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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81211 | Lintian Reports
E unknown-debconf-priority
All reports of unknown-debconf-priority for the archive. The extended description of this tag is:
The given maintainer script calls db_input or db_text with a first argument that doesn't match one of the known priorities. The supported priorities are low, medium, high, and critical.
Refer to the debconf-devel(7) manual page for details.
Severity: important, Certainty: certain
Check: debian/debconf, Type: binary, udeb, source
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81220 | Believing in Santa: is it naughty or nice?
is believing in Santa naughty or niceKids naturally love the idea of Santa. I mean, what’s not to love? His eyes twinkle, he brings toys, his favorite snack is cookies, and he lives in a land of magic. There’s a superhero, supernatural element to him. Not to mention you get to climb on his lap, tell him everything you’ve ever wanted, and know he’ll deliver. He’s basically the embodiment of the best grandparent ever.
Maybe you never gave Santa a passing thought. Then you had kids. Suddenly you’re at a crossroad. Is teaching your kids about Santa naughty or nice?
Christians seem to especially wrestle with this. After all, the real meaning of Christmas is the baby in the manger not the man in the sleigh. But Santa and his reindeer are everywhere. Try as you might, your child is bound to ask questions and get swept up in the excitement. As a parent, you may feel like you’re fighting an uphill battle to keep Christ at the center of Christmas.
So what do you do? Is there any harm in believing in Santa? Should you preserve the imagination of childhood? Do you get your kids to buy into an idea you know to be fiction and fantasy? What happens when they discover the truth? How will they rationalize that Santa is a fake? Will they feel duped? Lied to? Worse yet, will they wonder if other unseen figures – like Jesus – are also a fabrication of the mind?
These are tough questions to wrestle with as a parent. If you feel torn between fantasy and fact this season, let me ease your fears. I would like to propose a radical idea this Christmas:
Contrary to popular opinion, Santa and Jesus are not archenemies. They are not battling it out to see who wins the center of Christmas this year. You do not have to vote one of them off your Christmas list. You can teach your kids about Santa and still keep Christ in Christmas. How? I’m so glad you asked…
1. Focus on the person rather than the personaBetween the holly and jolly, we forget that Santa was a real person. His name was Nicholas. He lived thousands of years ago in Asia Minor, not the North Pole. He wore dirty sandals, not shiny boots. And it was Roman soldiers, not elves and reindeer, that marched on his streets.
This was not your everyday Santa Claus. He lost both his parents to a plague of smallpox when he was young, inheriting all their wealth. At that time families were suffering from hyperinflation, leaving their homes in search of food and work. Nicholas chose to spend all his money helping the poor and fighting for those who were suffering unjustly. At night, he secretly delivered bags of gold coins into a family’s stockings so the father would not have to sell his daughters into prostitution. He also exposed a corrupt government official, saving three innocent men who were about to be executed. His reputation traveled fast around town and the people adored him. He was known for his kindness, goodness, and love towards those in need.
But most of all, Santa believed in Jesus. Nicholas was known for his strong faith and even at a young age became the leader of the church. He destroyed the temple of the pagan goddess Artemis and passionately argued against Arianism, a heresy threatening the church at that time. Even the Emperor Constantine called him, “mighty Nicholas, servant of God”. But his life wasn’t merry or magical. He was persecuted at the hands of the Romans for being a Christian and church leader, suffering alongside many martyrs of the early Church. During a time of grotesque and barbaric persecution, Nicholas was imprisoned and severely tortured (likely for ten years). He underwent unimaginable pain because he would not recant Jesus as Lord or sacrifice to pagan gods. It was only when Constantine ordered the cessation of persecution under the Edict of Milan that he was released. Battered and probably disfigured, Nicholas remained a leader of the people and the faith. He remained true to the Lord and continued to serve the people of his town until his dying day. Even today, people across Europe, North America and the Middle East still celebrate the memory and generosity of St. Nicholas on December 6th.
2. Focus on faith rather than fantasy. Though the story and legend of Santa Claus has changed over the years, it is still rooted in a real person who lived a life of compassion, strength, and courage in the face of persecution. It gives a whole new meaning to the person, Santa Claus. Teaching your kids the true story of St Nicholas points to Jesus. How can it not? His faith in God gave him the strength to stand for what was right regardless of the consequence. His faith in Jesus gave him a heart for serving others. The generosity and good-nature of Nicholas towards children and the poor mirrors the very heart of God. Jesus’ own attitude toward the poor was one of compassion (Matt 15:32), love, and provision (Ps 146:9). God commands his people to give with a cheerful heart (2 Cor 9:7) and to help those in need (1 John 3:17). God’s heart beats for the fatherless, the afflicted, the outcast, the widowed, the orphans, the weak, and the needy (Ps 82:3-4).
The true story of Santa Claus can serve as a good reminder for all of us. Christmas is as good a time as any to love on those around us, especially those who are lonely, struggling, or in need. The spirit of Christmas is one of giving. God gave His most precious gift, His Son, for us because we were in desperate need of a Savior. So give to others out of the grace you have already received.
3. Focus on the truth but enjoy the fun. So what will you teach your kids about Santa? That’s for you to decide. I will do as my Mom did for me. My parents taught me about Santa, but they never lied to me. They taught me about the real Santa Claus and in effect, kept Jesus as the focal point. They explained that Santa was a real person at one time and that he followed Jesus by serving others and standing up for his faith.
Just because you believe in Jesus doesn’t mean you have to be a Scrooge. You can still play along with today’s version of Santa Claus without compromising the truth. We still put out milk and cookies as kids knowing full well Dad was going to eat them. We opened gifts from Santa on Christmas morning, winking at each other knowing Mom had wrapped them. We still visited the big guy in red all the while knowing he was just a regular Joe. Frosty and Rudolf weren’t any different than fairytales. We knew the truth. But that didn’t mean we couldn’t be part of the fun.
Playing along with the idea of Santa is no different than pretending in a game of make-believe. Kids get that. They play it all the time. They pretend they are superheroes, firefighters, or cops chasing robbers. But when it’s all said and done, the truth still remains. So have fun with it and enjoy a game of make-believe as a family this season.
So don’t feel pressure this Christmas. You don’t have to choose between Santa and Jesus. Santa can serve as a reminder of the spirit of Christmas. And he can point to the real Reason for the season.
2 thoughts on “Believing in Santa: is it naughty or nice?
1. This is fantastic! Really well done, my friend. I just shared it on Facebook.
P.S. We drove across town chasing after the “Santa truck” last week. My kindergartener knows full well that Santa is make-believe, but that didn’t stop us from having a wonderful time waving to him on the street.
What do you think?
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81245 | Contact Us
The European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE)
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Email: Stavros Papageorgopoulos (
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81250 | 3 Ways Your Personal Data Can Be Stolen
3 Ways Your Personal Data Can Be Stolen
Dear Citizen of the Internet:
Thank you so much for your recent online activities. As a full-time hacker, I have to work pretty hard to steal users’ personal data. That means circumventing security tools, breaching password databases, and using fear tactics to trick people. But you’ve made my life so much easier, and I just wanted to say thanks. You’re a real hero to hackers like me.
Youtube Video
Oh, I realize you’d prefer to protect your identity, to keep your passwords, financial records, and other personal data out of my hands. But thanks to the various mistakes you’re making, that’s just a pipe dream. In fact, here are the three things you’re doing that can really help get your personal data stolen:
1. Using the same password on every site
You’ve read the news: Hackers like me continue to penetrate seemingly secure password databases at stores like Home Depot and Target.
When that happens, there’s a pretty easy fix: Change your password for that site. But if you use the same password everywhere you go online, now me and my hacker buddies can sign into all your accounts. Freaky, right?
There’s an easy fix for that, too: Use a different password for each site. Luckily, that’s such a hassle that most users don’t bother. Unless they install a password manager like Norton Identity Safe, which can import your existing passwords, generate new (and secure) ones as you sign up for new stores and services, and automatically insert them as you revisit various destinations.
Surprisingly, Norton Identity Safe is free, and you can even sync it with mobile companion apps on your smartphone or tablet. The real surprise is that more people don’t take advantage of tools like this.
2. Clicking on Phishing Links
Of all the security threats out there, phishing is perhaps the most insidious. That’s because it can be stopped only by your own common sense -- and hackers like me know how to seriously mess with it.
Here’s an example: An e-mail arrives in your inbox with a dire warning from your bank: Your account has been compromised! Hackers have stolen your password! Your funds are at risk! But, fear not, this is easy to fix – just click this link!
It’s pretty hard to overlook such a scary-sounding message, which is why so many folks invariably click that link – and end up at a very realistic-looking, but very fake, site that asks you for all manner of personal information -- all in the interest of protecting you, of course. Bam: You’ve just been “phished.” And because hackers love double-whammies, that fake site may have also hit your PC with viruses or other malware. That’s because you’re
3. Not bothering with antivirus software
Virus protection? You don’t need that. Windows has all kinds of security measures built right in, doesn’t it? Actually, that’s true, but we in the hacker community know all about Windows and how to bypass its safety tools. Good thing you didn’t bother with any of the myriad more robust antivirus utilities out there. We really hate those.
That’s because they provide the kind of Internet protection that makes it much, much harder to compromise your PC. Which ones work best? A smart user would investigate online antivirus reviews. Virus protection can be a little confusing, so just picking software at random doesn’t make a ton of sense. Research, that makes sense.
But, hey, we’re in this together, right? You keep on doing what you’re doing, making things easier for hackers like me, and we’ll keep on stealing your personal data. Thank you, faithful Netizen!
Want to make sure your identity is protected? Read our Norton Security review.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81258 | Majestic Barred Owl Spotted In Ottawa, Canada
A majestic Barred Owl takes a nap in a cedar tree in Ottawa, Canada. When he wakes up he preens a bit, then fluffs up as danger approaches.
When a bird watcher spotted a Barred Owl up in a cedar tree, he set up his camera to capture the beautiful creature. As he filmed, the owl woke up, preened after its nap, then looked around.
The Barred Owl is a true owl native to eastern North America. Adults are large and are brown to grey with the distinctive barring on the chest from whence they got their name. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81263 | Re: [orca-list] Orca & GSettings
(microsoft), gsettings, etc. In fact, today is the first time I ever
heard of gsettings. How easy is it to verify values in gsettings?
verify? what do you mean?
I'll leave this question to the more knowledgeable folks (i.e. the guys
from Emergya).
But if that is the direction to go, I guess we haven't
much choice, do we.
well, I think this depends on the question I asked earlier about if we are a screen reader for gnome, or a
general x11 screen reader that uses at-spi, and currently happens to work best with gnome. If we are a
screen reader for gnome then I gues we don't have much choice. On the other hand if we aren't a gnome
project then I believe we can handle our settings however we want. Although I don't actually know I imagine
the only real reason we re so relted to gnomewas Sun, so after Sun I wonder if there is stil a reason to be
so relate to gnome? What do poeple think?
Well, we (Orca team) have caught flack over the years for not being a
"good GNOME citizen." Good GNOME citizens don't roll their own settings.
Good GNOME citizens are also no longer using gconf but are migrating to
gsettings as part of GNOME 3.0. So ultimately that's where things are
going. And ultimately, I'm not convinced we do have that much of a
Well, personally I've gotten to the point with gnome that being a bad gnome citizen almost means your doing
something right. As to what choice we have I believe it depends on the question I raised above.
Having said that, I think that this conversion is going to prove to be
valuable to us in ways far beyond earning the respect of our fellow
modules. In particular:
* Make it possible for us to work better with the new Universal =
Preferences UI.
what about people who don't want to have this stuff installed? Is there a good reason for orca to require
this stuff?
* Make the saving and loading of settings much more straightforward =
what's more simple than writing a bunch of option value pairs out to a flat file? imho sending them to a
daemon that writes them into xml is a *lot* more complicated, and introduces dependancies we otherwise don't
(which in turn will give us things like fast language switching)
maybe I don't understand, but how are these at all related?
* Make it possible to change settings on the fly without having to =
write them all out
whats so bad about writing a file out? that shouldn't be a terribly slow operation. Its significantly easier
to write the whole file than just edit the one line, and talking to a daemon could also take significant time.
* Solve the problem where a screwed-up user-settings.py file completely =
hoses Orca
this sounds like a bug in how we read the configuration file.
* Fix a bunch of quirky settings bugs y'all have discovered over the =
* Other stuff I'm probably not thinking of at the moment. Need more
So I for one welcome our new gsettings overlords. And I'm extremely
grateful to have Emergya doing this work, and the support of the
Consorcio Fernando de los R=EDos/Junta de Andaluc=EDa making it possible.
well, if what people want is a screen reader for gnome, this is fine with me since for whatever reason gnome
has decided to go this way, we might as well go along. However personally as someone who isn't a big gnome
fan (my ideal "desktop" is a bunch of shells and a firefox window) If it weren't for orca I probably never
would have used gnome I'd really rather see orca be a general x11 at-spi screen reader, I'd say lets keeep
the flat file and let gnome have fun with their xml.
Joanie, you get the point about this transition. Orca will be hardened in m=
any ways with only putting order in its settings handling.
While I like C I have trouble getting along with python, wich of course means I don't get much of a voice
here what I would do if we want to organize or configuration code is the following.
1. remove the gui, editing a well commented config file is just as easy and requires far less code on our
2 reorganize the configuration code so we read it in at startup and again if requested.
3 at this point we should have very little code to deal with configurations and what is left that there
should be very few bug possible. All we would need is a loop that reads options from a file and if they are
valid sets the relavent variable.
ok, now I'll end my bearded unix hackerish rant. :-)
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81292 | Lorentzian Polynomials II: Applications
In this previous post, I described the basic theory of Lorentzian polynomials d’après Brändén and Huh. Now I’d like to describe some of the powerful applications of this theory, culling together results from papers by several different sets of authors. Our first application will be Mason’s Ultra-Log-Concavity Conjecture from 1972, established independently by Brändén-Huh and Anari-Liu-Oveis Gharan-Vinzant in 2018.
Theorem: Let M be a matroid on n elements, and let I_k(M) denote the number of independent sets of size k in M. Then the sequence I_k(M) is ultra-log-concave.
A special case of this result (which seems to be no easier to prove than the general case) is the following: Let E be a set of n vectors in some finite-dimensional vector space, and let I_k denote the number of k-element linearly independent subsets of E. Then the sequence I_k is ULC.
Continue reading |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81309 | Real World article
(written from a Production point of view)
Gabrielle Beaumont
Beaumont, center, during the production of "The High Ground" in 1989
Beaumont and Allen
Directing Chad Allen during "Suddenly Human"
Gabrielle Beaumont (born 7 April 1942; age 77) was born in London and is the first woman to direct on Star Trek. Other directorial credits include M*A*S*H, The Dukes of Hazzard, Miami Vice, Law & Order, and Beverly Hills, 90210.
In 1982, she married the actor Olaf Pooley, who appeared in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Blink of an Eye", which Beaumont directed. She had previously directed Pooley in a 1978 edition of pre-school program Rainbow, in a 1978 episode of Shadows, in the 1984 TV movie Gone Are the Dayes (co-starring Bibi Besch), in a 1989 episode of The Paradise Club, in a 1990 episode of TECX, in a 1992 episode of L.A. Law, in a 1996 episode of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (starring Joe Lando), and in the 1996 TV movie Beastmaster: The Eye of Braxus (co-starring Patrick Kilpatrick, Tony Todd, and David Warner). She also directed the 1980 horror movie The Godsend, which Pooley co-wrote. The pair have since separated.
Beaumont wrote a 1989 episode of A Fine Romance, as well as the 1998 TV film Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess, which she also directed, about the life of Diana, the Princess of Wales, who died the previous year.
In August 1994, Beaumont married cinematographer Michael J. Davis, who died in 2008. She now lives in Spain.
Director credits Edit
External links Edit
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81314 | I've noticed over the past few days a handful of comments that have been a little too aggressive about poor English. I mod messaged someone who pretty much asked how someone was going to write his resume if it was so bad, and other similar cases.
One of these were flagged - and we rely a lot on users to keep an eye on such things.
There's no real new rule here but, if someone's being not nice to someone about their usage of the English language, and it's a logical fix, could we help out by editing, and flagging the comments? It would be nice to see if there's a pattern of it so we can take action if needed.
If folks have any ideas on how we can do this better or more efficiently, let me know.
There's no real fundamental change in moderation policy - just that I'd like to bring visibility to this and well, encourage folks to be excellent to each other.
• 14
Help Center -> Be Nice is relevant here: "Be welcoming, be patient, and assume good intentions. Don't expect new users to know all the rules — they don't. And be patient while they learn. If you're here for help, make it as easy as possible for others to help you. Everyone here is volunteering, and no one responds well to demands for help." – Robotnik Mar 19 '18 at 4:46
• 2
Would it be too ironic and recursive if I pointed out that, in English, the names of languages (e.g., “English”) are typically capitalized? :-) – Scott Mar 20 '18 at 4:21
• 3
Only if you called me a terrible person or otherwise insulted me. Now, in a perfect world, you'd go "Oh, let me fix that for OP" ;p .... Do I need to capitalise English language? Or is it English Language? – Journeyman Geek Mar 20 '18 at 4:22
• 3
Meh, it's really hard to ignore poor English sometimes—especially when it leads to posts that are impossible to answer—but then again we have to accept that we can't teach people another language here. I sometimes suggest people to use Google Translate instead of attempting to formulate the question themselves. – slhck Mar 20 '18 at 15:09
• 2
I think the title could be "Can we be nicer". At least, neutral. My experience is that many interactions on this website aren't that friendly/neutral. (I'm not here to make friends, but aggressive comments may deviate the attention from the question/answer.) – Franck Dernoncourt Mar 22 '18 at 20:58
• 2
Honestly? I wanted to narrowly scope a specific issue I saw. There's nothing worse than vague complaints. – Journeyman Geek Mar 22 '18 at 22:34
• 1
@JourneymanGeek In your comment "There's nothing worse than vague complaints." only adds negative/aggressive noise. That's the kind of things I am talking about, and is too often present on Stack Exchange. – Franck Dernoncourt Mar 29 '18 at 2:47
• That's one point of view - but the full context, that preferring narrow scopes, which are implicitly things we can fix is important. My goal is literally to raise awareness of a specific issue, in the hopes such things are fixed, commented on or flagged, or better yet people are mindful. If there's a specific class of action I feel is unhealthy, it gets its own question. – Journeyman Geek Mar 29 '18 at 5:08
• On the other hand: why would Super User be the only resource for people to get help? I wouldn't dare to ask a question on, say, a French or Portugese website. – Arjan Apr 1 '18 at 11:35
• Cause for what its worth, english is kind of the common language of the internet. What sparked this off was essentially personal attacks. Besides, Its not only ESL folk who have bad english – Journeyman Geek Apr 1 '18 at 12:02
If these sorts of comments are coming from regulars, then they will probably read this meta question, so that's good enough.
Considering that, if you (the one reading this answer) know you are a person who gets easily annoyed by poor English, just skip over questions/answers you find that are written with poor English. Granted, this is harder to do if it's an answer to your question, or a comment on your answer, but it's always better to disengage before you end up crossing the line.
Content posted on the site in poor English eventually needs to be clarified (edited/rewritten) to be more readable, or deleted if it's bad for other reasons too. However, there's no obligation for you to invest that time and energy to do that editing, especially if doing so would irritate you. Instead, just move on and let someone else deal with it. There are enough of us on the site that skipping over content that irritates you is not committing a mortal sin.
Here are a few more practical tips:
• If there are comments with poor English, flag one of them (no need to flag them all on the same question) and a moderator will clean them up as needed, deleting any unclear or unhelpful comments.
• If you can spare the time/energy, and the content is a question or answer, edit it to improve the clarity based on what you can glean from what was written. Ask for clarification if needed.
• If you're lazy, just vote to close the question as "Unclear what you're asking" or flag it for a mod. Either of these actions should at least put others' eyes on it eventually, who in turn will either put in the work to clarify the question, or contribute to getting it closed so we can move on.
• In all cases, avoid discussion about the original author's quality of writing, etc. Users will get defensive and that's never a good thing. If you can't understand what they wrote, just leave a comment stating that you don't understand (and point out specifically what you don't understand) and see if they come back to clarify. If they don't, well, the content will eventually be closed/deleted after all.
• Yup, but if they don't flagging comments that are snippy would be nice. Also, the comments are on posts - and these are things that could/were edited. – Journeyman Geek Mar 19 '18 at 12:48
• 3
Applying the Social-Media advice of "just keep scrolling" here. Nice. – music2myear Mar 19 '18 at 15:33
• 1
I guess I get frustrated by hard-to-understand posts, and I’m not sure whether I’m handling them well. I’m not clear what line you’re drawing in your last (fourth) bullet. It’s OK to say that I don’t understand what they’ve written, but not to say that their writing is hard to understand? I have suggested that people get help from a friend who knows English better than they do, or that they use Google Translate. I believe that such suggestions are constructive; are they too “aggressive”? – Scott Mar 20 '18 at 4:21
• 3
@Scott, "I don't understand" doesn't say anything explicit about the poster, only yourself. "Your writing is hard to understand" is a statement about the poster that could potentially be taken defensively. Looks like somebody has been skipping PC (political correctness) training. :-) Flip side: I've seen comments saying "I don't understand...", to which the poster replied "Are you stupid? It's perfectly clear to anyone with a brain". But at least you've taken the high ground. – fixer1234 Mar 20 '18 at 9:59
• 3
I've gone "I've had trouble parsing your post - could you {improve thing}" most recently and it went well :). – Journeyman Geek Mar 21 '18 at 11:05
• 1
Sometimes I'll reply along the lines of "Let me make sure I understand the question. I think you mean {blah blah blah restating the question in better English blah blah blah}. Is that correct, or have I misunderstood you?" – Steve Rindsberg Mar 25 '18 at 2:32
• 4
As a non-native speaker, I've learned a lot from people editing my questions & answers on this site. More than often I've thought "aha, that's a more elegant way to put it" or "oh, so that's how formatting works". Please just edit away, it's like free tutoring, it's helping! – Konerak Mar 29 '18 at 6:47
The issue is site-wide. As a comment notes, we have the "be nice" policy, but mods often need to remind members to do so.
A member that posts in the tone of "Are you stupid? It's perfectly clear to anyone with a brain", isn't likely to stay a member for long, and if they try to, often create a lot of work for the Mods.
To answer your question (admittedly, from my view at Money.SE) the mods and members alike try to edit when the intent is clear. When it's not, we try to ask the OP to help us understand. Ideas to do it better? Just lead by example. The tough part of this is the lower rep members who might not catch on so quickly, their behavior might take some time to change a bit.
To clarify, high rep members might still be nasty, but they should know better.
I'm going to go with "No".
An individual can be nicer and make positive change. However, I'm not sure "we" can be nicer in general. Your question evokes deep philosophical inquiry in to the nature of human interaction on the internet. Studies like "The online disinhibition effect" have shown that humans are more cruel to each other on the internet than they would be in real life.
The online disinhibition effect: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15257832
Until the troll culture of the internet changes, this site is just another venue for the venting of vitriol. All things considered, I think this community is very nice. I see less hateful troll activity here than in other unmentionable parts of the internet.
• 3
Any hateful troll activity is unacceptable. And this post is literally me trying to raise awareness and trying to cause the positive change I want to see. – Journeyman Geek Apr 10 '18 at 22:54
• Right on. Some people will read it and it will have some sort of effect on those people. So I think it will help. – HackSlash Apr 10 '18 at 23:04
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81327 | List of bulletins by year
Miller Diving® product manuals and blowaparts
A serial number will be assigned by Miller Diving®. Please list your number if the helmet has previously been numbered and you are registering it with us.
Serial Number Request Form
Part Number Conversion Kit A part number conversion chart showing the New Miller Diving® Part numbers and the old part numbers that they replace along with the current part name/description is available. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81329 | Milton Creek is an important site for local wildlife providing habitat for a wide variety of species. One of the most important species found on the site is the Great Crested Newt which is protected under European Law. As part of the restoration of the park new ponds have been constructed to provide a breeding site for this rare amphibian. Milton Creek is also home to large populations of Slow Worm and Common Lizard and small numbers of Grass Snake all of which are protected under UK law. These protected species are all collected and transferred to other parts of the park prior to any work being carried out. Students from the University of Greenwich have been carrying out this valuable work. Areas of the park have been designed to provide suitable habitat for these declining species.
The site is also rich in insect and other invertebrate species. 13 species of butterfly have been recorded on the site including the migratory Clouded Yellow. Glow Worms, actually a type of beetle, can also been found on the site. Females can be seen glowing amongst tall grass on warm August evenings as they attempt to attract a mate.
Several wildflower meadows have been planted specifically to attract the scarce Shrill Carder Bee which is found in the Sittingbourne area but is seriously under threat.
Many bird species can also be found at Church Marshes ranging from the more common species such as the Robin, to the scarcer Stone Chat. The site is also visited by many migratory species including Reed and Sedge Warblers as well as the rare Cetti’s Warbler. Kingfisher can be seen occasionally along Brick Pits Drain and Kestrels regularly hunt over the open grassland. Other birds of prey seen on the site include Sparrowhawk and the diminutive Merlin. From time to time wading birds such as the Oyster Catcher and Redshank visit the site from Milton Creek during periods of high tide.
Mammal species are also regularly seen on the site from the more easily seen rabbits and foxes to the less often seen shrew and vole species. Bats can also be seen on summer evenings feeding over the fishing pond.
Text thanks to Alastair Campbell 2006 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81332 | We believe everybody is an expert in something.
So why not get paid to share your insight?
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81337 | Getting Kitschy With Erstwilder
I’m sure you’ve heard of Erstwilder. At this point unless you’re super new to vintage style, I’d be shocked if you hadn’t spotted Erstwilder brooches staring up at you from the collars and bust lines of dozens of modern pinup style loving girls across all of social media, if not in real life. The Australian brand produce hundreds of limited edition quirky and kitsch novelty brooches, for which they’re best known, as well as earrings and necklaces in that same theme.
From diner girls to dapper professor foxes, cute sloths (which is saying a lot, because sloths freak me out) to hot air balloons, from studious owls to camper vans, Erstwilder have and do find inspiration just about everywhere. Continue reading |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81360 | Owen Jones: Antisemitism? No, Frank Field jumped before he was pushed | Owen Jones
The MP’s claim that he fled the Labour party in the name of anti-racism is audacious. He knew his time was up
“God, what am I doing in this party?” That’s how Frank Field describes what was going through his head: but this wasn’t when Jeremy Corbyn was leader. This was under his predecessor, Ed Miliband, after Field demanded to know if Labour was responsible for “this huge influx” of immigrants, and his fellow MPs cheered when the leader said “no”. Here was a politician who no longer felt comfortable belonging to his party before Corbyn had even stood for leader, and all because Labour was not sufficiently hostile to immigration.
In his resignation letter, Field cites antisemitism as a factor in his departure. To be clear, antisemitism is a sickening disease, it exists on a fringe of the left and there are some in denial over that fact. Both Labour and the broader left have to do far more: British Jews, tortured by a shared history of 2,000 years of persecution and an attempt to exterminate the entire European Jewish population within living memory, feel genuine anger and hurt. Which is why, in part, Field’s attempt to use an issue of deadly seriousness to wrap himself in the garbs of martyrdom is so transparently cynical.
Related: Labour needs to change. Frank Field’s resignation letter tells us how | Wes Streeting
Related: Frank Field not ruling out byelection after resigning Labour whip
Continue reading…
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81361 | Chinese Lore- Legendary Chinese Broadswords and Knives (Dao) (2)
The broadsword that I’m describing today has really dramatic and awesome lore.
No. 7: Cold Moon
Appearance & Construction:
Forged by Madam Xu of the Warring States period before the Qin Dynasty.
There is a very grand lore surrounding this blade. Specifically, it goes as follows:
Madam Xu was originally a scholar and she often sung songs to the moon. One night, a ferocious wind suddenly arose. The whole sky first became dark with heavy overcast and then became framed in a halo of red, with the moon surrounded by comets. Then a single loud thunder sounded, followed by a pillar of golden light rushing to break up the thick clouds and then rushing back down to ground again. This downward motion of the golden light caused a big reverberation that made Madam Xu unconscious. When she woke up again, the sky was clear and the moon’s light shone clear for thousands of miles, accompanied by starlight interspersed here and there. Everything appeared as if the dramatic scene she had just witnessed never happened. And then she heard an otherworldly call from amidst the winds. So she walked in the opposite direction of the winds. It was a summer’s night and supposed to be very hot and yet it was really chilly. Madam Xu walked into a forest and deep within it, she saw a terrifying sight. All of the trees in a radius of ten miles had been hacked to pieces and in the midst stood not really a simple fallen meteor but almost a blade completely formed that emanated a strong coldness. Struggling against such cold, Madam Xu pulled the blade free and saw that it was crystalline throughout and showed an ethereal beauty under the moonlight. The blade was still very chilly to the touch and upon closer observation, it was shaped like a new moon. Thus Madam Xu named the blade Cold Moon.
Placing this blade within her abode, Madam Xu suddenly had the urge to learn the craft of forging broadswords and set out to do so. Moreover, Madam Xu had quite the knack for it and learnt very fast. Then Madam spent ten full days and nights in her house forging Cold Moon into completion, not partaking of any food but merely subsisting on water. When Madam Xu emerged after the ten days, her friends observed that she had a haggard look and all her hair had become silvery white but her eyes shone bright. And the blade in her hands shone with a fierce light that was terrifying to behold. It was said that the smith who had taught Madam Xu the business of crafting had originally wanted to test his own broadsword against Cold Moon but he could not even get it out of the scabbard. For Cold Moon was the king among broadswords and no broadsword would dare to match against it.
Soon the reputation of the Cold Moon had travelled far and wide and alerted the Lord of the Zhao Kingdom (State). So he sent an emissary with ten thousand gold to purchase the Cold Moon. However, Madam Xu refused, saying that the blade is not of this realm and should not be handled by a mortal. Feeling insulted, the Lord of Zhao sent out assassins to get the blade and kill Madam Xu. That night, one hundred and twenty assassins laid siege to Madam Xu but she held out strong wielding Cold Moon. Specifically, it was said that all who were injured by the blade would have their blood frozen and their tendons and bones broken. Yet, at the end, Madam Xu’s stamina ran out and she killed herself with the blade. When the Lord of Zhao attained this blade, he continuously experienced nightmares and heard Madam Xu wailing whenever a cold wind blew. His royal concubines and sons all died from sicknesses. So he placed the blade under a three-footed instrument called Ding (originally one used for cooking but subsequently became used for ceremonial purposes only) to forcefully contain the hatred housed in the blade. Yet, the Zhao State still perished within a year. After the unsuccessful assassination of the founder of the Qin dynasty by Jing Ke using Cold Moon, this blade fell into the hands of Qin Shi Huang (the Beginning Emperor of Qin) and he became the only one who could ‘tame’ the blade. After the demise of the Qin dynasty, however, the whereabouts of this blade became lost.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81374 | What does "breaking bad" actually mean, and in which context has the creator used the term for the title of the TV series Breaking Bad (2008-2013).
• 3
Downvoters - apart from the fact the answer is probably Googleable [which is true for 90% of SE questions & in itself should not be reason to downvote], I see no reason to not ask about a little-known phrase from a small region of what to most people is a foreign country. – Tetsujin Dec 30 '16 at 15:00
• 2
It has to show research effort, and grammar is very important. This doesn't show any research effort, nor does it show an initial push as to their own thoughts behind the meaning. – cmp Dec 30 '16 at 15:52
• 1
• It isn't merely googlable, it's explained in the opening paragraph of the Breaking Bad wiki page. – BCdotWEB Dec 30 '16 at 18:32
• 1
Ah, OK - I don't have the rep on here to see deleted answers yet, so didn't spot that one. My main point was really that I'd watched all 8 seasons before I actually got round to googling what it's supposed to mean, because I'd never heard the phrase before, & that being googleable doesn't make a question 'bad' per se. – Tetsujin Dec 30 '16 at 18:43
Breaking bad is a slang phrase meaning to defy authority or to challenge conventions.
Source Urban Dictionary
I have just started watching initial 4-5 episodes and story starts with protagonist starting to work illegally.
Its basically about chemistry teacher who is very simple guy but he is came to know that he has cancer. He is only support for his family and he also have one son who is young and differently able.
So, this fellow comes across one of his old student and starts creating Meth.
You can say its his story of defing authority or law, in other words, Watler is breaking bad.
Lead actor Bryan Cranston stated in an interview that: "The term 'breaking bad' is a southern colloquialism and it means when someone who has taken a turn off the path of the straight and narrow, when they've gone wrong. And that could be for that day or for a lifetime."
[Source: http://breakingbad.wikia.com/wiki/Breaking_Bad]
Showcreaters intially thought that this is very common term as mentioned in this article:-
Show creator Vince Gilligan has said that he had thought it was a commonly used phrase when he decided to use it as a title, not knowing that the expression was a Southern regionalism from the area in Virginia from which he hails. It means “to raise hell,” he says, as in “I was out the other night at the bar…and I really broke bad.”
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81375 | Given that Carol Danvers is infused with the energy from the Tesseract or Space Stone in Captain Marvel, why does Yonn Rogg claim that her powers can be taken away?
Or was this just an attempt by the Kree to keep ‘Vers under their control through manipulation without actually being able to remove her powers? Or does he believe that the Kree blood given to her is her source of power?
• I definitely think it's a manipulation tactic. – Chipster Mar 12 '19 at 1:04
He is lying (kinda).
Vers has had a device implanted on her neck to restrain her powers. The Kree told her it helped her focus them, but it was a lie. The powers weren't given, and can't be taken away, but they can be subdued.
In fact, when she is being subjugated by the AI for the last time, she burns the device off and claims
I've been fighting with one arm tied behind my back. But what happens when... I'm finally set free.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81384 |
Do you love your morning workouts, but hate to eat breakfast before heading out? Do you forget to have an afternoon snack before your evening run? One of the keys to good exercise performance is eating the right foods at the right time.
Why You Should Eat Before You Work Out
You often hear your body’s “engine” compared to that of your car – and it does help to understand why fueling up before exercise is so important. If you’re headed out on a road trip, it’s a good idea to start out with a full gas tank in your car. Maybe you gassed up a couple of days before, and you’ve still got some fuel in the tank – but if you’re smart, you’ll top it off before you go so you don’t run the risk of running out.
The same thing holds true with your body’s engine. If you swim laps for an hour first thing in the morning, you might figure you’ve still got enough fuel in your tank from last night’s dinner. You might – but you’d probably be a lot better off if you topped off the tank before heading to the pool.
What You Should Eat Before You Work Out
Since carbs are so important to your body’s engine, your pre-workout meal should be relatively high in carbohydrate. A little bit of protein is good, too. Protein will slow digestion just a little bit – enough to allow to the carbs to enter the bloodstream a little more slowly and steadily. On the other hand, you don’t want to eat a lot of fat right before you head out – it can slow digestion too much and leave you feeling uncomfortably full. And save your high fiber foods for afterwards, too, since they also take a while to work their way through your system.
As far as what specific foods you eat – there are no hard and fast rules. A shake works well if you’ll be working out relatively soon after eating; a turkey sandwich and a bowl of soup at lunch will be pretty well digested if you’re going for a run in the mid-afternoon. If you work out in the mornings but you just don’t like breakfast foods, then eat whatever appeals to you.
When You Should Eat Before You Work Out
If you’re going to be working out within an hour or so of eating, then you’ll want a small semi-solid or liquid meal that will empty from your stomach relatively quickly. A shake, for example, would be light and easy to digest. If you’re going to work out in the mid-afternoon, a regular, well-balanced meal at lunch should have you covered. If you’ve got a hard workout scheduled right before dinner, you’ll need a light snack in the mid-afternoon - a carton of yogurt with some fruit would work.
How Much You Should Eat Before You Work Out
• 1 hour to digest before exercise • 1 gram carbohydrate/kg body weight
• 2 hours to digest before exercise • 2 grams carbohydrate/kg body weight
• 3 hours to digest before exercise • 3 grams carbohydrate/kg body weight
• 4 hours to digest before exercise • 4 grams carbohydrate/kg body weight
Don’t Eat More Than You Burn
Susan Bowerman, M.S., R.D., C.S.S.D., F.A.N.D. – Director, Worldwide Nutrition Trainingat Herbalife. Susan is a Registered Dietitian and a Board-Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81388 | Hearings Officers
Hearings Officers
Section 17.16
The Hearing Officer is hereby designated the Appeal Authority and shall have the following powers: 1. requests for variances from the terms of the City's land use ordinances; 2. appeals from decision by a Land Use Authority applying the City's land use ordinances; 3. appeals from a fee charged in accordance with Section 10-9a-510 of the Utah Code; 4. appeals of the denial by a Land Use Authority of a request for a reasonable accommodations; and 5. any other request or appeal of a decision delegated to the land Use Authority by Title 16 or Title 17 of the Murray City Municipal Code.
Hearing Officers:
Jim Harland
Scott Finlinson
Lesley Burns
Schedule for the 2020 meetings
Schedule for the 2019 (PDF) meetings |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81389 | Git workflow
Updated 1 week ago
The development of MuseScore uses GitHub to host the code and manage the collaboration of developers. GitHub is based on git, a popular SCM, initially designed and developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development. If you're a developer who wants to work on the MuseScore source code and submit your changes to be merged into the main code, here's how. Thanks to Diaspora for their developer guide, which inspired this one.
Git references
Suggested workflow
If you don't have an account on GitHub, create one for free first. Also make sure you set up git on your computer. It's recommended to use SSH to access your own git fork. This workflow is a command line workflow. If you prefer using a UI, GitHub also provides a UI tool for Mac and Windows that can automate some of the following operations.
1. Fork on GitHub (click Fork button)
2. Clone to computer, use SSH URL ($ git clone
3. Don't forget to cd into your repo: ($ cd MuseScore/)
4. (optional but recommended) In your clone directory, copy the file build/git/hooks/post-checkout to the directory .git/hooks in order for mscore/revision.h to be maintained automatically by git. See build/git/hooks/README for details. Note that the .git directory is hidden.
5. Set up remote upstream ($ git remote add upstream git://
6. Create a branch for new issue ($ git checkout -b 404-new-feature)
7. Develop on issue branch. [Time passes, the main MuseScore repository accumulates new commits]
8. Commit changes to your local issue branch. ($ git add . ; git commit -m 'commit message')
9. Fetch (download) upstream's master branch ($ git fetch upstream master)
10. Update local master to match upstream's master ($ git checkout master; git merge upstream/master)
11. Rebase issue branch ($ git checkout 404-new-feature; git rebase master)
12. Repeat steps 7-11 until dev is complete
13. Push branch to GitHub ($ git push origin 404-new-feature)
14. Start your browser, go to your GitHub repo, switch to "404-new-feature" branch and press the [Pull Request] button
After having made a Pull Request don't pull/merge anymore, it'll mess up the commit history. If you (have to) rebase, use 'push --force' ($ git push --force) to send it up to your GitHub repository, this will update the PR too. Be careful not to do this while the core team is working on merging in your PR. Note (to non-UNIX users): the "$ " of the commands mentioned throughout this page is (meant to be) the shell prompt and as such not to be typed in, your actual shell prompt may look different.
Fork MuseScore repo to your own account
This will create a copy of MuseScore repository to your own account. To fork, press the fork button in the top right corner on MuseScore GitHub page.
Clone your GitHub fork to your computer
Run a clone command against your GitHub fork. It will look something like this, except that it will use your GitHub account name, instead of "[you]":
$ git clone[you]/MuseScore.git
$ cd MuseScore
This command downloads your copy of MuseScore to a git repository on your development machine. Change directory into the new MuseScore directory.
To build MuseScore, you will need to install dependencies, and run the build process. Check the instructions for your platform in the developer handbook. Note that the git clone command is using SSH in this case. You need to have SSH set up on your machine. A git:// URL would not work for your local fork, you will not be able to push on it. Alternatively you can use the HTTPS URL. If you already cloned MuseScore main repository with
$ git clone git://
You can change the remote url of the origin to your fork with
$ git remote set-url origin[you]/MuseScore.git
Choose something to work on
If you don't have a feature in mind, check out the issue tracker, or come ask in IRC (#musescore on
Create a topical development branch
Before you start working on a new feature or bug fix, create a new branch in your local repository that's dedicated to that change. Name it by issue number (if applicable) and description. For example, if you're working on issue #78359, a slur layout problem, create a new branch called 78359-slurlayout, like this:
$ git checkout -b 78359-slurlayout
Write some code!
We are able to offer much help here :). If you can, provide some tests. See the mtest directory. When you have got something working, commit the changes to your branch on your local Git repo. Firstly add the files you want to commit, and then commit. Don't forget to put a meaningful message (see this page for tips). Use git status and git diff to see which files can be added and committed.
$ git status
$ git status [filename]
$ git add [filename]
$ git commit -m 'fix #78359: Some kind of descriptive message'
If your commit message starts with fix #xxxxx, with xxxx the issue number in the issue tracker, the issue will be marked as fixed automatically when your commit is pushed in the main repository.
Keep your repo up to date with the main repo
In order to get the latest updates from the main repository, do a one-time setup to establish it as a remote by entering:
$ git remote add upstream git://
The main repo will be now known as upstream. Your fork is known as origin. The origin remote is automatically created after cloning your GitHub fork to your computer. To verify that you have two remotes, you can type:
$ git remote
Rebase your branch on the latest upstream
# get the changes from upstream
$ git fetch upstream master
# switch to your local master branch
$ git checkout master
$ git rebase upstream/master
# switch to your topical branch
$ git checkout 78359-slurlayout
# make sure all is committed as necessary in branch before rebasing
$ git rebase master
Rebase will put all your commits in the branch on hold, get the last changes, and apply your commits on top of it. You might need to resolve conflicts if you changed a file that has been changed in the main repo. To do so, edit the files, then:
$ git add [filename]
$ git rebase --continue
Another (and shorter) way to update your development branch is $ git pull --rebase upstream master. Should you have changes that are not yet commited to your branch, use $ git stash before the rebase and $ git stash pop after.
Make a Pull Request to send your changes to MuseScore
When you are ready to send your modified code to MuseScore, push your branch in your origin remote.
$ git push origin 78359-slurlayout
Then do a pull request to MuseScore on GitHub. Go to your GitHub page, select the branch on the left, and press the Pull Request button at the top. Choose your branch, add a comment and submit your pull request.
If you are fixing an issue from the tracker, set the issue's status to "PR created" with a link to your pull request on GitHub. One of the developers with push rights on the main repo will merge your request ASAP, or leave a comment to say why it hasn't been merged and what needed to be done to get it merged.
Important: If you haven't signed the MuseScore CLA yet, do this first as it's a requirement for your pull request to be accepted.
Editing your Pull Request
You can continue to push new commits to the branch on GitHub until the pull request is merged. If you amend or squash existing commits, or edit history in any way, then you need to do a force push ($ git push --force) to get the changes to appear online, but be aware that the whole point of requiring a force push is to make it difficult to overwrite commits accidentally.
Once the pull request is merged the code becomes part of the main repository and you will no longer be able to edit it (except by creating a new PR). Your changes will be available for other people to test in the next nightly build.
Advice & tips
Don't use git commit -a
$ git commit -a
This will perform git add for all unstaged files and commit (equivalent to "$ git add . ; git commit"). You probably don't want to do that. It's better to use git status and add files individually before committing.
Don't use git fetch without specifying a branch
$ git fetch upstream # this will fetch all upsteam branches
$ git fetch upstream master # this will fetch only the master branch
Most work of your work will be done on top of upstream's master branch, so fetching commits from other upstream branches is a waste of time, bandwidth, and disk space. On the rare occassion that you need to work on top of a different upstream branch, simply specify its name instead of master (or specify both at once!).
Note: your fork on GitHub will contain code from all upstream branches in the state they were in when you pressed the "fork" button. You should delete any branches that you don't need.
Delete a branch
To delete a local branch:
# will first check if the branch has been merged
$ git branch -d [branch-name]
# will delete the branch authoritatively
$ git branch -D [branch-name]
To delete a remote branch:
$ git push origin --delete [branch-name]
Apply a commit from another branch
Use $ git cherry-pick [commit-SHA] to copy a commit from any branch and apply it on the current branch. If there are merge conflicts then you will be prompted to resolve them. Once this is done, add the files ($ git add [files]) and continue ($ git cherry-pick --continue). You can use $ git cherry-pick --abort to abandon an in-progress cherry-pick and return the repository to the state it was in before.
Amend the last commit
If you want to change the commit message for the last commit, you can do so with $ git commit --amend. If you made a mistake in the actual code, or if you forgot to add something, simply edit the code files to fix the mistake and then do:
$ git add [files]
$ git commit --amend
While this updates the code and the commit message, it keeps the original commit author and timestamp and adds a new "committed-by: [you] [date+time]" field to the log. Consider passing these additional options to "$ git commit --amend":
• "--no-edit" - update the code but use the old commit message
• "--reset-author" - don't write a "committer" to the log, instead update the commit author and set the timestamp to the current time
Amending a commit counts as editing history, so think twice before doing this if you have already shared you commit with other people (editing a PR is ok as long as the PR has not been merged).
Squash your commits
Once you made a pull request, you might be asked to squash your commits together. For example, you might have created several commits to fix a single issue or to develop a single feature and it doesn't make sense to keep all these commits in the MuseScore repository history. Instead, you need to combine these multiple small commits into one or more larger commits.
The easy way to squash commits is via a "soft reset and recommit". For example, to squash the last 2 commits into a single commit:
git reset --soft HEAD~2
git commit -m "useful commit message"
This removes the last two commits from the history, but keeps the code changes from those commits in the staging area so that they are immediately applied again in the new commit. You can edit the files before committing them (or afterwards with "$ commit --amend"), but you will need to add the files again using "$ git add" first.
You can increase the number after "HEAD~" to squash more commits. If you've made lots of commits and you can't be bothered to count them, you can replace "HEAD~2" with the SHA of the last commit that you don't want to be squashed (use git log to view the commit SHAs).
For the new commit message, you might want to include the old commit messages as a bullet list under a main summary message. You can use a simple "$ git commit" without "-m" to open a text editor to write a multi-line commit message, and you can even pre-populate the editor with the old commit messages by doing "git commit --edit -m"$(git log --format=%B --reverse HEAD..HEAD@{1})""
If you need to do something more complicated than combining multiple commits into one then you need to perform an "interactive rebase". See editing history immediately below.
Editing history (changing previous commits)
Editing history is discouraged on the main repository because it creates problems for other developers when they try to merge in the changes. However, this doesn't apply to your fork (assuming it is only used by you) so you are welcome to edit your past commits as much as you like until they are merged into the main repository.
Simple edits are best performed with "$ git commit --amend" (see amend the last commit) and "$ git reset --soft" (see squash your commits). Those methods allow you to edit a commit, and to combine multiple commits into one big commit (i.e. many-to-one) respectively, but they can only operate on the most recent commit(s). For anything else, you need to perform an interactive rebase.
An interactive rebase allows you to do many things to past commits, even when there are later commits that you don't want to change, such as:
• reorder commits
• delete (drop) a past commits
• insert new commits before later commits
• squashing past commits (many-to-one)
• split commits (one-to-many)
• shuffle code changes between commits (many-to-many)
To perform an interactive rebase, do:
$ git rebase -i [commit-SHA]
This will open an editor that displays a list of all the commits after the one specified (i.e. not including that one) and allows you to choose what you would like to do with each one. The most useful options are:
• pick - keep this commit unchanged
• edit - edit the commit (or insert new commits after it)
• drop - delete this commit and all its code changes
• squash - combine with previous "picked", edited or inserted commit
When you save and close the editor, git rebase will following your "recipe" and replay the commits, skipping any marked "drop", pausing on any marked as "edit" to allow you to change them and/or add new commits, and prompting you to set a new message for any marked "squash". If any merge conflicts arise (e.g. due to your edits) then git rebase will pause on those commits too so that you can fix the conflicts. You can use $ git rebase --continue to resume after a pause, or $ git rebase --abort at any time to return the repository to the state it was in before you began the rebase.
See this article to find out about two more handy options to git rebase: --fixup and --autosquash.
Alternatives to interactive rebase
Rebasing is a powerful tool, but it can be quite difficult to understand. When editing history, you might prefer to use the following workflow instead:
$ git branch duplicate # create a copy of the current branch, but stay on current branch
$ git reset --hard # delete all commits on current branch after the one specified
Now you have moved "back in time" and are able to use the usual tools ($ git commit, $ git commit --amend, $ git reset --soft, etc) on older commits. Once done with the old commits you can cherry-pick the later commits (not necessarily in the same order as they were in before) from the duplicate branch.
Of course, this is essentially doing manually what an interactive rebase would do for you automatically, but it can be easier to manage because you can decide what to do as you go along; you are not forced to come up with a complete plan at the outside as you are with an interactive rebase.
Create and apply a patch
It's better to contribute with a pull request than a patch but if you need to make a patch for any reason here is how. You have created a local branch with the following command, made some changes and commit locally one or more times.
$ git checkout -b 404-new-feature
To create a patch against the master branch, run
$ git format-patch master --stdout > 404-new-feature.patch
To apply the resulting patch,
# get stats about the patch without applying it
$ git apply --stat 404-new-feature.patch
# check if the patch can be applied without problem
$ git apply --check 404-new-feature.patch
# apply the patch
$ git am --signoff < 404-new-feature.patch
Test someone else's branch
$ git checkout -b [branchname] master
$ git pull git://[someoneelse]/MuseScore.git [branchname]
If you test this person's code often you could add their repository as a remote:
$ git remote add [other-person][other-person]/MuseScore.git
Now you can get their code like this:
$ git fetch [other-person] [their-branch-name]
$ git checkout [other-person]/[their-branch-name] # will go into "detached HEAD" state
"Detached HEAD" simply means you are not on a branch. This is OK as long as you don't plan to make any changes to the other person's code.
Work on someone else's branch
Don't do this unless you have to. It's usually best to wait for the other person's PR to get merged into MuseScore's master branch before you try to build anything on top of it.
If you do have to do this, follow the steps test their code (above) until you reach the detached HEAD state. Now do this:
$ git checkout -b [your-branch-name] # create local branch
# now make a change to the code
$ git commit -m "really useful message" # commit the change
# make more changes and commit them...
Let's say you have added 3 commits on top of their code, but now they have made changes to their code and you want to update your code with their changes.
$ git checkout [your-branch-name]
$ git rebase --onto [other-person]/[their-branch-name] HEAD~3
This takes the last 3 commits in your branch and replays them on top of their branch. We have to give the number of commits in case the other person has edited history (used rebase, commit --amend or similar), otherwise git won't be able to tell where their code ends and your code begins (because their commit checksums will have changed).
Fetch all PRs submitted to upstream
If add this string to your MuseScore/.git/config under section [remote "upstream"]:
Then whenever you fetch upstream, git will fetch all PRs submitted to musescore. Then you can easily checkout by PR number ####:
$ git checkout upstream/pr/####
Fix multiple issues in a single commit
If a commit fixes multiple issues, then include each issue number in the commit message, e.g.:
"fix #xxxxx, fix #yyyyy, fix #zzzz: message"
so that the issue tracker will update each issue and set their status to fixed.
Keep PR's artifacts on AppVeyor
If you want someone to test the changes you made in the PR with the compiled package, you need to enable keeping artifacts on AppVeyor.
AppVeyor won't keep the artifacts from every PR. It is done to optimise the storage usage AppVeyor granted us as an open source project.
To keep the package in your PR, add "collect_artifacts" to the commit message title (not a commit message body).
fix #222222: crash on doing something + collect_artifacts
Update data structures
Optimise the code to prevent crash
Run tests on personal Travis
The MuseScore development infrastructure uses Travis Continuous Integration to run tests on every commit and PR submitted the upstream MuseScore repository, but now you can utilize Travis infrastructure for your own person GitHub branches.
1. Go to and create an account using your GitHub account
2. Synchronize repositories with your GitHub (should import all your GitHub repos)
3. Enable the GitHub->Travis build hook for MuseScore in by turning on the switch next to username/MuseScore
4. Click the gear button (or go to to configure following settings for this repo
5. Enable Travis setting for "build pushes"
6. Optional: add environment variable NOTIFICATION_EMAIL and set to your email address, if you want to get an email when the build completes
Now whenever you push to your GitHub, it will trigger the .travis.yml script, and you can see the the status of the build at At this point, will just run tests, but if you would like to also produce a Linux AppImage, follow these next instructions to utilize Bintray:
Upload AppImages to personal Bintray
The above steps to run Travis builds actually also create a portable AppImage so you can test out your commits on (almost) any Linux machine. But are a few more things you need to configure in order for Travis to be able to upload the AppImages to Bintray.
1. Complete the steps above to run tests on personal Travis
2. Go to and create an account using your GitHub account
3. In settings for repository, create a new "generic" repository named "MuseScoreDevelopment" (this is where the AppImages will be uploaded to)
4. Go to, click on API key
5. Generate a Bintray API key and copy to clipboard
6. Go to and add following environment variables:
7. BINTRAY_API_KEY with value you paste from your clipboard
8. BINTRAY_USER set to whatever your Bintray user name is (should be same as GitHub username if you created Travis and Bintray accounts from GitHub)
9. APPIMAGE_UPLOAD_BRANCHES set to a list of branches (separated by spaces) that you want to upload builds for (or use the magical string "ALL" to upload builds from all branches).
10. APPIMAGE_BUILD_ARCHS set to a list of CPU architectures, e.g "x86_64 i686 armhf" (enclosed in quotes), to build AppImages for.
Now try adding a commit to one of the branches you listed in APPIMAGE_UPLOAD_BRANCHES, and wait ~20 minutes. If an AppImage isn't uploaded, look at the bottom of the logs your most recent Travis-ci build jobs for upload sub-jobs. These AppImages will be useful to share with anyone who you want to test our your new feature or bug fix! Please post the link as a comment to your PR, so other devs can easily try it out and provide feedback! |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81390 | How to selectively position clef markings
• Mar 28, 2019 - 19:11
When changing clefs within a line (?system), and the change takes effect at the beginning of a measure, some publishers seem to position the clef marking before the bar line that denotes the beginning of the measure rather than after it. Would like to do the same using Musescore but haven't been able to figure out how.
Can someone explain?
When you drop the clef on the first note of the measure, it'll be on the righthand side of the barline attached to that note.
When you drop the clef onto the measure itself (notice the highlight whilst dragging it), it'll be on the lefthand size of the barline.
Select the measure where the clef change occurs and double click the clef in the palette. The new clef will appear before the barline. If you select the first note instead the clef will appear before it but after the barline.
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81391 | Emmelie de Forest — song chords
Emmelie de Forest
Before she won the national Eurovision audition, Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2013, the young Danish singer Emmelie de Forest was hardly known outside her country. Emmelie managed to attract a good deal of attention to herself by making up a daring legend that she is a great-great-granddaughter of a British queen, and even though the story was soon deemed unsubstantiated, the public’s interest never abated. The song Only Teardrops with which Emmelie was chosen to represent Denmark at Eurovision 2013 became the title song to her debut album released on May 6, 2013.
Performer’s official web site - www.deforest.dk
Songs with chords
Only Teardrops
Total songs with chords: 1
1. Guitar Chords
2. 🎸 E
3. Emmelie de Forest |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81402 | Multimodal Pain Therapy Richardson, TX
multimodal pain therapy richardson txPatients considering replacement of the knee or hip always ask the same two questions: 1) How much am I going to hurt? and 2) How long will I be out? The answer to the first is “a lot less than patients did in the past.” This is largely due to the use of lower doses of pain medications that work at different points in the pain pathway, known as “multimodal” pain therapy.
Traditional knee replacement surgery has been associated with lengthy and painful recovery. In the past several years, great strides have been made both in enhancing recovery and minimizing patient discomfort. Of these, pain control efforts deserve perhaps the greatest credit for the improved recovery now seen.
Better pain control that allows for earlier rehabilitation are the desires of both patients and their surgeons. Past attempts at pain control after joint replacement have included oral pain medications, mainly opioids, patient-controlled devices to deliver pain medications, mainly opioids, and indwelling spinal or peripheral catheters used to deliver pain medications, yes—mainly opioids.
The concept of multimodal pain control has to do with using multiple medications, each acting at a different part of the nerve pathway, combined with preemptive analgesia to better control pain at lower medication dosages. Literally, multimodal pain therapy involves treating pain before your surgery, during your surgery, and after your surgery. The results are more rapid recovery and, perhaps more importantly, less pain.
Despite the poor light that the popular press has presented opioids in, they are truly useful in the treatment of pain. It is well known that all medications have adverse effects that go hand-in-hand with their beneficial uses. This includes even the medications you can buy without a prescription. And often, higher required doses present correspondingly higher rates of adverse effects.
Opioids are the traditional drug class used to control truly severe postoperative pain. Adverse effects of opioid use can take the form of constipation, urinary retention, respiratory depression, and in relatively infrequent cases, the chronic use of opioids can result in dependence as so overwhelmingly chronicled in the news of late. However, the judicious use of opioids with adherence to your surgeon’s directions remain an important component of pain control.
Call Today for More Information – 972-235-KNEE
More Is Better
As misleading as that statement seems, its intent is to refer to the use of multiple medications, each acting on a different aspect of the pain pathway which is the basis of “multimodal” pain therapy. The benefits of administering pain medications in a carefully orchestrated regimen are twofold; First, the effects of the different individual pain medications can be synergistic, resulting in each being more effective because of the other. Secondly, the synergistic capacity of multimodal pain therapy allows for effective pain control at lower doses of each medication, thus lowering the potential for adverse effects of each of the medications used.
Multimodal Pain Therapy at Texas Orthopedic Surgery Consultants
For patients undergoing total knee replacement or total hip replacement surgery, the control of postoperative pain starts before the surgery. In the holding area of the surgical wing, patients receive medications to help diminish components of the pain response under a nurse’s direction. During the surgery itself, pain control continues both with intravenous pain control as well as direct injection of pain control medications into the operative site to control the pain response at its origin. Postoperatively, the pain control efforts continue with a number of medications specifically designed to tailor dosage to individual patient needs.
Once ready to go home, each patient is provided with prescriptions and specific instructions for medications to continue pain control. The regimen is designed to control pain to better allow for advanced rehabilitation and will be reviewed at each postoperative visit with your surgeon. The goals of joint replacement at Texas Orthopedic Surgery Consultants are to restore function, regain mobility, and to relieve pain.
Texas Orthopedic Surgery Consultants proudly provides patients with multimodal pain therapy in Richardson, TX and surrounding areas, including Plano, Garland and Addison, TX. Contact us at (972) 235-5633 or fill out a Contact Form here.
Request Appointment
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Richardson, TX |
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81426 | Prehistoric mummy puzzle
Adult female skeleton
Adult female skeleton
7 September 2012 by Tamera Jones
Mummified bodies made of chopped up people? It's not a legend from ancient Egypt but a find from the Outer Hebrides. Tamera Jones finds out how the latest forensic techniques were applied to the mystery of Britain's first prehistoric mummies.
When Professor Mike Parker Pearson from the University of Sheffield started excavating the Bronze Age Cladh Hallan settlement on South Uist, one of the first things his team found was a row of three roundhouses. Radio-carbon dating showed they were built around 1100 BC.
Further digging revealed several burials directly under the houses. Not so unusual in itself, but the archaeologists were surprised by the contorted and scrunched-up positions of the skeletons, which looked similar to mummy bundles found in Peru.
"We also noticed that the male skeleton had a full set of teeth in his lower jaw, but the upper set was completely missing," says Pearson. "Our first thought was that this was some kind of Bronze Age torture victim."
But forensic pathology showed the two jaws didn't match at all. Several months of painstaking analysis revealed that in fact the man's skull, mandible and torso came from three different people.
"It looked like these individuals had been cut up and put back together to look like one person," says Pearson.
Then the mystery deepened even further. When the bodies were dated they turned out to be several hundred years older than the houses, which meant they had been stored for several generations before they were buried.
Adult male skeleton
Adult male skeleton
The position of the bones in both adult skeletons suggested they had still been held together by soft tissue when they were buried, so they had been stored with particular care.
Pearson and biomedical archaeologist Professor Terry Brown from the University of Manchester, took the remains to NERC's Isotope Geosciences Laboratory where scientists used a range of techniques to work out where the bodies might have been kept. These included the rather grisly mercury intrusion porosimetry, which shows how far gut bacteria has eaten into the surrounding bones after death. In this case, not very far; decay had started in the male's torso but then something had stopped it, and there was no sign of decay in the female corpse at all.
Other techniques showed Pearson and his colleagues that the surfaces of the bones had become demineralised, something that happens in an acidic environment. All the forensic evidence suggested that the bodies had been preserved in a peat bog for several months before being taken out and dried. They must then have been stored above ground for hundreds of years before being merged with other mummified individuals and finally buried.
"At the time this was the first ever evidence of mummification outside of South America and Egypt," says Pearson. "Before this, mummification in the British Bronze Age was unheard of."
Most recently, DNA from the female's skull, jaw, arm and thigh bones has shown that, just like the male, the woman's skeleton was made up of at least three individuals - and the cranium and mandible were male.
What led our ancestors to mummify and combine these bodies is anyone's guess. But Pearson thinks it has something to do with merging ancestries.
"Lots of fields and ditches were being built across Britain in the middle Bronze Age", he says. "An obvious thing to do would be to coalesce ancestors' remains as a way of asserting rights over this newly enclosed land." |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81428 | 11 Crucial Things an Ubuntu Newbie Should Know
Author: Kurt Hartman
As I was sitting here, preparing to write this article, my mind wandered back to the day I accidentally wiped out a Windows installation with a Gutsy Gibbon CD. I thought I was in trouble. I had just knocked out my work documents, including various templates I made, along with scanner support, and my Adobe 8.0 suite.
It was at that moment I decided to make a go of it with Linux as my sole operating system. After nearly 2 years of tweaking, making mistakes, fixing those mistakes, and then making even more mistakes, I finally feel qualified to give you advice.
In light of this experience, I now present "11 Crucial Things An Ubuntu Newbie Should Know".
1. ps -A: One of the reasons I hated Windows so much was the task manager. When a program would hang, you’d have to open task manager, tell it to kill the program, and wait 5 minutes for the system to kill the application, All the while, it would bog down the processor, hog memory, and be an overall nuisance. 50% of the time, you would have to restart the computer to get the process to clear.
Not so in Ubuntu/Linux. All you have to kill a program is open the terminal, and type "ps -A". This will pull up a list of all the processes currently running, with the name of the program, along with a 4-5 digit number next to it. Then, type "kill -9 PN" (PN should be substituted with the actual Process Number), and hit enter. This will kill the app, no questions asked. It will not ask you any questions, or give you any excuses. That program is now dead, until the time you decide to resurrect it. This will not work with things like Apache, or other process daemons. If you’re not sure, just try to kill it. If it doesn’t die, then it is probably a daemon. You will have to find the actual documentation to stop the daemon.
Bonus tip: In Ubuntu (Gutsy and later), the command to stop Apache is: sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop To restart: sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start
2. gksudo nautilus: Nautilus is the GUI-based file browser for Gnome, which is the default window manager for Ubuntu. If you are not used to the command line, this command will save you hours when it comes to file operations. Well, it will only save you hours for things that have to be done as root. Things like special system configuration, and other things where you need upgraded privileges will be much faster when you use this command.
Just open the terminal, type "gksudo nautilus", enter your password, and magically you can do anything you want. For faster access, right click the Desktop, select "create launcher", enter "gksudo nautilus" as the command. You can now click the shortcut on your Desktop , rather than opening the terminal and entering a command each time you need access to Nautilus.
3. dmesg: If you have managed to really mess something up, or are having trouble getting things to work, you may need someone with greater experience to take a look. Typing "dmesg" in your terminal window will call up all the messages from your system kernel. Copy and paste this into a text document, attach it to an email, and let a true expert get a look at what is going on with your hardware.
4. Ubuntu’s package manager, Synaptic, is a GUI front-end for Aptitude. What you don’t know is that Synaptic is set to run in what could be called "safe-mode". It will not go get the latest and greatest versions of the software you are running. It will get the last (often 6 months older) version of the software you want to run. You can upgrades faster by enabling optional software repositories.
To do this, open Synaptic (System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager), then select Settings > Repositories. Once you are in the repositories window, select the "Updates" tab. The Ubuntu "security" and "recommended updates" repository have already been selected. To get the newer stuff, you need to check "backports" and "proposed" software. Apply, and reload. This should get most of your software up to date, along with the kernel.
5. The kernel: While having the latest and greatest stable kernel can improve system performance, it can also break little fixes you have made along the way. An example: I had gone through the painstaking process of editing some configuration files to get my webcam to work. The last kernel update overwrote the changes I had made, and in the process, disabled my webcam. This can get irritating, but eventually a kernel release might fix an issue on its own, so I guess it is an ok, if not completely lossless tradeoff.
6. Upgrading to the newest version of Ubuntu: Don’t do it right away. Always give a new version at least two months in regular use before you decide to upgrade. I have tried to upgrade for 3 releases now, in the first two weeks of availability for the upgrade. Each time, there has been a major failure, mostly in the area of graphics and sound. If your release is stable, there is no reason to upgrade right away, other than a few minor changes in speed and stability. You forfeit these if you upgrade on the first day of a new release. You have been warned.
Got Help?:
7. You can Google it: If you haven’t googled it, do not trounce into a forum and ask the question. People are nice, but they really can’t stand laziness. If you have searched, and can’t find it, it may be a more advanced question that really needs more expert analysis.
Here’s the search formula that reaps the best rewards for me: [manufacturer] [model] [problem] [ubuntu distribution]…(e.g. sony vaio webcam installation hardy). You can vary this formula a little bit, as sometimes it takes a few searches to get the hang of it. The one thing that you should not change is having your version of the distribution in the search. The reason is that fixes, and places where applications install can be different depending on the version you are using. This will ensure that you receive the best solution possible.
8. The Forums: Most of the time, Googling the problem will send you to the Ubuntu forums. Get a user name, log in, and be respectful. Be sure you try everything they tell you to before griping that it won’t work. The help and advice is free, and usually very helpful in nature.
9. Launchpad: This is a bug reporting service that Ubuntu users use to get bugs and various other problems fixed. You can reach the project at https://launchpad.net/ubuntu . Once you get there, click on report a bug, and follow the instructions. Be sure the problem has not been reported already, as they will ask. Provide as much information about the incident as possible. They will keep you posted on the progress as far as the problem being resolved, and assign a priority rating based on the severity of the problem. I’ve had to use it 2 or 3 times. Even the minor problems have been resolved in 2-3 weeks.
10. Don’t Be Afraid To Break It
This is the most important rule. This ain’t your Granny’s china. Stuff will break, you will be the one to break it. You will also be the one fixing it, along with your friend Google. Be patient, be persistent, and walk away for a bit if the solution just won’t come. Vindication will come, and when the fix is done properly, or you changed a variable that caused performance to increase, there will a mountaintop rush. Chances are, your significant other won’t care, but that won’t matter. Feel free to prance around in your boxers, and act like you just won the Nobel Prize.
11. Everything in Windows can be replaced with Open Source software: Really, it can. It takes a little time to find it, but when you do, a whole new world will open up. You’ll start to see how things work better than you expected. Things will play that would not on Windows, you’ll be able to open every attachment you ever wanted to. Productivity will increase, thereby giving you more time to make your system work faster, and work on your own open source program.
I can’t include everything I’ve learned over the past two years here. There are some other articles that I have written on software packages, and the pros and cons of each. Just google my name and iSnare to get a full list of what I have written on the subject. In conclusion, have fun with Ubuntu, share your knowledge with others, and fear God. Seriously.
That’s all the advice I have for you.
About the Author:
Kurt Hartman has been using Linux as his primary operating system for the past 2 years, and has loved (almost) every minute of it. He uses it regularly in his role as Head of Employee Training for Mobile Fleet Service. They sell Titan Tires in addition to several other brands, including Michelin, Bridgestone, and Goodyear. If you enjoyed this article, please search for Kurt over on iSnare, or read his blog at http://www.buybigtires.com .
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/computers-articles/11-crucial-things-an-ubuntu-newbie-should-know-781388.html
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81434 | Those People At Their Windows
By summerbreeze ~
Lately I've noticed that there has been a lot of news on the web, and particularly on CNN, about Nazis and the evil destruction that they brought to the world.
Aside from helping my kids with school papers / reports, etc about the Nazis ( years ago ), I've tried not to think too much about that dark subject. But because of all this attention about that time in history, my mind has gone back to some powerful feelings that I had while living in Germany.
My husband was an Army Major and we lived in Schweinfurt, in the center of Germany.
We did a lot of traveling during our stay there, thanks to Uncle Sam and his shipping our old Oldsmobile over there, ( not because we were wealthy jet-setters ! ).
It sounds gruesome, but we visited several concentration camps.
I remember the day that we visited Dachau as if it were yesterday. As we stood at the front gate on a clear sunny day, I looked over at the town of Dachau, which was extremely close to the camp. In fact it was so close, I remember seeing a figure of someone standing at a third floor window. At the time, I was neither a believer nor a non-believer, but I remember thinking "those people HAD to know what the hell was going on here !"...I remember how a wave of horror and repulsion instantly came over me, looking at those many windows facing the camp, just a stone's throw away.
In the war years the majority of Germans were religious, God fearing people, and even after Hitler slowly tried to eliminate the church's influence on the population, it's a fact that people clung to their faith especially later on when it was clear that they were losing the war.
Aside from the common German people ( who perhaps pretended to be Nazis ) the majority of Nazis themselves were religious, including the higher-ups in the regime.
In a nut shell, how could a people who loved their Christian God so much, be so cruel and do so much harm on this earth.
On the drive home, after visiting the depressing camp, my husband and I discussed the proximity of the camp to the town. His take on it all, was that the town's people were scared to death to do anything to help the Jews because then their own families would be put in jeopardy.
I agreed, but I still found it disturbing.
Since that time, I became 'born again'...loved Jesus....started to think...started to investigate...dropped Jeebus like a hot potato....became a proud 'free - thinker'.
Looking back from this perspective, I now see how strong the christian mind does not question 'God's word', and the stories in the bible, no matter how perverse.
In the bible ( small 'b' ) it's the old "In - Groups" vs "Out Groups". God teaches to kill those that think different and ARE different. Thousands upon thousands are slaughtered just because they belong to the wrong tribe., ( men, women and children ).
Superiority is the name of the game in the bible, it breeds hatred of people who are not of the same cloth, and gives a green flag to eliminate those who are deemed unworthy.
Certainly the Nazis thought they were very superior, not only to the Jews, but to the majority of other countries in Europe that they destroyed in order to expand their blonde, blue-eyed Empire.
How much of this entitled attitude came from reading the bible ?
As for those people who could see from their windows, I agree that they WERE terrified for their loved ones, and I also think that for a lot of them their bible told them that there are groups of people that need to be eliminated...and it's O.K. with God.
ExChristian.Net: Those People At Their Windows
Those People At Their Windows |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81445 | / Updates
Updates to Learn JavaScript: Requests
We’re updating the way we teach HTTP requests. You'll see changes in the JavaScript course as we deprecate the use of Google’s URL Shortener API and use Rebrandly & Datamuse to teach HTTP requests. Introduction to JavaScript
Why? APIs are powerful—they allow developers to leverage existing content and services and integrate them quickly into new applications without building everything from the ground up.
Think of Slack’s integrations with Asana. Both teams are leveraging the other’s API to build the integration.
However, with great power comes great responsibility. When APIs change, developers need to react, update, and adjust alongside them.
On May 30, 2018, Google will stop supporting its URL Shortener API. We've used this API since summer 2017 to teach HTTP requests with JavaScript, which means we’ve got to make updates to our courses.
Starting May 24, we will start using two different exciting APIs, Rebrandly and Datamuse, to teach JavaScript requests. We've also taken the opportunity to revise and improve the lessons, and we hope you'll enjoy the new versions.
How does this impact you? If you've previously worked on the JavaScript Requests course, you will lose the code you've already written in these lessons. However, your progress will remain the same. You can complete these lessons again if you'd like the challenge of using a new API!
When? We will make the new lessons live Thursday, May 24th at 12:00PM ET (4:00PM GMT/UTC).
Get more practice, more projects, and more guidance. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81485 | Billy's Bucket
Age 3 to 5 Challenge Level:
Billy's Bucket by Kes Gray
Publisher: Red Fox
ISBN: 9780099438748
Billy wants only one thing for his birthday - a bucket. Inside it, he can see all kinds of magnificent sea creatures. But Mum and Dad are sceptical and, when Dad unwittingly uses the bucket to clean his car, he's in for a big surprise! |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81494 |
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West Wing Week: 5/11/12 or "Teach Your Parents How to Tweet"
Watch the West Wing Week here.
This week, the President traveled to Virginia and New York to urge Congress not to let interest rates double on student loans and to introduce a to-do list for Congress. He also hosted the University of Kentucky Wildcats, the Fermi Science award winners, and this year's Gershwin Award Winners. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81515 |
Urania's Mirror - plate 16
by Firkin
2015-12-11 19:12:00
From Urania's Mirror, or a view of the heavens, engraved by Sidney Hall, 1824. This was a famous series of cards depicting constellations and with holes punched in them to represent the stars when held up to the light.
Tags: Aries, Musca Borealis, astronomical, astronomy, chart, constellation, star,
Safe for Work? Yes
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81517 | Top 15 resources for learning JavaScript
Top 15 resources for learning JavaScript
These practical resources will help you get up to speed and creating dynamic web content quickly.
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HTML, cascading stylesheets (CSS), and JavaScript have experienced massive growth and evolution over the past two decades, which should come as no surprise given the ever-expanding role of the internet in our lives. JavaScript development has come a long way since the early 1990s and IBM's famous commercial depicting business' early recognition of the internet's significance. That commercial forever changed the role of the web developer. Before the business invasion, web developers were more artistic, but the influence of business and industry changed all of that.
More than 25 years have passed since the first web pages produced with JavaScript were developed, and things have improved immensely. Today, IDEs are well structured to validate your code, and self-contained environments help with testing and debugging web frontend logic. Now, learning JavaScript goes well beyond simply studying the language's syntax.
Because there are numerous areas you can learn, think about your objectives so you can focus your training and get up to speed as quickly as possible. Do you want to learn how make web pages dazzle with dynamic content and a killer frontend and user experience that blows site visitors away? Or do you want to focus on optimizing server backend integration, streamlining data flowing to and from the browser and employing the latest patterns with synchronous and asynchronous server calls? Or perhaps you want to do both?
There are tons of JavaScript libraries and frameworks out there that concentrate on dynamic HTML manipulation, Ajax, or both. There are too many to list here, but I encourage you to play around with several to find the frameworks that best do what you are trying to accomplish. Because web searches also have improved vastly since the early 1990s, you're bound to find plenty of commentary on the pros and cons of each.
Online learning resources
If you are new to the world of JavaScript, these free resources are a great introduction to the syntax and fundamentals of the language.
• Mozilla's JavaScript Guide: In textbook-like fashion, Mozilla's easy-to-understand guide explains concepts and methodically walks you through JavaScript development, from your first set of scripts to more complex topics such as error handling, flow control, objects, arrays, functions, etc.
• Codecademy's JavaScript track: This site offers hands-on training, side-by-side with the instructor, while you work through the track. The first few exercises are painfully simple and you might wonder whether it's toying with your intelligence, but the lessons quickly advance and you get instant feedback on the code you input.
• Udacity's Intro to JavaScript course: This is predominantly an online video course. It is broken into sections, and each section's lessons are presented as separate videos. The presentation is put together well, and the examples in the lessons are simple to understand and comprehensive. The course also includes online quizzes to test your knowledge.
• The Odin Project: Odin is for those who are looking for complete end-to-end development of a web application. It is definitely a hands-on experience in which you build the application components defined in the various assignments and even upload your "answers" to GitHub. This project starts off with HTML and CSS, moves to JavaScript, and even includes backend server logic. Each exercise also allows you to evaluate and compare your creation with others who have taken the course, as Odin's development exercises are available in GitHub as well.
If you want to do web development, you need to put learning jQuery on your to-do list. jQuery has become one of the most central frameworks for JavaScript developers, as it greatly simplifies how to handle events, traverse HTML documents, invoke asynchronous calls, and initiate animated features in web pages. The framework masks differences in browsers, so developers don't have to create different sets of code for sites to function seamlessly across browsers.
Bootstrap is another strong foundational framework that focuses on mobile frontend control and structure. It contains pre-built templates for web presentation geared for devices as well as desktop browsers. It also contains powerful plugins for jQuery to help you prototype ideas quickly.
Knockout is a an awesome framework that uses the Model-View-ViewModel pattern to create bidirectional dependencies between data and your web interface. It uses declarative bindings to easily associate DOM elements, dependency tracking and templates to provide for automatic UI refreshes. It can interact with JQuery and perform some of the same functionality with simpler code, as well as execute asynchronous calls to server-side logic. The site includes tutorials and several of live examples, making it a a complete reference for this simple, but powerful framework.
Whether you prefer the feel of that historic material called paper, or your idea of flipping through the pages is better suited to "swiping left" in an ebook, there is plenty of excellent reading material on JavaScript and related topics that might catch your interest.
Here are a few classics:
• JavaScript: The Definitive Guide, 6th Edition, O'Reilly: In its 6th edition, this definitive guide lives up to its title. This book has been around for more than a decade, is comprehensive, and it is and well organized. If you pick only one JavaScript book to add to your library, this is the one.
• Learning JavaScript, 3rd Edition, O'Reilly: This resource covers a multitude of topics, beyond learning the basics of JavaScript. It also covers fundamentals of some frameworks, such as JQuery, and includes good examples. This title is an excellent compliment to the "The Definitive Guide."
• Get Programming with JavaScript, Manning: This book is well organized, full of examples, and fundamental concepts are presented clearly and simply.
• Secrets of the JavaScript Ninja, 2nd Edition, Manning: The author dives into how to be more efficient in your functions and highlights typical pitfalls that can trip up any JavaScript developer.
• Pro JavaScript Design Patterns, Apress: Yes, even JavaScript can be object oriented. This resource covers several design patterns that you can incorporate into your JavaScript code, simplifying and organizing your functions for better maintainability.
• Ajax Design Patterns, O'Reilly: This resource is an excellent resource for creating well-crafted, object-oriented functions for AJAX, or asynchronous server calls. AJAX has become a powerful tool in expanding the user experience of your site, and this resource helps bring out the most of leveraging server-side applications and data.
If you're new to JavaScript, hopefully the resources above will provide you a sounder introduction to the language than our exhausted early developer had. If you're a seasoned JavaScript developer and don't see your favorite learning resources here, please share them—and your own tips for learning this powerful language—in the comments.
About the author
Tom Manor
Tom Manor - Tom has worked in application development for more than 20 years. He has developed, designed, and architected mission critical web based systems using Java, JEE, JavaScript and HTML, for several fortune 500 companies in the St. Louis, Missouri area. He currently works as a Senior Technical Account Manager for Red Hat strategically supporting customers with Red Hat JBoss Middleware and Red Hat OpenShift products. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81541 | You are looking at 1-2 of 2 articles for:
• Governance/Political Change x
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Mainline Protestants and Divestment as International Economic Activism
Maia Hallward
Mainline Protestant denominations in the United States have a history of using divestment as an economic form of nonviolent moral activism. While such activism can have a domestic focus, ... More
Revisiting the African Renaissance
Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni
The concept of the African Renaissance was popularized by Cheikh Anta Diop in the mid-1940s. But in 1906 Pixley ka Isaka Seme had introduced the idea of “regeneration” of Africa, while in ... More |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81551 | Is your content part of the user experience?
Content marketing remains the Marmite of discussion on my favourite hangout for engaging with copywriters across the globe: twitter. Some love it: singing its praises as a new way to make brands connect with customers. Others prefer the more traditional methods of emailing and calling. But with this incessant marketing, how many websites are getting the content right? How many are weaving it throughout the core of the user experience?
Nobody puts content in the corner
Excellent content uses all of the space
About ten years ago, I met someone who walked around the beautiful beaches of Cornwall in ripped up shorts, a guitar and an obsolete lack of direction. Soon, he turned the MSc in Physics he’d gained into a mastery of SEO: which was a mystery to me at the time. I wrote a lot, and was prolific on social media; one day he told me I’d probably be a really good copywriter.
“I write for passion!” I exclaimed dramatically, never dreaming to deign to write for corporations.
Now I am a full time copywriter, I do think back to those days; knowing that my values haven’t really changed. Yep, I write for small local businesses now, but I still write with passion. My storytelling on client websites is driven by my innate fascination with words, etymology and storytelling. I want to shout it from the rooftops. Even the funny ones.
But how are clients; corporations, brands using their approach to content? Every single word shaped on this site, on any site, should be making use of the great storytelling capacity of copywriters.
No copywriter puts content in the corner
Like the gunpowder mills at Kennel Vale, Cornwall, content can become obselete
It’s as important as the design! I don’t want my well-honed stories to sit there redundant; like the old gunpowder mills at Kennel Vale. You see, some websites treat content as a disease: something that should be hidden away in a category labelled ‘blog’ just because that’s the new SEO, don’tcha know?!
Remember school discos in the 80s? Maybe before. Either way, I remember the early ones as boys on one side; girls the other. We forgot to use the whole space.
This is the problem many websites have with content.
Content is everything within that site. And out of it too. Social media interaction? Content. Product descriptions? Content. About Us? Content. Images? Content. Landing page? Yep, content too. Don’t limit it to blogs and don’t relegate them to some dark corner.
Nobody puts content in the corner.
Integrate content throughout the site to optimise and enhance user experience of the whole space. Link everything together: from the images of your staff party to your ethos, from the press success you have had to the funny anecdotes about what went wrong this week.
All of this is content, all of it is communications and all of it helps people to engage with your brand.
Our very name palaver maven means expert of communications in ye olde playful English and so we know a little bit about effective content use and communicating with brands, for brands and with customers. To have a chat about anything related, please call on 07729263818 or drop me an email on the contact page. A
And if it’s just the content you like, have a signup to our email and get our updates to your inbox. You just pop your email address in below and we’ll do the rest! |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81580 | Change Region:Papua New Guinea
Revelation Song From the Nations!
Feast of Tabernacles 2019
Send by email
The Feast of Tabernacles 2019 was such a special Feast with a marvelous display of the nations coming together to worship King Jesus in Jerusalem. As you watch this video, you will hear this worship song sung in several different languages. Make sure to listen for your language and we hope you enjoy this special time of worship!
Share this: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81581 | A mechanical elephant
A mechanical elephant
In the previous post we modified the apt role for controlling the setup in a declarative way. Then we added a ssh role for configuring the three devuan servers. The role is used to configure the server’s postgres process owner for ssh passwordless connection.
In this tutorial we’ll complete the setup for the postgres user and then we’ll configure the database clusters with a new role.
Before starting this tutorial please check out the branch 03_setup_pgsql from the repository https://github.com/the4thdoctor/dynamic_duo.
Completing the os user setup
The apt role defined in the branch 02_ssh_setup adds two variables, pg_osuser and pg_osgroup, for configuring the operating system’s user and group that will own the postgresql process. However this is not sufficient to have a complete working installation.
As PostgreSQL can be configured to work with SSL, this requires the process owner to be able to access the SSL certificates. So we need to give the process owner the memberships to te group that can read the certificate files.
Again we are updating the apt role.
We’ll first add a variable into the file all in group_vars. The variable pg_additional_groups is a list where we define all the additional groups where the postgres process owner should belong. In our example we add just ssl-certs which have the read permissions on the SSL certificates.
- "ssl-cert"
As explained before all the variables defined in the all file can be overridden using a specific group_vars or per host configuration file.
We also need to change the main.yml file for the apt role’s. The operating system user creation now have another parameter where the additional groups are listed.
- name: create the {{ pg_osuser }} user and the home directory
name: "{{ pg_osuser }}"
group: "{{ pg_osgroup }}"
groups: "{{ pg_additional_groups }}"
create_home: yes
move_home: yes
home: "{{ pg_home_dir }}"
shell: "{{ pg_shell }}"
system: yes
state: present
The pgsql role
The role pgsql is used to configure the PostgreSQL clusters present on our servers. All the default settings are configured in the wildcard group_vars file all leaving the reader the possibility to customise the setup via group and host variables.
The inventory
Our inventory requires some new variables.
The variables pg_super_user and pg_super_password are used for defining the database default super user and its password. As the password is sensitive matter we save the value as a vault encrypted string which is reasonably safe to store on shared repositories.
Declaring the pg_super_user makes simpler to comply on stringent rules like the PCI DSS where using the default vendor’s super user is forbidden.
The password encrypted in the all file is flynn_lives and the passphrase for the encrypted string is postgres. It’s strongly suggested to add at least a group_vars file for the group pgsql to replace the example password and passphrase with a pair of stronger values.
pg_super_user: "postgres"
# The pg_super_password is "flynn_lives". The vault password is "postgres".
# You may want to change this with a pair of stronger database and vault passwords
# Check https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.5/user_guide/vault.html for vault's usage
pg_super_password: !vault |
The variables logrotate_file and log_rotate define the location of the logrotate configuration file and the default log rotate strategy.
logrotate_file: "/etc/logrotate.d/pgsql_custom"
mode: "weekly"
keep: "10"
The dictionary pg_dirs is used to store the default top level locations for the data_area, log_directory and wal_area.
The variable default_locale defines the default locale assigned to the cluster when initialised, if not differently specified.
data_area: "/var/lib/postgresql"
log_directory: "/var/log/postgresql"
wal_area: "/var/lib/postgresql/pg_wal"
default_locale: "en_GB.UTF-8"
All the variables described can be overridden in the cluster configuration.
The variable pg_clusters defines the PostgreSQL clusters as a dictionary. Each dictionary’s key is the cluster name used with pg_createcluster along with the version.
The variable params enlists the Grand Unified Configuration (GUC) parameters that we want to apply to our cluster.
The variable pg_hba defines the pg_hba.conf entries for the specific cluster
In our example we have three clusters defined. tron, clu and sark.
• tron is a PostgreSQL version 10 and listens on the port 5432, listening on all available addresses. The data_area and log_directory stored in custom locations. The super user is alan1 and is configured to use the locale en_US.UTF-8. The log rotation is on a daily basis and the pg_hba is configured to accept md5 authentication on local and localhost connections, ipv4 and ipv6.
• clu is a PostgreSQL version 9.6 and listens on the port 5433,listening on all available addresses and with the wal level set to logical. The super user is flynn.
• sark is a PostgreSQL version 9.6 and listens on the port 5434,listening on all available addresses and with the wal level set to replica. The super user is mcp.
data_area: "/pg_data"
log_directory: "/pg_log"
version: "10"
pg_super_user: "alan1"
locale: "en_US.UTF-8"
port: "5432"
listen_addresses: "*"
mode: "daily"
keep: "31"
- type: "local"
database: "all"
user: "all"
address: ""
method: "md5"
- type: "host"
database: "all"
user: "all"
address: ""
method: "md5"
- type: "host"
database: "all"
user: "all"
address: "::1/128"
method: "md5"
version: "9.6"
pg_super_user: "flynn"
port: "5433"
listen_addresses: "*"
wal_level: "logical"
version: "9.6"
pg_super_user: "mcp"
port: "5434"
listen_addresses: "*"
wal_level: "replica"
Pre flight check
The pg_clusters dictionary comes with a possible race condition. What happens if there is a duplicate port within the dictionary?
As we are creating the clusters from scratch then two clusters will share the same port. Therefore the first to be started will be fine but the second cluster’s start-up will fail because of the port already in use.
This is not a big problem as the port can be fixed, but is not ideal.
In that case we can have the playbook to fail before executing any task within the role with the help of set_fact and assert.
We iterate over the clusters defined in pg_clusters and using the the module set_fact we build a list of ports named pg_ports.
On line 3 we assign to pg_ports the value of the previous pg_ports appending to it the value of the port for the cluster iterated. If pg_ports is not yet defined we default the assignment to an empty list.
On lines 7 to 11 we use assert to check that the count of pg_ports is the same of the count of unique pg_ports. If the check fails the run is interrupted. When the interruption happens is emitted the message on line 12.
1- name: Build the list of the PostgreSQL defined ports
2 set_fact:
3 pg_ports: "{{ pg_ports |default([]) + [item.value.params.port] }}"
4 with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters }}"
6- name: Check the port is unique within the clusters
7 assert:
8 that: >
9 pg_ports | count
10 ==
11 pg_ports | unique | count
12 msg: "Duplicated port detected in the cluster definition. Please check the variable pg_clusters in group_vars or in hosts_vars for any duplicated port."
Cluster preparation
Before initialising the cluster we need to ensure the correct locales and the cluster’s data directories are created.
The locale setup is requires two tasks.
We first execute a set_fact looped over pg_clusters to build a new list variable db_locale. We use the same variable to append the cluster’s optional locale variable or the default_locale value. As we start with an empty variable, db_locale is not defined elsewere, we default it’s value to an empty list.
The list is then made of distinct values using the unique filter.
- name: build a list of encoding to be installed on the server
db_locale: "{{ (db_locale|default([]) + [item.value.locale|default(default_locale)])|unique }}"
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters }}"
The second task loops over the elements of db_locale and using the module locale_gen configure the required locale.
- name: Ensure the locale required by the clusters exists
name: "{{ item }}"
state: present
with_items: "{{ db_locale }}"
The database directories creation is a little tricky. The variable pg_dirs is a dictionary and should be combined with any pg_dirs configured in each cluster defined in pg_clusters. However if the key pg_dirs is missing within the cluster then the content of the default pg_dirs should be used.
We should use a nested loop for achieving this but with_nested doesn’t work with dictionaries.
A workaround to this limitation is to loop over an include and put the creation loop inside the included file. As we need to access the cluster’s configuration in the included file we define the db_cluster variable with the clause loop_control and the loop_var assignment.
1- name: create the database directories
2 include: create_db_dir.yml
3 with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters }}"
4 loop_control:
5 loop_var: db_cluster
In the included file create_db_dir.yml we define a task which loops the module file over a dictionary built combining the default pg_dirs with the value of pg_dirs configured in the pg_clusters, accessed with the loop_var db_cluster. If the value is missing then the combine defaults to pg_dirs.
The path, following the debian packaging convention, is built using the data directory value, the version’s subdirectory and the cluster’s name.
- name: creating the database directories for the cluster {{ db_cluster.key }}
path: "{{ item.value }}/{{db_cluster.value.version}}/{{db_cluster.key}}/"
owner: "{{ pg_osuser }}"
group: "{{ pg_osgroup }}"
state: directory
mode: 0700
with_dict: "{{ pg_dirs | combine(db_cluster.value.pg_dirs|default(pg_dirs)) }}"
Cluster initialisation
When creating a new PostgreSQL cluster with initdb some defaults are assumed if not differently specified.
In particular:
• Omitting --encoding= and --locale= let initdb to use the default values derived from the environment that initdb runs in
• Omitting --username= let initdb to use the operating system username for the default superuser name
• Without providing a password for the superuser, with either --pwfile= or --pwprompt, disables the password authentication method for the default superuser
• Omitting --waldir= stores the wal directory within the data area (PostgreSQL before the version 10 uses the switch --xlogdir=)
The debian packaging comes with an handy set of wrappers for the common database operations. The script pg_createcluster helps to create and manage effectively the clusters inventory.
The wrapper comes with its specific options that don’t cover all the possible switches accepted by initdb. However is possible to append -- to the command line in order to pass all the extra switches required by initdb to have full control on the cluster’s configuration.
Before running the pg_createcluster command we generate a file with the super user password determined from the cluster’s pg_super_password or the default pg_super_password.
The file is created within the postgres process owner’s home and with minimal access level. Each cluster have its own dedicated super user password’s file.
- name: Create the files with the postgresql super user password
owner: "{{ pg_osuser }}"
group: "{{ pg_osgroup }}"
mode: 0600
dest: "{{ pg_home_dir }}/.pg_super_pwd_{{item.key}}"
line: "{{ item.value.pg_super_password|default(pg_super_password) }}"
create: yes
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters }}"
For initialising the cluster we are using the ansible command module. This module sends and arbitrary shell command to the target machine. In our case we call pg_createcluster looped over the dictionary pg_clusters with the parameters. In order to avoid a long and difficult to read line, we used the block operator to split the command in multiple lines.
• In line 4 we define the locale which can be the one defined in the pg_clusters dictionary.
• In line 5 with the switch -u we specify the process owner with the variable pg_osuser.
• In line 6 we specify where the log should be put using the convention /<LOG_DIRECTORY>/<VERSION>/<CLUSTER>/postgresql-<VERSION>-<CLUSTER>.log
• In line 7 we specify the cluster’s port
• In line 8 we specify the data area using the convention /<DATA_AREA>/<VERSION>/<CLUSTER>/
• In line 9 we specify the cluster version and the cluster name to create
• In line 10 we add the special marker -- required to specify the initdb options not covered by pg_createcluster
• In line 11 we specify the wal_area using the switch -X which is valid for any PostgreSQL version
• In line 12 we specify the pg_super_user
• And in line 13 we specify the file where the pg_super_password is stored
The command module is not idempotent by default. However we can use the argument creates to tell the module which file is created by a previous run and therefore skip the run if the file is present.
In line 15 we tell to check if the file PG_VERSION, created by initdb, is present.
1- name: Initialise the postgresql clusters
2 command: |
3 pg_createcluster
4 --locale {{ item.value.locale|default(default_locale) }}
5 -u {{ pg_osuser }}
6 -l {{ item.value.log_directory|default(log_directory) }}/{{item.value.version}}/{{item.key}}/postgresql-{{item.value.version}}-{{item.key}}.log
7 -p {{ item.value.params.port}}
8 -d {{ item.value.data_area|default(data_area) }}/{{item.value.version}}/{{item.key}}
9 {{item.value.version}} {{item.key}}
10 --
11 -X {{ item.value.wal_area|default(wal_area) }}/{{item.value.version}}/{{item.key}}
12 -U {{ item.value.pg_super_user|default(pg_super_user) }}
13 --pwfile={{ pg_home_dir }}/.pg_super_pwd_{{item.key}}
14 args:
15 creates: "{{ item.value.data_area|default(data_area) }}/{{item.value.version}}/{{item.key}}/PG_VERSION"
16 with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters }}"
After the clusters are created we don’t need the password file anymore, so we’ll remove them.
- name: Remove the the files with the postgresql super user password
path: "{{ pg_home_dir }}/.pg_super_pwd_{{item.key}}"
state: absent
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters}}"
Configuring the postgresql.conf and pg_hba.conf
PostgreSQL since version 9.4 supports the ALTER SYSTEM statement which allow to change the configuration using a normal database connection. However in our example we’ll use the the PostgreSQL configuration file’s include_dir directive.
To do so we need to use three tasks.
First with the file module we create the directory conf.d in the PostgreSQL configuration folder which is located in /etc/postgresql/<VERSION>/<CLUSTER>
- name: Ensure the conf.d directory is present in the configuration folder
path: "/etc/postgresql/{{item.value.version}}/{{item.key}}/conf.d"
owner: "{{ pg_osuser }}"
group: "{{ pg_osgroup }}"
mode: 0744
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters}}"
Then with the lineinfile module we ensure the conf.d path is set as include in postgresql.conf.
- name: Ensure the conf.d path is set as include in postgresql.conf
path: "/etc/postgresql/{{item.value.version}}/{{item.key}}/postgresql.conf"
regexp: "^include_dir = 'conf.d'"
line: "include_dir = 'conf.d'"
owner: "{{ pg_osuser }}"
group: "{{ pg_osgroup }}"
mode: 0644
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters}}"
Finally we ship the custom postgresql.conf in conf.d using the template postgresql.conf.j2 in the role’s templates folder. To the destination file we add the prefix 01 in order to determine the file’s load order.
- name: Ship the custom postgresql.conf in conf.d
src: postgresql.conf.j2
dest: "/etc/postgresql/{{item.value.version}}/{{item.key}}/conf.d/01postgresql.conf"
owner: "{{ pg_osuser }}"
group: "{{ pg_osgroup }}"
mode: 0644
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters}}"
The template combines the dictionary with the default parameters stored in the pgsql role’s defaults/main.yml and the params dictionary provided by the cluster processed. The result is assigned to a new dictionary variable cluster_params.
Then for each parameter in the dictionary cluster_params the template sets the parameter in the form required by the postgresql.conf file.
{% set cluster_params = params|combine(item.value.params) %}
{%for parameter in cluster_params %}
{{ parameter }}='{{ cluster_params[parameter] }}'
{% endfor %}
Shipping the pg_hba.conf follows the same method of the postgresql configuration. We use a template which is put in the location /etc/postgresql/<VERSION>/<CLUSTER>.
- name: Ship the pg_hba.conf in cluster's config directory
src: pg_hba.conf.j2
dest: "/etc/postgresql/{{item.value.version}}/{{item.key}}/pg_hba.conf"
owner: "{{ pg_osuser }}"
group: "{{ pg_osgroup }}"
mode: 0644
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters}}"
This time the template pg_hba.conf.j2 stores in the variable cluster_hba the dictionary stored in the cluster definition without combining the dictionaries. If there is a pg_hba defined for the cluster will use it. Otherwise will default to the variable pg_hba defined in the role’s defaults/main.yml. The variable is defined as a standard pg_hba.conf created by pg_createcluster.
For each hba defined in cluster_hba a new line is added to the pg_hba.conf file.
{% set cluster_hba = item.value.pg_hba|default(pg_hba) %}
{%for hba in cluster_hba %}
{{ hba.type }} {{ hba.database }} {{ hba.user }} {{ hba.address }} {{ hba.method }}
{% endfor %}
Logrotate Configuration
Having the logs in a custom location requires a proper logrotate setup otherwise the filesystem will fill up.
We just need to ship a logrotate configuration in the location pointed by the variable logrotate_file.
- name: Ship the logrotate configuration to the servers
src: logrotate_pgsql.j2
dest: "{{ logrotate_file }}"
owner: "{{ pg_osuser }}"
group: "{{ pg_osgroup }}"
mode: 0644
The template contains a for loop over all the clusters configured in pg_clusters. Inside the loop the default logrotate configuration, stored in the variable log_rotate is combined with the optional cluster’s log_rotate and assigned to a new variable rotate_conf. The variable cluster_dirs is assigned in a similar way using the default variable pg_dirs and the cluster’s specific configuration.
The logrotate entry is then built using the cluster_dirs.log_directory location, the cluster’s version and the cluster’s name. The rotate_conf mode and keep values are used to set the logrotate strategy and number of logs to keep after the rotation.
{%for cluster in pg_clusters %}
{% set rotate_conf = log_rotate|combine(pg_clusters[cluster].log_rotate|default(log_rotate)) %}
{% set cluster_dirs = pg_dirs|combine(pg_clusters[cluster].pg_dirs|default(pg_dirs)) %}
# {{cluster}}
{{ cluster_dirs.log_directory }}/{{pg_clusters[cluster].version}}/{{cluster}}/*.log {
{{ rotate_conf.mode }}
rotate {{ rotate_conf.keep }}
su root root
{% endfor %}
Local authentication
The final step before starting the postgres service is to configure a local connection using the pgpass and pg_service files.
With this configuration, if allowed by pg_hba.conf, it will be possible to login into the database clusters with just specifying the service name. This configuration applies only to the pg_osuser for security reasons.
We are using again the module blockinfile.
We first populate the file {{ pg_home_dir }}/.pgpass accessible only from the PostgreSQL’s process owner. The file is build looping over the dictionary pg_clusters creating a line per each configured cluster. Each block consists of two lines, one for the localhost another for any other host or local socket.
- name: populate the pgpass file with the postgres super users connection data
dest: "{{ pg_home_dir }}/.pgpass"
create: yes
state: present
owner: "{{ pg_osuser }}"
mode: 0600
block: |
localhost:{{ item.value.params.port }}:*:{{ item.value.pg_super_user|default(pg_super_user) }}:{{ item.value.pg_super_password|default(pg_super_password) }}
marker: "# {mark} ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK SUPER USER FOR cluster {{ item.key }}:{{ item.value.params.port }}"
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters }}"
In a similar way we populate the service file in {{ pg_home_dir }}/.pg_service.conf looping over pg_clusters.
- name: populate the pg_service file with the postgres super users connection data
dest: "{{ pg_home_dir }}/.pg_service.conf"
create: yes
state: present
owner: "{{ pg_osuser }}"
mode: 0600
block: |
[{{ item.key }}]
port={{ item.value.params.port }}
user={{ item.value.pg_super_user|default(pg_super_user) }}
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters }}"
Starting the postgres service
The final step of the role is to start the postgresql service with the service module.
- name: Start the postgresql service
name: postgresql
state: started
The rollback role
The rollback role adds a new include file rollback_pgsql.yml which is activated when the variable rbk_pgsql or rbk_all are set to True.
The include file drops the configured clusters after stopping it, then removes the database directories with a looped include destroy_db_dir.yml in a similar way the directories are created. Then the logrotate configuration is removed.
- name: Drop the postgresql clusters
command: "pg_dropcluster {{item.value.version}} {{item.key}} --stop"
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters}}"
ignore_errors: Yes
- name: remove the database directories
include: destroy_db_dir.yml
with_dict: "{{ pg_clusters }}"
loop_var: db_cluster
- name: remove the logrotate files
path: "{{ logrotate_file }}"
state: absent
Contents of destroy_db_dir.yml
- name: removing the database directories for the cluster {{ db_cluster.key }}
path: "{{ item.value }}/{{db_cluster.value.version}}/"
state: absent
force: yes
The playbook in action
This asciinema shows the playbook in action. We are using an extra parameter to tell ansible-playbook to ask for the vault password, necessary to decrypt the super user password.
ansible-playbook –vault-id default@prompt setup.yml –extra-vars=“no_dns=True”
The final part of the recording shows how each cluster have different super users and how the cluster tron is using the en_US.UTF-8 character encoding.
Wrap up
Configuring PostgreSQL requires a lot of steps and great attention. The complexity of the pgsql role shows how using a tool like ansible is a far better approach rather doing everything by hand.
On the next post we’ll setup pgbackrest with ansible for taking periodical backup of our newly configured clusters.
Thanks for reading!
Mechanical Elephant by Max Pixel
Federico Campoli avatar
About Federico Campoli
Federico is a freelance database administrator and an amateur python developer. He started his career as Oracle DBA in 2004 and fell in love with PostgreSQL in 2007.
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Kamedata, devops data engineering |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81584 | Lexical Scoping and a revisit of AngularJS + Typescript
In the process of putting together my first ‘real’ Angular/TypeScript application, I ran into a frustrating problem: the callback functions that I was using in my $http calls were unable to reach other functions (methods?) in my TypeScript objects.
It turned out that it has to do with the way that TypeScript has to deal with the self = this problem. To tell TS (and EcmaScript 6) to use the ‘this’ from the calling function, functions are created using ‘fat arrow’ notation (=>), something that I had seen, but not really paid attention to.
The Mozilla Developer Network discusses fat arrows in JavaScript here. The part about ‘lexical this is worth paraphrasing here:
Until arrow functions, every new function defined its own this value (a new object in case of a constructor, undefined in strict mode function calls, the context object if the function is called as an “object method”, etc.). This proved to be annoying with an object-oriented style of programming. In ECMAScript 3/5, this issue was fixed by assigning the value in this (e.g. self) to a variable that could be closed over. Arrow functions capture the this value of the enclosing context, so the following code works as expected.
function Person(){
this.age = 0;
setInterval(() => {
this.age++; // |this| properly refers to the person object
}, 1000);
var p = new Person();
So TypeScript works the same way, but it has to compile to current JavaScript. I had several areas in my code where I needed access to ‘this’, for example in lambda functions. In TypeScript, the way you keep lexical scoping looks like this:
this.querySpeech.onend = (event:Event) => {
this.queryService.submit(this.query, this.goodUserQuery, this.errorResponse);
And the generated Javascript looks like this:
this.querySpeech.onend = function (event) {
_this.queryService.submit(_this.query, _this.goodUserQuery, _this.errorResponse);
Note that rather than ‘self’ TypesScript has defined ‘_this’. It’s declared as you would expect it – var _this = this;.
With respect to methods, the pattern in similar. Rather than declaring a method in the ‘default manner:
public runQuery(query:string){
this.query = query;
A ‘scoped’ method should be declared as follows:
public runQuery = (query:string) => {
this.query = query;
These result in very different JavaScript. The former generates a prototype:
QueryController.prototype.runQuery = function (query) {
this.query = query;
While the latter generates a function that is within the ‘constructor’:
this.runQuery = function (query) {
_this.query = query;
To me, it’s clearer how things will work out with a callback in the second function. Because we’re using _this via closure, we know that we’ll get only members of our class. With the other JavaScript, things are much less obvious– ‘this’ could be global, or what apply() would pass in. Scary.
So now we have TypeScript classes that behave the way that (I think) a proper OO class should behave. Which makes me think about the pattern of using static methods for building Factories and Directives that I described a few posts ago. Maybe there’s a better way.
Factories and directives want a function that returns an object that contains what they need to work with. In the case of a directive, angular is pretty particular, and will need to look something like:
public ctor = (gService:ITestService):ng.IDirective => {
var myDirective:ng.IDirective = {
template: '<p>Directive (Ctor) = ' + gService.getHello() + ', linkFn = {{name}}</p>',
restrict: 'AE',
link: this.linkFn
Factories, on the other hand pretty much just want references to the functions that will be accessed.
public ctor = () => {
var retval = {
getHello: this.getHello
return retval;
The neat thing is that now that the functions have lexical scope, we can instance them and then just pass the reference to the ctor() method to angular, and it’s happy. Below is how I like to initialize my Angular apps. Note that the Factory and Directive classes are instanced with new before being passed in:
module AngularApp {
// define how this application assembles.
class AngularMain {
public doCreate(angular:ng.IAngularStatic, tcontroller:Function, tservice:Function, tfactory:Function, tdirective:Function) {
this.serviceModule = angular.module('globalsApp', [])
.factory('GlobalsFactory', [tfactory])
.service('GlobalsService', [tservice]);
this.appModule = angular.module('simpleApp', ['globalsApp'])
.controller('MainCtrl', ['GlobalsFactory', 'GlobalsService', tcontroller])
.directive('testWidget', ['GlobalsService', tdirective]);
// instantiate Angular with the components defined above.
new AngularMain().doCreate(angular,
new InheritApp.TestFactory().ctor,
new InheritApp.TestDirective().ctor);
So now we have a much cleaner way of dealing with angular components that supports OO patterns and inheritance without having to write parasitic inheritance functions. And we get typing! I am a happy web developer.
The full code that demonstrates all of the above is in the following links:
Hopefully, this is the last of my general purpose struggles with getting Angular and JavaScript to be reasonably well behave OOP objects. Next posts should be about getting this all working with threejs, and maybe a little gpu programming
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81586 | Okay, so, this has taken the Internet by storm today... You've probably seen it and lots of commentary.
the other famous blue dress
Apparently, many people see this as gold and white; to me, it's unambiguously blue. There are a number of articles (for example on Wired) explaining that this is an optical illusion and going into details about what most photographers already know well — the human vision system's mechanism for coping with changing light sources, and white balance and all that.
Try as I might to see it the other way, it just appears to be a blue dress, poorly photographed and with bad attention it the lighting. (And my perception happens to be correct; see this update on the original.) But many of my friends insist that it is either "clearly" white/gold, or at least ambiguous. And many of them are not... crazy people... and many are even artists, but none a serious/enthusiast/expert photographer.
• Is it that my years of experience with digital photography and lighting have trained my brain to the point where I'm seeing it differently from the uninitiated? (See How to recognize different lighting color temperatures? — recognition of the color of light is certainly something that can be learned?)
• Or is it that many people have terribly calibrated monitors, compounding the problem? I know that most consumer monitors come with a very high default color temperature, blue-shifting everything, so I kind of suspect that it is at least a major factor. (Except, I showed my children on my system, and they see it as "white and kind of bronze".)
• Or is it really something that varies from person to person, with a background in photography not having anything to do with it?
I know this is an net meme thing, but I'm specifically interested in the photographer's perspective. I don't need a recap of the Wired article — I know all that. I want to know if it's still true for people with experience looking at photographs and lighting. The dress is blue, and I'm wondering if being used to thinking about the color of light (to the point where it's automatic) made it natural to see it correctly (and basically whether photographers are more likely than the general public to be among those who see it correctly).
Or, to come at this from another direction:
1. As a photographer, can you explain a plausible lighting situation where this could be a white dress? The only one that would make sense to me is if the dress were strongly lit by daylight or a daylight-equivalent source, and the background in tungsten and not lit by that same daylight. How could I take a white and gold dress and shoot it this way using standard interior lights (that is, no colored gels) and with global white balance as the only color-tweaking tool?
2. Could you recreate a different scene using either blue and black or gold and white and which would cause the same visual consternation? What elements would be necessary to do so?
If you are able to answer either of those questions, does the fact that you can answer meaningfully play into how you perceive the original?
• 3
"this has taken the Internet by storm today" I don't understand what is viral about this. – Rafael Feb 27 '15 at 20:34
• 6
An interesting additional sub-question/game might be "is there a cropping of this image that allows you to see the dress as white even if you previously couldn't?" – junkyardsparkle Feb 27 '15 at 20:48
• 3
@rafael If anyone understood what made random things go viral, that person would be wealthy. – Please Read Profile Feb 27 '15 at 20:56
• 3
Sorry Matt, protected this to avoid the flood off the Internet treating the site as a discussion forum. – John Cavan Feb 27 '15 at 22:37
• 5
Everyone's saying blue/black or white/gold, and I'm sitting here seeing blue/gold. – TRiG Feb 28 '15 at 23:13
13 Answers 13
My monitor is calibrated (less than a month ago).
I see the white/gold dress, but the highlights on the white piping have a blue tinge to me.
However I have seen pics of the (supposedly) original dress, and it is a deep blue and black.
To me, the only way I can reconcile this pic, and the pic of the actual dress is that if this pic was taken with a really bad white-balance and/or horribly overexposed. But that doesn't explain people who see the above pic and state "Blue/black"
I am almost of the opinion that this is an amazing marketing campaign. They put out this masterfully shot pic of the dress that was designed to go viral.
Update It is now several hours after I made my initial post. The sun has gone down where I am, and now I am relying on a mix of halogen and LED (daylight) lighting in my office, whereas previously I also had indirect sunlight through two windows.
I have now started to see a distinct (dark?) blue sheen in the OP's image - but nothing like the deep blue shown in my pic. However I still see gold, and I still perceive the color of my posted pic as the same.
So I believe that my ambient lighting is messing with my colour perception.
Pic of the dress in context:
enter image description here
• Following your update, what you're seeing there is normal. In calibration a key step is matching the ambient light around the display you're profiling. If that ambient changes then your perception will too. – James Snell Feb 28 '15 at 9:40
• @JamesSnell Yeah .. thats what I figured seeing that I calibrated the monitor in the middle of the afternoon. – Peter M Feb 28 '15 at 13:25
• Let me understand this correctly. Do you see it as a white dress, or do you see it as blue, and make conscious assumptions that it must be a bad image of a white dress that makes it seem blue? It is puzzling to me how anyone can see it as white. Its not even close. I would understand it if the it was blue and images and WBed to look white, or vice versa. but its blue and is blue in the image. – Michael Nielsen Mar 10 '15 at 9:29
To me the image appears white with a bluish tint (perhaps even a light baby blue) and the gold. or brown. It just won't read as black no matter how hard I try to convince myself. I think its the black object behind it that makes it never go there for me.
I can't reconcile the deeper blue of the actual dress with the slight blue cast in the image. It reads more as mixed lighting than anything although there are clues that it is not.
It will flip for my wife but not for me. I was wondering the same thing about experience with color being a factor but in the other direction...maybe we all see what we see and we just use our experience as justification.
Viewing these three images side by side from this article makes it fairly obvious what is going on with the viral photo: Choices about exposure and white balance determine how colors in a photo are perceived. Even black objects can be so overexposed as to over-saturate all three channels (RGB) and make black appear to be white. Amplifying the three color channels by different amounts can make any color appear to be near-saturated white.
enter image description here
• 16
I don't see what is fairly obvious about the comparison. Please explain. – dpollitt Feb 28 '15 at 1:43
• Yes, you have to find a neutral to white-balance against, probably more than one depending on shade or sun. If you choose the black on the dress, you get a much more reasonable result than if you choose other parts. Notice the face. Trying to represent so many stops of contrast is really hard, especially with simplistic snapshots taken by inferior equipment or handlers thereof. – tchrist Feb 28 '15 at 16:34
• 1
I've actually seen multiple interpretations of this explanatory triptych itself. To me, it shows that going towards darker black and blue a) makes the background look moderately better and b) shows that the lighter, yellower version is going even further in the "wrong" direction". But I've seen other people say that it demonstrates that it's all a matter of perspective, as if this were like the xkcd comic. Which are you saying? (My thesis is that photographers are more likely to tend to "clearly the one of the left is even worse"). – Please Read Profile Feb 28 '15 at 18:46
As a photographer, I understand both what I see (blue) and the likelihood that others don't "see" exactly what I see, for any number of reasons -- especially if you allow for different photos of the same subject taken under different lighting conditions and/or different white balance settings.
If anything, I have a (completely unsubstantiated) belief that photographers and other "skilled viewers" probably have an unfair advantage in discerning the true colors in a photo like this because we've trained our brains to look for warm lighting, cool lighting, color casts, etc., and thus, I believe we're probably picking up visual cues in the photo that other people are just interpreting differently -- perhaps in the same way that a musician might pick instruments out of a recording with greater accuracy than someone without that sort of background.
Ultimately, I think this little viral exercise is a great reminder of how important interpretation is in the consumption of visual media, and that it's one part of photography we can never control completely.
• 2
I'm not so sure about the "visual clues for skilled viewers". If that was the case then only "skilled viewers" would see the blue. But a lot of "non-skilled" are seeing blue. Yet for me, no matter how I try and process it, I can't see blue in the OP's pic, but I can in the pic I posted. – Peter M Feb 27 '15 at 20:43
• 2
@PeterM Maybe "conditioning" is a better term than "skill", as it can happen as a result of deliberate training or otherwise. – junkyardsparkle Feb 27 '15 at 21:46
• @junkyardsparkle Obviously I am lacking in my "conditioning"! I saw a poll earlier today that split it 2/3 Gold, 1/3 Blue. That seems a lot of conditioned people to me. – Peter M Feb 27 '15 at 21:50
• 1
@PeterM - Yep, people have been seeing backlit white objects rendered with a blue cast for a long time now. Probably what varies more among people than said conditioning is receptivity to peripheral information that contradicts initial assumptions. – junkyardsparkle Feb 28 '15 at 1:11
The image has an obvious yellow colour cast. If i wanted to correct it, i'd put the eyedropper on the white flecks on the fabric in the lower left, which results in a blue/black dress.
If we wanted to pull the blue tinge to a shade of white, we'd have to increase the yellow, and the image would look completely unnatural and clipped.
So, no, there is no ambiguity for me, and my experience with recognizing white balance problems may have part in that.
• 2
"white flecks on the fabric in the lower left" - dammit, I interpreted that fabric as a semi-transparent curtain with the bright yellow corresponding to the (plausibly yellow) wall behind. – John Dvorak Mar 1 '15 at 8:21
Photographers are probably better trained to see colors. In this documentary:
a completely colorblind photographer who can only see black and white explains how she can still perceive colors.
Also as pointed out in part 3:
the way the brain adjusts the white balance depends on the object we look at. So, under different lighting conditions, a yellow colored square will be perceived to change its color while a banana with exactly the same color does not change its color, because the brain knows it should look yellow. So, in this case, people may expect the dress to look white and that then makes the dress actually look white.
In part 4, they show how the perception of color is affected by language and culture:
I see the colors as blue-gray with a bit of magenta and a sort of khaki.
If I should guess what is the original color of the dress, my answer would be that it is more likely gold-(off)white than black-blue due to the presence of darker color at the bottom left and some other clues.
Most likely. I think it is about the memory colors and the ability of human brain to take fairly bad image and make something familiar from it. We've seen women with and gold dresses before (some cultures probably more often than others), we've seen images where shadows were blue... An eye trained in color correction is less likely to get fooled.
I am wondering though what was the actual question asked - what is the color you see in the picture or what is the color of the dress?
I don't see any banana in the photo. With (1) a close crop so no expanse to judge color differences against, ans (2) no object with an overwhelming known color to calebrate against (the proverbial banana), how can you color-correct in your perception?
Perhaps some people see something in the photo that is well known to them.
In fact, I'm supposing that what little is visible in the background on the right is in different light. Hmm, maybe some people tigger off an indoor/outdoor mixed lighting situation.
Later: on a larger view, I notice the cow-spotted fabric on the left, in a narrow slice. The light areas seem over-yellow as opposed to ivoy color, perhaps because of experience with photos or how the saturation relates to intensity as some areas are reflecting more light. And the black looks chacteristicly like over-yellow, too.
So if that is lit with the subject (unlike the right side) I say "too yellow in the picture; make colors bluer". If yellow is white, then blue is really blue.
BTW, never saw it untill your post.
Do I see the ambiguity? I can understand it, having been exposed to many images where white objects are rendered with a blue cast, just like everyone else... but I can't honestly say that I can see the blue of the dress as being caused by that, even if I try. There are just too many other visual cues in the image that contradict that impression, I guess.
Coming back to this a day later, I would guess maybe one significant cue is that the temperature of the light in the background is still very warm, and not strongly corrected in a way that would be likely to render shaded whites a deep blue color?
The closest I can get to explaining what happened is to look at how a projector used for a presentation system handles black in projected images.
These projectors typically work by throwing light onto a white screen. Colors like red, blue, green, and everything in between are handled by filtering the light to project the desired color. To get black, however, you have to filter out everything. You effectively project nothing for that portion of the image, and you're doing it to a white screen... yet the result is perceived as black. This works because the white and colored parts nearby be so much brighter than the black parts that our eyes take cues from the contrast, and we know that the area of the image in question is black. But take away that context — walk up close the screen and look at just that point — and it again becomes apparent that the screen is actually white.
I think there is something similar going on here. If you look along the right side of the image you can see the bright light coming in from behind the dress. It giving our eyes cues about contrast that our brains aren't quite sure what to do with.
I honestly can't say if my training and experience as a photographer impacted my way of viewing the dress initially. I think it did, as I immediately saw accurate color (even down to tone levels) of the dress when I first saw it and tend to correct white balance in images in my head very well, but I can't tell for certain this has been impacted by having done fine tune color correction on tens of thousands of images (if not hundreds).
What I CAN say definitively is that my confirmation of my initial impression came down entirely to training and experience. Taking a closer look at the dress, my brain quickly registered the color mismatch between the slightly yellow and slightly blue lighting which is a typical white balance issue in photos shot under mixed lighting.
I then quickly noticed the black and white spotted dress on the rack behind. It extends far enough back to get both the yellow light and the light that balanced out as white in the image, thus it confirms the black and white nature of the dress and the position of the lights in the image.
From there, it is pretty trivial to work backwards to the lighting on the dress and confirm it as blue and black, just like the actual dress turned out to be.
Probably nothing. A large proportion of people wasting their time on this nonsense see black and blue. So I see no reason to assume that your ability to see the black and blue is down to skills, talent or training. There is no statistical evidence to suggest that your time as a photographer has anything to do with it. I don't see why a background of taking photos of things would retrain your visual cortex in any meaningful way.
However, what your background will imbue you with is the knowledge of the processes at work with the illusion which, if you'd instead said "I briefly saw white and gold but I knew intuitively that this was an illusion", might have been relevant here.
• 1
I don't think your first paragraph logically follows; if not all people who see it as blue/black are photographers, that doesn't mean anything except that being a photographer isn't requisite (and I don't see why it would be). On the other hand, if a proportion of photographers larger than the proportion of the general public sees the image a certain way, that might have significance. – Please Read Profile Feb 28 '15 at 22:27
• @mattdm Yeah it might then but I see no evidence of that in this question. Just "I hold opinion X. My opinions are correct therefore X is true. What makes me special to have been able to divine that X is true?" which contains a few logical fallacies ;p – Lightness Races with Monica Feb 28 '15 at 22:31
• 1
I feel like you're reading quite a bit into it to see that. By the time I wrote the question, it was widely known that X is, in fact, true. I did edit the question with some links for people who might have missed that, rather than just stating it (perhaps that's what upset you?). In any case, I certainly am wondering "what makes me special", though, and it occurred to me that being a photographer might indeed be a factor. I don't know that, of course — hence the question. If you have any evidence or strong argument for or against that, that'd be a helpful answer. – Please Read Profile Feb 28 '15 at 22:43
• @mattdm: From the question: "it still is obviously a blue dress, poorly photographed and with bad attention it the lighting. But many of my friends insist that it is either "clearly" white/gold, or at least ambiguous". This is your argument, that your eyes must be right and everyone else's eyes are wrong, nothing to do with the actual physical colour that the dress turned out to be. That's the problem. If you repaired that sentence by instead relating to the real-world physical colour of the dress then I think everything would be fine. – Lightness Races with Monica Feb 28 '15 at 22:51
• Okay, again, I think you're reading too much into it. I'll edit, though. – Please Read Profile Feb 28 '15 at 22:53
I will explain a little further theese questions:
Is the green I see the same as the green you see?
Eyes see things in diferent ways, it is not a mechanical or universal process. Our eyes recalibrate depending on lighting conditions. The white balance process ocurs in our retina all the time.
If you want a live experiment on how the retina change this calibration, cover one eye and cick on this link: http://www.otake.com.mx/Apuntes/ColorCalibration/Red.phtml
There are also several kinds of colour blindness for example.
Are the shadows I see at the end of the cavern the reality?
People see what they know, imagine, deduce from the education he or she has. The calibration I mentioned earlier also includes what the brain asume its true. You know a tungsten light is orange, but you don't think on that when you are reading in such a condition. As a photographer we are more aware of the huge diference in colour temperatures in diferent light conditions, but when you think as a photographer.
Do I need a machine to tell me what I need to see?
Do you want to read the rgb values of the raster file? Do you want all the people to use a hardware to calibrate their monitors? Should their monitors be of some characteristics? Or it is a psicological question... What do you see?
Do I want you to see the same as I am seeing?
I want to belive that that photo is taken in verey bad lighting conditions or camera quality.
There is chroma aberration, overexposed, the lens looks dirty or made of plastic, etc. I want to belive that the person was careless on white balance too. Do you want to see the case in different terms? Do you want to see the same as I see?
We will never know. Probably we can do a survey, that will say what the majority thinks. Beyond that we will never know.
In a bad photo like this... does it matter?
I'm imagining a case where the color of this image matter. "My girlfriend liked really much this dress and took a photo". That is it.
This would not be a product shoot, and if this were industrial espionage case, the colours would not matter.
From a commercial photography point of view, you need to have a colour calibrated process, a custom white balance, color calibrated camera, raw files, a colour reference photo on the light situation, good exposure, colour calibrated monitors, controlled ambient illumination on the retouching studio, a standardized press system... I would say to that photo as currently is... YOU SHALL NOT PASS!
• 2
"We will never know. Probably we can do a survey, that will say what the majority thinks. Beyond that we will never know." Well, except we do. – Please Read Profile Feb 28 '15 at 19:14
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81604 | August Robot Update
August Robot UpdateHere is a question for the ages: why is it that male (or ostensibly male) robots look like fat white spacemen while female (and we use the term loosely) robots look like Barbie dolls? Is it because the coolest Cylons on Battlestar Galactica are the women?
Yes, dear friends, it’s time for another Planet Tokyo robot update. In this installment, we learn that Japanese scientists have developed a remarkably human-like robot, or rather made marked progress on a previous model. Iterations in robots are hard to follow without a flowchart. Robots have made major leaps in innovation in the past few months, and today’s robot has:
. . .flexible silicone for skin rather than hard plastic, and a number of sensors and motors to allow her to turn and react in a human-like manner.
Actually, she’s very pretty for a robot, though a bit reminiscent of a television news anchor (lifelike messy hair would help here, also better hands). Repliee Q1Expo (the successor to Repliee Q1, designed to look like a young girl) is able to move while retaining a graceful seated position. Like all good robots, Q1Expo mimics human movements and expressions. Women everywhere will be interested in the robot’s ability to feign interest in the arcana of football. Men? Well,
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81620 | Taylor Woodrow
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Taylor Woodrow was founded 90 years ago by Thomas Wilson. It employs over 7000 people worldwide and its primary business is housebuilding, with 90% of operating profit coming from developing new homes in the UK, and selected markets in North America, Spain and Gibraltar.99
In 2000, the firm made £201.5 million profit.100 In 2002, it reported a 15% rise in pre-tax profits to £233.1m on turnover of 2.22bn. This led to the announcement that it would buy back £50m of its shares.
Its housebuilding sector is the fourth largest in the UK following the £480m acquisition of rival Wilson Connolly in 2003 and £556m acquisition of Bryant Homes. Bryant happily claim that:
'we have the confidence to put a 10-year National House Building Council warranty plus our own two-year Bryant guarantee on every home we build.'
However, Funnily enough the 'NHBC Warranty' is nowhere to be found in the NHBC Buildmark policy that is given to the buyers of their new homes.101
In 2000, a scandal in Ghana erupted over the mysterious payment of 10 billion cedis to Taylor Woodrow subsidiary, Taysec, for 'refurbishment' on the Golden Beach Hotels that were nearly or already completed. The initial quote of 3.1 billion cedis as what was needed to finish all works was terminated and re-awarded to Taysec at 10 billion cedis.102
Also in 2000, the contractor was fined £80,000 after 30 tonnes of scaffolding fell from a 12-storey building in central Cardiff due to 70% of the ties that were meant to hold the structure up never being put in place.103 Another scaffolding collapse left 28 year old scaffolder, Stuart Whybrow, dead two days before he was due to marry. The verdict of accidental death wasn't much comfort to his fiancee.104
99'Company Profile,' Wilson Connolly. See: www.wilsonconnolly.co.uk/page.asp?ID=CPROF. Viewed: 11.03.04 100'They benefit from privatisation Fat cats who get PFI cream,' Socialist Worker, 25.08.01. See: www.socialistworker.co.uk/1763/sw176302.htm. Viewed: 29.01.04 101'Who would noe buy Bryant (WilCon) homes?' John Bowley. See: www.wronglybuilthouses.co.uk/bryant.html. Viewed: 29.01.04 102'The 'Black-hole' hotels rip-off,' The Ghanaian Chronicle, 21.08.00. See: www.mclglobal.com/History/Aug2000/21h2000/21h0r.html. Viewed: 29.01.04 103'Scaffold Collapse in Cardiff, U.K.' 13.12.00. See: www.workcover.vic.gov.au/vwa/home.nsf/pages/so _construction_attach/%24file/Scaffold_Collapse_Cardiff.pdf. Viewed: 29.01.04 104'Construction workers killed in the City of London,' London Hazards Centre, 28.04.03. See: www.lhc.org.uk/kaw/kawdate.htm. Viewed: 29.01.04 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81657 | @article{MellertLechnerLuedekeetal.2018, author = {Mellert, Kevin and Lechner, Stefan and L{\"u}deke, Manuel and Lamla, Markus and M{\"o}ller, Peter and Kemkemer, Ralf and Scheffzek, Klaus and Kaufmann, Dieter}, title = {Restoring functional neurofibromin by protein transduction}, series = {Scientific reports}, volume = {8}, journal = {Scientific reports}, number = {Aufsatz 6171}, publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Limited}, address = {London}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-24310-5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:rt2-opus4-21493}, pages = {1 -- 9}, year = {2018}, abstract = {In Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) germ line loss of function mutations result in reduction of cellular neurofibromin content (NF1+/-, NF1 haploinsufficiency). The Ras-GAP neurofibromin is a very large cytoplasmic protein (2818 AA, 319 kDa) involved in the RAS-MAPK pathway. Aside from regulation of proliferation, it is involved in mechanosensoric of cells. We investigated neurofibromin replacement in cultured human fibroblasts showing reduced amount of neurofibromin. Full length neurofibromin was produced recombinantly in insect cells and purified. Protein transduction into cultured fibroblasts was performed employing cell penetrating peptides along with photochemical internalization. This combination of transduction strategies ensures the intracellular uptake and the translocation to the cytoplasm of neurofibromin. The transduced neurofibromin is functional, indicated by functional rescue of reduced mechanosensoric blindness and reduced RasGAP activity in cultured fibroblasts of NF1 patients or normal fibroblasts treated by NF1 siRNA. Our study shows that recombinant neurofibromin is able to revert cellular effects of NF1 haploinsuffiency in vitro, indicating a use of protein transduction into cells as a potential treatment strategy for the monogenic disease NF1.}, language = {en} } |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81664 | Anti-Acne Elixir
Elixir Anti-Acné
Recommended for oily skin with postules and inflammation, this purifying serum is a 30day treatment. Assures concentrated action of active ingredients where bacteria is developing, accelerating healing changes deep in the skin. Thanks to salicylic acid, the product cleans pores, unblocks sebaceous glands and inhibits the growth of bacteria responsible for acne. In addition, fruit extracts brighten post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation deeply moisturizes, regenerates and smoothes. The result is a fast and visible improvement to the skin condition of the skin. Day after day the skin becomes healthier with an even tone and imperfections are reduced.
30 ml / 1 Fl.oz |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81679 | Caution: Some Over-the-Counter Medications May Affect Your Driving (FDA)
Anyone who operates a vehicle of any type—car, bus, train, plane, or boat—needs to know there are over-the-counter medicines that can make you drowsy and can affect your ability to drive and operate machinery safely.
Over-the-counter medicines are also known as OTC or nonprescription medicines. All these terms mean the same thing: medicines that you can buy without a prescription from a healthcare professional. Each OTC medicine has a Drug Facts label to guide you in your choices and to help keep you safe. OTC medicines are serious medicines and their risks can increase if you don’t choose them carefully and use them exactly as directed on the label.
SKU: 10714-1-0-3332 Category: Tags: ,
Item #: 10714-1 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81695 | Young Learners
Pearson English Kids Readers and Story Readers series will delight young learners with their colourful illustrations, unforgettable characters and engaging stories - all presented in accessible English with activities.
Browse all Kids Readers and Story Readers here or use our search to filter by level or other categories. If you know the ISBN, use the keyword search.
Access the accompanying Teacher Resources by searching for your Reader and clicking 'Teaching Resources'. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81705 | Teaching How to Get Started with Oracle Visual Builder 2.0
In this blog, I am going to show you how quickly you can use data in an existing Excel spreadsheet with multiple tabs and use it to auto-generate API-based microservices using Oracle Visual Builder. Then, we are going to consume our own generated APIs via a rich set of HTML5 components.
For demonstration purposes, I am going to upload an Excel spreadsheet that contains 3 tabs (Order, Buyers and Products). This is a simple way to play with master/detail records. Feel free to use the same spreadsheet as an initial demo vehicle to auto-generate REST APIs and build Web Applications.
Before we start
In this blog I assume the following:
Ok then, let’s have fun!
Provisioning Oracle Visual Builder
You can use Oracle Visual Builder stand-alone or as part of an existing OIC provisioning. In this workshop I am going to use an existing OIC instance that I provisioned using this previous blog.
However, if you choose to use Visual Builder separately, simply:
• Go to My Services Dashboard and locate Visual Builder. Customise the dashboard to show it if necessary.
• Click on its burger menu and click on “Open Service Console
• Go to Instances and click on Create Instance.
• Enter the instance details and confirm the provisioning.
• Similarly, you can go from My Services console into Oracle Cloud Stack. Go to Templates, filter by “Visual” and select one of the existing Visual Builder templates (Autonomous or traditional). Then click on the create stack icon
• Enter the required details, confirm and click on Create stack.
Note: Using Oracle Cloud Stack you can manage the whole Visual Builder as a single stack or unit, so that you don’t have to provision other components separately e.g. DBCS. This simplifies the provisioning and decommissioning of stacks.
Upload Excel spreadsheet into Oracle Visual Builder and auto-generate APIs
Once you have your Visual Builder environment, go to the main Visual Builder console. In my case, since I am using Visual Builder as part of the OIC installation, I am starting Visual Builder from within the OIC main menu:
• The Visual Builder console will open:
• Click New to create a New Application
• In the left menu, click on Business Objects icon
• Click on the Business Object burger menu and click on Data Manager.
• Click on Import Business Object.
• Let it finish with the import, make sure you get a successful message for each of the existing tabs in your Excel spreadsheet. Then click Next.
• Rename the objects if you want. Then click Next.
• Validate the fields and click Finish.
• Confirm a successful import and then click Close.
• You are going to have a new Business Object for each of your Excel spreadsheet tabs. In my case, I have 3 new business objects: Orders, Buyers and Products.
• Click on each of the Business Objects and then go to Endpoints. Notice that CRUD APIs where auto-created. Pretty awesome huh?
Creating a new Web Application in Oracle Visual Builder to consume the auto-generated APIs
Now that we have some Excel Data uploaded into our Visual Builder Application and we have also auto-generated REST APIs to interact with it, let’s create a quick Web Application that consumes those APIs.
• In the left menu, click on the Web Application icon.
• Click on + Web Application.
• Give it a good name and click Create.
• From the Form composite palette drag and drop a Table into the empty canvas.
• Now, drag and drop a Horizontal Rule underneath the table.
• Lastly, drag and drop another Table underneath the Ruler. Your canvas should look like the one below:
• Now, select the top table and click on the “teacher” icon on the right. Then click on Add Data.
• Expand Business Objects and select your master record, in this case, Buyers. Then click Next.
• We want to use Organization as the link between Buyers and Orders, so at least select Organization. Make sure the Primary Key is “organization“. Then click Next.
• Click Finish. The first Table will be populated with the imported data from Excel.
• While still keeping the top Table in focus, click on the General tab and set the Selection Mode Row to Single.
• Now, click on the bottom Table -> Teacher icon -> Add Data.
• Expand Business Objects and select Order. That is, from a selected Buyer (top table), we want to display all existing Orders (bottom table)
• Click Next.
• Select any
fields you want to present in the lower table. At least Organization, but feel free to also select: Contact, Product, Unit price, Quantity, Shipment, etc. Then click Next.
• Click Finish.
• The last thing to do is to create a new event on the top table, to filter the lower table, based on a selected row (buyer). Click on the top table and then click on Event -> + New Event.
• Select New Custom Event
• Expand Property Changes and select first-selected-row.
• Click Select and New Action Chain. A new Action chain will be displayed.
• From the left palette, drag “Assign Variables” action into the end of the chain.
• Click on Assign.
• On the right Target tree, expand Page > orderListDataProvider > filterCriterion > criteria > item[i] > attribute
• In the text area at the bottom enter: “organization” (Note: type the double quotes yourself, don’t copy them, as they can come with a weird formatting) – As you tab or click outside the text area, it will turn into {{“organization”}}
• Now, click on op and enter “$eq” (Note: type the double quotes yourself, don’t copy them, as they can come with a weird formatting) – It will turn into {{ “$eq” }}
• Now, select value and this time, drag and drop the top left element “firstSelectedRow” under Action Chain into the value field on the right.
• While the Source/Target link is still selected, at the bottom, append to the end of the expression: .data.organization
That is, bring the value of “organization” from the selected row (top table).
• Finally, select the last op on the right and enter in the bottom text area: “$or” (Note: type the double quotes yourself, don’t copy them, as they can come with a weird formatting) – It will turn into {{ “$or” }} after you tab or click outside the text area.
• Your Target configuration should look like this:
• When done, click on Save.
• Go back to your web app (main-start) and then click Live.
• Notice how as you select rows on the top table, the bottom table refreshes with the orders from that particular Organization (buyer).
Congratulations!!! You have enough to start creating your own Oracle Visual Builder Web Applications, consuming data from Excel spreadsheets.
I will keep publishing more advanced topics as I keep playing with consuming REST APIs from within Oracle Visual Builder. So, you better stay tuned!
Thanks for your time.
Author: Carlos Rodriguez Iturria
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81719 | @inproceedings{630, abstract = {Background: Standards have become available to share semantically encoded vital parameters from medical devices, as required for example by personal healthcare records. Standardised sharing of biosignal data largely remains open. Objectives: The goal of this work is to explore available biosignal file format and data exchange standards and profiles, and to conceptualise end-To-end solutions. Methods: The authors reviewed and discussed available biosignal file format standards with other members of international standards development organisations (SDOs). Results: A raw concept for standards based acquisition, storage, archiving and sharing of biosignals was developed. The GDF format may serve for storing biosignals. Signals can then be shared using FHIR resources and may be stored on FHIR servers or in DICOM archives, with DICOM waveforms as one possible format. Conclusion: Currently a group of international SDOs (e.g. HL7, IHE, DICOM, IEEE) is engaged in intensive discussions. This discussion extends existing work that already was adopted by large implementer communities. The concept presented here only reports the current status of the discussion in Austria. The discussion will continue internationally, with results to be expected over the coming years.}, author = {Sauermann, Stefan and David, Veronika and Schlögl, Alois and Egelkraut, Reinhard and Frohner, Matthias and Pohn, Birgit and Urbauer, Philipp and Mense, Alexander}, isbn = {978-161499758-0}, location = {Vienna, Austria}, pages = {356 -- 362}, publisher = {IOS Press}, title = {{Biosignals standards and FHIR: The way to go}}, doi = {10.3233/978-1-61499-759-7-356}, volume = {236}, year = {2017}, } @article{1350, abstract = {The hippocampal CA3 region plays a key role in learning and memory. Recurrent CA3–CA3 synapses are thought to be the subcellular substrate of pattern completion. However, the synaptic mechanisms of this network computation remain enigmatic. To investigate these mechanisms, we combined functional connectivity analysis with network modeling. Simultaneous recording fromup to eight CA3 pyramidal neurons revealed that connectivity was sparse, spatially uniform, and highly enriched in disynaptic motifs (reciprocal, convergence,divergence, and chain motifs). Unitary connections were composed of one or two synaptic contacts, suggesting efficient use of postsynaptic space. Real-size modeling indicated that CA3 networks with sparse connectivity, disynaptic motifs, and single-contact connections robustly generated pattern completion.Thus, macro- and microconnectivity contribute to efficient memory storage and retrieval in hippocampal networks.}, author = {Guzmán, José and Schlögl, Alois and Frotscher, Michael and Jonas, Peter M}, journal = {Science}, number = {6304}, pages = {1117 -- 1123}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Synaptic mechanisms of pattern completion in the hippocampal CA3 network}}, doi = {10.1126/science.aaf1836}, volume = {353}, year = {2016}, } @article{1890, abstract = {To search for a target in a complex environment is an everyday behavior that ends with finding the target. When we search for two identical targets, however, we must continue the search after finding the first target and memorize its location. We used fixation-related potentials to investigate the neural correlates of different stages of the search, that is, before and after finding the first target. Having found the first target influenced subsequent distractor processing. Compared to distractor fixations before the first target fixation, a negative shift was observed for three subsequent distractor fixations. These results suggest that processing a target in continued search modulates the brain's response, either transiently by reflecting temporary working memory processes or permanently by reflecting working memory retention.}, author = {Körner, Christof and Braunstein, Verena and Stangl, Matthias and Schlögl, Alois and Neuper, Christa and Ischebeck, Anja}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, number = {4}, pages = {385 -- 395}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Sequential effects in continued visual search: Using fixation-related potentials to compare distractor processing before and after target detection}}, doi = {10.1111/psyp.12062}, volume = {51}, year = {2014}, } @article{2230, abstract = {Intracellular electrophysiological recordings provide crucial insights into elementary neuronal signals such as action potentials and synaptic currents. Analyzing and interpreting these signals is essential for a quantitative understanding of neuronal information processing, and requires both fast data visualization and ready access to complex analysis routines. To achieve this goal, we have developed Stimfit, a free software package for cellular neurophysiology with a Python scripting interface and a built-in Python shell. The program supports most standard file formats for cellular neurophysiology and other biomedical signals through the Biosig library. To quantify and interpret the activity of single neurons and communication between neurons, the program includes algorithms to characterize the kinetics of presynaptic action potentials and postsynaptic currents, estimate latencies between pre- and postsynaptic events, and detect spontaneously occurring events. We validate and benchmark these algorithms, give estimation errors, and provide sample use cases, showing that Stimfit represents an efficient, accessible and extensible way to accurately analyze and interpret neuronal signals.}, author = {Guzmán, José and Schlögl, Alois and Schmidt Hieber, Christoph}, issn = {16625196}, journal = {Frontiers in Neuroinformatics}, number = {FEB}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, title = {{Stimfit: Quantifying electrophysiological data with Python}}, doi = {10.3389/fninf.2014.00016}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, } @article{493, abstract = {The BCI competition IV stands in the tradition of prior BCI competitions that aim to provide high quality neuroscientific data for open access to the scientific community. As experienced already in prior competitions not only scientists from the narrow field of BCI compete, but scholars with a broad variety of backgrounds and nationalities. They include high specialists as well as students.The goals of all BCI competitions have always been to challenge with respect to novel paradigms and complex data. We report on the following challenges: (1) asynchronous data, (2) synthetic, (3) multi-class continuous data, (4) sessionto-session transfer, (5) directionally modulated MEG, (6) finger movements recorded by ECoG. As after past competitions, our hope is that winning entries may enhance the analysis methods of future BCIs.}, author = {Tangermann, Michael and Müller, Klaus and Aertsen, Ad and Birbaumer, Niels and Braun, Christoph and Brunner, Clemens and Leeb, Robert and Mehring, Carsten and Miller, Kai and Müller Putz, Gernot and Nolte, Guido and Pfurtscheller, Gert and Preissl, Hubert and Schalk, Gerwin and Schlögl, Alois and Vidaurre, Carmen and Waldert, Stephan and Blankertz, Benjamin}, journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, title = {{Review of the BCI competition IV}}, doi = {10.3389/fnins.2012.00055}, volume = {6}, year = {2012}, } @article{2954, abstract = {Spontaneous postsynaptic currents (PSCs) provide key information about the mechanisms of synaptic transmission and the activity modes of neuronal networks. However, detecting spontaneous PSCs in vitro and in vivo has been challenging, because of the small amplitude, the variable kinetics, and the undefined time of generation of these events. Here, we describe a, to our knowledge, new method for detecting spontaneous synaptic events by deconvolution, using a template that approximates the average time course of spontaneous PSCs. A recorded PSC trace is deconvolved from the template, resulting in a series of delta-like functions. The maxima of these delta-like events are reliably detected, revealing the precise onset times of the spontaneous PSCs. Among all detection methods, the deconvolution-based method has a unique temporal resolution, allowing the detection of individual events in high-frequency bursts. Furthermore, the deconvolution-based method has a high amplitude resolution, because deconvolution can substantially increase the signal/noise ratio. When tested against previously published methods using experimental data, the deconvolution-based method was superior for spontaneous PSCs recorded in vivo. Using the high-resolution deconvolution-based detection algorithm, we show that the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in dentate gyrus granule cells is 4.5 times higher in vivo than in vitro.}, author = {Pernia-Andrade, Alejandro and Goswami, Sarit and Stickler, Yvonne and Fröbe, Ulrich and Schlögl, Alois and Jonas, Peter M}, journal = {Biophysical Journal}, number = {7}, pages = {1429 -- 1439}, publisher = {Biophysical}, title = {{A deconvolution based method with high sensitivity and temporal resolution for detection of spontaneous synaptic currents in vitro and in vivo}}, doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2012.08.039}, volume = {103}, year = {2012}, } @article{490, abstract = {BioSig is an open source software library for biomedical signal processing. The aim of the BioSig project is to foster research in biomedical signal processing by providing free and open source software tools for many different application areas. Some of the areas where BioSig can be employed are neuroinformatics, brain-computer interfaces, neurophysiology, psychology, cardiovascular systems, and sleep research. Moreover, the analysis of biosignals such as the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocorticogram (ECoG), electrocardiogram (ECG), electrooculogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG), or respiration signals is a very relevant element of the BioSig project. Specifically, BioSig provides solutions for data acquisition, artifact processing, quality control, feature extraction, classification, modeling, and data visualization, to name a few. In this paper, we highlight several methods to help students and researchers to work more efficiently with biomedical signals. }, author = {Schlögl, Alois and Vidaurre, Carmen and Sander, Tilmann}, journal = {Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience}, publisher = {Hindawi Publishing Corporation}, title = {{BioSig: The free and open source software library for biomedical signal processing}}, doi = {10.1155/2011/935364}, volume = {2011}, year = {2011}, } |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81720 | @inproceedings{2054, abstract = {We study two-player concurrent games on finite-state graphs played for an infinite number of rounds, where in each round, the two players (player 1 and player 2) choose their moves independently and simultaneously; the current state and the two moves determine the successor state. The objectives are ω-regular winning conditions specified as parity objectives. We consider the qualitative analysis problems: the computation of the almost-sure and limit-sure winning set of states, where player 1 can ensure to win with probability 1 and with probability arbitrarily close to 1, respectively. In general the almost-sure and limit-sure winning strategies require both infinite-memory as well as infinite-precision (to describe probabilities). While the qualitative analysis problem for concurrent parity games with infinite-memory, infinite-precision randomized strategies was studied before, we study the bounded-rationality problem for qualitative analysis of concurrent parity games, where the strategy set for player 1 is restricted to bounded-resource strategies. In terms of precision, strategies can be deterministic, uniform, finite-precision, or infinite-precision; and in terms of memory, strategies can be memoryless, finite-memory, or infinite-memory. We present a precise and complete characterization of the qualitative winning sets for all combinations of classes of strategies. In particular, we show that uniform memoryless strategies are as powerful as finite-precision infinite-memory strategies, and infinite-precision memoryless strategies are as powerful as infinite-precision finite-memory strategies. We show that the winning sets can be computed in (n2d+3) time, where n is the size of the game structure and 2d is the number of priorities (or colors), and our algorithms are symbolic. The membership problem of whether a state belongs to a winning set can be decided in NP ∩ coNP. Our symbolic algorithms are based on a characterization of the winning sets as μ-calculus formulas, however, our μ-calculus formulas are crucially different from the ones for concurrent parity games (without bounded rationality); and our memoryless witness strategy constructions are significantly different from the infinite-memory witness strategy constructions for concurrent parity games.}, author = {Chatterjee, Krishnendu}, booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)}, editor = {Baldan, Paolo and Gorla, Daniele}, location = {Rome, Italy}, pages = {544 -- 559}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik}, title = {{Qualitative concurrent parity games: Bounded rationality}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-44584-6_37}, volume = {8704}, year = {2014}, } |
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81780 | Holy Name Society
The Holy Name Society is a group of devout men who help build a foundation for the future of St. Louis Gonzaga Church. The organization was founded in 1930. If interested in joining the Holy Name Society or wish to share new ideas, please contact either the president or any one of the officers.
Co-president- Rick Blank 315.525.3221
Co-president- Lou Lewis 315.737.3950
Meets the third Sunday of each month. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81784 |
Moses kept asking God for various clarifications. He asks what should I tell them when they ask of your name? The Lord was very open to tell him His name.
One thing many of us have been failing is, to ask God various questions on our minds. In this issue we see God answering him by saying He is the I AM THAT I AM. Children of God would experience a better life if they would be prompt to ask God various questions that borders them.
Ask God anything that you do not understand or have no solutions to. If certain issues have refused solutions over a long time, ask Him the way out. The Holy Spirit is present with us to guide us into all truth, and so is ready to answer various questions on our mind. (John 16:13)
In chapter 4:1 Moses inquires further that the Israelites will not believe him if he just goes to them telling them that the God of their fathers has appeared unto him and is ready to deliver them. He had to show them something tangible to prove that this God is able to deliver them.
In Exodus 4:2 the Lord asked him to cast the rod in His hands on the ground and it became a snake. The Lord asked him to put his hand in his bosom and when he put it out it was leprous. He put it back again and it became whole again. With God all things are possible. He can create life out of dead things. He is able to do what He says.
One other lesson we learn about Moses is that he would stay through till he is convinced about an issue. Moses will not settle on mere words he wanted proofs.
The Lord says in Isaiah 1:8 “Come now, and let us reason together saith the Lord…….”. The Lord is ready to go whatever lengths with us. Do not just leave God’s presence. Wait for answers to whatever you are requesting. The Lord will surely show up. Jacob after wrestling with the angel of God did not allow the angel to go until he blesses him. Jacob did not give up but had his blessing.
You would be blessed if you do not give up.
I will always stay through with God to obtain whatever God has for me. Delays are not denials .
Luke 11:8 ” I say unto you, though he will not rise and give him, because he is his friend, yet because of his importunity he will rise and give him as many as he needeth”.
3 thoughts on “CHARACTER STUDY: MOSES 7”
1. I love this post. I am a leader in Celebrate Recovery at Lenexa Baptist Church in KC. I have recovered from many hurts, hang-ups, and habits in this program. However, I have to remind myself it is ok to ask God questions, about anything!
I am building my personal relationship with the Lord every day. When I can have a real conversation with God, that is when I grow spiritually. It continues to become clearer when I read God’s word in the Bible because when I don’t understand a message, He is always there waiting for me to ask. The key here is I have to take action when I don’t understand.
Thank you for this message. I have shared it to my 8000 friends on all my social media.
Keep being a light to the world, for God’s lost and hopeless children.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81785 | Re: Antisemitic hack hits map used by Snapchat and Citi Bike
Revision as of 06:16, 26 May 2019 by Sam (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{blog post | date = 2018-09-01T07:17:29+08:00 | location = Fremantle | timezone = +8 | categories = Open content; Guardian; journalism; OpenStreetMap; vanda...")
I shouldn’t let it bother me, but articles like this about map vandalism annoy me. It wasn’t a “hack”, it wasn’t unusual (although normally vandalism doesn’t make it so far downstream), and the data originated from OpenStreetMap (who explained it all yesterday).
Retrieved from ‘ |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81793 | I am creating a random configuration of particles for a molecular dynamics simulation, where I would like to guarantee a certain density. The strategy is as follows:
1. choose randomly the positions of the particles in $x$- and $y$-axis in square of the side length equal to $a$.
2. compute the distance between every pair of particles, using the periodic boundaries and minimum image conditions.
3. if the distance is less than $2^{1/6}\sigma$ then we should generate them once again to avoid overlaps.
My problem is that the program for the side length $a=10$, number of particles $n=100$ and the $\sigma=1$ diverges. The maximum $\sigma$ value for which the program gives an output is $0.74$. What is the reason?
Should I change the length side to a higher value? Or there is a other way to make the system more dense?
• 3
$\begingroup$ Welcome to SciComp.SE! It is difficult to understand what the problem is, because you are skipping a lot of details: What do you mean by "more dense"? What are the "minimum image conditions"? What do you mean precisely by "the program diverges"? If at all possible, please use mathematical formulas in your description (using LaTeX notation). $\endgroup$ – Christian Clason Oct 8 '15 at 13:20
As I am assuming by the word random you mean "liquid or gas like" is there any reason you can't use your MD program itself?
1. Pick the number of particles and the volume of the unit cell so as to get the density you want
2. Set the particles up on a regular lattice such as face centred or body centred cubic with some vacancies if required by the number of particles
3. Run a constant volume simulation at high enough temperature to melt the solid
4. Re-equilibrate at the temperature of interest
Now I realise this won't exactly satisfy your greater than $2^{1/6}\sigma$ criterion, but to satisfy that exactly will be unphysical and probably not what you want - and any sensible inter-atomic potential will mean there are few such separations. And if you are not using constant volume there are other problems, but I don't see why you can't use a recipe similar to the above.
The method you outline above is going to get very slow for high density systems, random numbers will just lead to too many atomic overlaps. Unfortunately I can't tell you at what reduced density this will start to cause problems in your set up, but in a related one I did many years ago anything for which ${N \over V}\sigma^3$ was greater than about 0.1 ran into problems if (and this is a big if, it's over 20 years ago) I remember correctly.
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81800 | You are here
Doomed Kiribati ferry crew drunk, victims died horribly: official report
Doomed Kiribati ferry crew drunk, victims died horribly: official report
Agence France-Presse Oct 08 2019
WELLINGTON, New Zealand - Crew members of an overloaded Kiribati ferry, which sank in the Pacific claiming 95 lives, were drunk, leaving passengers to die slow deaths from starvation and hypothermia, a damning report has found.
The report gives the first official account of the loss of the ferry MV Butiraoi, which sank in January last year after setting off from Nonouti island bound for the capital Tarawa.
It details a string of failures that led to the sinking and also gives a glimpse of the horrors endured by victims, who were missing in the vast ocean for eight days before the alarm was raised.
"Most, if not all, victims died from hunger, dehydration and hypothermia," it found.
"One died while giving birth in (these) most unhealthy and extreme conditions," it said.
The deaths of 84 passengers and 11 crew was the worst maritime disaster ever in Kiribati, a collection of 33 atolls and reefs scattered over an area the size of the continental United States.
There were only seven survivors, who were found in a small aluminum boat after 10 days adrift.
The Kiribati government has previously provided few details about the circumstances of disaster, or even the number of fatalities, and initially refused to distribute the report widely.
Ferries are a transport lifeline for its 110,000 population but the report found the Butiraoi, a 17.4 meter (57 foot) catamaran, should never have set out on its fateful voyage.
One of its life-rafts was "non-functioning," its distress beacon was missing or broken, it was not licensed to carry passengers and it had run aground twice before the voyage, damaging the vessel's structural integrity.
In addition, the ferry set off in rough seas without the crew notifying maritime authorities of its departure.
The report found widespread use of alcohol by the master and crew during working hours, "giving every drunken crew (member) the feeling of grandeur and power to make decisions alone".
"It was obvious the master of the MV Butiraoi was reckless and inconsiderate of the ship, crew and passengers," it said. The ship's master did not survive.
The report found the catamaran began to fall apart 30 minutes into the journey and had split and sank after two hours.
It said there was no leadership from the crew, who had limited survival training.
It blamed the slow rescue response on a lack of information provided by the ship's crew, recommending stricter maritime policing to ensure reporting procedures were properly followed.
It also called for a tighter inspection regime and better boat building standards. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81856 | American League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The American League (or AL) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB). The other is the National League (or NL). The American League is made up of 15 teams. At the end of each season, five of these teams go to the "post-season" where one will win the American League championship. The champions of the American League plays against the champions of the National League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball. Teams in the American league usually play against other teams in the American league, except for a few games a year when they play National league teams. There are 3 Divisions of the American League: AL East, AL Central, and AL West.
Differences[change | change source]
The only big difference between the American League and the National League is that the AL uses the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the worst hitter in his team's "lineup" (usually the pitcher). The NL does not use the Designated Hitter, and all players in the "lineup" must bat and field for themselves. If the DH plays a NL game in a NL park, he often plays First Base if at all. If they play in an AL park, the NL can use a DH.
Related pages[change | change source] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81857 | Olivier Messiaen
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Olivier Messiaen (1986)
Olivier Messiaen (born Avignon, 10 December 1908; died Clichy, near Paris, 27 April 1992) was a French composer and organist. He is the most famous French composer of the mid-20th century and one of the most important and original composers of his time. He was a brilliant organist and played the organ at the church of La Trinité in Paris for over 60 years. He wrote music for orchestra, piano and organ, most of which is very difficult to play. He was also a great music teacher who taught several young students who became well-known composers e.g. Pierre Boulez, Yvonne Loriod (who became his second wife), Karlheinz Stockhausen, George Benjamin and Iannis Xenakis.
Messiaen started to compose when he was seven years old. When he was given the score of Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande he could imagine the music in his head and he knew he wanted to be a composer. He went to the Paris Conservatoire when he was 11. His teachers included some famous composers such as Paul Dukas, Maurice Emmanuel, Charles-Marie Widor and Marcel Dupré. He was appointed organist at the church of La Trinité in Paris in 1930, a post he held until his death.
When World War II broke out Messiaen was made a prisoner of war in 1940. While he was held in a Silesian camp he composed a work which was to become a very famous piece of chamber music: the Quatour pour la fin du temps ("Quartet for the end of time") for piano, violin, cello, and clarinet. He composed for these instruments because they were the instruments available. The piece was first performed by Messiaen and fellow prisoners to an audience of 5000 inmates and prison guards.
When he was free again in 1941 Messiaen became professor of harmony at the Paris Conservatoire. He composed 20 pieces for piano which are called Vingt regards sur l’enfant Jésus (Twenty visions of the child Jesus). He wrote a book about the way he composed, called Technique de mon langage musical (The Technique of my musical language).
Messiaen soon became famous for his teaching and was invited to teach in other countries such as Germany, Hungary and the United States. He became interested in the rhythms of Greek and Hindu music.
His first wife died in 1959 and he remarried in 1961. He also became very interested in birdsong and spent a lot of time with his wife in the country with a tape recorder recording birdsong. He imitated the birdsong in his music, especially in piano pieces called Oiseaux exotiques (Exotic birds) and the Catalogue d’oiseaux (Catalogue of birds).
Messiaen wrote a lot of organ music which he performed himself. One very popular work is called Transports de joie (Outburst of joy). It is one of four pieces called L'Ascension (The Ascension). A much longer work, consisting of nine movements, is the La Nativité du Seigneur (The Birth of our Lord). The last movement of this piece is a toccata called Dieu parmi nous (God among us). It has become a favourite piece for organists to play at recitals or after Christmas carol services.
Messiaen wrote a long piece for orchestra called the Turangalîla Symphony. It was first performed in Boston in 1949 with Bernstein conducting. The French government commissioned a piece called Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum (And we expect the rising of the dead) which was dedicated to people who had died in the two world wars. It was performed in the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris and then in Chartres Cathedral in 1965 in the presence of General Charles de Gaulle. In 1966 Messiaen became professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire.
His visit to the Grand Canyon inspired him to write a ten-movement orchestral piece called Des Canyons aux étoiles (From the canyons to the stars), which was first performed in 1974 in New York.
Messiaen had been asked in 1971 to write an opera for the Paris Opéra. At first he did not want to start such a large work, but in 1975 he was persuaded to accept the commission and began work on his Saint-François d'Assise. It took him several years to compose. It was performed in 1983. Messiaen said that he preferred to call it a “spectacle” instead of an “opera”.
Messiaen retired from teaching at the Conservatoire in 1978. In 1987 he was given the highest rank: the Grand-Croix of the Légion d'honneur.
Messiaen was in a lot of pain near the end of his life. He needed operations on his back. He still managed to finish a piece called Éclairs sur l'au delà, which was first performed by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra six months after the composer's death. Messiaen had also been composing a concerto for four musicians he felt particularly grateful to: his wife Loriod, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, the oboist Heinz Holliger and the flautist Catherine Cantin. This was nearly finished when Messiaen died, and Yvonne Loriod orchestrated the last movement with advice from George Benjamin.
The style of his music[change | change source]
Messiaen said of himself that he was a “composer and rhythmician”. He meant by this that rhythm was very important in his music. He taught himself all about Greek metres although he did not speak the Greek language. He liked rhythms which use odd numbers. Very often a bar of his music may have one extra semiquaver so that there might be 17 semiquavers in a bar. He studied Hindu rhythms and found ways of changing the rhythms during the music. He was very influenced by the rhythms in Stravinsky’s famous piece The Rite of Spring.
Messiaen’s harmonies are very individual. He was fascinated by scales which can only be transposed in two or three different ways. He called these scales “modes of limited transposition”.
Messiaen’s music is full of different sounds. He wrote extremely well for large orchestras and for the organ, using different instruments or organ sounds in very original ways, e.g. in Chronochromie (1960) for large orchestra and Méditations sur le mystère de la Sainte Trinité.(1969), a work which uses styles from his earlier period together with birdsong. Messiaen had synesthesia which meant that music often made him think of particular colours. In his orchestra Messiaen often used an instrument called the ondes Martenot which was a kind of electronic keyboard instrument. His sister-in-law Jeanne Loriod was a famous player of the ondes Martenot. Messiaen was also influenced by Indonesian gamelan music. For a short time he experimented with total serialism.
In some of his later works such as the La Transfiguration de notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ, for choir of 100 voices, seven instrumental soloists and large orchestra, composed in the late 1960s, he used a simpler musical language which has helped it to become very popular.
Messiaen was a devout Roman Catholic all his life. His religion was a very important influence on his life and music.
References[change | change source]
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians; edited by Stanley Sadie ISBN 1-56159-174-2 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81871 | 6 Yoga Videos That Target Your Core Like You Never Thought They Could
Yoga is good for getting your splits down like Katelyn Ohashi, loosening up tight muscles, and aiding in relaxation. To top it all off, it does wonders for your balance and, most importantly, your core strength, which might not be the first thing you think of when you think about yoga, but it’s true. First, there’s the plank work that yoga flows often incorporate, and moves that force you to overtly engage your core such as Cat Cow. Then, there are all the poses that require balance – so many of them, like Warrior 2, for example – where tightening your core muscles keeps you stable.
My favorite yoga YouTube channel, Yoga With Adriene, includes videos for pretty much anything (even text neck and self-care). She often starts her follow-along sequences with some breathing exercises in a “nice and tall” seated position. She directs you to ground through your bottom while engaging your core, because something as simple as sitting up straight and breathing in through the nose, into the belly, and out through the mouth requires core activation.
There are also flows completely focused on ab and core strength. Ahead, you’ll find a number of these flows; a lot of them are slow and controlled with an emphasis on form, but that’s the best kind of burn. Get ready to feel bicycle crunches and planks like you’ve never felt them before! Plus, when you’re done, check out these ab-targeting yoga poses.
Can Yoga Help With Weight Loss?
Experts Agree: Yoga Can Help You Lose Weight, Especially If You Do This Type of Practice
Read more: feedproxy.google.com
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81872 | Having my way with Ulysses
Car Ride
Free from the I and Mine, from agression, arrogance, greed, desire, and anger, he is fit for the state of absolute freedom. Serene in this state of freedom, beyond desire and sorrow, seeing all beings as equal, he attains true devotion to me. By devotion he comes to realize the meaning of my infinite vastness; when he knows who I truly am, he instantly enters my being.11:32 am
I don’t care. I said what I said and I was right too. Now I’d better calm down because we’ll get there soon and she’ll be grieving. And I’ll help her. I can save her, sort out her insurance and she’ll be grateful. She’ll say she couldn’t imagine what she would have done without me. She’ll say thank you. She’ll say are you blue? Who the hell are you?
Krishna: Me? I’m Krishna. I’ll be your driver.
What the hell is happening? Did everything just stop? What’s going on?
Krishna: I changed the now moment. You are used to a, what’s that word? Kinch, a knife blade. A now infinitely thin separating past from future. I gave the now extension without duration.
What does that mean? It’s like you pressed a pause button or something.
Krishna: Ok. If that works for you. I paused time.
What? Why?
Krishna: Because you need help. You are headed for a fall of your own creation. You are laboring under an illusion and I’m here to tell you that creation leads to dissolution and back again. And again. That’s how it goes.
Look. Help me out here. I’m just going to see a widow to help her through a life insurance issue. Goodness of my heart. Change her future for the better.
Krishna: Right. Purely altruistic. I see you. I can see that you are performing this action with the expectation of a particular outcome. A particularly flattering to you outcome. I’m saying let it go. Help the woman, go ahead. But stop thinking about what may result from it. Do your duty and let it go.
But looking down the road for her, her prospects
Krishna: What road? There is no road. There’s no now and later. Time is static, man. It does not have uni-directional flow. It can’t be perceived, just inferred from motion and change.
No. I’m not going to listen to some blue man groupie. You’re the driver? Then drive on buddy. I have a widow to visit. Are you sticking your tongue out at me? Wait, weren’t you a guy? Who are you now?
Intercourse, eyeball to eyeball. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81886 | Creating a Vibrant Generation of Leaders Together
young women learning about career options at Junior Achievement's world of choices event in Calgary
Become a part of something amazing.
Thank you for your interest in the World of Choices program in your region. To register for the event, please fill in the information requested below. We look forward to having you involved in this life changing event!
Student Registration For World Of Choices
Strathmore - March 2, 2017
Strathmore Civic Centre
1. Step 1 Selection
Thursday March 02
9:00 AM - 2:00 PM
World of Choices at Strathmore Civic Centre - March 2, 2017
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81899 | How is the prize calculated when there are half-winning or half-losing or refund states in a multibet form?
Does it matter if more than one bet is a half-winner or a half-loser, or a combination of both?
Does this change if any of the bets should be refunded (regardless of reason for the refund)?
Your Answer
Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81901 | *Please* read the included README, so you understand the security aspects, and how it all works. For the impatient: Run etckeeper init cd /etc git status git commit -m 'msg' to get etckeeper started. Once you do that, the cronjob is in place and it'll do daily autocommits for you. To disable it, set AVOID_DAILY_AUTOCOMMITS=1 in /etc/etckeeper/etckeeper.conf. There's also a yum plugin enabled that autocommits before and after each yum transaction. It can be disabled in /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/etckeeper.conf. If you ever want to deinstall etckeeper via yum, disable the plugin like this: "yum --disableplugin=etckeeper remove etckeeper". |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81933 | Led Like a Sheep To Its Slaughter
Matthew 26:57
After Jesus demonstrated His phenomenal power, He permitted the soldiers to take Him into custody. In a certain sense, this was simply an act, for He had already vividly proven that they didn’t have adequate power to take Him. Just one word and He could put them on their backs, yet the Bible says that they “laid hold on Jesus” and “led him away.”
The words “laid hold” are from the Greek word kratos. In this case, this word means to seize, to take hold of, to firmly grip, and to apprehend. Used in this context, it primarily carries the idea of making a forceful arrest. Once Jesus demonstrated that He could not be taken by force, He then allowed the soldiers to seize Him.
Once Jesus was in their hands, Matthew 26:57 tells us that they “led him away.” This phrase comes from the Greek word apagothe same word used to picture a shepherd who ties a rope about the neck of his sheep and then leads it down the path to where it needs to go. This word pictures exactly what happened to Jesus that night in the Garden of Gethsemane. He wasn’t gagged and dragged to the high priest as one who was putting up a fight or resisting arrest. Instead, the Greek word apago plainly tells us that the soldiers lightly slipped a rope about Jesus’ neck and led Him down the path as He followed behind, just like a sheep being led by a shepherd. Thus, the Roman soldiers and temple police led Him as a sheep to slaughter, just as Isaiah 53:7 had prophesied many centuries earlier. Specifically on that night, however, the soldiers led Jesus to Caiaphas the high priest.
Let’s see what we can learn about Caiaphas. We know that Caiaphas was appointed high priest in the year 18 AD. As high priest, he became so prominent in Israel that even when his term as high priest ended, he wielded great influence in the business of the nation, including its spiritual, political, and financial affairs. Flavius Josephus, the famous Jewish historian, reported that five of Caiaphas’ sons later served in the office of the high priest.
As a young man, Caiaphas married Anna, the daughter of Annas, who was serving as high priest at that time. Annas served as Israel’s high priest for nine years. The title of high priest had fallen into the jurisdiction of this family, and they held this high-ranking position firmly in their grip, passing it among the various members of the family and thus keeping the reins of power in their hands. It was a spiritual monarchy. The holders of this coveted title retained great political power, controlled public opinion, and owned vast wealth.
After Annas passed the title of high priest to his son-in-law Caiaphas, Annas continued to exercise control over the nation through his son-in-law. This influence is evident in Luke 3:2, where the Bible says, “Annas and Caiaphas being the high priests….” It was impossible for two people to serve as high priests at the same time; nonetheless, Annas held his former title and much of his former authority. He was so influential to the very end of Jesus’ ministry that the Roman soldiers and temple police who arrested Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane led Jesus to Annas first before delivering him to Caiaphas, the current high priest (John 18:13).
Both Annas and Caiaphas were Sadducees, a group of religious leaders who were more liberal in doctrine and had a tendency not to believe in supernatural events. In fact, they regarded most supernatural occurrences in the Old Testament as myths.
The constant reports of Jesus’ supernatural powers and miracles, as well as the reputation He was gaining throughout the nation, caused Caiaphas, Annas, and the other members of the Sanhedrin to view Jesus as a threat. These religious leaders were control freaks in the truest sense of the word, and it was an affront to them that Jesus’ ministry was beyond their control and jurisdiction. Then they heard the verified report that Lazarus had actually been resurrected from the dead! This incident drove them over the edge, causing them to decide to do away with Jesus by committing murder.
These leaders were so filled with rage about Lazarus’ resurrection and were so worried about Jesus’ growing popularity that they held a secret council to determine whether or not Jesus had to be killed. Once that decision was made, Caiaphas was the one who was principally responsible for scheming how to bring His death to pass.
As high priest and the official head of the Sanhedrin, Caiaphas was also responsible for arranging Jesus’ illegal trial before the Jewish authorities. At first, he charged Jesus with the sin of blasphemy. However, because Jesus wouldn’t contest the accusation Caiaphas brought against Him, the high priest then delivered Him to the Roman authorities, who found Jesus guilty of treason for claiming to be the king of the Jews.
Caiaphas was so powerful that even after the death of Jesus, he continued to persecute believers in the Early Church. For instance, after the crippled man at the Beautiful Gate was healed (see Acts 3), Peter and John were seized and brought before the council (Acts 4:6). Caiaphas was the high priest at this time and continued to serve as high priest until he was removed in 36 AD.
This emphatically tells us that Caiaphas was also the high priest who interrogated Stephen in Acts 7:1. In addition, he was the high priest we read about who gave Saul of Tarsus written permission that authorized him to arrest believers in Jerusalem and later in Damascus (Acts 9:1, 2).
Because of the political events in the year 36 AD, Caiaphas was finally removed from the office of high priest. Of the nineteen men who served as high priests in the first century, this evil man ruled the longest. The title of high priest, however, remained in the family after Caiaphas stepped down, this time passed on to his brother-in-law Jonathan, another son of Annas.
Consider this: Jesus had never sinned (2 Corinthians 5:21); no guile had ever been found in His mouth (1 Peter 2:22); and His entire life was devoted to doing good and to healing all who were oppressed of the devil (Acts 10:38). Therefore, it seems entirely unjust that He would be led like a sheep into the midst of the spiritual vipers who were ruling in Jerusalem. According to the flesh, one could have argued that this wasn’t fair; however, Jesus never questioned the Father’s will or balked at the assignment that was required of Him.
The apostle Peter wrote this regarding Jesus: “Who, when he was reviled, reviled not again; when he suffered, he threatened not; but committed himself to him that judgeth righteously” (1 Peter 2:23). The word “committed” is the Greek word paradidomi, a compound of the words para and didomi. The word para means alongside and carries the idea of coming close alongside to someone or to some object. The word didomi means to give. When compounded together, it presents the idea of entrusting something to someone. The prefix para suggests that this is someone to whom you have drawn very close. It can be translated to commit, to yield, to commend, to transmit, to deliver, or to hand something over to someone else.
The Lord Jesus yielded Himself to the Father who judges righteously when He found Himself in this unjust situation. In that difficult hour, He drew close to the Father and fully entrusted Himself and His future into the hands of the Father. Jesus knew He was in the Father’s will, so He chose to entrust Himself into the Father’s care and to leave the results in His control.
If you are in a situation that seems unfair or unjust and there is nothing you can do to change it, you must draw as close to the Father as you can and commit yourself into His loving care. You know He wants the best for you, even though you have found yourself in a predicament that seems so undeserved. Your options are to get angry and bitter and turn sour toward life, or to choose to believe that God is in control and working on your behalf, even if you don’t see anything good happening at the present moment.
When Jesus was arrested and taken to Caiaphas to be severely mistreated, there was no escape for Him. He had no choice but to trust the Father. What other choice do you have today?
Lord, in times when I find myself stuck in a situation I don’t like or enjoy, help me lift my eyes and look to You for strength. I know that You love me and are looking out for my life, so in those moments when I am tempted to be nervous or afraid, I ask You to help me rest in the knowledge that You will take care of me.
I pray this in Jesus’ name!
I declare by faith that I am kept by the peace of God. Even when I find myself in situations that seem unjust, undeserving, and unfair, God is secretly working to turn things around for my good. He loves me; He cares for me; and He wants to see the very best for my life.
Therefore, I entrust my job, my income, my marriage, my children, my health, and everything else in my life into the hands of my Heavenly Father!
I declare this by faith in Jesus’ name!
1. Have you ever found yourself trapped in a situation that seemed unfair? What did you do to stay in peace and to avoid fear and anxiety?
2. If you were counseling a friend who was caught up in an undeserved situation, what steps would you suggest that your friend take in order to stay in peace?
3. If you were to lead someone in a prayer of commitment to God, how would you word that particular prayer? Why don’t you take a few minutes to pray this same prayer for yourself?
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81934 | If ye seek Me, let these go their way
“Jesus said unto them, If ye seek Me, let these go their way.” John 18:8
Mark, my soul, the care which Jesus manifested even in His hour of trial, towards the sheep of His hand! The ruling passion is strong in death. He resigns Himself to the enemy, but He interposes a word of power to set His disciples free. As to Himself, like a sheep before her shearers He is dumb and opened not His mouth, but for His disciples’ sake He speaks with Almighty energy. Herein is love, constant, self-forgetting, faithful love. But is there not far more here than is to be found upon the surface? Have we not the very soul and spirit of the atonement in these words?
The Good Shepherd lays down His life for the sheep, and pleads that they must therefore go free. The Surety is bound, and justice demands that those for whom He stands a substitute should go their way. In the midst of Egypt’s bondage, that voice rings as a word of power, “Let these go their way.” Out of slavery of sin and Satan the redeemed must come.
In every cell of the dungeons of Despair, the sound is echoed, “Let these go their way,” and forth come Despondency and Much-afraid. Satan hears the well-known voice, and lifts his foot from the neck of the fallen; and Death hears it, and the grave opens her gates to let the dead arise. Their way is one of progress, holiness, triumph, glory, and none shall dare to stay them in it. No lion shall be on their way, neither shall any ravenous beast go up thereon. “The hind of the morning” has drawn the cruel hunters upon himself, and now the most timid roes and hinds of the field may graze at perfect peace among the lilies of his loves.
The thunder-cloud has burst over the Cross of Calvary, and the pilgrims of Zion shall never be smitten by the bolts of vengeance. Come, my heart, rejoice in the immunity which thy Redeemer has secured thee, and bless His name all the day, and every day. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81971 | Knowledgebase: Getting Started
Getting Started with NodeJS at Arvixe
Posted by on 11 October 2015 02:55 PM
While not strictly required, it is considered good practice for your application to live outside of your web root. For this tutorial, we'll be calling our account 'user' and our application 'myapp'.
First, prepare our application for use with the server. Our myapp contains the following files:
• myapp.js
• index.html
• server.js
• style.css
The server requires that the application follow a specific layout in order to be loaded. Specifically, the entry file must be named 'app.js' and a tmp directory should exist inside the application folder. The entry file should be the file that starts the http listen, such as:
var http = require('http');
var server = http.createServer(function(req, res) {
For many applications you can either rename server.js or simply symlink it to the correct location. Install myapp to the following folder(s):
Then symlink server.js to app.js:
cd /home/user/myapp
ln -s server.js app.js
Create a tmp directory in the myapp directory:
mkdir tmp
Now that the application is prepared, we can tell the web server to actually use it. In your web root, which for our example will be /home/user/public_html, we need to create an .htaccess file that tells the web server to use our application when accessing that directory. Create a file using your preferred text editor named .htaccess (noting that the filename starts with a period). Inside it, add:
PassengerEnabled on
PassengerAppRoot /home/user/myapp
SetEnv NODE_ENV production
SetEnv NODE_PATH /usr/lib/node_modules
Save the above file, and place it in your web root. You should now be able to test your application by visiting your website. If your application requires further application-specific setup, please do so as your application instructs if applicable.
Explaining the .htaccess Directives
Earlier we created an .htaccess file with four lines, or in this case directives. The server supports node.js through Phusion Passenger and that file is required to tell the web server to use Passenger, along with how it should be configured. Here are the directives, and how they are used:
• PassengerEnabled on - tells the web server to enable Passenger
• PassengerAppRoot /home/user/myapp - tells Passenger that our application is in /home/user/myapp
• SetEnv NODE_ENV production - sets the environment variable NODE_ENV to production, which if your application uses it will relay to the application that it needs to use it's production configuration
• SetEnv NODE_PATH /usr/lib/node_modules - tells Passenger to also look for node.js modules in the global directory, where modules that the server provides exist.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81973 | You can customise your invoice template by pre-defining the various settings. You can add new fields for discounts, service date, description, notes, terms, PO number, deposit total, and add custom fields. Changes made in your invoice settings will be applied to all your new invoices.
You can activate or disable these settings from within an invoice:
1. Click on the + (Create) icon → Invoice
2. Click on the gear (Customise) icon
3. Select the values you’d like to add or remove from your invoices, or add a custom field
4. Click on Save and close
You are able to create up to three custom fields to meet the specific needs of your business.
Customise your invoices |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81974 | Main Menu
Limited User Accounts
Steam prevents some accounts from accessing certain community and social features that are commonly used for spamming, phishing, and other abuse.
Why are these features not available?
Malicious users often operate using dummy accounts that have not purchased any games, items, or wallet credit. In order to make it more difficult for these malicious users to spam, scam, and phish other users, we restrict access to certain community features until an account has spent at least $5.00 USD in Steam.
How do I gain access to these features?
You will need to spend at least $5.00 USD within the Steam store. Click here to view your current limited user spend.
Some examples of purchases that grant access to these features are:
• Adding the equivalent of $5 USD or more to your Steam Wallet
• Purchasing game(s) that are equal to $5 USD or more from the Steam store
• Adding a Steam Wallet card that is equal to $5 USD or more to your Steam account
• Purchasing a Steam gift that is equal to $5 USD or more from the Steam store (Receiving a Steam gift or digital gift card from a friend doesn't count)
The below actions will not remove limited user restrictions:
• Activating a retail game on Steam
• Playing free demos
• Adding a non-Steam game as a shortcut
• Spending funds from items you have sold on the market
• Adding/playing promotional trials like Free Weekends
• Free to Play games (Examples: Alien Swarm, free versions of Portal and Team Fortress 2)
• Activating promotional CD Keys from hardware or graphic card manufacturers
Each Steam purchase total will be tracked in USD. If your Steam store's currency isn't in USD, it will be tracked and converted to USD automatically using daily exchange rates.
What features are unavailable?
Limited user accounts are prevented from accessing several features on Steam, including but not limited to:
• Sending friend and group invites
• Requesting access to groups
• Opening group chat
• Voting on Steam Reviews and Workshop items
• Participating in the Steam Market
• Trading Steam Community items (trading cards, booster packs, gems, etc.)
• Posting frequently in the Steam Discussions
• Gaining Steam Profile Levels (Locked to level 0) and Trading Cards
• Submitting content on the Steam Workshop
• Posting in an item's Steam Workshop Discussions
• Accessing the Steam Web API
• Using browser and mobile chat
• Adding public artwork and screenshots
• Adding messages to trade offers
• Creating Steam groups
• Counting towards Steam group membership
• Following/adding curators
Frequently asked questions
I received my game(s) as a gift, will I gain access to all features?
No, games that have been received as a gift or via Steam Trading are not eligible.
What if a purchase is refunded to my bank or my purchase is disputed/chargeback?
If a purchase amount is returned to your bank, the amount will be subtracted from your account's total purchase value. If the refund or dispute amount brings your account's total purchase value below $5 USD, then your account will lose access to these features.
For example, if you purchase a game for $5 USD, your account will gain access to these Community features. If you open a dispute with your bank, these funds will be returned to the bank and you will lose access to these features because Steam never received the funds.
What if a purchase is refunded to my Steam Wallet?
Refunds credited to your Steam Wallet, such as pre-order refunds, do not modify access to these Steam Community features.
What if my account wasn't limited and now it is?
Your account's total spend was most recently calculated as less than $5.00 USD, and your account has become limited as a result. This could be a result of a calculation mistake which commonly affected accounts with more than $1.00 USD but less than $5.00 USD of total spend.
What if my Steam store currency isn't in USD?
If the Steam store isn't in USD, we will track the purchase amount in USD by converting each purchase total made on Steam using daily exchange rates. Once you have made the equivalent of $5.00 USD or more in total Steam purchases, you will gain access to the restricted Steam features.
How can I add a friend with a limited account?
Limited accounts are restricted from adding friends. However, you can still accept friend invites from other non-limited users. For example, if a friend is already on Steam and has spent $5 USD or more from the Steam store, they will be able to add you as a friend from your Steam Community profile. You may then accept their friend invite from your Steam account.
Can I post in the discussions with a limited account?
You can, however there are several limitations that will impact your ability to freely post. First, your account must have 60 minutes of playtime (free games count). Second, you must own the game in question if you are posting in a game's community hub. Finally, posting with a limited account is rate limited to only allow a small amount of posts per day.
What if my purchase is pending or processing? When will I become unlimited?
A purchase amount only counts towards this limit if it was processed successfully. If a purchase is pending/processing or our system is waiting to confirm payment with your bank it will not count towards this limit.
What exchange rates are used when calculating the USD value of my purchases?
We use the daily exchange rate at the time of purchase to calculate your account's USD spend on Steam. If you made a purchase in the past, we used that day's exchange rate, not today's rate.
Problem with Steam?
Help Me With My Issue
Related Articles
Limited User Accounts Buying Games through Steam
Limited User Accounts Steam Wallet |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81977 | How to integrate BrowZine within OCLC WorldCat Discovery
A number of libraries who utilize OCLC WorldCat Discovery for searching their collection want to provide a direct link to BrowZine from within the WorldCat Discovery interface. This can be easily done using the OCLC Admin Tools.
The goal of this tutorial is to allow you to modify the
Main Menu area which from the public view appears in the top of every page of the OCLC interface and will look something like this:
To get started:
1) Login to the OCLC Service Configuration site.
2) Select "" as shown:
3) This will expand to show a sub-menu and select "User Interface Options". Scroll to the bottom of this list to the section called "Custom Links".
4) Create a custom link of your choosing and name it here choosing the type of "Other" and replace the URL with your specific BrowZine Library URL (rather than the example showing library "999999" here):
That's it! Your new direct link to your BrowZine Library should be ready!
Library Configuration and FAQ
1. About the BrowZine Taxonomy
2. Your Institution Logo in BrowZine
3. Publisher EZProxy Definitions and Common Issues
4. EZProxy Configuration Instructions
5. WAM Proxy Configuration Instructions
6. Proxy Auto-Configuration (PAC) file Configuration Instructions
7. Proxy Configuration Instructions
10. What Proxy Servers do you Support?
11. OpenAthens FAQ
12. Shibboleth FAQ
14. EZProxy: Proxy by port or Proxy by Domain?
16. LibGuide Integrations
17. RefWorks and BrowZine (iOS & Android)
18. BrowZine Marketing Widget - Integration Issues and FAQ
19. BrowZine Marketing Widget - iFrame Workaround
20. BrowZine Marketing Widget - Whitelabel Edition
21. Getting Started with your Trial / Subscription (iOS, Android & Web)
22. Inter-Library Loan / Link Resolvers and BrowZine (All Platforms)
23. How do I integrate BrowZine's journal title/ISSN lookup into my library webpage?
24. BrowZine Web & LibKey Accessibility
25. How to integrate BrowZine within Primo
26. How to integrate BrowZine with Summon
27. How to integrate BrowZine within EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS)
28. How to integrate BrowZine within OCLC WorldCat Discovery
29. Creating a drop-down menu with BrowZine Durable URL's in HTML
30. Extended A-Z BrowZine Web Search to cover all Library Titles
31. BrowZine API Functionality
32. BrowZine and OpenAthens Overview
33. Finding your OpenAthens Redirector URL
35. How To Find Your Primo Link Resolver Base URL
36. Determining your ProQuest ID
37. List of Domains to Whitelist for BrowZine and LibKey Operation
Feedback and Knowledge Base |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81984 | No evidence Ukraine plane crash was linked to Iran rocket attack
No evidence Ukraine plane crash was linked to Iran rocket attack
100 thoughts on “No evidence Ukraine plane crash was linked to Iran rocket attack
1. No evidence… The iranians refusing to deliver the black boxes is evidence enough. We should take out all of their offensive capabilities.
2. thier are holes in those wings sad to say it was deff shot down…. they have done this many times before and blamed it on another country sad to sayy but truth
3. THIS is what Fox reported soon after the plane went down? How did they know so soon and without investigation of the pieces found?
4. Fox has determined the rockets are not linked, however Iran won't turn over any evidence… Journalism at its best….
5. The facts scream about Iranian role in the crush: 1) Iran refuses to turn over the black boxes; 2) the small debris are scattered over a huge area;3) the plane exploded in the air twice ( video) just minutes after the take off and 4)cover-up LIES of Iran about engine failure without ANY data, etc. Most likely the iranians shot down the plane by mistake while expecting US retaliation for their missile attacks on the US bases.
6. -Service of plane showed no issues.
-No previous issues with that model.
-No comms with piolet before crash
-Iran seizing black box
-Iran noting fight 655 days prior
-Iran on high alert grounding air traffic
-Fox news closing comment sections on updated videos
No Evidence
7. Machine gun fire… appears there are several holes in the fuselage that was aired on ABC. Maybe Iran thought it was a US Reaper Drone in the dark…
8. The defrocked 1st Queer… Biden…Hillary… Corrupted FBI…. Comey colluded and ordered a stinger attack that brought down the Ukrainian air-liner…. because it had at least 8 Ukrainian money Laundering witness's as passengers….!
9. Of course FUX news doesn’t want the world to know that Dipshidiot Donald’s dumbass decision got 176 innocent folks killed. Planes don’t just explode and fall to the ground in pieces anymore.
10. The aircraft was serviced in Ukraine on January 6, 2020. Those maintenance records are now being scrutinized by the Ukrainians. Ukraine has pulled its fleet of 737's to recheck records on other aircraft too.
12. Liars anyone can watch a video of a missle hitting the plane. We are sooooo tired of the STATE ran media thinking we are braindead. Fu
13. stop lying….it happen around the same time when the rocket launch….i'll give them credit they're really trying to defuse ww3
14. Too much coincidence and evidences that something was really wrong: the timing, the place, the moment… a plane could crash anywhere, but no… it crashed there, on these days, under these reasons… and now they want to tell us that it was a mechanical failure? We are not idiots…
15. This was no doubt shot down, I’m an armchair expert on Plane Crashes because I’m fascinated and terrified of them, and this does NOT happen. Planes do crash now and then, but they don’t fall out of the sky as a fireball. An Engine can catch fire, both engines can catch fire, but the plane can still land. This was engulfed in flames until it made impact and exploded. Secondly, debris does not scatter 6 miles unless it was broken up in mid air. This was shot down just like MH17, sadly also Ukrainian, and in the exact same way/situation. Rogue military forces mistaking passenger airlines flying over conflict zones. This should never have been allowed.
16. It seems a little suspicious for a number of reasons. 1. Iran launched missile attacks just hours earlier, could Iran have accidentally shot it down thinking that this was an US fighter jet coming back in retaliation? 2. There needs to be some explanation for the little holes on the fuselage and wings. 3. How can Iran say it was a mechanical failure mere hours after the crash? Normally, statements like that aren't made right after a crash. 4. If it was a mechanical failure, then why wasn't there a MAYDAY call from the pilots? 5. I understand that US-Iran aren't the best of friends, and the US/Boeing may fabricate the data if the data recorders are sent to them, but why isn't the investigators sending the recorders to an independent investigator for analysis? Or maybe share the data with Canada since a lot of the passengers were Canadian?
I'm not saying it was a missile attack, it might have been an engine explosion which caused the crash, but there is a lot that needs to be explained other than 'it was a mechanical failure'.
17. Why haven't Iranian officials given to the investigators and why is there flak damage in the wing and fuselage?!
18. -Communication was jammed
-Video of Boeing on fire before crash (missile)
-Iran will not turn over the black box
-Yeah Iran shot the Boeing down.
19. This plane looks more like it exploded, AS there is to many pieces scattered far and wide,
If this plane had crashed, there would be many bigger chunks then what actually seen
This will be a provocative move from possibly Iran's missile or an inboard bomb that probably brought it down,
If there was a mechanical problem the plane would still be having big chunks not as seen in the videos released. Just look at previous mechanically involved accidents, I would not be surprised to know that the western powers realize this and are not speaking up yet until they have actual proof. And if Iran does decide to give the west the black boxes, you can probably bet they will be doctored,
Why do you think they will not give the US the black box?
They will hide the truth,
This may just make the bibles statement in Daniel where the west attacks IRAN the 2 horned ram,
20. Iran shot the plane with a missile cause they would have thought it would be a missle coming from USA………….im saying these because iran has denied in handing over the black box……….which is obvious they commited a crime
21. Racist Americans have controlled lies so long until they believe people to be crazy. Set back and enjoy these liars exposed. This evil system have lost world power to China.
22. This was entirely due to blow back from 1979. 138 passengers were living in Canada. Canada was the country that aided the escape of American diplomats in 1979. I guarantee this was no accident. Iran kills their own people all the time, and would view these Persians living in Canada as Westerners.
23. They were real quick to clean up the evidence for it to be mechanical failure and not hand over the black boxes 🤔
24. I understand that we don't have evidence and In our good country you are innocent until proven guilty right? Even though they are reckless did CNN really need to instantly try to persuade everybody that it was Iran? I get it they probably shot it down but pointing fingers isn't helping spreading info is. Appreciate the actual reporting fox👌🏼
25. How about a check of those working on the tarmac before this flight took off. Could have been folks that were posing as Iranians but where otherwise. Not out of the realm of possibilities. If that could be the case; then I wonder if those folks are even still in Iran now.
26. Honestly; think logically and rationally about who would have benefited the most out of that aircraft going down in the mist of all the other insanity occurring during the time frame. Would Iran have wanted to get smeared any further with all the flack flying in its direction by the west after it retaliated by bombing some bases in Iraq because its general was assassinated by the U.S. ? Or would the U.S. and/or others have wanted Iran to look even worse and create further reason(s) to target it further ? Logic and rational leads me to think it is the latter.
27. You know, things are starting to smell really fishy. (1) Democrats set impeachment into motion on flimsy basis.; (2) There is claim that there was a missile attack on Netanyahu while he was campaigning yet again in an unprecedented 3rd election go around within a year in Israel ( Israel has yet to form a government because Netanyahu has refused to accept defeat in the prior 2 elections. ).; (3) Now democrats say president abused power with action towards Iran.; (4) Democrats get emboldened with further cause to push impeachment because they say abuse of power is an impeachable offense.
28. I find it amusing how everyone talks about passengers from any other nationality other than Iranians even when the majority of the passengers in that plane were Iranian. Talk about manipulation of information…
29. Evidence,evidence that is all they said,No Evidence,malfunction etc is a joke,loss of life is nothimg to those who does not care about other people's lives,but the US does and other major western countries,the plane was brought down by a missile,one can speculate where and who is firing those missiles that night the plane went down with all loss of life.
30. The plane had problems. It was turning around to go back to the airport and land. As it was going back to land it blew up. They are not reporting that part. And why would Iran give their sworn enemy the black box before they did their own investigation? No country would. And Boeing would just say what the deep state tells them and it would never be the truth. Who benefits most? Iran does not gain anything. But Israel and the nato bullies sure have alot to gain from this…
31. Iran stated that it will only share the black box with Ukraine. Ethiopia did the same in 2019 by not sending their 737 black box to the U.S. . They shared their black box only with France. Fact: very few countries have any trust in the U.S.'s credibility anymore. The actions of the U.S. have proven its incredibility.
32. He attacked Iran to divert his idiotic base from his incoming impeachment !!! who of course believe all the lies he says !!!
33. If it ain't Iran who shot down it.
Then why on the video there are so many pieces burning, plus if it crashed it should've slid on the land and exploded and it shouldn't be in peices already, video evidence shows that their self defense mechanisms are self propelled
34. What about the CANADIANS and all other people on board? Are you all crazy? What must happen to make the USA organize another OPERATION OVERLORD!
Leave a Reply
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/81997 | F is for Felinophobia, The Fear of Cats
“There it is again,” Aaron whispered to his friend, Joey. “See it? The stupid thing’s just sitting there staring at us. Throw a rock at it, Joe.”
“No. You do it.” Joey was grateful that his voice didn’t betray his jitters. At least, he didn’t think so. Aaron probably wouldn’t notice in any case, intent as he was on the tabby parked across the street with its tail curled demurely around its feet.
“Gimme a rock from Mrs. Watkin’s yard, and I will,” Aaron instructed, his eyes never straying from the cat as he crouched behind the oak. He didn’t like that cat. There was something about it that gave him the willies. He saw it everywhere, like it was following him, staring at him like it knew.
“I’m not going anywhere,” the younger boy countered indignantly. “Besides, Ms. Watkins would tan our hides if she caught us stealing any more of those stupid white rocks. Jeez, they’re just rocks. I don’t know why she has to be like that.”
“She’s a bitch.” Aaron spat the word bravely, showing off. He wanted to glance behind him to get a load of the shocked look on Joey’s face, but he didn’t dare stop watching that cat. He had an icy feeling that if he looked away, even for a moment, that it would somehow be… closer.
Joey stood and peeked around the tree. “It can’t be the same one, can it? I mean, we were at school across town when we saw it at recess. Cats like to stay in the same place, right? Like their–their home or something?”
“Yeah. I think they’re territorial like tigers. Stupid, little, tabby like that’d be chewed up and spit out over by the school.” Aaron bared his teeth at it when he saw it casually lick a front paw while it continued to stare in their direction.
Aaron gathered his courage, stood, and stepped out from behind the oak. He cupped his hands over his mouth, and shouted, “Hey! Shoo, you stupid cat! Get outta here! You hear me?” He was sure it would run away, but it didn’t.
Instead, the tabby returned its paw to the ground and lifted its hindquarters, looking for all the world like a mountain lion about to pounce. Tail held low, ears laid flat, emerald eyes glittering darkly, the cat hissed, sending a spike of fear through both the boys. That was enough for Joey to abandon his friend for the safety of home. He took off running without a backward glance.
Aaron didn’t notice. He was frozen with fear. “It’s just a stupid cat,” he whispered, trying to calm his racing heart. “You’ve seen the insides of dozens of those fur bags. This one is no different.”
He was wrong. This one was very different. And Aaron was not nearly as fast as Joey.
4 thoughts on “F is for Felinophobia, The Fear of Cats
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82018 | Drug class
Morphin - Morphine.svg
Chemical structure of morphine, the prototypical opioid.[1]
Class identifiers
UsePain relief
ATC codeN02A
Mode of actionOpioid receptor
External links
In Wikidata
Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.[2] Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia.[3] Other medical uses include suppression of diarrhea, replacement therapy for opioid use disorder, reversing opioid overdose, suppressing cough,[3] as well as for executions in the United States. Extremely potent opioids such as carfentanil are only approved for veterinary use.[4][5][6] Opioids are also frequently used non-medically for their euphoric effects or to prevent withdrawal.[7]
Side effects of opioids may include itchiness, sedation, nausea, respiratory depression, constipation, and euphoria. Long-term use can cause tolerance, meaning that increased doses are required to achieve the same effect, and physical dependence, meaning that abruptly discontinuing the drug leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.[8] The euphoria attracts recreational use and frequent, escalating recreational use of opioids typically results in addiction. An overdose or concurrent use with other depressant drugs like benzodiazepines commonly results in death from respiratory depression.[9]
Because opioids are addictive and may result in fatal overdose, most are controlled substances. In 2013, between 28 and 38 million people used opioids illicitly (0.6% to 0.8% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65).[10] In 2011, an estimated 4 million people in the United States used opioids recreationally or were dependent on them.[11] As of 2015, increased rates of recreational use and addiction are attributed to over-prescription of opioid medications and inexpensive illicit heroin.[12][13][14] Conversely, fears about over-prescribing, exaggerated side effects and addiction from opioids are similarly blamed for under-treatment of pain.[15][16]
Educational video on opioid dependence.
Opioids include opiates, an older term that refers to such drugs derived from opium, including morphine itself.[17] Other opioids are semi-synthetic and synthetic drugs such as hydrocodone, oxycodone and fentanyl; antagonist drugs such as naloxone; and endogenous peptides such as the endorphins.[18] The terms opiate and narcotic are sometimes encountered as synonyms for opioid. Opiate is properly limited to the natural alkaloids found in the resin of the opium poppy although some include semi-synthetic derivatives.[17][19] Narcotic, derived from words meaning 'numbness' or 'sleep', as an American legal term, refers to cocaine and opioids, and their source materials; it is also loosely applied to any illegal or controlled psychoactive drug.[20][21] In some jurisdictions all controlled drugs are legally classified as narcotics. The term can have pejorative connotations and its use is generally discouraged where that is the case.[22][23]
Medical uses[edit]
The weak opioid codeine, in low doses and combined with one or more other drugs, is commonly available without a prescription[24] and can be used to treat mild pain.[25] Other opioids are usually reserved for the relief of moderate to severe pain.[25]
Acute pain[edit]
Opioids are effective for the treatment of acute pain (such as pain following surgery).[26] For immediate relief of moderate to severe acute pain opioids are frequently the treatment of choice due to their rapid onset, efficacy and reduced risk of dependence. However a new report showed a clear risk of prolonged opioid use when opioid analgesics are initiated for an acute pain management following surgery or trauma.[27] They have also been found to be important in palliative care to help with the severe, chronic, disabling pain that may occur in some terminal conditions such as cancer, and degenerative conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. In many cases opioids are a successful long-term care strategy for those with chronic cancer pain.
Chronic non-cancer pain[edit]
Guidelines have suggested that the risk of opioids is likely greater than their benefits when used for most non-cancer chronic conditions including headaches, back pain, and fibromyalgia.[28] Thus they should be used cautiously in chronic non-cancer pain.[29] If used the benefits and harms should be reassessed at least every three months.[30]
In treating chronic pain, opioids are an option to be tried after other less risky pain relievers have been considered, including paracetamol/acetaminophen or NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen.[31] Some types of chronic pain, including the pain caused by fibromyalgia or migraine, are preferentially treated with drugs other than opioids.[32][33] The efficacy of using opioids to lessen chronic neuropathic pain is uncertain.[34]
Opioids are contraindicated as a first-line treatment for headache because they impair alertness, bring risk of dependence, and increase the risk that episodic headaches will become chronic.[35] Opioids can also cause heightened sensitivity to headache pain.[35] When other treatments fail or are unavailable, opioids may be appropriate for treating headache if the patient can be monitored to prevent the development of chronic headache.[35]
Opioids are being used more frequently in the management of non-malignant chronic pain.[36][37][38] This practice has now led to a new and growing problem with addiction and misuse of opioids.[29][39] Because of various negative effects the use of opioids for long-term management of chronic pain is not indicated unless other less risky pain relievers have been found ineffective. Chronic pain which occurs only periodically, such as that from nerve pain, migraines, and fibromyalgia, frequently is better treated with medications other than opioids.[32] Paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including ibuprofen and naproxen are considered safer alternatives.[40] They are frequently used combined with opioids, such as paracetamol combined with oxycodone (Percocet) and ibuprofen combined with hydrocodone (Vicoprofen), which boosts the pain relief but is also intended to deter recreational use.[41][42]
Codeine was once viewed as the "gold standard" in cough suppressants, but this position is now questioned.[43] Some recent placebo-controlled trials have found that it may be no better than a placebo for some causes including acute cough in children.[44][45] Thus, it is not recommended for children.[45] Additionally, there is no evidence that hydrocodone is useful in children.[46] Similarly, a 2012 Dutch guideline regarding the treatment of acute cough does not recommend its use.[47] (The opioid analogue dextromethorphan, long claimed to be as effective a cough suppressant as codeine,[48] has similarly demonstrated little benefit in several recent studies.[49])
Low dose morphine may help chronic cough but its use is limited by side effects.[50]
Diarrhea and constipation[edit]
In cases of diarrhea-predominate irritable bowel syndrome, opioids may be used to suppress diarrhea. Loperamide is a peripherally selective opioid available without a prescription used to suppress diarrhea.
The ability to suppress diarrhea also produces constipation when opioids are used beyond several weeks.[51] Naloxegol, a peripherally-selective opioid antagonist is now available to treat opioid induced constipation.[52]
Shortness of breath[edit]
Opioids may help with shortness of breath particularly in advanced diseases such as cancer and COPD among others.[53][54]
Adverse effects[edit]
In older adults, opioid use is associated with increased adverse effects such as "sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, urinary retention, and falls".[56] As a result, older adults taking opioids are at greater risk for injury.[57] Opioids do not cause any specific organ toxicity, unlike many other drugs, such as aspirin and paracetamol. They are not associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney toxicity.[58]
Research suggests that when methadone is used long-term it can build up unpredictably in the body and lead to potentially deadly slowed breathing.[59][60] Used medically, approaching toxicity goes unrecognized because the pain medication effect ends long before the drug's elimination half-life.[61] According to the USCDC, methadone was involved in 31% of opioid related deaths in the US between 1999–2010 and 40% as the sole drug involved, far higher than other opioids.[62] Studies of long term opioids have found that may stop them and minor side effects were common.[63] Addiction occurred in about 0.3%.[63] In the United States in 2016 opioid overdose resulted in the death of 1.7 in 10,000 people.[64]
In the US charts below many deaths involve multiple opioids:
Reinforcement disorders[edit]
Tolerance is a process characterized by neuroadaptations that result in reduced drug effects. While receptor upregulation may often play an important role other mechanisms are also known.[67] Tolerance is more pronounced for some effects than for others; tolerance occurs slowly to the effects on mood, itching, urinary retention, and respiratory depression, but occurs more quickly to the analgesia and other physical side effects. However, tolerance does not develop to constipation or miosis (the constriction of the pupil of the eye to less than or equal to two millimeters). This idea has been challenged, however, with some authors arguing that tolerance does develop to miosis.[68]
Tolerance to opioids is attenuated by a number of substances, including:
Tolerance is a physiologic process where the body adjusts to a medication that is frequently present, usually requiring higher doses of the same medication over time to achieve the same effect. It is a common occurrence in individuals taking high doses of opioids for extended periods, but does not predict any relationship to misuse or addiction.
Physical dependence[edit]
Physical dependence is the physiological adaptation of the body to the presence of a substance, in this case opioid medication. It is defined by the development of withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued, when the dose is reduced abruptly or, specifically in the case of opioids, when an antagonist (e.g., naloxone) or an agonist-antagonist (e.g., pentazocine) is administered. Physical dependence is a normal and expected aspect of certain medications and does not necessarily imply that the patient is addicted.
The withdrawal symptoms for opiates may include severe dysphoria, craving for another opiate dose, irritability, sweating, nausea, rhinorrea, tremor, vomiting and myalgia. Slowly reducing the intake of opioids over days and weeks can reduce or eliminate the withdrawal symptoms.[81] The speed and severity of withdrawal depends on the half-life of the opioid; heroin and morphine withdrawal occur more quickly than methadone withdrawal. The acute withdrawal phase is often followed by a protracted phase of depression and insomnia that can last for months. The symptoms of opioid withdrawal can be treated with other medications, such as clonidine.[82] Physical dependence does not predict drug misuse or true addiction, and is closely related to the same mechanism as tolerance. While there is anecdotal claims of benefit with ibogaine, data to support its use in substance dependence is poor.[83]
Drug addiction is a complex set of behaviors typically associated with misuse of certain drugs, developing over time and with higher drug dosages. Addiction includes psychological compulsion, to the extent that the sufferer persists in actions leading to dangerous or unhealthy outcomes. Opioid addiction includes insufflation or injection, rather than taking opioids orally as prescribed for medical reasons.[81]
In European nations such as Austria, Bulgaria, and Slovakia, slow release oral morphine formulations are used in opiate substitution therapy (OST) for patients who do not well tolerate the side effects of buprenorphine or methadone. buprenorphine can also be used together with naloxone for longer treatment of addiction. / In other European countries including the UK, this is also legally used for OST although on a varying scale of acceptance.
Slow-release formulations of medications are intended to curb abuse and addiction rates while trying to still provide legitimate pain relief and ease of use to pain patients. Questions remain, however, about the efficacy and safety of these types of preparations. Further tamper resistant medications are currently under consideration with trials for market approval by the FDA.[84][85]
The amount of evidence available only permits making a weak conclusion, but it suggests that a physician properly managing opioid use in patients with no history of substance dependence or substance abuse can give long-term pain relief with little risk of developing addiction, abuse, or other serious side effects.[63]
Problems with opioids include the following:
1. Some people find that opioids do not relieve all of their pain.[86]
2. Some people find that opioids side effects cause problems which outweigh the therapy's benefit[63]
3. Some people build tolerance to opioids over time. This requires them to increase their drug dosage to maintain the benefit, and that in turn also increases the unwanted side effects.[63]
4. Long-term opioid use can cause opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which is a condition in which the patient has increased sensitivity to pain.[87]
All of the opioids can cause side effects.[55] Common adverse reactions in patients taking opioids for pain relief include nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, itching, dry mouth, dizziness, and constipation.[55][81]
Nausea and vomiting[edit]
Tolerance to nausea occurs within 7–10 days, during which antiemetics (e.g. low dose haloperidol once at night) are very effective.[citation needed] Due to severe side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, haloperidol is now rarely used. A related drug, prochlorperazine is more often used, although it has similar risks. Stronger antiemetics such as ondansetron or tropisetron are sometimes used when nausea is severe or continuous and disturbing, despite their greater cost. A less expensive alternative is dopamine antagonists such as domperidone and metoclopramide. Domperidone does not cross the blood–brain barrier and produce adverse central antidopaminergic effects, but blocks opioid emetic action in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. (The drug is not available in the U.S.) Some antihistamines with anticholinergic properties (e.g. orphenadrine or diphenhydramine) may also be effective. The first-generation antihistamine hydroxyzine is very commonly used, with the added advantages of not causing movement disorders, and also possessing analgesic-sparing properties. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol relieves nausea and vomiting;[88][89] it also produces analgesia that may allow lower doses of opioids with reduced nausea and vomiting.[90][91]
Vomiting is due to gastric stasis (large volume vomiting, brief nausea relieved by vomiting, oesophageal reflux, epigastric fullness, early satiation), besides direct action on the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema, the vomiting centre of the brain. Vomiting can thus be prevented by prokinetic agents (e.g. domperidone or metoclopramide). If vomiting has already started, these drugs need to be administered by a non-oral route (e.g. subcutaneous for metoclopramide, rectally for domperidone).
Tolerance to drowsiness usually develops over 5–7 days, but if troublesome, switching to an alternative opioid often helps. Certain opioids such as fentanyl, morphine and diamorphine (heroin) tend to be particularly sedating, while others such as oxycodone, tilidine and meperidine (pethidine) tend to produce comparatively less sedation, but individual patients responses can vary markedly and some degree of trial and error may be needed to find the most suitable drug for a particular patient. Otherwise, treatment with CNS stimulants is generally effective.[92][93]
Itching tends not to be a severe problem when opioids are used for pain relief, but antihistamines are useful for counteracting itching when it occurs. Non-sedating antihistamines such as fexofenadine are often preferred as they avoid increasing opioid induced drowsiness. However, some sedating antihistamines such as orphenadrine can produce a synergistic pain relieving effect permitting smaller doses of opioids be used. Consequently, several opioid/antihistamine combination products have been marketed, such as Meprozine (meperidine/promethazine) and Diconal (dipipanone/cyclizine), and these may also reduce opioid induced nausea.
Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) develops in 90 to 95% of people taking opioids long-term.[94] Since tolerance to this problem does not generally develop, most people on long-term opioids need to take a laxative or enemas.[95]
Treatment of OIC is successional and dependent on severity.[96] The first mode of treatment is non-pharmacological, and includes lifestyle modifications like increasing dietary fiber, fluid intake (around 1.5 L (51 US fl oz) per day), and physical activity.[96] If non-pharmacological measures are ineffective, laxatives, including stool softeners (e.g., polyethylene glycol), bulk-forming laxatives (e.g., fiber supplements), stimulant laxatives (e.g., bisacodyl, senna), and/or enemas, may be used.[96] A common laxative regimen for OIC is the combination of docusate and bisacodyl.[96][97][98][needs update] Osmotic laxatives, including lactulose, polyethylene glycol, and milk of magnesia (magnesium hydroxide), as well as mineral oil (a lubricant laxative), are also commonly used for OIC.[97][98]
If laxatives are insufficiently effective (which is often the case),[99] opioid formulations or regimens that include a peripherally-selective opioid antagonist, such as methylnaltrexone bromide, naloxegol, alvimopan, or naloxone (as in oxycodone/naloxone), may be tried.[96][98][100] A 2008 Cochrane review found that the evidence was tentative for alvimopan, naloxone, or methylnaltrexone bromide.[101][needs update] Naloxone by mouth appears to be the most effective.[102]
Opioid rotation is one method suggested to minimise the impact of constipation in long-term users.[103] While all opioids cause constipation, there are some differences between drugs, with studies suggesting tramadol, tapentadol, methadone and fentanyl may cause relatively less constipation, while with codeine, morphine, oxycodone or hydromorphone constipation may be comparatively more severe.
Respiratory depression[edit]
Respiratory depression is the most serious adverse reaction associated with opioid use, but it usually is seen with the use of a single, intravenous dose in an opioid-naïve patient. In patients taking opioids regularly for pain relief, tolerance to respiratory depression occurs rapidly, so that it is not a clinical problem. Several drugs have been developed which can partially block respiratory depression, although the only respiratory stimulant currently approved for this purpose is doxapram, which has only limited efficacy in this application.[104][105] Newer drugs such as BIMU-8 and CX-546 may be much more effective.[106][107][108][non-primary source needed]
• Respiratory stimulants: carotid chemoreceptor agonists (e.g. doxapram), 5-HT4 agonists (e.g. BIMU8), δ-opioid agonists (e.g. BW373U86) and AMPAkines (e.g. CX717) can all reduce respiratory depression caused by opioids without affecting analgesia, but most of these drugs are only moderately effective or have side effects which preclude use in humans. 5-HT1A agonists such as 8-OH-DPAT and repinotan also counteract opioid-induced respiratory depression, but at the same time reduce analgesia, which limits their usefulness for this application.
• Opioid antagonists (e.g. naloxone, nalmefene, diprenorphine)
Increased pain sensitivity[edit]
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia – where individuals using opioids to relieve pain paradoxically experience more pain as a result of that medication – has been observed in some people. This phenomenon, although uncommon, is seen in some people receiving palliative care, most often when dose is increased rapidly.[109][110] If encountered, rotation between several different opioid pain medications may decrease the development of increased pain.[111][112] Opioid induced hyperalgesia more commonly occurs with chronic use or brief high doses but some research suggests that it may also occur with very low doses.[113][114]
Side effects such as hyperalgesia and allodynia, sometimes accompanied by a worsening of neuropathic pain, may be consequences of long-term treatment with opioid analgesics, especially when increasing tolerance has resulted in loss of efficacy and consequent progressive dose escalation over time. This appears to largely be a result of actions of opioid drugs at targets other than the three classic opioid receptors, including the nociceptin receptor, sigma receptor and Toll-like receptor 4, and can be counteracted in animal models by antagonists at these targets such as J-113,397, BD-1047 or (+)-naloxone respectively.[115] No drugs are currently approved specifically for counteracting opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans and in severe cases the only solution may be to discontinue use of opioid analgesics and replace them with non-opioid analgesic drugs. However, since individual sensitivity to the development of this side effect is highly dose dependent and may vary depending which opioid analgesic is used, many patients can avoid this side effect simply through dose reduction of the opioid drug (usually accompanied by the addition of a supplemental non-opioid analgesic), rotating between different opioid drugs, or by switching to a milder opioid with a mixed mode of action that also counteracts neuropathic pain, particularly tramadol or tapentadol.[116][117][118]
Other adverse effects[edit]
Low sex hormone levels[edit]
Clinical studies have consistently associated medical and recreational opioid use with hypogonadism (low sex hormone levels) in different sexes. The effect is dose-dependent. Most studies suggest that the majority (perhaps as much as 90%) of chronic opioid users suffer from hypogonadism. Opioids can also interfere with menstruation in women by limiting the production of luteinizing hormone (LH). Opioid-induced hypogonadism likely causes the strong association of opioid use with osteoporosis and bone fracture, due to deficiency in estradiol. It also may increase pain and thereby interfere with the intended clinical effect of opioid treatment. Opioid-induced hypogonadism is likely caused by their agonism of opioid receptors in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.[citation needed] One study found that the depressed testosterone levels of heroin addicts returned to normal within one month of abstinence, suggesting that the effect is readily reversible and is not permanent.[citation needed] As of 2013, the effect of low-dose or acute opioid use on the endocrine system is unclear.[119][120][121][122] Long-term use of opioids can affect the other hormonal systems as well.[119]
Disruption of work[edit]
Use of opioids may be a risk factor for failing to return to work.[123][124]
Persons performing any safety-sensitive task should not use opioids.[125] Health care providers should not recommend that workers who drive or use heavy equipment including cranes or forklifts treat chronic or acute pain with opioids.[125] Workplaces which manage workers who perform safety-sensitive operations should assign workers to less sensitive duties for so long as those workers are treated by their physician with opioids.[125]
People who take opioids long term have increased likelihood of being unemployed.[126] Taking opioids may further disrupt the patient's life and the adverse effects of opioids themselves can become a significant barrier to patients having an active life, gaining employment, and sustaining a career.
In addition, lack of employment may be a predictor of aberrant use of prescription opioids.[127]
Increased accident-proneness[edit]
Opioid use may increase accident-proneness. Opioids may increase risk of traffic accidents[128][129] and accidental falls.[130]
Rare side effects[edit]
Infrequent adverse reactions in patients taking opioids for pain relief include: dose-related respiratory depression (especially with more potent opioids), confusion, hallucinations, delirium, urticaria, hypothermia, bradycardia/tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache, urinary retention, ureteric or biliary spasm, muscle rigidity, myoclonus (with high doses), and flushing (due to histamine release, except fentanyl and remifentanil).[81] Both therapeutic and chronic use of opioids can compromise the function of the immune system. Opioids decrease the proliferation of macrophage progenitor cells and lymphocytes, and affect cell differentiation (Roy & Loh, 1996). Opioids may also inhibit leukocyte migration. However the relevance of this in the context of pain relief is not known.
Physicians treating patients using opioids in combination with other drugs keep continual documentation that further treatment is indicated and remain aware of opportunities to adjust treatment if the patient's condition changes to merit less risky therapy.[131]
With other depressant drugs[edit]
US. Top line represents the number of benzodiazepine deaths that also involved opioids. Bottom line represents benzodiazepine deaths that did not involve opioids.[65]
The concurrent use of opioids with other depressant drugs such as benzodiazepines or ethanol increases the rates of adverse events and overdose.[131] As with an overdose of opioid alone, the combination of an opioid and another depressant may precipitate respiratory depression often leading to death.[132] These risks are lessened with close monitoring by a physician, who may conduct ongoing screening for changes in patient behavior and treatment compliance.[131]
Opioid antagonist[edit]
Opioid effects (adverse or otherwise) can be reversed with an opioid antagonist such as naloxone or naltrexone.[133] These competitive antagonists bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors. This displaces the agonist, attenuating or reversing the agonist effects. However, the elimination half-life of naloxone can be shorter than that of the opioid itself, so repeat dosing or continuous infusion may be required, or a longer acting antagonist such as nalmefene may be used. In patients taking opioids regularly it is essential that the opioid is only partially reversed to avoid a severe and distressing reaction of waking in excruciating pain. This is achieved by not giving a full dose but giving this in small doses until the respiratory rate has improved. An infusion is then started to keep the reversal at that level, while maintaining pain relief. Opioid antagonists remain the standard treatment for respiratory depression following opioid overdose, with naloxone being by far the most commonly used, although the longer acting antagonist nalmefene may be used for treating overdoses of long-acting opioids such as methadone, and diprenorphine is used for reversing the effects of extremely potent opioids used in veterinary medicine such as etorphine and carfentanil. However, since opioid antagonists also block the beneficial effects of opioid analgesics, they are generally useful only for treating overdose, with use of opioid antagonists alongside opioid analgesics to reduce side effects, requiring careful dose titration and often being poorly effective at doses low enough to allow analgesia to be maintained.
Opioid comparison
Drug Relative
Morphine 1 ++ ++ ++
Pethidine (meperidine) 0.1 + +++ +++
Hydromorphone 10 + +++
Alfentanil 10–25 ++++ ++++ +++
Fentanyl 75–125 + +++ ++++
Remifentanil 250 +++ +++ ++
Sufentanil 500–1000 ++ ++++ ++++
Etorphine 1000–3000
Carfentanil 10000
Opioids bind to specific opioid receptors in the nervous system and other tissues. There are three principal classes of opioid receptors, μ, κ, δ (mu, kappa, and delta), although up to seventeen have been reported, and include the ε, ι, λ, and ζ (Epsilon, Iota, Lambda and Zeta) receptors. Conversely, σ (Sigma) receptors are no longer considered to be opioid receptors because their activation is not reversed by the opioid inverse-agonist naloxone, they do not exhibit high-affinity binding for classical opioids, and they are stereoselective for dextro-rotatory isomers while the other opioid receptors are stereo-selective for levo-rotatory isomers. In addition, there are three subtypes of μ-receptor: μ1 and μ2, and the newly discovered μ3. Another receptor of clinical importance is the opioid-receptor-like receptor 1 (ORL1), which is involved in pain responses as well as having a major role in the development of tolerance to μ-opioid agonists used as analgesics. These are all G-protein coupled receptors acting on GABAergic neurotransmission.
Locants of the morphine molecule
The pharmacodynamic response to an opioid depends upon the receptor to which it binds, its affinity for that receptor, and whether the opioid is an agonist or an antagonist. For example, the supraspinal analgesic properties of the opioid agonist morphine are mediated by activation of the μ1 receptor; respiratory depression and physical dependence by the μ2 receptor; and sedation and spinal analgesia by the κ receptor[citation needed]. Each group of opioid receptors elicits a distinct set of neurological responses, with the receptor subtypes (such as μ1 and μ2 for example) providing even more [measurably] specific responses. Unique to each opioid is its distinct binding affinity to the various classes of opioid receptors (e.g. the μ, κ, and δ opioid receptors are activated at different magnitudes according to the specific receptor binding affinities of the opioid). For example, the opiate alkaloid morphine exhibits high-affinity binding to the μ-opioid receptor, while ketazocine exhibits high affinity to ĸ receptors. It is this combinatorial mechanism that allows for such a wide class of opioids and molecular designs to exist, each with its own unique effect profile. Their individual molecular structure is also responsible for their different duration of action, whereby metabolic breakdown (such as N-dealkylation) is responsible for opioid metabolism.
INTA: selective agonist of KOR-DOR and KOR-MOR heteromers. Does not recruit β-arrestin II. Antinociceptive devoid of aversion, tolerance, and dependence in mice.[138]
Functional selectivity[edit]
A new strategy of drug development takes receptor signal transduction into consideration. This strategy strives to increase the activation of desirable signalling pathways while reducing the impact on undesirable pathways. This differential strategy has been given several names, including functional selectivity and biased agonism. The first opioid that was intentionally designed as a biased agonist and placed into clinical evaluation is the drug oliceridine. It displays analgesic activity and reduced adverse effects.[139]
Opioid comparison[edit]
Extensive research has been conducted to determine equivalence ratios comparing the relative potency of opioids. Given a dose of an opioid, an equianalgesic table is used to find the equivalent dosage of another. Such tables are used in opioid rotation practices, and to describe an opioid by comparison to morphine, the reference opioid. Equianalgesic tables typically list drug half-lives, and sometimes equianalgesic doses of the same drug by means of administration, such as morphine: oral and intravenous.
Binding profiles[edit]
Global estimates of drug users in 2016
(in millions of users)[155]
Substance Best
type stimulants
34.16 13.42 55.24
Cannabis 192.15 165.76 234.06
Cocaine 18.20 13.87 22.85
Ecstasy 20.57 8.99 32.34
Opiates 19.38 13.80 26.15
Opioids 34.26 27.01 44.54
Opioid prescriptions in the US increased from 76 million in 1991 to 207 million in 2013.[156]
In the 1990s, opioid prescribing increased significantly. Once used almost exclusively for the treatment of acute pain or pain due to cancer, opioids are now prescribed liberally for people experiencing chronic pain. This has been accompanied by rising rates of accidental addiction and accidental overdoses leading to death. According to the International Narcotics Control Board, the United States and Canada lead the per capita consumption of prescription opioids.[157] The number of opioid prescriptions per capita in the United States and Canada is double the consumption in the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand.[158] Certain populations have been affected by the opioid addiction crisis more than others, including First World communities[159] and low-income populations.[160] Public health specialists say that this may result from unavailability or high cost of alternative methods for addressing chronic pain.[161] Data from 2017 suggest that that in the U.S. about 3.4 percent of the U.S. population are prescribed opioids for daily pain management.[162] Call for opioid deprescribing have led to broad scale opioid tapering practices with little scientific evidence to support the safety or benefit for patients with chronic pain.
Naturally occurring opioids[edit]
A sample of raw opium
Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs.[163] The earliest known evidence of Papaver somniferum in a human archaeological site dates to the Neolithic period around 5,700–5,500 BC. Its seeds have been found at Cueva de los Murciélagos in the Iberian Peninsula and La Marmotta in the Italian Peninsula.[164][165][166]
Use of the opium poppy for medical, recreational, and religious purposes can be traced to the 4th century BC, when ideograms on Sumerians clay tablets mention the use of "Hul Gil", a "plant of joy".[167][168][169] Opium was known to the Egyptians, and is mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus as an ingredient in a mixture for the soothing of children,[170][169] and for the treatment of breast abscesses.[171]
Opium was also known to the Greeks.[170] It was valued by Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 370 BC) and his students for its sleep-inducing properties, and used for the treatment of pain.[172] The Latin saying "Sedare dolorem opus divinum est", trans. "Alleviating pain is the work of the divine", has been variously ascribed to Hippocrates and to Galen of Pergamum.[173] The medical use of opium is later discussed by Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40 – 90 AD), a Greek physician serving in the Roman army, in his five-volume work, De Materia Medica.[174]
During the Islamic Golden Age, the use of opium was discussed in detail by Avicenna (c. 980 – June 1037 AD) in The Canon of Medicine. The book's five volumes include information on opium's preparation, an array of physical effects, its use to treat a variety of illness, contraindications for its use, its potential danger as a poison and its potential for addiction. Avicenna discouraged opium's use except as a last resort, preferring to address the causes of pain rather than trying to minimize it with analgesics. Many of Avicenna's observations have been supported by modern medical research.[175][170]
Exactly when the world became aware of opium in India and China is uncertain, but opium was mentioned in the Chinese medical work K'ai-pao-pen-tsdo (973 AD)[169] By 1590 AD, opium poppies were a staple spring crop in the Subahs of Agra region.[176]
The physician Paracelsus (ca.1493–1541) is often credited with reintroducing opium into medical use in Western Europe, during the German Renaissance. He extolled opium's benefits for medical use. He also claimed to have an "arcanum", a pill which he called laudanum, that was superior to all others, particularly when death was to be cheated. ("Ich hab' ein Arcanum – heiss' ich Laudanum, ist über das Alles, wo es zum Tode reichen will.")[177] Later writers have asserted that Paracelsus' recipe for laudanum contained opium, but its composition remains unknown.[177]
The term laudanum was used generically for a useful medicine until the 17th century. After Thomas Sydenham introduced the first liquid tincture of opium, "laudanum" came to mean a mixture of both opium and alcohol.[177] Sydenham's 1669 recipe for laudanum mixed opium with wine, saffron, clove and cinnamon.[178] Sydenham's laudanum was used widely in both Europe and the Americas until the 20th century.[170][178] Other popular medicines, based on opium, included Paregoric, a much milder liquid preparation for children; Black-drop, a stronger preparation; and Dover's powder.[178]
The opium trade[edit]
Opium became a major colonial commodity, moving legally and illegally through trade networks involving India, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British and China, among others.[179] The British East India Company saw the opium trade as an investment opportunity in 1683 AD.[176] In 1773 the Governor of Bengal established a monopoly on the production of Bengal opium, on behalf of the East India Company. The cultivation and manufacture of Indian opium was further centralized and controlled through a series of acts, between 1797 and 1949.[176][180] The British balanced an economic deficit from the importation of Chinese tea by selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of Chinese government bans. This led to the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) between China and Britain.[181][180][179][182]
In the 19th century, two major scientific advances were made that had far-reaching effects. Around 1804, German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner isolated morphine from opium. He described its crystallization, structure, and pharmacological properties in a well-received paper in 1817.[181][183][178][184] Morphine was the first alkaloid to be isolated from any medicinal plant, the beginning of modern scientific drug discovery.[181][185]
The second advance, nearly fifty years later, was the refinement of the hypodermic needle by Alexander Wood and others. Development of a glass syringe with a subcutaneous needle made it possible to easily administer controlled measurable doses of a primary active compound.[186][178][169][187][188]
Morphine was initially hailed as a wonder drug for its ability to ease pain.[189] It could help people sleep,[181] and had other useful side effects, including control of coughing and diarrhea.[190] It was widely prescribed by doctors, and dispensed without restriction by pharmacists. During the American Civil War, opium and laudanum were used extensively to treat soldiers.[191][189] It was also prescribed frequently for women, for menstrual pain and diseases of a "nervous character".[192]:85 At first it was assumed (wrongly) that this new method of application would not be addictive.[181][192]
Codeine was discovered in 1832 by Pierre Jean Robiquet. Robiquet was reviewing a method for morphine extraction, described by Scottish chemist William Gregory (1803–1858). Processing the residue left from Gregory's procedure, Robiquet isolated a crystalline substance from the other active components of opium. He wrote of his discovery: "Here is a new substance found in opium ... We know that morphine, which so far has been thought to be the only active principle of opium, does not account for all the effects and for a long time the physiologists are claiming that there is a gap that has to be filled."[193] His discovery of the alkaloid led to the development of a generation of antitussive and antidiarrheal medicines based on codeine.[194]
Semisynthetic and synthetic opioids[edit]
Synthetic opioids were invented, and biological mechanisms for their actions discovered, in the 20th century.[169] Scientists have searched for non-addictive forms of opioids, but have created stronger ones instead. In England Charles Romley Alder Wright developed hundreds of opiate compounds in his search for a nonaddictive opium derivative. In 1874 he became the first person to synthesize diamorphine (heroin), using a process called acetylation which involved boiling morphine with acetic anhydride for several hours.[181]
Heroin received little attention until it was independently synthesized by Felix Hoffmann (1868–1946), working for Heinrich Dreser (1860–1924) at Bayer Laboratories.[195] Dreser brought the new drug to market as an analgesic and a cough treatment for tuberculosis, bronchitis, and asthma in 1898. Bayer ceased production in 1913, after heroin's addictive potential was recognized.[181][196][197]
Several semi-synthetic opioids were developed in Germany in the 1910s. The first, oxymorphone, was synthesized from thebaine, an opioid alkaloid in opium poppies, in 1914.[198] Next, Martin Freund and Edmund Speyer developed oxycodone, also from thebaine, at the University of Frankfurt in 1916.[199] In 1920, hydrocodone was prepared by Carl Mannich and Helene Löwenheim, deriving it from codeine. In 1924, hydromorphone was synthesized by adding hydrogen to morphine. Etorphine was synthesized in 1960, from the oripavine in opium poppy straw. Buprenorphine was discovered in 1972.[198]
The first fully synthetic opioid was meperidine (later demerol), found serendipitously by German chemist Otto Eisleb (or Eislib) at IG Farben in 1932.[198] Meperidine was the first opiate to have a structure unrelated to morphine, but with opiate-like properties.[169] Its analgesis effects were discovered by Otto Schaumann in 1939.[198] Gustav Ehrhart and Max Bockmühl, also at IG Farben, built on the work of Eisleb and Schaumann. They developed "Hoechst 10820" (later methadone) around 1937.[200] In 1959 the Belgian physician Paul Janssen developed fentanyl, a synthetic drug with 30 to 50 times the potency of heroin.[181][201] Nearly 150 synthetic opioids are now known.[198]
Criminalization and medical use[edit]
Non-clinical use of opium was criminalized in the United States by the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914, and by many other laws.[202][203] The use of opioids was stigmatized, and it was seen as a dangerous substance, to be prescribed only as a last resort for dying patients.[181] The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 eventually relaxed the harshness of the Harrison Act.[citation needed]
In the United Kingdom the 1926 report of the Departmental Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction under the Chairmanship of the President of the Royal College of Physicians reasserted medical control and established the "British system" of control—which lasted until the 1960s.[204]
In the 1980s the World Health Organization published guidelines for prescribing drugs, including opioids, for different levels of pain. In the U.S., Kathleen Foley and Russell Portenoy became leading advocates for the liberal use of opioids as painkillers for cases of "intractable non-malignant pain".[205][206] With little or no scientific evidence to support their claims, industry scientists and advocates suggested that chronic pain sufferers would be resistant to addiction.[181][207][205]
The release of OxyContin in 1996 was accompanied by an aggressive marketing campaign promoting the use of opioids for pain relief. Increasing prescription of opioids fueled a growing black market for heroin. Between 2000 and 2014 there was an "alarming increase in heroin use across the country and an epidemic of drug overdose deaths".[207][181][208]
As a result, health care organizations and public health groups, such as Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing, have called for decreases in the prescription of opioids.[207] In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a new set of guidelines for the prescription of opioids "for chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care" and the increase of opioid tapering.[209]
"Remove the Risk"[edit]
In April 2019 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced the launch of a new education campaign to help Americans understand the important role they play in removing and properly disposing of unused prescription opioids from their homes. This new initiative is part of the FDA's continued efforts to address the nationwide opioid crisis (see below) and aims to help decrease unnecessary exposure to opioids and prevent new addiction. The “Remove the Risk” campaign is targeting women ages 35–64, who are most likely to oversee household health care decisions and often serve as the gatekeepers to opioids and other prescription medications in the home.[210]
Society and culture[edit]
The term "opioid" originated in the 1950s.[211] It combines "opium" + "-oid" meaning "opiate-like" ("opiates" being morphine and similar drugs derived from opium). The first scientific publication to use it, in 1963, included a footnote stating, "In this paper, the term, 'opioid', is used in the sense originally proposed by George H. Acheson (personal communication) to refer to any chemical compound with morphine-like activities".[212] By the late 1960s, research found that opiate effects are mediated by activation of specific molecular receptors in the nervous system, which were termed "opioid receptors".[213] The definition of "opioid" was later refined to refer to substances that have morphine-like activities that are mediated by the activation of opioid receptors. One modern pharmacology textbook states: "the term opioid applies to all agonists and antagonists with morphine-like activity, and also the naturally occurring and synthetic opioid peptides".[214] Another pharmacology reference eliminates the morphine-like requirement: "Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists)".[2] Some sources define the term opioid to exclude opiates, and others use opiate comprehensively instead of opioid, but opioid used inclusively is considered modern, preferred and is in wide use.[17]
Efforts to reduce abuse in the US[edit]
In 2011, the Obama administration released a white paper describing the administration's plan to deal with the opioid crisis. The administration's concerns about addiction and accidental overdosing have been echoed by numerous other medical and government advisory groups around the world.[161][215][216][217]
As of 2015, prescription drug monitoring programs exist in every state, except for Missouri.[218] These programs allow pharmacists and prescribers to access patients' prescription histories in order to identify suspicious use. However, a survey of US physicians published in 2015 found that only 53% of doctors used these programs, while 22% were not aware that the programs were available to them.[219] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was tasked with establishing and publishing a new guideline, and was heavily lobbied.[220] In 2016, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published its Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain, recommending that opioids only be used when benefits for pain and function are expected to outweigh risks, and then used at the lowest effective dosage, with avoidance of concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine use whenever possible.[221] Research suggests that the prescription of high doses of opioids related to chronic opioid therapy (COT) can at times be prevented through state legislative guidelines and efforts by health plans that devote resources and establish shared expectations for reducing higher doses.[222]</ref>
On 10 August 2017, Donald Trump declared the opioid crisis a (non-FEMA) national public health emergency.[223]
Global shortages[edit]
Morphine and other poppy-based medicines have been identified by the World Health Organization as essential in the treatment of severe pain. As of 2002, seven countries (USA, UK, Italy, Australia, France, Spain and Japan) use 77% of the world's morphine supplies, leaving many emerging countries lacking in pain relief medication.[224] The current system of supply of raw poppy materials to make poppy-based medicines is regulated by the International Narcotics Control Board under the provision of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. The amount of raw poppy materials that each country can demand annually based on these provisions must correspond to an estimate of the country's needs taken from the national consumption within the preceding two years. In many countries, underprescription of morphine is rampant because of the high prices and the lack of training in the prescription of poppy-based drugs. The World Health Organization is now working with administrations from various countries to train healthworkers and to develop national regulations regarding drug prescription to facilitate a greater prescription of poppy-based medicines.[225]
Another idea to increase morphine availability is proposed by the Senlis Council, who suggest, through their proposal for Afghan Morphine, that Afghanistan could provide cheap pain relief solutions to emerging countries as part of a second-tier system of supply that would complement the current INCB regulated system by maintaining the balance and closed system that it establishes while providing finished product morphine to those suffering from severe pain and unable to access poppy-based drugs under the current system.
Recreational use[edit]
Opioids can produce strong feelings of euphoria[226] and are frequently used recreationally. Traditionally associated with illicit opioids such as heroin, prescription opioids are misused recreationally.
Drug misuse and non-medical use include the use of drugs for reasons or at doses other than prescribed. Opioid misuse can also include providing medications to persons for whom it was not prescribed. Such diversion may be treated as crimes, punishable by imprisonment in many countries.[227][228] In 2014, almost 2 million Americans abused or were dependent on prescription opioids.[229]
There are a number of broad classes of opioids:[citation needed]
Tramadol and tapentadol, which act as monoamine uptake inhibitors also act as mild and potent agonists (respectively) of the μ-opioid receptor.[232] Both drugs produce analgesia even when naloxone, an opioid antagonist, is administered.[233]
Some minor opium alkaloids and various substances with opioid action are also found elsewhere, including molecules present in kratom, Corydalis, and Salvia divinorum plants and some species of poppy aside from Papaver somniferum. There are also strains which produce copious amounts of thebaine, an important raw material for making many semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids. Of all of the more than 120 poppy species, only two produce morphine.
Amongst analgesics there are a small number of agents which act on the central nervous system but not on the opioid receptor system and therefore have none of the other (narcotic) qualities of opioids although they may produce euphoria by relieving pain—a euphoria that, because of the way it is produced, does not form the basis of habituation, physical dependence, or addiction. Foremost amongst these are nefopam, orphenadrine, and perhaps phenyltoloxamine or some other antihistamines. Tricyclic antidepressants have painkilling effect as well, but they're thought to do so by indirectly activating the endogenous opioid system. Paracetamol is predominantly a centrally acting analgesic (non-narcotic) which mediates its effect by action on descending serotoninergic (5-hydroxy triptaminergic) pathways, to increase 5-HT release (which inhibits release of pain mediators). It also decreases cyclo-oxygenase activity. It has recently been discovered that most or all of the therapeutic efficacy of paracetamol is due to a metabolite, AM404, which enhances the release of serotonin and inhibits the uptake of anandamide.[citation needed]
Other analgesics work peripherally (i.e., not on the brain or spinal cord). Research is starting to show that morphine and related drugs may indeed have peripheral effects as well, such as morphine gel working on burns. Recent investigations discovered opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons.[234] A significant fraction (up to 60%) of opioid analgesia can be mediated by such peripheral opioid receptors, particularly in inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, traumatic or surgical pain.[235] Inflammatory pain is also blunted by endogenous opioid peptides activating peripheral opioid receptors.[236]
It was discovered in 1953,[citation needed] that humans and some animals naturally produce minute amounts of morphine, codeine, and possibly some of their simpler derivatives like heroin and dihydromorphine, in addition to endogenous opioid peptides. Some bacteria are capable of producing some semi-synthetic opioids such as hydromorphone and hydrocodone when living in a solution containing morphine or codeine respectively.
Many of the alkaloids and other derivatives of the opium poppy are not opioids or narcotics; the best example is the smooth-muscle relaxant papaverine. Noscapine is a marginal case as it does have CNS effects but not necessarily similar to morphine, and it is probably in a category all its own.
Dextromethorphan (the stereoisomer of levomethorphan, a semi-synthetic opioid agonist) and its metabolite dextrorphan have no opioid analgesic effect at all despite their structural similarity to other opioids; instead they are potent NMDA antagonists and sigma 1 and 2-receptor agonists and are used in many over-the-counter cough suppressants.
Salvinorin A is a unique selective, powerful ĸ-opioid receptor agonist. It is not properly considered an opioid nevertheless, because:
1. chemically, it is not an alkaloid; and
2. it has no typical opioid properties: absolutely no anxiolytic or cough-suppressant effects. It is instead a powerful hallucinogen.
Opioid peptides Skeletal molecular images
Adrenorphin Chemical structure of Adrenorphin
Amidorphin Chemical structure of Amidorphin.
Casomorphin Chemical structure of Bovine β-casomorphin.
DADLE Chemical structure of DADLE.
DAMGO Chemical structure of DAMGO.
Dermorphin Chemical structure of Dermorphin.
Endomorphin Chemical structure of Endomorphin 1.
Morphiceptin Chemical structure of Morphiceptin.
Nociceptin Chemical structure of Nociceptin.
Octreotide Chemical structure of Octreotide.
Opiorphin Chemical structure of Opiorphin.
TRIMU 5 Chemical structure of TRIMU 5.
Endogenous opioids[edit]
Opioid-peptides that are produced in the body include:
β-endorphin is expressed in Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) cells in the arcuate nucleus, in the brainstem and in immune cells, and acts through μ-opioid receptors. β-endorphin has many effects, including on sexual behavior and appetite. β-endorphin is also secreted into the circulation from pituitary corticotropes and melanotropes. α-neo-endorphin is also expressed in POMC cells in the arcuate nucleus.
met-enkephalin is widely distributed in the CNS and in immune cells; [met]-enkephalin is a product of the proenkephalin gene, and acts through μ and δ-opioid receptors. leu-enkephalin, also a product of the proenkephalin gene, acts through δ-opioid receptors.
Dynorphin acts through κ-opioid receptors, and is widely distributed in the CNS, including in the spinal cord and hypothalamus, including in particular the arcuate nucleus and in both oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus.
Endomorphin acts through μ-opioid receptors, and is more potent than other endogenous opioids at these receptors.
Opium alkaloids and derivatives[edit]
Opium alkaloids[edit]
Phenanthrenes naturally occurring in (opium):
Preparations of mixed opium alkaloids, including papaveretum, are still occasionally used.
Esters of morphine[edit]
Ethers of morphine[edit]
Semi-synthetic alkaloid derivatives[edit]
Synthetic opioids[edit]
Diphenylpropylamine derivatives[edit]
Benzomorphan derivatives[edit]
Oripavine derivatives[edit]
Morphinan derivatives[edit]
Allosteric modulators[edit]
Plain allosteric modulators do not belong to the opioids, instead they are classified as opioidergics.
Opioid antagonists[edit]
• Nalmefene
• Naloxone
• Naltrexone
• Methylnaltrexone (Methylnaltrexone is only peripherally active as it does not cross the blood-brain barrier in sufficient quantities to be centrally active. As such, it can be considered the antithesis of loperamide.)
• Naloxegol (Naloxegol is only peripherally active as it does not cross the blood-brain barrier in sufficient quantities to be centrally active. As such, it can be considered the antitheses of loperamide.)
Tables of opioids[edit]
Table of morphinan opioids[edit]
Table of non-morphinan opioids[edit]
See also[edit]
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82035 | Well, what do you know? I’m not just a copywriter. I wrote a novel, too!
Milton Tuttle is a grouchy, depressed loner who fails miserably at everything he attempts, including ending his own life. His only true companion is Moira, an overly-optimistic schizophrenic delusion seemingly created by Milton’s mind that is much more than she seems. Content with surviving his drab, unexciting life, his world is turned upside down when he decides to take in a teenage girl named Parker.
Despite his initial misgivings, he soon finds that his life drastically improves when he assumes the role of protector and provider for the sweet but sarcastic runaway. But when the deadly and sadistic criminals from Parker’s past show up to reclaim stolen property, Milton must risk everything to save the young girl’s life.
Buy it on Amazon in E-Book format or in Paperback.
David C Justin, The Copy Geek, Freelance Copywriter |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82067 | Sweetest Gifts for Sweetest Folks
Hey folks, it’s Sweetest Day (well, almost.) It’s time to get that someone special a little something. What can you get that someone that has stuck by you when you are yelling at a TV screen during a sports game?
Well, since this is “Sports in the Mowen Years”, this is going to be a list for sports fans. Since I am a male, I’m going to start off this list with a list of goods for the females. I will cap this article off with a list of things that the male species would like.
Keep in mind this isn’t going to be “chocolates and roses” type of charade, but this is intended for sports fans. Your tastes will vary. Okay, let’s start this list:
Gifts for Females
1. Team blankets. What’s better than cuddling with your girl? Cuddling with your girl…with your team’s logo on that said blanket. Most places carry local teams, some websites (like this one) carry most teams. It shouldn’t be difficult to find her team on a blanket. If you can’t, there’s always making one or the interwebs.
2. Pink Jerseys. This depends on your girl. Is she not into pink clothes? Is she not a big NFL fan? If you answered “No” to any of those, then skip on down to Number Three. I know I previously said some girls just want a team jersey without the flashy pink substance, but some women do like the look. While it doesn’t exactly match color-wise, it does match up in spirit wise. Cheer on for your teams (or separate teams, if it so fits), together in a jersey.
3. Merchandise of their favorite player. Do they worship a certain player on a certain team? Get them some merchandise with them on it. Not just jerseys, but framed pictures and other gifts will do just fine.
Gifts for Males
1. Sports gear. No, not jerseys. I mean actual padding, helmets, gear. Did they break a bat while playing a nice friendly game of “Send the ball over the fence” while crushing one? Did they lose their football helmet somewhere and they can’t find it? Get them something some the sporting good shop that they’ll use time and time again.
2. Personalized glasses/mugs. It’s a fact that most men like beer. It’s a fact that we need to drink liquids to survive. How about either getting glassware with their favorite team or their name on it? What better way to show off your team by having a mug of your favorite beverage with your friends?
3. Something to watch sports on. Most sports fans love watching the games on TV. Why not upgrade from that television set from 1995 and get a brand spanking flat-screen! Not a television fan? There’s other medias to get. iPads, iPod touch, and other mobile devices have video capabilities. If they already have a device, there do exist other applications to watch any game at any time (like the MLB At-Bat.)
Gifts for Both Genders
1. Tickets to a sporting event. What better way to spend this holiday…together. See a team you like (or at least, one of you), then cap it off with a nice stroll around. If you wanted to stay in, there’s always those sports packages on satellite or cable.
2. Gift Baskets. If you say in and watch sports underneath a soft, warm team blanket, what is the ultimate snack to watch sports? How about something from these gift baskets? Of course, you can pick gift baskets from just about anywhere, but these are the themes of sports teams. Find the one you want, find the snacks you want, and wait for the shipping. Is it too late for this list? Probably, but sharing a snack together underneath a blanket sounds pretty romantic.
3. Sports movies. After the game, what’s on TV? Oh look, a re-run! Come on, pop in the movie you got. A little Hoosiers by a fireplace? How about some Major League with a warm blanket? Rookie of the Year? Rudy? Any movie with your special someone is worthy of some time together.
4. Sports video games. Remember awhile back when I wrote about video games a month ago? It’s a perfect gift idea! Spend some time together, make a few interesting bets, and it’s some good time together. Try to pick a sport you both like, however.
5. Pictures with Frames. When I say pictures, I mean a picture of them playing their sport with a frame that runs with the theme of sports. What if they don’t play sports? How about one of both of you, together at a game or anyplace else?
6. Clothes or Jerseys. This idea is for anyone. This is such a simple idea, you might write it off. Don’t. Who is their favorite player? Get them a jersey or a shirt with their name and number. What about if you play a sport? Get them one with your name or number. Either way, they’ll remember you either way. As an added bonus, add a spray (NOT the entire bottle) of your favorite smell (cologne or perfume) onto the material so they’ll have you on them.
Well, I certainly hope this list was helpful. I had to trim down the list as well as repeat some of the things previously mentioned. To be fair, you can get these gifts for pretty much anyone in your life. I tried to recreate a list where people can appreciate sports and each other, which brings me to my last point:
Always make sure that love comes first. Sure, sports are great, but isn’t having the feeling of being love better? Also, if you don’t like my suggestions (which is perfectly fine with me), check out this site for gifts having almost nothing to do with sports. Remember too, each person is different. Listen to those little hints about stuff they want. If you need more help, search online for some relationship advice.
I hope you do like this list, and I hope your Sweetest Day is absolutely wonderful. Until next time,
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82069 | Naomi Jackson Fiction Workshop this Saturday!
Naomi Jackson joins us this Saturday at LIU Brooklyn for a generative fiction writing workshop.
Please see the flier for more details on how to attend!
Tony Iantosca reads for Broken Bells Reading Series
Tony Iantosca (MFA 2012) joins the line up for the Broken Bells reading series taking place on November 18th, 2018, at BERG'N (899 Bergen St in Brooklyn) from 7-9pm.
Members of the Broken Bells audience will be offered exclusive an exclusive happy hour deal.
Tony will join readers Adam Giannelli, Cassie Pruyn, and Asiya Wadud. Jess Feldman curated this month of the reading series, co-curated by MFA Program Advisor, Jake Matkov, and Hannah Ingram.
More details and RSVP here: the Facebook event. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82086 | 2 posts
"Aristotle," by Mitch Francis
Aristotle’s Ethics – Book X: On Happiness and Contemplation
This section of our text is selected from Book X of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (Εθικη Νικομαχοι). Trans. W.D. Ross.Numerals styled like this are “Bekker numbers” deriving from the 19th century Bekker edition of Aristotle’s surviving works (Corpus Aristotelicum), still standard for references.I indicate where my commentary ends by using our writer’s avatar where the primary text begins: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82089 | Preview Mode Links will not work in preview mode
Jun 28, 2010
In a bizarre trip down memory lane Jeremy and Aaron share stories of their parents' record collection and how it led to a humiliating 2nd grade talent show that still haunts Aaron. Also, the podcast train comes completely off the tracks...find out what made the whole crew burst into uncontrollable laughter. Finally,...
Jun 22, 2010
The Airlines strike again! In this episode learn how they plan to pull even more money out of your pockets AND make your flying experience LESS luxurious. Don't worry though, we'll put some money back in your pocket with our new contest! Also, find out how basketball made one man a legend [...]
Jun 17, 2010
We made our first attempt at a live podcast on Ustream. Here's how that worked out. Special thanks to Thunder from the Stack of Dimes Podcast for dropping by to BS with us for a while! We chatted about some of the foods you should NEVER eat but do anyway, why sick people need to [...]
Jun 15, 2010
Deep philosophical questions have puzzled man for generations. Is there a god? Do aliens exist? How long can mankind survive? Are Sarah Palin's boobs real? We definitively answer all of them in one convenient podcast. All of life's answers are now just a click away. You're welcome.
Jun 10, 2010
In this gut busting episode we have more proof that customer service is dead...or that Jeremy is a giant snooty decide. We're also happy to announce that Tom Cruise has reinvented himself and won us all over once again. Also, the Goonies celebrate a milestone and we finally settle once [...] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82126 | , , , ,
(not satire – it’s UK today)
Some people still think the reason Jimmy Savile managed to abuse hundreds and hundreds of children and women for decades without facing even one prosecution during his lifetime was because he managed to hide his wrongdoing ‘in plain sight’ of the authorities.
I’ve already written about how that ridiculous phrase is being used widely in the press as an allusion for a good old-fashioned cover-up:
Savile wasn’t ‘hiding in plain sight’. It was a cover-up.
I mean, I wonder just how naive you have to be to think that Savile’s known closeness to the police – not to mention prime ministers and royalty – had nothing to do with the institutional failure to prosecute him.
For example – for 20 years until shortly before his death, Savile boasted about what he called his ‘Friday Morning Club’ – in which up to as many as nine serving and retired West Yorkshire police officers would regularly spend the morning at his Leeds home chatting, eating cakes and drinking whiskey with him.
We even know the names of a couple of his guests:
One was a Sgt Mathew Appleyard and another an Inspector Mick Starkey.
So why all the doubt?
This Savile scandal is as obvious a cover-up as anything I can remember for a long long time.
Related articles:
Are McAlpine’s lawyers breaking the solicitors’ code of practice?
Lord McAlpine in his own damning words – The New Machiavelli?
BBC Apologises for Not Naming the Name of Unnamed Name it Didn’t Name
BBC Panorama investigates BBC Newsnight over BBC scandal of BBC cover-up over BBC scandal
Scientists discover dim stars orbitting massive black hole at heart of BBC
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82133 | Opened 9 years ago
Closed 9 years ago
#3166 closed defect (fixed)
Typo: bandwith
Reported by: anonym Owned by: chiiph
Priority: Very Low Milestone: Vidalia: 0.3.x
Component: Archived/Vidalia Version: Vidalia: 0.3.0-alpha
Severity: Keywords:
Cc: Actual Points:
Parent ID: Points:
Reviewer: Sponsor:
In MainWindow.{cpp,h} we have the typo "bandwith" in the function name "showBandwithTab()".
Child Tickets
Attachments (1)
vidalia-0.3.0-alpha-bandwith_typo.patch (1.5 KB) - added by anonym 9 years ago.
Fixes the typo.
Download all attachments as: .zip
Change History (2)
Changed 9 years ago by anonym
Fixes the typo.
comment:1 Changed 9 years ago by chiiph
Milestone: Vidalia-0.3.X
Resolution: fixed
Status: newclosed
Version: Vidalia 0.2.10Vidalia: 0.3.0-alpha
The typo problem was in my head evidently, because I typed it the same everytime :/
This is fixed in 22b0b6c0546cca1e794ec50e9f3725240c1d091d. It'll be in 0.3.1
Thanks for reporting!
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82151 | Hypothesis testing with gas rich galaxies
Hypothesis testing with gas rich galaxies
This Thanksgiving, I’d highlight something positive. Recently, Bob Sanders wrote a paper pointing out that gas rich galaxies are strong tests of MOND. The usual fit parameter, the stellar mass-to-light ratio, is effectively negligible when gas dominates. The MOND prediction follows straight from the gas distribution, for which there is no equivalent freedom. We understand the 21 cm spin-flip transition well enough to relate observed flux directly to gas mass.
In any human endeavor, there are inevitably unsung heroes who carry enormous amounts of water but seem to get no credit for it. Sanders is one of those heroes when it comes to the missing mass problem. He was there at the beginning, and has a valuable perspective on how we got to where we are. I highly recommend his books, The Dark Matter Problem: A Historical Perspective and Deconstructing Cosmology.
In bright spiral galaxies, stars are usually 80% or so of the mass, gas only 20% or less. But in many dwarf galaxies, the mass ratio is reversed. These are often low surface brightness and challenging to observe. But it is a worthwhile endeavor, as their rotation curve is predicted by MOND with extraordinarily little freedom.
Though gas rich galaxies do indeed provide an excellent test of MOND, nothing in astronomy is perfectly clean. The stellar mass-to-light ratio is an irreducible need-to-know parameter. We also need to know the distance to each galaxy, as we do not measure the gas mass directly, but rather the flux of the 21 cm line. The gas mass scales with flux and the square of the distance (see equation 7E7), so to get the gas mass right, we must first get the distance right. We also need to know the inclination of a galaxy as projected on the sky in order to get the rotation to which we’re fitting right, as the observed line of sight Doppler velocity is only sin(i) of the full, in-plane rotation speed. The 1/sin(i) correction becomes increasingly sensitive to errors as i approaches zero (face-on galaxies).
The mass-to-light ratio is a physical fit parameter that tells us something meaningful about the amount of stellar mass that produces the observed light. In contrast, for our purposes here, distance and inclination are “nuisance” parameters. These nuisance parameters can be, and generally are, measured independently from mass modeling. However, these measurements have their own uncertainties, so one has to be careful about taking these measured values as-is. One of the powerful aspects of Bayesian analysis is the ability to account for these uncertainties to allow for the distance to be a bit off the measured value, so long as it is not too far off, as quantified by the measurement uncertainties. This is what current graduate student Pengfei Li did in Li et al. (2018). The constraints on MOND are so strong in gas rich galaxies that often the nuisance parameters cannot be ignored, even when they’re well measured.
To illustrate what I’m talking about, let’s look at one famous example, DDO 154. This galaxy is over 90% gas. The stars (pictured above) just don’t matter much. If the distance and inclination are known, the MOND prediction for the rotation curve follows directly. Here is an example of a MOND fit from a recent paper:
The MOND fit to DDO 154 from Ren et al. (2018). The black points are the rotation curve data, the green line is the Newtonian expectation for the baryons, and the red line is their MOND fit.
This is terrible! The MOND fit – essentially a parameter-free prediction – misses all of the data. MOND is falsified. If one is inclined to hate MOND, as many seem to be, then one stops here. No need to think further.
If one is familiar with the ups and downs in the history of astronomy, one might not be so quick to dismiss it. Indeed, one might notice that the shape of the MOND prediction closely tracks the shape of the data. There’s just a little difference in scale. That’s kind of amazing for a theory that is wrong, especially when it is amplifying the green line to predict the red one: it needn’t have come anywhere close.
Here is the fit to the same galaxy using the same data [already] published in Li et al.:
The MOND fit to DDO 154 from Li et al. (2018) using the same data as above, as tabulated in SPARC.
Now we have a good fit, using the same data! How can this be so?
I have not checked what Ren et al. did to obtain their MOND fits, but having done this exercise myself many times, I recognize the slight offset they find as a typical consequence of holding the nuisance parameters fixed. What if the measured distance is a little off?
Distance estimates to DDO 154 in the literature range from 3.02 Mpc to 6.17 Mpc. The formally most accurate distance measurement is 4.04 ± 0.08 Mpc. In the fit shown here, we obtained 3.87 ± 0.16 Mpc. The error bars on these distances overlap, so they are the same number, to measurement accuracy. These data do not falsify MOND. They demonstrate that it is sensitive enough to tell the difference between 3.8 and 4.1 Mpc.
One will never notice this from a dark matter fit. Ren et al. also make fits with self-interacting dark matter (SIDM). The nifty thing about SIDM is that it makes quasi-constant density cores in dark matter halos. Halos of this form are not predicted by “ordinary” cold dark matter (CDM), but often give better fits than either MOND of the NFW halos of dark matter-only CDM simulations. For this galaxy, Ren et al. obtain the following SIDM fit.
The SIDM fit to DDO 154 from Ren et al.
This is a great fit. Goes right through the data. That makes it better, right?
Not necessarily. In addition to the mass-to-light ratio (and the nuisance parameters of distance and inclination), dark matter halo fits have [at least] two additional free parameters to describe the dark matter halo, such as its mass and core radius. These parameters are highly degenerate – one can obtain equally good fits for a range of mass-to-light ratios and core radii: one makes up for what the other misses. Parameter degeneracy of this sort is usually a sign that there is too much freedom in the model. In this case, the data are adequately described by one parameter (the MOND fit M*/L, not counting the nuisances in common), so using three (M*/L, Mhalo, Rcore) is just an exercise in fitting a French curve. There is ample freedom to fit the data. As a consequence, you’ll never notice that one of the nuisance parameters might be a tiny bit off.
In other words, you can fool a dark matter fit, but not MOND. Erwin de Blok and I demonstrated this 20 years ago. A common myth at that time was that “MOND is guaranteed to fit rotation curves.” This seemed patently absurd to me, given how it works: once you stipulate the distribution of baryons, the rotation curve follows from a simple formula. If the two don’t match, they don’t match. There is no guarantee that it’ll work. Instead, it can’t be forced.
As an illustration, Erwin and I tried to trick it. We took two galaxies that are identical in the Tully-Fisher plane (NGC 2403 and UGC 128) and swapped their mass distribution and rotation curve. These galaxies have the same total mass and the same flat velocity in the outer part of the rotation curve, but the detailed distribution of their baryons differs. If MOND can be fooled, this closely matched pair ought to do the trick. It does not.
An attempt to fit MOND to a hybrid galaxy with the rotation curve of NGC 2403 and the baryon distribution of UGC 128. The mass-to-light ratio is driven to unphysical values (6 in solar units), but an acceptable fit is not obtained.
Our failure to trick MOND should not surprise anyone who bothers to look at the math involved. There is a one-to-one relation between the distribution of the baryons and the resulting rotation curve. If there is a mismatch between them, a fit cannot be obtained.
We also attempted to play this same trick on dark matter. The standard dark matter halo fitting function at the time was the pseudo-isothermal halo, which has a constant density core. It is very similar to the halos of SIDM and to the cored dark matter halos produced by baryonic feedback in some simulations. Indeed, that is the point of those efforts: they are trying to capture the success of cored dark matter halos in fitting rotation curve data.
A fit to the hybrid galaxy with a cored (pseudo-isothermal) dark matter halo. A satisfactory fit is readily obtained.
Dark matter halos with a quasi-constant density core do indeed provide good fits to rotation curves. Too good. They are easily fooled, because they have too many degrees of freedom. They will fit pretty much any plausible data that you throw at them. This is why the SIDM fit to DDO 154 failed to flag distance as a potential nuisance. It can’t. You could double (or halve) the distance and still find a good fit.
This is why parameter degeneracy is bad. You get lost in parameter space. Once lost there, it becomes impossible to distinguish between successful, physically meaningful fits and fitting epicycles.
Astronomical data are always subject to improvement. For example, the THINGS project obtained excellent data for a sample of nearby galaxies. I made MOND fits to all the THINGS (and other) data for the MOND review Famaey & McGaugh (2012). Here’s the residual diagram, which has been on my web page for many years:
Residuals of MOND fits from Famaey & McGaugh (2012).
These are, by and large, good fits. The residuals have a well defined peak centered on zero. DDO 154 was one of the THINGS galaxies; lets see what happens if we use those data.
The rotation curve of DDO 154 from THINGS (points with error bars). The Newtonian expectation for stars is the green line; the gas is the blue line. The red line is the MOND prediction. Not that the gas greatly outweighs the stars beyond 1.5 kpc; the stellar mass-to-light ratio has extremely little leverage in this MOND fit.
The first thing one is likely to notice is that the THINGS data are much better resolved than the previous generation used above. The first thing I noticed was that THINGS had assumed a distance of 4.3 Mpc. This was prior to the measurement of 4.04, so lets just start over from there. That gives the MOND prediction shown above.
And it is a prediction. I haven’t adjusted any parameters yet. The mass-to-light ratio is set to the mean I expect for a star forming stellar population, 0.5 in solar units in the Sptizer 3.6 micron band. D=4.04 Mpc and i=66 as tabulated by THINGS. The result is pretty good considering that no parameters have been harmed in the making of this plot. Nevertheless, MOND overshoots a bit at large radii.
Constraining the inclinations for gas rich dwarf galaxies like DDO 154 is a bit of a nightmare. Literature values range from 20 to 70 degrees. Seriously. THINGS itself allows the inclination to vary with radius; 66 is just a typical value. Looking at the fit Pengfei obtained, i=61. Let’s try that.
MOND fit to the THINGS data for DDO 154 with the inclination adjusted to the value found by Li et al. (2018).
The fit is now satisfactory. One tweak to the inclination, and we’re done. This tweak isn’t even a fit to these data; it was adopted from Pengfei’s fit to the above data. This tweak to the inclination is comfortably within any plausible assessment of the uncertainty in this quantity. The change in sin(i) corresponds to a mere 4% in velocity. I could probably do a tiny bit better with further adjustment – I have left both the distance and the mass-to-light ratio fixed – but that would be a meaningless exercise in statistical masturbation. The result just falls out: no muss, no fuss.
Hence the point Bob Sanders makes. Given the distribution of gas, the rotation curve follows. And it works, over and over and over, within the bounds of the uncertainties on the nuisance parameters.
One cannot do the same exercise with dark matter. It has ample ability to fit rotation curve data, once those are provided, but zero power to predict it. If all had been well with ΛCDM, the rotation curves of these galaxies would look like NFW halos. Or any number of other permutations that have been discussed over the years. In contrast, MOND makes one unique prediction (that was not at all anticipated in dark matter), and that’s what the data do. Out of the huge parameter space of plausible outcomes from the messy hierarchical formation of galaxies in ΛCDM, Nature picks the one that looks exactly like MOND.
This outcome is illogical.
It is a bad sign for a theory when it can only survive by mimicking its alternative. This is the case here: ΛCDM must imitate MOND. There are now many papers asserting that it can do just this, but none of those were written before the data were provided. Indeed, I consider it to be problematic that clever people can come with ways to imitate MOND with dark matter. What couldn’t it imitate? If the data had all looked like technicolor space donkeys, we could probably find a way to make that so as well.
Cosmologists will rush to say “microwave background!” I have some sympathy for that, because I do not know how to explain the microwave background in a MOND-like theory. At least I don’t pretend to, even if I had more predictive success there than their entire community. But that would be a much longer post.
For now, note that the situation is even worse for dark matter than I have so far made it sound. In many dwarf galaxies, the rotation velocity exceeds that attributable to the baryons (with Newton alone) at practically all radii. By a lot. DDO 154 is a very dark matter dominated galaxy. The baryons should have squat to say about the dynamics. And yet, all you need to know to predict the dynamics is the baryon distribution. The baryonic tail wags the dark matter dog.
But wait, it gets better! If you look closely at the data, you will note a kink at about 1 kpc, another at 2, and yet another around 5 kpc. These kinks are apparent in both the rotation curve and the gas distribution. This is an example of Sancisi’s Law: “For any feature in the luminosity profile there is a corresponding feature in the rotation curve and vice versa.” This is a general rule, as Sancisi observed, but it makes no sense when the dark matter dominates. The features in the baryon distribution should not be reflected in the rotation curve.
The observed baryons orbit in a disk with nearly circular orbits confined to the same plane. The dark matter moves on eccentric orbits oriented every which way to provide pressure support to a quasi-spherical halo. The baryonic and dark matter occupy very different regions of phase space, the six dimensional volume of position and momentum. The two are not strongly coupled, communicating only by the weak force of gravity in the standard CDM paradigm.
One of the first lessons of galaxy dynamics is that galaxy disks are subject to a variety of instabilities that grow bars and spiral arms. These are driven by disk self-gravity. The same features do not appear in elliptical galaxies because they are pressure supported, 3D blobs. They don’t have disks so they don’t have disk self-gravity, much less the features that lead to the bumps and wiggles observed in rotation curves.
Elliptical galaxies are a good visual analog for what dark matter halos are believed to be like. The orbits of dark matter particles are unable to sustain features like those seen in baryonic disks. They are featureless for the same reasons as elliptical galaxies. They don’t have disks. A rotation curve dominated by a spherical dark matter halo should bear no trace of the features that are seen in the disk. And yet they’re there, often enough for Sancisi to have remarked on it as a general rule.
It gets worse still. One of the original motivations for invoking dark matter was to stabilize galactic disks: a purely Newtonian disk of stars is not a stable configuration, yet the universe is chock full of long-lived spiral galaxies. The cure was to place them in dark matter halos.
The problem for dwarfs is that they have too much dark matter. The halo stabilizes disks by suppressing the formation of structures that stem from disk self-gravity. But you need some disk self-gravity to have the observed features. That can be tuned to work in bright spirals, but it fails in dwarfs because the halo is too massive. As a practical matter, there is no disk self-gravity in dwarfs – it is all halo, all the time. And yet, we do see such features. Not as strong as in big, bright spirals, but definitely present. Whenever someone tries to analyze this aspect of the problem, they inevitably come up with a requirement for more disk self-gravity in the form of unphysically high stellar mass-to-light ratios (something I predicted would happen). In contrast, this is entirely natural in MOND (see, e.g., Brada & Milgrom 1999 and Tiret & Combes 2008), where it is all disk self-gravity since there is no dark matter halo.
The net upshot of all this is that it doesn’t suffice to mimic the radial acceleration relation as many simulations now claim to do. That was not a natural part of CDM to begin with, but perhaps it can be done with smooth model galaxies. In most cases, such models lack the resolution to see the features seen in DDO 154 (and in NGC 1560 and in IC 2574, etc.) If they attain such resolution, they better not show such features, as that would violate some basic considerations. But then they wouldn’t be able to describe this aspect of the data.
Simulators by and large seem to remain sanguine that this will all work out. Perhaps I have become too cynical, but I recall hearing that 20 years ago. And 15. And ten… basically, they’ve always assured me that it will work out even though it never has. Maybe tomorrow will be different. Or would that be the definition of insanity?
A Precise Milky Way
A Precise Milky Way
The Milky Way Galaxy in which we live seems to be a normal spiral galaxy. But it can be hard to tell. Our perspective from within it precludes a “face-on” view like the picture above, which combines some real data with a lot of artistic liberty. Some local details we can measure in extraordinary detail, but the big picture is hard. Just how big is the Milky Way? The absolute scale of our Galaxy has always been challenging to measure accurately from our spot within it.
For some time, we have had a remarkably accurate measurement of the angular speed of the sun around the center of the Galaxy provided by the proper motion of Sagittarius A*. Sgr A* is the radio source associated with the supermassive black hole at the center of the Galaxy. By watching how it appears to move across the sky, Reid & Brunthaler found our relative angular speed to be 6.379 milliarcseconds/year. That’s a pretty amazing measurement: a milliarcsecond is one one-thousandth of one arcsecond, which is one sixtieth of one arcminute, which is one sixtieth of a degree. A pretty small angle.
The proper motion of an object depends on the ratio of its speed to its distance. So this high precision measurement does not itself tell us how big the Milky Way is. We could be far from the center and moving fast, or close and moving slow. Close being a relative term when our best estimates of the distance to the Galactic center hover around 8 kpc (26,000 light-years), give or take half a kpc.
This situation has recently improved dramatically thanks to the Gravity collaboration. They have observed the close passage of a star (S2) past the central supermassive black hole Sgr A*. Their chief interest is in the resulting relativistic effects: gravitational redshift and Schwarzschild precession, which provide a test of General Relativity. Unsurprisingly, it passes with flying colors.
As a consequence of their fitting process, we get for free some other interesting numbers. The mass of the central black hole is 4.1 million solar masses, and the distance to it is 8.122 kpc. The quoted uncertainty is only 31 pc. That’s parsecs, not kiloparsecs. Previously, I had seen credible claims that the distance to the Galactic center was 7.5 kpc. Or 7.9. Or 8.3 Or 8.5. There was a time when it was commonly thought to be about 10 kpc, i.e., we weren’t even sure what column the first digit belonged in. Now we know it to several decimal places. Amazing.
Knowing both the Galactocentric distance and the proper motion of Sgr A* nails down the relative speed of the sun: 245.6 km/s. Of this, 12.2 km/s is “solar motion,” which is how much the sun deviates from a circular orbit. Correcting for this gives us the circular speed of an imaginary test particle orbiting at the sun’s location: 233.3 km/s, accurate to 1.4 km/s.
The distance and circular speed at the solar circle are the long sought Galactic Constants. These specify the scale of the Milky Way. Knowing them also pins down the rotation curve interior to the sun. This is well constrained by the “terminal velocities,” which provide a precise mapping of relative speeds, but need the Galactic Constants for an absolute scale.
A few years ago, I built a model Milky Way rotation curve that fit the terminal velocity data. What I was interested in then was to see if I could use the radial acceleration relation (RAR) to infer the mass distribution of the Galactic disk. The answer was yes. Indeed, it makes for a clear improvement over the traditional approach of assuming a purely exponential disk in the sense that the kinematically inferred bumps and wiggles in the rotation curve correspond to spiral arms known from star counts, as in external spiral galaxies.
Now that the Galactic constants are Known, it seems worth updating the model. This results in the surface density profile
The surface density profile of the Milky Way model scaled to the newly accurate distance to the Galactic center.
with the corresponding rotation curve
The rotation curve of the Milky Way as traced by terminal velocities in the first and fourth quadrants (red and blue points). The solid line is a model that matches this rotation curve. The dashed and dotted lines are the rotation curves of the baryonic and inferred dark matter components. Yellow bands show the effect of varying the stellar mass by 5%.
The model data are available from the Milky Way section of my model pages.
Finding a model that matches both the terminal velocity and the highly accurate Galactic constants is no small feat. Indeed, I worried it was impossible: the speed at the solar circle is down to 233 km/s from a high of 249 km/s just a couple of kpc interior. This sort of variation is possible, but it requires a ring of mass outside the sun. This appears to be the effect of the Perseus spiral arm.
For the new Galactic constants and the current calibration of the RAR, the stellar mass of the Milky Way works out to just under 62 billion solar masses. The largest uncertainty in this is from the asymmetry in the terminal velocities, which are slightly different in the first and fourth quadrants. This is likely a real asymmetry in the mass distribution of the Milky Way. Treating it as an uncertainty, the range of variation corresponds to about 5% up or down in stellar mass.
With the stellar mass determined in this way, we can estimate the local density of dark matter. This is the critical number that is needed for experimental searches: just how much of the stuff should we expect? The answer is very precise: 0.257 GeV per cubic cm. This a bit less than is usually assumed, which makes it a tiny bit harder on the hard-working experimentalists.
The accuracy of the dark matter density is harder to assess. The biggest uncertainty is that in stellar mass. We known the total radial force very well now, but how much is due to stars, and how much to dark matter? (or whatever). The RAR provides a unique method for constraining the stellar contribution, and does so well enough that there is very little formal uncertainty in the dark matter density. This, however, depends on the calibration of the RAR, which itself is subject to systematic uncertainty at the 20% level. This is not as bad as it sounds, because a recalibration of the RAR changes its shape in a way that tends to trade off with stellar mass while not much changing the implied dark matter density. So even with these caveats, this is the most accurate measure of the dark matter density to date.
This is all about the radial force. One can also measure the force perpendicular to the disk. This vertical force implies about twice the dark matter density. This may be telling us something about the shape of the dark matter halo – rather than being spherical as usually assumed, it might be somewhat squashed. It is easy to say that, but it seems a strange circumstance: the stars provide most of the restoring force in the vertical direction, and apparently dominate the radial force. Subtracting off the stellar contribution is thus a challenging task: the total force isn’t much greater than that from the stars alone. Subtracting one big number from another to measure a small one is fraught with peril: the uncertainties tend to blow up in your face.
Returning to the Milky Way, it seems in all respects to be a normal spiral galaxy. With the stellar mass found here, we can compare it to other galaxies in scaling relations like Tully-Fisher. It does not stand out from the crowd: our home is a fairly normal place for this time in the Universe.
The stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation with the Milky Way shown as the red star. It is a typical spiral galaxy.
It is possible to address many more details with a model like this. See the original!
A brief history of the acceleration discrepancy
A brief history of the acceleration discrepancy
As soon as I wrote it, I realized that the title is much more general than anything that can be fit in a blog post. Bekenstein argued long ago that the missing mass problem should instead be called the acceleration discrepancy, because that’s what it is – a discrepancy that occurs in conventional dynamics at a particular acceleration scale. So in that sense, it is the entire history of dark matter. For that, I recommend the excellent book The Dark Matter Problem: A Historical Perspective by Bob Sanders.
Here I mean more specifically my own attempts to empirically constrain the relation between the mass discrepancy and acceleration. Milgrom introduced MOND in 1983, no doubt after a long period of development and refereeing. He anticipated essentially all of what I’m going to describe. But not everyone is eager to accept MOND as a new fundamental theory, and often suffer from a very human tendency to confuse fact and theory. So I have gone out of my way to demonstrate what is empirically true in the data – facts – irrespective of theoretical interpretation (MOND or otherwise).
What is empirically true, and now observationally established beyond a reasonable doubt, is that the mass discrepancy in rotating galaxies correlates with centripetal acceleration. The lower the acceleration, the more dark matter one appears to need. Or, as Bekenstein might have put it, the amplitude of the acceleration discrepancy grows as the acceleration itself declines.
Bob Sanders made the first empirical demonstration that I am aware of that the mass discrepancy correlates with acceleration. In a wide ranging and still relevant 1990 review, he showed that the amplitude of the mass discrepancy correlated with the acceleration at the last measured point of a rotation curve. It did not correlate with radius.
The acceleration discrepancy from Sanders (1990).
I was completely unaware of this when I became interested in the problem a few years later. I wound up reinventing the very same term – the mass discrepancy, which I defined as the ratio of dynamically measured mass to that visible in baryons: D = Mtot/Mbar. When there is no dark matter, Mtot = Mbar and D = 1.
My first demonstration of this effect was presented at a conference at Rutgers in 1998. This considered the mass discrepancy at every radius and every acceleration within all the galaxies that were available to me at that time. Though messy, as is often the case in extragalactic astronomy, the correlation was clear. Indeed, this was part of a broader review of galaxy formation; the title, abstract, and much of the substance remains relevant today.
The mass discrepancy – the ratio of dynamically measured mass to that visible in luminous stars and gas – as a function of centripetal acceleration. Each point is a measurement along a rotation curve; two dozen galaxies are plotted together. A constant mass-to-light ratio is assumed for all galaxies.
I spent much of the following five years collecting more data, refining the analysis, and sweating the details of uncertainties and systematic instrumental effects. In 2004, I published an extended and improved version, now with over 5 dozen galaxies.
One panel from Fig. 5 of McGaugh (2004). The mass discrepancy is plotted against the acceleration predicted by the baryons (in units of km2 s2 kpc-1).
Here I’ve used a population synthesis model to estimate the mass-to-light ratio of the stars. This is the only unknown; everything else is measured. Note that the vast majority galaxies land on top of each other. There are a few that do not, as you can perceive in the parallel sets of points offset from the main body. But that happens in only a few cases, as expected – no population model is perfect. Indeed, this one was surprisingly good, as the vast majority of the individual galaxies are indistinguishable in the pile that defines the main relation.
I explored the how the estimation of the stellar mass-to-light ratio affected this mass discrepancy-acceleration relation in great detail in the 2004 paper. The details differ with the choice of estimator, but the bottom line was that the relation persisted for any plausible choice. The relation exists. It is an empirical fact.
At this juncture, further improvement was no longer limited by rotation curve data, which is what we had been working to expand through the early ’00s. Now it was the stellar mass. The measurement of stellar mass was based on optical measurements of the luminosity distribution of stars in galaxies. These are perfectly fine data, but it is hard to map the starlight that we measured to the stellar mass that we need for this relation. The population synthesis models were good, but they weren’t good enough to avoid the occasional outlier, as can be seen in the figure above.
One thing the models all agreed on (before they didn’t, then they did again) was that the near-infrared would provide a more robust way of mapping stellar mass than the optical bands we had been using up till then. This was the clear way forward, and perhaps the only hope for improving the data further. Fortunately, technology was keeping pace. Around this time, I became involved in helping the effort to develop the NEWFIRM near-infrared camera for the national observatories, and NASA had just launched the Spitzer space telescope. These were the right tools in the right place at the right time. Ultimately, the high accuracy of the deep images obtained from the dark of space by Spitzer at 3.6 microns were to prove most valuable.
Jim Schombert and I spent much of the following decade observing in the near-infrared. Many other observers were doing this as well, filling the Spitzer archive with useful data while we concentrated on our own list of low surface brightness galaxies. This paragraph cannot suffice to convey the long term effort and enormity of this program. But by the mid-teens, we had accumulated data for hundreds of galaxies, including all those for which we also had rotation curves and HI observations. The latter had been obtained over the course of decades by an entire independent community of radio observers, and represent an integrated effort that dwarfs our own.
On top of the observational effort, Jim had been busy building updated stellar population models. We have a sophisticated understanding of how stars work, but things can get complicated when you put billions of them together. Nevertheless, Jim’s work – and that of a number of independent workers – indicated that the relation between Spitzer’s 3.6 micron luminosity measurements and stellar mass should be remarkably simple – basically just a constant conversion factor for nearly all star forming galaxies like those in our sample.
Things came together when Federico Lelli joined Case Western as a postdoc in 2014. He had completed his Ph.D. in the rich tradition of radio astronomy, and was the perfect person to move the project forward. After a couple more years of effort, curating the rotation curve data and building mass models from the Spitzer data, we were in the position to build the relation for over a dozen dozen galaxies. With all the hard work done, making the plot was a matter of running a pre-prepared computer script.
Federico ran his script. The plot appeared on his screen. In a stunned voice, he called me into his office. We had expected an improvement with the Spitzer data – hence the decade of work – but we had also expected there to be a few outliers. There weren’t. Any.
All. the. galaxies. fell. right. on. top. of. each. other.
The radial acceleration relation. The centripetal acceleration measured from rotation curves is plotted against that predicted by the observed baryons. 2693 points from 153 distinct galaxies are plotted together (bluescale); individual galaxies do not distinguish themselves in this plot. Indeed, the width of the scatter (inset) is entirely explicable by observational uncertainties and the expected scatter in stellar mass-to-light ratios. From McGaugh et al. (2016).
This plot differs from those above because we had decided to plot the measured acceleration against that predicted by the observed baryons so that the two axes would be independent. The discrepancy, defined as the ratio, depended on both. D is essentially the ratio of the y-axis to the x-axis of this last plot, dividing out the unity slope where D = 1.
This was one of the most satisfactory moments of my long career, in which I have been fortunate to have had many satisfactory moments. It is right up there with the eureka moment I had that finally broke the long-standing loggerhead about the role of selection effects in Freeman’s Law. (Young astronomers – never heard of Freeman’s Law? You’re welcome.) Or the epiphany that, gee, maybe what we’re calling dark matter could be a proxy for something deeper. It was also gratifying that it was quickly recognized as such, with many of the colleagues I first presented it to saying it was the highlight of the conference where it was first unveiled.
Regardless of the ultimate interpretation of the radial acceleration relation, it clearly exists in the data for rotating galaxies. The discrepancy appears at a characteristic acceleration scale, g = 1.2 x 10-10 m/s/s. That number is in the data. Why? is a deeply profound question.
It isn’t just that the acceleration scale is somehow fundamental. The amplitude of the discrepancy depends systematically on the acceleration. Above the critical scale, all is well: no need for dark matter. Below it, the amplitude of the discrepancy – the amount of dark matter we infer – increases systematically. The lower the acceleration, the more dark matter one infers.
The relation for rotating galaxies has no detectable scatter – it is a near-perfect relation. Whether this persists, and holds for other systems, is the interesting outstanding question. It appears, for example, that dwarf spheroidal galaxies may follow a slightly different relation. However, the emphasis here is on slighlty. Very few of these data pass the same quality criteria that the SPARC data plotted above do. It’s like comparing mud pies with diamonds.
Whether the scatter in the radial acceleration relation is zero or merely very tiny is important. That’s the difference between a new fundamental force law (like MOND) and a merely spectacular galaxy scaling relation. For this reason, it seems to be controversial. It shouldn’t be: I was surprised at how tight the relation was myself. But I don’t get to report that there is lots of scatter when there isn’t. To do so would be profoundly unscientific, regardless of the wants of the crowd.
Of course, science is hard. If you don’t do everything right, from the measurements to the mass models to the stellar populations, you’ll find some scatter where perhaps there isn’t any. There are so many creative ways to screw up that I’m sure people will continue to find them. Myself, I prefer to look forward: I see no need to continuously re-establish what has been repeatedly demonstrated in the history briefly outlined above.
The Acceleration Scale in the Data
The Acceleration Scale in the Data
g = 0.8 Vf4/(G Mb)
Do you see the acceleration scale?
RAR fits to individual galaxies
RAR fits to individual galaxies
The radial acceleration relation connects what we see in visible mass with what we get in galaxy dynamics. This is true in a statistical sense, with remarkably little scatter. The SPARC data are consistent with a single, universal force law in galaxies. One that appears to be sourced by the baryons alone.
This was not expected with dark matter. Indeed, it would be hard to imagine a less natural result. We can only salvage the dark matter picture by tweaking it to make it mimic its chief rival. This is not a healthy situation for a theory.
On the other hand, if these results really do indicate the action of a single universal force law, then it should be possible to fit each individual galaxy. This has been done many times before, with surprisingly positive results. Does it work for the entirety of SPARC?
For the impatient, the answer is yes. Graduate student Pengfei Li has addressed this issue in a paper in press at A&A. There are some inevitable goofballs; this is astronomy after all. But by and large, it works much better than I expected – the goof rate is only about 10%, and the worst goofs are for the worst data.
Fig. 1 from the paper gives the example of NGC 2841. This case has been historically problematic for MOND, but a good fit falls out of the Bayesian MCMC procedure employed. We marginalize over the nuisance parameters (distance and inclination) in addition to the stellar mass-to-light ratio of disk and bulge. These come out a tad high in this case, but everything is within the uncertainties. A long standing historical problem is easily solved by application of Bayesian statistics.
RAR fit (equivalent to a MOND fit) to NGC 2841. The rotation curve and components of the mass model are shown at top left, with the fit parameters at top right. The fit is also shown in terms of acceleration (bottom left) and where the galaxy falls on the RAR (bottom right).
Another example is provided by the low surface brightness (LSB) dwarf galaxy IC 2574. Note that like all LSB galaxies, it lies at the low acceleration end of the RAR. This is what attracted my attention to the problem a long time ago: the mass discrepancy is large everywhere, so conventionally dark matter dominates. And yet, the luminous matter tells you everything you need to know to predict the rotation curve. This makes no physical sense whatsoever: it is as if the baryonic tail wags the dark matter dog.
RAR fit for IC 2574, with panels as in the figure above.
In this case, the mass-to-light ratio of the stars comes out a bit low. LSB galaxies like IC 2574 are gas rich; the stellar mass is pretty much an afterthought to the fitting process. That’s good: there is very little freedom; the rotation curve has to follow almost directly from the observed gas distribution. If it doesn’t, there’s nothing to be done to fix it. But it is also bad: since the stars contribute little to the total mass budget, their mass-to-light ratio is not well constrained by the fit – changing it a lot makes little overall difference. This renders the formal uncertainty on the mass-to-light ratio highly dubious. The quoted number is correct for the data as presented, but it does not reflect the inevitable systematic errors that afflict astronomical observations in a variety of subtle ways. In this case, a small change in the innermost velocity measurements (as happens in the THINGS data) could change the mass-to-light ratio by a huge factor (and well outside the stated error) without doing squat to the overall fit.
We can address statistically how [un]reasonable the required fit parameters are. Short answer: they’re pretty darn reasonable. Here is the distribution of 3.6 micron band mass-to-light ratios.
Histogram of best-fit stellar mass-to-light ratios for the disk components of SPARC galaxies. The red dashed line illustrates the typical value expected from stellar population models.
From a stellar population perspective, we expect roughly constant mass-to-light ratios in the near-infrared, with some scatter. The fits to the rotation curves give just that. There is no guarantee that this should work out. It could be a meaningless fit parameter with no connection to stellar astrophysics. Instead, it reproduces the normalization, color dependence, and scatter expected from completely independent stellar population models.
The stellar mass-to-light ratio is practically inaccessible in the context of dark matter fits to rotation curves, as it is horribly degenerate with the parameters of the dark matter halo. That MOND returns reasonable mass-to-light ratios is one of those important details that keeps me wondering. It seems like there must be something to it.
Unsurprisingly, once we fit the mass-to-light ratio and the nuisance parameters, the scatter in the RAR itself practically vanishes. It does not entirely go away, as we fit only one mass-to-light ratio per galaxy (two in the handful of cases with a bulge). The scatter in the individual velocity measurements has been minimized, but some remains. The amount that remains is tiny (0.06 dex) and consistent with what we’d expect from measurement errors and mild asymmetries (non-circular motions).
The radial acceleration relation with optimized parameters.
For those unfamiliar with extragalactic astronomy, it is common for “correlations” to be weak and have enormous intrinsic scatter. Early versions of the Tully-Fisher relation were considered spooky-tight with a mere 0.4 mag. of scatter. In the RAR we have a relation as near to perfect as we’re likely to get. The data are consistent with a single, universal force law – at least in the radial direction in rotating galaxies.
That’s a strong statement. It is hard to understand in the context of dark matter. If you think you do, you are not thinking clearly.
So how strong is this statement? Very. We tried fits allowing additional freedom. None is necessary. One can of course introduce more parameters, but we find that no more are needed. The bare minimum is the mass-to-light ratio (plus the nuisance parameters of distance and inclination); these entirely suffice to describe the data. Allowing more freedom does not meaningfully improve the fits.
For example, I have often seen it asserted that MOND fits require variation in the acceleration constant of the theory. If this were true, I would have zero interest in the theory. So we checked.
Here we learn something important about the role of priors in Bayesian fits. If we allow the critical acceleration g to vary from galaxy to galaxy with a flat prior, it does indeed do so: it flops around all over the place. Aha! So g is not constant! MOND is falsified!
Best fit values of the critical acceleration in each galaxy for a flat prior (light blue) and a Gaussian prior (dark blue). The best-fit value is so consistent in the latter case that the inset is necessary to see the distribution at all. Note the switch to a linear scale and the very narrow window.
Well, no. Flat priors are often problematic, as they have no physical motivation. By allowing for a wide variation in g, one is inviting covariance with other parameters. As g goes wild, so too does the mass-to-light ratio. This wrecks the stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation by introducing a lot of unnecessary variation in the mass-to-light ratio: luminosity correlates nicely with rotation speed, but stellar mass picks up a lot of extraneous scatter. Worse, all this variation in both g and the mass-to-light ratio does very little to improve the fits. It does a tiny bit – χ2 gets infinitesimally better, so the fitting program takes it. But the improvement is not statistically meaningful.
In contrast, with a Gaussian prior, we get essentially the same fits, but with practically zero variation in g. wee The reduced χ2 actually gets a bit worse thanks to the extra, unnecessary, degree of freedom. This demonstrates that for these data, g is consistent with a single, universal value. For whatever reason it may occur physically, this number is in the data.
We have made the SPARC data public, so anyone who wants to reproduce these results may easily do so. Just mind your priors, and don’t take every individual error bar too seriously. There is a long tail to high χ2 that persists for any type of model. If you get a bad fit with the RAR, you will almost certainly get a bad fit with your favorite dark matter halo model as well. This is astronomy, fergodssake.
Ain’t no cusps here
Ain’t no cusps here
It has been twenty years since we coined the phrase NFW halo to describe the cuspy halos that emerge from dark matter simulations of structure formation. Since that time, observations have persistently contradicted this fundamental prediction of the cold dark matter cosmogony. There have, of course, been some theorists who cling to the false hope that somehow it is the data to blame and not a shortcoming of the model.
That this false hope has persisted in some corners for so long is a tribute to the power of ideas over facts and the influence that strident personalities wield over the sort objective evaluation we allegedly value in science. This history is a bit like this skit by Arsenio Hall. Hall is pestered by someone calling, demanding Thelma. Just substitute “cusps” for “Thelma” and that pretty much sums it up.
All during this time, I have never questioned the results of the simulations. While it is a logical possibility that they screwed something up, I don’t think that is likely. Moreover, it is inappropriate to pour derision on one’s scientific colleagues just because you disagree. Such disagreements are part and parcel of the scientific method. We don’t need to be jerks about it.
But some people are jerks about it. There are some – and merely some, certainly not all – theorists who make a habit of pouring scorn on the data for not showing what they want it to show. And that’s what it really boils down to. They’re so sure that their models are right that any disagreement with data must be the fault of the data.
This has been going on so long that in 1996, George Efstathiou was already making light of it in his colleagues, in the form of the Frenk Principle:
“If the Cold Dark Matter Model does not agree with observations, there must be physical processes, no matter how bizarre or unlikely, that can explain the discrepancy.”
There are even different flavors of the Strong Frenk Principle:
1: “The physical processes must be the most bizarre and unlikely.”
2: “If we are incapable of finding any physical processes to explain the discrepancy between CDM models and observations, then observations are wrong.”
In the late ’90s, blame was frequently placed on beam smearing. The resolution of 21 cm data cubes at that time was typically 13 to 30 arcseconds, which made it challenging to resolve the shape of some rotation curves. Some but not all. Nevertheless, beam smearing became the default excuse to pretend the observations were wrong.
This persisted for a number of years, until we obtained better data – long slit optical spectra with 1 or 2 arcsecond resolution. These data did show up a few cases where beam smearing had been a legitimate concern. It also confirmed the rotation curves of many other galaxies where it had not been.
So they made up a different systematic error. Beam smearing was no longer an issue, but longslit data only gave a slice along the major axis, not the whole velocity field. So it was imagined that we observers had placed the slits in the wrong place, thereby missing the signature of the cusps.
This was obviously wrong from the start. It boiled down to an assertion that Vera Rubin didn’t know how to measure rotation curves. If that were true, we wouldn’t have dark matter in the first place. The real lesson of this episode was to never underestimate the power of cognitive dissonance. People believed one thing about the data quality when it agreed with their preconceptions (rotation curves prove dark matter!) and another when it didn’t (rotation curves don’t constrain cusps!)
So, back to the telescope. Now we obtained 2D velocity fields at optical resolution (a few arcseconds). When you do this, there is no where for a cusp to hide. Such a dense concentration makes a pronounced mark on the velocity field.
Velocity fields of the inner parts of zero stellar mass disks embedded in an NFW halo (left panel) and a pseudo-isothermal (ISO) halo (right panel). The velocity field is seen under an inclination angle of 60°, and a PA of 90°. The boxes measure 5 × 5 kpc2. The vertical minor-axis contour is 0 km s−1, increasing in steps of 10 km s−1 outwards. The NFW halo parameters are c= 8.6 and V200= 100 km s−1, the ISO parameters are RC= 1 kpc and V= 100 km s−1. From de Blok et al. 2003, MNRAS, 340, 657 (Fig. 3).
To give a real world example (O’Neil et. al 2000; yes, we could already do this in the previous millennium), here is a galaxy with a cusp and one without:
The velocity field of UGC 12687, which shows the signature of a cusp (left), and UGC 12695, which does not (right). Both galaxies are observed in the same 21 cm cube with the same sensitivity, same resolution, etc.
It is easy to see the signature of a cusp in a 2D velocity field. You can’t miss it. It stands out like a sore thumb.
The absence of cusps is typical of dwarf and low surface brightness galaxies. In the vast majority of these, we see approximately solid body rotation, as in UGC 12695. This is incredibly reproducible. See, for example, the case of UGC 4325 (Fig. 3 of Bosma 2004), where six independent observations employing three distinct observational techniques all obtain the same result.
There are cases where we do see a cusp. These are inevitably associated with a dense concentration of stars, like a bulge component. There is no need to invoke dark matter cusps when the luminous matter makes the same prediction. Worse, it becomes ambiguous: you can certainly fit a cuspy halo by reducing the fractional contribution of the stars. But this only succeeds by having the dark matter mimic the light distribution. Maybe such galaxies do have cuspy halos, but the data do not require it.
All this was settled a decade ago. Most of the field has moved on, with many theorists trying to simulate the effects of baryonic feedback. An emerging consensus is that such feedback can transform cusps into cores on scales that matter to real galaxies. The problem then moves to finding observational tests of feedback: does it work in the real universe as it must do in the simulations in order to get the “right” result?
Not everyone has kept up with the times. A recent preprint tries to spin the story that non-circular motions make it hard to obtain the true circular velocity curve, and therefore we can still get away with cusps. Like all good misinformation, there is a grain of truth to this. It can indeed be challenging to get the precisely correct 1D rotation curve V(R) in a way that properly accounts for non-circular motions. Challenging but not impossible. Some of the most intense arguments I’ve had have been over how to do this right. But these were arguments among perfectionists about details. We agreed on the basic result.
There ain’t no cusp here!
High quality data paint a clear and compelling picture. The data show an incredible amount of order in the form of Renzo’s rule, the Baryonic Tully-Fisher relation, and the Radial Acceleration Relation. Such order cannot emerge from a series of systematic errors. Models that fail to reproduce these observed relations can be immediately dismissed as incorrect.
The high degree of order in the data has been known for decades, and yet many modeling papers simply ignore these inconvenient facts. Perhaps the authors of such papers are simply unaware of them. Worse, some seem to be fooling themselves through the liberal application of the Frenk’s Principle. This places a notional belief system (dark matter halos must have cusps) above observational reality. This attitude has more in common with religious faith than with the scientific method.
Declining Rotation Curves at High Redshift?
Declining Rotation Curves at High Redshift?
A recent paper in Nature by Genzel et al. reports declining rotation curves for high redshift galaxies. I have been getting a lot of questions about this result, which would be very important if true. So I thought I’d share a few thoughts here.
Nature is a highly reputable journal – in most fields of science. In Astronomy, it has a well earned reputation as the place to publish sexy but incorrect results. They have been remarkably consistent about this, going back to my earliest grad school memories, like a quasar pair being interpreted as a wide gravitational lens indicating the existence of cosmic strings. This was sexy at that time, because cosmic strings were thought to be a likely by-product of cosmic Inflation, threading the universe with remnants of the Inflationary phase. Cool, huh? Many Big Names signed on to this Exciting Discovery, which was Widely Discussed at the time. The only problem was that it was complete nonsense.
Genzel et al. look likely to build on this reputation. In Astronomy, we are always chasing the undiscovered, which often means the most distant. This is a wonderful thing: the universe is practically infinite; there is always something new to discover. An occasional downside is the temptation to over-interpret and oversell data on the edge.
Lets start with some historical perspective. Here is the position-velocity diagram of NGC 7331 as measured by Rubin et al. (1965):
The rotation curve goes up, then it goes down. One would not claim the discovery of flat rotation curves from these data.
Here is the modern rotation curve of the same galaxy:
As the data improved, the flattening became clear. In order to see this, you need to observe to large radius. The original data didn’t do that. It isn’t necessarily wrong; it just doesn’t go far enough out.
Now lets look at the position-velocity diagrams published by Genzel et al.:
They go up, they go down. This is the normal morphology of the rotation curves of bright, high surface brightness galaxies. First they rise steeply, then they roll over, then they decline slowly and gradually flatten out.
It looks to me like the Genzel el al. data do the first two things. They go up. They roll over. Maybe they start to come down a tiny bit. Maybe. They simply do not extend far enough to see the flattening, if it is there. Their claim that the rotation curves are falling is not persuasive: this is asking more of the data than is warranted. Historically, there are many examples of claims of “declining” rotation curves. DDO 154 is one famous example. These claims were not very persuasive at the time, and did not survive closer examination.
I have developed the habit of looking at the data before I read the text of a paper. I did that in this case, and saw what I expected to see from years of experience working on low redshift galaxies. I wasn’t surprised until I read the text as saw the claim that these galaxies somehow differed from those at low redshift.
It takes some practice to look at the data without being influenced by lines drawn to misguide the eye. That’s what the model lines drawn in red do. I don’t have access to the data, so I can’t re-plot them without those lines. So instead I have added, by eye, a crude estimate of what I would expect for galaxies like this. In most cases, the data do not distinguish between falling and flat rotation curves. In the case labeled 33h, the data look slightly more consistent with a flat rotation curve. In 10h, they look slightly more consistent with a falling rotation curve. That appearance is mostly driven by the outermost point with large error bars on the approaching side. Taken literally, this velocity is unphysical: it declines faster than Keplerian. They interpret this in terms of thick disks, but it could be a clue that Something is Wrong.
The basic problem is that the high redshift data do not extend to large radii. They simply do not go far enough out to distinguish between flat and declining rotation curves. Most do not extend beyond 10 kpc. If we plot the data for NGC 7331 with R < 10 kpc, we get this:
Here I’ve plotted both sides in order to replicate the appearance of Genzel’s plots. I’ve also included an exponential disk model in red. Never mind that this is a lousy representation of the true mass model. It gives a good fit, no?
The rotation curve is clearly declining. Unless you observe further out:
The data of Genzel et al. do not allow us to distinguish between “normal” flat rotation curves and genuinely declining ones.
This is just taking the data as presented. I have refrained from making methodological criticisms, and will continue to do so. I will only note that it is possible to make a considerably more sophisticated, 3D analysis. Di Teodoro et al. (2016) have done this for very similar data. They find much lower velocity dispersions (not the thick disks claimed by Genzel et al.) and flat rotation curves:
There is no guarantee that the same results will follow for the Genzel et al. data, but it would be nice to see the same 3D analysis techniques applied.
Since I am unpersuaded that the Genzel et al. data extend far enough out to test for flat rotation, I looked for a comparison that I could make so far as the data do go. Fig. 3 of Genzel et al. shows the dark matter fraction as a function of circular velocity. This contains the same information as Fig. 12 of McGaugh (2016), which I re-plot here in terms of the dark matter fraction:
The dark matter fraction for the local galaxies (gray circles) discussed in McGaugh (2016) as a function of circular velocity (left) and surface density (right). The star is the Milky Way. Blue points with red circles are the data of Genzel et al. The left panel is equivalent to their Fig. 3.
The data of Genzel et al. follow the trends established by local galaxies. They are confined to the bright, high surface brightness end of these relations, but that is to be expected: the brightest galaxies are always the most readily observed, especially at high redshift.
Genzel et al. only plot the left panel. As I have shown many times before, the strongest correlation of dynamical-to-baryonic mass is with surface brightness, not mass or its proxies luminosity and circular velocity. This is an essential aspect of the mass discrepancy problem; it is unfortunate that many scientists working on the topic appear to remain unaware of this basic fact.
From these diagrams, I infer that there is no discernible evolution in the properties of bright galaxies out to high redshift (z = 2.4 for their most distant case). The data presented by Genzel et al. sit exactly where one would expect from the relations established by local galaxies. That in itself might seem surprising, and perhaps warrants a Letter to Nature. But most of the words in Genzel et al. are about a surprising sort of evolution in which galaxy rotation curves decline at high redshift, so they have less dark matter then than now. I do not see that their data sustain such an interpretation.
So far everything I have said is empirical. If I put on a theory hat, the claims of Genzel et al. persist in making no sense.
First, ΛCDM. Fundamental to the ΛCDM cosmogony is the notion that dark matter halos form first, with baryons falling in subsequently. It has to happen in that order to satisfy the constraints on the growth of structure from the cosmic microwave background. The temperature fluctuations in the CMB are small because the baryons haven’t yet been able to clump up. In order for them to form galaxies as quickly as observed, the dark matter must already be forming the seeds of dark matter halos for the baryons to subsequently fall into. Without this order of battle, our explanation of structure formation is out the window.
Next, MOND. If rotation curves are indeed falling as claimed, this would falsify MOND, or at least make it a phenomenon that only applies in the local universe. But, as discussed, the high-z galaxies look like local ones. That doesn’t falsify MOND; it rather encourages the basic picture of structure formation we have in that context: galaxies form early and settle down into the form the modified force law stipulates. Indeed, the apparent lack of evolution implies that Milgrom’s acceleration constant a0 is indeed constant, and does not vary (as sometimes speculated) in concert with the expansion rate as hinted at by the numerical coincidence a0 ~ cH0. I cannot place a meaningful limit on the evolution of a0 from the data as presented, but it appears to be small. Rather than falsifying MOND, the high-z data look to be consistent with it – so far as they go.
So, in summary: the data at high redshift appear completely consistent with those at low redshift. The claim of falling rotation curves would be problematic to both ΛCDM and MOND. However, this claim is not persuasive – the data simply do not extend far enough out.
Early 21st century technology has enabled us to do at high redshift what could barely be done at low redshift in the mid-20th century. That’s impressive. But these high-z data look a lot like low-z data circa 1970. A lot has changed since then. Right now, for the exploration of the high redshift universe, I will borrow one of Vera Rubin’s favorite phrases: These are Early Days. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82164 | Former UCL employees
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• For a scholarship certificate, send an email to Lorraine Jacob |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82203 | New Patient Appointment or 214-645-8300
All transplant
A Late Christmas Gift
It was the day after Christmas and Randy Gideon was waking up from his bi-lateral lung transplant. Laid up and heavily sedated in the ICU, the well-known Fort Worth architect was surrounded by machines with tubes spilling from his torso. When he came to, he realized he could breathe. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82205 | We are building a web application, where there is a data table and the user can filter it in order to find the elements that they are looking for. After getting some feedback from my users in my first design, they want to have the functionality "Contains text" inside the each filter.
Current Filter
Are there any guidelines on that issue? Could I combine it better with the search function? Are there any best practices?
For your information, there should be also a select all/unselect all button inside the filter.
• You mean a switch between "exact match" and "contains"? – Dominik Oslizlo Apr 10 '17 at 14:16
• I think so, but could you please explain more? @DominikOslizlo – Dimitra Miha Apr 10 '17 at 14:22
• I mean: is it a switch that would let Users decide if the exact string should be matched within the filter options (e.g. filtering by "as" would only leave "Asus" in this list) or a text contained within the string (in this case, "as" would leave "Asus", "Blu Basic" and "Yapas" in the list). Or, you want to add an option that would display all the records including any brand and skip those for which this field is empty (in this case). – Dominik Oslizlo Apr 10 '17 at 14:29
• I'm a bit confused. How would "contains text" be beneficial? Ultimately they have to filter down the brand (or not at all). Why were they asking for that functionality? What were they having difficulty with? – Majo0od Apr 10 '17 at 14:52
• It is a little bit confusing @Majo0od. More I think about it, the more confusing it gets. Maybe the "Contains text" can be solved by the 2nd case of Dominik - a text contained within the string (in this case, "as" would leave "Asus", "Blu Basic" and "Yapas" in the list). - and the addition of select all button. Then, they can achieve what they want. Would there be a better solution? – Dimitra Miha Apr 10 '17 at 14:59
As the designer of your application, just because your users are saying one thing, doesn't always mean they mean exactly that.
More often than not, users tend to say one thing, but do another. Don't ask them what they don't like. Instead, watch them and then have them speak out their mind.
The reason why I bring this up is because if you allow a "contains text" functionality, this will cause far more frustration for the users:
What if they just type A because they want Apple and Asus, but it will enable all As. They will have to start unchecking everything.
What I understood your users are saying is that the interface isn't easy to use. Rather than hiding brands and devices, why not allow those filters to be exposed always?
When I worked at a well known company's web team, we had filters that were thrown all the way below the fold to the right which made our user base not know we had filters and those who used it were unhappy with the way it worked. So we redesigned it to be on the top of the page (ever present) and revealed the most used filter so that they could automatically click it without extra work.
Why not go towards that approach and reveal your filters immediately with a "save filters" button that implements all their filters? Try that and see what happens, because my gut instinct is telling me that your users feel like your current filter system isn't easy to use.
• I will accept your answer because it has some very good points and made me think further to find a good solution that I should test with them :) – Dimitra Miha Apr 11 '17 at 7:18
• Happy to help @DimitraMiha – Majo0od Apr 11 '17 at 11:35
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82212 | Why Are Ron Paul's Supporters So Angry?
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When Glenn Beck interviewed Congressman Ron Paul a few weeks ago, he said that he had received death threats from people purporting to be Ron Paul supporters. [VDARE.com note: Beck has also been threatened by Al Gore supporters, after disclosing Gore's "Giant Ecological Footprint." ] I have heard other journalists make similar accusations against Congressman Paul's supporters. Of course, I have no way of knowing whether any of this is true or not. And neither does anyone else.
My own experience has been that Congressman Paul's supporters have always demonstrated grace, patience, and courtesy. I have met and worked alongside Ron Paul supporters in at least four states, and I have never personally witnessed any of the anger and bitterness of which they are accused.
Not that Ron Paul's supporters do not have reason to be angry. They most certainly do. In fact, all of us should be angry.
Ron Paul's supporters have been subjected to the most overt and outlandish brand of humiliation and censorship ever seen in modern politics. The cable news Republican Presidential debates have been jokes. For every one question (and usually a stupid, irrelevant question at that) asked of Dr. Paul, the other participants will get three or four. Maybe more. Even though Ron Paul has received more money, more votes, and more delegates than Rudy Giuliani, the press continues to ignore Mr. Paul while showering Giuliani with coverage.
In addition, Ron Paul's own party continues to treat him and his supporters as second-class citizens—or perhaps even as aliens from a different planet. They are subjected to insults of every type. Not to mention enduring every conceivable method to censure or remove Dr. Paul from the political process. He has been denied access to platforms, excluded from debates, removed from GOP Presidential lists, etc., ad infinitum, ad nauseam.
I say again: if anyone has a right to be angry, it is Ron Paul supporters. But perhaps the greater question is, Why are not all of us angry? No, I do not mean in a cruel or unkind way, but where is our outrage for what the ruling elite are doing to our country?
We should all be angry at the way politicians lie to us, deceive us, and manipulate us. We should all be angry at the way both major parties have completely ignored and trampled constitutional government.
Are we so gullible that we cannot see when a politician says one thing to one group of people and a totally opposite thing to another group of people? Are we so naïve that we cannot tell when a politician changes his beliefs simply in order to garner votes?
Come on folks, let's get real: do you really expect John McCain to abandon his efforts to grant amnesty to illegal aliens? Do you really expect Mitt Romney to be a champion for the unborn? Do you really expect Mike Huckabee to suddenly be the champion for limited government spending? Do you really expect Rudy Giuliani to keep his pants zipped?
Have the American people become so numbed to truth and reality that we cannot distinguish the genuine from the phony—even when it stands right in front of us? Perhaps so. However, if the American people had any of the character and resolve of our forebears, we would be steaming mad about what our political and business leaders have done to our country.
Yes, we should be angry at the way our government has repeatedly lied to us about the economy, about sending our jobs and manufacturing industries overseas, about Iraq, and about EVERYTHING! Yes, dear friends, they lie to us about everything. It has gotten to the point that, frankly, I believe NOTHING the government tells us. They have proven themselves to be totally disingenuous and downright duplicitous. And, frankly, I'm angry about it.
In addition, I can even understand whatever anger and exasperation Ron Paul's supporters feel regarding my fellow evangelical believers. Today's Christians—and especially our pastors—have become little more than toadies for the establishment elite. They apparently have never read our U.S. Constitution, Declaration of Independence, or Bill of Rights. They are seemingly oblivious to our great American history and heritage. They seem to lack the most elementary understanding of even the most basic American principles.
For example, it makes absolutely no sense that Christian pastors would embrace the sudden pro-life candidacy of Mitt Romney and reject the proven, twenty-year pro-life record of Ron Paul. It makes no sense that evangelical Christians would embrace the pro-illegal amnesty, pro-McCain/Feingold, pro-No-Child-Left-Behind, pro-gun control John McCain and reject the proven, twenty-year no-amnesty, pro-freedom, anti-No-Child-Left-Behind, pro-Second Amendment record of Ron Paul. It makes absolutely no sense that Christians would fall for Mr. Big Government himself, Mike Huckabee, and reject the champion of limited government, Ron Paul.
Beyond that, how is it that pastors and evangelicals cannot see through the GOP's complicity in helping to establish a Luciferian New World Order? How can they be so blind and dumb regarding the global machinations of the Council on Foreign Relations? How can they not understand and reject the philosophy emanating from the Trilateral Commission and Bilderbergers?
Ask the average pastor and Christian about the CFR, the Trilateralists, or the Bilderbergers and they just stare into space. They are absolutely clueless. Ask them about the burgeoning NAFTA superhighway, North American Union, or Amero and they look stupefied. Again, they are absolutely clueless. And, yes, I am angry about it. I am saddened and angered at the lack of knowledge, perception, and discernment demonstrated by my Christian brethren.
I believe with all my heart that if the pastors and Christian people of America would come off their high horse and start supporting the principles of liberty, the U.S. Constitution, and limited government, not only would there be a rebirth of freedom in America, there would be a spiritual revival as well.
As it is, freedom-loving people cannot see past the ignorance, elitism, and partisan phoniness of modern Christians in order that they might see Christ. The Scripture plainly says, "Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty." (II Corinthians 3:17)
When America's Colonial preachers and Christian people fought for liberty and independence, God gave us two Great Awakenings. I believe another Great Revival would come to America, if our Christians and pastors would stand on their hind legs and once again fight for liberty and independence.
And, yes, I am also angry that they will not do that either.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82228 | What Is A Living Will?
What Is A Living Will?
While most people are familiar with a standard will--the legal document that specifies your final wishes and describes how you want your property and possessions to be distributed after you pass away--many people aren’t familiar with a living will. A living will is an...
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82255 | IEC 61280-1-3:2010
Fibre optic communication subsystem test procedures - Part 1-3: General communication subsystems - Central wavelength and spectral width measurement
Do you need a multi-user copy?
IEC 61280-1-3:2010 provides definitions and measure procedures for several wavelength and spectral width properties of an optical spectrum associated with a fibre optic communication subsystem, an optical transmitter, or other light sources used in the operation or test of communication subsystems. The measurement is done for the purpose of system construction and/or maintenance. In the case of communication subsystem signals, the optical transmitter is typically under modulation. NOTE - Different properties may be appropriate to different spectral types, such as continuous spectra characteristic of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and multilongitudinal-mode (MLM), multitransverse-mode (MTM) and single-longitudinal mode (SLM) spectra, characteristic of laser diodes (LDs). This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1998. This edition constitutes a technical revision with changes reflecting new laser technology and includes a second method modified for state of the art instrumentation. Keywords: definitions and measure procedures for several wavelength and spectral width properties of an optical spectrum, optical transmitter, test of communication subsystems
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Publication typeInternational Standard
Publication date2010-03-18
Available language(s)English, English/French
ICS33.180.01 - Fibre optic systems in general
Stability date 2021
File size1196 KB
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82267 | mbarker (mbarker) wrote in wetranscripts,
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[Mary] Season nine, episode 42.
[Brandon] This is Writing Excuses, the convention-author relationship.
[Howard] 15 minutes long.
[Mary] Because you're in a hurry.
[Dan] And we're not that smart.
[Brandon] I'm Brandon.
[Dan] I'm Dan.
[Mary] I'm Mary.
[Howard] I'm Howard.
[Brandon] And we have special guest star, Deirdre Saoirse Moen.
[Deirdre] Thank you.
[Brandon] Thank you for coming on. You run conventions.
[Deirdre] I do. I've run programming for several conventions. My first volunteering was in a convention for 19... In 1977, before Star Wars came out. I was Mark Hamill's personal guide.
[Dan] Very nice.
[Brandon] Excellent. We're going to talk about... Mary actually pitched this concept to us, so why don't you talk about what we're going to be doing here?
[Mary] One of the big... The questions that a lot of people have come especially new authors is, "How do I get on panels?" And "What do I do once I get on a panel?" I think that a lot of people don't understand quite what the relationship is between an author and the convention. Since the convention is for fans, but the author is there as a professional. So I was... One of the things that I thought that I would start about... Talking with is what are some of the programming considerations that you have to think about? Because I think if people understand the balance that goes on behind the scenes, they might have a better idea of where they fit into it.
[Howard] If we know what you're trying to build, then...
[Deirdre] Exactly. So one of the things that's a chronic source of tension between the author... Author's needs and the convention's needs. The convention wants to offer an interesting set of discussions, conversations arranged around a topic. The author wants to sell more books.
[Deirdre] These are not necessarily compatible goals. So I was just told this morning that the only reason authors come to conventions is to sell more books. I thought, "Wow." Entirely mystified. I didn't start writing until I'd been going to conventions for 10 years.
[Brandon] I would say that that definitely is not the only reason to attend conventions at all. But that reminds me of the old Isaac Asimov story that Dave told us. Remember this? That there was a brand-new author that had just gotten published and he went to the convention and he was all kind of high and mighty and they asked him if he could help them out with the fanzine. He said, "No, I'm a published author now." At that moment, Isaac Asimov's head poked out of the room and said, "Do we have any more page 54?" Because he was doing the stapling.
[Mary] That's great.
[Deirdre] That's it, really. So the thing is, what programming would actually like to know is how are you interesting? I'll give you an example. We have at this convention... We have a Japanese-American young adult author, we have a guy who speaks fluent Japanese, we have somebody who studied sword making in Japan, and we have a woman who's a costumer who is passionate about kimonos. You can make a panel out of that.
[Howard] Put them all in the same room and give them microphones.
[Deirdre] Just kind of aim them at Japan. But the point is that the more we know about you, and the more interesting little bits you have... And it doesn't matter if they are related to science fiction or not. I've done panels on antique motorbikes, because if you can get three or four people interested in talking about antique motorbikes, and you can get a few people in the room, that's still a great conversation.
[Howard] I was on a panel with Steve Jackson of Steve Jackson Games and Eric Raymond who's a luminary in the Linux community where the three of us were sitting in the middle of the room talking about chili sauce.
[Howard] That was the... I mean, we talked about other things, too, but that was a fun discussion. We had a great time. It was entertaining for the crowd. That was one of the moments where I realized that if I as an author, and especially as a self pub small press author, if I want to sell small... er, sell small? If I want to sell books, one of the best ways I can do that is by being interesting and entertaining so that people will remember my name as part of my brand and maybe someday they'll see my name and make a purchase.
[Deirdre] So what we're looking for is how can we combine things and offer something that's unique and interesting. Which isn't necessarily the standard topics that you might think to speak on or to think to volunteer.
[Brandon] I think I should make a point here of mentioning that there are different types of conventions out there. When we talk about cons, we are talking usually about the literary cons which are in the traditional science fiction fantasy tradition. Fan run, community involvement, it's a community of fan run conventions. Now there's another type of convention that is very big, the Comic Con style. We call them media cons. Those are a very different type beast. We're not talking about those here. We are talking about the fan run, fan organized literary conventions. We just make that distinction because the Comic Cons are generally or often for profit. Even if they aren't, they are run in a very different way. Walking in and saying, "I want to be on your panels," doesn't really work at one of those because usually it's publicists pitching for those, and those are only about sales, usually. These are not, these are about a community that is helping each other, and a lot of us, as we talked about with Chris Garcia, came up through the ranks of this, were part of this long before we became professionals in our field.
[Dan] For me, and I actually had to learn this as I started doing conventions as an author rather than as a fan. I kind of had at the beginning this sense of now I've crossed sides to be a professional. That's the wrong way of looking at it. You think of this, like you said, as a community. It's a conversation, and if you see a bunch of people in the hall having a conversation and you walk up to them and say, "Would you like to buy my book? I have many shirts in the dealer room?" That kind of stuff... No one wants to talk to that guy. Whereas if they're having a conversation and you join it and you say, "I love Battle Star Galactica, too. Colonel Tigh is my favorite character. Let's talk about him for a while." Then you're part of the community rather than above it or to the side of it. That's what the con is for, is to be a part of the conversation, instead of the jerk trying to get people to buy shirts.
[Deirdre] To that end, when you're on a panel, putting all your books in front of you like you're building fortifications against the audience? Don't. Don't go to that extreme. There are different people who feel differently. If you ever go to speaking in the UK, they consider it very tacky for you to put a book up. You can show it at the beginning, but just be discreet and try not to insulate yourself against your audience. That much.
[Brandon] Let's talk about what to do if we are on a panel. Let's say you've done this, you've contacted the programming and they have put you on the panel. How do you... What do you do?
[Deirdre] Well... If... Hopefully, it's something that you know something about. If it's not, don't ever say, "I don't know why I'm on this panel." Because that will get back to programming and they'll say, "Well, you failed at entertainment 101."
[Mary] I'm going to say... I'm going to pull out one thing that you just said... That will get back to programming. One of the things to remember is that this is a very small community, and that they will talk to each other and that someone who is running programming on one convention is likely to be involved with it on another. So if you go on and you're really good, they will remember and start to use you for other things. If you are an awful person, they will also remember that.
[Deirdre] As an example, somebody bailed on a convention at the last minute due to just having a tiff... This was not a writer, by the way. Due to having a tiff with programming. Then the next convention I was running programming on, somebody wanted to use this person for more panels and I said, "No, they bailed on the last one." Guess what. I didn't want to leave any more holes. So I didn't want to over schedule them. I said, "Give them one thing." They bailed on that convention, too.
[Howard] One of the things that I've found super helpful when I'm on a panel is that... And it's a conversation skill. When you're having a conversation, and I remember having conversations like this when I was younger and far less intelligent... The whole goal of the conversation was for me to say something, something clever. So while everybody else is talking, all I'm doing is trying to think of the next thing I'm going to say. I'm not participating at that point. I'm not really listening. I'm just kind of hearing.
[Brandon] I'm sorry, did you say something?
[Howard] It sounded like... Yeah. So the conversational skill of listening is critical. What I've found, in part by doing so much Writing Excuses. Hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of hours trying to be... Trying to be pithy and on-topic is that when you listen and you hear something that engages with something you have expertise on, the thing that you should say next will probably come to you. You can be a part of the discussion in that way. I find that when that happens, it's an organic discussion, we can enjoy it.
[Deirdre] Right. If you're prone to stage fright, you might want to jot down two or three things ahead of time to kind of remind you. It's never a bad idea, just in case you have those moments up on stage, and everybody does at some point.
[Mary] Even if you're not prone to stage fright, and those of you who are not watching the video feed can't see that... I take notes during every podcast. So that I remember the next thing. I have a small pad of paper when I'm on panels that I just jot down notes. Although sometimes I look at them and have no idea... Oh, diversify your income stream. I know what that was about.
[Brandon] Let's stop for our book of the week. Deirdre, you were going to pitch a book to us.
[Deirdre] A book I just read was Tiffany Reisz's The Saint. It's a new book. It's the fifth book in her... It's the first book of a prequel series to the four books she previously had out. All five are on audible. Her last name's R-E-I-S-Z. It's an erotica series. But this being a prequel, it covers from her age 15 to 20 and grand theft auto is not usually what you expect to read in an erotica book.
[Brandon] Okay. Does it come with a content warning?
[Deirdre] It has all the content warnings.
[Howard] So, content warning, this one's explicit. Tiffany Reisz... R-E-I-S
[Deirdre] S-Z.
[Howard] Z. Start a free trial membership and give the Saint a listen.
[Brandon] One of the things that I have noticed on panels, and when I've been a fan, I went to conventions for years with Dan and with Peter and some friends. We would go to this panel, we'd get really excited about the panel, we'd see it in the program and we're like, "This is exactly what we wanted to hear about." We would sit down and then the panel would spend about 10 seconds on that, and then would veer toward a completely different hobbyhorse topic of one of the panelists. Often there would be this one panelist dominating the whole conversation, spinning it off toward a weird hobbyhorse. We would leave those panels just mad and feeling like we'd wasted an hour of our time.
[Deirdre] There's a few things that programming has to know. First of all, a lot of the people that we schedule, unless we're doing the same convention year after year, we're scheduling a lot of people we do not know very well. So we have to make guesses about who they are and what they will or won't do. The second thing is that those panels do tend to veer off more if you ask yes/no questions in the subject line. Or if you ask easily answerable questions. So the subject and the description have to be written to lead to a conversation.
[Brandon] See, I wasn't blaming programming. I'm talking to our listeners who are writers, saying don't do that.
[Howard] I moderated a panel last night on comics. That was the title of the panel. Comics. We had some great artists up there, and I knew that we could just end up in the weeds, somewhere, so what I lead with was, "How do you, as a cartoonist, as a sequential artist, how do you use the point of view of the camera to change the mood of the scene you're creating? What's in your toolbox?" The guy at the end, Jess Smart Smiley, looked at me and was like, "Oh, my gosh, that's a great question. Oh, my gosh." We spent the whole panel digging deep into the comics toolbox of what it means to create sequential art. I did that because I've been on some of the panels that Brandon talks about. I don't want... I want to drill down. I want to learn things.
[Mary] The other thing that will happen on those, where you have someone with the hobbyhorse, is that you... Those are often cases where the moderator is failing to notice that someone is not talking. If you are on the panel, and not the moderator, and you notice that someone is not talking, often it's helpful to turn to them and asked if they have anything to share. Like, "Dan, do you have any tricks for sharing?"
[Dan] No.
[Dan] No. But now that we've broached the topic of moderating in general, though, I think that that is another really good direction to take this conversation. It's not just how do you be on a panel, but if you are the moderator of a panel, Deirdre, what... What is your job and how do you do it?
[Deirdre] Your job is to kind of contain the subject to what is expected but also to try to make sure that everybody gets to be able to speak. Because some people will need a strong moderator because they do tend to talk over other people. Hopefully, programming knows who to put as a moderator and who not. Again, somebody who is a good moderator last year may not be a good moderator this year, because people are human.
[Brandon] I would say keeping on topic and keeping a discussion going rather than dominated by one or two people is an important part of the moderator. One of the things I like to do when I'm moderating is ask a question of the panel and then start at one end and go down, but then when I ask the next question, start with a different person and go. So then also not every time is one person given the chance to go first, and someone else having to sit and wait. That can be really good, sitting and waiting what everyone says and having the last word can be good or it can be like, "Wow, they've already covered this topic completely. All I get to say is yeah, they said it." So rotating who's speaking, managing that, is very useful as a moderator, I think.
[Howard] I love throwing questions directly at some of the panelists. I mean, if I've got time to do my homework before a panel... One of my favorite things to do is sit down with the panelists beforehand for just a couple minutes and say, "Okay. This is our topic. What is your favorite thing to talk about here, and what's your position?" I'll make some notes. Then they introduce themselves and when somebody says a thing, I can respond to the thing by saying, "Oh, that's very interesting, but, John, what do you think about this? Because of this thing you just said." It starts driving the discussion into areas where people are interested and passionate.
[Deirdre] One of the other things, getting back to earlier getting onto panels at all, having a website, showing what you're interested and passionate about... As I've said, the sum of what you care about is unique in the world. And how you care about that, and how you express what you care about. I use websites. I will go look you up. Do you have a website? Do you have your own domain? That's actually a really big one. Do you have an about page? Even if you're not published... You don't have to be published to be on a writing panel. I was on WorldCon before I'd been published in science fiction. So just be aware that you don't have to have everything. But you should be able to get a sense of who you are from your website. A lot of people control themselves too tightly.
[Mary] So one of the things... The pieces of advice that I got early on for getting on panels was to volunteer for the early and late night ones, because none of the pros want to do those. And also, volunteer to moderate, because no one wants to moderate, either.
[Brandon] Really? I love moderating.
[Mary] I do too.
[Brandon] Well, yes.
[Howard] I love moderating. One of my least favorite things to do is be on a panel where I'm not the moderator that I can tell that the moderator is kind of asleep at the wheel. Because I do not want to be the guy who hijacks the panel and takes over the moderation, but I'll totally do that if you're asleep at the wheel.
[Deirdre] Early morning, especially Sunday morning, is really good, if you're willing to do that. The... I'm sorry, I forgot the other thing I was going to say.
[Mary] It was about moderating.
[Howard] That's okay. Dan forgets things all the time.
[Dan] All the time.
[Mary] Ways to get on panels...
[Deirdre] Don't vol... Don't ask to be on with the Guest of Honor. That's a red flag.
[Brandon] Interesting. All right.
[Deirdre] Unless you know them personally.
[Mary] Yes, you do.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82268 | Category Archives: Kid Creole
Black comedy
No, not Colin Vearncombe.
Before becoming Kid Creole, the man listed on his birth certificate as Thomas August Darnell Browder, sometimes known as Tommy Browder but more usually as August Darnell, was an in-house producer at new York’s uber-cool art-pop indie label Ze Records. (And before that, he was in his brother Stony’s Grammy-winning, genre-busting disco group Doctor Buzzard’s Original Savannah Band, but that’s for another post sometime.)
For an overview of Darnell’s pre-Coconuts work, I very much recommend the compilation Going Places: The August Darnell Years 1976-83. It’s a somewhat scattershot collection, but full of gems, including this, a proper stop-you-dead-in-your-tracks reworking of Leiber and Stoller‘s 1969 composition for Peggy Lee, “Is That All There Is?”. The original was bleak enough, but this version is seriously out there.
Leiber and Stoller didn’t take kindly to this treatment of their song, and got it withdrawn, which led to the few existing copies becoming insanely valuable. Fortunately, by the time Cristina’s catalogue was reissued in 2002, Leiber and Stoller’s feelings toward the reinterpretation had softened somewhat, and they finally gave their blessing for it to be made legally available once more.
The download also includes the original B-side, a Darnell original which would have suited Bow Wow Wow.
Link: Cristina – Is That All There Is? (1980 single) (password: salad)
1. Is That All There Is?
2. Jungle Love |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82271 | What are 'Computers' ?
"Computers" are best described as "sub-accounts" for each one of your computers. The rule of thumb here is that each computer requires a different "computer" profile. You will have trouble pulsing if you use the same computer-profile on multiple physical computers.
Practical Example
If you have a regular PC and a laptop that you use, you need to create 2 computer-profiles. One can be called 'Home-PC' and the other 'Laptop'. When installing WhatPulse on your computers, you will need to enter the corresponding computer-profiles to each computer. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82279 | From Octave
Revision as of 09:46, 10 December 2013 by (talk) (Correcting 'now' to 'know' in the summary.)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Vim the editor is one of the most famous text editors in the hacker programming universe. It has a plenty of extensible (script-based) capabilities and very comfortable shortcuts that makes the programmer the fastest gun of the old west. (I can imagine Vim in front of Emacs on a desert city, Vim's shot is much faster!). In this page you'll learn some tips to better adapt Vim for GNU Octave programming.
If you aren't familiar with Vim script language, you can also use Python to write Vim plugins. If you do some for GNU Octave, please let us know.
Vim as the default editor
To set Vim as the default editor launched by the GNU Octave edit command, add the following line to your ~/.octaverc file:
edit mode async
and one of the following:
edit editor "<terminal> -e 'vim %s'"
edit editor "gvim %s"
where <terminal> can be gnome-terminal, xterm, or any other terminal of your preference. Please note the -e option is common to the mentioned terminals, change it if necessary.
To use Vim as default editor without starting a separate window, add the following lines to your ~/.octaverc file:
edit mode sync
edit home .
edit editor 'vim > /dev/tty 2>&1 < /dev/tty %s'
A better GNU Octave syntax file
As for now, Vim hasn't a dedicated, officially distributed filetype for GNU Octave. The community agreed the best solution is to use octave.vim by Rik. All the instructions for installing it can be found on the hyperlink.
Accessing GNU Octave info
GNU Octave info package can be found in almost all Linux distributions. For installing it under Ubuntu, you can type:
$ sudo apt-get install octave<version>-info
where <version> must be substituted by the appropriate string. Add the following line to your ~/.vimrc file:
autocmd FileType matlab setlocal keywordprg=info\ octave\ --vi-keys\ --index-search
Now, when editing a *.m file, you can type K in normal mode and the word under the cursor will be searched for in the GNU Octave documentation index. Pressing , yields the next occurrence. However, this does not work when using gVim, because gVim has only dumb terminal implemented. When using vim in some not dumb terminal, all works fine.
OBS: If using the Rik's octave.vim syntax, replace matlab by octave.
Jumping between control statements
GNU Octave has a richer set of closing tags (endif,endfor,...) but for compatibility with MATLAB most users avoid them. This sometimes makes the code hard to follow and one possible workaround is to enable the matchit.vim plugin for jump between matching control statements. Although the plugin is distributed with Vim, it's disabled by default (see :help matchit-install). To enable it, add the following lines to your ~/.vimrc file:
set nocompatible
filetype plugin on
runtime macros/matchit.vim
Now that's enabled, one needs to specify the matching pairs for the GNU Octave language. The less broken solution i've found by Jake Wasserman:
let s:conditionalEnd = '\(([^()]*\)\@!\<end\>\([^()]*)\)\@!'
autocmd FileType octave let b:match_words = '\<if\>\|\<while\>\|\<for\>\|\<switch\>:' .
\ s:conditionalEnd . ',\<if\>:\<elseif\>:\<else\>:' . s:conditionalEnd
It allows to jump (quasi-)correctly even in the presence of array indexing with end. Place the cursor on an if keyword for example and press %, it'll move to the corresponding elseif, else, end keywords.
Any improvements on the b:match_words variable are welcome. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82304 |
1. Novels and stories that describe imaginary people and events.
2. A novel, story, or other work of fiction.
3. Something that is untrue and has been made up to deceive people: "The account of that incident was pure fiction."
4. The act of pretending or inventing something: "They were living the fiction that their marriage had become.
5. Something that is assumed in law to be true regardless of whether or not it is true.
6. Etymology: from about 1398, "something invented", from Latin fictionem (nominative case, fictio), "a fashioning" or "feigning"; from fingere, "to shape, to form, to devise, to feign", originally "to knead, to form out of clay".
fictitious (adjective), more fictitious, most fictitious
1. Relating to not being true or genuine, and intended to deceive or used for tricking people.
2. Pertaining to being invented by someone's imagination; especially, as part of a work of fiction.
3. Referring to not being genuinely believed or felt; a sham: Margaret greeted her brother with fictitious enthusiasm.
4. Etymology: as a type of literature, about 1599: fictitious is from about 1615; from Middle Latin fictitus, a misspelling of Latin ficticius, "artificial, counterfeit"; from fictus, past participle of fingere.
1. A written or printed symbol representing something other than a letter of the alphabet; especially, a number.
2. An amount represented in numbers.
3. A person, especially a well-known one; such as, a person's public image or presence.
4. The shape of an individual human body; especially, with regard to its slimness or attractiveness.
forfeitable (adjective)
fortified, more fortified, most fortified (adjectives)
1. That which has been strengthened or protected: "A fortified place is something like a military fort, where people can be protected from danger."
"The warrior who wore a fortified suit of armor had a better chance of surviving during battles."
2. Consuming or doing something that strengthens a person's health: "Those who eat properly and exercise regularly, usually live a more fortified life than those who don't."
fortifier (s), fortifiers (pl) (nouns)
1. Anyone who strengthens a someplace with defensive works in order to protect it against attack: "The administer of the city near the coast was given credit for having been a great fortifier of the area for the safety of its citizens."
2. Those who strengthen or invigorate others mentally or physically: "The physical educators were known as fortifiers who improved the health and intellectual well-being of their students."
Producing, or generating, extreme cold.
fructiferous (adjective), more fructiferous, most fructiferous
Pertaining to trees or other plants that produce a form of food, some of which taste sweet and contains seeds or a large, hard seed: Apple trees and orange trees are just two examples of fructiferous plants which supply farmers, like Charles and Joseph, with incomes because of their global consumption. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82308 | In an alien society, humans, humanoids, bipeds, and quadrupeds mingle on a daily basis. Assuming all the humans and humanoids wear clothes as we are accustomed to them, what would be the quadruped response?
Obviously, one of the primary reasons for clothing is to conceal particular features of anatomy, but I'm having a huge amount of difficulty designing clothing for this purpose without getting results as laughable as this comic:
If Bears Wore Pants
However, I'm also open to reasons quadrupeds might forgo clothes despite the practices of their humanoid neighbors.
• 2
$\begingroup$ This question is one of the funniest I've ever seen here $\endgroup$ – bendl Apr 27 '18 at 12:07
• $\begingroup$ Not voting due to age, and it's maybe not entirely a duplicate, but I just noticed: worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/37002/10851 $\endgroup$ – cobaltduck Oct 23 '18 at 11:20
Considering a pair of trousers referers to the fact that they were originally 2 seperate tubes, with a codpiece in the middle, then a quadraped is more likely to wear what looks like a 2 pairs of trousers front-and-back, with a blanket wrapped around their middle - as an outgrowth from a tube of fabric on each leg.
The "all four legs joined together" case as pictured is bad because of the bending in the middle when you move around - this would cause it to sag away from the body or pull tight and restrict movement, like wearing dungarees and bending over forwards or backwards. You would need a belt-strap in the centre going around your back.
(Of course, a bear is actually a more complicated case, since they can alternate between quadraped and biped movement - depending on how long they spend in each state they could dress "top-and-bottoms" like a crawling baby does. If you rank from quadraped to biped, you get something like "Horse » Bear » Orangatan » Human")
I think you are approaching your problem from the wrong angle.
Humans started using clothes not out of prude, to hide what (allegedly) should not be under the shining sun, but simply because we, as fur-less apes, lack any basic protection against weather, and the more we moved out of the savanna, the more we need to get protection from cold and rain. Only afterwards the act of wearing clothes became so deeply carved into our mind to turn into prude.
If your animal are not fur-less there is no stringent reason for them to wear clothes. Also, human females are the only one to have permanent breasts: other mammals have them visible only during breastfeeding. And I hope you agree one doesn't need a bra if there are no breasts to support/conceal.
• 1
$\begingroup$ You're totally right, and I've considered these things, but with our current psychology on clothing, how would relatively furless or hairless quadrupeds approach this? $\endgroup$ – C. Hess Apr 27 '18 at 3:07
• 2
$\begingroup$ In colder climates, it is quite usual for horses to wear "clothes" - that is, blankets - to keep warm at night. There are other horse clothes in fairly common use, like fly sheets & fly masks. (Not counting saddles and other tack.) Medieval war horses often wore armour (AKA barding), or decorative caparisons... $\endgroup$ – jamesqf Apr 27 '18 at 4:26
• 3
$\begingroup$ The reason for "pants" (or proto-pants, eg. a loin cloth) was because of the tall savanna grasses that, quite frankly, are Not Very Nice on the skin. Either stiff and reedy (whap, whap, whap) or with barbs or other sharp edges (stab, slice), neither of which feel nice on one's Nether Bits, so a thick layer of cloth or leather was used as protection. That later evolved into other forms of protection, eg. vs. weather, weapons, and insects. $\endgroup$ – Draco18s no longer trusts SE Apr 27 '18 at 5:13
• 1
$\begingroup$ Make them all Chihuahuas! Those beast shake and shiver all the time and that's not a race trait. They are just cold. Maybe all of them comes from different biome. So temperature has be lower to match the human but every Quadrupeds are freezing. Just like Those chiwawa in Mexico movie, it's 40°C and they shake like hell. $\endgroup$ – Drag and Drop Apr 27 '18 at 8:35
• $\begingroup$ @Draco18s, grazers like horses and bulls are anatomically protected, in the sense their "baby making tools" are normally hidden inside their abdomen and pop out when they need to be used. They don't have anything constantly hanging out like humans. $\endgroup$ – L.Dutch - Reinstate Monica May 16 '18 at 6:24
It's a question of the clothes being able to stay on, be comfortable, fit for purpose and suit the societal norms.
One major factor is the location and dexterity of manipulative digits on the being. They need to be able to put it on and off by themselves.
The next thing is what is expected by the alien society. If they don't wear clothes, they're not going to want to change that. Clothes could just consist of belts with pouches, jewelry to show status in society and protective garments.
In reality the design of clothes is based around the design of the creatures and their society.
Though I personally think it is ridiculous and borderline cruel in a few cases, we have to file this one under the "This Exists" file: dog sweaters. There is a whole industry around it with some insiders calling themselves "fashion designers." They've had literally decades to tweak and experiment with both form and function, so why not steal their ideas?
In the image search I link, it seems the majority are more like a cape, that covers around the chest but only over the back, not covering the "particular features of anatomy" you desire. But in between there seems to be a few that wrap around the haunches and between the hind quarters.
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82309 | Imagine the modern society, except all dead people spawned ghosts upon death.
The ghost of the dead inherits memory and personality of its past living self, appear as translucent wraiths that can partially interact with the material world by blowing objects about as though a gust of wind.
The ghosts have to consume "ghost-juice" or Ectoplasm to survive (as a ghost), they do this either by attacking and disintegrating another ghost then feasting upon its remains, or by absorbing the "soul" of a living human being.
When a living human being's soul is consumed, nothing really harmful happens, except when a human with a weakened soul dies, the ghost that spawns from that person will be weak and may straight-up disintegrate upon "birth". (Souls are generated steadily by a living human being from infancy, and small losses can be recovered, but an ordinary person cannot generate more than 2 or 3 "ghost-worthy" amounts of Ectoplasm, while a ghost needs to consume an amount of Ectoplasm equal to itself every 50 years or so to stay healthy. Consuming more will make it stronger proportional to the amount of extra consumption.)
Now, assuming no method of artificially creating Ectoplasm is available, will the human race become hostile towards the ghosts? (Manifested by researching methods to eliminate them) If so, why? Since the only reason a still-living person can be hostile towards ghosts is because the person wants to be a strong, healthy ghost themselves after death, which makes their loyalty to humanity necessarily short-lived. Also, would it be reasonable to expect that some rich or powerful people will continue their existences as ghosts after death and hire/coerce a bunch of humans to regularly "donate" their souls to them? Or would becoming a ghost automatically invalidate a person's status as a ruler? Can humans and ghosts eventually work out a sustainable situation?
• There are no ghosts belonging people who had died before the year of 2016, that was the original idea.
• "Strength" describes mostly a ghost's ability to kill other ghosts.
• Ghosts can "die" from attack by other ghosts, Ectoplasm-starvation or mental degeneration, all of which leads to it exploding into a cloud of Ectoplasm.
• Ghosts can easily communicate with living human by whispering or doing sign-language (they can't speak loudly due to limited interaction with air.) Supposedly, stronger ghosts will be larger and "denser", allowing greater, though never as complete interaction with ordinary objects as compared to real human.
• $\begingroup$ You know that there is more dead than living people, right? And why turn hostile? If we always were a game animals for ghosts? $\endgroup$ – Mołot Jul 10 '17 at 4:39
• 25
$\begingroup$ You've essentially asked what would happen if humans had an extra stage in their life cycle. Which happened to subsist solely by means of cannibalism... Disturbing. $\endgroup$ – AngelPray Jul 10 '17 at 7:17
• $\begingroup$ Do you mean all humans and all ghosts or do you mean some humans and some ghosts? I think the answer is pretty clear in both cases. Humans haven't been able to work things out with other humans even while others made peace even with the trees. Especially with related ghosts in decent families peace shouldn't be a problem. I think you should overthink your premise and maybe take a more "tribal" = way more realistic approach or just write your story regardless of what would happen in the real world - who can prove you wrong anyways $\endgroup$ – Raditz_35 Jul 10 '17 at 10:24
• 2
$\begingroup$ You say consuming more ectoplasm will make the ghosts stronger. Do stronger ghosts have more influence on the physical world? Rather than just a gust of wind, can they manifest a windstorm? Or can they manipulate physical objects? If the strong ghosts can have an impact on the lives of humans, there would be much more incentive to destroy them. $\endgroup$ – David K Jul 10 '17 at 12:17
• 1
$\begingroup$ So, how would you define "peacefully coexist"? In the purest and most general sense, humans obviously don't coexist peacefully with anything, not even other people. Do you mean to ask "would such ghosts be functional members of our society?" Or are you simply asking "can such ghosts exist without all-out war between the living and the dead?" $\endgroup$ – talrnu Jul 10 '17 at 19:52
Situation You describe is inherently unstable unless You put an upper limit to the amount of "ectoplasm" each ghost can consume.
Without this restraint there would be a full scale war between ghosts leaving just a one alive in each "zone" who will roam it and consume all "newborns" (obviously weaker) as soon as they emerge. Dimensions of the "zone" would be only dependent on how fast, efficient and relentless this super-ghost may be to his task.
In this situation "living" task would be to preserve their own "ghostiness" and also to shield it after birth/death.
You have better to introduce some kind of "ghost indigestion" refraining ghosts to consume more than a "soul" every 50 years.
• 3
$\begingroup$ And as soon as one of those Ghosts consumes all the ghosts of dear people who died, the living relatives will start researching a way to kill this monster-ghost who took the souls of their departed family and friends as revenge. $\endgroup$ – Falco Jul 10 '17 at 13:41
If they exist, someone will find a way to kill them. Humanity doesn't exist peacefully alongside any thing or any one. There is nothing we have encountered that we haven't found a way to kill. Why would these ghosts be any different?
• 1
$\begingroup$ These ghosts would be different e.g. from animals because they're the spirits of people, and retain the memories and character of the departed. Living humans are just as capable of killing, and can be just as motivated by material gain to kill. So unless ghosts are feral shadows of their former living selves, or have no regard for their own existence, they'll stay in line because as you say a way to destroy them will certainly be discovered. So, if ghosts are well-behaved, then why wouldn't we get along? $\endgroup$ – talrnu Jul 10 '17 at 15:07
• 5
$\begingroup$ A bad ghost just ate my grandpa. Who you would call? $\endgroup$ – Mindwin Jul 10 '17 at 15:15
• 1
$\begingroup$ @talrnu because the spirit of your grandfather ate the spirit of my grandfather, because my mother in law was bad enough when she was alive, because I don't want them telling anyone where the bodies are hidden, because I can. The reasons are endless. $\endgroup$ – Separatrix Jul 10 '17 at 15:51
• 1
$\begingroup$ @Separatrix Those sound a lot like reasons already used to kill living people. Why would those reasons make it more difficult to live with ghosts than it is to live with the living? Unless you're saying we don't even coexist peacefully with ourselves, which... is not an invalid argument, I'd have to agree. $\endgroup$ – talrnu Jul 10 '17 at 19:46
• 1
$\begingroup$ @talrnu, I wouldn't kill my mother in law for being irritating (not that I have one) but I might methylate her spirit for it. As I said, we don't get on with anyone, ourselves included. $\endgroup$ – Separatrix Jul 11 '17 at 7:11
In the current scenario, there would be 100 billion ghosts to only 7 billion living humans.
Therefore 107 billion * 2.5 Ectoplasm = 267.5 units of Ectoplasm.
The rate at which Ectoplasm is consumed by the ghosts will far outnumber the rate at which Ectoplasm is being created.
In the first 50 years, the ghosts will have consumed the Ectoplasm at a rate which would imbalance the food chain thereby causing anarchy and then total destruction.
• 10
$\begingroup$ Except that those ghosts have been eating each other all this time, so far fewer would remain. $\endgroup$ – Tim B Jul 10 '17 at 9:04
• 1
$\begingroup$ And ghosts would much rather eat other ghosts than humans, since humans create more food and ghosts do not. $\endgroup$ – JollyJoker Jul 10 '17 at 13:13
• $\begingroup$ Your whole argument is based on the assumption that every dead person still has a ghost that is still trying to eat ectoplasm. Ghosts are eating each other, and most of them will not remain around. $\endgroup$ – BobTheAverage Jul 10 '17 at 14:59
We'd all be still serving the ghost of some ruler of old. Possibly Genghis Khan.
Violent regimes sometimes get very stable, but death is inevitable, and you can always count on succession conflicts to eventually shake things up.
If we had a means of immortality as easy for the powerful as cannibalizing some peasant every 50 years, that removes the source of instability. The still-living nobility invested in the old order will still obey their dead ruler, assuming communication is still possible. Their services can be rewarded with something less than full immortality, to avoid unsustainable dynamics. They live 1000, 500, 300, 200, 100, or 50 years as ghosts, according to rank. The underclass is large enough to sustain the nobles' rewards, and no peasant ever lives as a ghost. The only one truly immortal is the one emperor.
So, worldwide, stable empire. Whether to call that "peace" is subjective. On one hand, repression and privilege. On the other hand, no wars.
The whole system is extremely unstable. Ghosts being able to consume others to not just sustain themselves, but make themselves stronger implies that sooner or later a soul hungry for power will consume more and more ghosts, while nothing would stop it from consuming humans in particular at the end of their life-span. As Nishanth Menon has already pointed out, there is by far not enough ectoplasm to support all ghosts. Before long, humans would have to be hostile and find ways to defend themselves or even destroy the souls of 'known' greedy and power-hungry persons directly after death as long as they are still week to prevent such a secnario.
• 1
$\begingroup$ Interesting... the justice system could punish criminals by feeding their souls to ghosts. Helps alleviate ghost hunger, motivates good behavior in the living without affecting their quality of life, and ensures the criminally power-hungry will be too weak as ghosts to survive long enough to be a problem. $\endgroup$ – talrnu Jul 10 '17 at 15:10
it sounds like living humans are helpless against ghosts, but ghosts can fight each other. as such, ghosts would protect the living souls the way we protect children. similarly, i imagine ghosts would continue to own their property the same way that the elderly continue to own their property. they may not be able to physically stop you from taking it, but other living people will defend ghost's property rights to ensure their own property is not taken upon their death.
if it is no more difficult to detect and punish soul theft than it is to detect and punish child abuse, then ghosts would probably be welcomed in polite society as well as any adult man. on the other hand, if detecting soul theft is much harder (e.g. because ghosts can walk thru walls), then ghosts might be banned from human settlements. even still, interaction would probably be peaceful.
this answer assumes ghosts have normal human motivations. if you modified your question to suggest ghosts had an overwhelming hunger for souls, then the outcome would be quite different....
The fact:
• No one (almost*) would live forever. Thus, all people (or the majority) must accept this. Human 'Ectoplasm' cannot feed all ghost population forever. Therefore, some ghost must die.
Ghost can kill human by eat all their Ectoplasm (effectively kill human when they actually die). Human can kill ghost with some 'special weapon'. In this war, human gain upper hand. Because when human kill ghost, ghost die. But when ghost 'eat' human, human does not die immediately. He will die until he 'die' as a ghost. So, he can stand an kill many ghost. Now, ghost must negotiate with human to exist.
In this situation, the social contract is required to keep everything in place. Government law can work too, but it have to begin with social contract.
'Ghost life' can be view as a part of human life. Well, consider when a people become 'ghost', he 'retired' from physical work (like you quit a job).
Let's view at 'in labor' and 'retired people' in real world. In labor population have to support retired population by some mean, direct (son support his old mom) or indirect (government via tax of in labor population). By any mean, however, retired population depend on in labor population to stay alive (or starving).
Let's apply 'in labor' = alive as human, 'retired' as ghost.
Direct support: family feed their love one so they can stay longer. For example, a husband loss his wife in car accident. He feed his wife, so they can stay together. He have enough 'food' for his wife until he 100 year old and die (as you said, 1 human = 2 ghost-food of 50 years).
Indirect support: Company paid for Ectoplasm to feed their worthy employee (with a lot of $, you can buy anything). Government tax Ectoplasm to feed their great leader (suitable for Communism or so).
Some crime may happen, live living people kidnap human to feed their 'ghost'. This is similar with Organ theft. How we deal with them may similar to what our real world do with organ theft.
I believe it's possible to keep a sustainable system and still making the balance delicate enough to allow for interesting stories to develop in your world.
Ghosts will eventually realize that they depend on the living to keep their existence; so it is likely that responsible ghosts will want to keep the living people with healthy souls to grow and consume later.
I'm going to sound a little cheesy with this, but imagine there is a way for ghosts to "farm" living people's ectoplasm. For instance, by making the living live richer experiences filled with strong emotions, their ectoplasm level could increase, allowing the ghosts to profit from the surplus. In that sense, "evil" ghosts could farm people by causing fear and "good" spirits could help the living by communicating about opportunities and transferring knowledge. Responsible ghosts can fight power thirsty ones, while evil ghosts can fight good ghosts for territory. Living people will likely side with whichever kind of ghost they prefer. Powerful or evil ghosts could ally with living individuals to gather living people in exchange of favors. Nice ghosts could likely roam around their living families to enrich their lives and keep evil ghosts away if in enough numbers.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82349 | Lending Services
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82361 | Evolution and humans: big brain size or use (Evolution)
by David Turell @, Monday, June 19, 2017, 21:21 (948 days ago) @ dhw
DAVID: What paleontologists find is that with each change in frontal brain size the early homos do more complex things like stone tools, conquering fire, wearing hides, etc. Each step in size works this way.
dhw: But what they cannot tell us is whether the expansion took place BEFORE the new concepts or as a RESULT of new concepts requiring expansion before they could be realized (just as the brain rewires itself as a RESULT of new concepts).
They can tell us indirectly. At each larger stage they study all the artifacts the new brain sized fossil produced as they survived. The newly invented stuff is always with the larger size, never before. Logically the bigger size produces the advances.
dhw:I don’t understand your reference to shrinkage and smaller steps. I thought shrinkage only started to occur 12,000 years ago, when the maximum size had long since been reached, and so densification took over from enlargement.
DAVID: Increasingly intense use over the past 50,000 years resulted in densification and shrinkage when the usage of the plastic brain became intense enough. Early usage was obviously not that intense, and nothing happened except which each new +200cc fossil the obviously had more mental ability, which it then had to learn at that new stage.
dhw: “Usage” of the brain could refer to immaterial concepts or to material realization of concepts, so we need to distinguish between them. We could say our earlier ancestors had room for brain expansion, which took place as a RESULT of new concepts and enabled these concepts to be realized, but when there was no more room for expansion, new concepts RESULTED in densification, whose efficiency was such that the maximum size was no longer required - hence shrinkage. Logical?
There are so few fossils, the only time we can see shrinkage is in the recent past and so he only example we have is H. sapiens. As I've stated above it is obvious size first use to produce new inventions second.
DAVID: Because I view the brain as a material computer receiver of the software consciousness, and I am the operator of that setup…….
dhw: This does not alter the fact that you believe "you" and your inseparable consciousness ARE the operator and form an inseparable entity that conceptualizes independently of the brain.
You keep missing the point. I have to use my brain directly as a physical part of me to operate with my consciousness which I view as software I receive and can reprogram to fit my personality, etc. I program my consciousness/software using my brain. It all must work together seamlessly.
dhw: You keep agreeing that consciousness is NOT separable from “me”, and now you want to separate it again (until NDEs and death)! If you/your consciousness are a separate entity from the brain and live on after the death of the brain, then you/your consciousness must be capable of conceptualizing without the brain, which at all times according to you is only a RECEIVER. This contradicts the claim that humans were unable to come up with new concepts until the brain expanded.
Explained above. The brain has plasticity to mold itself to my needs as I use my consciousness which it receives. I can only mold the contents of my consciousness through the operation of my brain as I think. No contradiction about size vs. use.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82365 | Clarified Statements on Auditing Standards
Copyright American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc. Access the copyright permission information
Recently Issued Clarified SASs and Interpretations
SAS No. 138, Amendments to the Description of the Concept of Materiality
SAS No. 137The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Other Information Included in Annual Reports
SAS No. 136, Forming an Opinion and Reporting on Financial Statements of Employee Benefit Plans Subject to ERISA
SAS No. 135, Omnibus Statement on Auditing Standards – 2019
SAS No. 134, Auditor Reporting and Amendments, Including Amendments Addressing Disclosures in the Audit of Financial Statements
Auditing Interpretations |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82386 | Free ShippingOver $49
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Pentoxifylline 400 mg ER Tablet Rx
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Product Description
Pentoxifylline widely used for the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases and cerebrovascular disease caused by impairment of the micro-circulation. *Sold per tablet.
What is Pentoxifylline 400 mg ER Tablet?
Pentoxifylline is used to enhance healing and reduce inflammation in non-healing skin conditions. Blood flow is increased in areas that would not get enough blood. Tissues receive more oxygen and circulation is improved.
Who is Pentoxifylline 400 mg ER Tablet for?
Pentoxifylline is for dogs, cats and horses.
Why use Pentoxifylline 400 mg ER Tablet?
-Promotes healing and decrease inflammation caused by skin ulcers (especially in Shelties and Collies) -Increases blood flow to areas not getting enough blood (ie. improve microcirculation) -Treats allergic reactions caused by physical contact with an allergen (ex. contact dermatitis)
How does Pentoxifylline 400 mg ER Tablet work?
Pentoxifylline is a medication in the class of xanthine derivatives which inhibit phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme in the body with many functions including the regulation of blood vessels and their tone. Pentoxifylline is used often for dogs with skin ulcers to decrease the inflammation and in dogs with decreased blood flow to certain areas.
Apotex Corp.
Active ingredient(s):
How is Pentoxifylline 400 mg ER Tablet sold?
Single 400 mg ER tablets
What are the side effects of Pentoxifylline 400 mg ER Tablet?
-Stomach upset (ex. nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea). These effects may be reduced if the dose is given with food. -Restlessness or caffeine-type jitters, dizziness, fast heartbeat and possible seizures at high doses -Seizures can occur in patients with prior seizure history If your pet shows any of these symptoms, is especially restless or you notice anything else unusual, contact your veterinarian
What special precautions are there?
What to do if overdose?
How can I store Pentoxifylline 400 mg ER Tablet?
Store in a tight, light resistant, childproof container in a cool, dry place at room temperature away from heat and direct sunlight. Protect from freezing.
Helpful Tips:
Read and follow the label carefully. This medication should be given with food. Give the exact amount prescribed and only as often as directed. Since the human medication may be too large for your pet to swallow, special capsules, medicated treats or a liquid may be compounded for your pet. If the medication is a liquid, measure the dose carefully. Give this medication for as long as veterinarian directs. Do not skip doses or stop giving the medication without consulting your veterinarian. Call ahead for refills. Ideally, give the medication at the same time(s) daily.
Use as directed by a veterinarian.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82390 | Products Support and others
Amplificadores V-Power
It’s no accident that the V-Power line are the top-selling amplifiers in the US. They deliver robust power and offer outstanding flexibility for adding speakers and subs. If you like your bass deep, tight and powerful, choose either of the mono amps and add some Type-S subs. These Class-D digital powerhouses are a wesomely efficient. For greater flexibility, the 4/3/2-channel amps let you configure your system just the way you want it.
• The best performance within your budget.
• Built-in crossover, bass EQ and subsonic filter.
• High power output with outstanding flexibility for adding speakers and subwoofers.
• Customise system sound with Adjustable Bass EQ, Crossover and Subsonic Filter.
• Connect directly to factory-installed head units that don’t have preamp outputs.
• Enjoy cleaner bass due to the subsonic filter.
• Neat, compact design. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82401 | For Children: NeuroMovement® for Any Age and Ability
Did You Know That All Children Are Amazing Learning Machines?
Empower Successful Brain Development in Children with Anat Baniel Method® NeuroMovement®
What we have discovered with Anat Baniel Method® NeuroMovement® is that no matter the enormity of your child’s challenges, your child’s brain almost always can change for the better in ways that often seem miraculous.
Norman Doidge, MD, author of The Brain’s Way of Healing and The Brain That Changes Itself has written about Anat Baniel’s extraordinary work with children.
Click here to read why Dr. Doidge supports this Method.
children with special needs
Children with Special Needs
The brain can almost always find creative new solutions. NeuroMovement helps your child’s brain become a changing, learning, and brilliant brain!
autism spectrum disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
With NeuroMovement, children diagnosed on the autism spectrum (ASD) begin moving, thinking, interacting, and feeling better!
cerebral palsy
Cerebral Palsy
attention deficit disorder
ADHD in Children
Children diagnosed with ADHD improve their speech, reasoning, reading and writing, social functioning, thinking, and coordination.
brain injury and stroke
Brain Injury and Stroke
genetic disorders
Genetic Disorders
Children with genetic disorders will form new neural connections that help them move past their limitations and experience new possibilities.
birth defects
Birth Defects and Other Conditions
Children born with brachial plexus injury, torticollis, and other birth defects overcome limitations and often achieve
full, or almost full, functioning.
undiagnosed developmental delays
Undiagnosed Developmental Delays
Children who have undiagnosed developmental delays become more effective and powerful learners, irrespective of a diagnosis.
typically developing children
Typically Developing Children
Every child’s path of development is unique; however the underlying processes and conditions needed for successful brain development are the same for all children.
Access the Remarkable Power of Your Child’s Brain
to Change and Heal with NeuroMovement®
The human brain is built to learn. This is its job. With NeuroMovement®, we have discovered that the brain of the child with challenges can be as brilliant, or even more brilliant, than the brain of a typically developing child.
What the child’s brain needs are the right conditions that wake it up to create multitudes of new neural connections leading to learning that often surpasses normal expectations.
How Do You Create the Best Learning Conditions Possible for Your Child?
Very often the disruption due to trauma, illness, genetic or metabolic condition, autism, or undiagnosed developmental disorders, derails the brain from its spontaneous process of growing and learning.
NeuroMovement and the 9 Essentials create the conditions to wake up your child’s brain to grow and learn, leading to often seemingly miraculous outcomes.
Using NeuroMovement® and the 9 Essentials, you can create optimal conditions for your child’s brain to successfully do its job, whether your child has special needs or not.
brain development in children
How to Promote Child Development
How can you best support and promote child development that is in harmony with how your child’s brain is designed to grow?
from fixing to connecting with your child
From Fixing to Connecting with Your Child
The most powerful way to get the brain’s attention and to wake it up to create new possibilities is to move from fixing to connecting more with your child.
work with your child
How We Work with Your Child & What to Expect
Anat Baniel works with children and adults
About Anat Baniel
NeuroMovement®: The 9 Essentials
Quick, daily tips to overcome pain & increase your vitality |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82435 | Preliminary data shows that the country's gross international reserves (GIR) rose by US$0.56 billion to US$86.39 billion as of end-November 2019 from US$85.83 billion as of end-October 2019.1 The month-on-month increase in the GIR level reflects the inflows arising from the BSP's foreign exchange operations and income from its investments abroad, and the National Government's (NG) net foreign currency deposits.
The end-November 2019 level of the GIR provides an ample external liquidity buffer that is equivalent to 7.5 months' worth of imports of goods and services and payments of primary income. It is also equivalent to 5.6 times the country's short-term external debt based on original maturity and 4.1 times based on residual maturity.2
Net international reserves (NIR), which refers to the difference between the BSP's GIR and total short-term liabilities, likewise increased by US$0.56 billion to US$86.38 billion as of end-November 2019 from the end-October 2019 level of US$85.82 billion.
1 The final data on GIR are released to the public every 19th day of the month in the Statistics section of the BSP's website under the Special Data Dissemination Standards (SDDS). If the 19th day of the month falls on a weekend or is a non-working holiday, the release date shall be the working day nearest to the 19th.
Source: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82460 | This year's Pirelli skinfest— I mean "world's most prestigious calendar"— marks a return to form. Once again, the tiremaker's contribution to female potraiture has captured the "invisible allure" of various supermodels in black and white. French photographer Patrick Demarchelier snapped Naomi Campbell and her calorie-challenged compatriots on a Brazilian beach to create what he calls "pure art". You can't buy Demarchelier's handiwork; Pirelli gives it away to honored business associates (who sell it on Ebay). The best we could do for you is this link to CNN's gallery of cropped shots.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/82461 | DaimlerChysler AG announced Friday that the Mercedes Car Group is recalling Vaneo and A-Class models built between April 2002 and March/April 2003 because of a potential problem with the windshield wipers. The recall affects primarily European-market cars.
The company recalled 1.3 million cars earlier this year because of electrical system problems.
Over on eMercedesBenz.com (all Mercedes, all the time), they have an interesting take on these problems. Basically, they'd rather have a Mercedes with a few problems than a bland, characterless, problem-free Lexus/Acura/whatever. (I'm paraphrasing, here.) Clearly, Mercedes still has a tremendous amount of brand equity with its legions of fans. Let's hope they can fix their production issues before squandering all that goodwill.
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