millet.
Paniceae tribe :
• Panicum miliaceum : Proso millet (syn. : common millet, broom corn millet, hog millet or white millet), 3ʳᵈ most cultivated millet.
• Pennisetum glaucum : Pearl millet (also known as bajra in India only in Hindi states), the most cultivated millet.
• Setaria italica : Foxtail millet, second most cultivated millet (also known as "kang or rala" in Maharashtra, India).
Andropogoneae tribe :
• Maize and sorghum are occasionally counted as major millets.
- Minor millets
Andropogoneae tribe :
Eragrostideae tribe :
• Eragrostis tef : Teff
Paniceae tribe :
Chinese legends attribute the domestication of millet to Shennong, the legendary Emperor of China.[5] Specialized archaeologists called palaeoethnobotanists, relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that the cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in prehistory than rice,[6] especially in northern China and Korea. Millets also formed important parts of the prehistoric diet in Indian, Chinese Neolithic and Korean Mumun societies. Broomcorn (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet were important crops beginning in the Early Neolithic of China. For example, some of the earliest evidence of millet cultivation in China was found at Cishan (north). Cishan dates for common millet husk phytoliths and biomolecular components have been identified around 8300–6700 BC in storage pits along with remains of pit-houses, pottery, and stone tools related to millet cultivation.[4] Evidence at Cishan for foxtail millet dates back to around 6500 BC.[4] A 4,000-year-old well-preserved bowl containing well-preserved noodles made from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet was found at the Lajia archaeological site in China.[7]
Palaeoethnobotanists have found evidence of the cultivation of millet in the Korean Peninsula dating to the Middle Jeulmun pottery period (c. 3500–2000 BC) (Crawford 1992; Crawford and Lee 2003). Millet continued to be an important element in the intensive, multicropping agriculture of the Mumun pottery period (c. 1500–300 BC) in Korea (Crawford and Lee 2003). Millets and their wild ancestors, such as barnyard grass and panic grass, were also cultivated in Japan during the Jōmon period some time after 4000 BC (Crawford 1983, 1992).
Millet made its way from China to the Black Sea region of Europe by 5000 BC.[8] The cultivation of common millet as the earliest dry crop in East Asia has been attributed to its resistance to drought,[4] and this has been suggested to have aided its spread.[8]
Research on millets is carried out by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Telangana, India, and by the USDA-ARS at Tifton, Georgia, USA.
Worldwide millet production, 2000
Worldwide millet production, 2005
Pearl millet is one of the two major crops in the semiarid, impoverished, less fertile agriculture regions of Africa and southeast Asia.[9] Millets are not only adapted to poor, droughty, and infertile soils, but they are also more reliable under these conditions than most other grain crops. This has, in part, made millet production popular, particularly in countries surrounding the Sahara Desert in western Africa.
Millets, however, do respond to high fertility and moisture. On a per hectare basis, millet grain produced per hectare can be two to four times higher with use of irrigation and soil supplements. Improved breeds of millet improve their disease resistance and can significantly enhance farm yield productivity. There has been cooperation between poor countries to improve millet yields. For example, 'Okashana 1', a variety developed in India from a natural-growing millet variety in Burkina Faso, doubled yields. This breed was selected for trials in Zimbabwe. From there it was taken to Namibia, where it was released in 1990 and enthusiastically adopted by farmers. Okashana 1 became the most popular variety in Namibia, the only non-Sahelian country where pearl millet – locally known as mahangu – is the dominant food staple for consumers. 'Okashana 1' was then introduced to Chad. The breed has significantly enhanced yields in Mauritania and Benin.[10]
India is the world's largest producer of millet. In the 1970s, all of the millet crops harvested in India were used as a food staple. By the 2000s, the annual millet production had increased in India, yet per capita consumption of millet had dropped by between 50% to 75% in different regions of the country. As of 2005, most millet produced in India is being used for alternative applications such as livestock fodder and alcohol production.[11] Indian organizations are discussing ways to increase millet use as food to encourage more production; however, they have found that some consumers now prefer the taste of other grains.[12]
Top 10 millet producers — 2013
Country Production (Tonnes) Footnote
India 10,910,000
Nigeria 5,000,000 F
Niger 2,955,000 *
China 1,620,000 F
Mali 1,152,331
Burkina Faso 1,109,000 *
Sudan 1,090,000
Ethiopia 807,056
Chad 582,000 *
Senegal 572,155
World 29,870,058 A
No symbol = official figure, * = Unofficial figure, F = FAO estimate, A = May include official, semiofficial or estimated data
Alcoholic beverages[edit]
Tongba, a millet-based alcoholic brew found in the far eastern mountainous region of Nepal and Sikkim, India
Millets are traditionally important grains used in brewing millet beer in some cultures, for instance by the Tao people of Orchid Island and in Taiwan. Various peoples in East Africa brew a drink from millet or sorghum known as ajono, a traditional brew of the Teso. The fermented millet is prepared in a large pot with hot water and people share the drink by sipping it through long straws.
Millet is also the base ingredient for the distilled liquor rakshi in Nepal and the indigenous alcoholic drink of the Sherpa, Tamang, Rai and Limbu people, tongba, in eastern Nepal. In Balkan countries, especially Romania and Bulgaria, millet is used to prepare the fermented drink boza.
As a food source[edit]
Awaokoshi, candied millet puffs, are a specialty of Osaka, Japan. This millet confection tradition began when it was presented to Sugawara no Michizane when he stopped in Naniwa during the early Heian period, about 1000 years ago.
Millets are major food sources in arid and semiarid regions of the world, and feature in the traditional cuisine of many others. In western India, sorghum (called jowar, jola, jwaarie, or jondhahlaa in Gujarati, Kannada, Hindi and Marathi languages, respectively; mutthaari, kora, or pangapullu in Malayalam; or cholam in Tamil) has been commonly used with millet flour (called jowari in western India) for hundreds of years to make the local staple, hand-rolled (that is, made without a rolling pin) flat bread (rotla in Gujarati, bhakri in Marathi, or roti in other languages). Another cereal grain popularly used in rural areas and by poor people to consume as a staple in the form of roti. Other millets such as ragi (finger millet) in Karnataka, naachanie in Maharashtra, or kezhvaragu in Tamil, "ragulu" in Telugu, with the popular ragi rottiand Ragi mudde is a popular meal in Karnataka. Ragi, as it is popularly known, is dark in color like rye, but rougher in texture.
Millet porridge is a traditional food in Russian, German, and Chinese сuisines. In Russia, it is eaten sweet (with milk and sugar added at the end of the cooking process) or savoury with meat or vegetable stews. In China, it is eaten without milk or sugar, frequently with beans, sweet potato, and/or various types of squash. In Germany, it is also eaten sweet, boiled in water with apples added during the boiling process and honey added during the cooling process.
Per capita consumption of millets as food varies in different parts of the world. It is highest in western Africa. In the Sahel region, millet is estimated to account for about 35 percent of total cereal food consumption in Burkina Faso, Chad and the Gambia. In Mali and Senegal, millets constitute roughly 40 percent of total cereal food consumption per capita, while in Niger and arid Namibia it is over 65 percent (see mahangu). Other countries in Africa where millets are a significant food source include Ethiopia, Nigeria and Uganda. Millet is also an important food item for the population living in the drier parts of many other countries, especially in eastern and central Africa, and in the northern coastal countries of western Africa. In developing countries outside Africa, millet has local significance as a food in parts of some countries, such as China, India, Burma and North Korea.[3]
The use of millets as food fell between the 1970s and the 2000s, both in urban and rural areas, as developing countries such as India have experienced rapid economic growth and witnessed a significant increase in per capita consumption of other cereals.[11]
People with coeliac disease can replace certain gluten-containing cereals in their diets with millet.
Millets are also used as bird and animal feed.
Grazing millet[edit]
In addition to being used for seed, millet is also used as a grazing forage crop. Instead of letting the plant reach maturity it can be grazed by stock and is commonly used for sheep and cattle.
Millet is a C4 plant which means it has good water efficiency and utilizes high temperature and is therefore a summer crop. A C4 plant uses a different enzyme in photosynthesis from C3 plants and this is why it improves water efficiency.
Millet grows rapidly and can be grazed 5–7 weeks after sowing, when it is 20–30 cm high. The highest feed value is from the young green leaf and shoots. The plant can quickly come to head, so it must be managed accordingly because as the plant matures the value and palatability of feed reduces.
The Japanese millets (Echinochloa esculenta) are considered the best for grazing and in particular Shirohie, a new variety of Japanese millet, is the best suited variety for grazing. This is due to a number of factors: it gives better regrowth and is later to mature compared to other Japanese millets; it is cheap – cost of seed is $2–$3 per kg and sowing rates are around 10 kg per hectare for dryland production; it is quick to establish; it can be grazed early; and it is suitable for both sheep and cattle.
Compared to forage sorghum, which is grown as an alternative grazing forage, animals gain weight faster on millet and it has better hay or silage potential, although it produces less dry matter. Lambs do better on millet compared to sorghum.[14] Millet does not contain prussic acid which can be in sorghum. Prussic acid poisons animals by inhibiting oxygen utilisation by the cells and is transported in the blood around the body — ultimately the animal will die from asphyxia.[15] There is no need for additional feed supplements such as sulphur or salt blocks with millet.
The rapid growth of millet as a grazing crop allows flexibility in its use. Farmers can wait until sufficient late spring / summer moisture is present and then make use of it. It is ideally suited to irrigation where livestock finishing is required.[14][15][16]
Inspecting a pearl millet spike at a farm in Zimbabwe
Comparison with other major staple foods[edit]
The following table shows the nutrient content of millet compared to major staple foods in a raw form. Raw forms, however, are not edible and cannot be fully digested. These must be prepared and cooked as appropriate for human consumption. In processed and cooked form, the relative nutritional and antinutritional contents of each of these grains is remarkably different from that of raw forms reported in this table. The nutritional value in the cooked form depends on the cooking method.
Nutrient profile comparison of millet with other food staples
Synopsis[17] ~ composition: Cassava[18] Wheat[19] Rice[20] Sweetcorn[21] Potato[22] Sorghum
(per 100g portion, raw grain)
Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount
water (g) 60 13.1 12 76 82 9.2 8.7
energy (kJ) 667 1368 1527 360 288 1418 1582
protein (g) 1.4 12.6 7 3 1.7 11.3 11
fat (g) 0.3 1.5 1 1 0.1 3.3 4.2
carbohydrates (g) 38 71.2 79 19 16 75 73
fiber (g) 1.8 12.2 1 3 2.4 6.3 8.5
sugars (g) 1.7 0.4 >0.1 3 1.2 1.9
iron (mg) 0.27 3.2 0.8 0.5 0.5 4.4 3
manganese (mg) 0.4 3.9 1.1 0.2 0.1 <0.1 1.6
calcium (mg) 16 29 28 2 9 28 8
magnesium (mg) 21 126 25 37 21 <120 114
phosphorus (mg) 27 288 115 89 62 287 285
potassium (mg) 271 363 115 270 407 350 195
zinc (mg) 0.3 2.6 1.1 0.5 0.3 <1 1.7
pantothenic acid (mg) 0.1 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.3 <0.9 0.8
vitB6 (mg) 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 <0.3 0.4
folate (µg) 27 38 8 42 18 <25 85
thiamin (mg) 0.1 0.38 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4
riboflavin (mg) <0.1 0.1 >0.1 0.1 >0.1 0.1 0.3
niacin (mg) 0.9 5.5 1.6 1.8 1.1 2.9 4.7
Nutrient Content of Various Millets with comparison to Rice and Wheat (Source: Millet Network of India, )
Crop / Nutrient Protein(g) Fiber(g) Minerals(g) Iron(mg) Calcium(mg)
Pearl millet 10.6 1.3 2.3 16.9 38
Finger millet 7.3 3.6 2.7 3.9 344
Foxtail millet 12.3 8 3.3 2.8 31
Proso millet 12.5 2.2 1.9 0.8 14
Kodo millet 8.3 9 2.6 0.5 27
Little millet 7.7 7.6 1.5 9.3 17
Barnyard millet 11.2 10.1 4.4 15.2 11
Rice 6.8 0.2 0.6 0.7 10
Wheat 11.8 1.2 1.5 5.3 41
1. ^ a b c McDonough, Cassandrea M.; Rooney, Lloyd W.; Serna-Saldivar, Sergio O. (2000). "The Millets". Food Science and Technology: Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology (CRC Press). 99 2nd ed: 177–210.
2. ^ a b "Annex II: Relative importance of millet species, 1992–94". The World Sorghum and Millet Economies: Facts, Trends and Outlook. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1996. ISBN 92-5-103861-9.
3. ^ a b c d "Sorghum and millet in human nutrition". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995.
4. ^ a b c d Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li, Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID 19383791.
6. ^ Tarannum Manjul (January 21, 2006). "Millets older than wheat, rice: Archaeologists". Lucknow Newsline. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
7. ^ "Oldest noodles unearthed in China". BBC News. 12 October 2005.
8. ^ a b Lawler, A (2009). "Bridging East and West: Millet on the move". Science 325: 942–943. doi:10.1126/science.325_940.
9. ^ David D. Baltensperger (2002). "Progress with Proso, Pearl and Other Millets" (PDF).
10. ^ ICRISAT. "A New Generation of Pearl Millet on the Horizon". The World Bank.
11. ^ a b Basavaraj et al. (December 2010). "Availability and utilization of pearl millet in India" (PDF). SAT eJournal 8.
12. ^ Gayatri Jayaraman (January 4, 2012). "What's your Millet Mojo". Live Mint.
13. ^ "FAOSTAT: Production, Crops, Millet, 2010 data". Food and Agriculture Organization. 2011.
14. ^ a b Collett, Ian J. "Forage Sorghum and Millet" (PDF). District Agronomist, Tamworth. NSW Department of Primary Industries. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
15. ^ a b Robson, Sarah. "Dr" (PDF). primefact 417, Prussic Acid Poisoning in Livestock. NSW Department of Primary Industries. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
16. ^ Lonewood Trust. SHIROHIE MILLET GROWING GUIDE (PDF) Retrieved 7 November 2013. Missing or empty |title= (help)
17. ^ "USDA". Retrieved 2012-03-16. [dead link]
18. ^ raw, uncooked
19. ^ hard red winter
20. ^ white, long-grain, regular, raw, unenriched
21. ^ sweet, yellow, raw
22. ^ white, flesh and skin, raw
23. ^ Sorghum, edible portion white variety
24. ^ Millet, proso variety, raw
• Crawford, Gary W. (1983). Paleoethnobotany of the Kameda Peninsula. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. ISBN 0-932206-95-6.
• Crawford, Gary W. (1992). "Prehistoric Plant Domestication in East Asia". In Cowan C.W., Watson P.J. The Origins of Agriculture: An International Perspective. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 117–132. ISBN 0-87474-990-5.
• Crawford, Gary W. and Gyoung-Ah Lee (2003). "Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula". Antiquity 77 (295): 87–95. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00061378.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57026 | V-2 rocket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from V-2)
Jump to: navigation, search
"V-2" redirects here. For other uses, see V2.
Aggregat-4 / Vergeltungswaffe-2
Fusée V2.jpg
Peenemünde Museum replica of V-2
Type single stage ballistic missile
Place of origin Nazi Germany
Service history
In service 1944–1952
Used by Nazi Germany
United Kingdom (post-war)
United States (post-war)
Soviet Union (post-war)
Production history
Designer Peenemünde Army Research Center
Manufacturer Mittelwerk GmbH
Produced 16 March 1942- 1945 (Germany)
some assembled post war.
Weight 12,500 kg (27,600 lb)
Length 14 m (45 ft 11 in)
Diameter 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
Warhead 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) Amatol
Wingspan 3.56 m (11 ft 8 in)
Propellant 3,810 kg (8,400 lb) 75% ethanol/25% water
4,910 kg (10,820 lb) liquid oxygen
320 km (200 mi)
Flight altitude 88 km (55 mi) maximum altitude on long range trajectory,
206 km (128 mi) maximum altitude if launched vertically.
maximum:5,760 km/h (3,580 mph)
at impact: 2,880 km/h (1,790 mph)
Gyroscopes to determine direction
Müller-type pendulous gyroscopic accelerometer for engine cutoff on most production rockets[2][3]:225
Mobile (Meillerwagen)
The V-2 (German: Vergeltungswaffe 2, "Retribution Weapon 2"), technical name Aggregat-4 (A4), was the world's first long-range[4] guided ballistic missile. The missile with liquid-propellant rocket engine was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a "vengeance weapon", designed to attack Allied cities as retaliation for the Allied bombings against German cities. The V-2 rocket was also the first man-made object to cross the boundary of space.
Beginning in September 1944, over 3,000 V-2s were launched by the German Wehrmacht against Allied targets during the war, firstly London and later Antwerp and Liège. According to a 2011 BBC documentary, the attacks resulted in the deaths of an estimated 9,000 civilians and military personnel, while 12,000 forced laborers and concentration camp prisoners were killed producing the weapons.[5]
As Germany collapsed, teams from the Allied forces—the U.S., Great Britain and the Soviet Union—raced to capture key German manufacturing sites and examples of German guided missiles, rocket and jet powered aircraft, and nuclear experiments. Wernher von Braun and over 100 key V-2 personnel surrendered to the Americans. Through a lengthy sequence of events, a significant portion of the original V-2 team ended up working for the US Army at the Redstone Arsenal. The US also captured enough V-2 hardware to build approximately 80 of the missiles. The Soviets gained possession of the V-2 manufacturing facilities after the war and proceeded to re-establish V-2 production and move it to the Soviet Union.
The Redstone team, led by von Braun, would be turned over to NASA on its formation in October 1958. For NASA this new Marshall Spaceflight Center (MSFC) helped design a series of booster rockets in the Saturn family.
Developmental history[edit]
In the late 1920s, a young Wernher von Braun bought a copy of Hermann Oberth's book, Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Spaces).[6] Starting in 1930, he attended the Technical University of Berlin, where he assisted Oberth in liquid-fueled rocket motor tests.[6] Von Braun was working on his doctorate when the Nazi Party gained power in Germany.[7] An artillery captain, Walter Dornberger, arranged an Ordnance Department research grant for von Braun, who from then on worked next to Dornberger's existing solid-fuel rocket test site at Kummersdorf.[7] Von Braun's thesis, Construction, Theoretical, and Experimental Solution to the Problem of the Liquid Propellant Rocket (dated 16 April 1934), was kept classified by the German Army and was not published until 1960.[8] By the end of 1934, his group had successfully launched two rockets that reached heights of 2.2 and 3.5 km (1.4 and 2.2 mi).[7]
At the time, Germany was highly interested in American physicist Robert H. Goddard's research. Before 1939, German engineers and scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions.[7] Von Braun used Goddard's plans from various journals and incorporated them into the building of the Aggregat (A) series of rockets,[7] named for the German for mechanism or mechanical system.[9]
Following successes at Kummersdorf with the first two Aggregate series rockets, Wernher von Braun and Walter Riedel began thinking of a much larger rocket in the summer of 1936,[10] based on a projected 25-metric-ton-thrust engine.
Wind tunnel model of an A4 in the German Museum of Technology in Berlin
After the A-4 project was postponed due to unfavourable aerodynamic stability testing of the A-3 in July 1936,[11][12] von Braun specified the A-4 performance in 1937,[13] and, after an "extensive series of test firings of the A-5" scale test model,[14] using a motor redesigned from the troublesome A-3's by Walter Thiel,[14] A-4 design and construction was ordered c1938/1939.[15] During 28–30 September 1939, Der Tag der Weisheit (English: The Day of Wisdom) conference met at Peenemünde to initiate the funding of university research to solve rocket problems.[10]:40
In early September 1943, von Braun promised the Long-Range Bombardment Commission[3]:224 that the A-4 development was "practically complete/concluded",[12]:135 but even by the middle of 1944, a complete A-4 parts list was still unavailable.[3]:224 Hitler was sufficiently impressed by the enthusiasm of its developers, and needed a "wonder weapon" to maintain German morale,[16] so authorized its deployment in large numbers.[17]
The V-2s were constructed at the Mittelwerk site by prisoners from Mittelbau-Dora, a concentration camp where an estimated 20,000 prisoners died during the war.[18][19][20]
Technical details[edit]
Layout of a V-2 rocket.
The A-4 used a 74% ethanol/water mixture for fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX) for oxidizer.[21]
The fuel and oxidizer pumps were driven by a steam turbine, and the steam was produced by concentrated hydrogen peroxide with sodium permanganate catalyst. Both the alcohol and oxygen tanks were an aluminium-magnesium alloy.[1]
The warhead was another source of troubles. The explosive employed was amatol 60/40, not because it was powerful, but because it was quite stable. The % HE/warhead, in weight, was an astonishing 93% (910 kg of 975). It exploded by electric contact fuse and it was protected by a thick layer of fiberglass, but even so it could still explode in the re-entry phase. The protective layer was used for the fuel tanks as well and the A-4 did not have the tendency to form ice, which was common to other early missiles (like the SM-65 Atlas). The tanks held 4,173 kg ethyl alcohol and 5,553 kg oxygen.[23]
Vanes at exit of nozzle
Dr. Friedrich Kirchstein of Siemens of Berlin developed the V-2 radio control for motor-cut-off (German: Brennschluss).[12]:28,124 For velocity measurement, Professor Wolman of Dresden created an alternative of his Doppler[25]:18 tracking system in 1940–41, which used a ground signal transponded by the A-4 to measure the velocity of the missile.[3]:103 By 9 February 1942, Peenemünde engineer de Beek had documented the radio interference area of a V-2 as 10,000 meters around the "Firing Point",[26] and the first successful A-4 flight on 3 October 1943, used radio control for Brennschluss.[11]:12 Although Hitler commented on 22 September 1943 that "It is a great load off our minds that we have dispensed with the radio guiding-beam; now no opening remains for the British to interfere technically with the missile in flight",[12]:138 about 20% of the operational V-2 launches were beam-guided.[11]:12 The Operation Pinguin V-2 offensive began on 8 September 1944, when Lehr- und Versuchsbatterie No. 444[25]:51–2 (English: Training and Testing Battery 444) launched a single rocket guided by a radio beam directed at Paris.[26]:47 Wreckage of combat V-2s occasionally contained the transponder for velocity and fuel cutoff.[10]:259–60
The original German designation of the rocket was "V2", unhyphenated, but U.S. publications such as LIFE magazine were using the hyphenated form "V-2" as early as December 1944.[27] This hyphenated form has now become common usage.
For a description of a test explosion, see Test Stand VII.
The first successful test flight was on 3 October 1942, reaching an altitude of 84.5 kilometres (52.5 miles):[3]
— Speech at Peenemünde, Walter Dornberger, 3 October 1942[11]17
Engine cut-away, Deutsches Museum, Munich
Two test launches were recovered by the Allies: the Bäckebo rocket, the remnants of which landed in Sweden on 13 June 1944 and one recovered by the Polish resistance on 30 May 1944[28] from Blizna and transported to the UK during Operation Most III. The highest altitude reached during the war was 174.6 kilometres (108.5 miles) (20 June 1944).[3] Test launches of V-2 rockets (Aggregate-4) were made at Peenemünde, Blizna and Tuchola Forest, and after the war, at Cuxhaven by the British, White Sands Proving Grounds, Cape Canaveral and Kapustin Yar.
• To reduce tank pressure and weight, high flow turbopumps were used to boost pressure.[3]:35
• Film cooling was used to prevent burn-through at the nozzle throat.[11]:52
• Relay contacts were made more durable to withstand vibration and prevent thrust cut-off just after lift-off.[11]:52
• Ensuring that the fuel pipes had tension-free curves reduced the likelihood of explosions at 1,200–1,800 m (4,000–6,000 ft).[11]:215,217
• Fins were shaped with clearance to prevent damage as the exhaust jet expanded with altitude.[11]:56,118
• To control trajectory at liftoff and supersonic speeds, heat-resistant graphite vanes were used as rudders in the exhaust jet.[11]:35,58
Airburst problem[edit]
See also: Air burst
Through mid-March 1944, only 4 of the 26 successful Blizna launches had satisfactorily reached the Sarnaki target area[26]:112, 221–222, 282 due to in-flight breakup (Luftzerleger) on re-entry into the atmosphere.[29]:100 Initially, excessive alcohol tank pressure was suspected, but by April 1944 after 5 months of test firings, the cause was still not determined. Major-General Rossmann, the Army Weapons Office department chief, recommended stationing observers in the target area – c. May/June, Dornberger and von Braun set up a camp at the centre of the Poland target zone.[3]: After moving to the Heidekraut,[10]:172,173 SS Mortar Battery 500 of the 836th Artillery Battalion (Motorized) was ordered[26]:47 on 30 August[25] to begin test launches of eighty 'sleeved' rockets.[12]:281 Testing confirmed that the so-called 'tin trousers' – a tube designed to strengthen the forward end of the rocket cladding—reduced the likelihood of airbursts.[29]:100
Main article: Mittelwerk
Period of production Production
[citation needed]
Up to 15 September 1944 1900
15 September to 29 October 1944 900
29 October to 24 November 1944 600
24 November to 15 January 1945 1100
15 January to 15 February 1945 700
Total 5200
Launch sites[edit]
A V-2 launched from a fixed site in summer 1943
For a description of the V-2 launch equipment and procedure, see Meillerwagen.
Following Operation Crossbow bombing, initial plans for launching from the massive underground Watten and Wizernes bunkers or from fixed pads such as near the Chateau du Molay[31] were dropped in favour of mobile launching. Eight main storage dumps were planned and four had been completed by July 1944 (the one at Mery-sur-Oise was begun in August 1943 and completed by February 1944).[32] The missile could be launched practically anywhere, roads running through forests being a particular favourite. The system was so mobile and small that only one Meillerwagen was ever caught in action by Allied aircraft, during the Operation Bodenplatte attack on 1 January 1945[33] near Lochem by a USAAF 4th Fighter Group aircraft, although Raymond Baxter described flying over a site during a launch and his wingman firing at the missile without hitting it.
Operational history[edit]
After Hitler's 29 August 1944 declaration to begin V-2 attacks as soon as possible, the offensive began on 8 September 1944 with a single launch at Paris, which caused modest damage near Porte d'Italie,.[10]:218,220,467 Two more launches by the 485th followed, including one from The Hague against London on the same day at 6:43 p.m.[12]:285 – the first landed at Chiswick, killing 63-year-old Mrs. Ada Harrison, 3-year-old Rosemary Clarke, and Sapper Bernard Browning on leave from the Royal Engineers,[13]:11 and one that hit Epping with no casualties. Upon hearing the double-crack of the supersonic rocket (London's first ever), Duncan Sandys and Reginald Victor Jones looked up from different parts of the city and exclaimed "That was a rocket!", and a short while after the double-crack, the sky was filled with the sound of a heavy body rushing through the air.[12]:286
V-2 rocket victim in Antwerp, Belgium, November, 1944
As the V-2 explosions came without warning, the British government initially attempted to conceal their cause by blaming them on defective gas mains.[citation needed] The public was not fooled and soon began sardonically referring to the V-2's as "flying gas pipes".[35] The Germans themselves finally announced the V-2 on 8 November 1944 and only then, on 10 November 1944, did Winston Churchill inform Parliament, and the world, that England had been under rocket attack "for the last few weeks".[36]
Aftermath of a V-2 bombing at Hughes Mansions, Vallance Road, Whitechapel, London, 27 March 1945.
Over the next few months about 3,172 V-2 rockets were fired at the following targets:[38]
United Kingdom, 1402: London (1358), Norwich (43),[12]:289 Ipswich (1)
Netherlands, 19: Maastricht (19)
Germany, 11: Remagen (11)
An estimated 2,754 civilians were killed in London by V-2 attacks with another 6,523 injured,[39] which is two people killed per V-2 rocket. However, this understates the potential of the V-2, since many rockets were misdirected and exploded harmlessly. Accuracy increased over the course of the war, particularly on batteries where Leitstrahl-Guide Beam apparatus was installed.[40] Missile strikes that found targets could cause large numbers of deaths — 160 were killed and 108 seriously injured in one explosion at 12:26 pm on 25 November 1944, at a Woolworth's department store in New Cross, south-east London.[41]
After these deadly results, British intelligence leaked falsified information implying that the rockets were over-shooting their London target by 10 to 20 miles (16 to 32 km). This tactic worked, and for the remainder of the war most landed on less-heavily populated areas in Kent due to erroneous recalibration.[42]
Possible use during Operation Bodenplatte[edit]
At least one V-2 missile on a mobile Meillerwagen launch trailer was observed being elevated to launch position by a USAAF 4th Fighter Group pilot defending against the massive New Year's Day 1945 Operation Bodenplatte strike by the Luftwaffe over the northern German attack route near the town of Lochem on 1 January 1945. Possibly, from the potential sighting of the American fighter by the missile's launch crew, the rocket was quickly lowered from a near launch-ready 85° elevation to 30°.[44]
Strategic use[edit]
After the US Army captured the Ludendorff Bridge during the Battle of Remagen, the Germans were desperate to destroy it. On 17 March 1945, they fired eleven V2 missiles at the bridge, their first use against a strategic target. They could not employ the more accurate Leitstrahl device because it was oriented towards Antwerp and could not be easily adjusted for another target. Fired from near Hellendoorn, Holland, one of the missiles landed as far away as Cologne, 40 miles (64 km) to the north, while one missed the bridge by only 500 to 800 yards (460 to 730 m). They also struck the town of Remagen, destroying a number of buildings and killing at least six American soldiers.[45]
Final use[edit]
Main article: Operation Crossbow
Combustion chamber to a V-2 rocket.
Big Ben and Crossbow[edit]
AAA system[edit]
Pile continued studying the problem, and returned with a proposal to fire only 150 shells at a single rocket, with those shells using a new fuse that would greatly reduce the number that fell back to Earth unexploded. Some low-level analysis suggested that this would be successful against 1 in 50 rockets, provided that accurate trajectories were forwarded to the gunners in time. Work on this basic concept continued and developed into a plan to deploy a large number of guns in Hyde Park that were provided with pre-configured firing data for 2.5 mile-wide grids of the London area. After the trajectory was determined, the guns would aim and fire between 60 and 500 rounds.[47]
At a Crossbow meeting on 15 January Pile's updated plan was presented with some strong advocacy from Roderic Hill and Charles Drummond Ellis. However, the Committee suggested that a test not be carried out as no technique for tracking the missiles with sufficient accuracy had yet been developed. By March this had changed significantly, with 81% of incoming missiles correctly allotted to the grid square each fell into, or the one beside it. At a 26 March meeting the plan moved ahead, and Pile was directed to a subcommittee with RV Jones and Ellis to further develop the statistics. Three days later the team returned a report stating that if the guns fired 2,000 rounds at a missile there was a 1 in 60 chance of shooting it down. Plans for an operational test began, but as Pile later put it, "Monty beat us to it", as the attacks ended with the Allied liberation of their launching areas.[47]
With the loss of the launching sites, the Germans turned their attention on Antwerp. Plans were made to move the Pile system to protect that city, but the war ended before anything could be done.[47]
Direct attack[edit]
The V-2 consumed a third of Germany's fuel alcohol production and major portions of other critical technologies:[51] to distil the fuel alcohol for one V-2 launch required 30 tonnes of potatoes at a time when food was becoming scarce.[52] Due to a lack of explosives, concrete was used[clarification needed] and sometimes the warhead contained photographic propaganda of German citizens who had died in Allied bombing.[16]
The V-2 lacked a proximity fuse, so it could not be set for air burst; it buried itself in the target area before or just as the warhead detonated. This reduced its effectiveness. Furthermore, its early guidance systems were too primitive to hit specific targets and its costs were approximately equivalent to four-engined bombers, which were more accurate (though only in a relative sense), had longer ranges, carried many more warheads, and were reusable. In comparison, in one 24-hour period during Operation Hurricane, the RAF dropped over 10,000 long tons of bombs on Brunswick and Duisburg, roughly equivalent to the amount of explosives that could be delivered by 10,000 V-2 rockets. Moreover, it diverted resources from other, more effective programs. That said, the limiting factor for German aviation after 1941 was always the availability of high test aviation gas[citation needed] (not planes or pilots), so criticisms of the V-1 and V-2 programs that compare their cost to hypothetical increases in fighter or bomber production are misguided. Nevertheless, the weapon had a considerable psychological effect because, unlike bombing planes or the V-1 Flying Bomb (which made a characteristic buzzing sound), the V-2 travelled faster than the speed of sound and gave no warning before impact. There was no effective defence and no risk of pilot and crew casualties.
With the war all but lost, regardless of the factory output of conventional weapons, the Nazis resorted to V-weapons as a tenuous last hope to influence the war militarily (hence Antwerp as V-2 target), as an extension of their desire to "punish" their foes and most importantly to give hope to their supporters with their miracle weapon.[16] If the V-2 had no effect on the outcome of the war, its value was in its ingenuity, which set the stage for the next 50 years of ballistic military rocketry, culminating in the ICBMs of the Cold War and in the beginnings of modern space exploration.
Unfulfilled plans[edit]
A submarine-towed launch platform was tested successfully, making it the prototype for submarine-launched ballistic missiles. The project codename was Prüfstand XII ("Test stand XII"), sometimes called the rocket U-boat. If deployed, it would have allowed a U-boat to launch V-2 missiles against United States cities, though only with considerable effort (and limited effect).[53] Hitler, in July 1944 and Speer, in January 1945, made speeches alluding to the scheme,[54] though Germany did not possess the capability to fulfill these threats. These schemes were met by the Americans with Operation Teardrop.
Postwar use[edit]
Post-war V-2s launched in secret from Peenemünde may have been responsible for a curious phenomenon known as ghost rockets, unexplained objects crossing the skies over Sweden and Finland.[citation needed]
In his book My Father's Son, Canadian author Farley Mowat, then a member of the Canadian Army, claims to have obtained a V-2 rocket in 1945 and shipped it back to Canada, where it is alleged to have ended up in the Canadian National Exhibition grounds in Toronto. There was a V-2 stored outside at RCAF Station Picton, Ontario in June 1961.[citation needed]
United States
Main article: V-2 sounding rocket
US test launch of a Bumper V-2.
Only 68 percent of the V-2 trials were considered successful.[60] A supposed V-2 launched on 29 May 1947 landed near Juarez, Mexico and was actually a Hermes B-1 vehicle.[61]
The PGM-11 Redstone rocket is a direct descendant of the V-2.[62]
In popular culture[edit]
• In Japan, Yamaha released a synthesizer called the "Yamaha V2" in 1988, but renamed it as the "DX11" for the American and European market to avoid reference to the missile.
• In Command and Conquer: Red Alert, which takes place in an alternate time period, the Soviet red army uses V-2 rockets that are launched via trucks against Allied nations.
• In the game Medal of Honor, the player has to sabotage and launch a V-2 rocket in the last mission.
• In Sniper Elite V2, the player has to sabotage the launch of V-2 rocket, by shooting the fuel tank in a few seconds before the launch.
• In the game March of War, the V2 can be deployed by the European Alliance in the form of a command card, or from the V2 Launcher. Its ability to strike distant targets without line of sight makes it a valuable asset.
Surviving V-2 examples and components[edit]
At least 20 V-2s still existed in 2014.
• One at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra, including complete Meillerwagen transporter. The rocket has the most complete set of guidance components of all surviving A4s.[citation needed] The Meillerwagen is the most complete of the three examples known to exist. Another A4 was on display at the RAAF Museum at Point Cook outside Melbourne. Both rockets now reside in Canberra.
• One engine at Cité de l'espace in Toulouse.
• One complete rocket in WWII wing of the Musée de l'Armée (Army Museum) in Paris.
One replica was constructed for the Peenemünde Historical and Technical Information Centre[63] where it is displayed near what remains of the factory where it was built.
United Kingdom[edit]
United States[edit]
Complete missiles
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b Kennedy, Gregory P. (1983). Vengeance Weapon 2: The V-2 Guided Missile. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 27, 74.
2. ^ 10% of the Mittelwerk rockets used a guide beam for cutoff.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Neufeld, Michael J (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. pp. 73, 74, 101, 281.
4. ^ 'Long-range' in the context of the time. See NASA history article.
6. ^ a b Wernher von Braun#Early life.
7. ^ a b c d e Wernher von Braun#The Prussian rocketeer and working under the Nazis.
10. ^ a b c d e f Ordway, Frederick I, III; Sharpe, Mitchell R. Godwin, Robert, ed. The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. p. 32. ISBN 1-894959-00-0.
11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dornberger, Walter (1952). V-2. New York: Viking. English translation 1954.
12. ^ a b c d e f g h Irving, David (1964). The Mare's Nest. London: William Kimber and Co. p. 17.
13. ^ a b Middlebrook, Martin (1982). The Peenemünde Raid: The Night of 17–18 August 1943. New York: Bobs-Merrill. p. 19.
14. ^ a b Christopher, p.111.
15. ^ Braun, Wernher von (Estate of); Ordway III, Frederick I (1985) [1975]. Space Travel: A History. New York: Harper & Row. p. 45. ISBN 0-06-181898-4.
16. ^ a b c d Irons, Roy. "Hitler's terror weapons: The price of vengeance". p. 181.
18. ^ Hunt, Linda (1991). Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990. New York: St.Martin's Press. pp. 72–74. ISBN 0-312-05510-2.
19. ^ Béon, Yves (1997). Planet Dora: A Memoir of the Holocaust and the Birth of the Space Age. translated from the French La planète Dora by Béon & Richard L. Fague. Westview Press, Div. of Harper Collins. pp. (SC) page tbd. ISBN 0-8133-3272-9.
20. ^ Dora and the V–2 – Slave labor in the space age
21. ^ Dungan, T. "The A4-V2 Rocket Site". Retrieved 2 June 2011.
22. ^ The History Channel V2 Factory: Nordhausen 070723
23. ^ War machine encyclopedia, Limited publishing, London 1983 p 1690-92
26. ^ a b c d Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (1965) [1963]. The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde (English translation). Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. p. 47.
27. ^ Inc, Time (25 December 1944). "V-2: Nazi Rocket Details Are Finally Revealed". LIFE 17 (26): 46–48.
29. ^ a b Johnson, David (1982). V-1, V-2: Hitler's Vengeance on London. New York: Stein and Day. p. 100. ISBN 9780812828580.
30. ^ Ruggles, Richard; Brodie, Henry (1947). "An Empirical Approach to Economic Intelligence in World War II". Journal of the American Statistical Association 42 (237): 72–91. doi:10.2307/2280189. JSTOR 2280189.
31. ^ Jones, R. V. (1978). Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 433. ISBN 0-241-89746-7.
32. ^ "V-Weapons Crossbow Campaign". Allworldwars.com. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
33. ^ Ordway, Frederick I, III; Sharpe, Mitchell R (1979). The Rocket Team (INDEX). Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. p. 256. ISBN 1-894959-00-0.
34. ^ Walker, John (27 September 1993). "A Rocket a Day Keeps the High Costs Away". Retrieved 2008-11-14.
35. ^ King, Kutta (1998), p.244
36. ^ Winston Churchill, Prime Minister (10 November 1944). "German Long-Range Rockets". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commons. col. 1653-4.
37. ^ van Dijk, A.H.; Eekman, P.G.; Roelse, J.; Tuynman, J. (1984). Walcheren onder vuur en water 1939–1945 (in Dutch). Middelburg: Den Boer Middelburg/Uitgevers. p. 98. ISBN 90 70027 82 8.
38. ^ "V2 Rocket Facts". World War 2 Facts. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
39. ^ Air Raid Precautions – Deaths and injuries
40. ^ "Mobile Firing Operations & Locations". V2Rocket.com.
41. ^ http://www.flyingbombsandrockets.com/V2_maintextb.html
42. ^ a b Blitz Street; Channel 4, 10 May 2010
43. ^ "V2Rocket.com "Antwerp, The City of Sudden Death"".
44. ^ Ordway & Sharpe 1979, p. 256.
45. ^ "V-2s on Remagen; Attacks On The Ludendorff Bridge". V2Rocket.com. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
47. ^ a b c d e Jeremy Stocker, "Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence, 1942-2002", pp. 25-28.
48. ^ Churchill to Ismay: 18 March 1945
49. ^ Mittelbau Overview
50. ^ Dyson, Freeman (1979). Disturbing the Universe. Harper & Row. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-465-01677-8.
51. ^ Jim Oberg and Dr. Brian R Sullivan (March 1999). "'Space Power Theory". U.S. Air Force Space Command: Government Printing Office. p. 143. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
52. ^ First German V2 rocket lands on London
53. ^ "Hitler's Rocket U-boat Program - history of WW2 rocket submarine". Uboataces.com. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
54. ^ Article in San Diego Times c.25 July 1944
55. ^ Besant, John Stalin's Silver concerning the sinking of SS John Barry near Aden in 1944
56. ^ "We Want with the West", Time Magazine, 9 December 1946.
57. ^ "Wernher von Braun". Retrieved 2009-07-04.
58. ^ "V2 Information". X-Factorial.com. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
59. ^ By January 1946, the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps invited civilian scientists and engineers to participate in developing a space research program using the V-2. The committee was initially called the "V2 Rocket Panel", then the "V2 Upper Atmosphere Research Panel", and finally the "Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Panel". See: Johan A.M. Bleeker, Johannes Geiss, and Martin C.E. Huber, ed.s, The Century of Space Science, vol. 1 (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001) p. 41. See also: SpaceLine.org
60. ^ "V-2 Rocket Components". U.S. Army, White Sands Missile Range. 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
61. ^ Beggs, William. "Hermes Program". Retrieved 2008-12-01.
62. ^ "Redstone rocket". centennialofflight.net. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
63. ^ The Peenemünde replica incorporates many original components along with remanufactured ones and was put together by a group that included Reinhold Kruger, who worked as an apprentice at Peenemünde during the war,[citation needed]
64. ^ More pictures of V-2 recovery operation at Harwich
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit] |
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[ENT] Jammer's Review: "The Shipment"
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• Jamahl Epsicokhan
Warning: This review contains significant spoilers. If you haven t seen the episode yet, beware. In brief: A necessary and welcome statement of restraint. Plot
Message 1 of 1 , Nov 12, 2003
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Warning: This review contains significant spoilers. If you haven't seen the
episode yet, beware.
In brief: A necessary and welcome statement of restraint.
Plot description: Archer must decide what to do when the Enterprise
discovers a production colony that has a peripheral hand in the development
of the doomsday weapon the Xindi intend to use against Earth.
Star Trek: Enterprise - "The Shipment"
Airdate: 10/29/2003 (USA)
Written by Chris Black & Brent V. Freidman
Directed by David Straiton
Review by Jamahl Epsicokhan
Rating out of 4: ***
"I hope you remember that all Xindi are not your enemy." -- Gralik
When 7 million people are incinerated on Earth, and an angry Tucker talks
about not "tiptoeing around" in the Delphic Expanse, and a
borderline-obsessed Captain Archer throws a guy into an airlock to get
information, one begins pondering what vicinity the Star Trek moral compass
is pointing toward. Certainly, the runners of the franchise haven't
forgotten where they came from, but we might be wondering just how far the
envelope might be pushed.
"The Shipment" seems to be laying some ground rules. They're the ground
rules I more or less ultimately expected -- which in this case is good news
that I welcome. The Xindi arc will apparently not sell Star Trek's soul in
the sole interest of shaking up Enterprise.
In short, this episode is about two things: supplying the Xindi with some
much-needed depth, and showing that Archer will in fact be exercising an
appropriate level of restraint on this mission. If you are looking for
Archer to indiscriminately blow the hell out of the bad guys, you aren't
going to get it (and you probably should not claim to be a Star Trek fan in
the process).
The episode follows directly from the results of last week's "Exile," going
so far as to include a "previously on Star Trek: Enterprise" recap of the
relevant facts from that episode. The information that the telepathic alien
supplied Hoshi leads the Enterprise to a small Xindi colony where a
substance called kemocite is being produced in massive quantities. This
substance, it is learned, is a key ingredient for The Weapon that the Xindi
are building to destroy Earth. Archer, Reed, and Hayes shuttle down to the
surface to investigate and, if possible, neutralize the production plant.
They learn that a refined shipment of kemocite is indeed to be delivered to
the Xindi builders of The Weapon in a matter of days.
Now, to simply blow up the kemocite facility would not only be against the
Trekkian rules of morality and decency, but would probably also be
tactically self-defeating. As Archer points out, "I thought we were here to
try and stop a war, not start one." One suspects that the Xindi's need to
destroy humanity, based on an unconfirmed (and, indeed, unconfirmable)
warning, would arise from some sort of extreme paranoia. So Archer has a
point when he says, "By destroying this complex, we'll be confirming their
worst fears about humanity." Doing so might not be doing yourself any
favors, and might instead be tantamount to fueling the fire; it raises the
question of how to regard a preemptive strike mentality. On the other hand,
if the kemocite is destroyed and cannot be delivered, would that be a
crucial setback to the construction of The Weapon?
To gain information first and resort to violence only if necessary (always a
good choice, that), Archer follows one of the workers from the kemocite
facility (which, by the way, has laughably poor security, as evidenced by
the away team's exceptionally easy break-in that goes completely undetected)
and takes the man hostage in his home. The hostage is a Xindi sloth named
Gralik (John Cothran Jr.), who is the director of the kemocite plant.
Archer angrily demands answers, and for a time looks a lot like the Archer
that threw the guy into the airlock in "Anomaly." Scott Bakula's performance
overreaches a bit and is not always completely believable when he shows his
fangs (he's more believable as a nicer guy), and it's a good move that the
story gradually settles him down until Archer and Gralik are able to talk on
more civil terms. The turning point comes when Archer accuses Gralik of
being complicit in the 7 million dead on Earth, and Gralik responds, "You
proves I'm a mass murderer?"
These discussions are the show's true selling point. Star Trek in its pure
form has always been about dialog and reaching mutual understanding, and by
taking that avenue here "The Shipment" becomes an episode of traditional
Trekkian form. This also allows the story to supply some welcome insight
into the Xindi, for us and Archer. We learn that the various Xindi species,
which all evolved on the same planet, were a century ago locked in a long
war on their homeworld. In addition to the five Xindi species -- including
the reptilians, primates, sloths, insectoids, and marine creatures -- Gralik
speaks of a sixth species, the avians, which were wiped out in the fighting.
The Xindi planet (the remains of which we saw in "The Xindi") was destroyed
in the war, as a result of an extreme and desperate act.
The Xindi species have since been scattered throughout the expanse. Many of
them live in peace and know nothing of the plot to destroy Earth. Gralik, in
fact, is disturbed upon learning about the Xindi's initial strike on
humanity. He emerges as a man of pride and integrity -- and also
shortsightedness. He is proud of the work he does running the production
facility, but had never once considered that kemocite, a substance of many
applications, could be used to develop a weapon of mass destruction. There's
a message here about the recklessness of weapons proliferation and the
blinders created by financial gain. It's a message the episode establishes
but does not belabor.
I was less enthused about the action scenes, which emerge from the plot once
Degra (Randy Oglesby), the Xindi that is buying the kemocite shipment to
build The Weapon, arrives at the colony and begins looking for Gralik, who
has failed to report in. Degra and his associates send out robotic seekers
to locate Gralik, leading to a lackluster action scene that looks like a
similar sequence in "Star Trek: Insurrection" merged with the forest
settings of an Andromeda episode. Honestly, this show doesn't need such an
action scene, but I guess the demographics must be satiated.
The story keeps some other threads alive by having Tucker dismantle the
Xindi firearm acquired in "Rajiin." The weapon employs weird biological
components that grow back when removed. Trip's efforts to crack the secrets
of this weapon end when he tries to test-fire it, only to learn that it's
rigged to blow up if an unauthorized user pulls the trigger. Whoops.
I particularly like that this episode is content to keep our characters
working behind the scenes with Gralik rather than forcing a direct
confrontation with the Xindi. The script is wise enough to know that Archer
realizes a confrontation at this time is not in the mission's best
interests. The episode is about information gathering and reaching a mutual
understanding with Gralik, who is essentially a neutral party. It is a
measure of the level of trust that Gralik and Archer are able to reach that
Gralik ultimately takes Archer's word over those of his Xindi customers. "I
may have just betrayed my people to a ruthless alien species," Gralik says
to Archer, after his customers have told him why they need the kemocite.
It's a fair moment of bemused caution, considering the situation Gralik has
found himself in.
But I still want to know why the Xindi want to blow up a planet,
exterminating humanity and countless other forms of life based merely on the
say-so of some fool from the future. Can this be made believable in any
circumstance? Are the stakes maybe just a bit higher than they need to be
for this kind of drama? I guess we'll find out.
Until then, I'll be in favor of Archer asking as many questions as he can.
Next week: Time travel by way of missing memories.
Copyright 2003 Jamahl Epsicokhan. All rights reserved.
Unauthorized reproduction or distribution of this article is prohibited.
Jamahl Epsicokhan - jammer@... |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57078 |
Re: our broken man package
Fabrizio Polacco <[email protected]>:
> > Groff is pretty fast, and most manual pages are short, so it shouldn't
> > take too long even on older hardware.
> but some are soo big. Bash and perl* are good examples.
bash(1) takes 2.4 seconds real time to format on my laptop. On older
hardware, it might take half a minute - which is way too much, I agree,
but not insufferably much if it happens rarely.
> > manpath every night, check which ones have been accessed since the past
> > run, and format those. Then delete anything older than N days in the
> > cache. When displaying, use the cached version only if it is newer than
> > the source.
> Lars, this is exactly the way it works today.
No. What happens now is that man uses set[ug]id trickery to maintain
the cache as it is accessed. This is risky (set[ug]id is always risky),
and my point is that you can achieve almost the same level of caching
without using any set[ug]id stuff. I'm not saying it's good enough,
or that we should do it, but it might be worthwhile to think about it,
at least.
(And if it is true that our man won't work for root, then we _really_
should think about fixing it or swithcing to another one. man is too
important to deny it to be used by root.)
Lars Wirzenius <[email protected]>
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57080 |
Status of Unofficial Sarge Release Issues (Updated for July)
The last time I posted my unofficial release issues status I received
several requests to change the formatting, and so I have. I plan to find a
site to host this html document (preferably alioth), but I haven't ironed
out the details yet. It should also be strongly noted that this is an
unofficial document.
let me know.
Drew Daniels
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57081 |
Re: Ongoing Firefox (and Thunderbird) Trademark problems
* Don Armstrong ([email protected]) wrote:
> On Thu, 16 Jun 2005, Eric Dorland wrote:
> > Well I don't think DFSG #4 says the rename has to be easy, it just
> > has to be possible.
> Yes. However, the last sentence in DFSG #4 only talks about renaming,
> not being forced to change content.
Ummm, huh? If I legally change my name, I also have to change the name
on my driver's license. If I change the name of my program, I also
change all references to that name in program (if for no other reason,
consistency). Is that really so unexpected?
The DFSG didn't tell you to breathe either, I hope you can still
figure out that you should do it :)
Eric Dorland <[email protected]>
ICQ: #61138586, Jabber: [email protected]
Version: 3.12
G e h! r- y+
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57082 |
Memnon Anon <[email protected]> writes:
> But! From a user-only perspective:
> Do I think that the software Joerg Schilling provides is superior?
> Yes.
I've tried it back when Debian still had a cdrecord and that, on
request by Joerg Schilling, did not include the dvd burning patch. One
had to rebuild the cdrecord package with the "dvd=yes"
manually. Debian users where deprived of DVD burning in the official
package just to accomodate Joerg Schilling. So much for the then
maintainer not trying to work with him.
First I installed his cdrecord and then it still just said the media
is to big for a CD. So you hunt some more and find the DVD
version. Grudgingly I installed that and it complained about not
having a license key. The fun of non-free software. Some more hunting
to find out there is a key at no cost for linux users and getting that
installed and it still couldn't burn DVDs.
apt-get source cdrecord
sensible-editor debian/rules to set dvd=yes
debuild -us -uc
sudo dpkg -i cdrecord*deb
Worked perfectly ever since.
> I saw several distributions turning away from Schilli software, yet,
> several of them returned. People are lazy, they do not always write
> bug reports, even if they should. But I saw people on debian.user
> and debian.user.german, who got their devices working, when
> Debian packages failed.
This might be cruel but I don't care at all about those people. Software
does not fix itself. By not reporting bugs they have lost the right to
complain about it. Call it a cost of free/open software. Nobody claims
Debian software is free as in beer, only free as in speech. It just
makes me sad that people are unwilling to spend the 5 minutes it takes
to run reportbug and detail what burnder they have and how the problem
presents itself.
> I am not certain, I am no "code writer", still, this is my impression.
There seem to be experiences going both ways. That is a common effect
in forks. Both will fix the bugs that people report or experience
themself and those don't always match.
> So, do I say, Debian should revert its policy?
> No!
> If Debian as a whole considers this software as non-free, or at least
> as debatable, fine. Thats a reason, and I certainly trust debian more
> than a single person or some obscure emails.
> Debian stands for freedom, and every single debian user knows:
> If you use debian, there (might be some, but generally speaking)
> are no compromises to this. Great!
> But, on the other hand, please do not try to stress that the debian
> fork is as good as Schillings. It is not necessary, the
> non-free argument is enough!
ACK. At this point the quality of the original and fork are completly
irrelevant and I hope more people do see that. In Debians eyes the
original is just undistributable and therefore the fork is the only
option, no matter how bad it is (and it works for me [tm]).
> To all the maintainers of the fork:
> I sincerely beg your pardon, if my impression is just wrong,
> and I really consider every work for debian important.
> This is my impression, and as this thread more and more
> circles around "bugs in wodim" etc., especially, since a posting,
> stating that wodim does _not_ work for everyone as fine,
> gets the "You sent no bugreport" answer (which is true!, but imho
> reflects the experience of a lot of people out there)
> , I wanted to share my impression.
I think the "You sent no bugreport" answere reflects some frustration
of the authors of the fork. It is verry frustrating to be torn down
for how bad the fork is without being given any hint in what way and
how it could be fixed.
As such dear authors keep your spirits high. Your efforts are highly
valued and not wasted.
> Someone in this thread mentioned something like, that users are clever
> enough to not fall for this wrong statements, that the fork has more bugs.
> Sorry, I do. Still, I think debian is better of without Schillings software.
> /me should just shut up.
> Feel free to correct me or ignore my posting.
> I certainly will say no more on this topic...
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57084 |
On Mon, Sep 10, 2012 at 10:07:40AM -0700, Don Armstrong wrote:
> lines like the following:
> `find "$main_source_dir" -path "$main_source_dir/$_" -print0 | xargs -0 rm -rf`;
> should really be written like this:
> system('find',$main_source_dir,'-path',"$main_source_dir/$_",qw(-exec rm -rf {} ;))==0 or
> die "failure to run find properly";
Done (also added '-depth' parameter to find to enable removing
directories recursively).
> Doing the first will cause problems if Files-Excluded: contains an
> entry with ",[1] whereas it will be just fine if there aren't any
> entries. [You also probably really wanted xargs -0r, just in case
> nothing was matched.]
> Ditto for everywhere else that backticks is used. [In general, if
> you're accepting any user input into a function which calls backticks,
> you almost certainly want system() instead. If you want the output of
> the command, use three argument open.]
Point taken for those calls where "user-input" (= strings mentioned in
debian/copyright Files-Excluded) is involved. I left calls like
my $tempdir = tempdir ( "uscanXXXX", TMPDIR => 1, CLEANUP => 1 );
my $nfiles_before = `find "$tempdir" | wc -l`;
like calls because system does not return the number of files. Strictly
speaking the two lines above are a shortcut and in the code the dir
which is seeked by find is mangled which might or might not involve the
name of the directory in the upstream archive. So if somebody considers
some upstream naming its source dir something like "bla; rm -rf ~" with
appropriate quoting as a probable intrusion vector I would welcome some
help to even more safely count the number of files in a given directory.
> (You could also avoid calling out to find completely, and use
> Find::File and File::Path::rmtree or similar, but that's a more
> personal decision.)
I'm fine with anything that works - my method was the first one that
came to mind. I have no idea in how far system('find',...) compares to
Find::File and in how for this difference is relevant for the intended
> 1: I haven't checked to see whether " could even make it through to
> the backticks code, but it's better to just handle it properly in the
> first place.
Thanks for the hint
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57085 |
Re: Towards d-i wheezy beta 3
On Mon, Sep 10, 2012 at 11:44 +0200, Marco d'Itri wrote:
> Also, we should mention somewhere (the install documentation?) that
> non-free should be enabled to install microcode fixes which may be
> critical to maintain the system stability.
Could you elaborate on this please? I have been running systems just fine
even though microcode.ctl (and corresponding microcode) was not installed and
a look at microcode.ctl's popcon [0] confirms that a majority of users do the
If system stability does, in fact, depend *critically* on the presence of
microcode does this also mean that everybody should install it? What are the
implications of not installing it?
[0] http://qa.debian.org/popcon.php?package=microcode.ctl
Wolodja <[email protected]>
081C B7CD FF04 2BA9 94EA 36B2 8B7F 7D30 CAF1 4EFC
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Description: Digital signature
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57086 |
Re: RFC declarative built-using field generation
On Sun, Feb 10, 2013 at 03:01:21PM +0100, Matthias Klose wrote:
> But it is ok to insist on using the exact binary version for build-depending
> on source packages when it's not needed? This only seems to be driven by the
> current dak implementation.
That doesn't make sense to me. Where did somebody require this?
Kind regards
Philipp Kern
Attachment: signature.asc
Description: Digital signature
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57087 |
Re: Debian vs. Fedora on Laptops
Hash: SHA1
Hi Again,
Ryan D'Baisse wrote:
| I have looked there and they do have mine listed. Unfortunately, the
| walk-through is for Fedora and RH9. Not knowing much about the
| differences, I was not too sure how much of it would apply to Debian.
Peripheral drivers is the big deal - and XFree configs; if it has
sufficient info for that, I assume, it'll be fine.
| I tried using ndiswrapper with Fedora and did not have much success.
| Mind if I ask what NIC you are using?
Broadcom Wireless. Ndiswrapper is easy to build from source - just
simple ./configure && make && make install, then use ndiswrapper -i
| How did you elect not to use it? I mean, in Fedora the only choice I
| had was to either use it OR download a vanilla kernel and start adding
| to it. Since I don't know SQUAT about the kernel, I opted to simply
| go back to an early version of FC2.
I built my kernel from source without it. Debian has a very unique great
way of installing a kernel. First apt-get kernel-source-2.6.x (x being
the version you want), then go to /usr/src, and usr tar -xvjf to untar
the source file, then go into the directory, apt-get install make-kpkg,
then configure the kernel using make menuconfig (it'll give you a menu
where you can select options), then use make-kpkg, to build a kernel
package, once it's done - do cd .., and then apt-get install
kernel-image-2.6.x-whatever.. and it'll be in grub when you reboot..
| Interesting. I used apt-get with RH until they started pushing yum on
| Fedora. Honestly, I liked apt-get much better.
Debian is built on apt, works great.
| I'm using VMWare myself. I'm actually a M$ developer that is jumping
| ship. So, VMWare keeps me supporting my customers while I move to
| Linux.
I have one product that I develop on Windows - and that's why I use
VMware - Win4lin might be a better alternative, a LOT faster. I don't
have Windows installed on my computer anymore - and it does everything I
- --
Tim Ebenezer
Version: GnuPG v1.2.5 (GNU/Linux)
Comment: Using GnuPG with Thunderbird - http://enigmail.mozdev.org
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57088 |
Re: Bacula: GPL and OpenSSL
On Thu, Jun 07, 2007 at 12:17:28PM -0700, Walter Landry wrote:
> GnuTLS + libgcrypt + libtasn1 implements everything unless you need
> ECC.
> > And why does FSFE disagree with our interpretation?
> Michael Poole gave a good answer.
He didn't address the FSFE -- where are they taking a different analysis
than us on this?
Kern, is it possible to remove the OpenSSL exception from the license of only
those third-party sources, and keep it in the master license?
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57091 |
Processed: user [email protected], limit package to debian-policy, tagging 284340
Processing commands for [email protected]:
> user [email protected]
Setting user to [email protected] (was [email protected]).
> limit package debian-policy
Limiting to bugs with field 'package' containing at least one of 'debian-policy'
Limit currently set to 'package':'debian-policy'
> tags 284340 = pending
Bug #284340 [debian-policy] Remove reference to UC in BSD license or remove license
Added tag(s) pending; removed tag(s) patch.
> thanks
Stopping processing here.
Please contact me if you need assistance.
284340: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=284340
Debian Bug Tracking System
Contact [email protected] with problems
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57092 |
Re: Criteria for a successful DPL board
On Mon, Feb 12, 2007 at 02:08:51PM +0100, Raphael Hertzog wrote:
> On Mon, 12 Feb 2007, Pierre Habouzit wrote:
> > 10 people is the best way to ensure nothing ever gets done. That sole
> > number shows that you don't really understand how hard it is to have a
> > leadership with more than one person in it.
> Please don't make assumption about what I understand and what I don't.
> This number is big to always have some people active at a given time.
Then please explain it better. What I understood from your first post
is that you want to replace the DPL by a Team, but:
* You don't really explain why it's needed ;
* You don't really explain its goals.
Here is what I assumed or understood from other posts from you and
your initial one:
* the DPL has too much stupid administrative tasks to perform, and
needs help. I say fine, you don't need 10 people to do that, a small
team where you work tight with a very few collaborators is the fine
model for that.
* the DPL has sensitive questions to answer to, I say that then this
has to be discussed with the related people (I already gave
examples) and then take the decision, or leave it to broad
discussion among the project. There is no way a mini-debian would be
a good idea IMHO. So to me your idea seems irrelevant.
* You say it's better to fight against people lacking time, then well,
that sucks pal, but if you don't have time, you should not try to be
in that team already. When I choose to nominate myself in a board
election, it beeing Debian or not (and I've been in the board of two
associations already, one having 15k+ members, so I quite know what
I'm talking about), I assert that I will have enough time to fulfill
my role.
About the last point: it bothers me that you take as a viable premise
that the DPL may very likely gonna MIA. Moreover, I don't think that
Debian can't work with an MIA DPL either, there is enough delegates in
the key roles to work correctly enough, I think there has been some
DPL's going AWOL in the past, that has not made Debian run into the
It's not good when a DPL is going missing, bad for the PR et al., but
it's not as bad as inexistant RM's or ghost DSA or absent Buildd Admins.
I'm just trying to understand here what motivates your proposal, that's
all. And in the sole perspective that _I_ find viable and debateable,
well, _I_ find your proposal suck for the reasons I exposed in the mail
you answer to.
·O· Pierre Habouzit
··O [email protected]
OOO http://www.madism.org
Attachment: pgp3k8bWEqAnP.pgp
Description: PGP signature
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57093 |
Processed: your mail
Processing commands for [email protected]:
> user [email protected]
Setting user to [email protected] (was [email protected]).
> forwarded 180801 http://bugs.kde.org/54845
Bug#180801: kword: Ruler almost invisible with dark colors
Forwarded-to-address changed from http://bugs.kde.org/54845 to http://bugs.kde.org/54845.
> usertag 180801 =
There were no usertags set.
Usertags are now: .
> usertag 180801 + bzStatus-new
There were no usertags set.
Usertags are now: bzStatus-new.
> thanks
Stopping processing here.
Please contact me if you need assistance.
Debian bug tracking system administrator
(administrator, Debian Bugs database)
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57094 |
Re: windows
> > "The FILETIME structure is a 64-bit value representing the
> > number of 100-nanosecond intervals since January 1, 1601. "
> It's important, to be able to keep time in nanoseconds on a computer... and as
> we all know, 1601 is an important date ;-)
Now why they didn't keep with the VMS standard, which also had a
64-bit time structure (I forget the resolution), with time 0 sometime
in 1858, I'll never know.
(the 1858 date was chosen because that is, in fact, astronomical time
0, so VMS was indeed adhering to a pre-existing standard)
[email protected] .
Trouble? e-mail to [email protected] .
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57097 |
Re: Linux World Expo - link broken
On Tue, Mar 30, 1999 at 11:44:09AM -0500, James A. Treacy wrote:
> Fixed.
> Gecko, infolink only needs the URL now - it is marked up in the
> template. Before, half the events gave just the URL and the others
> used <a href ...</a>. I hope you don't mind.
Not at all. I had set it up one way (just give a url, the <A> tag was in
the template) and somebody had changed it in events.wml w/o changing it in
Please cc all mailing list replies to me, also.
* Debian Developer, Debian Project Secretary, Debian Webmaster *
* <[email protected]> *
Reply to: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57105 | Shared publicly -
And I call this one "Persons of Interest"
In this Circle:
Add people
Susan Tournour's profile photoLa Vergne Lestermeringolo Thatch's profile photoHermine Ngnomire's profile photoMelissa Solito's profile photo
Wow! You've lumped me in among some very Big Names here, +Nick Wolf!! Thank you!
Wow, this is a great circle to be a part of !
Wow, thanks for adding me in this circle! Just found about this now from :) Added you back btw as you post lots of interesting stuff too!
Add a comment... |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57106 | Excerpt from Karl Delind’s “A history of Retir’un
“Names are important – but the true meaning of the words that make up a name are just as important. Take the name of the world for instance. The vast majority of the modern populace simply refers to it as Retir’un. This however is a bastardized version of the original name – which was better known before the Dark War. Today, there are very few scholars who know the full name of our world, Retir’Araun di Dia’los. There are even fewer scholars who know enough of the Dia’los Languas – or God Tongue – who know the meaning, and even that brokers argument among these scholars. You see, it isn’t a matter of the translation that causes so many arguments, Retir’Araun di Dia’los quite simply translates to ‘Retreat of the Gods,’ but it is the true meaning of Retir’Araun that causes the problem. In our modern language, retreat has two meanings. It can be a place, as in a summer home a wealthy merchant might have, or an action as in a losing army might do. There are those scholars who believe that Retir’Araun refers to a place, and there are those who believe it refers to an action. There are of course a very small number of scholars who believe it means both. The two main factions argue back and forth, presenting ideas from the preposterous to hypothesized guesses they would be frightened to learn are more true than they realize.”
Civilization has come back from the distruction caused by the Dark War; Commerse, trade, magic & technology are once again moving forward. On the continent of Nordo Ameris, peace has reighned for over 50 years, and yet there are once again whispers of dark tidings & rumors of war and death. An ancient foe is once again rising, and the hope of the world is being placed in a small group of chosen who have no idea that destiny has guided them to this path, or that their lives have been more manipulated than they believe.
Welcome to the world of Retir’un, where ancient history is about to reveal itself and smash perceived reality.
To get started
Current Events
The PC’s are currently trying to defend the city of Waypoint from a surprise siege.
bzero IceSpark exalteddarkness |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57128 | IM address for Mail Enabled Users?
• Is there a way to specify the IM address for a Mail Enabled User in Exchange 2010 Standard?
Single company, two main divisions. All users login to foo.com (that's the only A/D domain). Division 1 uses internal Exchange 2010 Std. and Lync 2010 Std. servers. Division 2, however, has a different "brand" and all email/communications are @bar.com. Additionally, Division 2 is completely migrated to Office365 (i.e. no co-existence).
We've successfully federated the domains in Lync and can fully communicate. To make it easier for Division 1 to email Division 2, we mail-enabled the Division 2 A/D user accounts in the on-premise Division 1 Exchange server (the external contact mail-user feature, not actual mailboxes) so that they show up in the GAL.
This does mean, though, that if a Division 1 user searches for a Division 2 user in Lync, the first thing he comes across is the name, email address and phone number of that mail-enabled user in the GAL, but only the phone -- no Lync presence or "IM-ability." Even if that user is added to the Lync contacts, Since the result is found in the Division 1 GAL, it doesn't go on outside to find the Office365 Lync information.
The work-around (that I'm trying to eliminate) is that if a Division 1 user adds the Division 2 mail-enabled User from the GAL to his local contacts and manually fills in the IM address field, then Lync sees that contact (before the GAL) and everything works fine. But ideally I'd like the GAL to contain that IM address so that Division 1 users could just "Lync up" from the GAL. Is that possible?
Note -- I tried adding the SIP email address to the Division 2 mail-enabled users, but that didn't work.
Thursday, June 14, 2012 2:02 PM
All replies |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57133 | More titles to consider
Shopping Cart
To Mrs. Hopper, Yoshi Takahashi may be just another name from her daughters' past, but for Jean and her sister, Colette, he stands for much more. Years ago, Mr. Takahashi moved into their Toronto neighbourhood and sent the adolescent lives of Jean and Colette into a tailspin. They weren't content merely to befriend the Japanese pianist - in their infatuation they sought to mirror his life as closely as possible.
The enchantment lingers into adult life in ways both sisters are reluctant to recognize. This weekend they have been invited to an extravagant family celebration in Victoria, B.C. As the party gains momentum, so does the tension between the sisters. As before, the larger-than-life Mr. Takahashi casts his spell.
Originally published in 1985, A Certain Mr. Takahashi won the coveted Seal First Novel Award and the Books in Canada/W.H. Smith First Novel Award.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57139 | Export (0) Print
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WaitHandle.SignalAndWait Method (WaitHandle, WaitHandle, Int32, Boolean)
Signals one WaitHandle and waits on another, specifying a time-out interval as a 32-bit signed integer and specifying whether to exit the synchronization domain for the context before entering the wait.
Namespace: System.Threading
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
public static bool SignalAndWait(
WaitHandle toSignal,
WaitHandle toWaitOn,
int millisecondsTimeout,
bool exitContext
Type: System.Threading.WaitHandle
The WaitHandle to signal.
Type: System.Threading.WaitHandle
The WaitHandle to wait on.
Type: System.Int32
An integer that represents the interval to wait. If the value is Timeout.Infinite, that is, -1, the wait is infinite.
Type: System.Boolean
true to exit the synchronization domain for the context before the wait (if in a synchronized context), and reacquire it afterward; otherwise, false.
Return Value
Type: System.Boolean
true if both the signal and the wait completed successfully, or false if the signal completed but the wait timed out.
toSignal is null.
toWaitOn is null.
The method is called on a thread that has STAThreadAttribute.
This method is not supported on Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition.
toSignal is a semaphore, and it already has a full count.
The wait completed because a thread exited without releasing a mutex. This exception is not thrown on Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition.
The WaitHandle cannot be signaled because it would exceed its maximum count.
This operation is not guaranteed to be atomic. After the current thread signals toSignal but before it waits on toWaitOn, a thread that is running on another processor might signal toWaitOn or wait on it.
If millisecondsTimeout is zero, the method does not block. It tests the state of the toWaitOn and returns immediately.
Notes on Exiting the Context
The exitContext parameter has no effect unless the SignalAndWait method is called from inside a nondefault managed context. This can happen if your thread is inside a call to an instance of a class derived from ContextBoundObject. Even if you are currently executing a method on a class that does not derive from ContextBoundObject, like String, you can be in a nondefault context if a ContextBoundObject is on your stack in the current application domain.
When your code is executing in a nondefault context, specifying true for exitContext causes the thread to exit the nondefault managed context (that is, to transition to the default context) before executing the SignalAndWait method. The thread returns to the original nondefault context after the call to the SignalAndWait method completes.
This can be useful when the context-bound class has SynchronizationAttribute. In that case, all calls to members of the class are automatically synchronized, and the synchronization domain is the entire body of code for the class. If code in the call stack of a member calls the SignalAndWait method and specifies true for exitContext, the thread exits the synchronization domain, allowing a thread that is blocked on a call to any member of the object to proceed. When the SignalAndWait method returns, the thread that made the call must wait to reenter the synchronization domain.
.NET Framework
.NET Framework Client Profile
Supported in: 4, 3.5 SP1
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57141 | Export (0) Print
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Receive and Publish Certificate
Lync Server 2010
Topic Last Modified: 2010-12-13
The next step of the connection process is for the device to send a certificate signing request to the Web Services. The device uses this certificate to provide a more secure communications channel that uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) with Web Services or Registrar.
The device sends a Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) certificate signing request (CSR) to the Web Services. The Web Services responds by returning a certificate for the user on that device, signed by the private key of the Web Services. Additionally, this certificate will be published in the data store of the user’s home pool.
Issue: Web Services cannot publish the certificate requested by the device because it cannot connect to the User Services data store on the pool where the user is homed. An event is logged to the IIS event log, noting that the data store cannot be reached: "data store unavailable." This can occur anytime the User Services store is not located on the same server as Web Services.
Resolution: This may be a sporadic error indicating a connectivity problem between the Registrar the device is connecting to, or may indicate an ongoing problem. In the case of a sporadic error, retry the device’s request by restarting the device. To do this, unplug the device’s power supply, wait a few seconds, and then reconnect power. The device cycles through the connection process, before sending the certificate publish request again. This time Web Services is able to publish the user’s certificate in the user’s home pool and returns the certificate to the device.To determine whether this is a wider problem and is not specific to the device, run the test-CsPhoneBootstrap synthetic transaction:
test-CsPhoneBootstrap -PhoneorExt <phone or ext of user> -PIN <user's PIN> -UserSipAddress <user's SIP URI> -verbose
This transaction demonstrates that the user’s phone number and PIN match the user’s URI.
You can add the parameters –TargetCertProvWSURL <web services URL> and –TargetFqdn <Registrar FQDN> to bypass DHCP discovery.
Issue: The certificate that is generated by the Web Services cannot be generated or published due to a problem on the Registrar.
Resolution: Check the health of the Registrar by first looking in the Microsoft System Center Operations Manager Management Pack for any alerts regarding the Registrar that the device is connecting to. In System Center Operations Manager, browse to the Registrar and view any critical alerts or state changes indicating a problem that is not critical. Follow the instructions to resolve the problem.If Operations Manager is not available, use the following synthetic transaction to check.
$cred = get-credential
test-CsClientAuth -UserSipAddress <sip address> -UserCredential $cred -TargetFQDN
If you want to use DHCP discovery, do not specify –TargetFQDN. If you do not want to use DHCP discovery, provide the destination fully qualified domain name (FQDN) into the synthetic transaction and DHCP discovery will be bypassed. The output should show you at what point authentication failed (for example, the DHCP discovery message may not receive a response). Follow the directions in the transaction output to resolve the problem. You can check that the web server is running by looking at the certprov.log in Ocslogger (that is, generated on each of the rtcsrv instances within the pool). You need to get logs from every server in the pool because at this point we do not know which one the device is being directed to. After the problems have been resolved, restart the device to trigger a new connection attempt. This time the certificate should be published to the pool on which the user is homed and returned to the device.
Issue: The device cannot verify the certificate presented by Web Services for TLS communications. The device uses the root certificate chain downloaded when the device first connects to the web server. If this chain does not have a full path of trust from the root certification authority (CA) to the web server, the certificate the web server presents cannot be verified.
Resolution: The device has a number of certificates from well-known CAs when it ships. It is important that the certificate used to identify the web server is issued by a CA that has a chain of trust up to one of these root CAs. If this is not the case, the device will not be able to validate the certificate the server presents for TLS communications.
You can bypass the Receive and Publish Certificate step by using a USB cable to connect the device to a computer running Lync. This process performs the get and publish certificate and will also install the certificate on to the device.
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© 2015 Microsoft |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57144 |
Versions: 00 01 02 RFC 1468
Network Working Group Jun Murai
Internet Draft Mark Crispin
Erik van der Poel
1st December 1992
Japanese Character Encoding for Internet Message Bodies
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working
and its Working Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet Drafts.
Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
draft" or "work in progress."
Please check the I-D abstract listing contained in each Internet
Draft directory to learn the current status of this or any other
Internet Draft.
This draft document will be submitted to the RFC editor as an
informational document. This document will expire before 1st June
1993. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Please send comments
to [email protected].
This document describes the encoding used in electronic mail [RFC822]
and network news [RFC1036] message bodies in several Japanese
networks. It was first specified by and used in JUNET [JUNET]. The
encoding is now also widely used in Japanese IP communities.
This document names the encoding "ISO-2022-JP", which is intended to
be used in the "charset" parameter field of MIME [MIME] messages. The
use of ISO-2022-JP in RFC 1342 [RFC1342] headers is expected to be
the subject of a separate document.
This document only describes the encoding of plain text. The encoding
of other subtypes of text, such as richtext, is not discussed here.
Murai et al Expires 1st June 1993 [Page 1]
Internet Draft Updated 1st December 1992
The message body starts in ASCII [ASCII], and switches to Japanese
characters through an escape sequence. For example, the escape
sequence ESC $ B (three bytes, hexadecimal values: 1B 24 42)
indicates that the bytes following this escape sequence are Japanese
characters, which are encoded in two bytes each. To switch back to
ASCII, the escape sequence ESC ( B is used.
The following table gives the escape sequences and the character sets
used in ISO-2022-JP messages. The ISOREG number is the registration
number in ISO's registry [ISOREG].
Esc Seq Character Set ISOREG
ESC ( B ASCII 6
ESC ( J JIS X 0201-1976 ("Roman" set) 14
ESC $ @ JIS X 0208-1978 42
ESC $ B JIS X 0208-1983 87
Note that JIS X 0208-1983 was called JIS C 6226-1983 until the name
was changed in March 1987. Likewise, JIS C 6220 was renamed JIS X
The "Roman" character set of JIS X 0201 [JISX0201] is identical to
ASCII except for backslash (\) and tilde (~). The backslash is
replaced by the Yen sign, and the tilde is replaced by macron
(overline). This set is Japan's national variant of ISO 646 [ISO646].
The JIS X 0208 [JISX0208] character sets consist of Kanji, Hiragana,
Katakana and some other symbols and characters. Each character takes
up two bytes.
For further details about the JIS Japanese national character set
standards, refer to [JISX0201] and [JISX0208]. For further
information about the escape sequences, see [ISO2022] and [ISOREG].
If there are JIS X 0208 characters on a line, there must be a switch
to ASCII or to the "Roman" set of JIS X 0201 before the end of the
line (i.e. before the CRLF). This means that the next line starts in
the character set that was switched to before the end of the previous
Also, the message body must end with CRLF, and there must be a switch
to ASCII before the last CRLF (if there are any non-ASCII characters
in the message body).
Other restrictions are given in the Formal Syntax below.
Murai et al Expires 1st June 1993 [Page 2]
Internet Draft Updated 1st December 1992
Formal Syntax
The notational conventions used here are identical to those used in
RFC 822 [RFC822].
The * (asterisk) convention is as follows:
l*m something
default values of 0 and infinity, respectively.
line = *text *1( *segment single-byte-seq *text ) CRLF
single-byte-segment = single-byte-seq 1*text
double-byte-seq = ESC "$" ( "@" / "B" )
; ( Octal, Decimal.)
one-of-94 = <any char in 94-char set> ; (41-176, 33.-126.)
text = <any CHAR, including bare CR & bare LF, but NOT
including CRLF, and not including ESC, SI, SO>
MIME Considerations
The name given to the JUNET character encoding is "ISO-2022-JP". This
name is intended to be used in MIME messages as follows:
Murai et al Expires 1st June 1993 [Page 3]
Internet Draft Updated 1st December 1992
The ISO-2022-JP encoding is already in 7-bit form, so it is not
noted that applying the Base64 or Quoted-Printable encoding will
render the message unreadable in current JUNET software.
Background Information
The JUNET encoding was described in the JUNET User's Guide [JUNET]
(JUNET Riyou No Tebiki Dai Ippan).
The encoding is based on the particular usage of ISO 2022 announced
by 4/1 (see [ISO2022] for details). However, the escape sequence
normally used for this announcement is not included in ISO-2022-JP
The so-called half-width (hankaku) Katakana, that is, the Kana set of
JIS X 0201, are not used in ISO-2022-JP messages.
In the past, some systems erroneously used the escape sequence ESC (
H in JUNET messages. This escape sequence is officially registered
for a Swedish character set [ISOREG], and should not be used in ISO-
2022-JP messages.
Some systems do not distinguish between ESC ( B and ESC ( J or
between ESC $ @ and ESC $ B for display. However, when relaying a
message to another system, the escape sequences must not be altered
in any way.
The human user (not implementor) should try to keep lines within 80
display columns, or, preferably, within 75 (or so) columns, to allow
insertion of ">" at the beginning of each line in excerpts. Each JIS
X 0208 character takes up two columns, and the escape sequences do
not take up any columns. The implementor is reminded that JIS X 0208
characters take up two bytes and should not be split in the middle to
break lines for displaying, etc.
The JIS X 0208 standard was revised in 1990, to add two characters at
the end of the table. Although ISO 2022 specifies special additional
escape sequences to indicate the use of revised character sets, it is
suggested here not to make use of this special escape sequence in
ISO-2022-JP text, even if the two characters added to JIS X 0208 in
1990 are used.
Murai et al Expires 1st June 1993 [Page 4]
Internet Draft Updated 1st December 1992
[ASCII] American National Standards Institute, "Coded character set
-- 7-bit American national standard code for information
interchange", ANSI X3.4-1968
[ISO646] International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
"Information processing -- ISO 7-bit coded character set for
information interchange", International Standard, Ref. No. ISO 646-
1983 (E)
[ISO2022] International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
-- Code extension techniques", International Standard, Ref. No. ISO
2022-1986 (E)
[ISOREG] International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
"International Register of Coded Character Sets To Be Used With
Escape Sequences"
[JISX0201] Japanese Standards Association, "Code for Information
Interchange", JIS X 0201-1976
[JISX0208] Japanese Standards Association, "Code of the Japanese
graphic character set for information interchange", JIS X 0208-1978,
-1983 and -1990
[JUNET] JUNET Riyou No Tebiki Sakusei Iin Kai (JUNET User's Guide
Drafting Committee), "JUNET Riyou No Tebiki (Dai Ippan)" ("JUNET
User's Guide (First Edition)"), February 1988
[MIME] Nathaniel Borenstein and Ned Freed, "MIME (Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions): Mechanisms for Specifying and Describing
the Format of Internet Message Bodies", Proposed (Internet) standard,
June 1992, rfc1341
[RFC822] David H. Crocker, "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet
Text Messages", Internet standard, August 1982, rfc822
[RFC1036] M. Horton and R. Adams, "Standard for Interchange of USENET
Messages", December 1987, rfc1036
[RFC1342] Keith Moore, "Representation of Non-ASCII Text in Internet
Message Headers", Proposed (Internet) standard, June 1992, rfc1342
Security Considerations
Murai et al Expires 1st June 1993 [Page 5]
Internet Draft Updated 1st December 1992
Security considerations are not discussed in this memo.
Many people assisted in drafting this document. The authors wish to
thank in particular Akira Kato, Masahiro Sekiguchi and Ken'ichi
Authors' Addresses
Jun Murai
Keio University
5322 Endo, Fujisawa
Kanagawa 252 Japan
Fax: +81 (466) 49-1101
EMail: [email protected]
Mark Crispin
Panda Programming
6158 Lariat Loop NE
Bainbridge Island, WA 98110-2098
Phone: +1 (206) 842-2385
Erik M. van der Poel
A-105 Park Avenue
4-4-10 Ohta, Kisarazu
Chiba 292 Japan
Phone: +81 (438) 22-5836
Fax: +81 (438) 22-5837
EMail: [email protected]
Murai et al Expires 1st June 1993 [Page 6]
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57153 | Plugin Directory
Line In Typography for WordPress
1. Upload the 'line-in-typography' folder to your /wp-content/plugins/ directory
3. Go to Settings -> Line In Typography and edit your settings (you'll need to know which elements you want to apply the grid to)
4. As if by magic, a control panel should appear on the user side where you should be able to toggle the various options.
Requires: 2.8 or higher
Compatible up to: 3.2.1
Last Updated: 2011-11-9
Active Installs: Less than 10
0 out of 5 stars
Got something to say? Need help?
Not enough data
0 people say it works.
0 people say it's broken. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57165 | Plugin Reviews
wordpress prevent copy paste plugin (lite)
Our plugin protect your content from being copied by any other web sites, the content is the jing and you dont want your content to spread without you
4 reviews
Average Rating
2.5 out of 5 stars
Please stop harrassing us!
By ,
Hi wp-buy/ashrafweb
I would appreciate it if you'd stop harassing us and leaving negative ratings on our plugin simply because we are a clear threat to you. We do not appreciate this!
Furthermore, I will also be reporting this to the staff. The fact that you are hiding behind two different accounts (wp-buy AND ashrafweb) both with the SAME plugins ... says a lot about you.
Please stop harassing us.
By , for WP 3.6.1
Please look at the first two functions (wpcp_activate and wpcp_deactivate) of this plugin. You will see that it forces an email to the developer with your website address when you activate it and deactivate it. This is WITHOUT YOUR PERMISSION.
It also has a function (wpcp_credit) that adds a link in the footer to the following website: http://pretty-pictures-ar.blogspot.com/2013/07/beautiful-child-photos.html.
If that isn't creepy enough, the footer information with that link is coded to be hidden when you are logged into your wordpress website. It only shows up when you are not. WITHOUT YOUR PERMISSION!
There are others available on here. Pick a different one.
Displays "Protected by" and some arabic characters
By , for WP 3.5.2
Posting this in case someone else needs to figure out where the "protected by" followed by some arabic characters comes from. As soon as I de-activated the plugin, it was no longer displayed on my homepage slider. The link to the arabic characters was http://www.e-msjed.com/msjed/site/details.asp?topicid-1052.
Our Plugin Puts Arabic and Arabic Link on Bottom of Your Site
By , for WP 3.4.2
Our Plugin Puts Arabic and Arabic Link on Bottom of Your Site.
Our Arabic is not setting on your plugin. Cannot turn off. You have Arabic Link on your site footer for us. Our plugin does not tell you this big secret you not know. Do not look footer after you install our plugin protect your site.
It okay our Arabic on your site and you don't know why it is there or how it got there. You can deactivate many plugins to find this one is the problem which put Arabic link on your footer.
Our plugin protect your content.
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57208 | • Advisory ID: DRUPAL-SA-CONTRIB-2009-060
• Project: Meta tags / Nodewords (third-party module)
• Version: 6.x
• Date: 2009-September-23
• Security risk: Less critical
• Exploitable from: Remote
• Vulnerability: Access bypass
The Meta tags (also known as Nodewords) module provides meta tags based on node titles. In certain conditions, the node meta tags were not respecting access permissions, potentially exposing content not available otherwise.
Versions affected
• Meta tags for Drupal 6.x before Meta tags 6.x-1.1
Drupal core is not affected. If you do not use the contributed Meta tags module, there is nothing you need to do.
Install the latest version:
Also see the Meta tags project page.
Reported by
Barry Jaspan and Ben Jeavons, both of the Drupal Security Team
Fixed by
Alberto Paderno, the module co-maintainer
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57234 | Hi there! My name is Pam, and recently I have been writing Knightmare
fanfics, but have decided on a wee break from the norm! Here's my first
comedy script for Knightmare. Enjoy and tell me what you think of it.
Scene: Treguard the Dungeon Master and Pickle his manservant Elf at
Dunshelm Castle. Treguard is standing by a window; Pickle is playing a
medieval version of cluedo on the stone floor.
TREGUARD: looks wet out.
PICKLE: Mrs White in the great hall with the candlestick.
T: I remember as a boy, the summers used to be so long, the sun would shine
and I would play in its glowing rays all day. These days it only ever
rains, the sun has left England for good I think.
P: Lord Mustard in the dungeon with the lance.
T: Sometimes I miss those days. Everyday I awoke with excitement and
adventure burning inside, huh, these days I just roll over and go back to
P: Oh, I don't know, I'm looking in the envelope.
T: I need to find something to pass the time when the dungeoneers leave, a
hobby or maybe a worthwhile quest to focus my attentions on, it all gets so
dull when the children leave - nothing to do, no one to speak to, same
garbage on the view screen; I mean how many times can they repeat 'A
Knight's Utopia' in one blooming year?
P: damn, I should have guessed it was her.
Treguard sighs
T: Pickle you were playing against yourself, how could you possibly not
P: hey I don't get to see the cards in the envelope! This game is trickier
than you think.
Pickle gathers the board game bits together and shoves them into their box.
He makes for the kitchen.
T: don't eat all of the cheese slices.
P: fancy a piece of apple pie filled with raisins?
Treguard frowns
T: uh-huh. and how many apples exactly are in your apple pie with raisins?
P: none, just raisins.
T: right.
P: so. fancy a slice, with crème?
T: yeah go on then, semi-skimmed for me though, on a diet.
P: diet? Since when?
T: since I answered the door to Greenpeace and they mistook me for Molly
the great blue whale.
P: that's just stupid you don't look like a fish, don't smell like one
T: they caught me at a bad time.
P: oh?
T: was in my scupa equipment after dragging the moat for dropped goodies.
P: oh.
P: and did you find anything?
T: an issue of 'Nudie Damsels in Distress Get Horny', and an empty packet
of dragon flavoured crisps.
T: there was a joke on the back though.
P: go on
T: what's long and sticky?
P: a stick
T: deadpan yeah.
P: that's not much of a joke.
T: not much of a drag either, we don't get many visitors here.
P: well what do you expect it's so morbid up here.
T: it's a castle, what do you expect?
P: just because it's a castle doesn't mean it has to be dark and dismal and
P: and cold
P: and uninviting
P: and.
T: interrupts yes Pickle I get the point.
T: I happen to like it this way.
P: well then don't expect any visitors.
Treguard muses for a second
T: hmm. maybe I could host a get-together, for all my old acquaintances.
P: oohh! A party! Much funness!
T: much cheapness more like, it's not going to be a fancy do - like
Annabelle's last one.
P: wow, you actually remember that one? I thought you got so absolutely,
T: Yes Pickle! Enough!
P: I mean you were dancing about on the tabletops wearing a moose head and
not much else, shouting 'Down with the capitalist gerbils! And let the
independent vassals of goldfish rise! For those who let the rodents take
control are sacrificing their god-given right to wear banana peels as
fashion accessories and go peasant clubbing!' or at least something along
those lines.
Treguard shudders
T: thank you Pickle for enlightening me. Once again.
P: .and then I had to explain to the monarch here that you didn't actually
go peasant clubbing it was how you referred to your charitable deeds. He
might have believed me if you hadn't stolen that battle axe and acted out
exactly what you meant - with added 'swoosh' and 'aaahhh' and 'blam' sound
T: yes Pickle, yes Pickle, YES Pickle! I remember!
P: .and then.
T: SHUT UP PICKLE. And what about you! We all get a little intoxicated
P: oh I don't drink; Elves don't take well to alcohol at all.
T: yes, well perhaps you remember that time when that, ahem, 'King of the
Swamp People' fed you that potato juice?
P: he seemed such a nice person; I didn't want to tell him his drink tasted
like goblin pee did I?
T: still you managed to drink the whole bottle didn't you?
P: well how was I to know? Potato juice sounds so innocent. I'd never even
heard of Vodka before.
T: and that was it, you decided to take the horse and carriage for a spin,
you crashed into ye olde telephone box down the road, ran over Mrs
Pittlewax's dog, joined the local 'England Against Sandpaper' group and to
make matters worse the next day a exotic dancer called Snowdrop brought
your trousers back and told me to thank you for a fantastic night!
P: I don't like sandpaper, honest.
Treguard sighs heavily. T: its wet out. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57235 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: "A Very Turtle Christmas!!"
Author: Marsha Walters(Me...duh! Lol...just kidding...enjoy!)
Disclaimers: I do not own any of the original TMNT characters. Lori and Hari belong to my friend, ChibiJaime. The lyrics from the songs: O Holy Night, What Child Is This and Happy Christmas(War Is Over) belongs to their respectful artists.
Claimers: I do own this story, myself, Shauna and Ukiyo(Means: 'Life' in Japanese)
Enough said...on with the story!! Enjoy! And please do not use any of mine or Jaime's characters without our permission, okay? Thanks!
Leo's P.O.V.
Well...this promises to turn out to be a very interesting holiday...At first, everything was going according to plan. Marsha and Lori had gone out for a little Christmas shopping, Shauna was over at Hari's place, learning about the tea ceremonies, while my brothers and I were training.
Like I said, everything was going according to plan, until Marsha's Shell-Cell went off like crazy. Now we find ourselves in the middle of a crowded mall on the week before Christmas, exposing ourselves to the human eyes, not to mention fighting our enemies. And to top it all off, our Sensei's just caught some sort of illness...
Chapter 1
Leonardo glanced up from his meditation as Marsha and Lorraine walked past him. "And where do you think you girls are going?" He asked, teasingly.
Lorraine raised a brow at him. "We're doing a little Christmas shopping. You know, get everything in before the big rush starts," she explained.
Leo stood up, looking at Marsha knowingly. "You..." She stopped him in the middle of his sentence, raising her hand. "I have my Shell-Cell, Leo, don't worry."
He stood aside and let them leave the lair. Once they were gone, he noticed seven-year-old Shauna rushing past him, her coat in her arms. "Ah, ah, ah. Where do you think you're going, young lady?" he asked, sternly, stopping her in her tracks.
She turned to face him, an innocent smile on her face. "Aw, Uncle Leo! I'm only going to Hari's place to learn about the Tea Ceremonies you two have all the time! Besides, Daddy said it was okay for me to go!"
Raphael knows it's unsafe for Shauna to go topside without him or Marsha at her side...those Purple Dragons or even Shredder could come after her at any given time... Leo frowned in thought.
In the past, before Shauna had been born, the Shredder had taken Marsha hostage and brainwashed her to get her to use her psychic powers for his own gain. With her powers, she could destroy the Turtles at any given time. Donatello had the pleasure of meeting her first, and had the pleasure of seeing her powers at work. Before she could even KILL him, she snapped out of it and healed his injuries, which she had caused without knowing.
Don and Marsha had become close friends since he had accepted her apology and allowed her to live with the Turtles. The Shredder had sent a monster after her a few days later, to take her hostage again, when Don had stopped the monster, and in return, he got his brain zapped once again, only this time, he saw images of Marsha's past. Raphael came looking for the two when Shredder took control of Marsha's mind again, forcing her to try to kill Raphael when Donatello stopped her. One of the Foot tried to kill her when Raphael stepped in front of her and got badly injured.
When his injuries were healed, he had finally told Marsha that he loved her...and that's basically where we are now...exactly seven years later...Back to the story...
"Uncle Leo? Can I PLEASE go to Hari's place?" Shauna's impatient voice interrupted Leo's thoughts.
He shook his head, as if trying to clear it, then smiled at her. "Listen, why don't I take you to Hari's place?"
"Yea!!" Boy, did THAT put a smile on the youngster's face.
"Well, let's go!"
The Shredder's Hideout
"Any News on where Little Shauna might be going, Hun?" A deep voice asked in the shadows of an old-fashioned Japanese house.
"None yet, Master. But we WILL find out," Hun replied, giving Baxter Stockman a knowing glare.
"As for now, I have pin-pointed a location as to where her lovely mother is," Stockman announced, raising his little robotic arms in defense.
"Well? Where is she?"
"Jeez! Hang on a minute, would ya?! Patience is a virtue, you know!" Stockman snapped back at Hun.
Stockman shrunk back in fear of Hun's menacing glare. "Okay, okay! Just don't hurt me!" With one of his robotic arms, he held up a map of a mall. "Marsha's located in this mall. She and her Italian friend, Lorraine Moretti are doing a little early Christmas shopping."
"Hun, you know what to do."
"Yes, Master. At Once."
The Mall
Marsha was looking through the swords and technology departments while Lori was leafing through the video games and horror movies department. They had decided to split the shopping list. Lori would buy for Raph and Mikey, while Marsha would buy for Leo and Don. Of course, she would also buy something for her daughter and Splinter. How could she even forget about Splinter? He had done so much for her in her time of need.
She spent a few more minutes glancing through the merchandise until she spotted the perfect gifts. And just her luck, she had the right amount of money for all four presents. She picked out an old fashioned Japanese sword for Leonardo, a new laptop for Donatello, a Yukata for Shauna and some of the scented candles Splinter loved so much.
She glanced at her watch after she payed for the gifts. They had spent about two hours so far at this mall, already! Sensei and the guys must be getting worried about us by now. I better go find Lori. She rounded a corner and bumped into someone.
"Oh, I'm so sorry..." her voice trailed off as she glanced up to see...
"Well, well, well, look who we found, boys," Hun sneered down at her.
"Uh, Lori?" She swallowed hard.
"Yes, call your little Italian friend. Master Shredder will be glad to see her as well."
"LORI!!!" She called a little louder.
She backed away from Hun until her backside met a wall and she was cornered by Hun and the Purple Dragons. Lori arrived a few seconds later, with two bags in her hands. "Marsha, what's..." Her jaw dropped when she saw Hun and the others. The bags fell from her hands and the contents of the bags spilled out onto the floor. "No way..." she murmured slightly.
To be continued.... |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57236 | Disclaimer: I in now way own Hellsing, it's characters or er…. Anything else like that.
Tennis, Anyone?
" Oh come on Master, it'll be fun!" Seras Victoria had her arm around another person's arm. This particular other person was much taller than Seras, and had a red hat and coat, and wore yellow sunglasses over his eyes, even though it was past midnight and quite dark.
" I still don't understand why we must do this Police Girl. This is stupid." He grumbled this for at least the sixth time they had left Hellsing Manor.
Earlier That Day…
" Um, Sir Integra?" Seras stood outside her Master's Master's office. She came with a specific question in mind, and she was going to get an answer before she left, whether she was terrified of asking it or not…
A young woman, no older than twenty-three looked up at her over circular glasses. She was knee-deep in paperwork and wasn't quite in the mood to be disturbed.
" Yes, Ms. Victoria, what do you want?" Seras flinched inwardly at Sir Integra's tone. It sounded annoyed.
" Well… I was just wondering if uh… uh…"
" Spit it out! I don't have all day!"
" If there aren't any Freak attacks tonight, could I teach Alucard to play tennis?"
Seras' words came out quickly, and Integra's jaw seemed to drop.
" Excuse me, I don't believe that I heard you right… Let me get this straight. You want to teach Alucard to play tennis. Alucard. Are we speaking of the same person?" Seras nodded as a smile played it's way across Integra's face at the site of Alucard playing tennis.
She wiped the smile away quickly and resumed her straight backed position, her suit un-wrinkling itself out.
" You have my full permission, Ms. Victoria. Now leave me be, I have far too much paperwork to fill out…" Integra lowered her head back over her paper as Seras made a strangled noise that sounded much like a shout for glee.
" Oh thank you Sir Integra!" Turning quickly, she raced out the door, eager for night to fall. Integra smiled again as she filled out her paperwork. This would be interesting…
Seras had soon after begged Walter for two tennis rackets and a few tennis balls, both of which Walter gave to her feeling a bit confused.
" Oh, don't worry Walter. I'm just going to teach Alucard to play tennis" She had then taken both rackets and balls and left a dumbfounded Walter staring wide-eyed at her retreating form.
She already had known the perfect place to go, she had gone there several times before and had quite thoroughly enjoyed herself.
She had looped her arm around Alucard's and had dragged him off as soon as she had managed to find him. It almost had seemed like he had been hiding from her…
" Oh! We're here Master." She quickly climbed and jumped over the large fence surrounding several tennis courts. He simply phased through the wire, tempted to have just walked through it, breaking it in the process.
He growled slightly. Alucard was none the least happy about having to do this. He wouldn't have gone, had Seras not gone to his Master and asked her first. She had soon after given him an order to follow her and learn the game.
She handed him a racket and took out one of the balls, traveling to the other side of the court. There were dim lights on, but they had no use as they both could easily see as though it were the middle of the day.
He continued to stand where she had left him, not exactly jumping at the chance to do this. He suddenly grinned, if he was to be forced to do this, why not have a little fun eh?
" No Master! Move onto that side of the court! That's your side!" He took a few simple strides and was where she had directed him. She then yelled out to him a few simple rules, stay on his side, don't hit it too hard, no, hold the racket like this.. and so on and so on.
" Alright Master, I'm going to serve first ok? Remember, don't hit it too hard!" He grinned and nodded to her. He then threw off his hat and sunglasses choosing to keep his coat on.
Her serve was far to easy for him to get. She had hit it right to him, and he held out his racket to get it. Unfortunately, he swung with vigor and missed completely as the ball bounced past him, under his racket completely. He then was thrown off balance, and fell face first to the hard ground.
He hadn't realized that the game was so difficult! He lay there for a few moments, while on the other side of the court, Seras was gasping with pain from laughing so hard. She was doubled over, tears in her eyes, she knew that she would probably never get to see him do something like that again, so she enjoyed it while it lasted.
" You find something amusing Police Girl?" She heard him right behind her, his voice a mixture of a little bit of anger and embarrassment. This only made her laugh harder, and now it was all she could to keep from falling over. She would surely have to recall the events to Sir Integra when she returned.
There was another grumble as he faded out and faded back to his side of the court once again holding his racket. His chance was coming soon, and boy would his revenge be fun.
Once Seras managed to slow her laughter and wiped her eyes, she picked up the second tennis ball.
" I'm going to serve again to you Master, and this time, hit the ball and not the ground."
" Shut up Police Girl."
She dropped the ball and hit the serve gently to him. Even a small child would have been able to hit it. And so he did.
He hit it with incredible speed, and Seras watched with fascination as it sailed far over her head and continued on it's new path. A few minutes later, they heard glass breaking somewhere in the distance and a car alarm going off.
This of course, brought new laughter to Seras, much louder laughter that almost made Alucard loose his cool and shoot her full of bullet holes.
" Are you finished Police Girl! I'd like to get this over with…" Seras decided that she would give it one more try for the team, other than that, they were out of balls, for Alucard had promptly pumped the first ball full of bullet holes once he had missed it.
She served it to him gently once more. Once again, he hit it with incredible force. With amazing accuracy, it came right to Seras. She hit it back to him, injuring her hand.
Wow… Master can sure hit that ball… He returned the hit, and she to him, they continued like that until he decided to take his revenge right then… As soon as he thought that, Seras hit the ball to him.
They had been playing that single non-stop game for at least an hour after he had first hit it to her. He had gotten surprisingly better, but that had proved to be a challenge for Seras. She was now sweating freely as she hit the ball to her Master, who suddenly seemed to be grinning.
As the ball came closer, he hit it with more force than he had hit the other time. He saw Seras go wide-eyed as she held up her racket to protect her, already knowing that she wasn't about to hit it back. Strangely, she didn't move, almost as though she was standing her ground to him.
It came at her without bouncing on the ground at all. It then promptly went right though her racket, ramming her with more force than she thought possible in the gut. That, in turn, threw her into the fence (which was near fifteen feet away) with much force.
After hitting the fence, she slowly slid down it as the ball rolled harmlessly away. It was covered in blood, and as it rolled it left a trail after it.
Alucard walked lazily over to her as her blood slowly trickled over the course. She was not dead, merely stunned.
" I think that I quite like this game Seras." He grinned as she moaned. He then leaned down and picked her up, cradling her much like a child. He looked down at her eyes as she returned his almost joyful eyes with her dazed ones.
" You've got your hat and glasses back on Master.. does this mean that we're finished with the game?"
" Yes, Seras, for now our game is at a stand-still." She nodded as she looked up at him.
" You have beautiful eyes Master Alucard……." He looked down in surprise at Seras, wondering what had made her say that. He figured that it had been that hit, perhaps he had hit her a bit too hard… He instead said nothing as he turned, slowly walking back to Hellsing Manor. He was also slightly shocked that he had called him by his name instead of simply Master.
" Master… come closer for a moment…." He stopped and lowered his head to hers. That was met with a sweet kiss on the cheek by Seras. She then promptly passed out, leaving a highly confused Alucard to take her back to Hellsing Manor, instead of phasing quickly there, he took the long way, enjoying both the outside moon and stars, and the feeling of an unconscious Seras leaning against his chest.
Well? What do you think? I know, perhaps a bit too OC. Got this idea playing tennis with my friend who hasn't played it before. Boy that was a barrel o' laughs. Unless I think of any other ideas, I'll just leave it as it is… I'm open to suggestions, and constructive criticism. Thank you! |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57237 | Substitute Learner
Ch. 1 – Twin Tensions
Disclaimer: I'm still flat broke, so I obviously still don't own Power Rangers.
Rating: M overall, though this chapter would've fit under T.
Note: This type of story has already been done plenty of times before, but I figured I'd try it anew because the conflict between Jack and Sky might very well make it work. Judging by how much better the Rangers put up with each other now, this story probably would fit best somewhere between Walls and Idol, preferably pre-Sam. Please forgive me if this story seems in any way raw or has mistakes; I tried to go over it and edit it where I could, but I don't have a beta reader yet, so it's a one man show for the time being. I was going to hold off uploading this until I could get someone to do the job, but I already have an overall plotline down for chapters 2 and 3, so I can't wait any longer. :P
Sky couldn't stop a cry of pain from escaping his lips as he slammed into the cement building with an audible crack.
"Sky!" yelled Syd in fear as she parried a sword slice from the Orangehead, and then backflipped away from a second slash.
"I'm fine! The wall cracked, not my spine!" he replied as he slowly got to his feet and took stock of the situation. Syd and Jack were attempting to distract the Orangehead while a rush of terrified civilians tried to get out of the chaotic Parkington Market. Z was helping them escape. Besides Jack, she knew the area the best of the Rangers from her days of having to keep out of the way of overzealous cops while stealing for the homeless. She was temporarily unmorphed so she could make use of her clone abilities to direct the mass of people to the fastest escape routes. Bridge, on the other hand, was currently embroiled in a fight with a dozen Krybots. From the ridiculous amount of water splashing out of the nearby fountain and into the air, Sky didn't think it was going very well.
Sky winced as the monster kneed Jack in the gut and roundhouse kicked him away. Jack flew backwards with even more force than Sky had, punching a hole straight through a building and flying inside along with a cloud of dust and debris. He followed that up by ferociously slashing Syd with enough power to send her crumpling to the ground.
"Delta Max Striker!" Sky yelled as he connected the two parts of his weapon together and shot the monster in the stomach. The Orangehead went flipping sideways through the air and crashed into a nearby hotdog stand, sending gobbets of meat flying in all directions. Even after the acrobatics, Sky could vaguely see him through the mess, attempting to stand up to continue the fight. Sky took the few extra seconds the reprieve had given them to run over and haul Syd to her feet.
"Are you alright?" he asked, his mind half on her injuries and half on wondering what was taking so long for the other three members of the team to show up. Jack had taken harder hits than that before. Usually from Sky himself during holo-training.
"Give me some aspirin, a glass of water, Peanuts, my bed, and ten hours of sleep and I'll be fine," she grumbled as she formed her own Striker combo. Sky snorted. The two slipped into their usual fighting stances as the Orangehead, who was now covered in mustard, charged them. Before he could get to them, however, a deactivated Krybot flew through the air from their left and sent him sprawling. Sky and Syd turned to see Z waving as she ran up to them, finally morphed, with Bridge right behind her.
"It's about time!" Sky complained. Z shook her head.
"Next time, you can deal with stampeding crowds. Where's Jack?"
The focus of her conversation finally managed to pull himself from the wall's wreckage just then and stumble over to them.
"Bad day?" Bridge asked, sounding far too cheerful for the situation. Jack just grumbled. They all watched as the Orangehead picked up the Krybot body and threw it behind him.
"Bridge, those Krybots are robots, right?" Jack asked.
"That's pretty good Jack. And you didn't even have to stand on your head."
"Do they have some sort of power source inside them?" Jack barreled on, ignoring Bridge's probably unintentional taunt. "We never really aim for any specific spot when we usually blow them up."
"Maybe," Bridge replied slowly. "We don't have any blueprints on them or anything, and they tend to blow up without us doing much of anything, but I'd guess they'd run on small reactors or something. I don't remember seeing it in their chests when we'd break them open, so it's probably near their stomachs. Either that or in their butts."
Syd glanced at Bridge in such a way that the other Rangers knew she was gawking, even with her helmet hiding her face. "I am SO not gonna ask."
"We'll distract him then. Sky, hang back and get ready to hit that Krybot when I give the signal." Jack took off running with the other three on his trail while Sky ducked behind the nearest building, dropping to one knee and propping his Delta Max Striker against his shoulder. Sky frowned at being left behind again, but this time he had an idea of what Jack was going for, and didn't argue.
Sky was able to watch Rangers in action many times in the past, seeing as how his Dad was always running missions as one of the best. He was also used to his teammates by now, and the amount of times they constantly annoyed him with their little quirks had yet to wear off, which made it hard to appreciate anything Ranger-related that involved any of them. But at times like this, he couldn't keep himself from being awed at the abilities that the dedicated Ranger had at his or her disposal. With the four of them taking on the Orangehead at once instead of three of them fighting him one at a time, the odds were a lot better. Even so, the creature was putting up an intense fight, throwing attacks that kept the Rangers on their toes while trying to hit him. Despite that, he was fast enough to dodge all of their own attacks, and watching the whole thing in motion was like looking at an elaborate dance. Jack had just managed to throw himself to the ground to dodge a vicious horizontal swipe. He jumped back up and threw himself into a spinning kick, which the Orangehead flipped away to dodge. The villain landed neatly in between Bridge and Syd, who started tag-teaming him while Z was taking random shots at him from where she had been standing before. Jack pulled out his Delta Blasters and followed her lead. The Orangehead, figuring that he was taking too many close calls from the blasters, jumped even farther backwards, toward the fountain Bridge had been fighting in earlier.
Jack, noticing that they were close enough to get things going, screamed "Go! Go!" and rushed the Orangehead, dropping all pretenses and throwing an insane amount of punches and kicks. Z, Syd, and Bridge hopped right in, and the Orangehead, overwhelmed, but backed into a corner, could do nothing but fend off their attacks.
Sky, figuring that it was time for his contribution, began to line up his shot, aiming directly for the stomach of the downed Krybot. This was going to be a difficult shot. A spigot from the fountain had broken off in the melee and water was spraying all over the place. In addition, the way the Krybot had landed when thrown earlier had its limbs splayed across its body like a pretzel. And then, over in the corner...
"Now Sky! Hit it!" Jack yelled.
"Wait! There's a..."
"NO! There's no time! Do it now! Guys, get down, now!" Jack ran forward a ways and flung himself to the ground, with Z and Bridge right behind him. Syd gave the Orangehead a parting kick in his face that he predictably dodged, but it sent him backwards towards the Krybot. Sky clenched his teeth, and waited for Syd to hit the dirt.
He took the shot.
"Thankfully, the B-Squad Rangers managed to get all of the civilians off the scene before the battle finished. However, the minor blast the monster produced on his defeat acted as a catalyst, causing several Dithyrion energy accumulators to go up in flames. This, in effect, caused a quarter of the market to disappear in the resulting explosion. Space Patrol Delta is currently working with the Bureau of..." The news report vanished from the screen as Jack hit the power button on the remote and leaned back in the chair in Bridge and Sky's room and scowled.
"Well, at least we got everyone out of there before it happened," Bridge supplied.
"That doesn't make it any easier to deal with," Jack replied. "At least we're not catching the blame for all that nonsense."
"Yeah, I suppose that would be a good thing." Sky muttered, attempting to read his SPD handbook.
Jack glanced over in his direction, frowned, and raised an eyebrow. "And what is that supposed to mean?"
Sky glanced over at him and raised an eyebrow. "I mean that if you had bothered to keep all of your options open to begin with then you wouldn't have blown up half the market!"
Jack stood up and glared at Sky. He wasn't pleased. "Excuse me? I wasn't the one that took the shot in the first place, Mr. Perfect!"
"I wasn't going to take that shot." Sky countered, dropping the book onto his bed and stepping straight up to Jack. "I saw those containers, but you started screaming your head off to get me to do it anyways!"
Bridge just stared at them with a horrified look on his face. He thought they had solved the problems between each other a few missions ago, but apparently not. The tension between them was so thick that he could physically feel it with his gloves still on.
Jack's volume dropped as he looked at Sky with an expression full of contempt. "And I bet that you could've handled that situation so much better than me had you been controlling it from the start, huh?"
Sky matched his level, giving the flaming hot confrontation a sudden injection of ice. "I'm sure I could have. Easily."
"And what do you intend to do about it then?" Jack asked, with his arms crossed. Sky stared at him for a moment longer, then pulled his morpher out of his holster and held it towards Jack.
"We switch."
The scornful look on Jack's face cracked for a second as what Sky suggested sunk in. "You must be joking."
"Not at all. We switch morphers. Kat didn't say anything about them being keyed to our bodies when she gave them to us, so it shouldn't be a problem."
Bridge dropped his jaw. "Are you two insane! What's gonna happen when we get out into the battlefield and Cruger sees you with the wrong colors on? He's gonna go ballistic!"
"He'll never know," Sky answered, still not looking anywhere else but directly at Jack. "I've seen those data tapes when I ran console work for A-Squad, and they don't zoom in on the actual battles all that well too often. And Cruger's supposed to be heading off to take care of one of the SPD sub-groups off-planet, right? We'll just switch back before he returns."
There was a long moment of absolute silence as the two males stared each other down, with Bridge silently watching on. Finally, Jack pulled out his morpher, and they made the trade.
"Alright. Let's see how well you can handle the pressure." Jack taunted, slipping the #2 B-Squad morpher into his belt.
"I'll handle it just fine. Don't worry yourself over it." Sky replied, putting his new morpher away.
"And what are you three up to?" Syd asked as she and Z peeked their heads into the room. Jack and Sky turned towards the girls with identical expressions of calm. Bridge just sighed.
"Nothing." The two simultaneously answered. Z raised an eyebrow, picking up on Jack's body language from the times when the two were living together on the streets and knowing something was up, but she knew there wasn't any time to discuss it.
"Kat needs us for a second debriefing," she explained.
"A second one? What was wrong with the first?" Jack asked, sounding annoyed. The grilling he took from Kat over the entire episode was tremendous, for obvious reasons.
"Not over the battle," Syd explained. "She wants our opinions on Gruumm's attacking the market this time. It did come pretty out of the blue, and there's some unanswered questions about his tactics."
Sky and Jack got to their feet and walked past Syd and Z out the door, heading toward the command center. Syd glanced at Bridge.
"Any idea what that was about?"
"Not a clue," Bridge said as he went about straightening his bed with an odd, scrunched-up expression on his face. Syd raised an eyebrow and looked towards Z.
"Can't tell for sure myself," Z replied, answering her silent question. "I know something's up though. Jack's got this sort of posture he goes into when he's pissed, and he was completely riled up that time. Must be about the fight."
"Hmm," Syd replied, noncommittally. "Let's hope they get it ironed out before the next time we go into battle; I'm not gonna be the one that has to pull them off of each other when we're in the middle of a Krybot gang." Syd rolled her eyes as she and Z left the room, following the two men at a respectable distance. Bridge, walking a few feet behind the girls, grimaced.
"Maybe I should call in sick before we go out there again." |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57238 | One More for the Road.
by Flaignhan.
Part One.
"So, where next?" Martha asked, circling around the console so she could peer over the Doctor's shoulder at the monitor, even though she couldn't understand the circular patterns on it. He leaned over the controls and tweaked a button. Out of sight speakers sprang into life instantly and the Doctor let out a short bark of ecstatic laughter.
It took Martha a few moments but she soon recognised the sounds of 'Beyond the Sea'and smiled at the Doctor. "What d'you reckon?" he asked, "Vegas, 1962? Rat Pack, Live?" Martha's jaw dropped.
"You serious?"
"Of course I'm serious! You up for it?"
"Yeah! But -" she stopped, her face falling. "Sixties America, I probably won't be able to get in, will I?" The Doctor frowned. He'd noticed that Martha had become a lot more sensitive about her skin colour since their little stint in 1913 and he didn't like it one bit.
"Nonsense! What about Sammy Davis Jr?"
"Yeah but he's the one that's earning the clubs money so I think they'd relax it a bit if he's earning them some dosh."
"Rubbish! Frankie and the boys wouldn't play in places that enforced segregation, you'll be fine! Besides, no one can mess with Martha Jones and get away with it, can they?" Martha's smile returned to her face ever so slightly.
"Come and have a go if you think you're hard enough," she said confidently.
"That's the spirit! Now go and get changed, we can't go to Vegas looking like we've just fallen in a pit of Venusian slime, can we?"
"We did fall in a pit of Venusian slime," Martha reminded him as she made her way up the stairs. He grinned delightedly and she shook her head before disappearing down the corridor.
"Miss Jones," he held out his arm and she looped her own arm through his.
"Mr Smith," she said, smiling at him. He opened the doors and they stepped out into an alleyway. Martha wrinkled her nose at the smell of various unpleasant things and walked with the Doctor out into the main street. She had to blink a few times before her eyes could take the intensity of the bright flashing lights, each spelling a different name of a different casino or hotel or performers that were playing that evening. In the largest letters of all, Martha could clearly see The Rat Pack being advertised and she and the Doctor began to walk towards the sign.
With a quick flash of the psychic paper, they were inside. People were milling around, drinks in hand, holding onto their partners, all anxiously awaiting the evening's performance. "How long till they come on?" Martha asked curiously, tucking a strand of hair behind her ear.
"Oh, about half an hour," the Doctor answered, pulling at his collar irritably. "I hate bow ties, I really do."
"Well it's only for this evening, so just leave it be," she slapped his hand away from his tie which he was about to undo and he glared at her indignantly. "Honestly, you're nine hundred years old, so act like it!" The Doctor huffed, obviously not impressed with this treatment but ignored it nonetheless. "I still can't get used to this," Martha said after a moment, looking around the room gleefully. "I mean, just look at it! It's so..."
"Realistic?" the Doctor suggested.
"Yeah! It's just like in all the films! My Nan didn't like the Ocean's Eleven remake. Said it was a shoddy piece of work leeching off the talent of the original Rat Pack." The Doctor smiled and they made their way over to the bar. He pulled a wallet out of his jacket pocket and produced some old American dollars, earning himself an impressed look from Martha.
"Not completely clueless, am I?" he said a few minutes later, sipping at a generous shot of scotch.
"Not completely, no. Relatively, but not completely."
"Oi! You can get your own wine next time!"
"Ssh!" Martha said excitedly, tapping him on the arm even though she already had his attention and gesturing towards the stage. Five men had appeared and people were cheering them, the men bowing and waving away their applause with broad smiles on their faces. Martha fiddled with the strap of her beaded bag which was hung over one shoulder and the Doctor leaned over to speak to her.
"Joey Bishop, Sammy Davis Jr, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin and Peter Lawford," the Doctor murmured into Martha's ear. "Lawford's going to leave at the end of this year, political differences and so on."
"Why do political differences matter?" Martha asked curiously. "My mate Gemma says she wouldn't vote for Saxon in a million years, but I'm going to and we're still friends, even though she's a bit weird. Doesn't like technology. No telly, no laptop, none of that."
"It's bigger than that though. Sinatra's tied in with the Mafia and Lawford is JFK's brother-in-law. It's not just a difference of opinion, it's much bigger than that – oh, I love this one! Mack the Knife! What a beauty!"
Martha had been so intent on listening to the Doctor's explanation that she hadn't realised that the music had started and people were beginning to dance. The Doctor took Martha's drink from her and set it down on a table with his own, before he led her to the dance floor. Martha was pleasantly surprised by the Doctor's ability to dance, and she told him so.
"Well, I've been kicking around for a while, must have learned to dance at some point," he told her as he twirled her around, her scarlet dress fanning out around her, and then stumbled as a couple barged past the Doctor, knocking him into her. "Oi!" he called after the couple, but they didn't seem to hear his annoyance, because they had already disappeared into the crowd. "You all right?" he asked Martha, who was holding onto him with one hand as she stood on one leg, adjusting her shoe so it was more comfortable.
"Yeah," she replied, untruthfully, "these heels are already bad enough without people trying to help them break your ankle." The Doctor glanced momentarily at his black Converse and held back a comment about wearing sensible shoes. Martha did look nice after all, and he doubted a pair of Converse would have had the same effect as the heels did, but all the same, she didn't have to choose heels that high.
"D'you wanna sit down?" Martha shook her head.
"I'll be all right," Martha answered, glaring through the crowd, trying to find the couple who had caused the interruption in their dancing. The glare disappeared as soon as the next song started up. "New York, New York," she said fondly, "I wonder how Lazlo and Tallulah are."
"Wonderful, I imagine. Fingers crossed that no mutant pig slaves turn up here tonight." Martha grinned as they began to dance again, and soon she forgot about the ache in her ankle and lost herself in the dancing. She laughed loudly when 'Have you met Miss Jones' started up, and she barely had time to breathe after their energetic dance to 'Ain't that a Kick in the Head'.
It was only when they slowed down to dance to 'They Can't Take That Away From Me' that she was able to take a good look at the Rat Pack. She frowned as she watched them over the Doctor's shoulder, and something unsettled her about them. Their eyes seemed to be slightly out of focus, as though they weren't quite there. She nudged the Doctor and nodded towards them. They turned around on the spot, so as not to make it too obvious that they were staring and he watched them carefully.
"It looks like the lights are on but no one's at home, doesn't it?" Martha commented, looking up at the Doctor as she waited for an answer. When he didn't answer, she joked, "maybe it's the rock 'n' roll lifestyle."
"Maybe," he said at last, tearing his eyes away but still looking preoccupied.
Martha wandered towards the bathroom, feeling tired yet content. This was what she had signed up for when she had stepped into the Tardis. Travelling to times that people she knew could only dream about, enjoying the delights that the past had to offer, savouring the small taster that she got of events that were still to come. Not that she minded the saving of worlds and the running, but it was nice for a change to have an enjoyable evening with some good music and a bit of dancing.
She went through the first door and heard a conversation drift through the crack between the second door and its frame. Frowning, she moved closer, careful to keep quiet as she listened hard to what they were saying.
"Alpha One says we shall be gone before the close of the decade. I for one am anxious to leave this place; the human form is so primitive."
"Be patient, Delta Four. Our plan shall run smoothly and we shall leave this rock soon enough."
"Gamma Six said there were humans in the house tonight who have not yet been...liberated."
"Well, we shall have to see to that. We can't have them leaving here with any suspicions. The Entertainers will draw a lot of attention should anyone suspect anything unusual about them."
Martha didn't notice the door open behind her, but turned around quickly when somebody cleared their throat. "Deltas!" the woman called, reaching around Martha to push the door open. "We have an eavesdropper."
"An unliberated eavesdropper?" Delta Four asked.
"Yes," the new woman said. "Beta Three can come out of stasis. She will be delighted."
"Now look, I don't think you should rush into any decisions just yet," Martha interrupted, glancing towards the door and keeping down her frustration when she realised that it was blocked by the woman who had caught her out.
"Oh but Beta Three has been waiting for a form for so long, hasn't she, Delta Five?"
"She has indeed. Now, let me see..." she rummaged through her handbag and pulled out a bottle of perfume. "Ah yes! Here we are!" she sprayed the perfume in Martha's face and the last thing Martha remembered was a clinical smell, not unlike the smell of disinfectant.
To be continued. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57239 | For Zutara Week. Prompt three: Smug.
I. Love. Zutara Week. So far, I've had the most fun on this story - of course, it was the biggest bitch of a thing to write, but I am totally happy with it. Yes, the ending's corny, and yes, the idea is probably overused, but I'm still satisfied with it. Besides, I couldn't resist - when I think smug, I think Toph.
So, fair warning, there's Tokka in this. And yeah, I know, it's kind of the same thing as Kataang, but for some reason I absolutely adore the pairing. I mean, Toph's badass, and she deserves someone equally as awesome, am I right? (Though, I still love you, Aang). So, it's not as much Zutara as you all are looking for, but I tried my best to cram it in. I hope you all enjoy!
Disclaimer: No siree. Don't own it.
-- - --
"It isn't up for negotiation, Zuko!"
Toph listened as Aang gave a weary sigh and flopped backwards on Appa's fur, exhaling a deep breath of wind. Sokka, at her side, leaned forward with an aggravated grumble, slapping his face as the two continued to bicker. She shared their sentiments, too, watching the fight with her feet settled comfortably on the ground, her cheek in her palm as her choppy bangs brushed in and out of her face.
"The Water Tribes need protection. I don't care if you have a lot on your plate, being the big, bad Fire Lord and all. When you signed up for this job, you swore--!"
"Signed up, huh?!" he retorted angrily, finally leaping to his feet to face her as she brandished her soup ladle. Whenever the group reunited now, disaster inevitably followed. It was as if they were cursed to go against the times – when there was war racking all four nations, they sought for peace.
When relative peace finally blanketed the world, Zuko and Katara fought enough to cause another uprising.
"I wasn't aware that my assuming the throne was such a thoughtless decision!"
"Oh, please." Toph rolled her eyes as Katara threw away the ladle, listening to it clink against the side of the pot before it was swallowed up by the frothing liquid. That was real smart. How on earth were they going to eat now? "You've wanted this since before Aang even erupted out of that ice cube."
"Hey. Don't bring me into this, guys! I'd rather not be the sole reason for your argument. Again."
"I'd can it, Twinkletoes," Toph drawled with boredom, letting her shoulders slump as she lifted her left hand to also cradle her cheek. Eyes straining through complete darkness to find where Zuko and Katara continued to bicker, she let out a soul-reaching sigh that stirred the edges of her bangs. "You may be the world's beacon of peace, but there's no way you'll ever get them to stop screaming like wild banshees."
She blinked when Sokka nudged her with his elbow, goosebumps lightly peppering her skin as she shifted her head and flicked sightless eyes towards where he sat. "I bet you Katara's gonna win," he muttered under his breath. "She won the last one, and she's damn scary."
Toph's interest piqued at the proposition of a gamble, as well as the fact that the person challenging her was none other than the boy she'd been hopelessly in love with since she was twelve. Not bothering to hide her wicked smirk, she tilted her head and leaned closer. "You're on, Sokka. What're the stakes?"
"You have to do my laundry," he drawled with a simple shrug, and she felt him shift back to watch as Katara threw her hands up and started pacing in a circle, talking a mile a minute. "And I have a lot of laundry."
Rolling her eyes, Toph turned her head back. "Fine."
He hesitated, and she felt her lips twitch yet again when the silence stirred between them, signaling that he was fumbling for words. "Well, Toph? What do you wager?"
"You'll find out," she stated simply. "Just remember, Snoozles. I never lose."
"You're unbelievable!" Katara screeched, cutting off anything that her brother might have hoped to say. "These are my people. They're completely helpless. Sure, we have Sokka in the Southern Tribe, but come on!"
"Hey!" he protested shrilly, causing the couple to stop bickering for a moment. "I'm a much better fighter now, I'll have you know."
Toph could practically picture Katara rolling her eyes as the girl stiffened her shoulders and turned back to the Fire Lord, who'd managed with his uncle's help to win himself a day off and rejoin their pack while they were in the area. They all attempted to reunite every so often when their respective nations – or, in Aang's case, the entire world – wasn't so dependent on their presences. Unfortunately, every time Zuko and Katara came within several feet of one another, their personalities clashed and they couldn't help but fight. So much for relaxation.
She blamed the sexual tension, though.
And at that thought, Toph maliciously grinned, and her toes curled into the earth beneath her feet.
"Sokka, please. You're just one guy. Meanwhile, Mister Fire Lord here," there was a rapid rustle of fabric, and Toph imagined Katara brandishing her arm to viciously point at Zuko, who drew himself up in both surprise and indignation, "can control entire armies with the wave of a pinky, and he isn't bothering to put men on our borders?"
"You have to understand!" he pleaded beseechingly, but Toph knew Katara wouldn't understand. As the girl whirled around and crossed her arms, her back the only thing she would allow Zuko to attempt to extract pity from, Sokka elbowed her again. The earthbender had no doubt that a cocky smirk rested on his lips. "The Fire and Water Nations have been at odds for years. They're just too different. Your people won't take kindly to my putting guards and barracks on land we promised we'd leave alone!"
"Until we were in trouble!" she snapped, whirling around again. "You promised that until we were in trouble. This last winter nearly decimated the Southern Water Tribe. It was all Sokka and I could do to keep them alive. And I've been receiving letters from Pakku and my father, telling me that disease has struck the Northern Tribe. Are you saying we should just leave them to their own defenses?!"
Zuko faltered, and Toph clenched her fists, silently goading him on. She really wanted him to win this on his own. As much to shut Katara up as to help her prove to Sokka that his sister didn't always get her way in an argument. "Katara," Zuko said softly, and Toph blinked at the tenderness in his tone. The mighty and arrogant Fire Lord hadn't used that way of addressing them since he was nothing but an exiled, humiliated prince who'd placed himself at their mercy. "I'm trying."
"Not hard enough." Her voice was flint and steel, and Toph groaned at the hostility in her tone. Katara was just too stubborn and proud. She wanted it her way, and she was going to fight until she got it. "You don't realize it while you're sitting in that plush, lavish office of yours, Zuko, but people out here are still suffering. The world still has a long way to go."
"How dare you!" he shouted, and Toph as well sent a hateful glance towards Katara. Sokka coughed uncomfortably as the tension escalated, and suddenly Aang floated down beside the earthbender with a sigh, leaning his forehead against her arm and muttering something about how stupid the two were. Toph couldn't agree more. "I've been working my ass off! And maybe you've forgotten, water peasant," Sokka stiffened at her side, and Toph worriedly bit down on her lip, "but I was right there with you. Hell, I was in exile for a long time before I joined up with you!"
"Trust me, Zuzu," Katara drawled scathingly, and Toph was painfully reminded of Azula, "we all remember that."
The Fire Lord fumbled for words, inarticulate sounds tumbling past his lips as he struggled against his wounded pride, rage, and remorse, not knowing which emotion to exhibit. Triumphantly, Katara folded her arms to her chest, and Sokka again nudged Toph's arm, a motion that was truthfully starting to annoy her. Sending him an impatient glance, she then turned towards Zuko, who was now running his hands through his hair in defeat, if her ears didn't betray her.
"I'm not trying to hurt you or your people," he said softly, and Toph couldn't take it anymore. Zuko had repented for his sins; there was no call for Katara to hold them over his head until he died. "But I can't give you any special treatment just because I…" He hesitated, and Toph's ears perked up. She could feel the thrum of his heartbeats resound on the surface of the earth, and that was all she needed to know – her suspicions were confirmed. "…because we're friends. People in my own nation are suffering from poverty. People in Ba Sing Se still have to recover from the destruction of their wall and the uprooting of power there. The Air Nomads…" he hesitated, and she felt Aang shift uncomfortably as Zuko turned his attention their way. "There's so much we have to repay. So I can't--"
"You can't let my people die," she snapped, though her voice was thick with emotion.
"I know that. Your people are as much mine as they are yours now."
"Wrong! You will never know the love of my people. You will never understand!"
"Why?" His voice was deadly quiet. "Because Fire Nation is a nation of monsters?"
Silence descended upon the campsite, and uncomfortably Aang shifted at her side, wanting more than anything to play the peacemaker and butt into their fighting. However, knowing that that would only intensify the argument – seeing as, at this point, Aang seemed as though he sided with Zuko, which would only further enrage an already agitated Katara – Toph placed a firm hand on his shoulder and forced him back into a crouch. Sokka, beside her, nervously twiddled with his hands, unsettled probably as much by the tension as he was by the thought of losing his bet.
Katara, however, snapped out of her shock. "That's not what I meant."
"It's what you said," he remarked stiffly.
"What I said was you, who never really knew the love of a family--"
"I had a mother, Katara!" he shouted. "A mother who loved me. I wasn't just some demon spawn, as you tend to believe!"
"I don't believe that!" she shrieked, and Toph groaned as she tilted her right cheek further into her palm, digging her nails into Aang's shoulder. This was never going to stop. The two were going to fight until the next huge war rejoined them as allies. "You don't know anything about me, Zuko! If you did, you wouldn't--"
"Oh, gods," Aang muttered under his breath. In contrast, Sokka was leaning eagerly forward, excited that his sister had, once more, taken the reins in the argument. Toph rolled her eyes in his direction in irritation.
"I'm just asking for help! A little help!" Katara's shrill voice rang through her thoughts, and she switched back to where the waterbender stood, stamping her foot as she clenched her fists and fought to get her way. "I never ask you for anything, Zuko. I can normally do it on my own!" Sokka shifted beside her, slightly offended. Toph didn't blame him. "Just do this for me – for the Water Tribe."
Zuko sighed wearily, and Toph narrowed her eyes. "What am I supposed to do, Katara?" There was still a slight challenge in his tone, but resignation edged in more than anything, and that just wouldn't do for Toph. Katara wasn't going to win again. She tried so hard, the earthbender wouldn't deny that, but when she started selfishly exploiting the softness in Zuko' heart for her, as well as his need to repay the nations for his previous misdeeds, Toph drew the line.
Straightening, she gently released Aang from her hold and breathed a calming breath outward, settling her hands comfortably on her knees. Her toes gently prodded the earth for a moment as she took comfort in the feel of it on her bare skin, and the airbender at her side sent her an incredulous look as he began to recognize her earthbending preparation. Luckily, Sokka was as distracted as ever.
"Toph," Aang whispered warningly, and she sent him a smirk. Before he could protest, she swiftly stamped her foot down, and the ripple of earth shot across the ground towards Zuko's feet. Her friend groaned and covered his face as he watched Zuko trip, and Toph leaned back triumphantly. She listened to the magnanimous Fire Lord curse like a schoolboy as his hands slipped against Katara's shoulders, and then his body collided with hers by force of the momentum before he could catch his balance.
When Aang squeaked and Sokka leapt to his feet sputtering words of outrage, Toph knew that her aim hadn't been off. She could only imagine the look on Sugar Queen's face as Zuko's hands curled into the sleeves of her dress and he stared with horror into her eyes as their lips remained connected.
"Katara!" Sokka cried shrilly, and Toph's grin widened as the two suddenly leapt away, Zuko's heart shuddering in his chest as he hastily offered apologies, bowing again and again as his hair flopped into his face. Katara, for her part, panted in surprise as her hand fluttered over her chest; a mixture of confusion and pleasure radiated down into the earth through her feet.
In embarrassment, the Fire Lord slowly rose and cleared his throat, pointedly looking away from all four of them. "I lost control of my feet. I tripped and--"
"Tripped, my ass!" Sokka spluttered. "You just threw yourself at my baby sister!"
"Sokka!" Katara interrupted, albeit a bit breathlessly. "I can handle this." Stiffly, she stomped forward and grabbed hold of Zuko's wrist. The poor boy tripped at her heels helplessly as she hauled him behind her, trudging towards the trees and out of eyesight. Again, Toph smirked – she had a feeling that arguing was the furthest from the waterbender's mind at the moment. That was, if the elated skip of her heartbeat meant anything at all…
"I win," she piped up simply when Katara's and Zuko's footsteps had faded from her hearing range.
"You did not!" Sokka protested, whirling on her as she stood to face him, casually brushing at the tail end of her shirt. Brandishing an arm, he pointed off towards the forest, the gust of wind fanning her face, and glared at her while saying, "He just jumped my sister! Obviously she's going to beat the crap out of him!"
"Whatever you say, Snoozles," she said in a bored tone, looking down to idly clean her chewed and ragged nails. "But, even if they do argue, that wasn't the argument we bet on, was it? And clearly, Zuko won this one by shutting her up."
Sokka faltered, his arm slowly falling to his side. "You. You cheated!"
Grinning cheekily, she glanced up. "I don't know what you mean."
"He couldn't have tripped. He was standing still."
"Why, Sokka," she said in a faux-innocent voice, "how would I be able to tell where he was standing so that I could perfectly earthbend him to where Katara was? I'm blind, remember? That's just impossible."
"Forget it. Forget it! I'm not going through with this. You're a rotten cheater."
"Do you have proof?" she asked, and as Aang moved forward she absently punched him in the arm as warning. After yelping, he obediently clamped his lips shut. "Hmm?" Still, Sokka didn't answer, though he folded his arms angrily. "That's what I thought."
"I can't believe you." With a heavy sigh, he uncrossed his arms and set his fingers through his hair, which he'd taken to wearing loose when he wasn't sparring or fighting. "Well, what was your wager? Let's just get this over with…"
Grinning, she reached out and gently grabbed his collar. "You sure you want to do this now?" she asked, pulling him down so that she wouldn't have to stand on her toes to face him.
Sarcastically, he muttered, "That'd be nice, Toph. I'd rather not be humiliated in front of the Fire Nation's most powerful ruler…and my sister." Hesitating, he looked to where the Avatar stood. "Uh, Aang, if you could go, too, that'd be great."
"No," he said cheerfully, crossing his arms. "I'll watch."
Sokka sighed, and his breath brushed against her face, making her cheeks tingle. His hands flexing at his sides, he looked back to her, and her grip on his collar slackened just slightly when her confidence waned. Quickly arranging her expression into one of smugness, though, she curled her fingers tight and decided on pushing up on her toes anyway, crushing their lips together before the Water Tribe warrior in front of her could protest. Aang, the spectator, choked.
Pulling away rapidly, her face awash with a blush, she rubbed her hand against her nose and sharply turned away from him. "Consider us even, Snoozles," she remarked shakily, walking stiffly away. "And next time, think twice before you challenge me?"
Sokka remained as he had been, arms hanging limply and mouth open in surprise. Scratching idly at her neck, she allowed herself a goofy smile, as well as the smug satisfaction that, in one day, she'd forced Zuko and Katara to quit their childish quarrels and admit their feelings, as well as managed to wheedle a kiss from Sokka.
A triumphant grin split her face when Aang's laughter suddenly rang out, clear and true.
-- - --
And finished. Please review! |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57240 | The Galaxy Rangers face NaNoWriMo.
Author's notes:
NaNoWriMo = National Novel Writing Month; the fourth wall = separation between the fictional characters and their author(s)
"Alma, status of Killbane?"
"No sightings since the incident in the Xerala System.
"Status of Macross?"
"Still in prison."
"Whereabouts of the General?"
"Still unknown."
"Daisy O'Mega, Wildfire Carson, Buba the Blob?"
"Tortuna or Mesa suspected, Jungles of Bimwhip suspected, unknown. No news that would justify a class 2 mission."
Goose sighed deeply. Nothing was happening. He decided to sharpen his pencil again – without using tools. Then he checked his email, adjusted his spam filter and looked at Longshot's security status. Really nothing was happening.
"Status of Killbane?"
"No new sightings in the last two minutes."
Goose considered folding life-sized paper shuttles. It was Tuesday! He needed some action.
"Do you want to read the report about the newest Crown propaganda?" Doc asked.
"Anything new besides 'Galaxy Rangers are dangerous maniacs who shoot everyone and everything on sight?'"
"There's a really nice article why Gherkins enjoy psychocrystallization."
"Can we interview the Queen about it in person?"
"Maybe you could join Q-Ball, Professor Negata and Buzzwang in their conference about new ways to avert doom?" Niko suggested.
"Are you sure it isn't the conference about new ways to _attract_ doom?" Doc asked after Goose had left.
Niko shrugged. "He was using up all the pencils. Besides, I need to concentrate if I want to finish my report about the doped gerbils we rescued from MaCross. By the way, what's a synonym for 'scum'?"
"Criminal lowlife, despicable villains, the Blackhole Gang…. But…" Doc remembered the original topic "Do you think sending Goose to a meeting with Q-Ball, Negata and Buzzwang is going to reduce the number of reports we have to write?"
Niko glared at him. Doc did not waver.
After a while, she threw up her hands in surrender. "All right, all right, I'll look after them to make sure they don't create more doom."
Doc was able to work on his favorite open source project for a while before he was interrupted again.
Waldo and Zozo entered the office.
"Where's everyone?" Zozo asked.
"Conference about Armageddon," Doc replied.
"A historical debate?" Waldo asked.
At that moment, Buzzwang ran into the room.
Niko and Goose followed closely behind.
"We need to break down all walls," the robot cried.
"And get some flame throwers," Goose added.
"Maybe we should try to get more information first," Niko cautioned.
"What happened?" Waldo asked.
"November is coming up," Niko replied.
"And we need more fresh air, hence no more walls, and more barbecues, hence the flame throwers?" Doc asked.
"No, November is NaNoWriMo," Goose replied.
"A new vegetable?" Zozo asked.
"Not quite. It's national novel writing month, and according to our latest intelligence, at least one writer has set her eyes on BETA," Goose said while he distributed some artillery between the desks and cabinets.
"You're taking the whole 'flame war' thing very literally, my Gooseman," Doc commented.
"The standard plot device if a writer gets stuck during NaNoWriMo is to have ninjas break through the wall," Goose shot back.
"What's a ninja?" Zozo asked.
"An ancient Japanese assassin," Buzzwang explained. "But the writer could also use pink elephants or giant locusts."
"Locusts?!?" Zozo cried, shocked. "We need more flame throwers!!!" The Kiwi started turning over chairs and desks to erect some barricades.
"What's wrong with him?" Doc asked. "Is he allergic to loc…" Niko clamped a hand across his mouth.
"Don't ever mention the l-word around Zozo again. Kiwis are farmers. Their reaction to pest-like l-things is hard-coded into their genes. It's worse than caging an Andorean."
"How long will it last?" Doc asked, worried at the speed with which Zozo was converting their office into a high security bunker.
"Until December," Goose growled, adding some spell checkers and an anti-thesaurus to his weapons arsenal.
Doc silently added two more reasons to the list of why he regretted becoming a Galaxy Ranger.
"Doc, did you see who placed the flowers on my table?" Niko asked suddenly.
Doc interrupted his brooding. "Ahm, no. Did anyone send you flowers?"
"Apparently." Niko studied the bouquet.
"Oh my goodness. I've been summoned."
"The Megamind is back?" Doc asked, nervously remembering what Zach had told him about that evil psychic life form and its tendency to abduct innocent Galaxy Rangers. He suddenly became acutely aware that some writers were more creative than others.
Niko looked visibly shaken.
"Not the Megamind. This is an invitation for a class reunion." She unfolded a card that had been attached to the flowers.
"And they want to meet here – in half an hour."
"Can't be worse than my class reunions," Goose interrupted.
"Well…" Niko hesitated.
"It can't be worse than Goose's class reunions, right Niko?" Doc asked, fighting a sudden urge to check the latest dealing by Jackie Subtract or Daisy O'Mega.
"Well, they are slightly less extravagant than Goose's class mates, but a lot more powerful," Niko replied.
Doc stared at the wall imploringly. Where were those ninjas when you needed them? |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57241 | :P Well I think this chap will be amusing…
Disclaimer: I own nothing
"Be careful, don't go too far."
"I won't, Mom!"
He ran outside, heedless of his mother's concerned shouted 'reminders'. It had been raining all week, he was so happy to finally get outside and play in the sunshine. Elma smiled weakly, leaning against the door frame as she watched him run about. Six years old, baffling how humans developed so quickly. She smiled a little before turning back inside to finish cleaning, her ears perked to listen out for her son.
Kratos was delighted as he ran about the trees near their home, attempting to capture the insects he saw flitting around, or the occasional frog. He had been so bored stuck inside all week, he was so happy he could finally run around. That would have been enough to occupy him all day, that was, if he hadn't spotted the little mammal poking its head around the tree.
The young boy stopped, blinking as he stared at the strange little creature. It looked almost like a cat, but it was standing on two stubby legs and- Oh! A bushbaby! It must be a bushbaby, he had heard his grandpa talk about them. They were nice but shy little animals that lived in the woods, and they'd help people who got lost get back the village, that's what he heard anyway but he'd never met anyone who said that had happened to them.
"Hi there," he said with a grin, inching closer to it.
The little animal half ducked behind the tree again, eying him intently. Kratos grinned. It was so cute! Maybe he could catch it and show it to his mom, she would like to see it.
"Come here," he said, doing his best to sound nice. "I'm not gonna hurt you, I want you to see my mom."
It eyed him warily as he approached, then broke into a wild sprint away from the boy. Kratos flinched, startled by the sudden speed of the awkward little creature before chasing after it.
"Wait! Come back!"
He chased the little creature into the woods, heedless of where he was going as he followed it deeper and deeper into the woods. It wasn't long before he realized he was lost.
The boy came to a stop, looking around the woods, hearing the faint sounds of the wildlife and rustling foliage. Oh no…where…where was he? He didn't know this part of the forest-he was in too deep in the forest. He was lost! Some monster would find him and eat him for sure! He looked around, desperately trying to spot something that might look familiar but found nothing.
He heard a little sound and whipped around, backing up to stare down at the bushbaby, which had reappeared before him. It looked up at him with its big eyes, tilting its head this way and that, ears twitching, as if considering something. It got to its feet and began to waddle off, turning back to look at him and giving another strange sound.
"...Follow you?" Kratos frowned. "You got me lost!"
The bushbaby hopped up and down in place, wiggling forward then turning to look back at him again. Kratos frowned a bit but followed, he was already lost as it was, it wouldn't hurt to follow the little creature.
So he did, the little human boy chasing the creature through the forest of the elves. He wasn't sure how long he followed it, he was so busy trying to keep up he didn't have much time to consider it. He chased it until it felt like his legs were going to break and then pushed through one last dense patch of bushes before he emerged into a clearing.
The bushbaby was gone. That didn't matter anymore, though, there was something much more important.
He turned, staring at the tall stone slab before him. The ancient altar, inscribed with runes he didn't understand. They were elf runes but they were old, hard to read…
A shudder went down his spine and he stared up at the monument, slowly walking up to boy didn't know quite what he was doing, his hand outstretched before him. He reached the stone and his palm touched the polished surface.
That's when he appeared.
You were named Kratos, yes?
He turned around, stumbling back into the stone as he stared at the being that had appeared before him. Origin, the king of spirits, one pair of arms crossed across his torso and the other resting at his sides, looking down at him with piercing blue eyes. Kratos gaped, his knees wobbling.
"I- I-" he stammered but his mouth would not cooperate with him.
You're still far too young to come to me…I had thought more time had passed.
Huh? What did he mean by that? How did he know his name?
Well…I suppose you are old enough to know the beginnings of it, perhaps learning of it sooner shall be better, in the long run…
"I- what?" he finally managed to speak. "I-I'm sorry for touching your rock- I mean stone- I mean- altar, I didn't-"
Calm yourself.
Kratos' body jerked, shuddering and then instantly relaxed. The boy stared at the ground, his breathing calm, controlled. He…wasn't scared anymore, he wasn't nervous or panicked or..anything.
Good. Now then, Kratos, do you know who I am?
Kratos hesitated but nodded, his eyes not leaving the spirits' face.
I should have hoped as much. Very well then, do you know what connection you have to this place?
Connection? To this place? What connection? He couldn't think of anything….
"I-…my mom…found me in this forest," he answered slowly. "Is-is that what you mean?'
Kratos frowned.
"Yes she did, she told me-"
What I mean is that is not what I was speaking of. Your 'mother' did find you here, the more important fact is that you were …'born' here.
Kratos stared.
"I was born here?" he asked, biting his lip. "But…Momma said no one was here-"
She came shortly after I created you.
The boy stared some more, the color slowly bleeding from his face.
"What do you mean…'created'-?"
His eyes finally left the spirit as Origin looked over his shoulder, where the young elf maiden was rushing up. Her dress was torn up a bit, having been caught on branches and thorns, her hair likewise mussed. She stopped when Origin's eyes locked on her face, breathing hard as she scanned the spirit and then Kratos. She only stopped a moment before she ran past the spirit to Kratos, grabbing him and looking him over frantically.
"M-Mom-!" he blurted.
"Oh Kratos! My baby- I told you not to go too far! I told you- are you hurt? Kratos-"
He is unharmed.
Elma frowned, slowly looking back at the spirit as she stood, picking the boy up protectively in her arms.
"…I…" she began but trailed into silence, unsure of what to say.
You have done well raising him thus far. He is still not ready, however, so I shall continue to entrust him to you.
She frowned, her ears lowering as she eyed the spirit.
"I-…ready for what, may I ask?"
"Momma," Kratos whispered, tugging her shirt. "He said I was 'created'."
Elma's ears jerked up, eyes darting from her son to the spirit.
It is time that was known. Elma, the boy you hold was created in order to carry out a purpose in my stead. It was I that created him and drew you here to discover his and become his mother.
Her eyes widened slowly, clutching Kratos tighter as he attempted to ask questions to alleviate his confusion.
"Origin, please I- I know it is not my place, but I must ask…for what purpose did you...?"
Origin suddenly appeared directly in front of her and she backed up against the stone, just as Kratos had done earlier, her green eyes wide as she stared up at the king of spirits.
I shall entrust the information to you, as you are the one that must raise him.
He lifted one hand, setting his fingertips against her forehead. She froze at his touch, her breath caught in her throat, clutching onto Kratos as he squirmed in her grip.
Before her eyes flashed images, most of which were too fast or too blurry for her to make sense of, snippets of sound, sights, even smells and touches. It raced through her mind, dizzying her before it finally came into…'focus'. She saw a man with spiked hair, wielding a sword of fire, tall of stature and with the bearing of power.
He shall be my judge. Origin's voice came. He shall see with a human's eyes, learn with a human's mind, feel with a human's heart. Then when the time is right, he shall render his judgment of this world to me.
Images of the war that raged outside of the elvish lands, the war of the humans and half-elves, they flashed through her mind, the decline of mana, the weakening of the tree, all the ravaging of the world and its resources.
And I shall take his judgment and with it I shall make my decision.
"Your…decision?" she asked, breathless, the images fading away from her as the meadow began to reappear to her senses.
My decision, on whether or not people are worthy of my efforts.
She fell onto her knees, clutching Kratos, who sounded like he was about to cry.
"Momma! Momma, say something!" he cried, sniffing.
"I-I'm okay," she forced, rubbing his back. "Mommy's okay, Kratos…"
Origin was gone. She was alone with Kratos in the clearing, the still, quiet woods. At some point she had broken out into a cold sweat, her fingers dug into Kratos' shirt. She held the young boy as she recalled the image of the man, the harbinger of judgment.
She knew then, that she held in her grip the one who would bring about a great change in their world. How, she wasn't quite sure, not really. Still, she felt, she knew. Her son would bring about something that would change everything.
COUGHSPOILERSthatsomethingis CruxisandthenlaterLloydCOUGH
But you already knew that didn't you? ;p |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57242 | A/N: A drabble for secretlypadfoot who prompted me with 'strays' and demanded fluffiness. Not beta'd.
Harry mumbled in his sleep, and tried to wriggle even closer to Severus.
Severus barely contained a growl of frustration. On one side of him, Harry was buried almost underneath him, and on the other, their cat was firmly lodged against his side.
Every night it was the same. Both of his bedmates slept peacefully, while he fought for just a few hours of barely adequate rest. Just once, one bloody night, he longed to have the bed all to himself again.
For just a moment, Severus considered slinging one of the clingy beasts to the floor. How had he come to share his bed with two cover-stealing, bed-hogging strays?
Then, Harry smiled softly, obviously wrapped tightly in the embrace of a delightful dream, and pressed a gentle kiss to Severus' chest. Directly after that, the cat began to purr, the vibrations of which calmed Severus considerably.
Yes, Severus did sometimes wish for a bed of his own. But, he knew how cold and lonely that would be.
With one arm Severus drew Harry closer, and with the other, he rubbed the cat. Sleep was a long time coming, just like every night, but when it did come, he was flanked by two warm bodies. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57243 | Disclaimer – if you recognise it then it belongs to GRRM
The pain was excruciating, worse than she had ever expected. Not that she had paid much attention to her Septa when she was growing up as she whittled on and on about what a lady should expect to be, do and feel. Lyanna didn't like the idea of her innermost feelings being dictated for her – she was her own woman and she would feel whatever she actually did when and if it happened. Besides she was more than often distracted by watching Brandon sparring out the window with one of his friends or a visiting Lord.
She missed her big brother and wished he was here now. The pain of giving birth was nothing compared to the pain she felt in her soul when she heard of the death of Brandon. She had wept for days and even the love of her Dragon Prince could not end her suffering. It was only when she learned she was pregnant with Rhaegar's child that she managed to smile again. And now he was gone too, killed by Robert in the flowing waters of the Trident.
She felt such guilt at the lives that had been lost by this wild passion between her and Rhaegar. Even now men were fighting Gerold, Arthur and Oswell beneath her window, all because she and Rhaegar were unable to be apart and stick to their duties. It occurred to Lyanna that this pain was maybe her punishment from the Old Gods for her recklessness and the many deaths caused because of it.
She was trying to focus on the fighting outside the window to distract herself from the birth. She could hear that Gerold and his men were outnumbered by the voices but she was still confident in their abilities. She had grown close to the three kingsguard that had stayed here with her, especially Arthur with his warm smile and dry wit, and she hoped that they would all survive this fight with the men that Robert had sent to retrieve her. Lyanna knew Robert would kill her child in a heartbeat so she had to pray that her kingsguard survived.
The pain increased dramatically and Lyanna cried out in pain. The bed was now covered in blood and Lyanna felt dizzy. She knew that something wasn't right and surely there should not be this much agony in childbirth. She continued to push hard, gripping the sheets tightly in her hands and screaming in pain at the top of her voice. The child finally managed to be born, releasing a mighty cry of arrival, just as all the noise from below her window ended. Lyanna smiled with relief and lay back flat on the bed, too tired to lift herself to hold the baby. The pain had not subsided and coursed through her body in waves, from her fingers right down to her toes.
She heard footsteps coming up the stairs towards her chambers. In panic she tried to raise herself but the pain was too much. She tried to push the bedding over the baby with her feet but could only manage to cover its legs. The door swung open and there was Arthur. He held Dawn in his hand and the pale blade was coated with dark red blood. The white of his Kingsguard armour was also splattered with red blood, though none of it appeared to be his own. He scanned round the room quickly. "Lyanna are you alone?" he asked briskly.
She nodded tiredly. Seemingly satisfied with her response he moved to the bed. He saw the baby and smiled "You have a son Lyanna."
"Is he healthy?" she asked softly, her strength failing.
"I am no septa but he looks good to me." Arthur replied. He noticed the boy was still attached to his mother via the cord so he lightly cut it using Dawn before sheathing the blade. Next he removed his white cloak and blanketed the baby, picking it up so Lyanna could finally see her son. Despite the pain in her body she smiled brightly at the young boy. He had dark hair and grey eyes – the Stark colouring. He was amazing to her and she knew Rhaegar would have felt the same as well.
But she knew she was dying so she could not waste time, even if she wanted to more than anything in the world. "Listen Arthur I am not long for this world. You must take my son to Winterfell where Ned will care for him. He does not look like a Targaryen so he will be safe there."
Arthur looked pensive and finally replied "Lyanna, I'm sorry but your brother Ned is dead."
Lyanna was confused until Arthur motioned out the window with his head and it became clear to her.
"He was one of the men who came here today?!" She asked. She wanted to cry though no tears were left in her body.
Arthur replied with sadness in his voice. "Yes. He came with six others. Eventually there was only me and him left, then there was only me. He was good but I was the better sword today."
"You did not have to kill him Arthur, he would never have harmed me or the baby."
"Maybe he wouldn't but even he could not have stopped the Usurper who certainly would. Anyway I made a vow to Rhaegar."
Lyanna coughed which felt agonising in her body. The room started to darken. "Now you must make a vow to me Arthur. You must swear to protect my son and keep him safe for as long as you can. Promise me Arthur, promise me."
Arthur looked her directly in the eye. "I swear Lyanna."
She felt light as a feather and the pain was easing away. She began to close her eyes, for what she knew was to be the final time. "Jon," she spoke quietly with the last of her breath, "his name is Jon." |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57244 | {AN:Okay new story, this will have yaoi, yuri, oocness, and will have some mature content later on. I own no character's, and have no claim to how prison's run, I have nothing against people who are autistic, or homosexual, this is merely for enjoyment, I don't mean to offend any person or person's. I hope this story is enjoyed. Feedback is loved.}
That was the first thing that graced Grimmjow's ear's as the metal clang of the large steel door's leading to S.H.U opened up.
That and the sound of squeaking sandals running, attempting to either get closer, or flush whatever was being held down the toilet rather than risk the C.O coming into their cell.
The scent of urine, sweat and lemon scented floor cleaner was what fogged up Grimmjow's nostrils as two officer's held onto his arms, walking him forward, and prepared to make sure that he was completely immobilized if he got the urge to test his wiggle room.
Grimmjow Jaegerjaquez. In prison for five year's for drug charges. He had been caught at a bad time in his life, and it had cost him five year's of his life and freedom.
Honestly he couldn't believe that he had been stupid enough to do it, but hell when your nineteen and believe that the world cant touch you, you end up doing some stupid shit that cost you the most important thing's in life.
"Grimmjow I'm done. I need a man not a little boy."
"Come on babe, you didn't think I was a little boy when you were hitting that sharp A in the bedroom last night."
"Ha ha, very funny Grimmjow, really. Besides when we got together, I was under the assumption that you would grow the hell up. Look at the fucking test Grimm! I'm pregnant and your more interested in selling dope!"
Ikumi Unagiya glared daggers as she looked at her boyfriend. She seriously couldn't believe this. She was to old to deal with this shit!
She was twenty four year's old, she didn't have the patience to deal with another little boy, especially when they were expecting a baby! She was already a mother, she didn't need to be raising her boyfriend along side two kids!
"Just get the hell out of my apartment."
Grimmjow glared, hearing her tell him to get out was like a sharp slap to the face. But shrugged deciding that it would be best not to put up anymore of a fight, her son was home and didn't need to hear them yelling.
So he guessed she made her decision and was going to go her way, now it was time for him to go his.
"Fine don't come looking for me any time soon then."
"So this is her huh? why she all red and scrunched up?"
Grimmjow knew he most likely sounded stupid as hell, but he had never seen a baby right after birth. Let alone his own. This was his first child. And he would be damned if he missed the birth of his child, even if he was still running around the wrong crowds, they wouldn't of been able to keep him from this.
He was now the father of a little girl with her mama's black hair and brownish red eyes. Though she had his nose and lips. And from the wailing she had been doing as soon as her mama got her out, she had his attitude too. Heh she was going to be hell on wheels when she got older.
"It's because she was just born and her skin is soft. We need to name her." Ikumi said, yawning again as she looked at Grimmjow holding the tiny baby wrapped up in pink.
That was something that Grimmjow hadn't expected. He knew that just getting to come to the hospital for the birth had been a hell of a gift since he and Ikumi had not parted on good terms.
Now though holding the tiny bundle in his arms he had to grin.
"Loly. Loly Aivirrne Jagerjaquez."
"Boss, we got a new one. Where do you want us to put 'im?"
The voice of one of the officer's stirred Grimmjow from his memories enough to look up. He honestly hadn't been paying enough attention to take in his surrounding's. Beside's this was prison. Not a lot to look at anyway unless you got a kick out of staring at white walls with peeling paint and men in all states of undress and concrete ground.
"Fuck. I swear the old man know's that we're full out here. The next thing he's going to want to be doing is putting three to a damn cell!"
That voice though caught Grimmjow's attention real fast. Turning from looking down at the run and seeing the other inmate's, he turned his attention to the finest piece of ass he had ever seen.
Man or woman. And in his day Grimmjow had seen some pretty fine lookers, but this man seriously took the brown eyes, gravity defying sunset hair with bangs brushing his forehead. Straight nose with a sprinkling of freckles across the bridge. Slightly plump pink lips that looked like they were made for kissing and sucking.
And Grimmjow was pretty sure that they would look good wrapped around his cock too.
The male was lean, but had a covering of wiry muscle. Much like a swimmer or the light weight MMA fighter's. And that voice! dear god Grimmjow was practically purring hearing it, even if it wasn't directed at him.
All in all, Grimmjow had decided that he would very much like to have this officer under him, against the nearest flat surface and moaning his name for the whole world to hear.
Ichigo though wasn't thinking about the new inmate that was currently in his control room. He was still cuffed, so Ichigo wasn't to worried. What he was worried about right now though was where to put him.
Moving the thin reading glasses from the bridge of his nose and pinching there to fight off the coming head ache that he felt coming on.
"Put him in the cell with Gilga."
"You got it boss."
The corporal nodded, turning in the office with the other officer, and in turn, turning Grimmjow out of the control room, and they were all once again walking down the run to the cell that Grimmjow would be put in for however long his little fight had gotten him.
He was now in S.H.U, because of a fight. He would admit that it was a stupid thing that he had done, considering that he had only two week's left before he was set free.
But in his own defense, the reason he got into the fight was because some slimy fucker was talking about his daughter, and Grimmjow did NOT take it lightly when his daughter was brought it. It wasn't anyone's fucking business.
Though due to the fact it was summer, it was hot, and everyone was pissed off. One fight had caused a brawl in M.S.U and they were all maced, and eventually had the bean bag gun's brought out and were shot.
Grimmjow though had gotten the joy of being hit with the tazer, it took a lot to get him to stop when he got going, and he had been intent on making the man who talked about his daughter, a bloody pulp.
"Alright this is you."
The officer talking to him, showed Grimmjow the new cell. It was white concrete with peeling paint. About as small as a bathroom with two set's of metal bunk beds, one on each side of the room. The stainless steel toilet and sink combo, and one person laying on the bottom bunk looking half dead.
"When you go inside, get to your knee's and put her wrist's out of the bean whole and i'll take the cuff's." Renji said. He was the officer who had been leading Grimmjow. Well him and Yasutora, but Renji had been the one talking to him. Sado wasn't the most talkative when it came to the inmate's, or anyone to be perfectly honest.
Grimmjow though ignored the command, he had been in prison enough to know the drill. You go in your cell and crouch down low enough to get to the middle of the cell where there was a small opening about as wide as a cafeteria tray and as tall as a small styrofoam cup.
You stuck your wrist's out and the C.O took your cuff's off. Unless a inmate was feeling shitty and then you could take your cuff's but Grimmjow wasn't in the mood for that.
So when his cuff's were off, he moved to the other bed across the room and turned his attention to his new cell mate. He was in the same grey's that all inmate's wore. Though he was as lean as bamboo and he looked like he was still rockin and rollin on whatever his drug of choice was.
"Heh, I'm surprised that Lieutenant Kurosaki put someone with me, he usually likes to keep me alone. Not that I'm complaining to have someone new with me."
The fact that the man was still conscious and had enough about him to talk, made Grimmjow raise a brow. Honestly he had thought that the man was passed out or dead.
"Yeah, well if I'm lucky I wont be here much longer." Grimmjow muttered as he took the mat and sheets that would make his bed, and began to put it together.
Not that he had abundance of extra stuff to make his bed comfortable, but it was better than sleeping on the cold concrete floor's.
"Hm so what did you do to get put back here?"
Nnotira didn't get a lot of company often, and the fact that someone was in here with him, well he wasn't going to pass up the chance to talk to someone. Beside's the C.O's weren't the best company, and usually if you got talkin to them a lot, you were considered a snitch, not a good thing in prison.
"I got in a fight with Aaroniero."
Grimmjow was keeping his answer's short ad clipped. He wasn't the most talkative and the fact that he was now in S.H.U, it kind of pissed him off, so he was keeping to himself.
Nnotira just laughed though. He thought it as damn time someone knocked that man down. Aaroniero was about as crazy as a fucking nutty bar, he had to take meds daily, but he was a bastard with a bad attitude and a 'I am better than you' air rolling off of him. So Nnotira thought that he got what he had coming to him.
"Damn wish I could of been there to see that shit. I bet it was pretty damn funny to see his ass get knocked down"
Cyan blue eyes flicked back to Nnotira with a raised brow before nodding. He didn't know to much about this new 'roomie' that he had. But he wasn't about to start getting friendly with him either.
Not till he had a little more to go on when it came to him. So for now he simply moved back to laying on his 'bed' and closed his eyes. It was going to be a long night.
In the control room, Ichigo was about ready to kill the Chief. The man knew that Ichigo only had so much space out in his unit. And the fact that he was sending another inmate out was honestly pushing Ichigo, and the other inmate's to a already testy level. And on top of the heat and temper's, Ichigo would have more paper work to keep up with. Bloody lovely.
"The paper work isn't going to burst into flames, despite how hot it is."
"Or how hot that new inmate is, bring him in here to sit on your desk naked and I'm pretty sure that thing's might burst into flames."
Ichigo paused mid thought to look at Renji, the sound of a pen scratching across the paper's stopped. Even Sado, who had been looking over the paper's that he could sign, paused eyeing Renji, silently wondering if the redhead had actually said that or if he had suddenly acquired mind reading abilities.
Now Ichigo had nothing against Renji, or who the man choose to sleep with. But seriously, sleeping with a prison inmate was a big no no. It was considered rape, even if both parties were all for getting their freak on together.
"I don't want to hear that shit Renji. Not about a inmate, not about you and captain Kuchiki, I don't need to hear it, and I damn sure don't need the mental image!"
The thought of his friend and co-worker sleeping with someone, blah. Ichigo did NOT need the mental image, especially considering that he knew both men were. He considered them family, since they had been here at the prison long enough to have gone through more than one security call together, and Ichigo knew that they had his back, in the prison and outside of it.
"Fine, well, on another note what are your plans for the weekend anyway?"
Renji knew that Ichigo was off for the next two day's, and unless something else happened to have the C.E.R.T team called in, then Renji would be in control of the unit that they were in.
"I'm gonna sleep. Wonderweiss is going to his mama's for the weekend, so I'm going to sleep in. Unless someone just decides to cause problems and i've gotta come back."
It wouldn't be a surprise, or the first time thing either. Ichigo had been called in before on a day off, to either take a inmate to the hospital, to go through the random cell check's, and whatever else.
After working at the prison for going on five year's, he knew that you always had to expect to come back in on your day off.
"You two?"
Chad shrugged. "Practice." Was all the large male said. His eyes trailing to the window in the control room so that he could see in inmate's who were in the 'day room' weren't causing trouble.
Now the 'day room' wasn't much it pretty much consisted of a few chair's, a microwave on a table, and several round tables. It looked like a round waiting room at a doctor's office.
"Ichigo, it looks like their about to do something."
Cinnamon brown eyes behind thin reading glasses snapped up to see two inmates squaring off with each other. Though to the naked eye it didn't look like much besides two men glaring at each other and cussing. Heh that was never all it was in prison though.
To Ichigo and the other officer's trained eye, it was be beginings of a fight. One Ichigo didn't want to deal with considering his shift was almost over. If the brawl started, he would be stuck doing more fucking paper work that seemed to multiply on whatever flat surface there was!
So standing from his desk,the sunset haired male walked into the day room where the other inmate's had gathered to watch the fight. Everyone could see it was going to happen, the stale air in the room was tense with the urge to hurt someone.
It just so happened that Hiei Jaganshi and Bankotsu Blade were pretty much mortal enemies. Both ran with different crowds, both were quick and easy to anger, and both did not like being stuck in S.H.U until their release date.
So it was no surprise that they were rearing to kill. Ichigo though wasn't going to have any of it, and when he walked out, the tense air seemed to just thicken even more.
"If either one of you even think about swinging i'll throw the two of you in the shower and leave you there until I come back in two days."
The shower's were what Ichigo used as 'time out' for the inmates. He would cuff them and put them in. After a few hour's they would calm down because Ichigo threw them in the shower's in their boxer's and sandals, nothing else. And if they tried to turn the water on, it only stayed warm for about five minutes.
He kept S.H.U at about seventy degrees in the summer, and if you take into account a man in his boxer's sitting on cold concrete. If they turned the water on and soaked themselves they would be shivering before they knew it. Continue that process for a few hour's, they generally decided that arguing or angering the C.O wasn't worth it.
Hiei glared at Bankotsu before turning returning back to the little group he stuck with while Bankotsu glared but did the same, deciding to save the battle for a day when Ichigo wasn't around. Neither were to keen on the idea of spending the night in the shower freezing their balls off.
The cry came from Renji, who had ventured out from the control room to help Ichigo get the in-mates back into their cells for the final count for the day shift. The day shift's were from six in the morning to six in the evening.
Then came the night shift. Six at night to six in the morning, with a count every three hour's on the day shift, making sure all the inmate's were alive and breathing ad where they should be, and a inmate count once every hour on the night shift.
Slowly inmate's shuffled to their cell's, making sure that if they had taken anything out of their cell's, they were taking it back. Some were grumbling and other's were flat out complaining, not keen on the thought of being locked into the cells for the rest of the night.
Ichigo though just turned looking at Renji as he handed out the clip board with the inmates names and cells. Ichigo nodded. It was time to do the final count and make sure that they were all there.
He knew that the sooner he finished the count the sooner he could get home. He only had his sister's baby sitting until six thirty, he had promised Tier he would have their son at her place by seven.
The inmate's knew too when someone said 'Lock Down' that it was in their best interest to get in their cells. Especially when Ichigo was on duty, the man had little patience when it came to this, especially when it was lock down.
So when Ichigo began walking through the unit, stopping by each cell and tapped the bar's with the butt of his mag light flash light. He was checking for movement and sound of each inmate.
Ichigo was just glad that they were complying with the rules tonight, he seriously wasn't in the mood to deal with their attitudes tonight, not on his Friday.
Though when he reached the cell with the new inmate and Gilga, and smirked tapping the butt of his mag light flash light against the bar's watching as both men moved at the sound.
Grimmjow's eyes flicked up when he heard the tapping on the bars. He had been reading one of the books that had been in the cell. Grimmjow could only guess that it was Nnotira's, but since the male hadn't put up an objection when Grimmjow moved to grab it so he figured it would be fine.
Though seeing the man that was seriously to damn good looking to be on the 'do not touch' list, looking at him made him smirk.
"You come for some company before you leave C.O?" The blue eyed male asked, giving a feral grin, his sharp eyes taking on a seductive gleam. Ichigo just raised a brow at the comment.
Before he worked out the prison a comment like that might of made him blush, now though he didn't even bat a eye lash and simply put a check next to his name.
"Hm have a good night inmate Jagerjaquez." Ichigo said, his voice taking on a lower seductive sound before he turned and walked on, ignoring the fact that he knew he should NOT be even remotely flirting with a inmate, and that him even entertaining the thought that the blue haired man would most likely be the star of Ichigo's inner fantasy's tonight.
Grimmjow though just smirked as he watched the man walk off, his eyes trailing to officer Kurosaki's ass, that sadly was not given any justice in the bulky B.D.U uniform he was wearing. Well either way, all Grimmjow had on his hands right now was time and a active imagination.
Hm he was sure that he could find some way to entertain himself tonight. And the teasing lit that floating back to him from the plump pink lips of the C.O made him grin in the most hungry manner.
"Welcome to S.H.U Grimmjow." |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57286 | Remoting on 2.3.1-dev: Is there a command to empty Recycle Bin?
Discussion in 'General' started by bpmee, Jul 22, 2007.
1. bpmee
bpmee New Member
Hi All,
I'm using ISPconfig 2.3.1-dev on Fedora Core 5 on a test server.
I've been experimenting with Remoting, using the various functions to add websites and DNS records.
I wrote a PERL script that uses SOAP::Lite to automatically add websites and DNS records.
After that I wanted to delete websites and DNS records with Remoting, so I wrote another PERL script to remove DNS and Website records.
I was able to delete *most* all of the website/user records successfully. Also, I was able to delete *most* all of the DNS records.
Upon inspecting each of my reseller's Recycle Bins after my script finished, I noticed there were some "left over" records that didn't delete even though my script sent the delete command.
A few users were left in the ISPmanagement panel, and in the DNS panel, many DNS "A" and "MX" records were left, but all had incomplete names: for example, all that was listed in the the recycle bin was: "mx" and "a" with no text indicating which website they belonged to.
I was able to clean up all these remaining records by manually emptying the recycle bin by clicking each reseller's recycle bin and then clicking "delete".
Is it possible to send a "empty recycle bin" command with Remoting, so that I don't have to do it manually after deleting webs and DNS records?:confused:
This might be more efficient than actually telling a script to delete each record one by one...
Thanks for any ideas!:)
2. till
till Super Moderator Staff Member ISPConfig Developer
A command to empty the recycle bin is not implemented yet. But your recycle bin may contain then thousands of records and it will not hurt your system as they are not included in the configuration anymore.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57301 | 30 U.S. Code § 1225 - Effect on colleges and universities
Nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to impair or modify the legal relationship existing between any of the colleges or universities under whose direction an institute is established and the government of the State in which it is located, and nothing in this subchapter shall in any way be construed to authorize Federal control or direction of education at any college or university.
(Pub. L. 98–409, § 5,Aug. 29, 1984, 98 Stat. 1539.)
Prior Provisions
A prior section 1225,Pub. L. 95–87, title III, § 305,Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 454, contained provisions similar to this section covering fiscal years 1978 through 1984.
30 CFR - Mineral Resources
30 CFR Part 890
30 CFR Part 902 - ALASKA
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57303 | Go Ye into All the World
Go Ye into All the World
Music from the New Era
Sequence: verse 1 alone, verse 2 alone, then combined
1. I have been blessed beyond measure with precious truths that I treasure,
And I know, Lord, that they come from Thee.
But how can I share with others out there the things burning deep inside me?
I feel a strong certain sweetness, knowing my life’s completeness
Will be felt when I teach of God’s plan.
In what way can I show, so that all men may know the joy that can come unto man.
2. Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel plan.
For the field is white, so show thy light, and teach my word to ev’ry man.
My child, I’ll be by your side.
My Spirit in you will abide.
So find sheep that roam and bring them home.
I wait with arms opened wide. I wait with arms opened wide.
Text: Stephen Schank
Music: Stephen Schank
Artist: Schank
Album: Music Published in the Church Magazines: New Era
Composition Date: 1987-08-01
More Info: New Era
Missionary, gospel plan, faith |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57307 | tagSci-Fi & FantasyA Magic Castle Ch. 01
A Magic Castle Ch. 01
This story was written originally by my wife. We modified it for literotica. We had a lot of fun with this story and we hope you do to. Thanks to Jus8tine and Talynnda for their help, editing and suggestions.
It's morning rush hour at King's Cross train station. The heart of London swarms with commuters and folks like us who are just passing through.
We duck under the awning and shake our umbrellas. We must hurry. We both know the drill. We turn left after the line of coffee-shop tables that cluster 100 feet from the ticket agents. Seven lines of travelers snake almost to the entrance.
I took a big chance on this trip; it all seemed so improbable. But what if it were possible? I saw the card on the bulletin board of a small alternative food store. "Magic Destinations" was the name of her agency. "Go where you've never been before." The agent swore the castle was magic. We make our own magic, but that isn't what she meant. In any case, an old isolated castle hidden in the English countryside sounded like a lovely destination for our anniversary.
That flakey agent was right. We need no tickets -- a good thing, because we are late. But after the run up the stairs from the metro station -- the escalator wasn't working -- and our race down the block, I'd welcome the chance to stand in line and catch my breath. My shoulders ache from the burden of a backpack. I feel like I'm running a boot camp obstacle course.
"Wait," you pant, as I crane my neck, darting through the crowd as I find breaks. You don't look worn out under the load of your pack. We've waited more than a year for this trip and I won't let your slowness cause us to miss it.
I stop running, and you catch up, out of breath. We push ahead toward the platforms. Wrought iron sign posts bear the number for each track. We pass the first one, the second one, and the third. The crowd is thinner now. Four, five, six ... almost there. I skip to reshoulder the straps of my backpack, but the excitement over the odyssey to come has taken all thoughts of weariness under its thirty pound weight. Then we see it: Platform 9, then 10. No train waits on either platform.
The clock by the sign for platform 10 reads 8:03. We look at each other. One minute to spare. How long, though, will it take to penetrate the barrier? Neither of us has done this before, and if we miss, the next chance will be at least a year away.
I step ahead to the Platform 10 marker and rest my hands on the concrete barrier. If we want to keep together, we must hold hands; make sure nobody is watching, and lean just right against the barrier.
I'm nervous and gradually lean back, but you lunge. You take me with you, and I stifle a squeal as we land in a pile with a plop. We look up and behold the bright red locomotive, billowing steam, on Platform 9 ¾.
There's no time to admire its beauty. A kind young lady with bright green hair helps us to our feet and we climb the stairs. We're on the Castle Express.
Its interior is red velvet, like the plush cars of 1st class on British Airways. A young conductor, wearing a black robe with twinkling stars woven into the fabric, leads us to a compartment. He speaks to the compartment door, and it opens obediently. He motions us in with a broad wave of his hand. "I'll get some help for you on that," he says, eyeing our backpacks. No sooner has he spoken than a pair of elves apparate in our compartment, leap up together to grab your burden, then mine, and gently bounce them overhead to a luggage rack. Then the elves, with our conductor, disappear together.
We take in the magical train and the rolling scenery flying past our window. You close the door curtain as soon as he leaves, then pull me to you and kiss me slowly as you caress my breast through the thick green sweater I'm wearing to ward off the London chill. Strangely, I'm not cold anymore. You release your arm from around my back. I pull you to me, but you just smile and don't reciprocate. Our love will wait a little longer.
I cuddle up against your warmth, nestling my cheek into your chest. Slowly and absently, I stroke you through your jeans. If I were not afraid the conductor could return as quickly as he disappeared, I might do more. Then again, maybe that possibility would make it more exciting. I drift off to sleep in your arms to the gentle rocking of the train, smiling about the possibility.
The train comes to a lurching stop. "We're here!" Someone announces several compartments back from ours.
We hang behind to grab our stuff off the luggage rack and let the rest of the passengers file out. It's overcast and rain falls lightly as we step down from the train car onto a clear platform that hovers like a cloud over a lake churning beneath our feet. Dense fog limits our vision to a few feet around us.
Then the fog lifts like a stage curtain to reveal a five-storied castle of grey stone and adorned for spring with flowering green garland and flags of all types. We follow the crowd inside to a stone hallway lit by torches on wall sconces. A shaggy, bearded giant, about eight feet tall jogs toward us. The stone castle floor shakes as he approaches. "I'm Hammond. I'll be seein' you to the guest quarters." He relieves us of our backpacks, carrying them both with two fingers as he bounds away. I race to catch you as you race to keep up with Hammond. One of his steps equals four of mine and three of yours. Wall torches flicker as we trot past. People, in the paintings on the wall, wave as we go by.
Hammond stops at a big wooden door, but not so big that he won't have to bend to enter it. He knocks on an elliptical painting in an ornate gold frame. The sleeping fat lady in a big pink dress, her chest rising and falling as she gently snores, jerks awake. He gives her the password: "Pumpkin cakes." She nods and the door opens before us. Hammond lowers his head to enter as the fat lady returns to her snooze.
We enter a long, dark hall, lit by an occasional wall torch. Hammond sticks a silver key into the keyhole.
The room is filled with museum furniture that looks to have been designed for the original owner of this medieval castle. Tapestries of knights on armored horses cover one wall, floor to ceiling, which must be 20 feet, at least. Green velvet curtains cover the opposite wall of windows. In the center of the room is a four-poster bed with red velvet curtains draping its ruffled canopy.
"This is where you'll be staying," Hammond says, handing you the key. You put it on top of a polished 17th-century mahogany bureau carved with lion heads and tipped on the bottom with carved animal feet. Hammond lifts a three foot being with huge pointy ears and bulging eyes that make it resemble a human -- almost. I had no idea where she came from, but then again, we're at Hogwarts where anything goes -- almost.
"This is Mitzi, your house elf for your stay. Should you need an errand run or a guide to take you someplace, just let her know and she'll help," Hammond tells us as Mitzi wiggles to be set back on the floor. Hammond doesn't oblige. "She'll be nearby. Ring the bell if you need her." He sets the elf on the floor and hands you a gold bell tied with a red bow on the top which you put next to the key.
"And one other thing -- here's a wand for your use. It's a model that won't cause any curses or trouble. Have fun with it." He puts it beside the key on the bureau.
Hammond shuts the door behind him and we take in the vast, exquisite chamber. Above us, the ceiling is twilight blue and twinkling with stars and galaxies. A comet streaks across and disappears. A cloud drops a shower on the far end of the chamber, then stops, and immediately overhead arcs a perfect rainbow.
The bed is enclosed in red drapes. You pull one aside to reveal a rich, green comforter over a half-dozen pillows. You pull down the comforter to reveal maroon linens.
Then you pull my sweater over my head as you drag me into the lush bedclothes. You smile to see the surprise under the layers of my clothing: a tiny red lace bra. I fall back onto the pile of pillows and lift my arms above my head, smiling back.
You shed your coat and chunk it in a pile on the floor where my sweater has fallen. You unbutton your shirt. It's not fast enough for me; I feel my vagina secrete moisture, ready to receive you, but I know you like to wait. We'll take it slow.
You collapse on top of me and unclasp my bra, freeing my stiffening nipples as you cast my carefully planned surprise aside, having fulfilled its purpose. Bare-chested, we snuggle on the bed. But it's cold, and I draw the curtains on the poster bed. It's cozy and intimate, and then I tug on the button of your jeans until it opens. You pull on mine and unzip the fly to reveal red lace panties that match the discarded bra. I'll need a quick escape from the jeans soon, so I kick off my shoes. They tumble to the floor with a light thud.
You crush your lips to mine and we kiss passionately, and though we want to drag out the moment, we'll be here a few days. You are as ready for release as I am, and our passion rises, unhindered. We'll do it again later. So for now, you break from our kiss long enough to wiggle free from your jeans. Then you yank mine at the ankles, and they come off in a single motion. Gone is your underwear, but my lace panties stay in place.
But not for long. My head is at the foot of the bed as I lie awaiting your next advance. You tear my panties away from my sex, and dive straight in to my clitoris with your mouth, sucking it, rubbing it with your tongue as I moan at the luscious sensation. You plunge a finger into my vagina, then two, and three as you thrust your hand up and down inside me as though your penis were humping me. You continue sucking, tonguing, and hand-thrusting me, as I groan louder, and the sounds echo in the vast chamber.
I long for release, but I want you inside me for the orgasm, so I pull away. You look at me with tender longing. I smile as I remember a tool at our disposal. I reach outside the curtained bed and snap my fingers. As I expect, the wand flies from the bureau and into my grasp, and I bring it inside. I hold you around your bare waist and point the shimmering wood back towards us.
"Levantum!" I command, and gently we rise from the bed and drift through a part in the curtain. We embrace as we float past the tapestries toward the candle chandelier, still uneasy that the spell could suddenly break and we find ourselves crashed into the floor. No, I decide. I think it's safe, and I lean against your body. We kiss. Now where were we?
I release the wand from my grasp, and as I expected, it floats beside us, ready for its next command. We roll together and I feel your erection, hard against my abdomen. My vulva drips with anticipation. I want you to enter. I grasp your penis and guide it home. I feel a wave of relief to feel you within me. None of your weight bears on me as the air around us magically supports our embrace.
You begin to rock against me gently in midair, pulling, pushing, pulling, pushing, as we drift down the tapestry-covered wall and then over a plush arrangement of furniture. As we pass above an arrangement of a hundred roses, the intoxicating sweetness of its oils wafts our way. I can't stand it any longer. I want you now but I want it to go on until our bodies are stretched to their limit to endure such ecstasy.
But then I remember the wand and reach for it. "Tempus largus," I command as I grasp it, then let go. I wonder if I'm ready for what I've asked for.
Your gentle thrusting becomes more forceful, and we flip upside down, then right again.
You grab the wand. "Velocidad!" you say, and instantly we begin to move faster, until the tapestry knights are a blur and my long red hair billows in the breeze of our motion. You thrust me in keeping with the rate of our flying, faster and faster. I squeeze your butt and you push into me even harder and faster.
"Altibajas," I command as I touch the wand, and suddenly we are upside down again, but in response to the command, we're moving vertically as well, crossing a tangled path through all empty space in the room, our naked bodies joined in a knot of pleasure. You hump and hump and hump and I'm on the edge of orgasm. Should you hold back, you wonder? Not this time -- we're both ready.
We both begin our release. I scream in ecstasy at the initiation of my orgasm. But this time my vaginal nerves have come alive as never before, and for the first time I can feel the heat of your semen as it coats the inside of my cavity. The orgasm roars as we spin in midair. Our sweat drenches us, though the room is cold. I clutch you butt-cheeks as I thrust you into me as deeply as you will go. You keep coming and I keep going, and as the orgasm rages, well into its second minute, I wonder how long we will be able to stand the euphoria. Just as I feel myself about to collapse, by magic, we land gently on the plush, canopied bed, completely exhausted, but completely satisfied.
You smile. "We should come here more often," you tell me as you wrap the sheet and comforter around us.
"You're right," I whisper as I snuggle to your chest and close my eyes. "But this trip isn't over yet, either."
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57321 | Testing: Information Gathering
Revision as of 14:22, 2 February 2007 by Mmeucci (Talk | contribs)
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OWASP Testing Guide v2 Table of Contents
Information Gathering
The first phase in security assessment is focused on collecting as much information as possible about a target application. Information Gathering is a necessary step of a penetration test.
This task can be carried out in many different ways.
Using public tools (search engines), scanners, sending simple HTTP requests, or specially crafted requests, it is possible to force the application to leak information by sending back error messages or revealing the versions and technologies used by the application.
Often it is possible to gather information by receiving a response from the application that could reveal vulnerabilities in the bad configuration or bad server management.
4.2.1 Testing Web Application Fingerprint
Application fingerprint is the first step of the Information Gathering process; knowing the version and type of a running web server allows testers to determine known vulnerabilities and the appropriate exploits to use during testing.
4.2.2 Application Discovery
This analysis is important because many times there is not a direct link connecting the main application backend. Discovery analysis can be useful to reveal details such as web-apps used for administrative purposes. In addition, it can reveal old versions of files or artifacts such as undeleted, obsolete scripts crafted during the test/development phase or as the result of maintenance.
4.2.3 Spidering and googling
This phase of the Information Gathering process consists of browsing and capturing resources related to the application being tested. Search engines, such as Google, can be used to discover issues related to the web application structure or error pages produced by the application that have been exposed to the public domain.
4.2.4 Analysis of Error Code
Web applications may divulge information during a penetration test which is not intended to be seen by an end user. Information such as error codes can inform the tester about technologies and products being used by the application.
In many cases, error codes can be easily invoked without the need for specialist skills or tools due to bad exception handling design and coding.
4.2.5 Infrastructure Configuration Management Testing
Often analysis of the infrastructure and topology architecture can reveal a great deal about a web application. Information such as source code, HTTP methods permitted, administrative functionality, authentication methods and infrastructural configurations can be obtained.
Clearly, focusing only on the web application will not be an exhaustive test. It cannot be as comprehensive as the information possibly gathered by performing a broader infrastructure analysis. SSL/TLS Testing
SSL and TLS are two protocols that provide, with the support of cryptography, secure channels for the protection, confidentiality, and authentication of the information being transmitted.
Considering the criticality of these security implementations, it is important to verify the usage of a strong cipher algorithm and its proper implementation. DB Listener Testing
During the configuration of a database server, many DB administrators do not adequately consider the security of the DB listener component. The listener could reveal sensitive data as well as configuration settings or running database instances if insecurely configured and probed with manual or automated techniques. Information revealed will often be useful to a tester serving as input to more impacting follow-on tests.
4.2.6 Application Configuration Management Testing
Web applications hide some information that is usually not considered during the development or configuration of the application itself.
This data can be discovered in the source code, in the log files or in the default error codes of the web servers. A correct approach to this topic is fundamental during a security assessment. File Extensions Handling
The file extensions present in a web server or a web application make it possible to identify the technologies which compose the target application, e.g. jsp and asp extensions. File extensions can also expose additional systems connected to the application. Old, Backup and Unreferenced files
Redundant, readable and downloadable files on a web server, such as old, backup and renamed files, are a big source of information leakage. It is necessary to verify the presence of these files because they may contain parts of source code, installation paths as well as passwords for applications and/or databases.
OWASP Testing Guide v2
Here is the OWASP Testing Guide v2 Table of Contents |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57356 | There’s more to see...
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57378 | The Six Stages of Parenthood
Almost all books for parents focus on the way children develop. Ellen Galinsky, instead, writes about how parents develop. Drawing on the work in adult development of Erik Erikson and DanielLevinson, she describes six distinct stages in the life of a parent: the image-making that occurs during pregnancy; the nurturing rolethat swallows parents up from birth through the first couple of years; the authority parents must develop as small children showindependence; the interpretive stage when parents explain the world and their values to school-age children.
Additional information
Publisher: Place of publication:
• Reading, MA
Publication year:
• 1987
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57380 | The Chinese Military's Strategic Mind-Set
Article excerpt
"STRATEGY" IS a Chinese military term with thousand of years of tradition and culture behind it. In antiquity, the Chinese classified strategists according to four concept-categories: power and stratagem, disposition and capability, Yin and Yang, and technique and skill. (1) This strong emphasis on strategic concepts can still be felt. The 1997 Chinese Military Encyclopedia's index, for example, offers a comprehensive overview of strategic concepts. The word "strategic" is followed by other terms (pivot, thought, surprise, etc.) 78 times in the index while concepts associated with the words "strategic" or "strategy" were used 21 times. A 2002 addendum to the encyclopedia added another 12 strategy-related items that resonate with idiosyncratic meaning often challenging to Western comprehension. But that does not mean that we cannot know how Chinese strategists think. By looking at several recent texts, especially The Science of Military Strategy (2001), we can arrive at some understanding of the Chinese military's strategic mind-set. It differs markedly from the methodology the U.S. uses to develop its strategic thought.
Stratagem, Philosophy, and Science
The Chinese divide their concept of strategy scientifically into basic and applied theory, relying even today on the word's ancient roots. For example, in routing an electronic warfare attack on an adversary's computer network through a third country's network, the Chinese would say they seek to "kill with a borrowed sword." (3) Americans simply do not think in terms of using packets of electrons like so. This instance of cultural expression captures just how much ancient tradition has informed China's modern strategic thinking.
An important and revealing aspect of this mind-set is that the Chinese strive to impel opponents to follow a line of reasoning that they (the Chinese) craft. According to Li Bingyan, one of the most influential and brilliant contemporary Chinese strategists, they work to entice technologically superior opponents into unwittingly adopting a strategy that will lead to their defeat. (4) Li's examples are noteworthy. First, he asks how an inferior force could fight a technologically superior opponent. Using the example of a weak mouse (i.e., China) trying to keep track of a huge cat (i.e., the U.S.), he asks, "How could a mouse hang a bell around a cat's neck?" His answer: "The mouse cannot do this alone or with others. Therefore, the mouse must entice the cat to put the bell on himself." Second, he asks, "How can you make a cat eat a hot pepper?" His answer: "You can stuff a pepper down a cat's throat [the most difficult], you can put the pepper in cheese and make the cat swallow it, or you can grind the pepper up and spread it on his back. The latter method makes the cat lick itself and receive the satisfaction of cleaning up the hot pepper." (5) The cat is oblivious to the end goal either in the case of the bell or the hot pepper. This deception reflects idiosyncratic Chinese strategy and, at least so far as how an inferior force might defeat a superior force, it evinces their mind-set.
When assessing the character of their country's military culture, China's ancient scholars arrived at a specific military style that is "good at strategy and adept at the use of the indirect method." (6) A recent report on China's military culture notes: "Chinese scholars' way of thinking was essentially a kind of wisdom and war, this lively confrontation between people with all its variables, this arena with all the traits of a game, which provided them with the best stage for giving free rein to their marvelous imaginations and creativity. While it is true that they attached importance to the substance of war, they attached even greater importance to bringing into play the subjective, dynamic roles of people, using strategy to gain victory, and they especially advocated not following one pattern and using the indirect to gain the upper hand. …
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57384 | 'WSJ Journal' Editorial Slams Hillary
Article excerpt
The Wall Street Journal editorial page, never a huge fan of the Clintons, took what may be its harshest shot yet at Hillary Clinton today, with an editorial that called here everything from a double-talker to a truth-evader.
"In the 1990s, 'Clintonesque' became a by-word for political double-speak. ...," the editorial began. Later it noted, "But with another Clinton running as if she's all but a sure thing for the White House, Clintonesque is once again becoming a politically relevant adjective. ... The junior Senator from New York seems increasingly to have adopted her husband's political methods ... The result is that it's impossible to know what she believes about anything. ..." Much of the editorial focused on the recent MSNBC Democratic presidential debate, moderated by Brian Williams and Tim Russert of NBC News.
"The question of experience came up repeatedly, and Mrs. Clinton wasn't shy about citing her time as first lady as a main qualification to be President. She was less forthcoming about the records of her time in the White House, however," the Journal opined. "Mr. Russert asked: 'In order to give the American people an opportunity to make a judgment about your experience, would you allow the National Archives to release the documents about your communications with the President, the advice you gave, because, as you well know, President Clinton has asked the National Archives not to do anything until 2012? …
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57388 |
On Thu, 2004-09-30 at 00:10, Patrick Caulfield wrote:
> On Wed, Sep 29, 2004 at 04:55:41PM -0700, Daniel McNeil wrote:
> >
> > Patrick,
> >
> > I read over your api and have a few comments.
> >
> > Simple stuff first. The membership_node looks very similar to the SAF
> > interfaces, so I assume they fields mean the same. mn_member is 32bits
> Yes.
> > The mni_viewnumber is 32 bits, in SAF it is 64bits. Might want it to
> > be 64bits. (I think nodeid should be 64bits, but SAF has it as 32bits,
> > so I guess it is ok).
> >
> > What is mni_context?
> It's an opaque structure passed in from the caller that gets passed back via the
> callback so that the caller can identify the request (or attach private
> information).
> > I bit more description of these fields would be nice -- don't have to
> > be as verbose as SAF :)
> >
> > In membership_ops, you have start_notify and notify_stop -- might want
> > to be consistent with the naming (either notify_start or stop_notify).
> Yes, I fixed that!
> > Now the more complicated stuff:
> >
> > I think we need more information on how this api works and a description
> > of how the calls are used.
> >
> > cm_attach() is used to attach to a particular cluster provider that
> > has been registered. Who calls cm_attach()?
> >
> > I assume whoever calls cm_attach() will then be calling the ops
> > functions.
> >
> > What is cmprivate in start_notify?
> >
> > Once start_notify is called the CM module will call the callback
> > function whenever there is a change until notify_stop is called?
> >
> > The membership_callback_routine only has "context" and "reason".
> > Again, what is context? What is reason?
> > How is the data returned? I'm guessing a struct membership_notify_info
> > is filled in at from the buffer passed in from start_notify, Is that
> > right? A bit more description here would be good.
> >
> > What is the difference between get_quorate() and get_info() which
> > returns a struct quorum_info with qi_quorum?
> get_quorate returns a boolean value that just says whether the cluster has
> quorum or not. get_info returns a struct showing the elements that went up to
> making that decision. I'm not really sure how much use it is to applications but
> I don't like hiding information!
> > Should get_quorate() and get_info() take a viewnumber so we can match
> > up the list of member and whether it had quorum? (it could have changed
> > after the callback with membership before we call get_quorum.)
> The problem there is keeping a list of members for each view, which seems like
> rather a waste of memory in kernel space.
Would it be ok to just keep the info for the last viewnumber only?
If the viewnumber did not match then an error could be returned
for get_quorate. get_info could return the viewnumber as part
of quorum info.
What does get_votes do if nodeid is NOT currently in the cluster
> I'm in the middle of writing an implementation of this (with a cman plugin) that
> I'll post shortly. That should clear up any other points that I may seem to have
> ignored above! some of the things have been fixed in the meantime. I should get
> it posted this week.
Good. Code should clear things up!
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57509 | Ministry of Innovation / Business of Technology
Review: Ubuntu 12.10 Quantal Quetzal a mix of promise, pain
The shiny stuff
One of the more intriguing desktop features for Ubuntu 12.10 is the inclusion of the Web Apps feature trialed in Ubuntu 12.04. Web apps are controls that support various popular Web tools, such as Gmail, Twitter, and Google Docs. Ubuntu includes two such Web apps out of the box: Amazon and Ubuntu One.
When you open a supported website in either Firefox or Chromium, you should be given the option to install a Web application control in the Ubuntu Launcher. If you lock the control to the Launcher, it will put your favorite apps just one click away.
Web apps blend the line between desktop and Internet.
Brian Proffitt
As a concept, Web apps are pretty good—except when tested on multiple machines, they didn't install quite properly. According to documentation, when a user browses to a supported site, the browser in question (either Firefox or Chromium) is supposed to display an info window asking to create a Web app. Implementation of this auto-installation was sporadic on Firefox and non-existent on Chromium. Gmail never installed, though Twitter and LinkedIn did. Creating the Web apps that did work, it should be noted, took a long time. Once created, however, the Web apps performed as expected.
Previews is another new feature in the Dash which enables you to see more information about a given app or file. Just right-click on an icon when it shows up in the Dash results and you can learn much more about the software.
Preview opens the door to more robust information.
Brian Proffitt
Managing online accounts is also something that works quite a bit better. This feature enables you to single-sign-on (SSO) to social media accounts so applications that need to reach out to them can just connect when needed. Care, though, should be taken when working with SSO in this 12.10 release of Ubuntu, as Ubuntu Online Account SSO features do not currently play well with GNOME Online Accounts. Ubuntu Online Accounts is a variation of the Meego SSO application that includes a DBus daemon built with Qt libraries, something that does not fly within GNOME world. The upshot here is that some GNOME apps, like Documents, will only use SSO with GNOME Online Accounts. Some, like Shotwell, will work well with the Ubuntu SSO app. This means signing into services like Twitter and Gmail may have to be done twice—once for each Online Accounts application.
Online Accounts enables smoother integration between Web services and some Ubuntu clients.
Brian Proffitt
When Ubuntu Online Accounts works with an app, we found it to work very well. In the Shotwell Photo Manager, for instance, publishing to Picasa, Facebook, or Flickr was smooth as silk. Shotwell is a favorite among photo managers, and it was impressive how smooth the integration was with these publishing services. Having the info all lined up in Online Accounts made it that much smoother.
One side benefit to connection to your Google accounts with Ubuntu Online Accounts is that the Google search plugin for the Dash tool will be activated. This enables you to search the contents of your Google Docs library with ease.
Curiously, Canonical's Ubuntu One online service was not as tightly integrated with apps as we expected. You'd think, for instance, that a connection to the aforementioned Shotwell would have been intuitive. But Rhythmbox is very well connected, enabling you to connect straight to the Ubuntu One Music Store to purchase and download music.
Ubuntu One is a vital component of the Ubuntu experience.
Brian Proffitt
Our only quibble with the Ubuntu One service was that the initial login with the client software was painful. A request for a forgotten password brought up a "can't find account" message. But registering came back with a "this account exists already" rejoinder. Only a visit to the Ubuntu One website was able to get the password situation fixed.
Commerce in Ubuntu is a touchy subject these days, thanks to the inclusion of a new shopping lens in the Dash tool. This automatically returns results not only from your computer, but from the Amazon website as well.
Terminal: useful tool, awesome movie.
Brian Proffitt
The idea here is that through Amazon's affiliate program, any item purchased thorough a Dash search will send a portion of a sale's proceeds back to Canonical.
Canonical founder Mark Shuttleworth has defended this move to critics including users and the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Shuttleworth denies this was paid advertising being inserted into Ubuntu. He also maintains that user privacy would be protected for the simple reason that user information would not be communicated to Amazon for a search. (Unless, of course, the user goes off and actually buys something. At this point, Amazon will pretty much know who you are anyway.)
Shuttleworth's position is that users should trust Canonical with their personal information. After all, they already trusted their data to Canonical's software in the form of Ubuntu itself. This argument didn't fly very well.
"Updates" gets files, apps and some avant garde music.
Brian Proffitt
Nor did the ensuing glitches. When the service was first introduced, it created some embarrassing moments for Canonical. For instance, someone started typing "analyzer" in the Dash and got unfortunate results after the first four letters were entered. That problem has been fixed for the most part, and now the online search results can be downgraded from awkward to merely annoying.
You can turn off this feature if you're uncomfortable with it. In System Settings>Privacy. Just click the "Include online search results" toggle to Off and the results will not appear in the Dash anymore. To remove the feature permanently, open a Terminal (the software, not the movie) and enter:
sudo apt-get remove unity-lens-shopping
Just the software and nothing but the software.
Brian Proffitt
There's lot of other new stuff in Ubuntu that bears mentioning. A new Linux kernel, based on Linux 3.5.5, marks the jump from the 3.2 kernel series. Python 3.2 has been included as Canonical begins to ramp up its Python-dependent apps from Python 2 to 3. That transition is expected to continue through Ubuntu 13.04.
On the front-end of the new software offerings is LibreOffice 3.6, the Document Foundation's rapidly developing office suite. Throw in Firefox 16 for browsing and Thunderbird 16 for messaging and you've got yourself some decent productivity apps. Epiphany and Gwibber round out the latest and greatest in native social media apps.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57564 | Whilst painting my bathroom last night i was listening to a show on TV about the Moon Hoax. NASAs big hoax that they pulled on the world to get one up on the Soviets. It was so funny ... i ended up watching more of it than painting ... i sat there laughing my head off at the crack pots they had on as "experts" on the hoax. These were guys that lived out in the middle of no where, had all sorts of missing teeth & had no scientific backup to what they were saying. The program was quite good ... for every point they made the show gave an interview or re-created the scene and proved that what they were saying was a total crock. I am bias however... and want to believe the US made it to the moon ... it would ruin a boyhood dream if i didnt. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57569 | Bookmark and Share
Microsoft Scripting Guy Ed Wilson here. Yesterday, the Scripting Wife installed Windows Power Shell 2.0 on her Windows XP Service Pack 3 computer. She used Microsoft Update to add the .NET Framework before completing the installation of Windows PowerShell 2.0. After updating the system, installation of Windows PowerShell took less than a minute.
The Scripting Wife spent some time reviewing two Hey, Scripting Guy! Blog posts (actually, she printed them out for reference). The first one is Hey, Scripting Guy! Windows PowerShell: An Introduction and the second one is Hey, Scripting Guy! Windows PowerShell and Pipelining. After reading those two articles, she came in to the library where I was reclining and writing a script, as shown in the following photo.
Image of Ed 80-85 hours each week
“I don’t know how in the world you expect people to be able to use Windows PowerShell,” the Scripting Wife stated flatly.
“Pardon?” said I.
“I have read the two most basic getting started articles you referred me to, and I don’t get it.”
“Get what?”
“What am I supposed to do? How does using Windows PowerShell help me? There is not even a Help file. This is stupid! I don’t know why I even agreed to enter the 2010 Scripting Games. I am going to look blonde. If I embarrass myself, you are going to have to learn to cook real fast,” she calmly replied.
“Dudette,” I said, “slide on over here and I will help you get started.”
Once she plopped down on the other side of the love seat, and I adjusted my laptop computer screen, I continued.
“The first thing you need to know is that Windows PowerShell uses things called cmdlets (pronounced “command lets”). Cmdlets are sort of like programs, but they are only available inside the Windows PowerShell console or from within a Windows PowerShell script. You can write Windows PowerShell scripts using the Windows PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environment (also called the ISE). We will talk about writing scripts later. For now, we want to focus on understanding how these Windows PowerShell cmdlets work,” I paused to catch my breath and to see if she was still listening. Cool, she is still with me, and no longer breathing veiled threats against my personal culinary future.
“Windows PowerShell cmdlets all have two-part names. The first part is called a verb, and in many cases, it actually is a verb such as Get, Set, Write, and Add. A few verbs are not actually just verbs such as ConvertFrom or ConvertTo, but for the most part the verbs are actually just the verbs themselves. The second part of the Windows PowerShell cmdlet name is called the noun, and it designates the target of the operation. For example, to get a process, you use the Get-Process cmdlet. To get information about a service, you use the Get-Service cmdlet. What do you think the cmdlet name would be if you wish to get information from an event log?” I asked.
“Get-EventLog,” she guessed.
“That is absolutely correct. See, you get it. If I want to get a random number, what do you think the cmdlet would be?”
“Get-RandomNumber,” she answered.
“Close. Real close. It is Get-Random, but you are correct, the cmdlet could have easily been Get-RandomNumber. You are on the right track. Now, look over at the screen (see the following image) and you can see how easy it is to use these cmdlets. First, let’s type Get-R and press TAB. Pressing TAB will activate the tab expansion feature, and it will complete the command if there is only one match. Because there is only one command that has Get-R in its name, the command goes ahead and completes the name for you. As you can see, it creates a random number. Now let’s use the Get-Process cmdlet to return information about processes. Type Get-P and press Tab. What happens?” I asked.
“It did not work. It says Get-PfxCertificate,” she replied in a somewhat confused voice.
“That’s what happens when there are more than one cmdlets that match what you have typed. You can press TAB again and again until it displays the Get-Process cmdlet, or you can add the “r” to Get-Pr and press TAB. After the command is completed, press ENTER,” I said.
Image of output of Get-Process cmdlet
“By default when you start Windows PowerShell, it sets the working directory to your home directory,” I said.
“Why does it do that,” asked the Scripting Wife.
“It does this to ensure you have rights to save files and to read files from the directory. Yesterday, when you installed Windows PowerShell 2.0, I logged you on as the Administrator account so you would not have any problems with the installation, but today you logged on using your normal user account, NWTRADERS\Teresa. As a normal user, you do not have access to everything. However, you always have rights to your personal folders.”
“Oh, I see. But I don’t really like this. Half of the command line is missing. Can you fix that?” she asked.
“You can use the same command that is used in DOS,” I started.
“That’s a big help. The Scripting Wife don’t do DOS,” she explained.
“Okay, just type CD. It stands for change directory. Point it to the root of the “C” drive, ” I replied. She typed CD C: and pressed ENTER.
“Nothing happened,” she remarked.
“You need to put a backward slash after the colon. The backward slash is under the bar character, and typically found just above the ENTER key,” I hastily added.
“I know that,” she remarked.
The results are seen in the following image.
Image of changing the directory to C:\
“Can I make Windows PowerShell open up at the root of the drive all the time, so I don’t have to type that CD C:\ command all the time?” she asked.
“Of course you can my dear,” I oozed. “The best way to do that is to create a shortcut to Windows PowerShell. To do this, go into Start/All Programs/Accessories/Windows PowerShell and drag the Windows PowerShell icon to the desktop while holding down the right mouse button. When you let go, it will ask you if you want to copy or move the icon here. Choose Copy. Now right-click on the freshly copied shortcut that is on your desktop, and click Properties. Look at the Windows PowerShell Properties dialogue box that appears. In the middle of the dialogue box on the Shortcut tab, there is a box that says Start in:. Do you see it?” I asked. (See the following image.)
“Yes,” she said.
Image of making Windows PowerShell always open at root of drive
“You need to change %HomeDrive%%HomePath% to C:\” I said. (See the following image.)
Image of changing "Start in" Windows PowerShell shortcut
“Okay. I did it. Now what?”
“Click Apply, and then click OK. The dialog box should close. After you have completed that, double-click your new shortcut and see if it worked.”
“That is much better. Now, how can I find all of the Windows PowerShell cmdlets that let me get stuff?” she asked.
“Use the Get-Command cmdlet. This time, type Get-Co and press TAB. Before you press ENTER, type –v. It will complete the parameter name for you and should now look like Get-Command –Verb. What you are looking for are cmdlets that use the verb Get, so go ahead and type Get after the –Verb parameter.”
“Okay. Can I press ENTER now?”
“Yes, “I replied.
“The results scrolled off the screen. I hate that. Can you fix that for me too?” she asked.
“Of course. First type cls and press enter. Cls stands for clear screen, and it will remove all the old commands from your Windows PowerShell console. Now press the up arrow a couple of times until your Get-Command –Verb Get command line appears. At the end of the Get-Command –Verb Get command, type a space, and the pipe or bar key (straight up and down line, like this: |). It’s normally on the same key that has the backward slash (\). After you have typed the pipe character, type a space and the word more. The more command will cause Windows PowerShell to display one screen of information at a time. To go to the next page of information, press SPACEBAR one time,” I said. (This is seen in the next image.)
“That is cool,” she said, “thanks.”
“Okay, go play around with Windows PowerShell, and see how many of the Get cmdlets you can get to work. I need to Get-Scripting,” I said punnily.
Image of all Get cmdlets
On that note, the Scripting Wife shuffled off. It is Sunday after all, and one needs to be able to spend some time working on one’s own scripts. That is the joy of weekend scripting. Join us tomorrow for a new week on the Hey, Scripting Guy! Blog.
Ed Wilson and Craig Liebendorfer, Scripting Guys |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57587 | Federal Reserve Chairwoman Janet Yellen’s noncommittal take on the economy and labor markets failed to juice the markets.
Paul Vigna
In the latest installment of MoneyBeat Week, our Friday podcast, the crew dissected Ms. Yellen’s highly anticipated speech in Jackson Hole, Wyo. She acknowledged the improving job market, but stopped short of saying how the progress would affect the central bank’s monetary policies.
The crew also chatted about Apple Inc.'s latest milestone. And MoneyBeat offered a small tribute to Jim Miekka, the creator of the “Hindenburg Omen,” who died earlier this week in an accident.
For all that and more, grab a set of headphones and take a listen to MoneyBeat Week. Or catch us on iTunes along with other Journal podcasts in the WSJ What’s News section. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57603 | The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
Previous Page
Sports / Gimme My Sports
Subject: Re: Inkjetlabel Gets His Wish Date: 2/16/2005 2:54 PM
Author: prime13 Number: 2474 of 2483
The NHL season is officially canceled.
The NHL? That is something about hockey if I can remember correctly. I vaguely remember it from days gone by. Is the NHL really still around? |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57604 | The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
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Computers, Phones & Internet / Wireless World
Subject: Question on Belkin Wireless Router Date: 10/5/2008 12:15 PM
Author: Dory0422 Number: 4024 of 4031
I purchased a Belkin G wireless Router to use in our home for my daughters laptop. The guy at the store said it would work just fine for the size of our home. When I got it home and really read the box, a "G" type does not stream web music and videos. So now I am not sure if this will work for her. She is 18 and gets all of her music for her Ipod on line. Please help if anyone has any experience with this router. I am new to this stuff. Thanks!! |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57605 | Message Font: Serif | Sans-Serif
Subject: Re: At 59 1/2 Date: 1/28/2011 7:13 PM
Recommendations: 2
After age 59-1/2, you can take distributions from your 401K (limited only by your employers rules) or from your IRA. These distributions are penalty free, but you do have to pay income taxes on the portions that were not previously taxed. Your gains and your pretax or tax deductible contributions.
If you have after tax contributions or nondeductible contributions mixed into the account, then a portion of your non-taxable portion is allocated to each distribution. Hence, your distribution is not fully taxable.
As to when the account becomes tax free, the answer is never. You can convert it to a Roth and pay taxes on the amount converted. Then any profits from that date are tax free. You can also make donations to charity to reduce the tax hit. But generally the taxes are inescapable. Even if someone else inherits the account, they will have to pay taxes when they take distributions.
Hence, some suggest that when using your 401K or IRA assets to figure your requirement plan, don't forget the income tax that will be due. Some suggest deducting 20% or so for the calculation to consider this point.
Indeed, when we talk about mandatory distributions at age 70-1/2, that is mostly about forcing you to begin paying income taxes on the account.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57608 |
Subject: Re: Any updates on Edison Mission Energy bonds? Date: 11/6/2013 12:38 AM
Recommendations: 1
I got the $3.7B debt from the RTT news report… I didn’t check out the real numbers until you got me excited:) about the possibility of receiving a full face value recovery.
Well I started digging, and it turns out that the $3.7B is ONLY the unsecured recourse debt. There is additional debt of $1.393B outstanding (probably mostly the non-recourse stuff).
I’m guessing there are other minor assets to account for, and it all works out close to the 73 that the unsecured bonds are currently trading at.
I sold my small lot at Etrade for 72.6 and I’m holding my larger Fido position for the mandatory conversion. Should be interesting to see what I get. Like you, my cost basis is in the low 70’s and I received a few interest coupons, so not too bad for a defaulted bond.
From Page 51 of Presentation to Senior Unsecured Noteholders - January 9, 2013
Capitalization Summary Source: Company financials
Issue Amt Outstanding (1) Maturity Coupon (2)
Big Sky Wind Vendor Financing 219.4 10/02/14 L + 350 bps
Broken Bow Wind Term Loan 52.0 12/21/27 L + 288 bps
Cedro Hill Wind Term Loan 125.8 12/31/25 L + 300 bps
Crofton Bluffs Term Loan 27.0 12/14/27 L + 288 bps
Laredo Ridge Term Loan 72.2 03/31/26 L + 275 bps
Tapestry Wind Term Loan 211.6 12/21/21 L + 250 bps
Viento Funding II Term Loan 199.6 12/31/20 L + 275 bps
Walnut Creek Energy Construction Loan 319.0 06/30/13 L + 225 bps
WCEP Holdings Construction Loan 51.5 06/30/13 L + 400 bps
American Bituminous Pwr Prtnrs Bonds 46.0 10/01/17 Tax-Exmpt Wkly
High Lonesome Mesa Bonds 69.3 11/01/17 685 bps
Total Project Debt $1,393.4
Senior Unsecured Notes due 2013 500.0 06/15/13 7.50%
Senior Unsecured Notes due 2016 500.0 06/15/16 7.75%
Senior Unsecured Notes due 2017 1,200.0 05/15/17 7.00%
Senior Unsecured Notes due 2019 800.0 05/15/19 7.20%
Senior Unsecured Notes due 2027 700.0 05/15/27 7.63%
Total Recourse Debt $3,700.0
Total Debt $5,093.4
1. Debt balances as of 12/20/12 and exclude letters of credit and working capital facilities; Letter of credit facilities of various project financings amounted to approx. $164.0 million
2. All amounts illustrated based on contractual spread as of 12/20/12, however, term loans are subject to traditional rate step ups. In addition, many floating rate notes are also subject to swap agreements locking in LIBOR rates
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57611 |
User talk:Dialgarules/Archive 1
From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
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Welcome to my talk page. I do not take questions unless they're really easy ones that anyone could figure out. If you have a hard question that specifically concerns the 'pedia, report to TTEchidna, editor-in-chief. If it involves vandalism, report to MAGNEDETH because he's not nice and he won't be nice to the vandal either. If you have a question concerning any other thing but you don't think I could figure it out, report I mean bother Kuki. Wait, scratch that, Kuki just got blocked by His Majesty Archaic, the honorable Head of Bulbagarden! Otherwise, proceed.
Welcome to Bulbapedia, Dialgarules!
• The use of link templates is official policy.
User Tags
Nodody's against you
"Do you like Dialga?" sections
Dialga club
Read this if I did something wrong that you don't like
Calmed down
thx for replying so fast
I don't annoy the admins
Stop It
stop bothering No.1fan. you need to relax. your contributions show you are in violation of talk page abuse, so, go do something useful instead of bothering another user for no reason. -- MAGNEDETH 20:44, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
OK. Read section 7 for an apology. Dialgarules 20:45, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
When you do something really bad that's not going to save you. Straighten up. -Sketch 20:47, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
well, clearly you dont like the site if, after posting such a hollow apology, you continued to abuse talk pages. "Section 7" doesnt cut it here. -- MAGNEDETH 20:48, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
A while ago...well, yesterday if i remember rightly, you posted something saying that "normal people do not care about Caterpie's", then went on to say Dialga (of all Pokémon...) was better...Wait...What? I have to say saying that "normal people do not care about Caterpie's" is bias, and its really down to taste and individual. You can't go around saying that normal people don't care about a certain thing, be it an animal, or a Pokémon, or even a football team. I'm sick of certain people on this Wiki, and you're just being bias, and unprofessional. Why don't you try editing Bulbapedia and helping out, rather then going around and telling people that because they like a certain Pokémon, they're not normal. Yes, i'm in a bad mood, and i'm snapping out, but god damn it i have a reason. ~~Takoto| サソデイ 21:26, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
I would like to see this please, if you would be so kind. -Sketch 21:34, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
I just happened to see this and went looking for it. Found it here: The Dark Fiddler - Smarter than the average bear! 21:35, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
I'm trying to stop editing talk pages, but I know I'm a bad user now in all your guys' opinions. What do I have to do to make you guys stop? I take back everything I have ever said on this site. Does that make you happy? Now I'm going to pledge not to edit talk pages until I have edited 25 Mainspace pages. OK? Dialgarules 21:46, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
How about 269?--KukiTalk 21:49, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
You can still make talk page edits. Just make them CONSTRUCTIVE EDITS. Not just rambling nonsense about Dialga. Discuss how to make an article better. -Sketch 21:50, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
@DCM: I'm saying that, but i know i myself can't keep to it. Sure i don't spread Propaganda but yeah, i edit the User Talk: and Talk: more than anything, mostly because i'm not good at making edits any where else. I just like to hang back, and intervene when i think something out c: I'm such a hypocrite. and @Dialgarules: I hope you keep to that pledge c: ~~Takoto| サソデイ 21:51, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
Here's a good rule of thumb. When you edit a talk page, ask yourself if this will help improve Bulbapedia in the eyes of unregistered users. In other words, will what I do here affect the mainspace? --Raijinili 01:45, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
Dialga is better...
Youre wrong!!! Palkia is better because it can wash off Dialga's butt. Take that!. DragonTamer 06:55, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
OK, now that I know that it's not just that I'm editing too many Talk Pages, I can keep doing this. And I'm not going to respond to DragonTamer's little comment because I'm not going to get in trouble again for the same reason. Dialgarules 22:22, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
I looked at my preferences and it said part of groups User and "Autoconfirmed users." What does that mean? Was that there before? I read the group rights, but I thought I could always do those two things. Gyaah?? Dialgarules 23:14, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
That means an admin didnt have to approve you to edit--DCM((Nag at Me!Edits))
Is that a good thing or a bad thing? Did I always have that since I registered? Dialgarules 01:00, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
It is a good thing. Without it, you most likely wouldn't be able to edit the pages without an admin confirming you, hence the autoconfirmed user part. --PsychicRider 01:05, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
OK, thanks. Dialgarules 01:07, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
You're welcome. --PsychicRider 01:16, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
Autoconfirmed just means you have a valid email. TTEchidna 01:23, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
All these berries are sometimes found on the wild Pokémon in the games. So don't you dare say that their fanon. How else do you explain the berries' presence on the pokémon? PDL 00:15, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
Still, the diet sections of each Pokédex looks a little bare, it's somewhat informative on the individual species. Since there isn't a section detailing what items come attached to them on occasion. PDL 00:25, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
It's a long and complicated story. Let's just say that long ago, I made a username that was a mouthful to say, after a few edits, I shortened it to the acronym "PDL". PDL 00:30, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
It's listed on the berry pages. PDL 23:41, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
Is this OK?
None.png This user DID NOT support Governor Sarah Palin in the 2008 election.
Is this template that I "made" (I borrowed the code from the Obama template) is OK? Feel free to answer. Dialgarules 23:26, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
It might be..........seen as rude. A lowblow--DCM((Shut the **** upSpy on My Edits))
OK. Good thing I asked before I actually created the template... You know what else is rude? That "shut the **** up" thing. You should at least put the actual word there if you don't care about other people reading this. Dialgarules 23:35, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
Its censcored. If your old enough to know what Im talking about, your old enough to cope with the fact that its in my sig--DCM((Shut the **** upSpy on My Edits))
Very funny!
I never knew about someone who couldn't edit user pages.
Also note: The "mwahaha" does not make you sound evil. Besides, I'm not scared. Of anything. So I'd classify that with a keyword: annoying. Stop annoying me. Really. It's annoying for people to annoy me. That happens 24/7.
Sorry about the overuse of "annoying. But stop. The mwahaha is something I'm actually used to hearing. This explanation is very clear, I hope.
Juan Sanfiel Pray excuse my scrawl November 7, 2008 8:39 EST
I can't understand... WHY WOULD SARAH PALIN BE SO SCARY?? And everything means everything. I'm not scared of anything.
Juan Sanfiel Pray excuse my scrawl 11/10/08 7:34 pm EST
PS: I'm ESOL, but now I know more english than spanish. no need to talk to me in spanish.
PSS: Sarah Palin's a nice woman. Nobody (except you, I believe) could be scared of her.
PSSS: I like applesauce.
Nice woman until you see her policies of not considering people who bomb abortion clinics to make others afraid terrorists. TTEchidna 00:39, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
My mom even voted for the McCain - Palin campaign. Besides, that's something called opinion.
Juan Sanfiel Pray excuse my scrawl 11/11/08 9:01 am EST
Level 9 and under Regigigas
You asked if someone could explain why people ask for a lv. 9 and under Regigigas on GTS, so I hope you still need that answer because I'm going to. In Platinum, Regigigas is found at level 1, so that's why they can ask for one under level 9. - unsigned comment from Aa623 (talkcontribs)
actually, theyre probably cloning a pokemon and who has a level nine regigas? I always request a level 9 and under Darkrai when I clone--DCM((Shut the **** upSpy on My Edits))
The Dialga/Palkia Incident
You know, I'm siding with you on the Dialga preference. I have a friend who has a Pokémon game, and he had a Lv.75 Palkia. I challenged him with my Lv.70 Dialga. I got hit with Spacial Rend, but I survived and hit with a Roar of Time, which was a 1-hit KO. --SharKing ((Talk to the King!)) 02:56, 11 November 2008 (UTC) Signature Test: DialgaRULES
As for your Signature as of the test, it is in breach of the signature Policy due to the three images. Images are not allowed under policy. Gywall(Talk) 21:40, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
Test #2 DialgaRULES 21:44, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
Not calling you out, but by your logic, Darkrai beats both as he OHKO's both with Roar of time. and hes faster than diagla and palkia--DCM((Shut the **** upSpy on My Edits))
Or maybe Dialga, being half Steel-type, can survive the un-STABBED R.O.T. and blast away with Aura Sphere. SharKing ((Talk to the King!)) 20:15, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
Not with Choice Specs :p--DCM((Shut the **** upSpy on My Edits))
Ummm.... Okay..... Maybe we should move to the forums before someone thinks I'm abusing the talk pages yet again!!! --DialgaRULES 23:36, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
Wait, who are we referring to again? In any case, the best course of action is to delete the page moves they have done. Over time, it will get buried deeper and deeper into the Move Log until nobody can find it without having to dig through it. That's how I found all the vandal moves. --PAK Man Talk 20:48, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
Well, I'm only removing vandalous page moves, not vandalous edits themselves. If I were doing that, I'd probably have to go through every single article on the wiki. But if you spot a page move that is offensive or vandalous, please notify one of the admins and we'll deal with it ASAP. --PAK Man Talk 21:07, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
Sure! Just tell me what you want, and you'll get it (Diamond)! Friend Code: 4940-3813-4896 (I would ♥ a trade!) Cream of the Croagunk Crop! 23:48, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
But I'm Not Jaime From Your Spanish Class, I Have Dark Brown Hair, But We Can Still Be Friends. JimmyA562 03:16, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
Welcoming new users
You're free to welcome a new user if nobody has done so already. Simply type {{subst:Welcome}} on their talk page, and they will be welcomed. --PAK Man Talk 21:08, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
I know that, I've done a kajillion of those already. I was just making sure because no one else was and I was suspicious. I can be like that sometimes. (However I did check and it said "New User" not "Account created automatically" so I guess I should have known that I could have) --DialgaRULES 21:10, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
Study Buddies
Yeah that sounds cool, when can we start?
Alright then...hmmmmm. How about this. Why are there tighter restrictions on the signatures? This is how it works on the HRWiki:
1. Create your sig page (e.g. ALJ123456/sig) 2. Create it! 3. Save the shortcut in the preferences signature box.
On this wiki you create it in the preferences area, no pictures, smaller than usual, why?
Fair enough, fair enough, but if I was boss for 5 mins, I would set up a proper userbox page, where you could easily copy links to make making a userbox less time consuming. So then, what about the message I got recently, where the guy moaned that I had gone over the limit and threatened to close my accont, sorry got to go it's 10 at night over in England
(ALJ123456 21:53, 7 December 2008 (UTC))
I just did!! Are you in Pokéteca too? JS 23:30, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
Hey, HEy, HEY! Check out something on the bottom of my user box on my user page!! I hope you like it!! JS 03:02, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
Three things
1. . You take the internet too seriously
3. . Lets keep it PG-13. I appreciate a good dig at Pachirisu, put lets keep it to a minium.
And I love no oneDCM((曲奇饼妖怪Spy on My Edits))
1. Monty Python and the Holy Grail Reference obviously went RIGHT over your head.
2. I do love my mother. and yours :p
3. What are you, ten years old?
I really could care less about your dragonite, as I could wipe the floor with you. Easily.Take a lap.DCM((曲奇饼妖怪Spy on My Edits))
While this appears to be in good fun, let me remind both of you that "fun" often gets out of hand. You won't need me to give previous examples, I'm sure. Play safe, boys. (And watch your usertalk quantity, DR) — THE TROM — 01:47, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
Good! I've been wondering where you were. Juan Sanfiel - Blah, Blah, Blah 15:25, 19 January 2009 (UTC)
Spain! I went there in 2007. Have you ever been in Niagara Falls? I've been there and other places in Canada and I saw Tanks for the Memories!, Hot Springing a Leak!, and Riding the Winds on Change! dubbed in French! It sounds weird there. Juan Sanfiel - Blah, Blah, Blah 19:35, 19 January 2009 (UTC) |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57613 | Rainbow Goo
[See GreyGoo]
1. Reproduction means "the survival of the fittest" starts to apply.
2. "The fitness of the whole is greater than the sum of the fitness of the parts" means increasingly more complex (fitter) ecosystems, with their component individuals, will evolve.
3. Thus individuals that can team up and create synergy will more often survive.
4. Specialized individuals create more synergy than homogenous individuals.
5. Therefore, I'd guess RainbowGoo :)
That'll work fine if your goo can mutate. Otherwise, it just stays grey. I suppose, from a human perspective, it makes little difference - all the works of man get obliterated either way.
But at least the Rainbow stuff could eventually evolve into self-awareness again. Perhaps those rainbow-minds would look at the stuff that makes them up and wonder at how random chance could have resulted in such clever engineering.
I think the point of the original author was that that is exactly what has happened -- we humans are RainbowGoo. -- StephanHouben
Regrettably, no. To quote RichardFeynman, "There's plenty of room at the bottom". Human cells are many thousands of times larger than the putative EricDrexler assemblers. They're microscopic, not nanoscopic. Compared with the assemblers they're also hideously slow and inefficient. Assemblers designed by intent seem likely to be vastly more powerful than the stuff that we're made of. --PeterMerel.
But how do you keep the nanoscopic assemblers tamper-resistant the way human cells are? I think that in order to make assemblers tamper-resistant, you'd end up adding so many auxiliary mechanisms that they too would end up microscopic instead of nanoscopic. --TaralDragon
Well, for a start, you can encase your assembler in a shell of diamond and still keep it 1,000 times smaller than a human cell. Now you might still manage to tamper with a beast like that ... but you'll have a much harder time than you'd have tampering with a jelly-like human cell.
To get an idea about the scale and style differences, think of a couple of thousand ants eating your picnic. Human cells are comparatively picnics of molecules performing most of their tricks through osmosis and statistical assembly. Nanotech Assemblers are pick-and-place robots like ants, but a million times smaller and faster. The reason for the difference in scale and style is the assemblers are engineered for efficiency, where the cells just have to harmonize with other natural processes.
How can we do engineering like this? We're not smarter than nature - we are natural creatures ourselves, and thereby instruments of nature - but we've often found ourselves able to engineer devices that are faster and more rapacious than the ones we find in the natural world. Whether this really can be done isn't an opinion poll - dig out Drexler & Merkle's NanoSystems and see the designs for yourself.
Human cells aren't tamper-resistant. What makes you think they are? And what makes you think that nanomachines need to be?
One thing I realized about the runaway nanotech scenarios - if they were likely, wouldn't we see a cellular equivalent in nature already? Yes, the nanomachines are postulated as smaller, but we've seen bacteria in seriously hostile environments, so why haven't we seen something the size of a virus that can disassemble a cell? My hypothesis is that there is something that is being ignored by the GreyGoo theory, something akin to the recent report (I saw it on Slashdot) that showed a more difficult time getting a nano-manipulator to release a molecule than previously expected.
wouldn't we see a cellular equivalent in nature already? No, because if there were such a thing, we wouldn't be around to see it. That doesn't mean it can't exist, just that it and us can't co-exist. In general the nastier something is, the more readily it is constrained by epidemiological considerations, that is, the nastier you are, the more poorly you spread around.
What do you think Tuberculosis, Ebola and Necrotising disease are? They're examples of bacteria disassembling the human body. The only reason some freak disease hasn't wiped out humanity completely is because the human body can fight back and diseases are highly environment and species specific. Needless to say, nanomachines built on a non-biological basis will not be species specific. If someone designed them that way, they could munch on every species on the planet, animal, vegetable, bacterial and mineral, photosynthesizing all the while.
And unless someone specifically designed them for it, nanomachines will never be digestible by macrophages or neutralizable by T-cells, quite unlike the weakling Ebola virus. I mean hell, some people actually survive Ebola. Further, the small size of nanomachines compared to bacteria is sufficient to confer on them awesome power. You can fit the functionality of a bacteria in the size of a virus. Now imagine for a moment self-reproducing Ebola viruses. That survive and are transmitted by dry air. That infect the entire freaking biosphere. Enough said.
It's worse than that. The best viruses and bacteria can do is be transmitted by dry air. It appears that nanomachines can be designed to infect dry air -- to use air to build more copies of themselves. --AnonymousDonor
I'm not doubting the theoretical power of a nano-disassembler - I'm questioning the practical power - the Slashdot-referenced article discussed that the research was finding that it was much more difficult to let go of and atom/molecule than most nanotech theories were postulating - IOW, it was not possible to do the precise positioning unless there was another force (such as substrate covalent attraction) to draw the atom/molecule to it, and even then, the nanobot might not be able to let go. Look at viruses - they've had, what, trillions of generations, and not one of them has approached the efficiency that nanotech mavens tout. Nature is hardly the best designer, but She does get aimed in the right direction a vast majority of the time.
Can't agree with this last. Humans have exceeded the capabilities of StochasticEvolution? in everything they've ever built. We see no supersonic birds. No steel buffalo. No silicon DNA. Not in trillions of generations. But EvolutionByDesign? produced all these things in just a handful of human generations. When EvolutionByDesign? occurs on the nano-scale, we should expect nothing less than a whole new ball game. It likely won't look much like what we envision today - but it sure won't look like what's been happening without us.
Now where I agree with you is that GreyGooIsEasilyContained.
View edit of January 22, 2004 or FindPage with title or text search |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57626 | HOME > Chowhound > Los Angeles Area >
Feb 14, 2001 11:13 PM
Patsy's pizza
• k
tried this place in the farmer's market a couple times now, 3rd and Fairfax, and it's pretty good. the cheese pizza is very tasty and light and has a somewhat thin crust. it tasted a little more Italianate than those California style pizzas. i usually polish off a small whole cheese pizza (not as large as it sounds). and it's great because if your a hungry trencherman like me you can get some donuts from that famous place next door or walk to the other side of the market for great catfish po' boy at the gumbo pot. i think there was a dicussion about this pizza place a couple months ago by a fellow chowhound.
Let me know what you think. Enjoy.
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1. I've been relishing Patsy's ever since the golden age of the 60s. There's joy in every oily slice. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57630 | HOME > Chowhound > Spirits >
Jul 9, 2010 06:46 AM
Anyone Tried Wild Turkey Rare Breed?
Apparently a blend of aged (6, 8, and 12 year old) barrel strength Bourbons. These guys have if for $35 including free shipping:
Be curious if anyone has given it a whirl?
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1. It's a great whiskey and especially for the price. It's equal measure sweet and spicy. If you like Wild Turkey 101, you'll love this stuff.
3 Replies
1. re: StriperGuy
$32.99 at the NH liquor outlets. Although it'll probably cost you more than the difference in gas, at least you can get it faster. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57631 | HOME > Chowhound > Southeast >
Nov 4, 2012 03:50 AM
Currants Events (Raleigh / The Triangle) / fresh ricotta, currants, semolina
Hi all! So, I'm on a quest for currants. Any idea where I can find currants in/around Raleigh? Seems like I needed currants last year for another recipe (now forgotten what it was now) and I ran all over heck and half of Georgia on a currant quest without ever finding currants.
I also need Semolina flour and none was to be found at Harris Teeter or Trader Joes. Surely that isn't too exotic of an ingredient. Any idea on where to get the semolina?
Finally... where to get fresh ricotta?
Thank you so much for all suggestions!
FYI, I'm making:
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1. Semolina flour can be found at Neomonde's either their store on Beryl by the fair grounds or the one on Strickland.
1 Reply
1. re: chazzer
Thanks so much! One down, two to go!
2. I've never had any problem finding currants at the local HTs. Sort of surprised about the lack of semolina - I made semolina gnocchi a year or two ago and don't remember it being tough to find. I *thought* I'd gotten it at HT, but maybe I made a trip to Southern Season for it. Give them a call and see. And I've found fresh ricotta at WFs. Good luck!
7 Replies
1. re: LulusMom
+2 Our local HT's always have currants. They are where you find the raisins.
1. re: lynnlato
I'm going to have a chat about the dearth of items with Mr. Todd, - the store manager at Cameron Village HT. He and I have gotten to be big buddies over the years! However, I did find Sunmaid brand "zante currants" at HT yesterday. What are "zante" currants? --- i.e., why aren't they just called plain currants? I got the semolina at Whole Foods, but they didn't have fresh ricotta - just the regular packaged kind. @ Rory -- I'll be over to Weaver Street, per your suggestion. @LynnLato, thank you so much for all your advice, esp. when I go to visit Charlotte/Lake Norman. @LuLu's Mom - what would I do without you?!
1. re: Tehama
Always good to have a buddy at the grocery store! Lulu is best buds with the fish guy at our local HT.
Good luck with your cooking/baking! And ask your cat to save a bit of wine for me.
1. re: Tehama
Those are the currants I buy. Heck, it never occurred to me that they are labeled "zante currants". So I googled it and found out that the U.S. actually outlawed the growing of currants because it was believed that they contributed to a disease that threatened the pine lumber industry. The law was abolished back in 1966 but apparently the farming of real currants never really took off. Zante currants aren't even currants, but dried small grapes from a Greek island. Crazy right?!! Pretty interesting though. Read this blog post: http://2footalligator.blogspot.com/20...
So, now I want to try REAL currants, dang it.
P.S. Tehama, it is my pleasure! :)
1. re: lynnlato
Thank you for {adorable!} LuLusMom and LynnLato! LynnLato, if you ever come to the Triangle sometimes we try to get up Chowdowns at some restaurant - you're more than welcome! That was so interesting about the Currant info; thank you so much for that explanation and link. Like you, I am now REALLY interested in what exactly a true currant is. LuLusMom; I'm going to save some Baba au Rhum for you! :-)
1. re: Tehama
True currants are a berry--they come in red, white, or black varieties. Don't grow well around here, which makes me sad, because I grew up on the flavor of black currants & miss them terribly. You'd probably recognize it if you tasted it--cassis, or Ribena are both black currant flavors. Zante currants (which are what you're looking for) are like very tiny raisins.
1. re: lisarosen
Very interesting! Thanks, Lisa! All this talk about currants make me want the real thing! I think I might have to look to order some from out-of-state. Thank you!
2. Whole Foods on Ridge Rd has semolina; I saw it yesterday (but I'd be surprised if H-T didn't; same is true for currants). As for really good fresh ricotta, I haven't had great luck around here. Try searching Food52 for instructions on making your own. It's not the real deal, but might be a decent substitute.
20 Replies
1. re: lisarosen
I've made fresh ricotta from the (I think) Michael Chairrello recipe. I wasn't overwhelmed.
1. re: rockycat
Hey! I googled the Chiarello recipe. I always loved him (the Napa Style biscotti recipe is awesome!) and was so sad his show went off the air. That recipe looks like a tremendous amount.... or does the gallon of milk cook down into a small(ish) quantity? Thank you!
1. re: Tehama
I'm sorry, I really don't remember. It was a good while ago that I made it and I don't tend to remember much about recipes I don't make again. Maybe if you catch a week where milk is on a good special you could try with a smaller quantity of milk and see how you like it.
1. re: Tehama
Gallon of milk will make about a 1 cups worth of ricotta. Don't know the recipe but the quick and dirty way using milk and some form of souring agent like lemon juice or vinegar is what I've done..
1. re: burgeoningfoodie
THanks so much for the info! I've never attempted anything like that before, but love to try new things, of course. May just be my weekend project. Thanks for the estimate!
ps - this is the Chiarello recipe: http://www.napastyle.com/recipe/recip...
1. re: Tehama
That is essentially the same recipe.. taking milk and adding an acid to it. It isn't "real" ricotta but it is the quick and dirty method.
1. re: Tehama
Oooh, I've tried that recipe before. Stupid easy! It was pretty tasty too. I ate it for breakfast drizzled w/ honey, granola and figs (the same way Gabrielle Hamilton serves it up at NYC's Prune)... but I digress.
I just checked out your links. I love April Bloomfield and The Spotted Pig. She is one of my favorite chefs. Interestingly, I follow her on Instagram and she often responds to questions. Her new cookbook A Girl & Her Pig is beautifully written and chock-ful of great recipes. I've had those gnudi before, at the restaurant, and their delicious. Especially with that sage brown butter sauce. Yummm, not I have a craving!
FYI, that recipe you linked to is not the actual Spotted Pig recipe. Below is the Bloomfield's recipe, as written in her cookbook:
1 lb semolina flour
1 lb sheep's milk ricotta (or really, moist, soft creamy cow's milk ricotta)
1 oz chunk of finely grated parmesan cheese
1 tsp salt
7 Tbl slightly chilled unsalted butter
20 good-sized sage leaves
Kosher salt
A handful of finely grated Parm. cheese
Line a large baking sheet w/ parchment paper. Add about 3/4 of the semolina to the sheet, spreading it out evenly. Combine the ricotta, parmesan & salt in a large bowl, stir until well-combined. Put mixture in a disposable piping bag and cut a 1 1/4 inch tip off a corner and pipe the mixture onto the semolina-lined tray in 3-4 long, straight lines, leaving an inch or two of space between them.
Use a pair of scissors and snip each strip horizontally every 1 1/4 - 1 1/2 inches along the length (you want to turn each strip into 9 or 10 pudgy little logs).
Working w/ one little log at a time, gently press each little logbetween your palms to make the log shorter & a little pudgier, almost round. Make sure there are no creases. Hold the log over the bowl of remaining semolina and sprinkle w/ pinches of semolina until it coats every bit of the gnudi. Set the gnudi on the semolina tray, leaving a space between each. Dust the remaining semolina in the bowl over the tray of gnudi. Cover lightly w/ plastic wrap and refrigerate. Keep them in the fridge, turning them over once a day and covering them again until they are firm and are no longer damp - give it at least 3 days, but no more than 4.
Fill a large wide pan or shallow pot 2/3 full of water. Salt it generously and bring to a boil over high heat. Transfer gnudi to a large plate, giving each one a gentle but assertive shake to remove any loose semolina.
In another pan, put 3 Tbl of butter in a shallow pan large enough to hold the gnudi in one layer. Add 1/3 cup of the hot, salted water & set over med. heat. Once the butter has melted, take the pan off the heat.
Ease the gnudi into the boiling water and cook, gently shaking the pot once (don't stir), for 2 mins. Don't cook them any longer or they'll fall apart - set a timer. Set the pan w/ the butter water mixture over high heat. With a slotted spoon, gently transfer gnudi to the butter water and cook at a vigorous simmer, shaking the pan now and then - don't stir until the butter sauce thickens slightly and begins to cling to the gnudi, about 3 mins.
Serve the gnudi in the pan or divide the gnudi among warm shallow bowls. Sprinkle w/ parmesan cheese and a little salt (she love Maldon) and garnish w/ the sage leaves. Drizzle on as much of the brown butter as you like.
(WOW! That was a lot to type!)
1. re: lynnlato
LYNN! You are absolutely amazing! I haven't made the gnudi yet, so I especially appreciate your post and how much time I know it took to type that. You are so, so sweet. I am definitely going to use your (the authentic!) recipe -- I've got some time set aside this week for pilfering in the kitchen and I see now I have an even better project to work towards. Most sincere thanks for ALL the input you just provided. Thank you!
1. re: Tehama
Gladly!!! I haven't tried them yet so please report back. It's really not as complicated as it reads. And it's kind of nice that you make them 3 days in advance so you don't have as much work on the day of your dinner party. Good luck!!!
2. re: burgeoningfoodie
By the way, doing that and then putting some sort of weight on it to press out the water, is how Indians make paneer.
1. re: bbqme
Totally separate question for you BBQME. What is the difference in Saag Paneer and Palak paneer? Is it a matter of region? Is Saag and Palak two different words for spinach? This is my ignorance... knaive showing
1. re: burgeoningfoodie
since bbqme is Bengali I don't know if he speaks Hindi too. Over at the English Hindi online dictionary it translates both saag and palak for spinach. I've seen palak for greens many times at various blogs and 'spinach-greens' in English, if this helps.
1. re: Rory
Oh didn't know. Just by posts he knew more than I about Indian cuisine and thought to ask. I was just curious myself.
2. re: lisarosen
Thank you so much, guys! I'm working in the office today while it is quite, but I will run by WF on way home. Thank you so much my friends!
1. re: Tehama
Being a Chapel Hill person, I have bought excellent fresh ricotta at Weaver St, Market but don't know if you want to drag yourself here (also double-check that they still have it, if you will come)
1. re: Rory
I'm always glad to come to Chapel Hill! Goooo Heels! Thanks so much for the update! It was late getting home today so I'm going to have to put my gnudi quest on hold for a tad longer. I appreciate the heads up.
1. re: Tehama
Okay then, I think Weaver St Market has everything on your list for one stop shopping to make it easier. Just ring them first to make sure.
1. re: Tehama
Weaver which I love for their bar is over priced and you'd be better off making the cheese yourself and finding the currents and semolina in whatever grocery is closest to you IMHO |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57632 | HOME > Chowhound > Los Angeles Area >
Dec 23, 2012 06:54 PM
Tasty Garden San Gabriel is now T G Kitchen
Don't know which category of name change this falls under yet, though this branch of Tasty Garden hasn't been open too long. Will try to go by and check the menu for clues.
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1. Ownership dispute, that branch is no longer part of "Tasty Garden" so it cannot use its name anymore.
1 Reply
1. re: jasongg06
Thanks. New permanent signage is up and new menus printed. Food appears to be very similar to Tasty Garden. I wouldn't be surprised if very little has changed here. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57634 | HOME > Chowhound > Ontario (inc. Toronto) >
Dec 29, 2003 10:45 AM
Has anyone heard of NOI in Windsor?
• j
I am going to Windsor for business, has anyone been to Noi? It has been suggested to me.
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1. Windsor is nowhere near Toronto. Try asking on the Canada message board, where you may get some helpful answers.
1 Reply
1. re: rich
Or perhaps the Midwest Board, since Windsor is across the bridge from Detroit.
2. m
Mrs. Cindy Alcove
I saw it on the bombay sapphire website recognizing its design. Sounds great. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57645 | Simple Is not Simplistic
From WikiContent
Revision as of 13:45, 8 May 2009 by Gasproni (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
• simple easily understood or done; presenting no difficulty
Unfortunately, many developers skim through point (1), and assume that the users actually know what they need, then think about point (2) forgetting the "cleanly" bit, skip point (3) altogether, and try to cut the time at point (4) as much as possible, and equate this to a "simple" solution, when in fact, it is a simplistic one.
[this is still work in progress]
By Giovanni Asproni
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57649 | 2.5 yr old boy w/ NO interest in potty training
Posted 02/05/2010
My 2.5 year old has absolutely no interest in potty training. I don't want to be pushy, but he knows about potty. He'll tell me whether or not he's had a BM or wet his pants but refuses to use his potty seat except to play.
He'd also developed the dreadful habit of fighting diaper changes. He's recently started denying that he's had a BM or that he's in the act of a movement. It's funny to watch because I'll be able to listen to the BM happening and he completely denies that it's going on. (I've never laughed at it though. Don't want to encourage that.)
If I let him run around naked, he stands over things like pillows or blankets and pees on them. He has pretty good aim but won't use it for the toilet.
Any suggestions for how to start this process? Maybe ideas for how to pique his interest? Help?
Comments (3)
Posted 02/05/2010
I went through this with my son. He actually used the potty at 18 months, but we never pushed it on him or trained him. Just secretly rejoiced, esp. if it was poo. Then, he went through a stage where he denied he could go on the potty at all, etc etc. Well, finally at just a little over 3, I convinced him to try his big boy underwear, and he trained very quickly (pee, that is). Really, it took less than a week, and he was having no pee accidents at all...I am a big believer in waiting until 3. My older son, I waited until then, and it happened very quickly for him too...We are still having issues with poop, which is why I'm on this board, but he's slowly getting it. He pooed twice the past few days on the potty, which is awesome!!!! But, we've been working on it for weeks...
Sorry, I got sidetracked....I would say your son doesn't sound ready yet. But, I would just keep encouraging him to try his underwear on. The underwear will make him get wet, unlike standing over a pillow where there's really no negative consequence for him (not that it's punishment, it just teaches cause and effect, IMO)...I bet if you try some new undies, he might figure it out? BUt, be prepared for lots of laundry-- and the poo accidents aren't fun Tongue out
(And, also, I wasn't a "nazi" about it. I would some times interchange underwear and diapers during the day, or put on a diaper if we went out. And, he still figured it out quick).
AnnieOakleyMoi · Original Poster
Posted 02/12/2010
Piper - Thank you for the reassurance! I'm going to keep on how we're going right now. No sense in pressuring him. I think you're right, he's just not ready/interested at this point.
Thanks again!
Posted 02/14/2010
Hi my son was the same but all of a sudden he sits on the toilet and wees. I don't pressure him anymore but keep reminding him that he must tell me when he wants to go. (he's also 2.5) Today he even made a number 2 in the loo for the first time! I put 2 small sweets on the table next to the toilet and tell him he can have it if he makes a wee or number 2. It helps a lot. And don't be tempted to put his nappy on.... he won't learn that way. I took him to the mall yesterday without a nappy on and I was a bit nervous but after he had a cooldrink I asked him if he wants to go to the toilet and he said yes and had a wee there too - i was so impressed because he's been fighting the toilet and potty for a while now. I hope this lasts..........
ps. I still put his nappy on at night.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57651 | Things NOT to say to a woman pregnant with triplets
Posted 03/23/2013
1) Wow, 3?! Better you than me!
~I'm sure the babies agree...
2) Wow, you're big for only being x amount of weeks pregnant!
~Of course I am!!! What part of THREE babies is confusing to you???
3) Do triplets run in your family?
~I don't think I've ever heard of triplets running in an family EVER in the history of the world, twins yes, triplets not so much. I'm pretty sure triplets are a fluke.
4)How much do you weigh/how much weight have you gained?
~Not appropriate to ask any woman ever, pregnant or not.
5) Triplets!? Was it natural?
~I'm not going to explain the birds and the bees to complete strangers (that's who usually asks) if you don't know how this works, I am not the one to explain it to you. If God didn't want these babies to exist, there is nothing in this world that you can do to make it so.
6) what are you going to do about (insert any situation complicated by having three babies at once) and proceed to argue with me about what I should do about the situation.
~I have talked to people with triplets to make informed decisions. Having a baby or even 3 kids one at a time doesn't make you an expert on all baby situations. Advice is appreciated, arguments are not.
Please add your own to the list ladies! I know there are plenty more things that people should NOT being saying to us but feel compelled to anyway!
Comments (16)
/ 2
Posted 03/23/2013
Oh my goodness kmpplus3!
I think I've heard every one of those comments! Most of the time they make me laugh at people's ignorance and incensitivity but on a bad day or a "fat day" it does sometimes get under my skin. Mind you, I had singletons previously and had my fair share of innapropriate comments from strangers or coworkers (ie not friends).
I work in a hospital and while talking to a coworker about a patient several of the nurses gathered around behind me to openly and loudly assess the size of my hindquarters as a predictor of whether I was having a boy or a girl. (It was a mixture of male and female nurses, not that it matters). My male coworker was scandalized and it was really innapropriate especailly since the patient we all shared was within earshot! That was with my singleton.
With triplets I've gotten: "Were they natural?" or "Did you plan this?" A LOT! But also....
-Wow and you're about to pop anyday now honey!
~24 weeks now so I certainly hope nothing will be popping!
- Have you accomplished tasks X, Y and Z? Who knows how much time you will have to organize your life?
~ Just because it freaks you out that I'm having triplets, there's no reason to pile you stress on me stranger, why try to freak me out?
-Well I guess this is the end of your career!
~Not even sure how to think of a reply to that!
-So has your husband gotten a vasectomy yet?
~ Not that we're planning to have more kids at this point, our thre new ones aren't even born yet, but so what if we did! And anyway, should I ask if he (or her husband) has gotten a vasectomy too? Why is my family's reproductive health an open topic for discussion all of the sudden?
-Can you lift your shirt and show me your belly?
~Seriously, do you want to show me yours? You won't see the babies, my skin is not transparent!
And my personal favorite:
-Oh my goodness triplets? What on earth went wrong? (From a male coworker who actually has two young kids of his own)
~ Wrong? Hey loser you should realize that this means a whole lot went right, how active a participant were you in fathering your own kids? Sheesh.
I guess it's all part of being a "freak-show". I can't imagine what it'll be like as I get even bigger since I hope to still have quite a ways to grow :)
Posted 03/24/2013
Ha ha ha they are brilliant. I have taken to raising my hand in a 'stop' sign as soon as I tell someone to let them know that I don't listen to negativity, we are as prepared as anyone can through careful and considered research and that we are the luckiest people alive. They can seriously all bugger off!!!!! Good luck amazing mummies! X
Posted 03/24/2013
Ooooh, yes. I've heard all of these, and more. Wait until they arrive and you start taking them out in public...Surprised
Baby #4 due June, 2013
Posted 03/24/2013
I get "good luck" comment alot and not in an encouraging tone.
And of course "did you plan this?"
-really?! What kind of question is that anyway? Who plans triplets?
Leslie (Mommy to Kirra Brynn 3/6/08, M/C 12/31/11, Sienna, Jacob & Kaylee 3/26/13
Posted 03/24/2013
Not so sound discouraging, but it gets WAY worse after they are born!! That was the hardest thing for me to get used to..complete strangers coming up to us and asking very personal questions and saying very hurtful things. I get so mad when people come up to me and say "I would kill myself if it were me!" So terrible...I was quiet about it when the babies were small, but now they are 2 and I don't want them to hear these awful things:( People are idiots!!!
Posted 03/25/2013
I hated the question about, "Are they natural?" I wanted to say "No, they are fake... and IT'S NONE OF YOUR BUSINESS!"
And now that they're born, it is annoying to hear, "Boy, do you have your hands full!" I know they are well meaning but it's like, "really? I didn't notice that it's a lot of work to have triplets!"
Posted 03/27/2013
The "better you than me comment always makes me so mad"
- Yes b*tch thats why you werent choosen for the task
"How are you feeling"
-I have a coworker that asks me this EVERY FREAKING DAY and says "Have you talked to the dad?" -MIND YOUR FREAKING BUISNESS!!!
Are you going to give one to your sister or your mom ? Its going to be hard girl.
-Why the heck would I give a baby away? Thanks for the positive vibes; Like im not already freaked out.
And some people just laugh and look at me like im a joke. "How old are you? OMG?"
Posted 03/27/2013
makes me think of the song...people are strange...lol
Posted 03/29/2013
I'm totally cracking up right now! I love y'alls responses! People are so weird sometimes! Last night I got "did you mean to get pregnant with 3"? How do you even answer that?? Then last week at church the nicest woman, who I consider a friend, said to me "Welcome to the dark ages!" She has twins that are 1yr old. Thanks for the encouragement. Then she said "and you're 40. I think I would shoot myself." Ok....guess I can cross that person off my friends list. I would never say that to anyone!
I can only imagine what it's going to be like once they're born.
kmpplus3 · Original Poster
Posted 03/29/2013
Oh, another favorite....belly cream or belly butter doesn't matter, if you are going to get stretch marks you are going to get them no matter what you do. (ESP from women that don't have kids)
~oh ok!!! Then I won't even TRY to prevent them! In fact I think I will try to hurry and stretch my skin now so I won't have to play the waiting game waiting for the "inevitable"!!!
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57676 | Cancer Survivors Network - Comments for "feeling like a lean-to" Comments for "feeling like a lean-to" en-csn RE: feeling like a lean-to <p>You sound like a hoot Sue,<br /> I too am in B.C., I'm in Vancouver area. I found that I too leaned that way but it was more like I was favoring that side. It felt better than standing up straight, but my bach ached. I'm not a big woman so I always found it funny. The odd time your body feels like the breast is still there. In time it all gets use to the cituation. How about the SUN, I am loving it.<br /> Be good to yourself,<br /> 24242 Tara</p> Mon, 02 Apr 2001 17:24:22 +0000 24242 comment 493447 at RE: feeling like a lean-to <p>I am newly diagnosed and you all have me concerned. I have walked side wyas my whole life. My husbad is always telling me to pick a side when we walk next to each other. Are you all telling me it is going to get worse?!!! LOL<br /> Tracy</p> Mon, 02 Apr 2001 03:49:49 +0000 mommy2twinz1 comment 493446 at RE: feeling like a lean-to <p>Hi Susan: Are you on chemo? It affected my equlibrium(?)a bit, and I would be crab walking(side-ways gait) without realizing it. I returned to normal in a short time (can't remember exactly how long). Good luck and God bless. Brenda</p> Sun, 01 Apr 2001 22:13:22 +0000 bdean comment 493445 at RE: feeling like a lean-to <p>Hi Sue, Good to see you posting again and love to read you. You always find humor in whats going on. I imagine you lean toward the side of the mastectomy because you are protecting it and maybe protecting yourself from pain. I have a bad knee and after I had orthoscopic surgery on it, I had to learn to walk again. I had walked toe first on that leg to protect me from pain and it was a hard habit to break. You may be leaning toward the mastectomy, fearing a straight position may pull and hurt. You sound like all is well otherwise. I have missed you and I'm glad you're back. Love and Hugs, Nancy S</p> Sun, 01 Apr 2001 20:22:20 +0000 nancys comment 493444 at |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57689 | You are viewing dga
Kill the stupid prime computation benchmark
A recent rubyinside post pointed out how cool ruby inline was because it could give a 10x speedup. The sad thing is that this example is a terrible one, and illustrates a different point far better.
The question: How fast can one print information about the first 10,000 primes in various programming languages. In fairness, the author of the RubyInline version noted that he was forbidden to change the algorithm, but dear god, why use the stupidest thing possbile as your example? Think of the children!
Original algorithm: for every number, see if it's divisible by every number smaller than it.
Original runtime: 2.9 seconds (his machine; 3.45 mine).
So he rewrote it in C as an inline function in Ruby. The code is 3x longer and relies on a complicated external library and gcc, etc., in order to compile.
Inline C runtime: 0.3 seconds.
But: GUGH. Compute the primes in pure ruby using the Sieve of Erastothenes (you know, the one we teach students their first day?):
def prime_sieve
p = + 1) { 1 }
(2..N).each { |n|
if (p[n] == 1)
nx = n + n
while (nx <= N)
p[nx] = n if p[nx] == 1
nx += n
(2..N).each { |n|
if p[n] == 1
puts "#{n} is a prime number"
puts "#{n} equals #{p[n]} * #{n/p[n]}"
Pure ruby, sieve runtime: 0.1 seconds.
So, it's 3x faster than a stupid C version, shorter, has no external dependencies... please, oh script hackers of the world, please abandon the "stupid prime computation" benchmark. Okay, end rant.
I think you missed the point.
Of course trial division is much slower than any reasonable algorithm. The fact that they were computing primes wasn't the point; the point was to do some simple looping numeric code. I imagine the primes thing was chosen because it is obvious and an example that yields a result that people understand.. Perhaps they should use a different example, but it'd be hard to find a simple algorithm that couldn't be done more efficiently with more complex code. If you have an example of a simple-and-obvious calculation that has clear meaning and shouldn't be done a different way, I'd be in favour of using that instead.
(I feel like noting that the primes thing has the same problem as most examples.. any example small enough to be quite clear tends to be oversimplified in such a way that it could be done differently. It is the rare feature/language/library that can have its usefulness made apparent in a bite-sized chunk of code.)
Re: I think you missed the point.
I didn't miss the point at all: I understand that he was looking for a simple example, and stated so, but this one is particularly egregious. The speedup is enormous and the code to do it is still simple. I'd be much more a fan of
• Time to insert and find 10,000 elements in a hash
• Time to increment a variable 100,000,000 times
• Time to traverse a linked list many times
• Compute the ip checksum over a chunk of data (many times)
The problem with using examples like finding primes the wrong way is that there's an implicit message that rewriting your code in C is actually the right way to do it instead of going the simpler route. At least the real microbenchmarks represent situations that you might actually need to implement or represent speedups that you might take away and put in another context.
Nice example.
Am I being pedantic by pointing out that 1 isn't a prime number?
Re: Nice
Thanks. Updated. :)
August 2012
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global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57693 | Simon Cowell made what word trend?
National Guard
Compare militia (def 2). Unabridged
Cite This Source
Examples from the web for National Guard
British Dictionary definitions for National Guard
National Guard
(sometimes not capitals) the armed force, first commanded by Lafayette, that was established in France in 1789 and existed intermittently until 1871
(in the US) a state military force that can be called into federal service by the president
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
Cite This Source
National Guard in Culture
National Guard definition
The volunteer military forces of each state, which the governor of a state can summon in times of civil disorder or natural disaster. Through congressional and presidential order, the National Guard can be called into service in the regular United States army.
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for National Guard
Few English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for National
Scrabble Words With Friends
Quotes with National Guard
Nearby words for national guard |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57697 | 2.3.6 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall Zip Archive Extracting the Install Archive Creating an Option File Selecting a MySQL Server Type Starting MySQL Server on Microsoft Windows for the First Time Starting MySQL Server from the Windows Command Line Customizing the PATH for MySQL Tools Starting MySQL Server as a Microsoft Windows Service Testing The MySQL Server Installation on Microsoft Windows
1. Extract the archive to the desired install directory
2. Create an option file
3. Choose a MySQL server type
4. Start the MySQL server
5. Secure the default user accounts
This process is described in the sections that follow. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57699 | Solaris Common Desktop Environment: User's Guide
To Set Up a Log File
1. Choose Log File from the Sample menu.
Process Manager displays the Log File dialog box.
2. Specify the name and location of a new file and click OK.
Process Manager creates the text file and appends each new sample (with header information) to the file.
Caution - Caution -
Process Manager will continue to append to this file until you terminate the Process Manager application, or until you choose Stop Logging from the Sample menu. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57700 | Sun Java System Access Manager 7.1 C API Reference
Authentication Call Sequence
The sequence of calls necessary to authenticate to Access Manager begins with the function call am_auth_create_auth_context(). This call returns an am_auth_context structure that is then used for the rest of the authentication calls. Once the structure has been initialized, the am_auth_login() function is called. This indicates to the Authentication Service that an authentication is desired. Depending on the parameters passed when creating the am_auth_context structure and making the am_auth_login() function call, the Authentication Service will determine the login requirements with which to respond. For example, if the requested authentication is to an organization configured for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) authentication with no authentication module chaining involved, the server will respond with a request for a user name and password. The client loops the function call am_auth_has_more_requirements(), fills in the needed information and submits this back to the server using the function call am_auth_submit_requirements(). (When the requirements are a user name and password, this will happen twice.) The final step is to make the function call am_auth_get_status() to determine if the authentication was successful or not.
Note –
The remote-auth.dtd is the template used to format XML authentication requests sent to Access Manager and to parse XML authentication responses received by the external application. The attributes in the requests/responses correspond to elements in the remote-auth.dtd, which can be found in the directory AccessManager-base/SUNWam/dtd. In the example, user name corresponds to the NameCallback element and password to the PasswordCallback element in the remote-auth.dtd. More information on remote-auth.dtd can be found in Chapter 5, Using Authentication APIs and SPIs, in Sun Java System Access Manager 7.1 Developer’s Guide. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57704 | Power Distribution Panels
Designed to back feed buildings for quick power restoration in the event of an outage, the Posi-Max line of power distribution panels incorporates a sequential port interlock in a NEMA 4 enclosure. In addition, the units range from 200A to 800A and can be built to meet users’ specific environmental and configuration needs.
Cooper Crouse-Hinds |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57712 | LPI Linux Certification/Maintaining A Web Server
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
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208.2 Maintaining A Web Server[edit]
Objectives Version 3.0 (2009)
Detailed Objective[edit]
Weight: 2
Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and customise file access.
Key knowledge areas
• SSL configuration files, tools and utilities
• SSL certificate handling
• Apache 2.x virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)
• Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customise file access
• Apache2 configuration files
• /etc/ssl/*
• openssl
Apache is an impressive and powerful application. It is not only able to serve simple (static) HTTP pages, which is (essentially) a trivial task. Apache can host multiple web sites (http://www.example.com and http://www.beispiel.de) on one physical machine at one IP address using one Apache process by using "virtual hosts". Apache can also use multiple IP addresses to store different web sites on the same physical machine, which does not (necessarily) need different networking card. This is also realized by "virtual hosts".
Also, Apache can use very sophisticated methods to redirect queries.
Most importantly, at least to me, is the use SSL (as OpenSSL). SSL can do many things for many people: it can secure (encrypt) the content going back and forth between the web client and the web server. It can also ensure the identity of both parties communicating, the server and the client.
Virtual Hosts[edit]
VirtualHost sections contain directives that apply only to a specific hostname or IP address. See [1] and [2]
IP Based Virtual Hosts[edit]
Name Based Virtual Hosts[edit]
OpenSSL(link) is a collection of tools that implement and handle certificates(link) that conform to the Transport Layer Security (TLS) ??? protocol(link).
What are certificates?[edit]
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)(link), or Transport Layer Security (TLS)(link) as SSL versions beyond 3 are called now, uses Public Key Cryptography(link) to protect transactions over the insecure and not secureable internet. Like all public key cryptographic schemes (I know of) TLS uses a secret private key and an openly shared public key, called a certificate. The special twist with TLS certificates is the certification authority (CA)(link). For a TLS certificate to be recognized as valid, it has to be (cryptographically) signed by a "Certification Authority".
Flashback Public Key Crypto[edit]
In a nutshell, public key crypto works like this: there are two keys, one public key for everyone to have, and one private key, for my eyes only. The private key is also (usually) protected by a very strong password.
Both keys can be used to encrypt data that only the other key can decrypt. There is in principle no difference between the public and private key!
On the other hand side it seems to make no sense to encrypt data with your private key, because everyone on the internet has already or can get your public key and decrypt the data. But if you encrypt data with your private key, you can prove you are in possession of the private key. This way you can (cryptographically) sign the data. To sign a piece of data we usually don't encrypt the whole but a (cryptographic) hash(link) of it and so can prove the authenticity of the data, provided we guard our private key very carefully. The password simply is a second security measure, in case the private key leaked into the public or gets lost.
What does a CA do exactly?[edit]
A Certification Authority signs our public keys with its private key. Then they are called certificates. Thats it! Almost. We send in a "certificate signing request" (more on this later), a claim of your identity and a varying sum of money and the CA tries (depending on the amount of money we spent) to check our identity and if succeeded will sign our request and finally send back the signed certificate. But keep in mind that there is only so much The Hong Kong Post Office(TM) (or any other CA) can do to verify e. g. a Brazilian identity. But now the problem is to get the certificate of the CA... and here the trick is: we already have it! Most pieces of software that can use TLS certificates come with a list of trusted (this is the magic word) CAs. Any new certificate (e. g. shop.example.com) signed by this trusted CAs (e. g. by StartSSL) with their certificates installed on our machines is also regarded as trusted. Unsigned certificates or ones signed by unknown CA are regarded as "not trusted" an we are presented with a dire warning.
How do certificates work exactly?[edit]
We can use TLS certificates with almost any insecure service on the internet, if we only try hard enough.
• Web browsing (HTTPS instead of HTTP)
• Sending Mail (SMTPS instead of SMTP)
• Receiving Mail (IMAPS instead of IMAP/POP3S instead of POP3)
• Chat (IRC over TLS)
• VPN (OpenVPN)
How does it work (for web surfing)? A bit simplified:
1. the client connects to the server
2. the server sends over the certificate
3. the client checks certain properties of the certificate
1. the certificate is bound to the Full Qualified Host Name (FQHN) of the server we connect to. The web browser checks if the FQHN of the server and the certificate match, if not it generates an error.
2. the certificate needs to be signed by a trusted CA, if not the web browser generates an error.
3. certificates have a limited lifetime, depending on the amount of money we paid. The web browser checks if the certificate is still "fresh" and if not, it generates an error.
4. there is a list of invalid certificates on our computer. These certificates are revoked for different reasons: they where compromised, had errors, were stolen, ... If the server certificate is on that list, the client software generates an error.
4. if the certificate is deemed valid (or if an invalid certificate is accepted, despite being not valid) the client encrypts a random value with the certificate and sends it to the server.
5. only the client (because he generated it) and the server (because only he can decrypt it) know the random value, generated by the client
6. from the random value a symmetric key is generated on both ends and any further communication both ways is encrypted with this generated key. (A symmetric key is used, because encryption and decryption are much easier to handle by the CPU.)
How to find and use certificates[edit]
CA root certificates are stored on our computers in lots of different places. Often every piece of software that uses TLS brings their own list of trusted CAs.
• openssl: /etc/ssl/certs
• firefox:
• thunderbird:
• claws-mail: ~/.claws-mail/certs/
On the other hand side openssl can act as an TLS client for classical "clear text" protocols like, well like all the internet protocols, e. g. POP3
How to get a certificate[edit]
The easy way: Buy them from a CA[edit]
The fast way: Be your own CA[edit]
The hard way: BE your OWN CA[edit]
SSL Certificates[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57714 | All American Five
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The term All American Five is a colloquial name for mass-produced, superheterodyne radio receivers that used five vacuum tubes in their design. These radio sets were designed to receive amplitude modulation (AM) broadcasts in the medium wave band, and were manufactured in the United States from the mid-1930s until the early 1960s[1] By eliminating a power transformer, cost of the units was kept low; the same principle was later applied to television receivers. Variations in the design for lower cost, shortwave bands, better performance or special power supplies existed, although many sets used an identical set of vacuum tubes.
The Philco PT-44 is an example of the All American Five radio set. This set deviates from the more usual AA5 in that it features an Octode mixer rather than a pentagrid
Placard showing the tube placement. This set would have required an additional series resistor in the heater chain as the tube heater voltages do not sum to 115 volts.
Back view of the chassis. The compact design is aided by putting both IF transformers in a single can.
The radio was called the "All American Five" because the design represented the majority of radios manufactured for home use in the USA and Canada in the tube era. They were manufactured in the millions by hundreds of manufacturers from the 1930s onward, with the last examples being made in Japan. The heaters of the tubes were connected in series, all consequently drawing the same current, but with different voltages across them. The standard line up of tubes were designed so that the total rated voltage of the five tubes was 121 volts, slightly more than the electricity supply voltage of 110-117V. An extra dropper resistor was therefore not required. Transformerless designs had a metal chassis connected to one side of the power line, which was a dangerous electric shock hazard and required a thoroughly insulated cabinet. Transformerless radios could be powered by either AC or DC (consequently called AC/DC receivers)—DC supplies were still not uncommon. When operated on DC, they would only work if the plug was inserted with the correct polarity. Also, if run from a DC supply the radio had a reduced performance because the B+ voltage would only be 120 volts compared with 160-170 volts when operated from AC.[2]
The philosophy of the design was simple: it had to be as cheap to make as possible. The design was optimized to provide good performance for the price. At least one radio manufacturer, Arthur Atwater Kent, preferred to go out of business rather than attempt to compete with 'midget' or low-cost AA5 designs.[3]
Many design tricks were used to reduce production costs of the five-tube radio. The heaters of all the vacuum tubes had to be rated to use the same current, so they could be operated in series from line voltage. The rectifier and audio output tube required more heater power, so dropped a larger voltage than the other tubes. In many designs the rectifier tube had a tap on the heater to power a dial light. The plate current was routed through that portion of the rectifier heater, in order to make up for the current diverted to the dial lamp. If the dial lamp failed, that part of the rectifier heater would have a larger current which could burn out the tube in a few months. Early radios had a resistor network to minimize the problem but this was soon eliminated as the cost of replacing the tube was not the manufacturer's problem. As with Christmas tree lights, if one tube heater failed, none of the tube heaters would operate.
The radio used a half wave rectifier to produce a plate voltage of 160 to 170 volts directly from the AC power line; the rectifier, while not needed with a strictly DC supply, did not cause a problem.
The frequency mixer was of the pentagrid converter design to save the cost of a separate oscillator tube. The detector and first audio stage were provided by a dual diode/triode combination tube. When the detector/first audio tube contained a second diode, it could be used to provide automatic gain control (AGC), or AGC bias could be derived from the audio detector diode.[4]
Potential hazards of the design[edit]
Many early examples of the 'All-American Five' posed a shock hazard to users. Lacking a mains transformer, the chassis of the AA5 radio was directly connected to one side of the mains electric supply. The hazard was made worse because the on/off switch was often in the wire of the mains supply which was connected to the chassis, meaning that the chassis could be "hot" when the set was either 'on' or 'off', depending on which way the plug was inserted in the power outlet. Many power plugs had two identical pins, and could be plugged in either way round. The metal chassis securing screws were sometimes accessible from the outside of the Bakelite or wood case, and there were many examples of owners receiving a shock by making contact with these screws while handling a set. Ventilation holes could be large enough to allow children to poke their fingers, or metal objects, through. The same type of hazard was present in European AC/DC sets, at twice the voltage.
The hazard was eliminated from later sets by the use of an internal ground bus connected to the chassis by an isolation network. Underwriters Laboratories required the adoption of the floating chassis, as isolation from the mains (the exact circuit and component values were not specified although the leakage current allowed was specified) to limit the shock to a "safe" current level. The chassis was maintained at RF ground (for shielding) by a bypass capacitor (typically 0.05 µF to 0.2 µF) usually with a resistor connected across it (typically 220 kΩ to 470 kΩ, although values as small as 22 kΩ were sometimes used or the resistor was simply omitted).[5] In older schematics, "M" was used to indicate "thousand" and not "megohm". Later on, "K" for "kilo" or "thousand", and "Meg" for "mega" or "million" became the standard, with "M" deleted to avoid confusion. Today, the symbols are kΩ and MΩ.
Over the years, these paper capacitors often become leaky, and could allow sufficient current flow to give the user a shock.
Variations on the theme[edit]
Although four-, six-, and even a few rare eight-tube radios were produced, they were not common. The four-tube version with vacuum tube rectifier was of inferior performance, as they typically had no IF amplifier tube, although some four-tube designs with a selenium rectifier in place of the rectifier tube avoided this problem. The six-tube versions added either a RF amplifier tube, a push-pull audio power amplifier tube, or a beat frequency oscillator tube (to listen to Morse code or single-sideband modulation transmissions). However, these radios cost significantly more and sold in smaller quantities. The eight-tube versions cost even more, adding two or more of the features of the six-tube versions and sometimes an extra IF amplifier tube.
# Tubes RF Amp BFO Converter IF Amp Det/Pre-amp Audio Amp Rectifier
4 X X X X
4 X X X X (selenium)
5 (standard) X X X X X
6 X X X X X X
6 X X X X X (push-pull) X
6 X X X X X X
8 X X X X X (push-pull) X X (push-pull) X
8 X X X X X X X (push-pull) X
Specific implementations[edit]
The basic design of the 'All-American Five' had its origins in low-cost sets produced in the early days of radio.
Early attempts[edit]
Radio manufacturers attempted to deviate from traditional heater voltages of 2.5, 5 and 6.3 volts to try and use a 5 tube heater scheme to get as close to 110-120 VAC line voltage. For the 1935 model year, designers were able to get a 5-tube heater string to total up to 78 volts. This meant that a dropping resistor or line ballast tube was needed to drop the remaining 35-42 volts. If a ballast tube was used, the radio would be marketed as a "6-tube" radio even though one was just a voltage dropping ballast. Other manufacturers used a "line cord resistor", a special AC cord made with resistance wire which replaced a power resistor in the radio chassis. These line cords tend to get warm to the touch after the radio was in use for a while.
During the 1935-36 model years examples of 5 tube (pre-octal base or prong tubes) series strings using 300 mA heaters were:
• Detector-Oscillator: 78
• Intermediate Frequency (IF): 78
• Second Detector and First Audio Amplifier: 77
• Power Amplifier: 43
• Rectifier: 25Z5
Later when newer tubes came out another variant was:
• Pentagrid Converter: 6A7
• Intermediate Frequency (IF): 78 or 6D6
• Second Detector and First Audio Amplifier: 75
• Power Amplifier: 43
• Rectifier: 25Z5
True 5-tube transformerless version[edit]
The very first set of metal tubes produced included 6-volt heater tubes that could be used to make a transformer-powered 6-tube radio. RCA released their first set of these metal octal tubes for this design in 1939, using 12.6-volt 150 mA heaters instead. The original design used the following tubes:
This series had the grids brought out as top caps on the signal tubes, and the 35Z4 did not have a provision for a dial light.
Single ended tube variant[edit]
AC/DC designs for 110-117V usually used 150mA heater current.
The tube array in the early days of single ended octal tubes was:
• Converter: 12SA7
• IF amplifier: 12SK7
• Detector and first audio amplifier: 12SQ7
• Audio power output: 50L6
• Rectifier: 35Z5
These sets were first marketed in late 1939. Canadian sets would sometimes use a 35L6 in place of the 50L6, as parts of Canada used 110 volts as a design standard. Because areas near Niagara Falls had 25 Hz power, some Canadian sets had slightly larger filter capacitors.
The "Loctal" variant[edit]
The tube line up of the Loctal tubes was:
• Converter: 14Q7
• IF amplifier: 14A7
• Detector and first audio amplifier: 14B6
• Audio power output: 50A5
• Rectifier: 35Y4 or 35Z3
Miniature tubes[edit]
After the Second World War the set was redesigned to use miniature 7-pin tubes and the line up became:
• Converter: 12BE6
• IF amplifier: 12BA6
• Detector and first audio amplifier: 12AV6 or 12AT6
• Audio power output: 50C5 or the less-common 50B5
• Rectifier: 35W4
The 50C5, introduced in 1948, is electrically identical to the 50B5, but has a revised pinout to address concerns that high peak voltage between 4 (heater) and 5 (anode) would promote socket breakdown.[7]
In the postwar period, some makers built sets with a mixture of miniature, octal, and loctal types.
"Power-Saver" version[edit]
Another low-power variation changed the tube heaters to run on 100 milliamperes rather than 150 milliamperes. These tubes took a little longer to warm up:
• Converter: 18FX6
• IF amplifier: 18FW6
• Detector and first audio amplifier: 18FY6
• Audio power output: 32ET5 or 34GD5
• Rectifier: 36AM3
The voltage distribution has changed around the tube heaters but the total is still a little more than the 120 volt mains supply. This line-up is for an Admiral radio.
Farm radio[edit]
A "farm radio" modification (usually done at the point of sale) allowed an AA5 to run off 32 volt DC, commonly generated by farm windmills. With a relatively simple rewiring, the tube heaters could be put in series-parallel to run off 32 volts, with the three twelve-volt heaters in series and a 25L6, 35L6 or 43 in parallel; the tubes would still function with the heater voltage somewhat out of specification. If run from a 32-volt supply the radio had a substantially reduced performance because the B+ voltage would only be 32 volts compared with 160-170 volts when operated from AC. With 32 volts on the plate, the radio tended to be insensitive.[8] Sometimes only the tube heater power was derived from a windmill, and dry batteries were retained for the plate voltage supply. The advantage was that the heaters were a high and continuous load on the battery, whereas the plate voltage battery drain was smaller and intermittent. Often a wet-cell rechargeable battery was used for tube heaters, recharged by a local garage or by exchanging with a vehicle battery.
Many 32-volt farm radios were factory-built for the purpose. They usually had two type 48 power tetrodes that could operate with B+ voltages as low as 28 volts. The type 48 pairs were parallel connected, or connected in push-pull. Some factory 32-volt radios used an electromechanical vibrator power supply to provide increased voltage. Vibrator power supplies could also be made to work from a 6 volt supply from a dedicated wind-charger or from a car battery borrowed from a farm vehicle.
Battery operated variants[edit]
A number of other versions of the set appeared, including some that did have a transformer, a version that operated in a motor vehicle off a 6-volt supply, using a vibrator to convert the 6V DC supply to AC which could feed a transformer with higher voltage output, and a version that operated from either dry batteries or the mains supply. The battery version commonly used tubes where the filament was heated by a single 1.5-volt dry cell and plate voltage was supplied by a (nominally) 90-volt battery.
One version, called a Three-way portable because it could be operated any of three ways: batteries, the AC line, or the DC line; typically had the following tube array:
• Converter: 1R5 (or 1L6 if the set was shortwave, such as the Zenith Trans-Oceanic)
• IF amplifier: 1U4
• Detector and first audio amplifier: 1U5
• Audio power output: 3V4
• Rectifier: 35W4, 117Z3, or a selenium rectifier
This version used a 7.5 V A battery and a 90 V B battery. Note that the A battery did not need to heat the rectifier tube because, when operating from the batteries, the rectifier was not needed.
When operating on batteries, this version had almost instant warmup because of the tubes used their filaments as cathodes. This setup was common on Motorola portable radios commonly resembling metal "lunch boxes".
Since the AA5 was a minimalist design, there was plenty of room for enhanced versions, resulting in an "AA6":
• A few sets added an extra 12SK7 as an RF or IF amplifier. This would require using a 35L6 to maintain the heater voltage.
• Or, another audio amplifier tube could be added for increased audio output. To keep the total heater voltage at around 120 V, the two output tubes would have to be 25 to 35-volt types, such as the 35L6 or 25L6.
There were even a few "AA4" designs, usually midget sets, only usable in strong-signal metropolitan areas, because most had no IF amplifier (although some replaced the rectifier tube with a selenium rectifier).
Series string order[edit]
According to various editions of the RCA Receiving Tube Manual, the heater string of an AC/DC radio should be arranged in a particular order to minimize hum. Assuming that all functions are performed by separate tubes, the heaters in the string should be arranged as follows:
1. Input stage
2. Ballast tube or resistor
3. Rectifier
4. Audio power output amplifier
5. RF and IF amplifiers
6. Converter
7. First AF amplifier
8. Detector
9. Ground/B-minus line
Not all manufacturers followed this recommendation.
Effect on television design[edit]
Many black-and-white and color television receivers were built using All American Five principles, including a hot chassis and series-wired heaters. The designs were found primarily in portable or inexpensive sets ranging from the 1950s to even as late as the GE Portacolor series which was finally discontinued in the 1980s. Early sets tended to use selenium rectifiers in place of a tube; later sets used silicon diodes. Some of these sets were hybrid, using transistors for small signal applications and vacuum tubes in place of then-expensive power transistors. Some also included a rectifier diode in series with the tube filaments; when the set was off, the rectifier kept the filaments partially heated, a technique given a variety of names such as "Instant On".
Servicing precautions[edit]
Since the chassis of the set may be connected directly to the live side of the power line, service shops used an isolation transformer to protect technicians from a shock hazard. Some restorers will rewire the hot chassis set to put the chassis at neutral at all times. Some TV designs only require polarizing the plug, while others require rewiring the power supply to remove the switch from chassis ground. Power outlets must be wired properly for this modification to work.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
1. ^ History of the AA5 (All American 5ive) AM tube radio[unreliable source?] This looks suspiciously like an enthusiasts web site (WP:ELNO).
2. ^ From a 120 volt DC supply, the highest voltage available to the radio's circuits is 120 volts DC. However, with a 120 volt AC supply, the alternating current reaches a peak value of 170 volts each cycle, so the radio's rectifier and filter capacitor can supply as much as 170 volts DC in with a 120 volt supply.
3. ^ Douglas, Alan, Radio Manufacturers of the 1920s (Vol. 1) Vestal, New York: Vestal Press, Ltd. (1988); Schiffer, Michael, The Portable Radio In American Life, Tucson: Univ. of Ariz. Press (1991)
4. ^ F. Langford Smith, The Radiotron Designer's Handbook, Third Edition, (1940), The Wireless Press, Sydney, Australia, no ISBN, no Library of Congress card , Chapter 19
5. ^ Typical schematic of a 1948 model AC/DC radio with a 220K isolation resistor.
6. ^ "Mallory Radio Service Encyclopedia- 6 Ed 1948, By P.R. Mallory & Co Inc"
8. ^ Lewis Coe, Wireless radio: a brief history, Mcfarland 1996 ISBN 0-7864-0259-8, page 39 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57716 | Automorphic form
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Automorphic forms)
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The Dedekind eta-function is an automorphic form in the complex plane.
In harmonic analysis and number theory, an automorphic form is a well-behaved function from a topological group G to the complex numbers (or complex vector space) which is invariant under the action of a discrete subgroup \Gamma \subset G of the topological group. Automorphic forms are a generalization of the idea of periodic functions in Euclidean space to general topological groups.
Modular forms are automorphic forms defined over the groups SL(2, R) or PSL(2, R) with the discrete subgroup being the modular group, or one of its congruence subgroups; in this sense the theory of automorphic forms is an extension of the theory of modular forms. More generally, one can use the adelic approach is a way of dealing with the whole family of congruence subgroups at once. From this point of view, an automorphic form over the group G(AF) for an algebraic group G and an algebraic number field F, is a complex-valued function on G(AF) that is left invariant under G(F) and satisfies certain smoothness and growth conditions.
Poincaré first discovered automorphic forms as generalizations of trigonometric and elliptic functions. Through the Langlands conjectures automorphic forms play an important role in modern number theory.[1]
An automorphic form is a function F on G (with values in some fixed finite-dimensional vector space V, in the vector-valued case), subject to three kinds of conditions:
1. to transform under translation by elements \gamma \in \Gamma according to the given factor of automorphy j;
2. to be an eigenfunction of certain Casimir operators on G; and
3. to satisfy some conditions on growth at infinity.
It is the first of these that makes F automorphic, that is, satisfy an interesting functional equation relating F(g) with Fg) for \gamma \in \Gamma . In the vector-valued case the specification can involve a finite-dimensional group representation ρ acting on the components to 'twist' them. The Casimir operator condition says that some Laplacians have F as eigenfunction; this ensures that F has excellent analytic properties, but whether it is actually a complex-analytic function depends on the particular case. The third condition is to handle the case where G/Γ is not compact but has cusps.
The formulation requires the general notion of factor of automorphy j for Γ, which is a type of 1-cocycle in the language of group cohomology. The values of j may be complex numbers, or in fact complex square matrices, corresponding to the possibility of vector-valued automorphic forms. The cocycle condition imposed on the factor of automorphy is something that can be routinely checked, when j is derived from a Jacobian matrix, by means of the chain rule.
Before this very general setting was proposed (around 1960), there had already been substantial developments of automorphic forms other than modular forms. The case of Γ a Fuchsian group had already received attention before 1900 (see below). The Hilbert modular forms (also called Hilbert-Blumenthal forms) were proposed not long after that, though a full theory was long in coming. The Siegel modular forms, for which G is a symplectic group, arose naturally from considering moduli spaces and theta functions. The post-war interest in several complex variables made it natural to pursue the idea of automorphic form in the cases where the forms are indeed complex-analytic. Much work was done, in particular by Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro, in the years around 1960, in creating such a theory. The theory of the Selberg trace formula, as applied by others, showed the considerable depth of the theory. Robert Langlands showed how (in generality, many particular cases being known) the Riemann-Roch theorem could be applied to the calculation of dimensions of automorphic forms; this is a kind of post hoc check on the validity of the notion. He also produced the general theory of Eisenstein series, which corresponds to what in spectral theory terms would be the 'continuous spectrum' for this problem, leaving the cusp form or discrete part to investigate. From the point of view of number theory, the cusp forms had been recognised, since Srinivasa Ramanujan, as the heart of the matter.
Automorphic representations[edit]
The subsequent notion of automorphic representation has proved of great technical value for dealing with G an algebraic group, treated as an adelic algebraic group. It does not completely include the automorphic form idea introduced above, in that the adele approach is a way of dealing with the whole family of congruence subgroups at once. Inside an L2 space for a quotient of the adelic form of G, an automorphic representation is a representation that is an infinite tensor product of representations of p-adic groups, with specific enveloping algebra representations for the infinite prime(s). One way to express the shift in emphasis is that the Hecke operators are here in effect put on the same level as the Casimir operators; which is natural from the point of view of functional analysis, though not so obviously for the number theory. It is this concept that is basic to the formulation of the Langlands philosophy.
Poincaré on discovery and his work on automorphic functions[edit]
One of Poincaré's first discoveries in mathematics, dating to the 1880s, was automorphic forms. He named them Fuchsian functions, after the mathematician Lazarus Fuchs, because Fuchs was known for being a good teacher and had researched on differential equations and the theory of functions. Poincaré actually developed the concept of these functions as part of his doctoral thesis. Under Poincaré's definition, an automorphic function is one which is analytic in its domain and is invariant under a discrete infinite group of linear fractional transformations. Automorphic functions then generalize both trigonometric and elliptic functions.
Poincaré explains how he discovered Fuchsian functions:
See also[edit]
1. ^ Friedberg, Solomon. [1]_Solomon_Friedberg,_Boston_College.pdf "Automorphic Forms: A Brief Introduction"] (PDF). Retrieved 10 February 2014.
This article incorporates material from Jules Henri Poincaré on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57721 | Nowell Codex
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Remounted page from Beowulf, British Library Cotton Vitellius A.XV, 133r
First page of Beowulf, contained in the damaged Nowell Codex (132r).
The Nowell Codex is the second of two manuscripts found in the bound volume Cotton Vitellius A.xv, one of the four major Anglo-Saxon literature codices. It is most famous as the manuscript containing the unique copy of the epic poem Beowulf. In addition to this, it contains first a fragment of The Life of Saint Christopher, then the more complete texts Wonders of the East and Letters of Alexander to Aristotle, and, after Beowulf, a poetic translation of Judith. Due to the fame of Beowulf, the Nowell codex is also sometimes known simply as the Beowulf manuscript. The manuscript is located within the British Library with the rest of the Cotton collection.
Name and date[edit]
The current codex is a composite of at least two manuscripts, the first manuscript and the second manuscript. The main division is into two totally distinct books which were apparently not bound together until the 17th century. The first of these, originally owned by the Southwick Priory, dates from the 12th century and contains four works of prose.[1]
It is the second, older manuscript that is more famous. This second manuscript is known as the Nowell codex, after Laurence Nowell, whose name is inscribed on its first page; he was apparently its owner in the mid-16th century. At some point it was combined with the first codex. It was then acquired by Sir Robert Cotton. In his library, it was placed on the first shelf (A) as the 15th manuscript (XV) of the bookcase that had a bust of Vitellius, giving the collection its name.[2] The Nowell codex is generally dated around the turn of the first millennium. Recent editions have specified a probable date in the decade after 1000.[3]
Vitellius A. xv was heavily damaged in 1731 when a fire partially destroyed the Cotton library. While the volume itself survived, the edges of the pages were badly scorched; no serious attempt at restoration was made until the 19th century, by which time the margins had crumbled irreparably, and the edges of many pages are now illegible.
First codex[edit]
The first codex contains four works of Old English prose: a copy of Alfred's translation of Augustine's Soliloquies, a translation of the Gospel of Nicodemus, the prose Solomon and Saturn, and a fragment of a life of Saint Quentin.
Second codex[edit]
The second codex begins with three prose works: a life of Saint Christopher, Wonders of the East (a description of various far-off lands and their fantastic inhabitants), and a translation of a Letter of Alexander to Aristotle.
These are followed by Beowulf, which takes up the bulk of the volume, and Judith, a poetic retelling of part of the book of Judith. Great wear on the final page of Beowulf and other manuscript factors such as wormhole patterns indicate Judith was not originally the last part of the manuscript, though it is in the same hand as the later parts of Beowulf.
The somewhat eclectic contents of this codex have led to much critical debate over why these particular works were chosen for inclusion. One theory which has gained considerable currency is that the compiler(s) saw a thematic link: all five works deal to some extent with monsters or monstrous behaviour.[4]
The codex, opened to a page of Beowulf
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Cotton MS Vitellius A XV". British Library. The British Library Board. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
2. ^ Niles, John D. (1997). "Chapter 1: Introduction: Beowulf, Truth, and Meaning". In Bjork, Robert E.; Niles, John D. A Beowulf Handbook (PAPERBACK). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–12. ISBN 9780803212374. OCLC 35262500. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
3. ^ Liuzza, R.M., ed. (1999). Beowulf: A new verse translation. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. ISBN 9781551111896. OCLC 222617649. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
4. ^ Orchard, Andy (1995) [1985]. Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf-Manuscript (Paperback ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press (published 2003). ISBN 9780802085832. OCLC 51204670. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57722 | Bicycle helmets in New Zealand
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Bicycle helmets have been mandatory in New Zealand since January, 1994.[1] The statute, delineated in Part 11 of the Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 (SR 2004/427), states that "A person must not ride, or be carried on, a bicycle on a road unless the person is wearing a safety helmet of an approved standard that is securely fastened." The law describes six different acceptable helmet standards.[2]
Violating the law can result in a $55 infringement fee and a maximum $1,000 penalty on summary conviction.[3]
Exemptions to the law may be granted on "grounds of religious belief or physical disability or other reasonable grounds."[2] 58 of 69 applications for exemption were granted prior to 2000.[4]
A 2011 survey by the New Zealand Ministry of Transport found the national cycle helmet wearing rate, covering all age groups, to be 93%, the same as found in 2010 and comparable to the 92% rate seen in 2007–2009.[5]
The mandatory helmet law had its genesis in the late 1980s when Rebecca Oaten, dubbed the "helmet lady" in the media, started a campaign advocating for compulsory helmets. Her son, Aaron, had been permanently brain damaged in 1986 while riding his 10-speed bicycle to school in Palmerston North. A car driver hit him, flinging Aaron over the handlebars and headfirst to the ground,[6] where his head struck the concrete gutter. After 8 months in a coma, Aaron awoke paralysed and unable to speak.[7] According to Oaten, a doctor at the time told her that Aaron would "almost certainly not have suffered brain damage" had he been wearing a bicycle helmet.[8]
In the late 1980s and early 1990s Oaten travelled the country promoting the use of cycle helmets. For six years she visited an average of four schools a day, "lambasting" children with reasons why they should wear helmets.[9] She also set up a lobby group, the Protect the Brains trust, which spread nationwide and put pressure on the government for a bicycle helmet law.[7]
Oaten's campaigning is commonly perceived as the main impetus for the law compelling all ages of people on bicycles to wear helmets. Aaron Oaten died on 14 August 2010, aged 37.[6][7]
Following Oaten's campaigning, the then Transport Minister introduced helmet legislation without debate in Parliament or select committee hearing. This lack of process in legislation and subsequent effects (or lack thereof) has led commentators to label New Zealand's helmet legislation (and its Australian equivalent) a 'failed experiment'.[10]
Figure 1. Adult cyclist head injuries versus helmet use following crashes not involving motor vehicles in New Zealand[11]
Research on the helmet law's effects in New Zealand has failed to identify any clear, consistent benefit to cyclists or the population as a whole.
A 1999 study concluded that "the helmet law has been an effective road safety intervention that has led to a 19% (90% CI: 14, 23%) reduction in head injury to cyclists over its first 3 years."[12]
In a study by the Ministry of Transport published in 1999, researchers estimated that from 1990 to 1996, that the increase in helmet-wearing after passage of the law "reduced head injuries by between 24 and 32% in non-motor vehicle crashes, and by 20% in motor vehicle crashes."[13]
A 2001 study by Robinson re-evaluated that data, finding that the reduction in head injuries per limb injuries, for crashes not involving motor vehicles injuries, was part of a larger downward time trend and bore no direct correlation to the dramatic increase in helmet-wearing following the introduction of the helmet law. Robinson concluded: "Because the large increases in wearing with helmet laws have not resulted in any obvious change over and above existing trends, helmet laws and major helmet promotion campaigns are likely to prove less beneficial and less cost effective than proven road-safety measures." See Figure 1.[11]
A 2002 study by Taylor and Scuffham, which assessed the cost of the New Zealand helmet law against hospital admissions averted and the 'social' costs of debilitating head injury, but did not include the costs associated with fatalities or potentially lifelong health care, found that the law is only cost-effective for the 5- to 12-year-old age group and that large costs from the law were imposed on adult (>19 years) cyclists.[14] Taylor and Scuffham cautioned that "the social costs saved due to fewer head injuries are likely to understate the true costs... our estimates of the net benefit from helmet wearing are likely to be understated".
Research from Massey University in 2006 found that compulsory bicycle helmet laws led to a lower uptake of cycling, principally for aesthetic reasons.[15]
A 2010 study found a declining trend in the rate of traumatic brain injuries among cyclists from 1988-91 to 1996-99. "However, it is unclear whether this reflects the effectiveness of the mandatory all-age cycle helmet law implemented in January 1994 or simply reflects a general decline in all road injuries during that period."[16] The same study noted that "Of particular concern are children and adolescents who have experienced the greatest increase in the risk of cycling injuries despite a substantial decline in the amount of cycling over the past two decades." and that "The "safety in numbers" phenomenon suggests that the risk profile of cyclists may improve if more people cycle. In New Zealand, the overall travel mode share for cycling declined steadily from 4% in 1989 to 1% in 2006."
A study by Clarke published in the New Zealand Medical Journal in 2012 reported that "pre-law (in 1990) cyclist deaths were nearly a quarter of pedestrians in number, but in 2006–09, the equivalent figure was near to 50% when adjusted for changes to hours cycled and walked," a 20% higher risk per hour of bicycle use. The paper "finds the helmet law has failed in aspects of promoting cycling, safety, health, accident compensation, environmental issues and civil liberties."[17] A 2013 conference paper by Wang et al.[18] argues 'due to weakness in the analysis and choice of data – particularly the four-year absence of data around the time helmet laws were introduced' that Clarke's conclusion is 'highly questionable if not misleading'. Clarke replied with additional information supporting his findings.[19]
Australian journalist Chris Gillham [20] compiled an analysis of data from Otago University and the Ministry of Transport, showing a marked decline in cycling participation immediately following the helmet law introduction in 1994. At the same time as the number of cyclists aged over 5 years approximately halved, the injury rate approximately doubled. Noting both the decline in numbers and increase in injury rate preceded the law's introduction at the start of 1994, possibly attributable to the fact that heavy promotion of helmets had been ongoing in the lead-up to the law's introduction. This phenomenon of just helmet promotion leading to a reduction in cycling has been witnessed in several countries.[21] See Figure 2.
Advocacy and caution[edit]
Safekids New Zealand, a national child injury prevention service, promotes helmet-wearing by children with a factsheet detailing bicycle injury statistics.[22]
The state insurance agency, the Accident Compensation Corporation, offers a manual for community injury-prevention projects that mentions the importance of children wearing helmets.[23]
The NZ Ministry of Transport[24] claims that helmets reduce the risk of brain injury by "up to 88%". This figure derives from an American research paper from the 1980s and has been questioned.[25]
National advocacy group Cycling Advocates' Network (CAN) "fully supports the use of helmets when undertaking recreational cycling in difficult terrain or high-speed competitive racing" but supports further research on the helmet law's effectiveness, finding evidence that "mandatory cycle helmet wearing legislation is not working as intended and should be reviewed." Such research is not currently a high priority for the group, and in a poll of its members, CAN noted an even split for and against helmet legislation, but helmet legislation was members' lowest campaigning priority.[26]
New Zealand cycling organization BikeNZ reminds riders that helmets are legally required and says helmets "can reduce the severity of injuries in many types of accident" but can't be relied on exclusively and should be part of an overall cycling safety regimen.[27]
Cycling Health New Zealand does not oppose helmet use, but does oppose compulsion, taking a civil liberties stance on the issue: "Individuals should have the right to choose whether or not to use a helmet, without interference by Governments. We believe that the role of Government should be limited to advising the public, without bias, of the pros and cons of helmet use."[28]
A recent analysis of all fatalities to cyclists on roads or pathways in New Zealand for the years 2006-2012 discussed helmet wearing: “Only nine (of the 84) victims were noted as not wearing a helmet, similar to current national helmet‐wearing rates (92%). This highlights the fact that helmets are generally no protection to the serious forces involved in a major motor vehicle crash; they are only designed for falls... There is a suspicion that some people (children in particular) have been “oversold” on the safety benefits of their helmet and have been less cautious in their riding style as a result.”[29][30]
Government response[edit]
In response to the formation of Cycling Health New Zealand[28] in January 2003 a Land Transport Safety Authority (LTSA) spokesman called helmets a "very important tool" for preventing injuries and dismissed the anti-compulsion group as "the lunatic fringe",[31] a comment denounced by CAN, urging the LTSA to "play the ball and not the person."[32] In June 2004 an LTSA spokesperson stated, "I think the vast majority of people accept the fact that helmets protect them. There is no evidence that the helmet law discourages cycling or harms the health of New Zealanders - there is evidence that it has contributed to a reduction in cyclist head injuries."[4]
In October 2008, Minister for Transport Safety Harry Duynhoven pondered, "I wonder if we never had helmets what our cycle population might be... I'm not advocating getting rid of helmets, I'm just saying I wonder what the social effect of helmets has been."[33]
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Helmet Laws for Bicycle Riders" Retrieved 2012-02-04
2. ^ a b "New Zealand Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004(SR 2004/427)" Retrieved 2012-02-04.
3. ^ "Land Transport (Offences and Penalties) Regulations 1999 (SR 1999/99) (as at 20 October 2011)" Retrieved 2012-02-06
4. ^ a b Dearnaley, Mathew "Cycling advocate ends his helmet headache", The New Zealand Herald. 2 June 2004. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
5. ^ Cycle helmet use: Results of national survey, March/April 2011 Retrieved 2012-02-04
6. ^ a b Price, Christel. "The legacy of a life", The Guardian (Manawatu), 26 August 2010.
7. ^ a b c Duff, Michelle (17 August 2010). "Aaron's tragedy spurred Helmet Lady's crusade". Manawatu Standard. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
8. ^ Mullins, Justin."Hard-Headed Choice", New Scientist, 22 July 2000. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
9. ^ Kennett, Jonathan (2004). Ride: The Story of Cycling in New Zealand. Wellington: Kennett Brothers. p. 216. ISBN 0-9583490-7-X.
10. ^ Turner, Luke (April 2012). "Australia's helmet law disaster". Institute of Public Affairs. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
11. ^ a b Robinson, D.L (2001). "Changes in head injury with the New Zealand bicycle helmet law". Accident Analysis & Prevention 33 (5): 687–91. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(00)00073-7. PMID 11491251.
12. ^ Scuffham, Paul; Alsop, Jonathan; Cryer, Colin; Langley, John D. (2000). "Head injuries to bicyclists and the New Zealand bicycle helmet law". Accident Analysis & Prevention 32 (4): 565–73. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00081-0. PMID 10868759.
13. ^ Povey, L.J.; Frith, W.J.; Graham, P.G. (1999). "Cycle helmet effectiveness in New Zealand". Accident Analysis & Prevention 31 (6): 763–70. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00033-0. PMID 10487351.
14. ^ Taylor, M; Scuffham, P (2002). "New Zealand bicycle helmet law--do the costs outweigh the benefits?". Injury Prevention 8 (4): 317–20. doi:10.1136/ip.8.4.317. PMC 1756574. PMID 12460970.
15. ^ "Dump harmful helmet law, say cyclists" (Press release). Cycling Health. December 13, 2006. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
16. ^ Tin Tin, Sandar; Woodward, Alistair; Ameratunga, Shanthi (2010). "Injuries to pedal cyclists on New Zealand roads, 1988-2007". BMC Public Health 10: 655. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-655. PMC 2989960. PMID 21034490.
17. ^ Clarke, Colin (2012). "Evaluation of New Zealand's bicycle helmet law". New Zealand Medical Journal 125 (1349).
18. ^ Wang, J.J.J.; Grzebieta, R.; Walter, S.; Olivier, J. "An evaluation of the methods used to assess the effectiveness of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation in New Zealand" (PDF). 2013 Australasian College of Road Safety Conference.
19. ^ Clarke, Colin (2014). "Reply to Wang et al response to ‘Evaluation of New Zealand's bicycle helmet law’ article". New Zealand Medical Journal 127 (1402).
20. ^
21. ^
22. ^ Safekids "Factsheet: Child Cyclist Injury", July 2007. Retrieved 2013-05-3.
23. ^ ACC. "Preventing injuries in your community", ACC5209, 28 Apr 2010, Accident Compensation Corporation, p.7. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
24. ^ Ministry of Transport "Cyclists: Crash Factsheet 2010", Sep 2010. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
25. ^ BHRF. Why it is wrong to claim that cycle helmets prevent 85% of head injuries and 88% of brain injuries.
26. ^ "CAN and Cycle Helmet Legislation" Retrieved 2012-02-05.
27. ^ BikeNZ. "Road Rules" Retrieved 2012-02-06.
28. ^ a b "Cycling Health New Zealand" Retrieved 2013-05-03.
29. ^ Koorey, G.F., 2013. New Zealand Chief Coroner’s Inquiry into Cycling Deaths – Evidence. Available at:
30. ^ Koorey (2013). "Investigating common trends in New Zealand cycling fatalities". Injury Prevention. 18(Suppl 1): A221.
31. ^ Lowe, Matthew (19 Jan 2003). "'Ridiculous' helmet law under fire". Sunday Star-Times. Retrieved 2011-01-31. (Note: The original article is no longer online. The link is to an issue of CAN's e.CAN newsletter which includes the article verbatim.)
32. ^ "Helmet Law Concerns Are Legitimate, Say Cyclists" (Press release). Cycling Advocates Network. January 22, 2003. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
33. ^ Williamson, Kerry (23 Oct 2008). "Helmets 'may be deterring cyclists'". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57723 | Ralph Braun
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Ralph William Braun (December 18, 1940 – February 8, 2013[1]) was the founder and CEO of the Braun Corporation.[2][3][4]
Early life[edit]
Braun was born and raised in Winamac, Indiana. When he was six years old, doctors diagnosed him with muscular dystrophy.He started using a wheelchair at the age of 14. At the age of 15, he created a motorized wagon with his father to help him get around. Five years later Braun created a motorized scooter, which he called the Tri-Wheeler, using various parts from his cousin’s farm. Ralph rode the Tri-Wheeler to and from his day job as a Quality Control Manager for a nearby manufacturer. When the facility moved several miles away, he equipped an old mail carrier Jeep with hand controls and a hydraulic tailgate lift, enabling him to drive his Tri-Wheeler in and out of the vehicle unassisted.
In 1970, Dodge introduced the first full-sized, front engine van. Braun retrofitted a Dodge van with a lift and called this new invention the “Lift-A-Way” wheelchair lift. When word spread about this new invention, Braun assembled a team to help fill orders across the nation, all from his parents’ garage. As demand increased, Braun decided to quit his full-time job to focus on his part-time business.
Braun "Entervan" conversion of a 1998-2000 Chrysler Town & Country
Braun started "Save-A-Step" manufacturing in 1963 to build the first motorized scooter. In 1966 Braun created the first wheelchair accessible vehicle, by creating a wheelchair platform lift and hand controls that were added to an old postal van. In 1970, Ralph added wheelchair platform lifts to full-sized vans. "Save-A-Step" was incorporated under a new name, The Braun Corporation, in 1972.
In 1991, Braun introduced its first wheelchair accessible minivan, based on the Dodge Caravan and called the Entervan. In 1999, Braun acquired Crow River Industries, a specialized manufacturer of wheelchair platform lifts. In 2005, Braun acquired IMS of Farmington, NM, a specialized manufacturer of Toyota Sienna wheelchair accessible minivans. In 2006, the Braun Corporation adopted the brand name, BraunAbility, for its personal-use products. In 2011,the Braun Corporation acquired partial ownership in AutoAdapt, a European mobility company. In 2011, the Braun Corporation also acquired Viewpoint Mobility, a small Michigan-based company that specializes in the wheelchair accessible minivans with rear entry.
In May 2012, Braun was named a "champion of change" by U.S. President Barack Obama.
Personal life[edit]
Braun and his son Todd were owners of the NASCAR racing team, Braun Racing.
Braun died in Winamac, Indiana.
1. ^ "Ralph William Braun Obituary: View Ralph Braun's Obituary by South Bend Tribune". Legacy.com. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
2. ^ [1][dead link]
3. ^ "How I Did It: Ralph Braun of BraunAbility". Inc.com. 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
4. ^ Braun, Ralph (2010). Rise Above. The Braun Corporation. ISBN 0-9843380-0-4.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57724 | Cetti's warbler
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Cetti's warbler
Cetti's warbler by the Kalloni east river, Lesvos, Greece.
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Cettiidae
Genus: Cettia
Species: C. cetti
Binomial name
Cettia cetti
(Temminck, 1820)
Cettia cetti MHNT
Cetti's warbler /ˈɛti/, Cettia cetti, is an Old World warbler. It is a small, brown bush-warbler which breeds in southern and central Europe,[2] north-west Africa and east southern temperate Asia as far as Afghanistan and north-west Pakistan. The bird is named after the 18th century Italian zoologist, Francesco Cetti. This species is very difficult to see because of its skulking habits.[3]
The number of Cetti’s warblers has greatly increased across Europe since 1990.[4] The current population of Cetti's warblers in Europe is estimated to be about 600,000-1,600,000 breeding pairs.[5] The populations in Italy and Turkey are known to be stable or increasing. The exception to the general positive European population trend is Greece, where the population decreased slightly between 1990 and 2000. However, overall, Cetti’s warblers are evaluated as secure.[6] The Cetti's warbler was first recorded in the United Kingdom in 1961.[7] The UK population of Cetti's warblers fell by over a third between 1984 and 1986. However, populations in milder regions continued to grow.[8]
The Cetti’s warbler is approximately 13–14 cm (5.1–5.5 in) from bill to tail.[9] The male weighs 15 g (0.53 oz) and the female 12 g (0.42 oz).[10] Cetti’s warblers have a rounded head with a narrow pale grey stripe arching over conspicuous black eyes, and short, rounded wings. They are a rich chestnut or dark reddish-brown colour on the upperparts. They are pale grey on the throat and stomach, with a longer and broader tail than many other warblers.[11] Both sexes looks alike, but males are 26% to 32% heavier than females with a wing-length 11.2% to 13.% longer. The male has a wing longer than 60 mm; the female has a wing shorter than 55 mm. The birds can be aged by their plumage; juveniles look similar to adults but have fresh plumage and two dark or dark grey spots on the tongue.[12][13]
Cetti's warblers signal their presence with loud song.[14] During the summer, the males spend most of their time establishing their territories. While doing this, they spend little amount of time caring for the eggs or young. Afterwards, the males usually attract more than one female to their territory.[15] Their song plays an important role. Cetti's warbler songs are distinct, come in loud bursts, and have a unique structure that allows them to avoid mating with other species.[16]
Habitat and food[edit]
The Cetti's warbler usually inhabits damp areas including ponds, lakes, marshes and rivers. It is insectivorous. They prey on arthropods such as small, soft-bodied insects and larvae. Cetti's warblers prefer tiny insects because they can digest them faster.[17]
1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Cettia cetti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
2. ^ Robinson, Robert A.; Freemen, Stephen N.; Balmer, Dawn E.; Grantham, Mark J. (2007). "Cetti's Warbler Cettia cetti: analysis of an expanding population". BTO 54: 230–235. doi:10.1080/00063650709461479.
3. ^ Seago, Michael J (31 Oct 2012). "Cetti's Warbler".
4. ^ "Trends of common birds in Europe, 2010 update". European Bird Census Council. Retrieved 1 Nov 2012.
5. ^ "Species: Cetti's Warbler". BirdLife International. Retrieved 1 Nov 2012.
6. ^ "Cettia cetti – Cetti's Warbler" (PDF). BirdLife International. Retrieved 2 Nov 2012.
7. ^ "BTO Report: Cetti's Warbler". British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 1 Nov 2012.
8. ^ "Breeding Birds of the Wider Countryside: Cetti's Warbler". British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 1 Nov 2012.
9. ^ "The RSPB: Cetti's Warbler". 1 Nov 2012.
10. ^ "BTO BirdFacts | Cettiâs Warbler". BTO BirdFacts. Oct 2012.
11. ^ "Videos- Cetti’s Warbler".
12. ^ Colin J., Bibby; Derek K. Thomas (1984). "Sexual dimorphism in size, moult and movements of Cetti's Warbler Cettia cetti , Bird Study" 31 (1). pp. 28–34. doi:10.1080/00063658409476811.
13. ^ Blasco-Zumeta, Javier; Gerd Michael Herinze. "Cetti’s Warbler". Laboratorio Virtual Ibercaja: 1–5.
14. ^ "The RSPB: Cetti's Warbler". 1 Nov 2012.
15. ^ "Bird Guides-Cetti's Warbler". Retrieved 31 Oct 2012.
16. ^ Hamao, Shoji, Maria J. S. Veluz, Takema Saitoh, and Isao Nishiumi (2008). "Phylogenetic Relationship And Song Differences Between Closely Related Bush Warblers (Cettia seebohmi And C. diphone". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology: 268–276.
17. ^ Molin, Javier; Ismael Camach (1998). "Deit of Cetti's Warblers Cettia Cetti (Temmink, 1820) in a Locality of Southern Spain" (PDF). Ardeolo. 2 45: 217–220.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57725 | Chris Terkelsen
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Chris Terkelsen
Chris Terkelsen WOC2006 Long Final.jpg
Medal record
Competitor for Denmark
Men's Orienteering
World Championships
Gold 1997 Grimstad Relay
Silver 2005 Aichi Middle
World Cup
Gold 1998 WC Overall
European Championships
Silver 2004 Roskilde Relay
Junior World Championships
Silver 1992 Jyväskylä Classic
Chris Terkelsen (born February 16, 1972) is a Danish orienteering competitor and World champion.[1] He won a gold medal in the 1997 World Orienteering Championships in Grimstad with the Danish Relay team. He received a silver medal in the 2005 World Orienteering Championships in Aichi (middle distance). He won the overall World Cup in 1998, and received a silver medal in the 2004 European Championships with the Danish relay team.[2]
See also[edit]
1. ^ World Orienteering Championship, senior statistics 1966-2006 (Retrieved on January 24, 2008)
2. ^ (Danish) Profile: Chris TerkelsenDansk Orienterings-Forbund (Retrieved on July 11, 2008) |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57727 | Colony Palms Hotel
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Colony Palms Hotel
General information
Address 572 N. Indian Canyon Dr.
Palm Springs, California
Coordinates 33°49′53″N 116°32′42″W / 33.8315°N 116.5450°W / 33.8315; -116.5450Coordinates: 33°49′53″N 116°32′42″W / 33.8315°N 116.5450°W / 33.8315; -116.5450
Opening 1936
Owner Michael Rosenfeld
(Woodridge Capital Partners)
Management Colony Palms Hotel
Technical details
Floor count 2
Design and construction
Architect Martyn Lawrence-Bullard
(2007 renovation)
Developer Al Wertheimer
Other information
Number of rooms 52
Number of suites 5
Number of restaurants 1
Colony Palms Hotel
The Colony Palms Hotel is located in Palm Springs, California. The hotel has 56 rooms and suites.
It re-opened after a 2007 renovation, and features the "Winner's Circle Suite" in honor of previous owners, Robert S. and Andrea Leeds Howard (owners of the racehorse Seabiscuit).
The Colony Palms Hotel was originally built as the "Colonial House" by Las Vegas casino owner and Purple Gang member[1] Al Wertheimer.[2]:250 The hotel began receiving guests in 1936, and had a reputed downstairs speakeasy and brothel. It was renamed "Howard Manor" in the late 1940s when Robert and Andrea Leeds Howard took possession.[3] (Robert Howard was the son of Charles S. Howard.) Boxing champion Jack Dempsey was also an owner.[3] For the next 25 years the hotel was a haven for young Hollywood in Palm Springs.
In the 1970s, it became a health spa called The Palms operated by Sheila Cluff (owner of The Oaks in Ojai, California).[1]
The original hotel had a mural on the wall that was Botticelli-esque in nature, with some frolicking nudes. The new owner (Steve Ohren) preserved the original mural from 1935[4] when redesigning the resort with Martyn Lawrence-Bullard.[1]
1. ^ a b c Moore, Dawn (December 2007). "Shine on Colony Palms: A passion for preservation returns a historic property to it seductive side". Palm Springs Life.
2. ^ Niemann, Greg (2006). "Ch. 46: Do You Remember? Gone But Not Forgotten". Palm Springs Legends: creation of a desert oasis. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt Publications. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-932653-74-1. OCLC 61211290. (here for Table of Contents)
4. ^ (subscription required)
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57728 | Connie Young
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Connie Young
Born 1974 (age 40–41)
Occupation Actress
Connie Young (born 1974) is an American actress. She is known for playing Peggy Barlett in Read It and Weep and Cammie Giles in The Singles Ward. She reprised the role of Cammie in The Singles 2nd Ward. She also appeared in Sons of Provo. Cult film fans know her as Holly Waits in Troll 2, which is regarded as one of the worst film ever made. Young is a Latter-day Saint.[1]
1. ^ database of Latter-day Saint film personalities
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57729 | Cretan Revolt (1866–69)
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(Redirected from Cretan Revolt (1866–1869))
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The Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869 (Greek: Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1866) or Great Cretan Revolution (Μεγάλη Κρητική Επανάσταση) was a three-year uprising in Crete against Ottoman rule, the third and largest in a series of Cretan revolts between the end of the Greek War of Independence in 1830 and the establishment of the independent Cretan State in 1898.
Map of the distribution of Greeks (blue) and Turks (red) in Crete in 1861.
The Christian Cretans had risen up together with the rest of Greece in the Greek Revolution of 1821, but despite successes in the countryside, the Ottomans held out in the four fortified towns of the northern coast (Chania, Rethymno, Irakleio and Agios Nikolaos) and the island was eventually reconquered by 1828, becoming an Egyptian province (Muhammad Ali's Egypt was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, but a powerful and semi-independent one with its own military). In 1840, Crete was returned to direct Ottoman rule, followed by an unsuccessful 1841 uprising in support of Union with independent Greece. Another uprising in 1858 secured some privileges, such as the right to bear arms, equality of Christian and Muslim worship, and the establishment of Christian councils of elders with jurisdiction over education and customary and family law. These concessions were resented by the Muslim community, while the Christians pressed for more, while maintaining their ultimate aim of Union with Greece.
Flag used during the siege of Arkadi. Inspired by the Greek flag, it featured the initials of the motto "Crete, Enosis, Freedom or Death", and the cross with the inscription "Jesus Christ Conquers."
As tensions ran high in the island, and several petitions to the Sultan went unanswered, armed bands were formed, and the uprising was officially proclaimed on August 21, 1866. The revolt caused immediate sympathy in Greece, but also elsewhere in Europe. The rebels initially managed to gain control of most of the hinterland although as always the four fortified towns of the north coast and the southern town of Ierapetra remained in Ottoman hands.
One particular event caused strong reactions among the liberal circles of western Europe, the "Holocaust of Arkadi". The event occurred in November 1866, as a large Ottoman force besieged the Arkadi Monastery, which served as the headquarters of the rebellion. In addition to its 259 defenders, over 700 women and children had taken refuge in the monastery. After a few days of hard fighting, the Ottomans broke into the monastery. At that point, the abbot of the monastery set fire to the gunpowder stored in the monastery's vaults, causing the death of most of the rebels and the women and children sheltered there. As reported by the American writer and consul William Stillman and others over the recently introduced telegraph, this event caused enormous shock in the rest of Europe and in North America and decreased the perceived legitimacy of Turkish rule.
By the mid-19th century, the Turks had occupied Crete for more than two centuries, despite frequent bloody uprisings by Cretan rebels. While the Cretans were rising against the Ottoman occupation during the War of Greek Independence, the London Protocol of 1830 dictated that the island could not be a part of the new Greek state.
On March 30, 1856, the Treaty of Paris obligated the Sultan to apply the Hatti-Houmayoun, which guaranteed civil and religious equality to Christians and Muslims.[1] The Ottoman authorities in Crete were reluctant to implement any reform.[2] Before the majority of Muslim conversions (the majority of the former Christians had converted to Islam and then recanted), the Empire tried to recant on liberty of conscience.[1] The institution of new taxes and a curfew also added to the discontent. In April 1858, 5,000 Cretans met at Boutsounaria. Finally an imperial decree on July 7, 1858 guaranteed them privileges in religious, judicial and financial matters. One of the major motivations of the revolt of 1866 was the breach of the Hatti-Houmayoun.[3]
Bust of the igumen Gabriel
A second cause of the insurrection of 1866 was the interference of Isma'il Pasha in an internal quarrel about the organization of the Cretan monasteries.[4] Several laymen recommended that the goods of the monasteries come under the control of a council of elders and that they be used to create schools, but they were opposed by the bishops. Isma'il Pasha intervened and designated several people to decide the subject and annulled the election of "undesirable" members, imprisoning the members of the committee that had been charged with going to Constantinople for presenting the subject to the Patriarch. This intervention provoked violent reactions from the Christian population of Crete.[4]
In the spring of 1866, meetings took place in several villages. On May 14, an assembly was held in the Aghia Kyriaki monstary in Boutsounaria near Chania. They sent a petition to the Sultan and the consuls of the big powers in Chania.[5] At the time of the first meetings of the revolutionary committees, the representatives were elected by province and the representative of the Rethymno region was the hegumen of Arkadi, Gabriel Marinakis.
Ioannis Dimakopoulos
At the announcement of these nominations Isma'il Pasha sent a message to the hegumen via the Bishop of Rethymno, Kallinikos Nikoletakis. The letter demanded that the higumen dissemble the revolutionary assembly or the monastery would be destroyed by Ottoman troops. In the month of July 1866, Isma'il Pasha sent his army to capture the insurgents, but the members of the committee fled before his troops arrived. The Turks left again after destroying icons and other sacred objects that they found in the monastery.[6]
In September, Isma'il Pasha sent the hegumen a new threat of destroying the monastery if the assembly did not yield. The assembly decided to implement a system of defense for the monastery.[7] On September 24, Panos Koronaios arrived in Crete and landed at Bali. He marched to Arkadi, where he was made commander-in-chief of the revolt for the Rethymno region. A career military man, Koronaios believed that the monastery was not defensible. The hegumen and the monks disagreed and Koronaios conceded to them, but advised the destruction of the stables so that they could not be used by the Turks. This plan was ignored. After having named Ioannis Dimakopoulos to the post of commander of the garrison of the monastery, Koronaios left.[8] At his departure, numerous local residents, mostly women and children, took refuge in the monastery, bringing their valuables in hopes of saving them from the Turks. By November 7, 1866, the monastery sheltered 964 people: 325 men, of which 259 were armed, the rest women and children.[9]
Arrival of the Ottomans[edit]
Route taken by Mustafa Pasha of Apokoronas to Arkadi
Since the mid-October victory of Mustafa Pasha's troops at Vafes, the majority of the Turkish army was stationed in Apokoronas and were particularly concentrated in the fortresses around the bay of Souda. The monastery refused to surrender, so Mustafa Pasha marched his troops on Arkadi. First, he stopped and sacked the village of Episkopi.[10] From Episkopi, Mustafa sent a new letter to the revolutionary committee at Arkadi, ordering them to surrender and informing them that he would arrive at the monastery in the following days. The Ottoman army then turned toward Roustika, where Mustafa spent the night in the monastery of the prophet Elie, while his army camped in the villages of Roustika and Aghios Konstantinos. Mustafa arrived in Rethymno on November 5, where he met Turkish and Egyptian reinforcements. The Ottoman troops reached the monastery during the night of November 7-November 8. Mustafa, although he had accompanied his troops to a site relatively close, camped with his staff in the village of Messi.[11]
The Turks attack
On the morning of November 8, an army of 15,000 Turks and 30 cannons, directed by Suleyman, arrived on the hills of the monastery while Mustafa Pasha waited in the Messi. Suleyman, positioned on the hill of Kore[N 1] to the north of the monastery sent a last request for surrender. He received only gunfire in response.[9]
The assault was begun by the Turks. Their primary objective was the main door of the monastery on the western face. The battle lasted all day without the Ottomans infiltrating the building. The asseiged had barricaded the door and, from the beginning, taking it would be difficult.[12] The Cretans were relatively protected by the walls of the monastery, while the Turks, vulnerable to the insurgents' gunfire, suffered numerous losses. Seven Cretans took their position within the windmill of the monastery. This building was quickly captured by the Turks, who set it on fire, killing the Cretan warriors inside.[13]
The battle stopped with nightfall. The Ottomans received two heavy cannons from Rethymno, one which was called Koutsahila. They placed them in the stables. On the side of the insurgents, a war council decided to ask for help from Panos Koronaios and other Cretan leaders in Amari. Two Cretans left by way of the windows by ropes and, disguised as Turks, crossed the Ottoman lines.[14] The messengers returned later in the night with the news that it was now impossible for reinforcements to arrive in time because all of the access roads had been blocked by the Turks.[13]
Combat began again in the evening of November 9. The cannons destroyed the doors and the Turks made it into the building, where they suffered more serious losses. At the same time, the Cretans were running out of ammunition and many among them were forced to battle with only bayonets or other sharp objects. The Turks had the advantage.[15]
The hegumen Gabriel gathering the besieged near the powder magazine
The women and children inside the monastery were hiding in the powder room. The last Cretan fighters were finally defeated and hid within the monastery. Thirty-six insurgents found refuge in the refectory, near the ammunitions. Discovered by the Turks, who forced the door, they were massacred.[16]
In the powder room, where the majority of the women and children hid, Konstantinos Giaboudakis gathered the people hiding in the neighboring rooms together. When the Turks arrived at the door of the powder room, Giaboudakis set the barrels of powder on fire and the resulting explosion resulted in numerous Turkish deaths.[16]
In another room of the monastery holding an equal number of powder barrels, insurgents made the same gesture. But the powder was humid and only exploded partially, so it only destroyed part of the northwest wall of the room.
Of the 964 people present at the start of the assault, 864 were killed in combat or at the moment of the explosion. 114 men and women were captured, but three or four managed to escape, including one of the messengers who had gone for reinforcements. The hegumen Gabriel was among the victims. Tradition holds that he was among those killed by the explosion of the barrels of powder, but it is more likely that he was killed on the first day of combat.[17] Turkish losses were estimated at 1500. Their bodies were buried without memorials and some were thrown in the neighboring gorges.[18] The remains of numerous Cretan Christians were collected and placed in the windmill, which was made into a reliquary in homage to the defenders of Arkadi. Among the Ottoman troops, a group of Coptic Egyptians were found on the hills outside the monastery. These Christians had refused to kill other Christians. They were executed by the Ottoman troops, and their ammunition cases left behind.[17]
114 survivors were taken prisoner and transported to Rethymno where they were subjected to numerous humiliations from the officers responsible for their transport, but also by the Muslim population who arrived to throw stones and insults when they entered the city.[18] The women and children were imprisoned for a week in the church of the Presentation of the Virgin. The men were imprisoned for a year in difficult conditions. The Russian consulate had to intervene to require Mustafa Pasha to keep basic hygienic conditions and provide clothing to the prisoners.[19] After one year, the prisoners were released.
International Reaction[edit]
The Ottomans considered taking Arkadi a big victory and celebrated it with cannon fire.[19] However, the events at Arkadi provoked indignation among the Cretans, but also in Greece and the rest of the world. The tragedy of Arkadi turned world opinion on the conflict. The event recalled the Third Siege of Missolonghi and the numerous Philhellenists of the world were in favor of Crete. Volunteers from Serbia, Hungary and Italy arrived on the island. Gustave Flourens, a teacher at the Collège de France, enlisted and arrived in Crete by the end of 1866. He formed a small group of philhellenists with three other Frenchmen, an Englishman, an American, an Italian and a Hungarian. This group published a brochure on The question of the Orient and the Cretan Renaissance, contacted French politicians and organized conferences in France and in Athens. The Cretans named him a deputy at the assembly, but he turned the position down.[20]
Giuseppe Garibaldi, in his letters, praised the patriotism of the Cretans and their wish to gain their independence. Numerous Garibaldians, moved by an ardent philhellenism, came to Crete and participated in several battles.[21] Letters written by Victor Hugo were published in the newspaper Kleio in Trieste, which contributed to the worldwide reaction. The letters gave encouragement to the Cretans and told them that their cause would succeed. He emphasized that the drama of Arkadi was no different than the Destruction of Psara and the Third Siege of Missolonghi. He described the tragedy of Arkadi:
In writing these lines, I am obeying an order from on high; an order that comes from agony.
Not finding the necessary solution from the big European powers, the Cretans sought aid from the United States. At this time, the Americans tried to establish a presence in the Mediterranean and showed support for Crete. The relationship grew as they looked for a port in the Mediterranean and they thought, among others, to buy the island of Milo or Port Island.[23] The American public was sympathetic. The American philhellenes arrived to advocate for the idea of Cretan independence,[24] and in 1868, a question of recognition of independent Crete was addressed in the House of Representatives,[25] but it was decided by a vote to follow a policy of non-intervention in Ottoman affairs.[26]
Because the loss of Crete might have been the prelude to a much more serious loss of Ottoman territory in the Balkans, the Ottoman Grand Vizier, A'ali Pasha, arrived in the island in October 1867 and remained there for four months. A'ali set in progress a low profile district by district reconquest of the island followed by the construction of blockhouses or local fortresses across the whole of it. These were the basis of continued Turkish military rule until the final crisis of 1896-1898.
More importantly, he designed an Organic Law which gave the Cretan Christians equal (in practice, because of their superior numbers, majority) control of local administration. He thus gained the minimum of political cooperation needed to retain control of the island by early 1869 and almost all the rebel leaders had submitted to Ottoman rule though some, notably the pro-Russian Hadjimichaelis, remained in exile in Greece.
Reference in Fiction[edit]
The Cretan revolt is referenced in Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, written while the revolt was going on. Verne's Captain Nemo is mentioned as using his submarine "Nautilus" to provide "4,000 lb. weight of gold" to the rebels.[27] This passage clearly indicates the sympathy of Verne to the rebels' cause.
1. ^ a b J. Tulard, Histoire de la Crète, p. 114.
2. ^ Detorakis, History of Crete, p. 328.
3. ^ Detorakis, op. cit., p. 329.
4. ^ a b Detorakis, op.cit., p. 330.
5. ^ Detorakis, op. cit., p. 331.
6. ^ T. Provatakis, op. cit., p. 65-66.
7. ^ T. Provatakis, op. cit., p. 66.
8. ^ T. Provatakis, op. cit., p. 67.
9. ^ a b T. Provatakis, op. cit., p. 68.
10. ^ S. Kalogeraki, op. cit., p. 23.
11. ^ S. Kalogeraki, op. cit., p. 24.
12. ^ S. Kalogeraki, op. cit., p. 27.
13. ^ a b S. Kalogeraki, op. cit., p. 28.
14. ^ T. Provatakis, op. cit., p. 70.
15. ^ T. Provatakis, op. cit., p. 71.
16. ^ a b T. Provatakis, op. cit., p. 75.
17. ^ a b T. Provatakis, op. cit., p. 76.
18. ^ a b S. Kalogeraki, op. cit., p. 32.
19. ^ a b S. Kalogeraki, op. cit., p. 33.
20. ^ J. Dalègre, op. cit., p. 196.
21. ^ S. Kalogeraki, op. cit., p. 36.
22. ^ V. Hugo, Correspondance, t. 3, 1867
23. ^ A. J. May, Crete and the United States, 1866-1869, in The Journal of Modern History, vol. 16, n°4 (décembre 1944), p. 286.
24. ^ A. J. May, Crete and the United States, 1866-1869, in The Journal of Modern History, vol. 16, n°4 (December 1944), p. 290-291.
27. ^ 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, p.251/3, by Jules Verne.
1. ^ The summit of the hill is approximately 500 meters to the north of the monastery |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57730 | Crime in Utah
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This article refers to crime in the state of Utah.
In 2008 there were 98,080 crimes reported in Utah, including 39 murders.[1]
Capital punishment laws[edit]
Capital punishment is applied in this state. In the state of Utah the death penalty is administered in one of two ways. The condemned can choose between Lethal Intravenous Injection, and the Firing Squad, if sentenced prior to May 3, 2004. If sentenced after, L.I is mandated, if L.I is found unconstitutional, F.S is the mode of Death. If L.I drugs are unavailable, F.S is the mode of death. -Terrorist loving 9/11er James Genrich in CO. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57731 | Don Francisco Presenta
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Don Francisco Presenta
Don Francisco Presenta logo.jpg
Genre Talk show, variety, reality
Created by Don Francisco
Presented by Don Francisco
Country of origin United States
Original language(s) Spanish
Original channel Univision
Original release October 10, 2001 – January 30, 2012
External links
Don Francisco Presenta is a Spanish-language talk/reality show produced by Univision, and was hosted by Don Francisco. From October 11, 2001 to November 3, 2010, Univision originally aired Don Francisco Presenta on Wednesday nights at 10pm/9c.[1] From November 10, 2010 to January 30, 2012, Univision aired the talk show Monday nights at 10pm/9c, after Cristina ended its run.[2] The series also aired five specials between 2002 and 2008.
On February 6, La que no podía amar replaced all programs shown weeknights at 10pm/9c, due of low ratings and little viewership in Telemundo's novela: Relaciones Peligrosas (also shown at 10pm/9c).[3][4] On March 29, Don Francisco Presenta was officially canceled by Univision,[5][6] and as of 2013, telenovelas (such as Amor Bravío and Qué bonito amor) are broadcast at 10pm/9c.[7][8]
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57732 | Motion Picture Patents Company
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(Redirected from Edison Trust)
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The Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC, also known as the Edison Trust), founded in December 1908, was a trust of all the major American film companies (Edison, Biograph, Vitagraph, Essanay, Selig Polyscope, Lubin Manufacturing, Kalem Company, Star Film Paris, American Pathé), the leading film distributor (George Kleine) and the biggest supplier of raw film stock, Eastman Kodak. The MPPC ended the domination of foreign films on American screens, standardized the manner in which films were distributed and exhibited in America, and improved the quality of American motion pictures by internal competition. But it also discouraged its members' entry into feature film production, and the use of outside financing, both to its members' eventual detriment.
The MPPC was preceded by the Edison licensing system, in effect in 1907–1908, on which the MPPC was modeled. Since the 1890s, Thomas Edison owned most of the major American patents relating to motion picture cameras. The Edison Manufacturing Company's patent lawsuits against each of its domestic competitors crippled the American film industry, reducing American production mainly to two companies: Edison and Biograph, which used a different camera design. This left Edison's other rivals with little recourse but to import French and British films.
Since 1902, Edison had also been notifying distributors and exhibitors that if they did not use Edison machines and films exclusively, they would be subject to litigation for supporting filmmaking that infringed Edison's patents. Exhausted by the lawsuits, Edison's competitors — Essanay, Kalem, Pathé Frères, Selig, and Vitagraph — approached him in 1907 to negotiate a licensing agreement, which Lubin was also invited to join. The one notable filmmaker excluded from the licensing agreement was Biograph, which Edison hoped to squeeze out of the market. No further applicants could become licensees. The purpose of the licensing agreement, according to an Edison lawyer, was to "preserve the business of present manufacturers and not to throw the field open to all competitors."
The addition of Biograph[edit]
Biograph retaliated for being frozen out of the Trust agreement by purchasing the patent to the Latham film loop, a key feature of virtually all motion picture cameras then in use. Edison sued to gain control of the patent; however, after a federal court upheld the validity of the patent in 1907,[1] Edison began negotiation with Biograph in May 1908 to reorganize the Edison licensing system. The resulting trust pooled 16 motion picture patents. Ten were considered of minor importance; the remaining key six pertained one each to films, cameras, and the Latham loop, and three to projectors.[2]
The MPPC eliminated the outright sale of films to distributors and exhibitors, replacing it with rentals, which allowed quality control over prints that had formerly been exhibited long past their prime. The Patents Company also established a uniform rental rate for all licensed films, thereby removing price as a factor for the exhibitor in film selection, in favor of selection made on quality, which in turn encouraged the upgrading of production values.
Backlash and decline[edit]
The reasons for The MPPC's decline are manifold. The first blow came in 1911, when Eastman Kodak modified its exclusive contract with the MPPC, to allow Kodak to sell its raw film stock, which led the industry in quality and price, to unlicensed independents. The number of theaters exhibiting independent films grew by 33 percent within twelve months, to half of all houses.
Another reason was the MPPC's overestimation of the efficiency of controlling the motion picture industry through patent litigation and the exclusion of independents from licensing. The slow process of using detectives to investigate patent infringements, and of obtaining injunctions against the infringers, was outpaced by the dynamic rise of new companies in diverse locations.
Patent royalties to the MPPC ended in September 1913 with the expiration of the last of the patents filed in the mid-1890s at the dawn of commercial film production and exhibition. Thus the MPPC lost the ability to control the American film industry through patent licensing, and had to rely instead on its subsidiary, the General Film Company, formed in 1910, which monopolized film distribution in America.
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 cut off most of the European market, which played a much more significant part of the revenue and profit for MPPC members than for the independents, who concentrated on Westerns produced for a primarily American market.
The end came with a federal court decision in United States v. Motion Picture Patents Co. on October 1, 1915, which ruled that the MPPC's acts went "far beyond what was necessary to protect the use of patents or the monopoly which went with them" and was therefore an illegal restraint of trade under the Sherman Antitrust Act.[9] An appellate court dismissed the Patent Company's appeal, and officially terminated the MPPC in 1918.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Edison v. American Mutoscope & Biograph Co., 151 F. 767, 81 C.C.A. 391 (March 5, 1907).
2. ^ U.S. v. Motion Picture Patents Co., 225 F. 800 (D.C. Pa. 1915).
3. ^ Bach, Steven. Final Cut. Newmarket Press, 1999. p. 30.
6. ^ Peter Edidin, "La-La Land: The Origins", The New York Times, August 21, 2005, p. 4.2. "Los Angeles's distance from New York was also comforting to independent film producers, making it easier for them to avoid being harassed or sued by the Motion Picture Patents Company, a k a the Trust, which Thomas Edison helped create in 1909."
7. ^ See, e.g., Zan v. Mackenzie, 80 F. 732 (9th Cir. 1897); Germain v. Wilgus, 67 F. 597 (9th Cir. 1895); Johnson Co. v. Pac. Rolling Mills Co., 51 F. 762 (9th Cir. 1892).
8. ^ Per the American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures, 8 American features were released in 1912, 61 in 1913, and 354 in 1914.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57733 | Fort Michilimackinac State Park
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Fort Michilimackinac State Park
View from inside Fort Michilimackinac
View from inside Fort Michilimackinac
Map showing the location of Fort Michilimackinac State Park
Map showing the location of Fort Michilimackinac State Park
Location within the state of Michigan
Location Wawatam Township
Emmet County, Michigan
Nearest city Mackinaw City, Michigan
Coordinates 45°47′13″N 84°44′08″W / 45.78694°N 84.73556°W / 45.78694; -84.73556Coordinates: 45°47′13″N 84°44′08″W / 45.78694°N 84.73556°W / 45.78694; -84.73556
Governing body Flag of Michigan.svg Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Fort Michilimackinac State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located in Mackinaw City along the Straits of Mackinac. The park contains Fort Michilimackinac, which itself is dedicated a National Historic Landmark.
Colonial Michilimackinac[edit]
Colonial Michilimackinac is a reconstructed 1715 French fur trading village and military outpost that was later occupied by British military and traders.
Today, it features re-enactments from British 1770s occupation and the American Revolutionary era. A National Historic Landmark, Colonial Michilimackinac is accredited by American Association of Museums.
Fort Michilimackinac[edit]
Fort Michilimackinac was an 18th-century French, and later British, fort and trading post in the Great Lakes of North America. Built around 1715, it was located along the southern shore of the strategic Straits of Mackinac connecting Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, at the northern tip of the lower peninsula of the present-day state of Michigan in the United States. The site of the fort in present-day Mackinaw City, Michigan is a National Historic Landmark and is now preserved as an open-air historical museum.
Fort Michilimackinac cannon firing
The primary purpose of the fort was not military, but rather as a link in the French trading post system that stretched from the Mississippi River through the Illinois Country to the St. Lawrence River. The fort served as a supply for traders in the western Great Lakes.
The French had first established a presence in the Straits of Mackinac in 1671 when Father Jacques Marquette established a Jesuit mission at present-day St. Ignace, Michigan. In 1683, they augmented the mission with Fort de Buade. In 1701, Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac moved the French garrison to Fort Detroit and closed the mission. By 1715, however, the French built Fort Michilimackinac to re-establish a presence along the Straits of Mackinac.
The French relinquished the fort, along with their territory in Canada, to the British in 1761 following their loss in the French and Indian War. Although British continued to operate the fort as a major trading post, the Ojibwe (Chippewa) in the region resented British policies as harsh. On June 2, 1763, as part of the larger movement known as Pontiac's Rebellion, a group of Ojibwe staged a game of bag'gat'tway (lacrosse) outside the fort as a ruse to gain entrance. After gaining entrance to the fort, they killed most of the British inhabitants and held the fort for a year before the British retook it.
The British eventually deemed the wooden fort on the mainland too vulnerable to attack, and in 1781 they built Fort Mackinac, a limestone fort on nearby Mackinac Island. Fort Michilimackinac was abandoned after the move.
The fort grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. It is a popular tourist attraction as part of Colonial Michilimackinac State Park in Mackinaw City. The site has numerous reconstructed historical wooden structures and is considered the most extensively excavated early French archaeological site in the United States, with ongoing excavations each summer. There are daily cannon and musket firing demonstrations performed by costumed interpreters. There are also accurate cooking demonstrations in which park visitors can participate.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57734 | Francisco de Bobadilla
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Francisco de Bobadilla was a Spanish conquistador and colonial administrator.
As a member of the Order of Calatrava, in 1499, de Bobadilla was appointed to succeed Christopher Columbus as the second governor of the Indies, Spain's new territories in America, by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
Upon his arrival in the Colony of Santo Domingo on Hispaniola in August 1500, de Bobadilla upheld accusations of mismanagement made against Columbus, and had Columbus sent back to Spain in chains.[1]
In 1502, he was replaced as governor of the Colony of Santo Domingo by Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1942), Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, Boston: Little, Brown and Co., p. 571 .
2. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1942), p. 590. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57735 | Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams
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Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams
GMSCoD RoRFest.jpg
Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams at Roots on the River Festival, Bellows Falls, VT. June 9, 2007
Background information
Origin Sleepy Hollow, NY
Genres Folk-rock
Instruments Guitar, harmonica, mandolin, accordion, flute, piccolo, theremin, cello, bass, percussion
Years active 1998 - present
Labels High Noon
Members Joziah Longo, Sharkey McEwen, Tink Lloyd, Eric Puente
Notable instruments
theremin, slide mandolin
Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams, aka The Grand Slambovians, is a Hudson Valley, New York based band,[1] which was founded in Sleepy Hollow in 1998. The band's music is a form of Folk rock and is sometimes described as "Hillbilly Pink Floyd,"[2] or "Punk Classical Hillbilly Floyd." Their latest album, "A Box of Everything", was released April 1, 2014, on the Red River Entertainment label.[3]
The band regularly plays the major folk music venues, coffeehouses and music festivals in the Northeastern, and East North Central United States often to sold out crowds. They also tour in other regions of the United States, including California and Florida. In August 2008 they made their first appearance outside of North America, at the Rhythm Festival in England. Their reception there was so enthusiastic that they were invited back for the 2009 festival, as well as several other UK festivals in the summer of 2009.[4]
The flavor of the band is best captured by a live concert, or by one of their live recordings. The band is noted for the dedication and support shown by their fans.[5] Some fans travel hundreds of miles to attend concerts.[6] A high point of the year for many fans are the Grand Slambovian Hillbilly Pirate Balls, annual costumed events held in London and New York in the run-up to Halloween.[7]
The band's current lineup is:
Tony Zuzulo was a founding member of the group and the band's drummer from 1998 to January 2012. In past lineups Joziah and Tink's twin sons, Chen and Orien Longo, played bass and keyboards with the band. Both later left the band to attend college - Chen in September 2009 and Orien in September 2010. They still play with the band on special occasions, such as the annual Extraterrestrial Hillbilly Pirate Balls.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s Joziah, Tink, and Sharkey were members of a progressive rock band called The Ancestors, which released 3 albums.
Tracks on Brigadoon were produced by Eddie Kramer.
Other members of The Ancestors included Bob Muller (of the Trey Gunn Band), and Alistair Farrant.[8]
The Ancestors had some degree of success but the band broke up in 1995, and they took a hiatus from the music industry. During that hiatus Joziah and Tink took courses in computer graphic design and video production at the Westchester Arts Workshop[9] and met Tony Zuzulo, who was one of their instructors. In 1998 they formed The Circus and added Tony when they discovered that he had been a bar band drummer.[10]
Year Title Comments
1999 A Good Thief Tips His Hat Studio recording
2000 Live from WDST - Acoustic Breakfast Live recording. Out of print.
2000 Suddenly It's Christmas CD single.
2001 Live at the Towne Crier Live recording. Out of print, but available from iTunes.
2004 Flapjacks from the Sky Studio recording
2005 A Night at the Puppet House Live recording.
2005 The Christmas Show 2004 Live recording.
2005 Flapjacks from the Sky 12" vinyl studio recording
2006 "Flapjacks from the Sky" Concert DVD - Live at The Depot Theatre Live DVD of a performance of the entire Flapjacks album
2007 Falcon Ridge Folk Festival, Hillsdale NY - July 21st, 2006 Live recording.
2007 Roots on the River, Bellows Falls, VT - June 9th, 2007 Live recording.
2007 Ancient Murphy Greatest Hits of the 20th Century A collection of tracks by a previous incarnation of the band as The Ancestors.
2008 The Great Unravel Studio recording
2008 A Very Slambovian Christmas Live Recording
2011 The Grand Slambovians Studio recording
2013 Folk! Studio recording
2014 Box Of Everything Studio recording
See also[edit]
1. ^ Staudter, Thomas (October 2004), "Best Band", Hudson Valley Magazine
2. ^ Kocher, Chris (November 22, 2006), "The Gospel of Gandalf -Catch the spiritual rhythms of the Slambovian Circus", Binghamton Press & Sun-Bulletin
3. ^ "Slambovia: Press Resources". Retrieved 5 August 2014.
4. ^ Kocher, Chris (May–June 2009), "Mummer's The Word", Dirty Linen
5. ^ Oksenhorn, Stewart (January 11, 2008), "At the Wheeler: Gandalf Murphy & the Slambovian Circus of Dreams", The Aspen Times
6. ^ "Circus Fans". Retrieved May 10, 2009.
7. ^ Grand Slambovian Pirate Ball @ Electric Ballroom: 27/10/11
8. ^
9. ^ "Center for the Arts". Westchester Community College.
10. ^ Staudter, Thomas (April 18, 2004), "From Gig to Gig, a Band Draws Loyal, Local Fans", The New York Times
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57736 | Genesis (2009)
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Genesis (2009)
Genesis (2009).jpg
Promotional poster featuring Mick Foley
Promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
Date January 11, 2009[1]
Attendance 2,700[2]
Venue Bojangles' Coliseum[1]
City Charlotte, North Carolina[1]
Pay-per-view chronology
Final Resolution (December 2008) Genesis (2009) Against All Odds (2009)
Genesis chronology
Genesis (2007) Genesis (2009) Genesis (2010)
Genesis (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), which took place on January 11, 2009 at the Bojangles' Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina.[1] It was originally scheduled to take place on November 9, 2008 at the Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida,[3][4] however, TNA moved Turning Point to that date instead. It was the fourth event under the Genesis chronology.
No. Results Stipulations Times[citation needed]
1 Eric Young and The Latin American Xchange (Hernandez and Homicide) defeated Jimmy Rave, Sonjay Dutt and Kiyoshi Six-man tag team elimination match 13:43
2 Alex Shelley defeated Chris Sabin Singles match for the vacant TNA X Division Championship 16:38
3 Shane Sewell defeated Sheik Abdul Bashir Singles match 10:18
4 Beer Money, Inc. (James Storm and Robert Roode) (with Jacqueline) defeated Jay Lethal and Consequences Creed (c) and Matt Morgan and Abyss Three-way tag team match for the TNA World Tag Team Championship 15:19
5 ODB, Taylor Wilde and Roxxi defeated The Kongtourage (Rhaka Khan, Raisha Saeed and Sojournor Bolt) Six-Knockout tag team match for a future TNA Women's Knockout Championship match; the woman who scored the pinfall received the title match 07:44
6 Kurt Angle defeated Jeff Jarrett No Disqualification match 21:59
7 Sting (c) defeated Rhino Singles match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship 08:18
8 Mick Foley and The TNA Front Line (A.J. Styles and Brother Devon) defeated Cute Kip and The Main Event Mafia (Booker T and Scott Steiner) Six-man tag team hardcore match 14:02
X Division Championship Tournament bracket[edit]
(TV - TNA Impact!)
(TV - Impact!)
(PPV - Genesis)
Eric Young Pin
Sheik Abdul Bashir
Eric Young
Alex Shelley Pin
Alex Shelley Pin
Jay Lethal
Alex Shelley Pin
Chris Sabin 16:38
Chris Sabin Pin
Sonjay Dutt
Chris Sabin Pin
Consequences Creed
Kiyoshi Pin
Six-Man Elimination Tag Team Match[edit]
Elimination Wrestler Eliminated by Elimination Move[6] Time[6]
1 Eric Young Sonjay Dutt Pinned after leg drop on ropes 10:33
2 Homicide Jimmy Rave Pinned by a Schoolboy 11:25
3 Kiyoshi Hernandez Pinned after Border Toss 12:45
4 Sonjay Dutt Hernandez Pinned after sitout powerbomb 13:03
5 Jimmy Rave Hernandez Pinfall after Diving splash 13:43
Winner: Hernandez
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c d "January's "Genesis" Coming To Charlotte". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. 2008-11-09. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
2. ^ "TNA Genesis". Retrieved 2009-01-28.
3. ^ Banks, Bill (2007-12-30). "Upcoming TNA Pay-Per-Views and "iMPACT!" in Orlando live events". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
4. ^ Martin, Adam (2008-08-31). "Update on PPV plans for Genesis & Turning Point events this year - more". WrestleView. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
6. ^ a b Eck, K. (February 2003). "Big, poppa's back: Scott Steiner looks to pump up the action in WWE". Wrestling Digest. Archived from the original on 2007-05-25. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57738 | Héctor Velázquez
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For the Mexican architect, see Héctor Velázquez Moreno.
Héctor Velázquez
Real name Héctor Velázquez Martínez
Rated at featherweight
Nationality Mexico Mexican
Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit, Mexico
Stance Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights 85
Wins 56
Wins by KO 38
Losses 25
Draws 3
No contests 1
Héctor Velázquez (born 5 March 1975 in Santiago Ixcuintla, Nayarit), is a Mexican boxer. He fights in the featherweight division. He is the former IBA and IBC featherweight champion.
Velázquez began his professional career on 16 December 1993, beating fellow debutant José Guardado.[1] He fought world champions such as Kevin Kelley, Israel Vazquez, Raul Perez, Robbie Peden, Guty Espadas Jr., Rocky Juarez, Manny Pacquiao, Elio Rojas, Edwin Valero, Jorge Linares, Mickey Bey and Paul Spadafora.
1. ^ Boxrec. "Hector Velazquez". Boxrec Fighter Page. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57740 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This activity is extremely dangerous because optimum highmark terrain is typically in areas where avalanche danger is extremely high. Snowmobilers are the recreation group most likely to be killed in an avalanche, largely due to the activity of highmarking.
According to the Utah Avalanche Forecast Center, "Avalanche victims are almost exclusively backcountry recreationists--snowmobilers, climbers, snowboarders, snowshoers, skiers and hikers. Snowmobilers lead the list with twice the number of fatalities as any other activity."
Highmarking is the recreational maneuver of attempting to reach the highest point of a snow-covered feature such as a mountain, on a snowmobile. It refers to a specific activity in which the snowmobile operator's main goal is to accelerate and gain maximum elevation upon the face of a mountain before the machine reaches the top of the feature or upward progress is suddenly forced to diminish because of the grade of the feature, which gives the rider no choice but to turn around.
A High mark begins when a snowmobiler leaves an established trail and fully accelerates; blazing his/her own trail upward toward the summit of a snow-covered mountain face, ideally lying at a 30-45% grade. As the terrain gets steeper, the machine's acceleration slows down. At the apex of the elevation gained, the rider must sharply turn 180 degrees and descend the feature. The height of the arching track left in the snow by a pioneering rider usually sparks competition within members of a rider's party, urging the rest to surpass the height of the original arch, thus initiating a competition. High marks vary in their degrees of difficulty depending on the pitch of a given ascent and conditions of the snow.
Highmarking involves serious personal injury risk factors, most notably the danger of the rider triggering an avalanche and becoming buried in the ensuing cataclysm. According to [1], "Highmarking accounts for more than 63 percent of the avalanche fatalities involving snowmobilers in North America." Highmarking should only be attempted by snowmobilers who are equipped with avalanche transceivers and accompanied by other riders capable of detecting a distress signal and rescuing a buried snowmobiler.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57742 | Impact (typeface)
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Impact font sample png.png
Category Sans-serif
Designer(s) Geoffrey Lee
Foundry Stephenson Blake
Date created 1965
Variations Impact Wide
Impact is a realist sans-serif typeface designed by Geoffrey Lee in 1965 and released by the Stephenson Blake foundry. It is well known for having been included in the core fonts for the Web package and distributed with Microsoft Windows since Windows 98. More recently, it has been used extensively in image macros.
Its ultra-thick strokes, compressed letterspacing, and minimal interior counterform are specifically aimed, as its name suggests, to "impact". Impact has a high x-height, reaching nearly to three-quarters the capital line. Ascenders are short, and descenders even shorter. Apertures are thin, with the letterforms folded up. The face is intended for headlines and has only limited use in text applications. The face bears comparison with the similarly designed, but narrower, typeface Haettenschweiler, the Letraset face Compacta, and the Linotype face Helvetica Inserat. Writing in 2004, the year before his death, Lee explained that the design goal was "to get as much ink on paper as possible in a given size with the maximum possible x-height" and to provide a home-grown alternative to these designs, which were complicated for British businesses to licence and use.[1] Released at the end of the age of hot metal typesetting as phototypesetting gained popularity, it would be Stephenson Blake's penultimate typeface released in metal. As a display font, it is normally not released with a specific italic design: any slanted text will normally be an oblique version created automatically by the computer. The original design contained a number of stylistic alternates for the letters J and r, intended for letter positions at the start and end of words, which have generally not been included in digitisations.[2]
In July 2010, Ascender Corp introduced an enhanced version of Impact. It included extensive OpenType typographic features designed by Terrance Weinzierl and Steve Matteson.[3] Lee himself also digitised the variant Impact Wide from his original drawings in 2002, and self-released it. This release includes the stylistic alternates.[4]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Lee, Geoffrey. "Comments on Typophile thread". Typophile (archived). Retrieved 27 October 2014.
2. ^ "Impact poster". Stephenson Blake. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
3. ^ "Ascender Releases New OpenType Font Pack for Microsoft Office 2010". 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
4. ^ Lee, Geoffrey. "Impact Wide". MyFonts. Retrieved 27 October 2014. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57744 | Islamic Movement in Israel
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The Islamic Movement in Israel (also known as the Islamic Movement in 48 Palestine) is a movement that aims to advocate Islam among Israeli Arabs. It operates on three levels: religious (Islamic education, religious service), social (welfare services) and anti-Zionist (opposition to Israel and support for Palestinian nationalism). The movement is split into two branches: the hardline northern branch, and the more moderate southern branch.[1]
Before the establishment of the Movement[edit]
The origins of the Islamic Movement can be traced back to the late years of the Mandatory Palestine. Early organization began in the days of the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine, however, it only began gaining momentum after World War II as a result of cooperation between the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini and the Muslim Brotherhood, which is the parent movement of the Islamic Movement in Israel.[2]
During the 1948 Palestine war, the movement cooperated with the Arab Higher Committee, much like the Egyptian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, which cooperated with the Egyptian military. As a result, it suffered a major setback following the war as all of its institutions in the newly formed Jewish state were shut down. During the period of martial law on Israeli Arabs between 1949 and 1966, the movement was suppressed and was unable to recover. The institutions that remained in the West Bank were put under the control of Jordanian authorities, who controlled the West Bank. Though a mild recovery took place in the Gaza Strip during the 1950s under Egyptian rule, there too its influence steadily declined until 1967.[3]
The Six-Day War in 1967 caused a resurgence of Palestinian support, both for the Palestine Liberation Organization, which had transformed from a puppet organization to a militant movement, and for Islamic Palestinian movements, among them the Islamic Movement in Israel. The newly created contact between Israeli Arabs and the Palestinian Arabs in the territories occupied in 1967, in which the movement had managed to remain somewhat organized, also contributed to this resurgence. As part of this new contact, members of the Islamic Movement in Israel were sent to study in religious institutions in the occupied territories.[4] At the same time, the government of Saudi Arabia began to allow Israeli Arabs to perform the Hajj to Mecca.
Establishment to the First Intifada[edit]
In 1971, the Islamic Movement in Israel was founded by Abdullah Nimar Darwish after he had completed his religious studies in Nablus.[5] During the 1970s the movement largely focused on establishing welfare services for the Muslim community parallel to those of the state.[6] Among its activities were provision of computers to schools, the establishment of an Islamic football league, marriage arrangement, charity and more.
Parallel to this charity work, several of the heads of the movement, led by Darwish, established an organization called Osrat al-Jihad ("The Families of Jihad"), one of the first Islamic terrorist groups in Israel, with the goal of establishing "an Arab Islamic state in Palestine". The heads of the organization were arrested in 1979 following an attempted terrorist attack.[7] This caused the movement to, at least officially, abandon terrorism. However, there have since been accusations that the movement has engaged in terrorist activities.
During the 1980s, the movement experienced a rapid increase in support.[8]
First Intifada to Al-Aqsa Intifada[edit]
With the outbreak of the First Intifada, the movement established the 'Islamic Relief Committee', whose purpose was to assist those in need in the occupied territories, and particularly those harmed by Israel Defense Forces (IDF) operations.
In 1989, the movement decided to participate in elections for several Arab settlements, in which it won control of six city councils and made substantial gains in other settlements. The most significant victory was achieved by Sheikh Raed Salah in Umm al-Fahm, which subsequently became the center of the movement.
The Oslo I Accord caused a split in the movement whereby the northern branch opposed the agreement (similarly to the position of Hamas), and the southern branch supported the agreement. In 1994, the activity of the movement was felt in the Jewish public when Salah attempted to mediate between Israel and Hamas on the issue of the captured Israeli soldier Nakhshon Waxman.
In 1995, the Israeli Shin Bet closed down the 'Islamic Relief Committee' after it was found that the body had been granting financial assistance to the families of Hamas members. It was quickly reopened under the name 'The Humanitarian Rescue Committee', whose objectives were almost identical. In 1997, the committee was closed a second time (though only for a short period), and subsequently restrictions were placed upon it.
In 1996, the movement decided to run for the Knesset, following three previous rejections of the idea. The decision cemented the divisions between the northern and southern branches of the movement, the former, led by Raed Salah, arguing that elections should be boycotted. The southern branch, led by Sheikh Ibrahim Sarsur, ran for elections together with the Arab Democratic Party, and since 2000 it runs independently under the name United Arab List.
Second Intifada to present day[edit]
Ahead of Ariel Sharon's visit at the Temple Mount, the movement stirred agitation among Israeli Arabs. After the visit, both branches of the movement continued to incite their followers to violence in order to "protect the mountain." According to the Or Commission, these calls for violence contributed significantly to the heated spirits of the Arab public and caused a severe worsening in the October 2000 events.
In 2002, the 'Humanitarian Rescue Committee' was shut down, and after a short period 'The Organization of the Humanitarian Rescue Committee' was established in its stead. In the same year Eli Yishai, then Interior Minister, decided to close the newspaper of the northern branch, though the decision was never implemented.
In 2003, the heads of the northern branch of the movement were arrested under suspicion of aiding Hamas, of which two-thirds were released almost immediately. The remaining suspects were detained, but most were released during 2005 after signing a plea bargain. Both the arrests and the plea bargain stirred opposition from both the left wing and right wing camps of Israeli politics. The main offenses of which those detained were accused were financial offenses such as tax evasion, but also contact with a foreign agent and contact with a terrorist group. Ultimately, only the economic offenses were proved true.
These two events, as well as the history of incitement by the movement, have been defining factors in the group's image among the Jewish public, most of which views it as a terrorist organization, and to this day there are calls to ban the movement.
In 2007, in response to Mahmoud Ahmedinejad's comments on the Holocaust, the Islamic Movement (southern branch) leader Abdullah Nimr Darwish "slammed" the Holocaust denial. He also said that antisemitic texts in the Muslim world were contrary to the true spirit of Islam. At the same time, he criticized Israel for not supporting a Saudi peace initiative involving Hamas and Fatah.[5]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Atinger, Yair (2004-10-24). "A Surprising Ally for Sharon - the Islamic Movement (In Hebrew)". Walla! News. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
2. ^ Danny Rabinovich. "Religious Awakening, Radicalism and Religious Fundamentalism among Muslim Citizens of Israel (in Hebrew)". Matach: The Center for Educational Technology. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
3. ^ Yisraeli, Rafi (1993). Muslim Fundamentalism in Israel. London: Brassey's. p. 18. as cited at:
4. ^ Raphael Israeli (1999-10-15). "The Islamic Movement in Israel". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
5. ^ a b Barkat, Amiram (2007-02-12). "Founder of Islamic Movement in Israel slams Holocaust denial". Ha'Aretz. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
6. ^ Abu Raia, Isam (1991). "Umnal-Fakhim – Leadership and Organization (MA Thesis)". Johns Hopkins University. as cited at:
7. ^ Nachman Tal, op. cit.
8. ^ Raphael Israeli, op. cit. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57747 | John Milton Elliott
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Statue of Elliott at the Boyd County Courthouse at Catlettsburg, Kentucky
John Milton Elliott (May 16, 1820 – March 26, 1879) was an American lawyer and politician from Prestonsburg, Kentucky. He represented Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives from 1853 until 1857 and served in the First Confederate Congress during the American Civil War.
Life and career[edit]
Elliott was born in Scott County, Virginia on May 16, 1820 to John and Jane Elliott. The family moved to Kentucky during his childhood, with his father serving two terms in the Kentucky General Assembly. In 1841 he began practicing law in Prestonsburg, Kentucky. He was elected to the Kentucky legislature in 1847. He later followed it with a stint in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1853-1859.
In 1861 he went back to the Kentucky legislature, but was expelled by Judge Bland Ballard on December 21, 1861 for giving aid to the Confederate States of America. He then turned his loyalties to the Confederacy, helping to form the Confederate government of Kentucky, and served in its Senate as a Senator from Kentucky.
After the war, he moved to Bath County, Kentucky. In 1876, Elliott began serving on the Kentucky Court of Appeals.[1][2]
Murdered by a fellow judge[edit]
On March 26, 1879 Judge Elliott and fellow jurist Thomas Hines left the Kentucky State House, when they met a judge from Henry County, Kentucky, Colonel Thomas Buford. Buford's late sister had lost her land to pay back a debt of $20,000; Elliott had ruled against her in a court proceeding in which she had attempted to save the property.
After Hines had turned and walked away from Elliott, Buford asked Elliott whether he wanted to go on a snipe hunt, then shot him point-blank with a double-barreled shotgun filled with twelve buckshot, as he had sworn on his sister's grave he would do. Hines inspected the body as Buford turned himself in to a deputy sheriff who had come to see where the shotgun blast came from.[3]
The assassination made news throughout the country. The New York Times opined that the murder "could scarcely have taken place in any region calling itself civilized except Kentucky, or some other Southern state".[4]
Buford offered a defense of not guilty by reason of insanity during his trial. The jury did indeed find him insane, after an initial 6–6 deadlock. Buford was sent to the Central Kentucky Insane Asylum in Anchorage, Kentucky, but would eventually escape in 1882 to Indiana, where he was unable to be extradited. He voluntarily returned to the asylum in 1884 and died on February 12, 1885.[4][5]
Elliott was buried at the state cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky. His wife had a statue erected in his honor at the courthouse of Boyd County, Kentucky in Catlettsburg, Kentucky. It is debated whether Elliott County, Kentucky is named for Elliott or his father.[4][6]
1. ^ Smith, Green Clay. Assassination of Judge John M Elliott Famous Kentucky Tragedies and Trials (The Baldwin law book company, incorporated, 1916) pg. 222
2. ^ Kleber, John E. The Kentucky Encyclopedia. (University Press of Kentucky). pg. 291.
3. ^ Smith pg. 205, 210
4. ^ a b c Kleber pg. 291
5. ^ Smith pg. 210, 220, 221
6. ^ Smith pg. 222
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Addison White
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Kentucky's 6th congressional district
1853 - 1859
Succeeded by
Green Adams
Confederate States House of Representatives
Preceded by
Representative to the Provisional Confederate Congress from Kentucky
Succeeded by |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57748 | Joshua Davis (writer)
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Joshua Davis
Josh Iraq4(2).jpg
Born 1974
Occupation Writer, Journalist, Filmmaker, Co-Founder of Epic Magazine
Nationality American
Joshua Davis is a writer, film producer and co-founder of Epic Magazine. He lives in San Francisco, California.
Davis is currently a contributing editor at Wired magazine. In 2003, he reported from Iraq for the magazine. He has also written about genetically modified cocaine in Colombia, attempts to engineer the apocalypse in Jerusalem, and the 2007 cyberwar between Estonia and Russia. His work has been anthologized in the 2006 and 2007 editions of "The Best of Technology Writing"[1] as well as the 2007 edition of "The Best American Science Writing."[2] His work has also appeared in the New Yorker, GQ, Outside, Food & Wine, Men's Health and Maxim.
Davis' first book, The Underdog, was published by Random House in 2005. It chronicles Davis' entry into unusual competitions around the world, including the World Armwrestling Championship in Gdynia, Poland; the US Sumo Open in Los Angeles; the World Sauna Championship in Heinol, Finland; and the Golden Shrimp, a backwards running competition in Poviglio, Italy.
Davis' experiences as an arm wrestler are also chronicled in his film, "The Beast Within," which won Best Documentary at the Telluride Mountain Film Festival in 2003. 20th Century Fox is adapting his experiences as a lightweight sumo wrestler into a movie starring Jon Heder.
In 2013, Davis and Joshuah Bearman formed Epic Magazine,[3] a magazine devoted to telling extraordinary true stories. The venture comes on the heels of "Argo",[4] the Academy Award winning film, which was based on an article Bearman wrote. Over the past 10 years, Josh and Bearman have sold 20 articles to Hollywood, with 2 films produced.
In 2014, Davis was selected as a Finalist for a National Magazine Award in Feature Writing.
His article "La Vida Robot," about four teenage immigrants who build an underwater robot, was adapted into a movie entitled "Spare Parts" by Warner Brothers starring George Lopez, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Marisa Tomei. It premiered in January 2015.[5]
• The Underdog," 2006
• "La Vida Robot," Best of Technology Writing, 2006
• "Say Hello to Stanley", Best of Technology Writing, 2007
• "Face Blind," Best American Science Writing, 2007
• Spare Parts, Four Undocumented Teenagers, One Ugly Robot, and the Battle for the American Dream, 2014
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57749 | List of German monarchs
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(Redirected from King of Germany)
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This is a list of monarchs who ruled over the German territories of central Europe from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 (by which a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom was created), until the end of the Imperial Germany in 1918. It also includes the heads of the various German confederations after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in 1806.
Note on titles[edit]
1. The Kingdom of Germany started out as the eastern section of the Frankish kingdom, which was split by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. The rulers of the eastern area thus called themselves rex Francorum, king of the Franks, and later just rex. A reference to the "Germans," indicating the emergence of a German nation of some sort, did not appear until the eleventh century, when the pope referred to his enemy Henry IV as rex teutonicorum, king of the Teutons, in order to brand him as a foreigner. The kings reacted by consistently using the title rex Romanorum, King of the Romans, to emphasize their universal rule even before becoming emperor. This title remained until the end of the Empire in 1806, though after 1508 Emperors-elect added "king in Germany" to their titles. (Note: in this and related entries, the kings are called kings of Germany, for clarity's sake)
2. The Kingdom of Germany was never entirely hereditary; rather, ancestry was only one of the factors that determined the succession of kings. The king was formally elected by the leading nobility in the realm, continuing the Frankish tradition. Gradually the election became the privilege of a group of princes called electors, and the Golden Bull of 1356 formally defined election proceedings.[1]
3. In the Middle Ages, the king did not assume the title "Emperor" (since 982 the full title was Imperator Augustus Romanorum, Venerable Emperor of the Romans) until crowned by the pope. Moving to Italy, he was usually first crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, after which he assumed the title of rex Italiae, King of Italy. After this he would ride on to Rome and be crowned emperor by the pope. See Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor for more details.
4. Maximilian I was the first king to bear the title of emperor-elect. After the failure in 1508 of his attempt to march to Rome and be crowned by the pope, he had himself proclaimed emperor-elect with papal consent. His successor Charles V also assumed that title after his coronation in 1520 until he was crowned emperor by the pope in 1530. From Ferdinand I onwards, all emperors were merely emperors-elect, although they were normally referred to as emperors. At the same time, chosen successors of the emperors held the title of king of the Romans, if elected by the college of electors during their predecessor's lifetime. See King of the Romans for more details.
Emperors are listed in bold. Rival kings, anti-kings, and junior co-regents are italicized.
Kings of the East Franks, 843–911[edit]
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
Ludwig der Deutsche.jpg Louis the German
(Ludwig II der Deutsche)
Carolingian 11 August 843 23 August 876 Son of Emperor Louis the Pious and grandson of Charlemagne
Treaty of Fouron.jpg Louis the Younger
(Ludwig III der Jüngere)
Carolingian 28 August 876 20 January 882 Son of Louis the German; ruled in East Francia, Saxony; from 880, also Bavaria
3 sons of Louis the German.jpg Carloman
Carolingian 28 August 876 22 March 880 Son of Louis the German; ruled in Bavaria; from 877, also King of Italy
Die deutschen Kaiser Karl der Dicke.jpg Charles the Fat
(Karl III, der Dicke)
Carolingian 28 August 876 12 February 881 11 November 887 Son of Louis the German; ruled in Alemannia, Raetia, from 882 in the entire Eastern Kingdom; from 879, also King of Italy
Die deutschen Kaiser Arnulph.jpg Arnulf of Carinthia
(Arnulf von Kärnten)
Carolingian 30 November 887 25 April 896 8 December 899 Son of Carloman
Die deutschen Kaiser Ludwig das Kind.jpg Louis the Child
(Ludwig IV das Kind)
Carolingian 21 January 900 20/24 September 911 Son of Arnulf of Carinthia
Kings of Germany, 911–1806[edit]
East Frankish kingdom of Germany, 911–962[edit]
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
The King Conrad I enthroned.jpg Conrad I
(Konrad I)
Conradine (Franconian) 10 November 911 23 December 918
Ottonian dynasty[edit]
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
King of the Holy Roman German Empire Henry I. the Fowler.jpg Henry I the Fowler
(Heinrich I der Vogler)
Liudolfing 23 April 919 2 July 936
Arnulf Bavor.jpg Arnulf the Bad
(Arnulf der Böse, Herzog von Bayern)
Luitpolding (Bavarian) 919 921 Rival king to Henry I
Germany within the Holy Roman Empire, 962–1806[edit]
Ottonian dynasty (continued)[edit]
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
Otto the Great.jpg Otto I the Great
(Otto I der Große)
Ottonian 7 August 936 2 February 962 7 May 973 Son of Henry I; first king crowned in Aachen Cathedral since Lothair I; crowned as Otto by the grace of God King;[2] crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 961
Otton2.JPG Otto II the Red
(Otto II)
Ottonian 26 May 961 25 December 967 7 December 983 Son of Otto I;
Otto by the grace of God King[2] under his father 961–973;
also crowned Emperor in his father's lifetime
Meister der Reichenauer Schule 002.jpg Otto III
(Otto III)
Ottonian 25 December 983 21 May 996 21 January 1002 Son of Otto II; Otto by the grace of God King[2]
Kronung Heinrich II.jpg Henry II
(Heinrich II der Heilige)
Ottonian 7 June 1002 26 April 1014 13 July 1024 Great-grandson of Henry I
Salian dynasty[edit]
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
Konrád2.jpg Conrad II
(Konrad II)
Salian (Frankish) 8 September 1024 26 March 1027 4 June 1039 Great-great-grandson of Otto I
Heinrich III..jpg Henry III
(Heinrich III)
Salian 14 April 1028 25 December 1046 5 October 1056 Son of Conrad II;
King (of the Germans?)[2] under his father 1028–1039
Heinrich 4 g.jpg Henry IV
(Heinrich IV)
Salian 17 July 1054 21 March 1084 31 December 1105 Son of Henry III;
King of Germany under his father, 1054–1056
Grabplatte Rudolf von Rheinfelden Detail.JPG Rudolf of Rheinfelden
(Rudolf von Rheinfelden)
Rheinfeld 15 March 1077 15 October 1080 Rival king to Henry IV
Town Hall Eisleben-Smaller Detail.jpg Hermann of Salm
(Hermann von Luxemburg, Graf von Salm)
Salm 6 August 1081 28 September 1088 Rival king to Henry IV
Conrad II of Italy.jpg Conrad
Salian 30 May 1087 27 July 1101 Son of Henry IV;
King of Germany under his father, 1087–1098,
King of Italy, 1093–1098, 1095–1101 in rebellion.
Herrschaftsübergabe von Heirich IV. an Heinrich V.jpg Henry V
(Heinrich V)
Salian 6 January 1099 13 April 1111 23 May 1125 Son of Henry IV;
King of Germany under his father, 1099–1105, forced his father to abdicate
Supplinburger dynasty[edit]
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
Siegel Lothar III.jpg Lothair II
(Lothar II)
Supplinburger 30 August 1125 4 June 1133 4 December 1137 He was Lothair II of Germany, but Lothair III of Italy
Hohenstaufen and Welf[edit]
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
Konrad III Miniatur 13 Jahrhundert.jpg Conrad III
(Conrad III)
Hohenstaufen 7 March 1138 15 February 1152 Grandson of Henry IV (through his mother);
Previously Rival King to Lothair III 1127–1135
Henry Berengar
(Heinrich (VI))
Hohenstaufen 30 March 1147 August? 1150 Son of Conrad III;
King of Germany under his father 1147–1150
Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik 1-1000x1540.jpg Frederick I Barbarossa
(Friedrich I Barbarossa)
Hohenstaufen 4 March 1152 18 June 1155 10 June 1190 Nephew of Conrad III
Kaiser Heinrich VI. im Codex Manesse.jpg Henry VI
(Heinrich VI)
Hohenstaufen 15 August 1169 14 April 1191 28 September 1197 Son of Frederick I;
King of Germany under his father 1169–1190
Frederick II and eagle.jpg Frederick II
(Friedrich II)
Hohenstaufen 1197 1197 Son of Henry VI;
King of Germany under his father, 1196
Vad-0321 040 Philipp von Schwaben.jpg Philip of Swabia
(Philipp von Schwaben)
Hohenstaufen 6 March 1198 21 August 1208 Son of Frederick I; rival king to Otto IV
Otto IV 1836.jpg Otto IV
(Otto IV von Braunschweig)
Welf 29 March 1198 4 October 1209 5 July 1215 Rival king to Philip of Swabia; later opposed by Frederick II; deposed, 1215; died 19 May 1218
Frederick II and eagle.jpg Frederick II
(Friedrich II)
Hohenstaufen 5 December 1212 22 November 1220 26 December 1250 Son of Henry VI;
Rival king to Otto IV until 5 July 1215
Jindra7.jpg Henry
(Heinrich (VII))
Hohenstaufen 23 April 1220 15 August 1235 Son of Frederick II;
King of Germany under his father, 1220–1235
Conrad IV of Germany.jpg Conrad IV
(Konrad IV)
Hohenstaufen May 1237 1 May 1254 Son of Frederick II;
King of Germany under his father, 1237–1250
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
Heinrich Raspe.jpg Henry Raspe
(Heinrich Raspe)
Thuringia 22 May 1246 16 February 1247 Rival King to Frederick II and great-great-great grandson of Henry IV
Guillaume II de Hollande.png William of Holland
(Wilhelm von Holland)
Holland 3 October 1247 28 January 1256 Rival King to Frederick II and Conrad IV, 1247–1254
Richard of Cornwall .jpg Richard of Cornwall
(Richard von Cornwall)
Plantagenet 13 January 1257 2 April 1272 Brother-in-law of Frederik II; rival king to Alfonso of Castile; held no real authority.
TumboAKing.jpg Alfonso of Castile
(Alfons von Kastilien)
House of Burgundy 1 April 1257 1275 Grandson of Philip; rival king to Richard of Cornwall; held no authority; later opposed by Rudolf I; relinquished claims 1275, died 1284
Habsburg and Nassau[edit]
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
Rudolf Speyerer Dom.JPG Rudolf I
(Rudolf I von Habsburg)
Habsburg 29 September 1273 15 July 1291 First of the Habsburgs
Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.gif Adolf of Nassau
(Adolf von Nassau)
Nassau 5 May 1292 23 June 1298 According to some historians, Adolf's election was preceded by the short-lived kingship of Conrad, Duke of Teck. See his article for details.
Albrecht Erste Habsburg.jpg Albert I
(Albrecht I von Habsburg)
Habsburg 24 June 1298 1 May 1308 Son of Rudolf I; Rival king to Adolf of Nassau, 1298
Luxemburg and Wittelsbach[edit]
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
Henry Lux head.jpg Henry VII
(Heinrich VII, Luxemburger)
Luxembourg 27 November 1308 13 June 1311 24 August 1313
Ludovico il Bavaro.jpeg Louis IV
(Ludwig IV, der Bayer, Wittelsbacher)
Wittelsbach 20 October 1314 17 January 1328 11 October 1347 Grandson of Rudolf I; rival king to Frederick the Fair, 1314–1322
Friedrich der Schöne.jpg Frederick the Fair
(Friedrich der Schöne, Habsburger)
Habsburg 19 October 1314/
5 September 1325
28 September 1322/
13 January 1330
Son of Albert I;
rival king to Louis IV, 1314–1322;
associate king with Louis IV, 1325–1330
Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg Charles IV
(Karl IV von Luxemburg)
Luxembourg 11 July 1346 5 April 1355 29 November 1378 Grandson of Henry VII; rival king to Louis IV, 1346–1347;
also King of Bohemia, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor
Guenther von schwarzburg.jpg Günther von Schwarzburg
(Günther von Schwarzburg)
Schwarzburg 30 January 1349 24 May 1349 Rival king to Charles IV
Vasikzfrkronik.jpg Wenceslaus
(Wenzel von Luxemburg)
Luxembourg 10 June 1376 20 August 1400 Son of Charles IV; king of Germany under his father 1376–1378; deposed 1400;
also by inheritance King of Bohemia; died 1419
Ruprecht III (Pfalz).jpg Rupert of Palatinate
(Ruprecht von der Pfalz, Wittelsbacher)
Wittelsbach 21 August 1400 18 May 1410 Great-grandnephew of Louis IV
Pisanello 024b.jpg Sigismund
(Sigismund von Luxemburg)
Luxembourg 20 September 1410
/21 July 1411
3 May 1433 9 December 1437 Son of Charles IV
Jošt Lucemburský.jpg Jobst of Moravia
(Jobst von Mähren, Luxemburger)
Luxembourg 1 October 1410 8 January 1411 Nephew of Charles IV; rival king to Sigismund
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
Albrecht II. von Habsburg.jpg Albert II
(Albrecht II)
Habsburg 18 March 1438 27 October 1439 4th in descent from Albert I;
son-in-law of Sigismund
Hans Burgkmair d. Ä. 005.jpg Frederick III
(Friedrich III)
Habsburg 2 February 1440 16 March 1452 19 August 1493 4th in descent from Albert I; 2nd cousin of Albert II
Ambrogio de Predis 001.jpg Maximilian I
(Maximilian I)
Habsburg 16 February 1486 4 February 1508
12 January 1519 Son of Frederick III; King of Germany under his father, 1486–1493; adopted the title Emperor-elect in 1508 with the pope's approval
Carlos V pintado por Arias Fernández.jpg Charles V
(Karl V)
Habsburg 28 June 1519 24 February 1530 3 August 1556 Grandson of Maximilian I; died 21 September 1558
Hans Bocksberger (I) - Emperor Ferdinand I - WGA02326.jpg Ferdinand I
(Ferdinand I)
Habsburg 5 January 1531 14 March 1558
25 July 1564 Grandson of Maximilian I; brother of Charles V; King of Germany under his brother Charles V 1531–1556; last king to be crowned in Aachen Cathedral. Emperor-Elect
Nicolas Neufchâtel 002.jpg Maximilian II
(Maximilian II)
Habsburg 22 November 1562 25 July 1564
12 October 1576 Son of Ferdinand I;
King of Germany under his father 1562–1564
Joseph Heintz d. Ä. 002.jpg Rudolf II
(Rudolf II)
Habsburg 27 October 1575 2 November 1576
20 January 1612 Son of Maximilian II;
King of Germany under his father, 1575–1576
Lucas van Valckenborch 003.jpg Matthias
Habsburg 13 June 1612 13 June 1612
20 March 1619 Son of Maximilian II
Kaiser Ferdinand II. 1614.jpg Ferdinand II
(Ferdinand II)
Habsburg 28 August 1619 28 August 1619
15 February 1637 Great-grandson of Ferdinand I
Frans Luycx 002.jpg Ferdinand III
(Ferdinand III)
Habsburg 22 December 1636 15 February 1637
2 April 1657 Son of Ferdinand II;
King of Germany under his father 1636–1637
Ferdinand III (excision).JPG Ferdinand IV
(Ferdinand IV)
Habsburg 31 May 1653 9 July 1654 Son of Ferdinand III;
King of Germany under his father
Benjamin von Block 001.jpg Leopold I
(Leopold I)
Habsburg 18 July 1658 18 July 1658
5 May 1705 Son of Ferdinand III
Joseph I Holy Roman Emperor.png Joseph I
(Joseph I)
Habsburg 23 January 1690 5 May 1705
17 April 1711 Son of Leopold I; King of Germany under his father 1690–1705
Johann Gottfried Auerbach 004.jpg Charles VI
(Karl VI)
Habsburg 27 October 1711 27 October 1711
20 October 1740 Son of Leopold I
Image Name House King Emperor Ended Notes
Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor.PNG Charles VII
(Karl VII)
Wittelsbach 14 January 1742 14 January 1742
20 January 1745 Great-great-grandson of Ferdinand II; Husband of Maria Amalia, daughter of Joseph I
Martin van Meytens 006.jpg Francis I
(Franz I)
Lorraine 13 September 1745 13 September 1745
18 August 1765 Great-grandson of Ferdinand III; Husband of Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles VI
Anton von Maron 006.png Joseph II
(Joseph II)
Habsburg-Lorraine 27 March 1764 18 August 1765
20 February 1790 Son of Francis I and Maria Theresa; King of Germany under his father 1764–1765
(Leopold II)
Habsburg-Lorraine 30 September 1790 30 September 1790
1 March 1792 Son of Francis I and Maria Theresa
Friedrich von Amerling 003a.jpg Francis II
(Franz II)
Habsburg-Lorraine 7 July 1792 7 July 1792
6 August 1806 Son of Leopold II; Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire; also Emperor of Austria 1804–1835; President of the German Confederation (1815-1835), died 1835
German confederations, 1806–1871[edit]
Confederation of the Rhine, 1806–1813[edit]
Name Portrait Title House Began Ended
Napoleon I,
Emperor of the French
(Napoléon I, Kaiser der Franzosen)
Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg Protector of the
Confederation of the Rhine
Bonaparte 25 July 1806 19 October 1813
German Confederation, 1815–1866[edit]
Name Portrait Title House Began Ended
Francis I,
Emperor of Austria
(Franz I, Kaiser von Österreich)
Friedrich von Amerling 003a.jpg President of the
German Confederation
Habsburg-Lorraine 20 June 1815 2 March 1835
Ferdinand I,
Emperor of Austria
(Ferdinand I, Kaiser von Österreich)
Ferdinand I; Keizer van Oostenrijk.jpg President of the
German Confederation
Habsburg-Lorraine 2 March 1835 12 July 1848
Archduke John of Austria
(Erzherzog Johann von Österreich)
Leopold Kupelwieser 001.jpg Imperial Vicar[3] Habsburg-Lorraine 12 July 1848 20 December 1849
Frederick William IV, King of Prussia
(Friedrich Wilhelm IV, König von Preußen)
FWIV.jpg Emperor of the Germans elect Hohenzollern elected Emperor of the Germans by the Frankfurt National Assembly on 28 March 1849, but refused the crown on 3 April 1849
President of the
Erfurt Union
26 May 1849 29 November 1850
Francis Joseph I,
Emperor of Austria
(Franz Joseph I, Kaiser von Österreich)
Franz joseph1.jpg President of the
German Confederation
Habsburg-Lorraine 1 May 1850 24 August 1866
North German Confederation, 1867–1871[edit]
Name Portrait Title House Began Ended
Wilhelm I,
King of Prussia
(Wilhelm I, König von Preußen)
President of the
North German Confederation
Hohenzollern 1 July 1867 18 January 1871[4]
German Empire, 1871–1918[edit]
Name Portrait Title House Began Ended
Wilhelm I,
German Emperor
(Wilhelm I, Deutscher Kaiser)
German Emperor Hohenzollern 18 January 1871 9 March 1888
Friedrich III,
German Emperor
(Friedrich III, Deutscher Kaiser)
German Emperor Hohenzollern 9 March 1888 15 June 1888
Wilhelm II,
German Emperor
(Wilhelm II, Deutscher Kaiser)
German Emperor Hohenzollern 15 June 1888 9/28 November 1918[5]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Germany - Britannica Educational Publishing
2. ^ a b c d Medieval Europeans: studies in ethnic identity and national perspectives in medieval Europe By Alfred P. Smyth, Palgrave Macmillan (1998), p. 64
3. ^ elected by the Frankfurt National Assembly as Imperial Vicar of a new German Reich. The German Confederation was considered dissolved.
4. ^ He was proclaimed German Emperor on that day.
5. ^ His abdication was announced by the Chancellor on 9 November, and the Emperor went into exile in the Netherlands. He did not formally abdicate until 28 November.
External links[edit] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00000035_processed.jsonl/57750 | Flathead engine
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Harley-Davidson flathead engine
Engine block of the Ford flathead V8 engine showing the location of the valve ports (the holes above the large cylinder bores). These blocks were the basis of the original "Hotrod" Engines
T head sidevalve arrangement
The usual L-head arrangement
A flathead engine (aka sidevalve engine (SV), flathead, or flatty)[1] is an internal combustion engine with valves placed in the engine block beside the piston, instead of in the cylinder head, as in an overhead valve engine. As the cylinder cross-section has the shape of an upside-down L, other names such as L-block or L-head are also common.
The sidevalve's poppet valves are usually sited on one side of the cylinder(s). A recess in the cylinder head creates a corridor connecting the valves and the combustion chamber. The valve gear comprises a camshaft which operates the valves via simple tappets, without any further valvetrain paraphernalia (such as pushrods, rocker arms, overhead valves or overhead camshafts).
The sidevalve arrangement was once the most common across all motor industries (automotive, agricultural, marine, aviation, and others), but it has since fallen from favor in most multicylinder applications, such as automotive and aviation, having been displaced by overhead-valve designs. Flathead designs are still commonly built new for many small engine applications of one and two cylinders, such as lawnmowers, rotary tillers, and two-wheel tractors.
The main advantages of a sidevalve engine are simplicity, reliability, cheapness, compactness, responsive low-speed power, low mechanical engine noise and insensitivity to low-octane fuel. The absence of a complicated ohv valvetrain allows a compact engine that is cheaper to manufacture, as the cylinder head may be little more than a simple metal casting. These advantages may explain why ohv designs were first adopted only in high-performance applications such as aircraft, luxury cars, and sports cars, while economy cars, trucks, and agricultural engines continued to use flathead engines for some time. Even today, flatheads are common in lawnmowers and basic farm machinery.
An important benefit of the sidevalve design is that, if a valve should seize in its guide (remain partially open), only limited damage to that individual cylinder would occur, and an engine can often operate safely on its other cylinders with a seized valve. If a valve head breaks off, the detached head is much larger in diameter than the combustion chamber, and frequently becomes lodged between the piston and the head causing severe damage.
At tdc, the piston gets very close to the flat cylinder head, and the resultant squish turbulence gives excellent fuel/air mixing.
The typical flathead engine has its valves adjacent, but the "T-head" variant acts as a "cross-flow" head.
The main disadvantages of a sidevalve engine are poor gas flow, poor combustion chamber shape, and low compression ratio, all of which result in a low power output.
The sidevalve configuration makes intake and exhaust gases follow a circuitous route, with low volumetric efficiency, or "poor breathing". Although a sidevalve engine can safely operate at high speed, its volumetric efficiency swiftly deteriorates, so that high power outputs are not feasible at speed. High volumetric efficiency was less important for early cars because their engines rarely sustained extended high speeds; but designers seeking higher outputs had to abandon the sidevalve. A compromise used by Willys (Jeep), Rover and Rolls-Royce in the 1950s was the F-head (aka intake-over-exhaust configuration), in which there is one side valve and one overhead valve per cylinder.[2]
An advance in flathead technology resulted from experimentation in the 1920s by Sir Harry Ricardo, who improved their efficiency after studying the gas-flow characteristics of sidevalve engines.[citation needed]
Because the exhaust follows a complicated path to leave the engine, there is a tendency for the engine to overheat. In a T-head engine, a sidevalve engine has a crossflow configuration, so exhaust gases leave on the opposite side of the cylinder from the intake valve. American LaFrance powered their fire engines with T-head engines from the 1920s to the 1950s. The Cleveland Motorcycle Manufacturing Company produced a T-head four-cylinder in-line motorcycle engine in the 1920s; and early Stutz engines were T heads.
Pop-up pistons may be used to increase compression ratio
Although both OHV and OHC engines have proved to be more efficient than flatheads, there is some potential to give flatheads better performance via advanced design features, such as:
• Pop-up pistons may be used with compatible heads to increase compression ratio and improve the combustion chamber's shape to prevent knocking.[3]
• Turbulence grooves may increase swirl inside the combustion chamber, thus increasing torque, especially at low rpm. Better mixing of the fuel/air charge improves combustion and helps to prevent knocking.[4][5][6][7]
• The traditional flathead engine suffers from its flat and elongated combustion chamber, which is prone to knocking if compression ratio is increased. Using improved ignition system such as laser ignition or microwave enhanced ignition could speed up the combustion and prevent knocking.[8]
History and applications[edit]
Flathead inline 4- and 6-cylinder engines were frequently used for automobiles (as with the famous Ford Model T, tractors, and other products from the beginning of the automotive industry until the 1950s, when overhead valve designs began to outnumber flathead designs in production numbers. Flathead designs are still commonly built new for applications such as lawnmowers, rotary tillers, two-wheel tractors, and other one- and two-cylinder equipment.
Some of the most famous automotive flathead engines were ones whose common nicknames reflected their flathead nature, such as the Ford flathead V8 engine and the Ford Sidevalve engine.
Due to cooling and efficiency problems, flathead engines fell out of favor in "high power" applications, such as aircraft engines, prior to World War I, with rare execeptions like the American Aeronca E-107 opposed twin aero engine of 1930. However they lived on for some time in the automotive world and were used on the Jeep, for instance. Flatheads are no longer in common use for automobiles (except in some rodding and customizing circles),[1][9] that most often use restored and reproduction examples of the classic 1932-1953 "model years" Ford flathead V8 engine, with the flathead valve configuration still used for some small-engine applications like lawnmowers. Because of their design, the size of valves and the compression ratio are limited, which in turn reduces available power and economy.[citation needed]
A new arrival is the Belgian D-Motor LF26, a compact 2.7-litre flat-four aero-engine that has direct drive to a propeller, rather than a reduction gearbox.[10] As the engine was designed to produce peak power of 90 bhp at only 2800 rpm, this very low engine speed meant the designers could dispense with the complexity of an ohv valvetrain. The resulting simplicity, lightness, compactness and reliability are ideal in an aero-engine.[11] D-Motor is developing a 125 bhp 6-cylinder version.
Harley-Davidson motorcycle flathead engines[edit]
Model W, singles, and 45s (DL, RL, and WL)[edit]
The flathead engine saw service in Harley-Davidson motorcycles beginning with the Model W's flat-twin, produced from 1919 to 1923,[12] and continuing in 1924 with single-cylinder export-model 21-cubic-inch (340 cc) and 30.5-cubic-inch (500 cc) singles and continued in Servi-Cars until 1973. In the domestic U.S. market, the 45-cubic-inch (740 cc) DL model (1929 to 1931) and its technical descendant, the RL model (1932 to 1936), started Harley's side-valve tradition in the 45-cubic-inch displacement class. The DL and RL models featured a total-loss oiling system and were succeeded in 1937 by the WL 45, which had recirculating oil lubrication. The WL went on to serve in World War II as the U.S. and Canadian Army's primary two-wheeled mount and subsequently as a civilian middleweight through 1952. The engine continued virtually unchanged with various G-based designations in the three-wheeled "Servi-Car" until production ceased in 1973.
K-series and developments[edit]
In 1952, the K series flatheads was introduced, selling in parallel with the W series (which was discontinued after 1952), designed to compete with British sporting motorcycles of the time, as the American motorcycle Association allowed the 750 cc sidevalves to compete against 500 cc overhead-valve bikes. The K models featured a unit construction engine and transmission case, right side foot shift and left side foot brake, and evolved from 45 cubic inches (1952 to 1953) to 55 cubic inches by a 0.75-inch (19 mm) increase in stroke length (1954 to 1956) over its five year retail market run. The K series was replaced by the overhead valve Sportster series in the retail market in 1957. However, racing versions of the 750 cc K model, designated KR, continued to be produced in very limited numbers for some time after, winning both roadraces and dirt track events against overhead valve bikes limited to 500 cc through 1969, when the American Motorcycle Association finally decided to change the rules and make the venerable flatheads uncompetitive.[citation needed] The K racers were replaced first by the iron-head XR 750 cc overhead valve engine, and two years later by the alloy-head XR, which continues in service in flat track racing to this day.
Flathead big twins[edit]
In 1930, the 74-cubic-inch (1,210 cc) VL flathead replaced the JD Big Twin, which had featured intake-over-exhaust (IoE) valve configuration. The VL had a single downtube frame and total loss oiling, culminating in an 80-cubic-inch (1,300 cc) version (VLH) in 1935. In 1937, that engine was redesigned to include a recirculating lubrication system, and designated the model U, and it went into the same frame and running gear configuration as the model E Knucklehead, which had originated in 1936. The U continued to be produced in varying configurations as a 74 cubic inch U & UL (1937 to 1948), and 80 cubic inch UH & ULH engine (1937 to 1941). By that time, the first year of the aluminum-head Panhead, it had been thoroughly superseded and outsold in the marketplace by the superior performance of the overhead valve model Big Twins.
1. ^ a b American Rodder, 6/94, pp.45 & 93.
2. ^ Road and Track, some time in the 1960s
3. ^ Davis, Marlan (September 29, 2006). "Ford Flathead V8 - The Flathead Guide of Death". Hotrod.com. Hot Rod Magazine. Combustion Chamber. Retrieved 2014-04-08. Trying to gain back compression ratio by using popup pistons may improve airflow provided proper attention is paid to the transfer area and overall piston-to-combustion chamber interface. The best balance has been the subject of debate for over 60 years. Currently the most popular approach is running a big popup piston, but with a scallop on the side adjacent to the valves to keep the transfer area clear between the valves and the cylinder bore. Recommended bottom-line street-gas-friendly compression ratios are between 7.5-8:1 on naturally aspirated engines and 6.5-7.0:1 with a blower.
4. ^ Patent US 6237579 Somender Singh: "Design to improve turbulence in combustion chambers"
5. ^ amrelweekil (September 14, 2009). "Engine modify by Somender Singh". YouTube. Grooved flathead at 1:31–1:38. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
6. ^ Graeber, Charles (2004-09-23). "Obsession: Mr. Singh's Search for the Holy Grail". Popular Science. Bonnier. Retrieved 2014-07-03. In November 2002 Singh actually received one such permission from a manufacturer to test his modification on its engines. The manufacturer was Briggs and Stratton, and the engines were two 149cc side valves.
7. ^ Pirangute, V. G.; N.V.Marathe (2002-01-14). Full throttle performance (PDF) (Technical report). ARAI. PUS/2407/Garuda/52(d). The test report reveals that fuel consumption and temperatures decreased at low engine speed while torque increased.
8. ^ Ikeda, Yuji; Nishiyama, Atsushi; Kaneko, Masashi (5–8 January 2009). Microwave Enhanced Ignition Process for Fuel Mixture at Elevated Pressure of 1MPa (PDF). 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 1. Retrieved 2014-07-03. With plasma-enhanced combustion, a large flame kernel formed and the flame propagation speed increased. In the single-cylinder engine, the combustion stability improved and the microwave-enhanced ignition increased the lean limit from 19.3 to 24.1.
9. ^ "Street Rodder, 1/85, p.72.
10. ^ "Kapelstraat 198 8540 Deerlijk - Recent information". D-motor.eu. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
11. ^ "Kapelstraat 198 8540 Deerlijk - Product / Produit". D-motor1.vpweb.be. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
12. ^ Wagner, Herbert; Mitchell, Mark (May 1999). "Chapter 6: The Gang's All Here". Classic Harley-Davidson, 1903-1941. Enthusiast Color. Motorbooks International. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0-7603-1805-0. Retrieved 2012-08-05. The Sport Model engine was Harley's first side-valve.
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