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global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19501	1. n. [Production Facilities] A substance used in a gas-dehydration unit to remove water and moisture. The desiccant can be liquid, such as methanol, glycol (ethylene, diethylene, triethylene, and tetraethylene). Desiccants also can be solid, such as silica gel or calcium chloride [CaCl2]. The most common gas-dehydration system (glycol dehydrator) uses liquid desiccants such as diethylene, triethylene and tetraethylene, which are substances that can be regenerated. Regeneration means that the water absorbed by these substances can be separated from them. Some liquid desiccants such as methanol or ethylene cannot be regenerated. Solid desiccants are also used for gas dehydration. They are placed as beds through which wet gas is passed. The main limitation of the use of solid desiccants is that they absorb only limited quantities of water. When the desiccant saturation point is reached, the solid desiccant must be replaced. Another limitation is that sometimes water cannot be removed from it.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19511	What is this page? "Travail" in the Bible: Galatians 4:19-20 In Galatians, Paul tells the Galatians that he is in travail--or in the pains of childbirth--while he waits for them to learn how to be like Christ.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19526	Login with a social network: GunslingerGaming.com - Privacy policy This policy explains in detail how “GunslingerGaming.com” along with its affiliated companies (hereinafter “we”, “us”, “our”, “GunslingerGaming.com”, “http://www.gunslingergaming.com/phpbb”) and phpBB (hereinafter “they”, “them”, “their”, “phpBB software”, “www.phpbb.com”, “phpBB Group”, “phpBB Teams”) use any information collected during any session of usage by you (hereinafter “your information”). Your information is collected via two ways. Firstly, by browsing “GunslingerGaming.com” will cause the phpBB software to create a number of cookies, which are small text files that are downloaded on to your computer’s web browser temporary files. The first two cookies just contain a user identifier (hereinafter “user-id”) and an anonymous session identifier (hereinafter “session-id”), automatically assigned to you by the phpBB software. A third cookie will be created once you have browsed topics within “GunslingerGaming.com” and is used to store which topics have been read, thereby improving your user experience. We may also create cookies external to the phpBB software whilst browsing “GunslingerGaming.com”, though these are outside the scope of this document which is intended to only cover the pages created by the phpBB software. The second way in which we collect your information is by what you submit to us. This can be, and is not limited to: posting as an anonymous user (hereinafter “anonymous posts”), registering on “GunslingerGaming.com” (hereinafter “your account”) and posts submitted by you after registration and whilst logged in (hereinafter “your posts”). Your account will at a bare minimum contain a uniquely identifiable name (hereinafter “your user name”), a personal password used for logging into your account (hereinafter “your password”) and a personal, valid e-mail address (hereinafter “your e-mail”). Your information for your account at “GunslingerGaming.com” is protected by data-protection laws applicable in the country that hosts us. Any information beyond your user name, your password, and your e-mail address required by “GunslingerGaming.com” during the registration process is either mandatory or optional, at the discretion of “GunslingerGaming.com”. In all cases, you have the option of what information in your account is publicly displayed. Furthermore, within your account, you have the option to opt-in or opt-out of automatically generated e-mails from the phpBB software. Your password is ciphered (a one-way hash) so that it is secure. However, it is recommended that you do not reuse the same password across a number of different websites. Your password is the means of accessing your account at “GunslingerGaming.com”, so please guard it carefully and under no circumstance will anyone affiliated with “GunslingerGaming.com”, phpBB or another 3rd party, legitimately ask you for your password. Should you forget your password for your account, you can use the “I forgot my password” feature provided by the phpBB software. This process will ask you to submit your user name and your e-mail, then the phpBB software will generate a new password to reclaim your account. Back to login screen
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19540	Nokia BH-106 hard reset To repair and reset your Nokia BH-106 : Clear settings or reset To delete the pairings from the headset when it is switched off, press and hold the power key and the answer/end key (for about 5 seconds) until the red and green indicator lights start to alternate. while you press and hold the power key. Pair and connect the headset 1. Ensure that your mobile device is switched on and the headset is off. 2. Press and hold the power key (for about 5 seconds) until the green indicator light starts to flash quickly. 3. Within about 3 minutes, activate Bluetooth connectivity on your device, and set it to search for Bluetooth devices. 4. Select the headset from the list of found devices. 5. If necessary, enter the passcode 0000 to pair and connect the headset to your device. In some devices, you may need to make the connection separately after pairing. When the headset is connected to your device and is ready for use, the green indicator light flashes about every 5 seconds.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19567	Back to All Events Join us Thursday evenings in October at 5:30pm for a duo trainer workout you don't want to miss! These workshops will led by Alex and KG of BOSS BODY FITNESS. The weather may be getting cooler, but that's no excuse not to train like a BOSS. We are two lady bosses serving up smart training for real people looking to do extraordinary things. You'll be led through a dynamic warm-up to get your heart rate pumping and then we really get down to business. Think circuits, kettlebells, wall balls, ropes and some bossy partner work. You'll leave sweaty and happy having worked your whole body. Come prepared to work hard and to do things you didn't know you were capable of. After all, that's what it means to #trainlikeaBOSS. Workshop is complimentary. Earlier Event: October 19 "The Gauntlet" Mike Michalski
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19575	It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia: "The Gang Gets Trapped" Review Dennis makes a big realization in one of this season's funniest episodes. Note: Full spoilers for the episode follow. Man, this episode was so fun. I loved how they just jumped in with the gang in the middle of another ridiculous situation, rather than show the build up to it. And though much of it was so simple – Mac and Charlie sitting in a van, Dennis and Dee trapped inside a closet – the dialogue was particularly great this week, with one funny line after another. Having Dennis get a bit meta here was a very clever idea, as breaking into someone's home to steal a vase they just learned about made him finally observe, "We immediately escalate everything to ten," and, "We should not be committing crimes based on beliefs that are two hours old!" I'm guessing none of Dennis' observations will remain in place next week, but that's okay – the idea of, just once, someone in the gang noting how completely insane they all act was so well used here. In fact, Dennis absolutely dominated this episode, with a ton of killer lines. From chastising Dee that she was just "going to spray DNA everywhere" by urinating in the toilet of a home they were breaking into, to deadpanning, "Charlie doesn't know what a diversion is, apparently. He just ran directly into the house," this was a standout week for Dennis Reynolds. Not that he was the only one delivering. Everyone had notable moments, including Charlie and Mac arguing over both Indiana Jones and whether Charlie could have a potato chip (Mac didn't want to share, you see) and Dee making the on the nose observation, "I'm beginning to think this family has zero awareness of their surroundings." Danny DeVito in the meantime pulled off some terrific physical comedy, as Frank tore a poor little girl's teddy bear to shreds, and wandered around the house with a whip at the ready. Sure, it might not have been exactly shocking when he ended up destroying the vase with that whip, but it didn't stop me from laughing when it happened. Along with being so funny, the episode also had a nice little mystery element, as the gang tried to figure out just what the hell was going on with the family (who were both Southern and Asian, because why not?) who lived there, who kept speaking in secretive ways. When it turned out to be a big domestic drama, with the wife intending to run off with her boyfriend and the daughter, the laughs continued. Yes, Sunny can make a little girl crying over being separated from her daddy funny, simply by having these characters be the ones overhearing it and have Charlie, of all people, remark, "It's not good when the kids gets involved." I better stop now, as I realize this review has quickly turned into one of those, "It was funny when he said this… and when he did that" ones. But it was that kind of episode. Oh, okay, I do have a few final observations: • How perfect was it that Mac and Charlie have an idea for an imported leathers store they've "always talked about"? • Dee realizing she could cause Mac and Charlie to turn on each other with a simple observation to Charlie about him never getting to use the walkie-talkie button was awesome. • Loved having Glenn Howerton get a bit meta with another project he'd been in, when Dennis evoked The Strangers, exclaiming, "They can't wait to get their hand on home invaders, so they can blast them with shotguns!" More Episode Reviews: • Amazing Buying Guide Powered by IGN Deals
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19629	Vol 1 (con't) THE many jealousies to which Henry IV.'s situation naturally exposed him, had so infected his temper, that he had entertained unreasonable suspicions with regard to the fidelity of his eldest son; and during the latter years of his life, he had excluded that prince from all share in public business, and was even displeased to see him at the head of armies, where his martial talents, though useful to the support of government, acquired him a renown, which he thought might prove dangerous to his own authority. The active spirit of young Henry, restrained from its proper exercise, broke out into extravagances of every kind; and the riot of pleasure, the frolic of debauchery, the outrage of wine, filled the vacancies of a mind better adapted to the pursuits of ambition and the cares of government. This course of life threw him among companions, whose disorders, if accompanied with spirit and humor, he indulged and seconded; and he was detected in many sallies, which, to severer eyes, appeared totally unworthy of his rank and station. There even remains a tradition that, when heated with liquor and jollity, he scrupled not to accompany his riotous associates in attacking the passengers on the streets and highways, and despoiling them of their goods; and he found an amusement in the incidents which the terror and regret of these defenceless people produced on such occasions. This extreme of dissoluteness proved equally disagreeable to his father, as that eager application to business which had at first given him occasion of jealousy; and he saw in his son's behavior the same neglect of decency, the same attachment to low company, which had degraded the personal character of Richard, and which, more than all his errors in government, had tended to overturn his throne. But the nation in general considered the young prince with more indulgence; and observed so many gleams of generosity, spirit, and magnanimity, breaking continually through the cloud which a wild conduct threw over his character, that they never ceased hoping for his amendment; and they ascribed all the weeds, which shot up in that rich soil, to the want of proper culture and attention in the king and his ministers. There happened an incident which encouraged these agreeable views, and gave much occasion for favorable reflections to all men of sense and candor. A riotous companion of the prince's had been indicted before Gascoigne, the chief justice, for some disorders; and Henry was not ashamed to appear at the bar with the criminal, in order to give him countenance and protection. Finding that his presence had not overawed the chief justice, he proceeded to insult that magistrate on his tribunal; but Gascoigne, mindful of the character which he then bore, and the majesty of the sovereign and of the laws which he sustained, ordered the prince to be carried to prison for his rude behavior.[] The spectators were agreeably disappointed, when they saw the heir of the crown submit peaceably to this sentence, make reparation for his error by acknowledging it, and check his impetuous nature in the midst of its extravagant career. The memory of this incident, and of many others of a like nature, rendered the prospect of the future reign nowise disagreeable to the nation, and increased the joy which the death of so unpopular a prince as the late king naturally occasioned. The first steps taken by the young prince confirmed all those prepossessions entertained in his favor.[] He called together his former companions, acquainted them with his intended reformation, exhorted them to imitate his example, but strictly inhibited them, till they had given proofs of their sincerity in this particular, from appearing any more in his presence; and he thus dismissed them with liberal presents.[*] Hall, fol, 33. Walsing, p. 382. * Hall, fol. 33. Holingshed, p. 543. Godwin's Life of Henry V, p. 1 The wise ministers of his father, who had checked his riots, found that they had unknowingly been paying the highest court to him; and were received with all the marks of favor and confidence. The chief justice himself, who trembled to approach the royal presence, met with praises instead of reproaches for his past conduct, and was exhorted to persevere in the same rigorous and impartial execution of the laws. The surprise of those who expected an opposite behavior, augmented their satisfaction; and the character of the young king appeared brighter than if it had never been shaded by any errors. But Henry was anxious not only to repair his own misconduct, but also to make amends for those iniquities into which policy or the necessity of affairs had betrayed his father. He expressed the deepest sorrow for the fate of the unhappy Richard, did justice to the memory of that unfortunate prince, even performed his funeral obsequies with pomp and solemnity, and cherished all those who had distinguished themselves by their loyalty and attachment towards him.[] Instead of continuing the restraints which the jealousy of his father had imposed on the earl of Marche, he received that young nobleman with singular courtesy and favor; and by this magnanimity so gained on the gentle and unambitious nature of his competitor, that he remained ever after sincerely attached to him, and gave him no disturbance in his future government. The family of Piercy was restored to its fortune and honors.[] The king seemed ambitious to bury all party distinctions in oblivion: the instruments of the preceding reign, who had been advanced from their blind zeal for the Lancastrian interests, more than from their merits, gave place every where to men of more honorable characters; virtue seemed now to have an open career, in which it might exert itself: the exhortations, as well as example of the prince, gave it encouragement: all men were unanimous in their attachment to Henry; and the defects of his title were forgotten, amidst the personal regard which was universally paid to him. There remained among the people only one party distinction, which was derived from religious differences, and which, as it is of a peculiar and commonly a very obstinate nature, the popularity of Henry was not able to overcome. The Lollards were every day increasing in the kingdom, and were become a formed party, which appeared extremely dangerous to the church, and even formidable to the civil authority.[*] The enthusiasm by which these sectaries were generally actuated the great alterations which they pretended to introduce, the hatred which they expressed against the established hierarchy, gave an alarm to Henry; who, either from a sincere attachment to the ancient religion, or from a dread of the unknown consequences which attend all important changes, was determined to execute the laws against such bold innovators. Hist. Croyland. Contin. Hall, fol. 34. Holing, p. 544. Holing, p. 545. * Walsing. p. 382. The head of this sect was Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, a nobleman who had distinguished himself by his valor and his military talents, and had, on many occasions, acquired the esteem both of the late and of the present king.[] His high character and his zeal for the new sect pointed him out to Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, as the proper victim of ecclesiastical severity, whose punishment would strike a terror into the whole party, and teach them that they must expect no mercy under the present administration. He applied to Henry for a permission to indict Lord Cobham;[] but the generous nature of the prince was averse to such sanguinary methods of conversion. He represented to the primate, that reason and conviction were the best expedients for supporting truth; that all gentle means ought first to be tried, in order to reclaim men from error; and that he himself would endeavor, by a conversation with Cobham, to reconcile him to the Catholic faith. But he found that nobleman obstinate in his opinions, and determined not to sacrifice truths of such infinite moment to his complaisance for sovereigns.[*] Walsing. p 382. Fox's Acts and Monuments, p. 513. * Rymer, vol ix. p. 61. Walsing. p. 383. Henry's principles of toleration, or rather his love of the practice, could carry him no farther; and he then gave full reins to ecclesiastical severity against the inflexible heresiarch. The primate indicted Cobham, and with the assistance of his three suffragans, the bishops of London, Winchester, and St. David's, condemned him to the flames for his erroneous opinions. Cobham, who was confined in the Tower, made his escape before the day appointed for his execution. The bold spirit of the man, provoked by persecution and stimulated by zeal, was urged to attempt the most criminal enterprises; and his unlimited authority over the new sect proved that he well merited the attention of the civil magistrate. He formed in his retreat very violent designs against his enemies; and despatching his emissaries to all quarters, appointed a general rendezvous of the party, in order to seize the person of the king at Eltham, and put their persecutors to the sword.[] Henry, apprised of their intention, removed to Westminster: Cobham was not discouraged by this disappointment; but changed the place of rendezvous to the field near St. Giles; the king, having shut the gates of the city, to prevent any reënforcement to the Lollards from that quarter, came into the field in the night-time, seized such of the conspirators as appeared, and afterwards laid hold of the several parties who were hastening to the place appointed. It appeared, that a few only were in the secret of the conspiracy; the rest implicitly followed their leaders: but upon the trial of the prisoners, the treasonable designs of the sect were rendered certain, both from evidence and from the confession of the criminals themselves.[] Some were executed; the greater number pardoned.[] Cobham himself, who made his escape by flight, was not brought to justice till four years after; when he was hanged as a traitor; and his body was burnt on the gibbet, in execution of the sentence pronounced against him as a heretic.[*] This criminal design, which was perhaps somewhat aggravated by the clergy, brought discredit upon the party, and checked the progress of that sect, which had embraced the speculative doctrines of Wickliffe, and at the same time aspired to a reformation of ecclesiastical abuses. Walsing. p. 385. Cotton, p. 554. Hall, fol. 35. Holing, p. 544. * Rymer, vol. ix. p. 119, 129, 193. **** Walsing. p. 400. Otterborne, p. 280. Holing, p. 561. These two points were the great objects of the Lollards; but the bulk of the nation was not affected in the same degree by both of them. Common sense and obvious reflection had discovered to the people the advantages of a reformation in discipline; but the age was not yet so far advanced as to be seized with the spirit of controversy, or to enter into those abstruse doctrines which the Lollards endeavored to propagate throughout the kingdom. The very notion of heresy alarmed the generality of the people: innovation in fundamental principles was suspicious: curiosity was not, as yet, a sufficient counterpoise to authority; and even many, who were the greatest friends to the reformation of abuses, were anxious to express their detestation of the speculative tenants of the Wickliffites, which, they feared, threw disgrace on so good a cause. This turn of thought appears evidently in the proceedings of the parliament which was summoned immediately after the detection of Cobham's conspiracy. That assembly passed severe laws against the new heretics: they enacted, that whoever was convicted of Lollardy before the ordinary besides suffering capital punishment according to the laws formerly established, should also forfeit his lands and goods to the king; and that the chancellor, treasurer, justices of the two benches, sheriffs, justices of the peace, and all the chief magistrates in every city and borough, should take an oath to use their utmost endeavors for the extirpation of heresy.[] Yet this very parliament, when the king demanded supply, renewed the offer formerly pressed upon his father, and entreated him to seize all the ecclesiastical revenues, and convert them to the use of the crown.[] The clergy were alarmed: they could offer the king no bribe which was equivalent: they only agreed to confer on him all the priories alien, which depended on capital abbeys in Normandy, and had been bequeathed to these abbeys, when that province remained united to England: and Chicheley, now archbishop of Canterbury, endeavored to divert the blow by giving occupation to the king, and by persuading him to undertake a war against France, in order to recover his lost rights to that kingdom.[*] 2 Henry V. chap. 7. Hall, fol. 35. * Hall, fol. 35. 36. It was the dying injunction of the late king to his son, not to allow the English to remain long in peace, which was apt to breed intestine commotions; but to employ them in foreign expeditions, by which the prince might acquire honor; the nobility, in sharing his dangers, might attach themselves to his person; and all the restless spirits find occupation for their inquietude. The natural disposition of Henry sufficiently inclined him to follow this advice, and the civil disorders of France, which had been prolonged beyond those of England, opened a full career to his ambition. The death of Charles V., which followed soon after that of Edward III., and the youth of his son, Charles VI., put the two kingdoms for some time in a similar situation; and it was not to be apprehended, that either of them, during a minority, would be able to make much advantage of the weakness of the other. The jealousies also between Charles's three uncles, the dukes of Anjou, Bern, and Burgundy, had distracted the affairs of France rather more than those between the dukes of Lancaster, York, and Gloucester. Richard's three uncles, disordered those of England; and had carried off the attention of the French nation from any vigorous enterprise against foreign states. But in proportion as Charles advanced in years, the factions were composed; his two uncles, the dukes of Anjou and Burgundy, died; and the king himself, assuming the reins of government, discovered symptoms of genius and spirit, which revived the drooping hopes of his country. This promising state of affairs was not of long duration: the unhappy prince fell suddenly into a fit of frenzy, which rendered him incapable of exercising his authority; and though he recovered from this disorder, he was so subject to relapses, that his judgment was gradually but sensibly impaired, and no steady plan of government could be pursued by him. The administration of affairs was disputed between his brother, Lewis, duke of Orleans, and his cousin-german, John, duke of Burgundy: the propinquity to the crown pleaded in favor of the former: the latter, who, in right of his mother, had inherited the county of Flanders, which he annexed to his father's extensive dominions, derived a lustre from his superior power: the people were divided between these contending princes; and the king, now resuming, now dropping his authority, kept the victory undecided, and prevented any regular settlement of the state by the final prevalence of either party. At length, the dukes of Orleans and Burgundy, seeming to be moved by the cries of the nation, and by the interposition of common friends, agreed to bury all past quarrels in oblivion, and to enter into strict amity: they swore before the altar the sincerity of their friendship; the priest administered the sacrament to both of them; they gave to each other every pledge which could be deemed sacred among men: but all this solemn preparation was only a cover for the basest treachery, which was deliberately premeditated by the duke of Burgundy. He procured his rival to be assassinated in the streets of Paris: he endeavored for some time to conceal the part which he took in the crime; but being detected, he embraced a resolution still more criminal and more dangerous to society, by openly avowing and justifying it.[] Le Laboureur, liv. xxvii. chap. 23, 24. The parliament itself of Paris, the tribunal of justice, heard the harangues of the duke's advocate in defence of assassination, which he termed tyrannicide; and that assembly, partly influenced by faction, partly overawed by power, pronounced no sentence of condemnation against this detestable doctrine.[] Le Laboureur, liv. xxvii. chap. 27. Monstrelet. chap. 39. The same question was afterwards agitated before the council of Constance; and it was with difficulty that a feeble decision in favor of the contrary opinion, was procured from these fathers of the church, the ministers of peace and of religion. But the mischievous effects of that tenet, had they been before anywise doubtful, appeared sufficiently from the present incidents. The commission of this crime, which destroyed all trust and security, rendered the war implacable between the French parties, and cut off every means of peace and accommodation. The princes of the blood, combining with the young duke of Orleans and his brothers, made violent war on the duke of Burgundy; and the unhappy king, seized sometimes by one party, sometimes by the other, transferred alternately to each of them the appearance of legal authority. The provinces were laid waste by mutual depredations: assassinations were every where committed, from the animosity of the several leaders; or, what was equally terrible, executions were ordered, without any legal or free trial, by pretended courts of judicature. The whole kingdom was distinguished into two parties, the Burgundians and the Armagnacs; so the adherents of the young duke of Orleans were called, from the count of Armagnac, father-in-law to that prince. The city of Paris, distracted between them, but inclining more to the Burgundians, was a perpetual scene of blood and violence; the king and royal family were often detained captives in the hands of the populace; their faithful ministers were butchered or imprisoned before their face; and it was dangerous for any man, amidst these enraged factions, to be distinguished by a strict adherence to the principles of probity and honor. During this scene of general violence, there rose into some consideration a body of men, which usually makes no figure in public transactions, even during the most peaceful times; and that was the university of Paris, whose opinion was sometimes demanded, and more frequently offered, in the multiplied disputes between the parties. The schism by which the church was at that time divided, and which occasioned frequent controversies in the university, had raised the professors to an unusual degree of importance; and this connection between literature and superstition had bestowed on the former a weight to which reason and knowledge are not of themselves anywise entitled among men. But there was another society, whose sentiments were much more decisive, at Paris,—the fraternity of butchers, who, under the direction of their ringleaders, had declared for the duke of Burgundy, and committed the most violent outrages against the opposite party. To counterbalance their power, the Armagnacs made interest with the fraternity of carpenters; the populace ranged themselves on one side or the other; and the fate of the capital depended on the prevalence of either party. The advantage which might be made of these confusions was easily perceived in England; and, according to the maxims which usually prevail among nations, it was determined to lay hold of the favorable opportunity. The late king, who was courted by both the French parties, fomented the quarrel, by alternately sending assistance to each; but the present sovereign, impelled by the vigor of youth and the ardor of ambition, determined to push his advantages to a greater length, and to carry violent war into that distracted kingdom. But while he was making preparations for this end, he tried to effect his purpose by negotiation; and he sent over ambassadors to Paris, offering a perpetual peace and alliance; but demanding Catharine, the French king's daughter, in marriage, two millions of crowns as her portion, one million six hundred thousand as the arrears of King John's ransom, and the immediate possession and full sovereignty of Normandy, and of all the other provinces which had been ravished from England by the arms of Philip Augustus; together with the superiority of Brittany and Flanders.[] Such exorbitant demands show that he was sensible of the present miserable condition of France; and the terms offered by the French court, though much inferior, discover their consciousness of the same melancholy truth. They were willing to give him the princess in marriage, to pay him eight hundred thousand crowns, to resign the entire sovereignty of Guienne, and to annex to that province the country of Perigord, Rovergue Xaintonge, the Angoumois, and other territories.[] Rymer, vol. ix. p. 208. ** Rymer, vol. ix. p. 211. It is reported by some historians, (see Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 500,) that the dauphin, in derision of Henry's claims and dissolute character, sent him a box of tennis balls; intimating, that these implements of play were better adapted to him than the instruments of war. But this story is by no means credible; rejected these conditions, and scarcely hoped that his own demands would be complied with, he never intermitted a moment his preparations for war; and having assembled a great fleet and army at Southampton, having invited all the nobility and military men of the kingdom to attend him by the hopes of glory and of conquest, he came to the sea-side with a purpose of embarking on his expedition. But while Henry was meditating conquests upon his neighbors, he unexpectedly found himself in danger from a conspiracy at home, which was happily detected in its infancy. The earl of Cambridge, second son of the late duke of York, having espoused the sister of the earl of Marche, had zealously embraced the interests of that family; and had held some conferences with Lord Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton, about the means of recovering to that nobleman his right to the crown of England. The conspirators, as soon as detected, acknowledged their guilt to the king; [] and Henry proceeded without delay to their trial and condemnation. The utmost that could be expected of the best king in those ages, was, that he would so far observe the essentials of justice, as not to make an innocent person a victim to his severity; but as to the formalities of law, which are often as material as the essentials themselves, they were sacrificed without scruple to the least interest or convenience. A jury of commoners was summoned: the three conspirators were indicted before them: the constable of Southampton Castle swore that they had separately confessed their guilt to him: without other evidence, Sir Thomas Grey was condemned and executed; but as the earl of Cambridge and Lord Scrope pleaded the privilege of their peerage, Henry thought proper to summon a court of eighteen barons, in which the duke of Clarence presided: the evidence given before the jury was read to them: the prisoners, though one of them was a prince of the blood, were not examined, nor produced in court, nor heard in their own defence; but received sentence of death upon this proof, which was every way irregular and unsatisfactory; and the sentence was soon after executed. The earl of Marche was accused of having given his approbation to the conspiracy, and received a general pardon from the great offers made by the court of France show that they had already entertained a just idea of Henry's character, as well as of their own situation. The successes which the arms of England have, in different ages, obtained over those of France, have been much owing to the favorable situation of the former kingdom. The English, happily seated in an island, could make advantage of every misfortune which attended their neighbors, and were little exposed to the danger of reprisals. They never left their own country but when they were conducted by a king of extraordinary genius, or found their enemy divided by intestine factions, or were supported by a powerful alliance on the continent; and as all these circumstances concurred at present to favor their enterprise, they had reason to expect from it proportionable success. The duke of Burgundy, expelled France by a combination of the princes, had been secretly soliciting the alliance of England; [] and Henry knew that this prince, though he scrupled at first to join the inveterate enemy of his country, would willingly, if he saw any probability of success, both assist him with his Flemish subjects, and draw over to the same side all his numerous partisans in France. Trusting, therefore, to this circumstance, but without establishing any concert with the duke, he put to sea, and landed near Harfleur, at the head of an army of six thousand men at arms, and twenty-four thousand foot, mostly archers. He immediately began the siege of that place, which was valiantly defended by D'Estouteville, and under him by De Guitri, De Gaucourt, and others of the French nobility; but as the garrison was weak, and the fortifications in bad repair, the governor was at last obliged to capitulate; and he promised to surrender the place, if he received no succor before the eighteenth of September. The day came, and there was no appearance of a French army to relieve him. Henry, taking possession of the town, placed a garrison in it, and expelled all the French inhabitants, with an intention of peopling it anew with English. Rymer, vol. ix. p. 303. ** St. Remi, chap. lv. Godwin, p. 65 The fatigues of this siege, and the unusual heat of the season, had so wasted the English army, that Henry could enter on no further enterprise; and was obliged to think of returning into England. He had dismissed his transports, which could not anchor in an open road upon the enemy's coasts; and he lay under a necessity of marching by land to Calais, before he could reach a place of safety. A numerous French army of fourteen thousand men at arms and forty thousand foot, was by this time assembled in Normandy under the constable D'Albret; a force which, if prudently conducted, was sufficient either to trample down the English in the open field, or to harass and reduce to nothing their small army, before they could finish so long and difficult a march. Henry, therefore, cautiously offered to sacrifice his conquest of Harfleur for a safe passage to Calais; but his proposal being rejected, he determined to make his way by valor and conduct through all the opposition of the enemy.[] That he might not discourage his army by the appearance of flight, or expose them to those hazards which naturally attend precipitate marches, he made slow and deliberate journeys,[] till he reached the Somme, which he purposed to pass at the ford of Blanquetague, the same place where Edward, in a like situation, had before escaped from Philip de Valois. But he found the ford rendered impassable by the precaution of the French general, and guarded by a strong body on the opposite bank;[] and he was obliged to march higher up the river, in order to seek for a safe passage. He was continually harassed on his march by flying parties of the enemy; saw bodies of troops on the other side ready to oppose every attempt; his provisions were cut off; his soldiers languished with sickness and fatigue; and his affairs seemed to be reduced to a desperate situation; when he was so dexterous or so fortunate as to seize, by surprise, a passage near St. Quintin, which had not been sufficiently guarded; and he safely carried over his army.[] Le Laboureur, liv. xxxv. chap. 6. * T. Livii, p. 12 ** St. Remi, chap, 58. * T. Livii, p. 13 Henry then bent his march northwards to Calais; but he was still exposed to great and imminent danger from the enemy, who had also passed the Somme, and threw themselves full in his way, with a purpose of intercepting his retreat. After he had passed the small river of Ternois at Blangi, he was surprised to observe from the heights the whole French army drawn up in the plains of Azincour, and so posted that it was impossible for him to proceed on his march without coming to an engagement. Nothing in appearance could be more unequal than the battle upon which his safety and all his fortunes now depended. The English army was little, more than half the number which had disembarked at Harfleur; and they labored under every discouragement and necessity. The enemy was four times more numerous; was headed by the dauphin and all the princes of the blood; and was plentifully supplied with provisions of every kind. Henry's situation was exactly similar to that of Edward at Crecy, and that of the Black Prince at Poietiers; and the memory of these great events, inspiring the English with courage, made them hope for a like deliverance from their present difficulties. The king likewise observed the same prudent conduct which had been followed by these great commanders: he drew up his army on a narrow ground between two woods, which guarded each flank; and he patiently expected in that posture the attack of the enemy.[] Had the French constable been able either to reason justly upon the present circumstances of the two armies, or to profit by past experience, he had declined a combat, and had waited till necessity, obliging the English to advance, had made them relinquish the advantages of their situation. But the impetuous valor of the nobility, and a vain confidence in superior numbers, brought on this fatal action, which proved the source of infinite calamities to their country. The French archers on horseback and their men at arms, crowded in their ranks, advanced upon the English archers, who had fixed palisadoes in their front to break the impression of the enemy, and who safely plied them, from behind that defence, with a shower of arrows, which nothing could resist.[] St. Remi, chap. 62. ** Walsing. p. 392. T. Livii, p. 19. Le Laboureur, liv. xxxv chap, 7. Monstrelet, chap. 147. The clay soil, moistened by some rain which had lately fallen, proved another obstacle to the force of the French cavalry: the wounded men and horses discomposed their ranks: the narrow compass in which they were pent hindered them from recovering any order: the whole army was a scene of confusion, terror, and dismay: and Henry, perceiving his advantage, ordered the English archers, who were light and unencumbered, to advance upon the enemy, and seize the moment of victory. They fell with their battle-axes upon the French, who, in their present posture, were incapable either of flying or of making defence: they hewed them in pieces without resistance:[] and being seconded by the men at arms who also pushed on against the enemy, they covered the field with the killed, wounded, dismounted, and overthrown. Walsing. p. 393. Ypod. Neust. p. 584. After all appearance of opposition was over, the English had leisure to make prisoners; and having advanced with uninterrupted success to the open plain, they there saw the remains of the French rear guard, which still maintained the appearance of a line of battle. At the same time, they heard an alarm from behind: some gentlemen of Picardy, having collected about six hundred peasants, had fallen upon the English baggage, and were doing execution on the unarmed followers of the camp, who fled before them, Henry, seeing the enemy on all sides of him, began to entertain apprehensions from his prisoners; and he thought it necessary to issue general orders for putting them to death: but on discovering the truth, he stopped the slaughter, and was still able to save a great number. No battle was ever more fatal to France, by the number of princes and nobility slain or taken prisoners. Among the former were the constable himself, the count of Nevers and the duke of Brabant, brothers to the duke of Burgundy; the count of Vaudemont, brother to the duke of Lorraine, the duke of Alençon, the duke of Barre, the count of Marle. The most eminent prisoners were the dukes of Orleans and Bourbon, the Counts d'Eu, Vendôme, and Richemont, and the mareschal of Boucicaut. An archbishop of Sens also was slain in this battle. The killed are computed on the whole to have amounted to ten thousand men; and as the slaughter fell chiefly upon the cavalry, it is pretended that, of these, eight thousand were gentlemen. Henry was master of fourteen thousand prisoners. The person of chief note who fell among the English, was the duke of York, who perished fighting by the king's side, and had an end more honorable than his life. He was succeeded in his honors and fortune by his nephew, son of the earl of Cambridge, executed in the beginning of the year. All the English who were slain exceeded not forty; though some writers, with greater probability, make the number more considerable. The three great battles of Crecy, Poictiers, and Azincour bear a singular resemblance to each other in their most considerable circumstances. In all of them there appears the same temerity in the English princes, who, without any object of moment, merely for the sake of plunder, had ventured so far into the enemy's country as to leave themselves no retreat; and unless saved by the utmost imprudence in the French commanders, were, from their very situation, exposed to inevitable destruction. But allowance being made for this temerity, which, according to the irregular plans of war followed in those ages, seems to have been, in some measure, unavoidable there appears, in the day of action, the same presence of mind, dexterity, courage, firmness, and precaution on the part of the English; the same precipitation, confusion, and vain confidence on the part of the French: and the events were such as might have been expected from such opposite conduct. The immediate consequences too of these three great victories were similar: instead of pushing the French with vigor, and taking advantage of their consternation, the English princes, after their victory, seem rather to have relaxed their efforts, and to have allowed the enemy leisure to recover from his losses. Henry interrupted not his march a moment after the battle of Azincour; he carried his prisoners to Calais, thence to England; he even concluded a truce with the enemy; and it was not till after an interval of two years that any body of English troops appeared in France. The poverty of all the European princes, and the small resources of their kingdoms, were the cause of these continual interruptions in their hostilities; and though the maxims of war were in general destructive, their military operations were mere incursions, which, without any settled plan, they carried on against each other. The lustre, however, attending the victory of Azincour, procured some supplies from the English parliament; though still unequal to the expenses of a campaign. They granted Henry an entire fifteenth of movables; and they conferred on him for life the duties of tonnage and poundage, and the subsidies on the exportation of wool and leather. This concession is more considerable than that which had been granted to Richard II. by his last parliament and which was afterwards, on his deposition, made so great an article of charge against him. But during this interruption of hostilities from England, France was exposed to all the furies of civil war, and the several parties became every day more enraged against each other. The duke of Burgundy, confident that the French ministers and generals were entirely discredited by the misfortune at Azincour, advanced with a great army to Paris, and attempted to reinstate himself in possession of the government, as well as of the person of the king. But his partisans in that city were overawed by the court, and kept in subjection: the duke despaired of success; and he retired with his forces, which he immediately disbanded in the Low Countries.[] He was soon after invited to make a new attempt, by some violent quarrels which broke out in the royal family. The queen, Isabella, daughter of the duke of Bavaria, who had been hitherto an inveterate enemy to the Burgundian faction, had received a great injury from the other party, which the implacable spirit of that princess was never able to forgive. The public necessities obliged the count of Armagnac, created constable of France in the place of D'Albret, to seize the great treasures which Isabella had amassed: and when she expressed her displeasure at this injury, he inspired into the weak mind of the king some jealousies concerning her conduct, and pushed him to seize, and put to the torture, and afterwards throw into the Seine, Boisbourdon, her favorite, whom he accused of a commerce of gallantry with that princess. The queen herself was sent to Tours, and confined under a guard;[] and after suffering these multiplied insults, she no longer scrupled to enter into a correspondence with the duke of Burgundy. As her son, the dauphin Charles, a youth of sixteen, was entirely governed by the faction of Armagnac, she extended her animosity to him, and sought his destruction with the most unrelenting hatred. She had soon an opportunity of rendering her unnatural purpose effectual. The duke of Burgundy, in concert with her, entered France at the head of a great army: he made himself master of Amiens, Abbeville, Dourlens, Montreuil, and other towns in Picardy; Senlis, Rheims, Chalons, Troye, and Auxerre, declared themselves of his party.[] He got possession of Beaumont, Pontoise, Vernon, Meulant, Montlheri, towns in the neighborhood of Paris; and carrying further his progress towards the west, he seized Etampes, Chartres, and other fortresses; and was at last able to deliver the queen, who fled to Troye, and openly declared against those ministers who, she said, detained her husband in captivity.[*] Le Laboureur, liv. xxxv. chap. 10. St. Remi, chap. 74. Monstrelet, chap. 167. * St. Remi, chap. 79. **** St. Remi, chap. 81. Monstrelet, chap. 178, 179. Meanwhile the partisans of Burgundy raised a commotion in Paris, which always inclined to that faction. Lile-Adam, one of the duke's captains, was received into the city in the night-time, and headed the insurrection of the people, which in a moment became so impetuous that nothing could oppose it. The person of the king was seized: the dauphin made his escape with difficulty; great numbers of the faction of Armagnac were immediately butchered: the count himself, and many persons of note, were thrown into prison: murders were daily committed from private animosity, under pretence of faction: and the populace, not satiated with their fury, and deeming the course of public justice too dilatory, broke into the prisons, and put to death the count of Armagnac, and all the other nobility who were there confined.[] While France was in such furious combustion, and was so ill prepared to resist a foreign enemy, Henry, having collected some treasure and levied an army, landed in Normandy at the head of twenty-five thousand men; and met with no considerable opposition from any quarter. He made himself master of Falaise; Evreux and Caen submitted to him; Pont de l'Arche opened its gates; and Henry, having subdued all the lower Normandy, and having received a reënforcement of fifteen thousand men from England,[] formed the siege of Rouen, which was defended by a garrison of four thousand men, seconded by the inhabitants, to the number of fifteen thousand.[] The cardinal des Ursins here attempted to incline him towards peace, and to moderate his pretensions; but the king replied to him in such terms as showed that he was fully sensible of all his present advantages: "Do you not see," said he, "that God has led me hither as by the hand? France has no sovereign: I have just pretensions to that kingdom: every thing is here in the utmost confusion: no one thinks of resisting me. Can I have a more sensible proof, that the Being who disposes of empires has determined to put the crown of France upon my head?"[*] St. Remi, chap. 85, 86. Monstrelet, chap. 118. Walsing. p. 100. * St. Remi, chap. 31 **** Juvenal des Ursins. But though Henry had opened his mind to this scheme of ambition, he still continued to negotiate with his enemies, and endeavored to obtain more secure, though less considerable advantages. He made, at the same time, offers of peace to both parties; to the queen and duke of Burgundy on the one hand, who, having possession of the king's person, carried the appearance of legal authority;[] and to the dauphin on the other, who, being the undoubted heir of the monarchy, was adhered to by every one that paid any regard to the true interests of their country.[**] These two parties also carried on a continual negotiation with each other. The terms proposed on all sides were perpetually varying: the events of the war and the intrigues of the cabinet intermingled with each other: and the fate of France remained long in this uncertainty. After many negotiations, Henry offered the queen and the duke of Burgundy to make peace with them, to espouse the Princess Catharine, and to accept of all the provinces ceded to Edward III. by the treaty of Bretigni, with the addition of Normandy, which he was to receive in full and entire sovereignty.[] These terms were submitted to: there remained only some circumstances to adjust, in order to the entire completion of the treaty; but in this interval the duke of Burgundy secretly finished his treaty with the dauphin; and these two princes agreed to share the royal authority during King Charles's lifetime, and to unite their arms in order to expel foreign enemies.[***] Rymer, vol. ix. p. 717, 749. Rymer, vol. ix. p. 626, etc. * Rymer, vol. ix. p. 762. **** Rymer, vol. ix. p. 776. St. Remi, chap. 95. This alliance which seemed to cut off from Henry all hopes of further success, proved in the issue the most favorable event that could have happened for his pretensions. Whether the dauphin and the duke of Burgundy were ever sincere in their mutual engagements, is uncertain; but very fatal effects resulted from their momentary and seeming union. The two princes agreed to an interview, in order to concert the means of rendering effectual their common attack on the English; but how both or either of them could with safety venture upon this conference, it seemed somewhat difficult to contrive. The assassination perpetrated by the duke of Burgundy, and still more his open avowal of the deed, and defence of the doctrine, tended to dissolve all the bands of civil society; and even men of honor, who detested the example, might deem it just, on a favorable opportunity, to retaliate upon the author. The duke, therefore, who neither dared to give, nor could pretend to expect, any trust, agreed to all the contrivances for mutual security which were proposed by the ministers of the dauphin. The two princes came to Montereau: the duke lodged in the Castle; the dauphin in the town, which was divided from the castle by the River Yonne: the bridge between them was chosen for the place of interview: two high rails were drawn across the bridge: the gates on each side were guarded, one by the officers of the dauphin, the other by those of the duke: the princes were to enter into the intermediate space by the opposite gates, accompanied each by ten persons; and with all these marks of diffidence, to conciliate their mutual friendship. But it appeared that no precautions are sufficient where laws have no place, and where all principles of honor are utterly abandoned. Tannegui de Chatel, and others of the dauphin's retainers, had been zealous partisans of the late duke of Orleans; and they determined to seize the opportunity of revenging on the assassin the murder of that prince; they no sooner entered the rails, than they drew their swords and attacked the duke of Burgundy; his friends were astonished and thought not of making any defence; and all of them either shared his fate, or were taken prisoners by the retinue of the dauphin.[] St. Remi, chap. 97. Monstrelet, chap. 211. The extreme youth of this prince made it doubtful whether he had been admitted into the secret of the conspiracy; but as the deed was committed under his eye, by his most intimate friends, who still retained their connections with him, the blame of the action, which was certainly more imprudent than criminal, fell entirely upon him. The whole state of affairs was every where changed by this unexpected incident. The city of Paris, passionately devoted to the family of Burgundy, broke out into the highest fury against the dauphin. The court of King Charles entered from interest into the same views; and as all the ministers of that monarch had owed their preferment to the late duke, and foresaw their downfall if the dauphin should recover possession of his father's person, they were concerned to prevent by any means the success of his enterprise. The queen, persevering in her unnatural animosity against her son, increased the general flame, and inspired into the king, as far as he was susceptible of any sentiment the same prejudices by which she herself had long been actuated. But above all, Philip, count of Charolois, now duke of Burgundy, thought himself bound by every tie of honor and of duty to revenge the murder of his father, and to prosecute the assassin to the utmost extremity. And in this general transport of rage, every consideration of national and family interest was buried in oblivion by all parties: the subjection to a foreign enemy, the expulsion of the lawful heir, the slavery of the kingdom, appeared but small evils, if they led to the gratification of the present passion. The king of England had, before the death of the duke of Burgundy, profited extremely by the distractions of France and was daily making a considerable progress in Normandy. He had taken Rouen after an obstinate siege:[] he had made himself master of Pontoise and Gisors: he even threatened Paris, and by the terror of his arms had obliged the court to remove to Troye: and in the midst of his successes, he was agreeably surprised to find his enemies, instead of combining against him for their mutual defence, disposed to rush into his arms, and to make him the instrument of their vengeance upon each other. A league was immediately concluded at Arras between him and the duke of Burgundy. This prince, without stipulating any thing for himself, except the prosecution of his father's murder, and the marriage of the duke of Bedford with his sister, was willing to sacrifice the kingdom to Henry's ambition; and he agreed to every demand made by that monarch. In order to finish this astonishing treaty, which was to transfer the crown of France to a stranger, Henry went to Troye, accompanied by his brothers, the dukes of Clarence and Glocester; and was there met by the duke of Burgundy. The imbecility into which Charles had fallen, made him incapable of seeing any thing but through the eyes of those who attended him; as they, on their part, saw every thing through the medium of their passions. The treaty, being already concerted among the parties, was immediately drawn, and signed, and ratified: Henry's will seemed to be a law throughout the whole negotiation: nothing was attended to but his advantages. T. Livii, p. 69. Monstrelet, chap. 201. The principal articles of the treaty were, that Henry should espouse the Princess Catharine: that King Charles, during his lifetime, should enjoy the title and dignity of king of France: that Henry should be declared and acknowledged heir of the monarchy, and be intrusted with the present administration of the government: that that kingdom should pass to his heirs general: that France and England should forever be united under one king; but should still retain their several usages, customs, and privileges: that all the princes, peers, vassals, and communities of France should swear, that they would both adhere to the future succession of Henry, and pay him present obedience as regent: that this prince should unite his arms to those of King Charles and the duke of Burgundy, in order to subdue the adherents of Charles, the pretended dauphin: and that these three princes should make no peace or truce with him but by common consent and agreement.[] Rymer, vol. ix. p. 895. St. Remi, chap 101. Monstrelet, chap. 223. Such was the tenor of this famous treaty; a treaty which, as nothing but the most violent animosity could dictate it, so nothing but the power of the sword could carry into execution. It is hard to say whether its consequences, had it taken effect, would have proved more pernicious to England or to France. It must have reduced the former kingdom to the rank of a province: it would have entirely disjointed the succession of the latter, and have brought on the destruction of every descendant of the royal family; as the houses of Orleans, Anjou, Alençon, Brittany, Bourbon, and of Burgundy itself, whose titles were preferable to that of the English princes, would on that account have been exposed to perpetual jealousy and persecution from the sovereign. There was even a palpable deficiency in Henry's claim, which no art could palliate. For, besides the insuperable objections to which Edward III.'s pretensions were exposed, he was not heir to that monarch: if female succession were admitted, the right had devolved on the house of Mortimer: allowing that Richard II. was a tyrant, and that Henry IV.'s merits in deposing him were so great towards the English, as to justify that nation in placing him on the throne, Richard had nowise offended France, and his rival had merited nothing of that kingdom: it could not possibly be pretended, that the crown of France was become an appendage to that of England; and that a prince, who by any means got possession of the latter, was, without further question, entitled to the former. So that, on the whole, it must be allowed that Henry's claim to France was, if possible, still more unintelligible than the title by which his father had mounted the throne of England. But though all these considerations were overlooked, amidst the hurry of passion by which the courts of France and Burgundy were actuated, they would necessarily revive during times of more tranquillity; and it behoved Henry to push his present advantages, and allow men no leisure for reason or reflection. In a few days after, he espoused the Princess Catharine: he carried his father-in-law to Paris, and put himself in possession of that capital: he obtained from the parliament and the three estates a ratification of the treaty of Troye: he supported the duke of Burgundy in procuring a sentence against the murderers of his father: and he immediately turned his arms with success against the adherents of the dauphin, who, as soon as he heard of the treaty of Troye, took on him the style and authority of regent, and appealed to God and his sword for the maintenance of his title. The first place that Henry subdued was Sens, which opened its gates after a slight resistance. With the same facility he made himself master of Montereau. The defence of Melun was more obstinate: Barbasan, the governor, held out for the space of four months against the besiegers; and it was famine alone which obliged him to capitulate. Henry stipulated to spare the lives of all the garrison, except such as were accomplices in the murder of the duke of Burgundy; and as Barbasan himself was suspected to be of the number, his punishment was demanded by Philip: but the king had the generosity to intercede for him, and to prevent his execution.[] The necessity of providing supplies both of men and money, obliged Henry to go over to England; and he left the duke of Exeter, his uncle, governor of Paris during his absence. The authority which naturally attends success, procured from the English parliament a subsidy of a fifteenth; but, if we may judge by the scantiness of the supply, the nation was nowise sanguine on their king's victories; and in proportion as the prospect of their union with France became nearer, they began to open their eyes, and to see the dangerous consequences with which that event must necessarily be attended. It was fortunate for Henry that he had other resources, besides pecuniary supplies from his native subjects. The provinces which he had already conquered maintained his troops; and the hopes of further advantages allured to his standard all men of ambitious spirits in England, who desired to signalize themselves by arms. He levied a new army of twenty-four thousand archers and four thousand horsemen,[] and marched them to Dover, the place of rendezvous. Holingshed, p. 577. ** Monstrelet, chap. 242. Every thing had remained in tranquillity at Paris under the duke of Exeter but there had happened, in another quarter of the kingdom, a misfortune which hastened the king's embarkation. The detention of the young king of Scots in England had hitherto proved advantageous to Henry; and by keeping the regent in awe, had preserved, during the whole course of the French war, the northern frontier in tranquillity. But when intelligence arrived in Scotland of the progress made by Henry, and the near prospect of his succession to the crown of France, the nation was alarmed, and foresaw their own inevitable ruin, if the subjection of their ally left them to combat alone a victorious enemy, who was already so much superior in power and riches. The regent entered into the same views; and though he declined an open rupture with England, he permitted a body of seven thousand Scots, under the command of the earl of Buchan, his second son, to be transported into France for the service of the dauphin. To render this aid ineffectual, Henry had, in his former expedition, carried over the king of Scots, whom he obliged to send orders to his countrymen to leave the French service; but the Scottish general replied, that he would obey no commands which came from a king in captivity, and that a prince, while in the hands of his enemy, was nowise entitled to authority. These troops, therefore, continued still to act under the earl of Buchan: and were employed by the dauphin to oppose the progress of the duke of Clarence in Anjou. The two armies encountered at Baugé: the English were defeated: the duke himself was slain by Sir Allan Swinton, a Scotch knight, who commanded a company of men at arms: and the earls of Somerset,[] Dorset, and Huntingdon were taken prisoners.[] This was the first action that turned the tide of success against the English; and the dauphin, that he might both attach the Scotch to his service, and reward the valor and conduct of the earl of Buchan, honored that nobleman with the office of constable. His name was John, and he was afterwards created duke of Somerset. He was grandson of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. The earl of Dorset was brother to Somerset, and succeeded him in that title. ** St. Remi, chap. 110. Monstrelet, chap. 239. Hall, fol. But the arrival of the king of England with so considerable an army, was more than sufficient to repair this loss. Henry was received at Paris with great expressions of joy, so obstinate were the prejudices of the people; and he immediately conducted his army to Chartres, which had long been besieged by the dauphin. That prince raised the siege on the approach of the English; and being resolved to decline a battle, he retired with his army.[] Henry made himself master of Dreux without a blow: he laid siege to Meaux, at the Solicitation of the Parisians, who were much incommoded by the garrison of that place. This enterprise employed the English arms during the space of eight months: the bastard of Vaurus, governor of Meaux, distinguished himself by an obstinate defence; but was at last obliged to surrender at discretion. The cruelty of this officer was equal to his bravery: he was accustomed to hang, without distinction, all the English and Burgundians who fell into his hands: and Henry, in revenge of his barbarity, ordered him immediately to be hanged on the same tree which he had made the instrument of his inhuman executions.[] St. Remi, chap. 3. ** Rymer, vol. x. p. 212 T. Livii, p. 92, 93. St. Remi, chap 116 Monstrelet, chap. 260. This success was followed by the surrender of many other places in the neighborhood of Paris, which held for the dauphin: that prince was chased beyond the Loire, and he almost totally abandoned all the northern provinces: he was even pursued into the south by the united arms of the English and Burgundians, and threatened with total destruction. Notwithstanding the bravery and fidelity of his captains, he saw himself unequal to his enemies in the field; and found it necessary to temporize, and to avoid all hazardous actions with a rival who had gained so much the ascendant over him. And to crown all the other prosperities of Henry, his queen was delivered of a son, who was called by his father's name, and whose birth was celebrated by rejoicings no less pompous, and no less sincere, at Paris than at London. The infant prince seemed to be universally regarded as the future heir of both monarchies. But the glory of Henry, when it had nearly reached the summit, was stopped short by the hand of nature; and all his mighty projects vanished into smoke. He was seized with a fistula, a malady which the surgeons at that time had not skill enough to cure; and he was at last sensible that his distemper was mortal, and that his end was approaching He sent for his brother the duke of Bedford, the earl of Warwick, and a few noblemen more, whom he had honored with his friendship; and he delivered to them, in great tranquillity, his last will with regard to the government of his kingdom and family. He entreated them to continue towards his infant son the same fidelity and attachment which they had always professed to himself during his lifetime, and which had been cemented by so many mutual good offices. He expressed his indifference on the approach of death; and though he regretted that he must leave unfinished a work so happily begun, he declared himself confident that the final acquisition of France would be the effect of their prudence and valor. He left the regency of that kingdom to his elder brother, the duke of Bedford; that of England to his younger, the duke of Glocester; and the care of his son's person to the earl of Warwick. He recommended to all of them a great attention to maintain the friendship of the duke of Burgundy; and advised them never to give liberty to the French princes taken at Azincour, till his son were of age, and could himself hold the reins of government. And he conjured them, if the success of their arms should not enable them to place young Henry on the throne of France, never at least to make peace with that kingdom, unless the enemy, by the cession of Normandy, and its annexation to the crown of England, made compensation for all the hazard and expense of his enterprise.[] He next applied himself to his devotions, and ordered his chaplain to recite the seven penitential psalms. When that passage of the fifty-first psalm was read, "build thou the walls of Jerusalem," he interrupted the chaplain, and declared his serious intention, after he should have fully subdued France, to conduct a crusade against the infidels, and recover possession of the Holy Land.[] So ingenious are men in deceiving themselves, that Henry forgot, in those moments, all the blood spilt by his ambition; and received comfort from this late and feeble resolve, which, as the mode of these enterprises was now passed, he certainly would never have carried into execution. He expired in the thirty-fourth year of his age and the tenth of his reign. Monstrelet, chap. 265. Hall, fol. 80. ** St. Remi, chap. 118, Monstrelet, el ap. 265. This prince possessed many eminent virtues; and if we give indulgence to ambition in a monarch, or rank it, as the vulgar are inclined to do, among his virtues, they were unstained by any considerable blemish. His abilities appeared equally in the cabinet and in the field: the boldness of his enterprises was no less remarkable than his personal valor in conducting them. He had the talent of attaching his friends by affability, and of gaining his enemies by address and clemency. The English, dazzled by the lustre of his character, still more than by that of his victories, were reconciled to the defects in his title: the French almost forgot that he was an enemy: and his care in maintaining justice in his civil administration, and preserving discipline in his armies, made some amends to both nations for the calamities inseparable from those wars in which his short reign was almost entirely occupied, That he could forgive the earl of Marche, who had a better title to the crown than himself, is a sure indication of his magnanimity; and that the earl relied so entirely on his friendship, is no less a proof of his established character for candor and sincerity. There remain in history few instances of such mutual trust; and still fewer where neither party found reason to repent it. The exterior figure of this great prince, as well as his deportment, was engaging. His stature was somewhat above the middle size; his countenance beautiful; his limbs genteel and slender, but full of vigor; and he excelled in all warlike and manly exercises.[] He left by his queen, Catharine of France, only one son, not full nine months old; whose misfortunes, in the course of his life, surpassed all the glories and successes of his father. T. Livii, p. 4. In less than two months after Henry's death, Charles VI. of France, his father-in-law, terminated his unhappy life. He had for several years possessed only the appearance of royal authority: yet was this mere appearance of considerable advantage to the English; and divided the duty and affections of the French between them and the dauphin. This prince was proclaimed and crowned king of France at Poictiers, by the name of Charles VII. Rheims, the place where this ceremony is usually performed, was at that time in the hands of his enemies. Catharine of France, Henry's widow, married, soon after his death, a Welsh gentleman, Sir Owen Tudor, said to be descended from the ancient princes of that country: she bore him two sons, Edmund and Jasper, of whom the eldest was created earl of Richmond; the second earl of Pembroke The family of Tudor, first raised to distinction by this alliance, mounted afterwards the throne of England. The long schism, which had divided the Latin church for near forty years, was finally terminated in this reign by the council of Constance; which deposed the pope, John XXIII., for his crimes, and elected Martin V. in his place, who was acknowledged by almost all the kingdoms of Europe. This great and unusual act of authority in the council, gave the Roman pontiffs ever after a mortal antipathy to those assemblies. The same jealousy which had long prevailed in most European countries, between the civil aristocracy and monarchy, now also took place between these powers in the ecclesiastical body. But the great separation of the bishops in the several states, and the difficulty of assembling them, gave the pope a mighty advantage, and made it more easy for him to centre all the powers of the hierarchy in his own person. The cruelty and treachery which attended the punishment of John Huss and Jerome of Prague, the unhappy disciples of Wickliffe, who, in violation of a safe-conduct were burned alive for their errors by the council of Constance prove this melancholy truth, that toleration is none of the virtues of priests in any form of ecclesiastical government But as the English nation had little or no concern in these great transactions, we are here the more concise in relating them. The first commission of array which we meet with, was issued in this reign.[] The military part of the feudal system, which was the most essential circumstance of it, was entirely dissolved, and could no longer serve for the defence of the kingdom. Henry, therefore, when he went to France, in 1415, empowered certain commissioners to take in each county a review of all the freemen able to bear arms, to divide them into companies, and to keep them in readiness for resisting an enemy. This was the era when the feudal militia in England gave place to one which was perhaps still less orderly and regular. Rymer, vol, ix. p. 254, 255. We have an authentic and exact account of the ordinary revenue of the crown during this reign; and it amounts only to fifty-five thousand seven hundred and fourteen pounds ten shillings and tenpence a year. [] This is nearly the same with the revenue of Henry III.; and the kings of England had neither become much richer nor poorer in the course of so many years. The ordinary expense of the government amounted to forty-two thousand five hundred and seven pounds sixteen shillings and tenpence; so that the king had a surplus only of thirteen thousand two hundred and six pounds fourteen shillings for the support of his household; for his wardrobe; for the expense of embassies; and other articles. This sum was nowise sufficient: he was therefore obliged to have frequent recourse to parliamentary supplies, and was thus, even in time of peace, not altogether independent of his people. But wars were attended with a great expense, which neither the prince's ordinary revenue, nor the extraordinary supplies, were able to bear; and the sovereign was always reduced to many miserable shifts, in order to make any tolerable figure in them. He commonly borrowed money from all quarters; he pawned his jewels, and sometimes the crown itself;[] he ran in arrears to his army; and he was often obliged, notwithstanding all these expedients, to stop in the midst of his career of victory, and to grant truces to the enemy. The high pay which was given to soldiers agreed very ill with this low income. All the extraordinary supplies, granted by parliament to Henry during the course of his reign, were only seven tenths and fifteenths, about two hundred and three thousand pounds.[] It is easy to compute how soon this money must be exhausted by armies of twenty-four thousand archers and six thousand horse; when each archer had sixpence a day,[*] and each horseman two shillings. The most splendid successes proved commonly fruitless when supported by so poor a revenue; and the debts and difficulties which the king thereby incurred, made him pay dear for his victories. The civil administration, likewise, even in time of peace, could never be very regular, where the government was so ill enabled to support itself. Rymer, vol. x. p. 113. Rymer, vol. x. p. 190. * Parliamentary History, vol. ii. p. 168. **** It appears from many passages of Rymer, particularly vol. ix p. 258, that the king paid twenty marks a year for an archer, which is a good deal above sixpence a day. The price had risen, as it is natural, by raising the denomination of money. Henry, till within a year of his death, owed debts which he had contracted when prince of Wales.[] It was in vain that the parliament pretended to restrain him from arbitrary practices, when he was reduced to such necessities. Though the right of levying purveyance for instance, had been expressly guarded against by the Great Charter itself, and was frequently complained of by the commons, it was found absolutely impracticable to abolish it; and the parliament at length, submitting to it as a legal prerogative, contented themselves with enacting laws to limit and confine it. The duke of Glocester, in the reign of Richard II., possessed a revenue of sixty thousand crowns, (about thirty thousand pounds a year of our present money,) as we learn from Froissard,[] and was consequently richer than the king himself, if all circumstances be duly considered. It is remarkable, that the city of Calais alone was an annual expense to the crown of nineteen thousand one hundred and nineteen pounds;[] that is, above a third of the common charge of the government in time of peace. This fortress was of no use to the defence of England, and only gave that kingdom an inlet to annoy France. Ireland cost two thousand pounds a year, over and above its own revenue; which was certainly very low. Every thing conspires to give us a very mean idea of the state of Europe in those ages. From the most early times till the reign of Edward III., the denomination of money had never been altered; a pound sterling was still a pound troy; that is, about three pounds of our present money. That conqueror was the first that innovated in this important article. In the twentieth of his reign, he coined twenty-two shillings from a pound troy; in his twenty-seventh year, he coined twenty-five shillings. But Henry V., who was also a conqueror, raised still farther the denomination, and counted thirty shillings from a pound troy:[*] his revenue therefore must have been about one hundred and ten thousand pounds of our present money; and by the cheapness of provisions, was equivalent to above three hundred and thirty thousand pounds. Rymer, vol. x. p. 114. Liv. iv. chap. 86. * Rymer, vol. x. p. 113. **** Fleetwood's Chronicon Preciosum, p. 52 None of the princes of the house of Lancaster ventured to impose taxes without consent of parliament: their doubtful or bad title became so far of advantage to the constitution. The rule was then fixed, and could not safely be broken afterwards, even by more absolute princes. During the reigns of the Lancastrian princes, the authority of parliament seems to have been more confirmed, and the privileges of the people more regarded, than during any former period; and the two preceding kings, though men of great spirit and abilities, abstained from such exertions of prerogative, as even weak princes, whose title was undisputed, were tempted to think they might venture upon with impunity. The long minority, of which there was now the prospect, encouraged still further the lords and commons to extend their influence; and without paying much regard to the verbal destination of Henry V., they assumed the power of giving a new arrangement to the whole administration. They declined altogether the name of "Regent" with regard to England: they appointed the duke of Bedford "protector" or "guardian" of that kingdom, a title which they supposed to imply less authority: they invested the duke of Glocester with the same dignity during the absence of his elder brother;[] and in order to limit the power of both these princes, they appointed a council, without whose advice and approbation no measure of importance could be determined.[] The person and education of the infant prince were committed to Henry Beaufort, bishop of Winchester, his great uncle, and the legitimated son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster; a prelate who, as his family could never have any pretensions to the crown, might safely, they thought, be intrusted with that important charge.[*] Rymer, vol. x. p. 261. Cotton, p. 564. Cotton, p. 564. * Hall, fol. 83. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 27. The two princes, the dukes of Bedford and Glocester, who seemed injured by this plan of government, yet, being persons of great integrity and honor, acquiesced in any appointment which tended to give security to the public; and as the wars in France appeared to be the object of greatest moment, they avoided every dispute which might throw an obstacle in the way of foreign conquests. When the state of affairs between the English and French kings was considered with a superficial eye, every advantage seemed to be on the side of the former; and the total expulsion of Charles appeared to be an event which might naturally be expected from the superior power of his competitor. Though Henry was yet in his infancy, the administration was devolved on the duke of Bedford, the most accomplished prince of his age; whose experience, prudence, valor, and generosity qualified him for his high office, and enabled him both to maintain union among his friends, and to gain the confidence of his enemies. The whole power of England was at his command; he was at the head of armies inured to victory; he was seconded by the most renowned generals of the age, the earls of Somerset, Warwick, Salisbury, Suffolk, and Arundel, Sir John Talbot, and Sir John Fastolffe: and besides Guienne, the ancient inheritance of England, he was master of the capital, and of almost all the northern provinces, which were well enabled to furnish him with supplies both of men and money, and to assist and support his English forces. But Charles, notwithstanding the present inferiority of his power, possessed some advantages, derived partly from his situation, partly from his personal character, which promised him success, and served, first to control, then to overbalance, the superior force and opulence of his enemies. He was the true and undoubted heir of the monarchy: all Frenchmen, who knew the interests, or desired the independence, of their country, turned their eyes towards him as its sole resource; the exclusion given him by the imbecility of his father, and the forced or precipitate consent of the states, had plainly no validity: that spirit of faction which had blinded the people, could not long hold them in so gross a delusion: their national and inveterate hatred against the English, the authors of all their calamities, must soon revive, and inspire them with indignation at bending their necks under the yoke of that hostile people: great nobles and princes, accustomed to maintain an independence against their native sovereigns, would never endure a subjection to strangers; and though most of the princes of the blood were, since the fatal battle of Azincour detained prisoners in England, the inhabitants of their de mesnes, their friends their vassals, all declared a zealous attachment to the king and exerted themselves in resisting the violence of foreign invaders. Charles himself, though only in his twentieth year, was of a character well calculated to become the object of these benevolent sentiments; and perhaps from the favor which naturally attends youth, was the more likely, on account of his tender age, to acquire the good-will of his native subjects. He was a prince of the most friendly and benign disposition, of easy and familiar manners, and of a just and sound, though not a very vigorous understanding. Sincere, generous, affable, he engaged from affection the services of his followers, even while his low fortunes might make it their interest to desert him; and the lenity of his temper could pardon in them those sallies of discontent, to which princes in his situation are so frequently exposed. The love of pleasure often seduced him into indolence; but amidst all his irregularities, the goodness of his heart still shone forth; and by exerting at intervals his courage and activity, he proved that his general remissness proceeded not from the want either of a just spirit of ambition, or of personal valor. Though the virtues of this amiable prince lay some time in obscurity, the duke of Bedford knew that his title alone made him formidable, and that every foreign assistance would be requisite, ere an English regent could hope to complete the conquest of France; an enterprise which, however it might seem to be much advanced, was still exposed to many and great difficulties. The chief circumstance which had procured to the English all their present advantages, was the resentment of the duke of Burgundy against Charles; and as that prince seemed intent rather on gratifying his passion than consulting his interests, it was the more easy for the regent, by demonstrations of respect and confidence, to retain him in the alliance of England. He bent, therefore, all his endeavors to that purpose: he gave the duke every proof of friendship and regard: he even offered him the regency of France, which Philip declined: and that he might corroborate national connections by private ties, he concluded his own marriage with the princess of Burgundy, which had been stipulated by the treaty of Arras. Being sensible that, next to the alliance of Burgundy, the friendship of the duke of Brittany was of the greatest importance towards forwarding the English conquests; and that, as the provinces of France, already subdued, lay between the dominions of these two princes, he could never hope for any security without preserving his connections with them; he was very intent on strengthening himself also from that quarter. The duke of Brittany, having received many just reasons of displeasure from the ministers of Charles, had already acceded to the treaty of Troye, and had, with other vassals of the crown, done homage to Henry V. in quality of heir to the kingdom: but as the regent knew that the duke was much governed by his brother, the count of Richemont, he endeavored to fix his friendship, by paying court and doing services to this haughty and ambitious prince. Arthur, count of Richemont, had been taken prisoner at the battle of Azincour, had been treated with great indulgence by the late king, and had even been permitted on his parole to take a journey into Brittany, where the state of affairs required his presence. The death of that victorious monarch happened before Richemont's return; and this prince pretended that, as his word was given personally to Henry V., he was not bound to fulfil it towards his son and successor; a chicane which the regent, as he could not force him to compliance, deemed it prudent to overlook. An interview was settled at Amiens between the dukes of Bedford, Burgundy, and Brittany, at which the count of Richemont was also present:[] the alliance was renewed between these princes: and the regent persuaded Philip to give in marriage to Richemont his eldest sister, widow of the deceased dauphin, Lewis, the elder brother of Charles. Thus Arthur was connected both with the regent and the duke of Burgundy, and seemed engaged by interest to prosecute the same object, in forwarding the success of the English arms. Hall. fol. 84. Monstrelet, vol. i. p 4. Stowe, p. 364. While the vigilance of the duke of Bedford was employed in gaining or confirming these allies, whose vicinity rendered them so important, he did not overlook the state of more remote countries. The duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, had died: and his power had devolved on Murdac, his son, a prince of a weak understanding and indolent disposition; who, far from possessing the talents requisite for the government of that fierce people, was not even able to maintain authority in his own family, or restrain the petulance and insolence of his sons. The ardor of the Scots to serve in France, where Charles treated them with great honor and distinction, and where the regent's brother enjoyed the dignity of constable, broke out afresh under this feeble administration: new succors daily came over, and filled the armies of the French king: the earl of Douglas conducted a reënforcement of five thousand men to his assistance: and it was justly to be dreaded that the Scots, by commencing open hostilities in the north, would occasion a diversion still more considerable of the English power, and would ease Charles, in part, of that load by which he was at present so grievously oppressed. The duke of Bedford, therefore, persuaded the English council to form an alliance with James, their prisoner; to free that prince from his long captivity; and to connect him with England by marrying him to a daughter of the earl of Somerset, and cousin of the young king.[] As the Scottish regent, tired of his present dignity, which he was not able to support, was now become entirely sincere in his applications for James's liberty, the treaty was soon concluded; a ransom of forty thousand pounds was stipulated;[] and the king of Scots was restored to the throne of his ancestors, and proved, in his short reign, one of the most illustrious princes that had ever governed that kingdom. He was murdered, in 1437, by his traitorous kinsman the earl of Athole. His affections inclined to the side of France; but the English had never reason during his lifetime to complain of any breach of the neutrality by Scotland. Hall, fol. 86. Stowe, p. 364. Grafton, p. 501. * Rymer, vol. x. p. 299, 300, 326. But the regent was not so much employed in these political negotiations as to neglect the operations of war, from which alone he could hope to succeed in expelling the French monarch. Though the chief seat of Charles's power lay in the southern provinces beyond the Loire, his partisans were possessed of some fortresses in the northern, and even in the neighborhood of Paris; and it behoved the duke of Bedford first to clear these countries from the enemy, before he could think of attempting more distant conquests. The Castle of Dorsoy was taken after a siege of six weeks: that of Noyelle and the town of Rue, in Picardy, underwent the same fate: Pont sur Seine, Vertus, Montaigu, were subjected by the English arms: and a more considerable advantage was soon after gained by the united forces of England and Burgundy. John Stuart, constable of Scotland, and the lord of Estissac had formed the siege of Crevant, in Burgundy: the earls of Salisbury and Suffolk, with the count of Toulongeon, were sent to its relief: a fierce and well-disputed action ensued; the Scots and French were defeated: the constable of Scotland and the count of Ventadour were taken prisoners; and above a thousand men, among whom was Sir William Hamilton, were left on the field of battle.[] The taking of Gaillon upon the Seine, and of La Charité upon the Loire, was the fruit of this victory: and as this latter place opened an entrance into the southern provinces, the acquisition of it appeared on that account of the greater importance to the duke of Bedford, and seemed to promise a successful issue to the war. Hall, fol. 86. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 8. Holingshed, p. 586., Grafton, p. 500. The more Charles was threatened with an invasion in those provinces which adhered to him, the more necessary it became that he should retain possession of every fortress which he still held within the quarters of the enemy. The duke of Bedford had besieged in person, during the space of three months, the town of Yvri, in Normandy: and the brave governor, unable to make any longer defence, was obliged to capitulate; and he agreed to surrender the town, if, before a certain term, no relief arrived. Charles, informed of these conditions, determined to make an attempt for saving the place. He collected, with some difficulty, an army of fourteen thousand men, of whom one half were Scots; and he sent them thither under the command of the earl of Buchan, constable of France; who was attended by the earl of Douglas, his countryman, the duke of Alençon, the mareschal de la Fayette, the count of Aumale, and the viscount of Narbonne. When the constable arrived within a few leagues of Yvri, he found that he was come too late, and that the place was already surrendered. He immediately turned to the left, and sat down before Verneuil, which the inhabitants, in spite of the garrison, delivered up to him.[] Buchan might now have returned in safety, and with the glory of making an acquisition no less important than the place which he was sent to relieve: but hearing of Bedford's approach, he called a council of war, in order to deliberate concerning the conduct which he should hold in this emergence. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 14. Grafton, p. 504. The wiser part of the council declared for a retreat; and represented, that all the past misfortunes of the French had proceeded from their rashness in giving battle when no necessity obliged them; that this army was the last resource of the king, and the only defence of the few provinces which remained to him; and that every reason invited him to embrace cautious measures, which might leave time for his subjects to return to a sense of their duty, and give leisure for discord to arise among his enemies, who, being united by no common bond of interest or motive of alliance, could not long persevere in their animosity against him. All these prudential considerations were overborne by a vain point of honor, not to turn their backs to the enemy; and they resolved to await the arrival of the duke of Bedford. The numbers were nearly equal in this action; and as the long continuance of war had introduced discipline, which, however imperfect, sufficed to maintain some appearance of order in such small armies, the battle was fierce, and well disputed, and attended with bloodshed on both sides. The constable drew up his forces under the walls of Verneuil, and resolved to abide the attack of the enemy: but the impatience of the viscount of Narbonne, who advanced precipitately, and obliged the whole line to follow him in some hurry and confusion, was the cause of the misfortune which ensued. The English archers, fixing their palisadoes before them, according to their usual custom, sent a volley of arrows amidst the thickest of the French army; and though beaten from their ground, and obliged to take shelter among the baggage, they soon rallied, and continued to do great execution upon the enemy. The duke of Bedford, meanwhile, at the head of the men at arms, made impression on the French, broke their ranks, chased them off the field, and rendered the victory entirely complete and decisive.[] Hall, fol. 83, 89, 90. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 15. Stowe, p 365., Holingshed, p. 588. The constable himself perished in battle as well as the earl of Douglas and his son, the counts of Aumale, Tonnerre, and Ventadour, with many other considerable nobility. The duke of Alençon, the mareschal de la Fayette, the lords of Gaucour and Mortemar, were taken prisoners. There fell about four thousand of the French, and sixteen hundred of the English; a loss esteemed, at that time, so unusual on the side of the victors, that the duke of Bedford forbade all rejoicings for his success, Verneuil was surrendered next day by capitulation.[] Monstrelet. vol. ii. p. 15. The condition of the king of France now appeared very terrible, and almost desperate. He had lost the flower of his army and the bravest of his nobles in this fatal action: he had no resource either for recruiting or subsisting his troops; he wanted money even for his personal subsistence; and though all parade of a court was banished, it was with difficulty he could keep a table, supplied with the plainest necessaries, for himself and his few followers: every day brought him intelligence of some loss or misfortune: towns which were bravely defended, were obliged at last to surrender for want of relief or supply: he saw his partisans entirely chased from all the provinces which lay north of the Loire: and he expected soon to lose, by the united efforts of his enemies, all the territories of which he had hitherto continued master; when an incident happened which saved him on the brink of ruin, and lost the English such an opportunity for completing their conquests, as they never afterwards were able to recall. Jacqueline, countess of Hainault and Holland, and heir of these provinces, had espoused John, duke of Brabant cousin-german to the duke of Burgundy; but having made this choice from the usual motives of princes, she soon found reason to repent of the unequal alliance. She was a princess of a masculine spirit and uncommon understanding: the duke of Brabant was of a sickly complexion and weak mind: she was in the vigor of her age; he had only reached his fifteenth year: these causes had inspired her with such contempt for her husband, which soon proceeded to antipathy that she determined to dissolve a marriage, where, it is probable, nothing but the ceremony had as yet intervened. The court of Rome was commonly very open to applications of this nature, when seconded by power and money; but as the princess foresaw great opposition from her husband's relations, and was impatient to effect her purpose, she made her escape into England, and threw herself under the protection of the duke of Glocester. That prince, with many noble qualities had the defect of being governed by an impetuous temper and vehement passions; and he was rashly induced, as well by the charms of the countess herself, as by the prospect of possessing her rich inheritance, to offer himself to her as a husband. Without waiting for a papal dispensation; without endeavoring to reconcile the duke of Burgundy to the measure; he entered into a contract of marriage with Jaqueline, and immediately attempted to put himself in possession of her dominions. Philip was disgusted with so precipitate a conduct: he resented the injury done to the duke of Brabant, his near relation: he dreaded to have the English established on all sides of him: and he foresaw the consequences which must attend the extensive and uncontrolled dominion of that nation, if, before the full settlement of their power, they insulted and injured an ally to whom they had already been so much indebted, and who was still so necessary for supporting them in their further progress. He encouraged, therefore, the duke of Brabant to make resistance: he engaged many of Jaqueline's subjects to adhere to that prince: he himself marched troops to his support: and as the duke of Glocester still persevered in his purpose, a sharp war was suddenly kindled in the Low Countries. The quarrel soon became personal as well as political. The English prince wrote to the duke of Burgundy, complaining of the opposition made to his pretensions; and though, in the main, he employed amicable terms in his letter, he took notice of some falsehoods into which, he said, Philip had been betrayed during the course of these transactions. This unguarded expression was highly resented: the duke of Burgundy insisted that he should retract it; and mutual challenges and defiances passed between them on this occasion.[] Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 19, 20, 21. The duke of Bedford could easily foresee the bad effects of so ill-timed and imprudent a quarrel. All the succors which he expected from England, and which were so necessary in this critical emergence, were intercepted by his brother, and employed in Holland and Hainault: the forces of the duke of Burgundy, which he also depended on, were diverted by the same wars: and besides this double loss, he was in imminent danger of alienating forever that confederate whose friendship was of the utmost importance, and whom the late king had enjoined him, with his dying breath, to gratify by every mark of regard and attachment. He represented all these topics to the duke of Glocester: he endeavored to mitigate the resentment of the duke of Burgundy: he interposed with his good offices between these princes, but was not successful in any of his endeavors; and he found that the impetuosity of his brother's temper was still the chief obstacle to all accommodation.[] For this reason, instead of pushing the victory gained at Verneuil, he found himself obliged to take a journey into England, and to try, by his counsels and authority, to moderate the measures of the duke of Glocester. There had likewise broken out some differences among the English ministry, which had proceeded to great extremities, and which required the regent's presence to compose them.[] The bishop of Winchester, to whom the care of the king's person and education had been intrusted, was a prelate of great capacity and experience, but of an intriguing and dangerous character; and as he aspired to the government of affairs, he had continual disputes with his nephew the protector; and he gained frequent advantages over the vehement and impolitic temper of that prince. The duke of Bedford employed the authority of parliament to reconcile them; and these rivals were obliged to promise, before that assembly, that they would bury all quarrels in oblivion.[] Time also seemed to open expedients for composing the difference with the duke of Burgundy. The credit of that prince had procured a bull from the pope; by which not only Jaqueline's contract with the duke of Glocester was annulled, but it was also declared that, even in case of the duke of Brabant's death, it should never be lawful for her to espouse the English prince. Humphrey, despairing of success, married another lady of inferior rank, who had lived some time with him as his mistress.[*] Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 18. Stowe, p. 368. Holingshed, p. 530. * Hall, fol. 98, 99. Hollingshed, p. 593, 594. Polydore Virgil, p. 466. Grafton, p. 512, 519. **** Stowe, p 367. The duke of Brabant died; and his widow, before she could recover possession of her dominions, was obliged to declare the duke of Burgundy her heir, in case she should die without issue, and to promise never to marry without his consent. But though the affair was thus terminated to the satisfaction of Philip, it left a disagreeable impression on his mind: it excited an extreme jealousy of the English, and opened his eyes to his true interests: and as nothing but his animosity against Charles had engaged him in alliance with them, it counterbalanced that passion by another of the same kind, which in the end became prevalent, and brought him back, by degrees, to his natural connections with his family and his native country. About the same time, the duke of Brittany began to withdraw himself from the English alliance. His brother, the count of Richemont, though connected by marriage with the dukes of Burgundy and Bedford, was extremely attached by inclination to the French interest; and he willingly hearkened to all the advances which Charles made him for obtaining his friendship. The staff of constable, vacant by the earl of Buchan's death, was offered him; and as his martial and ambitious temper aspired to the command of armies, which he had in vain attempted to obtain from the duke of Bedford, he not only accepted that office, but brought over his brother to an alliance with the French monarch. The new constable, having made this one change in his measures, firmly adhered ever after to his engagements with France. Though his pride and violence, which would admit of no rival in his master's confidence, and even prompted him to assassinate the other favorites, had so much disgusted Charles, that he once banished him the court, and refused to admit him to his presence, he still acted with vigor for the service of that monarch, and obtained at last, by his perseverance, the pardon of all past offences. In this situation, the duke of Bedford, on his return, found the affairs of France, after passing eight months in England. The duke of Burgundy was much disgusted. The duke of Brittany had entered into engagements with Charles, and had done homage to that prince for his duchy. The French had been allowed to recover from the astonishment into which their frequent disasters had thrown them. An incident too had happened, which served extremely to raise their courage. The earl of Warwick had besieged Montargis with a small army of three thousand men, and the place was reduced to extremity, when the bastard of Orleans undertook to throw relief into it. This general, who was natural son to the prince assassinated by the duke of Burgundy, and who was afterwards created count of Dunois, conducted a body of one thousand six hundred men to Montargis, and made an attack on the enemy's trenches with so much valor, prudence, and good fortune, that he not only penetrated into the place, but gave a severe blow to the English, and obliged Warwick to raise the siege.[] This was the first signal action that raised the fame of Dunois, and opened him the road to those great honors which he afterwards attained. But the regent, soon after his arrival, revived the reputation of the English arms by an important enterprise which he happily achieved. He secretly brought together, in separate detachments, a considerable army to the frontiers of Brittany; and fell so unexpectedly upon that province, that the duke, unable to make resistance, yielded to all the terms required of him. he renounced the French alliance; he engaged to maintain the treaty of Troye; he acknowledged the duke of Bedford for regent of France; and promised to do homage for his duchy to King Henry.[] And the English prince, having thus freed himself from a dangerous enemy who lay behind him, resolved on an undertaking, which, if successful, would, he hoped, cast the balance between the two nations, and prepare the way for the final conquest of France. The city of Orleans was so situated between the provinces commanded by Henry, and those possessed by Charles, that it opened an easy entrance to either; and as the duke of Bedford intended to make a great effort for penetrating into the south of France, it behoved him to begin with this place, which, in the present circumstances, was become the most important in the kingdom. He committed the conduct of the enterprise to the earl of Salisbury, who had newly brought him a reënforcement of six thousand men from England, and who had much distinguished himself by his abilities during the course of the present war. Salisbury, passing the Loire, made himself master of several small places, which surrounded Orleans on that side;[*] and as his intentions were thereby known, the French king used every expedient to supply the city with a garrison and provisions, and enable it to maintain a long and obstinate siege. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 32, 33. Holingshed, p. 597. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 35, 36. * Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 38, 39. Polyd. Virg. p. 468. The lord of Gaucour, a brave and experienced captain, was appointed governor: many officers of distinction threw themselves into the place: the troops which they conducted were inured to war, and were determined to make the most obstinate resistance: and even the inhabitants, disciplined by the long continuance of hostilities, were well qualified, in their own defence, to second the efforts of the most veteran forces. The eyes of all Europe were turned towards this scene; where, it was reasonably supposed, the French were to make their last stand for maintaining the independence of their monarchy, and the rights of their sovereign. The earl of Salisbury at last approached the place with an army, which consisted only of ten thousand men; and not being able, with so small a force, to invest so great a city, that commanded a bridge over the Loire, he stationed himself on the southern side towards Sologne, leaving the other, towards the Beausse, still open to the enemy. He there attacked the fortifications which guarded the entrance to the bridge; and, after an obstinate resistance, he carried several of them; but was himself killed by a cannon ball as he was taking a view of the enemy.[] Hall, fol. 105. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 39., Stowe, p. 369. Hoingshed, p. 599. Grafton, p. 531. The earl of Suffolk succeeded to the command; and being reënforced with great numbers of English and Burgundians, he passed the river with the main body of his army, and invested Orleans on the other side. As it was now the depth of winter, Suffolk, who found it difficult, in that season, to throw up intrenchments all around, contented himself, for the present, with erecting redoubts at different distances, where his men were lodged in safety, and were ready to intercept the supplies which the enemy might attempt to throw into the place. Though he had several pieces of artillery in his camp, (and this is among the first sieges in Europe where cannon were found to be of importance,) the art of engineering was hitherto so imperfect, that Suffolk trusted more to famine than to force for subduing the city; and he purposed in the spring to render the circumvallation more complete, by drawing intrenchments from one redoubt to another. Numberless feats of valor were performed both by the besiegers and besieged during the winter: bold sallies were made, and repulsed with equal boldness: convoys were sometimes introduced, and often intercepted: the supplies were still unequal to the consumption of the place: and the English seemed daily, though slowly, to be advancing towards the completion of their enterprise. But while Suffolk lay in this situation, the French parties ravaged all the country around; and the besiegers, who were obliged to draw their provisions from a distance were themselves exposed to the danger of want and famine. Sir John Fastolffe was bringing up a large convoy of even kind of stores, which he escorted with a detachment of two thousand five hundred men; when he was attacked by a body of four thousand French, under the command of the counts of Clermont and Dunois. Fastolffe drew up his troops behind the wagons; but the French generals, afraid of attacking him in that posture, planted a battery of cannon against him; which threw every thing into confusion, and would have insured them the victory, had not the impatience of some Scottish troops, who broke the line of battle, brought on an engagement, in which Fastolffe was victorious. The count of Dunois was wounded; and about five hundred French were left on the field of battle. This action, which was of great importance in the present conjuncture, was commonly called the battle of Herrings; because the convoy brought a great quantity of that kind of provisions, for the use of the English army during the Lent season.[] Charles seemed now to have but one expedient for saving this city, which had been so long invested. The duke of Orleans, who was still prisoner in England, prevailed on the protector and the council to consent that all his demesnes should be allowed to preserve a neutrality during the war, and should be sequestered, for greater security, into the hands of the duke of Burgundy. This prince, who was much less cordial in the English interests than formerly, went to Paris, and made the proposal to the duke of Bedford; but the regent coldly replied, that he was not of a humor to beat the bushes while others ran away with the game; an answer which so disgusted the duke, that he recalled all the troops of Burgundy that acted in the siege.[] Hall, fol. 100. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 41, 42. Stowe, p. 369. Holingshed, p. 600. Polyd. Virg. p. 469. Grafton, p. ** Hall, fol. 106. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 42. Stowe, p. 369. Grafton, p. 533 This place, however, was every day more and more closely invested by the English: great scarcity began already to be felt by the garrison and inhabitants: Charles, in despair of collecting an army which should dare to approach the enemy's intrenchments, not only gave the city for lost, but began to entertain a very dismal prospect with regard to the general state of his affairs. He saw that the country in which he had hitherto with great difficulty subsisted, would be laid entirely open to the invasion of a powerful and victorious enemy; and he already entertained thoughts of retiring with the remains of his forces into Languedoc and Dauphiny, and defending himself as long as possible in those remote provinces. But it was fortunate for this good prince that, as he lay under the dominion of the fair, the women whom he consulted had the spirit to support his sinking resolution in this desperate extremity. Mary of Anjou, his queen, a princess of great merit and prudence, vehemently opposed this measure, which, she foresaw, would discourage all his partisans, and serve as a general signal for deserting a prince who seemed himself to despair of success. His mistress too, the fair Agnes Sorel, who lived in entire amity with the queen, seconded all her remonstrances, and threatened that, if he thus pusillanimously threw away the sceptre of France, she would seek in the court of England a fortune more correspondent to her wishes. Love was able to rouse in the breast of Charles that courage which ambition had failed to excite: he resolved to dispute every inch of ground with an imperious enemy, and rather to perish with honor in the midst of his friends, than yield ingloriously to his bad fortune; when relief was unexpectedly brought him by another female of a very different character, who gave rise to one of the most singular revolutions that is to be met with in history. In the village of Domremi, near Vaucouleurs, on the borders of Lorraine, there lived a country girl of twenty-seven years of age, called Joan d'Arc, who was servant in a small inn, and who in that station had been accustomed to tend the horses of the guests, to ride them without a saddle to the watering-place, and to perform other offices which, in well frequented inns, commonly fall to the share of the men servants.[] Hall, fol. 107. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 42. Grafton, p. This girl was of an irreproachable life, and had not hitherto been remarked for any singularity; whether that she had met with no occasion to excite her genius, or that the unskilful eyes of those who conversed with her had not been able to discern her uncommon merit. It is easy to imagine, that the present situation of France was an interesting object even to persons of the lowest rank, and would become the frequent subject of conversation: a young prince, expelled his throne by the sedition of native subjects, and by the arms of strangers, could not fail to move the compassion of all his people whose hearts were uncorrupted by faction; and the peculiar character of Charles, so strongly inclined to friendship and the tender passions, naturally rendered him the hero of that sex whose generous minds know no bounds in their affections. The siege of Orleans, the progress of the English before that place, the great distress of the garrison and inhabitants, the importance of saving this city and its brave defenders, had turned thither the public eye; and Joan, inflamed by the general sentiment, was seized with a wild desire of bringing relief to her sovereign in his present distresses. Her unexperienced mind, working day and night on this favorite object, mistook the impulses of passion for heavenly inspirations; and she fancied that she saw visions, and heard voices, exhorting her to reëstablish the throne of France, and to expel the foreign invaders. An uncommon intrepidity of temper made her overlook all the dangers which might attend her in such a path; and thinking herself destined by Heaven to this office, she threw aside all that bashfulness and timidity so natural to her sex, her years, and her low station. She went to Vaucouleurs; procured admission to Baudricourt, the governor; informed him of her inspirations and intentions; and conjured him not to neglect the voice of God, who spoke through her, but to second those heavenly revelations which impelled her to this glorious enterprise. Baudricourt treated her at first with some neglect; but on her frequent returns to him, and importunate solicitations, he began to remark something extraordinary in the maid, and was inclined, at all hazards, to make so easy an experiment. It is uncertain whether this gentleman had discernment enough to perceive, that great use might be made with the vulgar of so uncommon an engine; or, what is more likely in that credulous age, was himself a convert to this visionary; but he adopted at last the schemes of Joan; and he gave her some attendants, who conducted her to the French court, which at that time resided at Chinon. It is the business of history to distinguish between the miraculous and the marvellous; to reject the first in all narrations merely profane and human; to doubt the second; and when obliged by unquestionable testimony, as in the present case, to admit of something extraordinary, to receive as little of it as is consistent with the known facts and circumstances. It is pretended, that Joan, immediately on her admission, knew the king, though she had never seen his face before, and though he purposely kept himself in the crowd of courtiers, and had laid aside every thing in his dress and apparel which might distinguish him: that she offered him, in the name of the supreme Creator, to raise the siege of Orleans, and conduct him to Rheims to be there crowned and anointed; and on his expressing doubts of her mission, revealed to him, before some sworn confidants, a secret which was unknown to all the world beside himself, and which nothing but a heavenly inspiration could have discovered to her: and that she demanded, as the instrument of her future victories, a particular sword, which was kept in the church of St. Catharine of Fierbois, and which, though she had never seen it, she described by all its marks, and by the place in which it had long lain neglected.[] This is certain, that all these miraculous stories were spread abroad, in order to captivate the vulgar. The more the king and his ministers were determined to give into the illusion, the more scruples they pretended. An assembly of grave doctors and theologians cautiously examined Joan's mission, and pronounced it undoubted and supernatural. She was sent to the parliament, then residing at Poictiers; and was interrogated before that assembly: the presidents, the counsellors, who came persuaded of her imposture, went away convinced of her inspiration. A ray of hope began to break through that despair in which the minds of all men were before enveloped. Heaven had now declared itself in favor of France, and had laid bare its outstretched arm to take vengeance on her invaders. Few could distinguish between the impulse of inclination and the force of conviction; and none would submit to the trouble of so disagreeable a scrutiny. Hall, fol. 107. Holingshed, p. 600. After these artificial precautions and preparations had been for some time employed, Joan's requests were at last complied with: she was armed cap-à-pie, mounted on horseback, and shown in that martial habiliment before the whole people. Her dexterity in managing her steed, though acquired in her former occupation, was regarded as a fresh proof of her mission; and she was received with the loudest acclamations by the spectators. Her former occupation was even denied: she was no longer the servant of an inn. She was converted into a shepherdess, an employment much more agreeable to the imagination. To render her still more interesting, near ten years were subtracted from her age; and all the sentiments of love and of chivalry were thus united to those of enthusiasm, in order to inflame the fond fancy of the people with prepossessions in her favor. When the engine was thus dressed up in full splendor, it was determined to essay its force against the enemy. Joan was sent to Blois, where a large convoy was prepared for the supply of Orleans, and an army of ten thousand men, under the command of St. Severe, assembled to escort it. She ordered all the soldiers to confess themselves before they set out on the enterprise: she banished from the camp all women of bad fame: she displayed in her hands a consecrated banner, where the Supreme Being was represented, grasping the globe or earth, and surrounded with flower de luces. And she insisted, in right of her prophetic mission, that the convoy should enter Orleans by the direct road from the side of Beausse: but the count of Dunois, unwilling to submit the rules of the military art to her inspirations, ordered it to approach by the other side of the river, where he knew the weakest part of the English army was stationed. Previous to this attempt, the maid had written to the regent, and to the English generals before Orleans, commanding them, in the name of the omnipotent Creator, by whom she was commissioned, immediately to raise the siege; and to evacuate France; and menacing them with divine vengeance in case of their disobedience. All the English affected to speak with derision of the maid, and of her heavenly commission; and said, that the French king was now indeed reduced to a sorry pass, when he had recourse to such ridiculous expedients: but they felt their imagination secretly struck with the vehement persuasion which prevailed in all around them; and they waited with an anxious expectation, not unmixed with horror, for the issue of these extraordinary preparations. As the convoy approached the river, a sally was made by the garrison on the side of Beausse, to prevent the English general from sending any detachment to the other side: the provisions were peaceably embarked in boats, which the inhabitants of Orleans had sent to receive them: the maid covered with her troops the embarkation: Suffolk did not venture to attack her: and the French general carried back the army in safety to Blois; an alteration of affairs which was already visible to all the world, and which had a proportional effect on the minds of both parties. The maid entered the city of Orleans, arrayed in her military garb, and displaying her consecrated standard; and was received as a celestial deliverer by all the inhabitants. They now believed themselves invincible under her influence; and Dunois himself, perceiving such a mighty alteration both in friends and foes, consented, that the next convoy, which was expected in a few days, should enter by the side of Beausse. The convoy approached: no sign of resistance appeared in the besiegers: the wagons and troops passed without interruption between the redoubts of the English: a dead silence and astonishment reigned among those troops, formerly so elated with victory, and so fierce for the combat. The earl of Suffolk was in a situation very unusual and extraordinary, and which might well confound the man of the greatest capacity and firmest temper. He saw his troops overawed, and strongly impressed with the idea of a divine influence accompanying the maid. Instead of banishing these vain terrors by hurry, and action, and war, he waited till the soldiers should recover from the panic; and he thereby gave leisure for those prepossessions to sink still deeper into their minds. The military maxims which are prudent in common cases, deceived him in these unaccountable events. The English felt their courage daunted and overwhelmed; and thence inferred a divine vengeance hanging over them. The French drew the same inference from an inactivity so new and unexpected. Every circumstance was now reversed in the opinions of men, on which all depends: the spirit resulting from a long course of uninterrupted success, was on a sudden transferred from the victors to the vanquished. The maid called aloud, that the garrison should remain no longer on the defensive; and she promised her followers the assistance of Heaven in attacking those redoubts of the enemy which had so long kept them in awe, and which they had never hitherto dared to insult. The generals seconded her ardor: an attack was made on one redoubt, and it proved successful:[] all the English who defended the intrenchments were put to the sword or taken prisoners: and Sir John Talbot himself, who had drawn together, from the other redoubts, some troops to bring them relief, durst not appear in the open field against so formidable an enemy. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 45. Nothing, after this success, seemed impossible to the maid and her enthusiastic votaries. She urged the generals to attack the main body of the English in their intrenchments, but Dunois, still unwilling to hazard the fate of France by too great temerity, and sensible that the least reverse of fortune would make all the present visions evaporate, and restore every thing to its former condition, checked her vehemence and proposed to her first to expel the enemy from their forts on the other side of the river, and thus lay the communication with the country entirely open, before she attempted any more hazardous enterprise. Joan was persuaded, and these forts were vigorously assailed. In one attack the French were repulsed; the maid was left almost alone; she was obliged to retreat, and join the runaways; but, displaying her sacred standard, and animating them with her countenance, her gestures, her exhortations, she led them back to the charge, and overpowered the English in their intrenchments. In the attack of another fort, she was wounded in the neck with an arrow; she retreated a moment behind the assailants; she pulled out the arrow with her own hands; she had the wound quickly dressed; and she hastened back to head the troops, and to plant her victorious banner on the ramparts of the enemy. By all these successes, the English were entirely chased from their fortifications on that side: they had lost above six thousand men in these different actions; and, what was still more important, their wonted courage and confidence were wholly gone, and had given place to amazement and despair. The maid returned triumphant over the bridge, and was again received as the guardian angel of the city. After performing such miracles, she convinced the most obdurate incredulity of her divine mission: men felt themselves animated as by a superior energy, and thought nothing impossible to that divine hand which so visibly conducted them. It was in vain even for the English generals to oppose with their soldiers the prevailing opinion of supernatural influence: they themselves were probably moved by the same belief: the utmost they dared to advance was, that Joan was not an instrument of God; she was only the implement of the devil: but as the English had felt, to their sad experience, that the devil might be allowed sometimes to prevail, they derived not much consolation from the enforcing of this opinion. It might prove extremely dangerous for Suffolk, with such intimidated troops, to remain any longer in the presence of so courageous and victorious an enemy; he therefore raised the siege, and retreated with all the precaution imaginable. The French resolved to push their conquests, and to allow the English no leisure to recover from their consternation. Charles formed a body of six thousand men, and sent them to attack Jergeau, whither Suffolk had retired with a detachment of his army. The siege lasted ten days; and the place was obstinately defended. Joan displayed her wonted intrepidity on the occasion. She descended into the fosse, in leading the attack: and she there received a blow on the head with a stone, by which she was confounded and beaten to the ground: but she soon recovered herself, and in the end rendered the assault successful: Suffolk was obliged to yield himself prisoner to a Frenchman called Renaud; but before he submitted, he asked his adversary whether he were a gentleman. On receiving a satisfactory answer, he demanded whether he were a knight. Renaud replied, that he had not yet attained that honor. "Then I make you one," replied Suffolk; upon which he gave him the blow with his sword which dubbed him into that fraternity; and he immediately surrendered himself his prisoner. The remainder of the English army was commanded by Fastolffe, Scales, and Talbot, who thought of nothing but of making their retreat, as soon as possible, into a place of safety; while the French esteemed the overtaking them equivalent to a victory; so much had the events which passed before Orleans altered every thing between the two nations! The vanguard of the French under Richemont and Xaintrailles attacked the rear of the enemy at the village of Patay. The battle lasted not a moment: the English were discomfited and fled: the brave Fastolffe himself showed the example of flight to his troops; and the order of the garter was taken from him, as a punishment for this instance of cowardice.[] Two thousand men were killed in this action, and both Talbot and Scales taken prisoners. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 46. In the account of all these successes, the French writers, to magnify the wonder, represent the maid (who was now known by the appellation of "the Maid of Orleans") as not only active in combat, but as performing the office of general; directing the troops, conducting the military operations, and swaying the deliberations in all councils of war. It is certain that the policy of the French court endeavored to maintain this appearance with the public: but it is much more probable, that Dunois and the wiser commanders prompted her in all her measures, than that a country girl, without experience of education, could on a sudden become expert in a profession which requires more genius and capacity than any other active scene of life. It is sufficient praise, that she could distinguish the persons on whose judgment she might rely; that she could seize their hints and suggestions, and on a sudden, deliver their opinions as her own; and that she could curb, on occasion, that visionary and enthusiastic spirit with which she was actuated, and could temper it with prudence and discretion. The raising of the siege of Orleans was one part of the maid's promise to Charles: the crowning of him at Rheims was the other: and she now vehemently insisted that he should forthwith set out on that enterprise. A few weeks before, such a proposal would have appeared the most extravagant in the world. Rheims lay in a distant quarter of the kingdom; was then in the hands of a victorious enemy; the whole road which led to it was occupied by their garrisons; and no man could be so sanguine as to imagine that such an attempt could so soon come within the bounds of possibility. But as it was extremely the interest of Charles to maintain the belief of something extraordinary and divine in these events, and to avail himself of the present consternation of the English, he resolved to follow the exhortations of his warlike prophetess, and to lead his army upon this promising adventure. Hitherto he had kept remote from the scene of war: as the safety of the state depended upon his person, he had been persuaded to restrain his military ardor: but observing this prosperous turn of affairs, he now determined to appear at the head of his armies, and to set the example of valor to all his soldiers, And the French nobility saw at once their young sovereign assuming a new and more brilliant character, seconded by fortune, and conducted by the hand of Heaven, and they caught fresh zeal to exert themselves in replacing him on the throne of his ancestors. Charles set out for Rheims at the head of twelve thousand men: he passed by Troye, which opened its gates to him; Chalons imitated the example: Rheims sent him a deputation with its keys, before his approach to it: and he scarcely perceived, as he passed along, that he was marching through an enemy's country. The ceremony of his coronation was here performed[] with the holy oil, which a pigeon had brought to King Clovis from heaven, on the first establishment of the French monarchy: the maid of Orleans stood by his side in complete armor, and displayed her sacred banner, which had so often dissipated and confounded his fiercest enemies: and the people shouted with the most unfeigned joy, on viewing such a complication of wonders. After the completion of the ceremony, the maid threw herself at the king's feet, embraced his knees, and with a flood of tears, which pleasure and tenderness extorted from her, she congratulated him on this singular and marvellous event. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 48. Charles, thus crowned and anointed, became more respectable in the eyes of all his subjects, and seemed, in a manner, to receive anew, from a heavenly commission, his title to their allegiance. The inclinations of men swaying their belief, no one doubted of the inspirations and prophetic spirit of the maid: so many incidents which passed all human comprehension, left little room to question a superior influence: and the real and undoubted facts brought credit to every exaggeration, which could scarcely be rendered more wonderful. Laon, Soissons, Chateau-Thierri, Provins, and many other towns and fortresses in that neighborhood, immediately after Charles's coronation, submitted to him on the first summons; and the whole nation was disposed to give him the most zealous testimonies of their duty and affection. Nothing can impress us with a higher idea of the wisdom, address, and resolution of the duke of Bedford, than his being able to maintain himself in so perilous a situation, and to preserve some footing in France, after the defection of so many places, and amidst the universal inclination of the rest to imitate that contagious example. This prince seemed present every where by his vigilance and foresight: he employed every resource which fortune had yet left him: he put all the English garrisons in a posture of defence: he kept a watchful eye over every attempt among the French towards an insurrection: he retained the Parisians in obedience, by alternately employing caresses and severity: and knowing that the duke of Burgundy was already wavering in his fidelity, he acted with so much skill and prudence, as to renew, in this dangerous crisis, his alliance with that prince; an alliance of the utmost importance to the credit and support of the English government. The small supplies which he received from England set the talents of this great man in a still stronger light. The ardor of the English for foreign conquests was now extremely abated by time and reflection: the parliament seems even to have become sensible of the danger which might attend their further progress: no supply of money could be obtained by the regent during his greatest distresses: and men enlisted slowly under his standard, or soon deserted, by reason of the wonderful accounts which had reached England, of the magic and sorcery, and diabolical power of the maid of Orleans.[] It happened fortunately, in this emergency, that the bishop of Winchester, now created a cardinal, landed at Calais with a body of five thousand men, which he was conducting into Bohemia, on a crusade against the Hussites. He was persuaded to lend these troops to his nephew during the present difficulties;[] and the regent was thereby enabled to take the field, and to oppose the French king, who was advancing with his army to the gates of Paris. The extraordinary capacity of the duke of Bedford appeared also in his military operations. He attempted to restore the courage of his troops by boldly advancing to the face of the enemy; but he chose his posts with so much caution, as always to decline a combat, and to render it impossible for Charles to attack him. He still attended that prince in all his movements; covered his own towns and garrisons; and kept himself in a posture to reap advantage from every imprudence or false step of the enemy. The French army, which consisted mostly of volunteers, who served at their own expense, soon after retired and was disbanded: Charles went to Bourges, the ordinary place of his residence; but not till he made himself master of Compiegne, Beauvais, Senlis, Sens, Laval, Lagni, St. Denis, and of many places in the neighborhood of Paris, which the affections of the people had put into his hands. The regent endeavored to revive the declining state of his affairs, by bringing over the young king of England, and having him crowned and anointed at Paris,[*] All the vassals of the crown who lived within the provinces possessed by the English, swore anew allegiance, and did homage to him. Rymer, vol. x. p. 459, 472. Rymer, vol. x. p. 421. * Rymer, vol. x. p 432. But this ceremony was cold and insipid, compared with the lustre which had attended the coronation of Charles at Rheims; and the duke of Bedford expected more effect from an accident, which put into his hands the person that had been the author of all his calamities. The maid of Orleans, after the coronation of Charles, declared to the count of Dunois that her wishes were now fully gratified, and that she had no further desire than to return to her former condition, and to the occupation and course of life which became her sex: but that nobleman, sensible of the great advantages which might still be reaped from her presence in the army, exhorted her to persevere, till, by the final expulsion of the English, she had brought all her prophecies to their full completion. In pursuance of this advice, she threw herself into the town of Compiegne, which was at that time besieged by the duke of Burgundy, assisted by the earls of Arundel and Suffolk; and the garrison, on her appearance, believed themselves thenceforth invincible. But their joy was of short duration. The maid, next day after her arrival, headed a sally upon the quarters of John of Luxembourg; she twice drove the enemy from their intrenchments; finding their numbers to increase every moment, she ordered a retreat; when hard pressed by the pursuers, she turned upon them, and made them again recoil; but being here deserted by her friends, and surrounded by the enemy, she was at last, after exerting the utmost valor, taken prisoner by the Burgundians.[] The common opinion was, that the French officers, finding the merit of every victory ascribed to her, had, in envy to her renown, by which they were themselves so much eclipsed, willingly exposed her to this fatal accident. Stowe, p. 371. The envy of her friends, on this occasion, was not a greater proof of her merit than the triumph of her enemies. A complete victory would not have given more joy to the English and their partisans. The service of Te Deum, which has so often been profaned by princes, was publicly celebrated on this fortunate event at Paris. The duke of Bedford fancied that, by the captivity of that extraordinary woman, who had blasted all his successes, he should again recover his former ascendant over France; and to push farther the present advantage, he purchased the captive from John of Luxembourg, and formed a prosecution against her, which, whether it proceeded from vengeance or policy, was equally barbarous and dishonorable. There was no possible reason why Joan should not be regarded as a prisoner of war, and be entitled to all the courtesy and good usage which civilized nations practise towards enemies on these occasions. She had never, in her military capacity, forfeited, by any act of treachery or cruelty, her claim to that treatment: she was unstained by any civil crime: even the virtues and the very decorums of her sex had ever been rigidly observed by her: and though her appearing in war, and leading armies to battle, may seem an exception, she had thereby performed such signal service to her prince, that she had abundantly compensated for this irregularity; and was, on that very account, the more an object of praise and admiration. It was necessary, therefore, for the duke of Bedford to interest religion some way in the prosecution, and to cover under that cloak his violation of justice and humanity. The bishop of Beauvais, a man wholly devoted to the English interests, presented a petition against Joan, on pretence that she was taken within the bounds of his diocese; and he desired to have her tried by an ecclesiastical court for sorcery, impiety, idolatry, and magic: the university of Paris was so mean as to join in the same request: several prelates, among whom the cardinal of Winchester was the only Englishman, were appointed her judges: they held their court in Rouen, where the young king of England then resided: and the maid, clothed in her former military apparel, but loaded with irons, was produced before this tribunal. She first desired to be eased of her chains: her judges answered, that she had once already attempted an escape by throwing herself from a tower: she confessed the fact, maintained the justice of her intention, and owned that, if she could, she would still execute that purpose. All her other speeches showed the same firmness and intrepidity: though harassed with interrogatories during the course of near four months, she never betrayed any weakness or womanish submission; and no advantage was gained over her. The point which her judges pushed most vehemently, was her visions and revelations, and intercourse with departed saints; and they asked her, whether she would submit to the church the truth of these inspirations: she replied, that she would submit them to God, the fountain of truth. They then exclaimed, that she was a heretic, and denied the authority of the church. She appealed to the pope: they rejected her appeal. They asked her, why she put trust in her standard, which had been consecrated by magical incantations: she replied that she put trust in the Supreme Being alone, whose image was impressed upon it. They demanded, why she carried in her hand that standard at the anointment and coronation of Charles at Rheims: she answered, that the person who had shared the danger was entitled to share the glory. When accused of going to war, contrary to the decorums of her sex, and of assuming government and command over men, she scrupled not to reply, that her sole purpose was to defeat the English, and to expel them the kingdom. In the issue, she was condemned for all the crimes of which she had been accused, aggravated by heresy; her revelations were declared to be inventions of the devil to delude the people; and she was sentenced to be delivered over to the secular arm. Joan, so long surrounded by inveterate enemies, who treated her with every mark of contumely; browbeaten and overawed by men of superior rank, and men invested with the ensigns of a sacred character, which she had been accustomed to revere, felt her spirit at last subdued; and those visionary dreams of inspiration, in which she had been buoyed up by the triumphs of success and the applauses of her own party, gave way to the terrors of that punishment to which she was sentenced. She publicly declared herself willing to recant: she acknowledged the illusion of those revelations which the church had rejected; and she promised never more to maintain them. Her sentence was then mitigated: she was condemned to perpetual imprisonment, and to be fed during life on bread and water. Enough was now done to fulfil all political views, and to convince both the French and the English, that the opinion of divine influence, which had so much encouraged the one and daunted the other, was entirely without foundation. But the barbarous vengeance of Joan's enemies was not satisfied with this victory. Suspecting that the female dress, which she had now consented to wear, was disagreeable to her, they purposely placed in her apartment a suit of men's apparel; and watched for the effects of that temptation upon her. On the sight of a dress in which she had acquired so much renown, and which, she once believed, she wore by the particular appointment of Heaven, all her former ideas and passions revived; and she ventured in her solitude to clothe herself again in the forbidden garment. Her insidious enemies caught her in that situation: her fault was interpreted to be no less than a relapse into heresy: no recantation would now suffice; and no pardon could be granted her. She was condemned to be burned in the market-place of Rouen; and the infamous sentence was accordingly executed. This admirable heroine, to whom the more generous superstition of the ancients would have erected altars, was, on pretence of heresy and magic, delivered over alive to the flames, and expiated, by that dreadful punishment, the signal services which she had rendered to her prince and to her native country. The affairs of the English, far from being advanced by this execution, went every day more and more to decay: the great abilities of the regent were unable to resist the strong inclination which had seized the French to return under the obedience of their rightful sovereign, and which that act of cruelty was ill fitted to remove. Chartres was surprised, by a stratagem of the count of Dunois: a body of the English, under Lord Willoughby, was defeated at St. Celerin upon the Sarte:[] the fair in the suburbs of Caen, seated in the midst of the English territories, was pillaged by De Lore, a French officer: the duke of Bedford himself was obliged by Dunois to raise the siege of Lagni with some loss of reputation: and all these misfortunes, though light, yet being continued and uninterrupted, brought discredit on the English, and menaced them with an approaching revolution. But the chief detriment which the regent sustained, was by the death of his duchess, who had hitherto preserved some appearance of friendship between him and her brother, the duke of Burgundy:[] and his marriage, soon afterwards, with Jaqueline of Luxembourg, was the beginning of a breach between them.[*] Philip complained, that the regent had never had the civility to inform him of his intentions, and that so sudden a marriage was a slight on his sister's memory. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 100. Monstrolet, vol. ii. p. 87. * Stowe, p. 373. Grafton, p. 554. The cardinal of Winchester meditated a reconciliation between these princes, and brought both of them to St. Omers for that purpose. The duke of Bedford here expected the first visit, both as he was son, brother, and uncle to a king, and because he had already made such advances as to come into the duke of Burgundy's territories, in order to have an interview with him: but Philip, proud of his great power and independent dominions, refused to pay this compliment to the regent; and the two princes, unable to adjust the ceremonial, parted without seeing each other.[] A bad prognostic of their cordial intentions to renew past amity! Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 90. Grafton, p. 561. Nothing could be more repugnant to the interests of the house of Burgundy, than to unite the crowns of France and England on the same head; an event which, had it taken place, would have reduced the duke to the rank of a petty prince, and have rendered his situation entirely dependent and precarious. The title also to the crown of France, which, after the failure of the elder branches, might accrue to the duke or his posterity, had been sacrificed by the treaty of Troye; and strangers and enemies were thereby irrevocably fixed upon the throne. Revenge alone had carried Philip into these impolitic measures; and a point of honor had hitherto induced him to maintain them. But as it is the nature of passion gradually to decay, while the sense of interest maintains a permanent influence and authority, the duke had, for some years, appeared sensibly to relent in his animosity against Charles, and to hearken willingly to the apologies made by that prince for the murder of the late duke of Burgundy. His extreme youth was pleaded in his favor; his incapacity to judge for himself; the ascendant gained over him by his ministers; and his inability to resent a deed which, without his knowledge, had been perpetrated by those under whose guidance he was then placed. The more to flatter the pride of Philip, the king of France had banished from his court and presence Tanegui de Chatel, and all those who were concerned in that assassination; and had offered to make every other atonement which could be required of him. The distress which Charles had already suffered, had tended to gratify the duke's revenge; the miseries to which France had been so long exposed, had begun to move his compassion; and the cries of all Europe admonished him, that his resentment, which might hitherto be deemed pious, would, if carried further, be universally condemned as barbarous and unrelenting. While the duke was in this disposition, every disgust which he received from England made a double impression upon him; the entreaties of the count of Richemont and the duke of Bourbon, who had married his two sisters, had weight; and he finally determined to unite himself to the royal family of France, from which his own was descended. For this purpose, a congress was appointed at Arras under the mediation of deputies from the pope and the council of Basle: the duke of Burgundy came thither in person: the duke of Bourbon, the count of Richemont, and other persons of high rank, appeared as ambassadors from France: and the English having also been invited to attend, the cardinal of Winchester, the bishops of Norwich and St. David's, the earls of Huntingdon and Suffolk, with others, received from the protector and council a commission for that purpose.[] The conferences were held in the abbey of St. Vaast, and began with discussing the proposals of the two crowns which were so wide of each other as to admit of no hopes of accommodation. France offered to cede Normandy with Guienne, but both of them loaded with the usual homage and vassalage to the crown. As the claims of England upon France were universally unpopular in Europe, the mediators declared the offers of Charles very reasonable, and the cardinal of Winchester, with the other English ambassadors, without giving a particular detail of their demands, immediately left the congress. There remained nothing but to discuss the mutual pretensions of Charles and Philip. These were easily adjusted: the vassal was in a situation to give law to his superior; and he exacted conditions which, had it not been for the present necessity, would have been deemed, to the last degree, dishonorable and disadvantageous to the crown of France. Besides making repeated atonements and acknowledgments for the murder of the duke of Burgundy, Charles was obliged to cede all the towns of Picardy which lay between the Somme and the Low Countries; he yielded several other territories; he agreed that these and all the other dominions of Philip should be held by him, during his life, without doing any homage, or swearing fealty to the present king; and he freed his subjects from all obligations to allegiance, if ever he infringed this treaty.[] Such were the conditions upon which France purchased the friendship of the duke of Burgundy. Rymer, vol. x. p. 611, 612. ** Monstrelet, vol ii. p. 112. Grafton, p. 565. The duke sent a herald to England with a letter, in which he notified the conclusion of the treaty of Arras, and apologized for his departure from that of Troye. The council received the herald with great coldness: they even assigned him his lodgings in a shoemaker's house, by way of insult; and the populace were so incensed, that if the duke of Glocester had not given him guards, his life had been exposed to danger when he appeared in the streets. The Flemings, and other subjects of Philip, were insulted, and some of them murdered by the Londoners; and every thing seemed to tend towards a rupture between the two nations.[] These violences were not disagreeable to the duke of Burgundy; as they afforded him a pretence for the further measures which he intended to take against the English, whom he now regarded as implacable and dangerous enemies. A few days after the duke of Bedford received intelligence of this treaty, so fatal to the interests of England, he died at Rouen; a prince of great abilities, and of many virtues; and whose memory, except from the barbarous execution of the maid of Orleans, was unsullied by any considerable blemish. Isabella, queen of France, died a little before him, despised by the English, detested by the French, and reduced, in her latter years, to regard with an unnatural horror the progress and success of her own son, in recovering possession of his kingdom. This period was also signalized by the death of the earl of Arundel,[] a great English general, who, though he commanded three thousand men, was foiled by Xaintrailles at the head of six hundred, and soon after expired of the wounds which he received in the action. Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 120. Holing. p. 612. ** Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 105. Holing, p. 610. The violent factions which prevailed between the duke of Glocester and the cardinal of Winchester, prevented the English from taking the proper measures for repairing these multiplied losses, and threw all their affairs into confusion. The popularity of the duke, and his near relation to the crown, gave him advantages in the contest, which he often lost by his open and unguarded temper, unfit to struggle with the politic and interested spirit of his rival. The balance, meanwhile, of these parties, kept every thing in suspense; foreign affairs were much neglected; and though the duke of York, son to that earl of Cambridge who was executed in the beginning of the last reign, was appointed successor to the duke of Bedford, it was seven months before his commission passed the seals; and the English remained so long in an enemy's country, without a proper head or governor. The new governor, on his arrival, found the capital already lost. The Parisians had always been more attached to the Burgundian than to the English interest; and after the conclusion of the treaty of Arras, their affections, without any further control, universally led them to return to their allegiance under their native sovereign. The constable, together with Lile-Adam, the same person who had before put Paris into the hands of the duke of Burgundy, was introduced in the night-time by intelligence with the citizens: Lord Willoughby, who commanded only a small garrison of fifteen hundred men, was expelled: this nobleman discovered valor and presence of mind on the occasion; but unable to guard so large a place against such multitudes, he retired into the Bastile, and being there invested, he delivered up that fortress, and was contented to stipulate for the safe retreat of his troops into Normandy.[] In the same season, the duke of Burgundy openly took part against England, and commenced hostilities by the siege of Calais, the only place which now gave the English any sure hold of France, and still rendered them dangerous. As he was beloved among his own subjects, and had acquired the epithet of Good, from his popular qualities, he was able to interest all the inhabitants of the Low Countries in the success of this enterprise; and he invested that place with an army formidable from its numbers, but without experience, discipline, or military spirit.[] On the first alarm of this siege, the duke of Glocester assembled some forces, sent a defiance to Philip, and challenged him to wait the event of a battle, which he promised to give, as soon as the wind would permit him to reach Calais. The warlike genius of the English had at that time rendered them terrible to all the northern parts of Europe; especially to the Flemings, who were more expert in manufactures than in arms; and the duke of Burgundy, being already foiled in some attempts before Calais, and observing the discontent and terror of his own army, thought proper to raise the siege, and to retreat before the arrival of the enemy.[*] Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 127. Grafton, p. 568. Monstrelet, vol. ii, p. 126, 130, 132. Holing. p. 613. Grafton, p 571. * Monstrelet, vol. ii. p. 136. Holing. p. 614. The English were still masters of many fine provinces in France; but retained possession more by the extreme weakness of Charles, than by the strength of their own garrisons or the force of their armies. Nothing, indeed, can be more surprising than the feeble efforts made, during the course of several years, by these two potent nations against each other while the one struggled for independence, and the other aspired to a total conquest of its rival. The general want of industry, commerce, and police in that age, had rendered all the European nations, and France and England no less than the others, unfit for bearing the burdens of war, when it was prolonged beyond one season; and the continuance of hostilities had, long ere this time, exhausted the force and patience of both kingdoms. Scarcely could the appearance of an army be brought into the field on either side; and all the operations consisted in the surprisal of places, in the rencounter of detached parties, and in incursions upon the open country; which were performed by small bodies, assembled on a sudden from the neighboring garrisons. In this method of conducting the war, the French king had much the advantage: the affections of the people were entirely on his side: intelligence was early brought him of the state and motions of the enemy: the inhabitants were ready to join in any attempts against the garrisons: and thus ground was continually, though slowly, gained upon the English. The duke of York, who was a prince of abilities, struggled against these difficulties during the course of five years; and being assisted by the valor of Lord Talbot, soon after created earl of Shrewsbury, he performed actions which acquired him honor, but merit not the attention of posterity. It would have been well, had this feeble war, in sparing the blood of the people, prevented likewise all other oppressions; and had the fury of men, which reason and justice cannot restrain, thus happily received a check from their impotence and inability. But the French and English, though they exerted such small force, were, however, stretching beyond their resources, which were still smaller; and the troops, destitute of pay, were obliged to subsist by plundering and oppressing the country, both of friends and enemies. The fields in all the north of France, which was the seat of war, were laid waste and left uncultivated.[] Grafton, p 562. The cities were gradually depopulated, not by the blood spilt in battle, but by the more destructive pillage of the garrisons;[] and both parties, weary of hostilities which decided nothing, seemed at last desirous of peace, and they set on foot negotiations for that purpose. But the proposals of France, and the demands of England, were still so wide of each other, that all hope of accommodation immediately vanished. The English ambassadors demanded restitution of all the provinces which had once been annexed to England, together with the final cession of Calais and its district; and required the possession of these extensive territories without the burden of any fealty or homage on the part of their prince: the French offered only part of Guienne, part of Normandy, and Calais, loaded with the usual burdens. It appeared in vain to continue the negotiation while there was so little prospect of agreement. The English were still too haughty to stoop from the vast hopes which they had formerly entertained, and to accept of terms more suitable to the present condition of the two kingdoms. The duke of York soon after resigned his government to the earl of Warwick, a nobleman of reputation, whom death prevented from long enjoying this dignity. The duke, upon the demise of that nobleman, returned to his charge; and during his administration, a truce was concluded between the king of England and the duke of Burgundy, which had become necessary for the commercial interests of their subjects.[] The war with France continued in the same languid and feeble state as before. The captivity of five princes of the blood, taken prisoners in the battle of Azincour, was a considerable advantage, which England long enjoyed over its enemy; but this superiority was now entirely lost. Some of these princes had died; some had been ransomed; and the duke of Orleans, the most powerful among them, was the last that remained in the hands of the English. He offered the sum of fifty-four thousand nobles[*] for his liberty; and when this proposal was laid before the council of England, as every question was there an object of faction, the party of the duke of Glocester, and that of the cardinal of Winchester, were divided in their sentiments with regard to it. Fortescue, who soon after this period visited France, in the train of Prince Henry, speaks of that kingdom as a desert, in comparison of England. See his treatise De Laudibus Legum Angliæ. Though we make allowance for the partialities of Fortescue, there must have been some foundation for his account; and these destructive wars are the most likely reason to be assigned for the difference remarked by this author. Grafton, p. 673. * Rymer, vol. x. p. 764, 776, 782, 795, 796. This sum was equal to thirty-six thousand pounds sterling of our present money. A subsidy of a tenth and fifteenth was fixed by Edward III. at twenty-nine thousand pounds, which, in the reign of Henry VI., made only fifty-eight thousand pounds of our present money. The parliament granted only one subsidy during the course of seven years, from 1437 to 1444. The duke reminded the council of the dying advice of the late king, that none of these prisoners should on any account be released, till his son should be of sufficient age to hold himself the reins of government. The cardinal insisted on the greatness of the sum offered, which, in reality, was nearly equal to two thirds of all the extraordinary supplies that the parliament, during the course of seven years, granted for the support of the war. And he added, that the release of this prince was more likely to be advantageous than prejudicial to the English interests; by filling the court of France with faction, and giving a head to those numerous malecontents whom Charles was at present able with great difficulty to restrain. The cardinal's party, as usual, prevailed: the duke of Orleans was released, after a melancholy captivity of twenty-five years:[] and the duke of Burgundy, as a pledge of his entire reconciliation with the family of Orleans, facilitated to that prince the payment of his ransom. It must be confessed, that the princes and nobility, in those ages, went to war on very disadvantageous terms. If they were taken prisoners, they either remained in captivity during life, or purchased their liberty at the price which the victors were pleased to impose, and which often reduced their families to want and beggary. Grafton, p. 578. The sentiments of the cardinal, some time after, prevailed in another point of still greater moment. That prelate had always encouraged every proposal of accommodation with France; and had represented the utter impossibility, in the present circumstances, of pushing farther the conquests in that kingdom, and the great difficulty of even maintaining those which were already made. He insisted on the extreme reluctance of the parliament to grant supplies; the disorders in which the English affairs in Normandy were involved; the daily progress made by the French king; and the advantage of stopping his hand by a temporary accommodation which might leave room for time and accidents to operate in favor of the English. The duke of Glocester, high-spirited and haughty, and educated in the lofty pretensions which the first successes of his two brothers had rendered familiar to him, could not yet be induced to relinquish all hopes of prevailing over France; much less could he see with patience his own opinion thwarted and rejected by the influence of his rival in the English council. But, notwithstanding his opposition, the earl of Suffolk, a nobleman who adhered to the cardinal's party, was despatched to Tours, in order to negotiate with the French ministers. It was found impossible to adjust the terms of a lasting peace; but a truce for twenty-two months was concluded, which left every thing on the present footing between the parties. The numerous disorders under which the French government labored, and which time alone could remedy, induced Charles to assent to this truce; and the same motives engaged him afterwards to prolong it.[] But Suffolk, not content with executing this object of his commission, proceeded also to finish another business, which seems rather to have been implied than expressed in the powers that had been granted him.[] Rymer, vol. xi. p. 101, 108, 206, 214. ** Rymer, vol. xi. p. 53. In proportion as Henry advanced in years, his character became fully known in the court, and was no longer ambiguous to either faction. Of the most harmless, inoffensive, simple manners, but of the most slender capacity, he was fitted, both by the softness of his temper and the weakness of his understanding, to be perpetually governed by those who surrounded him; and it was easy to foresee that his reign would prove a perpetual minority. As he had now reached the twenty-third year of his age, it was natural to think of choosing him a queen; and each party was ambitious of having him receive one from their hand, as it was probable that this circumstance would decide forever the victory between them. The duke of Glocester proposed a daughter of the count of Armagnac; but had not credit to effect his purpose. The cardinal and his friends had cast their eye on Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Regnier, titular king of Sicily, Naples, and Jerusalem, descended from the count of Anjou, brother of Charles V., who had left these magnificent titles, but without any real power or possessions, to his posterity. This princess herself was the most accomplished of her age, both in body and mind; and seemed to possess those qualities which would equally qualify her to acquire the ascendant over Henry, and to supply all his defects and weaknesses. Of a masculine, courageous spirit, of an enterprising temper, endowed with solidity as well as vivacity of understanding, she had not been able to conceal these great talents even in the privacy of her father's family; and it was reasonable to expect, that when she should mount the throne, they would break out with still superior lustre. The earl of Suffolk, therefore, in concert with his associates of the English council, made proposals of marriage to Margaret, which were accepted. But this nobleman, besides preoccupying the princess's favor by being the chief means of her advancement, endeavored to ingratiate himself with her and her family, by very extraordinary concessions: though Margaret brought no dowry with her, he ventured of himself, without any direct authority from the council, but probably with the approbation of the cardinal and the ruling members, to engage, by a secret article, that the province of Maine, which was at that time in the hands of the English, should be ceded to Charles of Anjou, her uncle,[] who was prime minister and favorite of the French king, and who had already received from his master the grant of that province as his appanage. The treaty of marriage was ratified in England: Suffolk obtained first the title of marquis, then that of duke; and even received the thanks of parliament for his services in concluding it.[] The princess fell immediately into close connections with the cardinal and his party, the dukes of Somerset, Suffolk, and Buckingham;[*] who, fortified by her powerful patronage, resolved on the final ruin of the duke of Glocester. Grafton, p. 590. Cotton, p. 630. * Holingshed, p. 626. This generous prince, worsted in all court intrigues, for which his temper was not suited, but possessing in a high degree the favor of the public, had already received from his rivals a cruel mortification, which he had hitherto borne without violating public peace, but which it was impossible that a person of his spirit and humanity could ever forgive. His duchess, the daughter of Reginald Lord Cobham, had been accused of the crime of witchcraft; and it was pretended, that there was found in her possession a waxen figure of the king, which she and her associates, Sir Roger Bolingbroke, a priest, and one Margery Jordan, of Eye, melted in a magical manner before a slow fire, with an intention of making Henry's force and vigor waste away by like insensible degrees. The accusation was well calculated to affect the weak and credulous mind of the king, and to gain belief in an ignorant age; and the duchess was brought to trial with her confederates. The nature of this crime, so opposite to all common sense, seems always to exempt the accusers from observing the rules of common sense in their evidence: the prisoners were pronounced guilty; the duchess was condemned to do public penance, and to suffer perpetual imprisonment; the others were executed.[] But as these violent proceedings were ascribed solely to the malice of the duke's enemies, the people, contrary to their usual practice in such marvellous trials, acquitted the unhappy sufferers; and increased their esteem and affection towards a prince who was thus exposed, without protection, to those mortal injuries. These sentiments of the public made the cardinal of Winchester and his party sensible that it was necessary to destroy a man whose popularity might become dangerous, and whose resentment they had so much cause to apprehend. In order to effect their purpose, a parliament was summoned to meet, not at London, which was supposed to be too well affected to the duke, but at St. Edmondsbury, where they expected that he would lie entirely at their mercy. As soon as he appeared, he was accused of treason, and thrown into prison. He was soon after found dead in his bed;[] and though it was pretended that his death was natural, and though his body, which was exposed to public view, bore no marks of outward violence, no one doubted but he had fallen a victim to the vengeance of his enemies. Stowe, p. 381. Holingshed, p. 622. Grafton, p. 687. ** Grafton, p. 597. An artifice, formerly practised in the case of Edward II., Richard II., and Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Glocester, could deceive nobody. The reason of this assassination of the duke seems, not that the ruling party apprehended his acquittal in parliament on account of his innocence, which, in such times, was seldom much regarded, but that they imagined his public trial and execution would have been more invidious than his private murder which they pretended to deny. Some gentlemen of his retinue were afterwards tried as accomplices in his treasons, and were condemned to be hanged, drawn, and quartered, They were hanged and cut down; but just as the executioner was proceeding to quarter them, their pardon was produced, and they were recovered to life;[] the most barbarous kind of mercy that can possibly be imagined! This prince is said to have received a better education than was usual in his age, to have founded one of the first public libraries in England, and to have been a great patron of learned men. Among other advantages which he reaped from this turn of mind, it tended much to cure him of credulity of which the following instance is given by Sir Thomas More. There was a man who pretended that, though he was born blind, he had recovered his sight by touching the shrine of St. Albans. The duke, happening soon after to pass that way, questioned the man, and seeming to doubt of his sight, asked him the colors of several cloaks, worn by persons of his retinue. The man told them very readily. "You are a knave," cried the prince; "had you been born blind, you could not so soon have learned to distinguish colors;" and immediately ordered him to be set in the stocks as an impostor.[] Fabian, Chron. anno 1447. ** Grafton, p. 597. The cardinal of Winchester died six weeks after his nephew whose murder was universally ascribed to him as well as to the duke of Suffolk, and which, it is said, gave him more remorse in his last moments than could naturally be expected from a man hardened, during the course of a long life, in falsehood and in politics. What share the queen had in this guilt is uncertain; her usual activity and spirit made the public conclude, with some reason, that the duke's enemies durst not have ventured on such a deed without her privity. But there happened, soon after, an event of which she and her favorite, the duke of Suffolk, bore incontestably the whole odium. That article of the marriage treaty by which the province of Maine was to be ceded to Charles of Anjou, the queen's unele, had probably been hitherto kept secret; and during the lifetime of the duke of Glocester, it might have been dangerous to venture on the execution of it. But as the court of France strenuously insisted on performance, orders were now despatched, under Henry's hand, to Sir Francis Surienne, governor of Mans, commanding him to surrender that place to Charles of Anjou. Surienne, either questioning the authenticity of the order, or regarding his government as his sole fortune, refused compliance; and it became necessary for a French army, under the count of Dunois, to lay siege to the city. The governor made as good a defence as his situation could permit; but receiving no relief from Edmund, duke of Somerset, who was at that time governor of Normandy, he was at last obliged to capitulate, and to surrender not only Mans, but all the other fortresses of that province, which was thus entirely alienated from the crown of England. The bad effects of this measure stopped not here. Surienne, at the head of all his garrisons, amounting to two thousand five hundred men, retired into Normandy, in expectation of being taken into pay, and of being quartered in some towns of that province. But Somerset, who had no means of subsisting such a multitude, and who was probably incensed at Surienne's disobedience, refused to admit him; and this adventurer, not daring to commit depredations on the territories either of the king of France or of England, marched into Brittany, seized the town of Fougeres, repaired the fortifications of Pontorson and St. James de Beuvron, and subsisted his troops by the ravages which he exercised on that whole province.[] The duke of Brittany complained of this violence to the king of France, his liege lord: Charles remonstrated with the duke of Somerset: that nobleman replied, that the injury was done without his privity, and that he had no authority over Surienne and his companions.[] Though this answer ought to have appeared satisfactory to Charles, who had often felt severely the licentious independent spirit of such mercenary soldiers, he never would admit of the apology. He still insisted that these plunderers should be recalled, and that reparation should be made to the duke of Brittany for all the damages which he had sustained: and in order to render an accommodation absolutely impracticable, he made the estimation of damages amount to no less a sum than one million six hundred thousand crowns. He was sensible of the superiority which the present state of his affairs gave him over England; and he determined to take advantage of it. Monstrelet, vol. iii. p. 6. ** Monstrelet vol. iii. p. 7. Holingshed, p. 629. No sooner was the truce concluded between the two kingdoms, than Charles employed himself, with great industry and judgment, in repairing those numberless ills to which France, from the continuance of wars both foreign and domestic, had so long been exposed. He restored the course of public justice; he introduced order into the finances; he established discipline in his troops; he repressed faction in his court; he revived the languid state of agriculture and the arts; and, in the course of a few years, he rendered his kingdom flourishing within itself, and formidable to its neighbors. Meanwhile, affairs in England had taken a very different turn. The court was divided into parties, which were enraged against each other: the people were discontented with the government: conquests in France, which were an object more of glory than of interest, were overlooked amidst domestic incidents, which engrossed the attention of all men: the governor of Normandy, ill supplied with money, was obliged to dismiss the greater part of his troops, and to allow the fortifications of the towns and castles to become ruinous; and the nobility and people of that province had, during the late open communication with France, enjoyed frequent opportunities of renewing connections with their ancient master, and of concerting the means for expelling the English. The occasion, therefore, seemed favorable to Charles for breaking the truce. Normandy was at once invaded by four powerful armies: one commanded by the king himself; a second by the duke of Brittany; a third by the duke of Alençon; and a fourth by the count of Dunois. The places opened their gates almost as soon as the French appeared before them; Verneuil, Nogent, Chateau Gaillard, Ponteau de Mer, Gisors, Mante, Vernon, Argentan Lisieux, Fecamp, Coutances, Belesme, Pont de l'Arche, fell in an instant into the hands of the enemy. The duke of Somerset, so far from having an army which could take the field and relieve these places, was not able to supply them with the necessary garrisons and provisions. He retired, with the few troops of which he was master, into Rouen; and thought it sufficient, if, till the arrival of succors from England, he could save that capital from the general fate of the province. The king of France, at the head of a formidable army, fifty thousand strong, presented himself before the gates: the dangerous example of revolt had infected the inhabitants; and they called aloud for a capitulation. Somerset, unable to resist at once both the enemies within one from without, retired with his garrison into the palace and castle; which, being places not tenable he was obliged to surrender: he purchased a retreat to Harfleur by the payment of fifty-six thousand crowns, by engaging to surrender Arques, Tancarville, Caudebec, Honfleur, and other places in the higher Normandy, and by delivering. hostages for the performance of articles.[] The governor of Honfleur refused to obey his orders; upon which the earl of Shrewsbury, who was one of the hostages, was detained prisoner; and the English were thus deprived of the only general capable of recovering them from their present distressed; situation. Harfleur made a better defence under Sir Thomas Curson, the governor; but was finally obliged to open its gates to Dunois. Succors at last appeared from England, under Sir Thomas Kyriel, and landed at Cherbourg: but these came very late, amounted only to four thousand men, and were soon after put to rout at Fourmigni by the count of Clermont.[] This battle, or rather skirmish, was the only action fought by the English for the defence of their dominions in France, which they had purchased at such an expense of blood and treasure. Somerset, shut up in Caen, without any prospect of relief, found it necessary to capitulate: Falaise opened its gates, on condition that the earl of Shrewsbury should be restored to liberty: and Cherbourg, the last place of Normandy which remained in the hands of the English, being delivered up, the conquest of that important province was finished in a twelvemonth by Charles, to the great joy of the inhabitants, and of his whole kingdom.[*] Monstrelet, vol. iii. p. 21. Grafton, p. 643. Holing, p. 631. * Grafton, p. 646. A like rapid success attended the French arms in Guienne; though the inhabitants of that province were, from long custom, better inclined to the English government. Dunois was despatched thither, and met with no resistance in the field, and very little from the towns. Great improvements had been made during this age in the structure and management of artillery, and none in fortification; and the art of defence was by that means more unequal, than either before or since, to the art of attack. After all the small places about Bordeaux were reduced, that city agreed to submit, if not relieved by a certain time; and as no one in England thought Seriously of these distant concerns, no relief appeared; the place surrendered; and Bayonne being taken soon after, this whole province, which had remained united to England since the accession of Henry II., was, after a period of three centuries, finally swallowed up in the French monarchy. Though no peace or truce was concluded between France and England, the war was in a manner at an end. The English, torn in pieces by the civil dissensions which ensued, made but one feeble effort more for the recovery of Guienne, and Charles, occupied at home in regulating the government, and fencing against the intrigues of his factious son, Lewis the dauphin, scarcely ever attempted to invade them in their island, or to retaliate upon them, by availing himself of their intestine confusions. A WEAK prince, seated on the throne of England, had never failed, how gentle soever and innocent, to be infested with faction, discontent, rebellion, and evil commotions; and as the incapacity of Henry appeared every day in a fuller light, these dangerous consequences began, from past experience, to be universally and justly apprehended Men also of unquiet spirits, no longer employed in foreign wars, whence they were now excluded by the situation of the neighboring states, were the more likely to excite intestine, disorders, and by their emulation, rivalship, and animosities, to tear the bowels of their native country. But though these causes alone were sufficient to breed confusion, there concurred another circumstance of the most dangerous, nature: a pretender to the crown appeared: the tie itself of the weak prince who enjoyed the name of sovereignty, was disputed; and the English were now to pay the severe though late penalty of their turbulence under Richard II., and of their levity in violating, without any necessity or just reason, the lineal succession of their monarchs. All the males of the house of Mortimer were extinct; but Anne, the sister of the last earl of Marche, having espoused the earl of Cambridge, beheaded in the reign of Henry V. had transmitted her latent, but not yet forgotten claim to be; on Richard, duke of York. This prince, thus descended by his mother from Philippa, only daughter of the duke of Clarence, second son of Edward III., stood plainly in the order of succession before the king, who derived his descent from the duke of Lancaster, third son of that monarch; and that claim could not, in many respects, have fallen into more dangerous hands man those of the duke of York. Richard was a man of valor and abilities, of a prudent conduct and mild disposition: he had enjoyed an opportunity of displaying these virtues in his government of France; and though recalled from that command by the intrigues and superior interest of the duke of Somerset, he had been sent to suppress a rebellion in Ireland; had succeeded much better in that enterprise than his rival in the defence of Normandy, and had even been able to attach to his person and family the whole Irish nation, whom he was sent to subdue.[] In the right of his father, he bore the rank of first prince of the blood; and by this station he gave a lustre to his title derived from the family of Mortimer, which, though of great nobility, was equalled by other families in the kingdom, and had been eclipsed by the royal descent of the house of Lancaster. He possessed an immense fortune from the union of so many successions, those of Cambridge and York on the one hand, with those of Mortimer on the other; which last inheritance had before been augmented by a union of the estates of Clarence and Ulster with the patrimonial possessions of the family of Marche. The alliances too of Richard, by his marrying the daughter of Ralph Nevil, earl of Westmoreland, had widely extended his interest among the nobility, and had procured him many connections in that formidable order. Stowe, p. 387. The family of Nevil was perhaps at this time the most potent, both from their opulent possessions and from the characters of the men, that has ever appealed in England. For, besides the earl of Westmoreland, and the lords Latimer, Fauconberg, and Abergavenny, the earls of Salisbury and Warwick were of that family, and were of themselves, on many accounts, the greatest noblemen in the kingdom. The earl of Salisbury, brother-in-law to the duke of York, was the eldest son by a second marriage of the earl of Westmoreland; and inherited by his wife, daughter and heir of Montacute, earl of Salisbury, killed before Orleans, the possessions and title of that great family. His eldest son, Richard, had married Anne, the daughter and heir of Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, who died governor of France; and by this alliance he enjoyed the possessions, and had acquired the title, of that other family, one of the most opulent, most ancient, and most illustrious in England. The personal qualities also of these two earls, especially of Warwick enhanced the splendor of their nobility, and increased then influence over the people. This latter nobleman commonly known, from the subsequent events, by the appellation of the "king-maker," had distinguished himself by his gallantry in the field, by the hospitality of his table, by Ore magnificence, and still more by the generosity, of his expense, and by the spirited and bold manner which attended him in all his actions. The undesigning frankness and openness of his character rendered his conquest over men's affections the more certain and infallible: his presents were regarded as sure testimonials of esteem and friendship; and his professions as the over-flowings of his genuine sentiments. No less than thirty thousand persons are said to have daily lived at his board In the different manors and castles which he possessed in England: the military men, allured by his munificence and hospitality, as well as by his bravery, were zealously attached to his interests: the people in general bore him an unlimited affection: his numerous retainers were more devoted to his will than to the prince or to the laws: and he was the greatest, as well as the last, of those mighty barons who formerly overawed the crown, and rendered the people incapable of any regular system of civil government. But the duke of York, besides the family of Nevil, had many other partisans among the great nobility. Courtney, earl of Devonshire, descended from a very noble family of that name in France, was attached to his interests: Moubray, duke of Norfolk, had, from his hereditary hatred to the family of Lancaster, embraced the same party: and the discontents which universally prevailed among the people, rendered every combination of the great the more dangerous to the established government. Though the people were never willing to grant the supplies necessary for keeping possession of the conquered provinces in France, they repined extremely at the loss of these boasted acquisitions; and fancied, because a sudden irruption could make conquests, that, without steady counsels and a uniform expense, it was possible to maintain them. The voluntary cession of Maine to the queen's uncle, had made them suspect treachery in the loss of Normandy and Guienne. They still considered Margaret as a French woman, and a latent enemy of the kingdom. And when they saw her father and all her relations active in promoting the success of the French, they could not be persuaded that she, who was all-powerful in the English council, would very zealously oppose them in their enterprises. But the most fatal blow given to the popularity of the crown and to the interests of the house of Lancaster, was by the assassination of the virtuous duke of Glocester; whose character, had he been alive, would have intimidated the partisans of York; but whose memory, being extremely cherished by the people, served to throw an odium on all his murderers. By this crime the reigning family suffered a double prejudice it was deprived of its firmest support; and it was loaded with all the infamy of that imprudent and barbarous assassination. As the duke of Suffolk was known to have had an active hand in the crime, he partook deeply of the hatred attending it; and the clamors which necessarily rose against him, as prime minister and declared favorite of the queen, were thereby augmented to a tenfold pitch, and became absolutely uncontrollable. The great nobility could ill brook to see a subject exalted above them; much more one who was only great-grandson to a merchant, and who was of a birth so much inferior to theirs. The people complained of his arbitrary measures; which were, in some degree, a necessary consequence of the irregular power then possessed by the prince, but which the least disaffection easily magnified into tyranny. The great acquisitions which he daily made were the object of envy; and as they were gained at the expense of the crown, which was itself reduced to poverty, they appeared on that account, to all indifferent persons, the more exceptionable and invidious. The revenues of the crown, which had long been disproportioned to its power and dignity, had been extremely dilapidated during the minority of Henry;[] both by the rapacity of the courtiers, which the king's uncles could not control, and by the necessary expenses of the French war, which had always been very ill supplied by the grants of parliament. : Cotton, p. 609. The royal demesnes were dissipated; and at the same time the king was loaded with a debt of three hundred and seventy-two thousand pounds, a sum so great, that the parliament could never think of discharging it. This unhappy situation forced the ministers upon many arbitrary measures: the household itself could not be supported without stretching to the utmost the right of purveyance, and rendering it a kind of universal robbery upon the people: the public clamor rose high upon this occasion, and no one had the equity to make allowance for the necessity of the king's situation. Suffolk, once become odious, bore the blame of the whole; and every grievance, in every part of the administration, was universally imputed to his tyranny and injustice. This nobleman, sensible of the public hatred under which he labored, and foreseeing an attack from the commons endeavored to overawe his enemies, by boldly presenting himself to the charge, and by insisting upon his own innocence and even upon his merits, and those of his family, in the public service. He rose in the house of peers; took notice of the clamors propagated against him; and complained that after serving the crown in thirty-four campaigns; after living abroad seventeen years, without once returning to his native country; after losing a father and three brothers in the wars with France; after being himself a prisoner, and purchasing his liberty by a great ransom; it should yet be suspected, that he had been debauched from his allegiance by that enemy whom he had ever opposed with such zeal and fortitude, and that he had betrayed his prince, who had rewarded his services by the highest honors and greatest offices that it was in his power to confer.[] This speech did not answer the purpose intended. The commons, rather provoked at his challenge, opened their charge against him, and sent up to the peers an accusation of high treason, divided into several articles. They insisted, that he had persuaded the French king to invade England with an armed force, in order to depose the king, and to place on the throne his own son, John de la Pole, whom he intended to marry to Margaret, the only daughter of the late John, duke of Somerset, and to whom, he imagined, he would by that means acquire a title to the crown: that he had contributed to the release of the duke of Orleans, in hopes that that prince would assist King Charles in expelling the English from France, and recovering full possession of his kingdom: that he had afterwards encouraged that monarch to make open war on Normandy and Guienne, and had promoted his conquests by betraying the secrets of England, and obstructing the succors intended to be sent to those provinces; and that he had, without any powers or commission, promised by treaty to cede the province of Maine to Charles of Anjou, and had accordingly ceded it; which proved in the issue the chief cause of the loss of Normandy.[] Cotton, p. 641. ** Cotton, p. 642. Hall, fol. 157. Holing, p. 631. Grafton, p. 607 It is evident, from a review of these articles, that the commons adopted without inquiry all the popular clamors against the duke of Suffolk, and charged him with crimes of which none but the vulgar could seriously believe him guilty. Nothing can be more incredible, than that a nobleman, so little eminent by his birth and character, could think of acquiring the crown to his family, and of deposing Henry by foreign force, and, together with him, Margaret, his patron, a princess of so much spirit and penetration. Suffolk appealed to many noblemen in the house, who knew that he had intended to marry his son to one of the coheirs of the earl of Warwick, and was disappointed in his views only by the death of that lady: and he observed, that Margaret of Somerset could bring to her husband no title to the crown; because she herself was not so much as comprehended in the entail settled by act of parliament. It is easy to account for the loss of Normandy and Guienne, from the situation of affairs in the two kingdoms, without supposing any treachery in the English ministers; and it may safely be affirmed, that greater vigor was requisite to defend these provinces from the arms of Charles VII., than to conquer them at first from his predecessor. It could never be the interest of any English minister to betray and abandon such acquisitions; much less of one who was so well established in his master's favor, who enjoyed such high honors and ample possessions in his own country, who had nothing to dread but the effects of popular hatred and who could never think, without the most extreme reluctance, of becoming a fugitive and exile in a foreign land. The only article which carries any face of probability, is his engagement for the delivery of Maine to the queen's uncle: but Suffolk maintained, with great appearance of truth, that this measure was approved of by several at the council table; [] and it seems hard to ascribe to it, as is done by the commons, the subsequent loss of Normandy and expulsion of the English. Normandy lay open on every side to the invasion of the French: Maine, an inland province, must soon after have fallen without any attack; and as the English possessed in other parts more fortresses than they could garrison or provide for, it seemed no bad policy to contract their force, and to render the defence practicable, by reducing it within a narrower compass. Cotton, p.643. The commons were probably sensible, that this charge of treason against Suffolk would not bear a strict scrutiny; and they therefore, soon after, sent up against him a new charge of misdemeanors, which they also divided into several articles. They affirmed, among other imputations, that he had procured exorbitant grants from the crown, had embezzled the public money, had conferred offices on improper persons, had perverted justice by maintaining iniquitous causes, and had procured pardons for notorious offenders.[] The articles are mostly general, but are not improbable; and as Suffolk seems to have been a bad man and a bad minister, it will not be rash in us to think that he was guilty, and that many of these articles could have been proved against him. The court was alarmed at the prosecution of a favorite minister, who lay under such a load of popular prejudices; and an expedient was fallen upon to save him from present ruin. The king summoned all the lords, spiritual and temporal, to his apartment: the prisoner was produced before them, and asked what he could say in his own defence: he denied the charge; but submitted to the king's mercy: Henry expressed himself not satisfied with regard to the first impeachment for treason; but in consideration of the second for misdemeanors, he declared that, by virtue of Suffolk's own submission, not by any judicial authority, he banished him the kingdom during five years. The lords remained silent; but as soon as they returned to their own house, they entered a protest, that this sentence should nowise infringe their privileges, and that, if Suffolk had insisted upon his right, and had not voluntarily submitted to the king's commands, he was entitled to a trial by his peers in parliament. It was easy to see, that these irregular proceedings were meant to favor Suffolk, and that, as he still possessed the queen's confidence, he would, on the first favorable opportunity, be restored to his country, and be reinstated in his former power and credit. A captain of a vessel was therefore employed by his enemies to intercept him in his passage to France: he was seized near Dover; his head struck off on the side of a long-boat; and his body thrown into the sea,[] No inquiry was made after the actors and accomplices in this atrocious deed of violence. Cotton, p. 643. ** Hall, fol. 158. Hist. Croyland, Contin. p. 525. Stowe, p. 388. Grafton, p. 610. The duke of Somerset succeeded to Suffolk's power in the ministry, and credit with the queen; and as he was the person under whose government the French provinces had been lost, the public, who always judge by the event, soon made him equally the object of their animosity and hatred. The duke of York was absent in Ireland during all these transactions and however it might be suspected that his partisans had excited and supported the prosecution against Suffolk, no immediate ground of complaint could, on that account, lie against him. But there happened, soon after, an incident which roused the jealousy of the court, and discovered to them the extreme danger to which they were exposed from the pretensions of that popular prince. The humors of the people, set afloat by the parliamentary impeachment, and by the fall of so great a favorite as Suffolk, broke out in various commotions, which were soon suppressed, but there arose one in Kent which was attended with more dangerous consequences. A man of low condition, one John Cade, a native of Ireland, who had been obliged to fly into France for crimes, observed, on his return to England, the discontents of the people; and he laid on them the foundation of projects which were at first crowned with surprising success. He took the name of John Mortimer; intending, as is supposed, to pass himself for a son of that Sir John Mortimer who had been sentenced to death by parliament, and executed, in the beginning of this reign, without any trial or evidence, merely upon an indictment of high treason given in against him.[] On the first mention of that popular name, the common people of Kent, to the number of twenty thousand, flocked to Cade's standard; and he excited their zeal by publishing complaints against the numerous abuses in government, and demanding a redress of grievances. The court, not yet fully sensible of the danger, sent a small force against the rioters, under the command of Sir Humphrey Stafford, who was defeated and slain in an action near Sevenoke;[] and Cade, advancing with his followers towards London, encamped on Blackheath. Stowe, p. 364. Cotton, p. 564. This author admires that such a piece of injustice should have been committed in peaceable times: he might have added, and by such virtuous princes as Bedford and Glocester. But it is to be presumed that Mortimer was guilty; though his condemnation was highly irregular and illegal. The people had at this time a very feeble sense of law and a constitution; and power was very imperfectly restrained by these limits. When the proceedings of a parliament were so irregular it is easy to imagine that those of a king would be more so. ** Hall, fol. 159. Holing. p, 634. Though elated by his victory, he still maintained the appearance of moderation; and sending to the court a plausible list of grievances,[] he promised that, when these should be redressed, and when Lord Say, the treasurer, and Cromer, sheriff of Kent, should be punished for their malversations, he would immediately lay down his arms. The council, who observed that nobody was willing to fight against men so reasonable in their pretensions, carried the king, for present safety, to Kenilworth; and the city immediately opened its gates to Cade, who maintained, during some time, great order and discipline among his followers. He always led them into the fields during the night-time; and published severe edicts against plunder and violence of every kind: but being obliged, in order to gratify their malevolence against Say and Cromer, to put these men to death without a legal trial,[] he found that, after the commission of this crime, he was no longer master of their riotous disposition, and that all his orders were neglected.[] They broke into a rich house, which they plundered; and the citizens, alarmed at this act of violence, shut their gates against them; and being seconded by a detachment of soldiers, sent them by Lord Scales, governor of the Tower, they repulsed the rebels with great slaughter.[] The Kentish men were so discouraged by the blow, that upon receiving a general pardon from the primate, then chancellor, they retreated towards Rochester, and there dispersed. The pardon was soon after annulled, as extorted by violence: a price was set on Cade's head,[**] who was killed by one Iden, a gentleman of Sussex; and many of his followers were capitally punished for their rebellion. It was imagined by the court, that the duke of York had secretly instigated Cade to this attempt, in order to try, by that experiment, the dispositions of the people towards his title and family:[] and as the event had so far succeeded to his wish, the ruling party had greater reason than ever to apprehend the future consequences of his pretensions. * Stowe, p. 388, 389. Holing, p. 633. Grafton, p. 612. * Hall, fol. 160. ** Hist. Croyland, Contin.p. 526. **** Cotton, p. 661. At the same time they heard that he intended to return from Ireland; and fearing that he meant to bring an armed force along with him, they issued orders, in the king's name, for opposing him, and for debarring him entrance into England.[] But the duke refuted his enemies by coming attended with no more than his ordinary retinue: the precautions of the ministers served only to show him their jealousy and malignity against him: he was sensible that his title, by being dangerous to the king, was also become dangerous to himself: he now saw the impossibility of remaining in his present situation, and the necessity of proceeding forward in support of his claim. His partisans, therefore, were instructed to maintain, in all companies, his right by succession, and by the established laws and constitution of the kingdom: these questions became every day more and more the subject of conversation: the minds of men were insensibly sharpened against each other by disputes, before they came to more dangerous extremities: and various topics were pleaded in support of the pretensions of each party. Stowe, p, 394. The partisans of the house of Lancaster maintained that, though the elevation of Henry IV. might at first be deemed somewhat irregular, and could not be justified by any of those principles on which that prince chose to rest his title, it was yet founded on general consent, was a national act, and was derived from the voluntary approbation of a free people, who, being loosened from their allegiance by the tyranny of the preceding government, were moved by gratitude, as well as by a sense of public interest, to intrust the sceptre into the hands of their deliverer: that, even if that establishment were allowed to be at first invalid, it had acquired solidity by time; the only principle which ultimately gives authority to government, and removes those scruples which the irregular steps attending almost all revolutions, naturally excite in the minds of the people: that the right of succession was a rule admitted only for general good, and for the maintenance of public order; and could never be pleaded to the overthrow of national tranquillity, and the subversion of regular establishments; that the principles of liberty, no less than the maxims of internal peace, were injured by these pretensions of the house of York; and if so many reiterated acts of the legislature, by which the crown was entailed on the present family, were now invalidated, the English must be considered not as a free people, who could dispose of their own government, but as a troop of slaves, who were implicitly transmitted by succession from one master to another that the nation was bound to allegiance under the house of Lancaster by moral no less than by political duty; and were they to infringe those numerous oaths of fealty which they had sworn to Henry and his predecessors, they would thenceforth be thrown loose from all principles, and it would be found difficult ever after to fix and restrain them: that the duke of York himself had frequently done homage to the king as his lawful sovereign, and had thereby, in the most solemn manner, made an indirect renunciation of those claims with which he now dared to disturb the tranquillity of the public: that even though the violation of the rights of blood, made on the deposition of Richard, was perhaps rash and imprudent, it was too late to remedy the mischief; the danger of a disputed succession could no longer be obviated; the people, accustomed to a government which, in the hands of the late king, had been so glorious, and in that of his predecessor, so prudent and salutary, would still ascribe a right to it; by causing multiplied disorders, and by shedding an inundation of blood, the advantage would only be obtained of exchanging one pretender for another; and the house of York itself, if established on the throne, would, on the first opportunity, be exposed to those revolutions, which the giddy spirit excited in the people gave so much reason to apprehend: and that, though the present king enjoyed not the shining talents which had appeared in his father and grandfather, he might still have a son who should be endowed with them; he is himself eminent for the most harmless and inoffensive manners; and if active princes were dethroned on pretence of tyranny, and indolent ones on the plea of incapacity, there would thenceforth remain in the constitution no established rule of obedience to any sovereign. Those strong topics in favor of the house of Lancaster, were opposed by arguments no less convincing on the side of the house of York. The partisans of this latter family asserted, that the maintenance of order in the succession of princes, far from doing injury to the people, or invalidating their fundamental title to good government, was established only for the purposes of government, and served to prevent those numberless confusions which must ensue, if no rule were followed but the uncertain and disputed views of present convenience and advantage: that the same maxims which insured public peace, were also salutary to national liberty the privileges of the people could only be maintained by the observance of laws; and if no account were made of the rights of the sovereign, it could less be expected that any regard would be paid to the property and freedom of the subject: that it was never too late to correct any pernicious precedent; an unjust establishment, the longer it stood, acquired the greater sanction and validity; it could, with more appearance of reason, be pleaded as an authority for a like injustice; and the maintenance of it, instead of favoring public tranquillity, tended to disjoint every principle by which human society was supported: that usurpers would be happy, if their present possession of power, or their continuance for a few years, could convert them into legal princes; but nothing would be more miserable than the people, if all restraints on violence and ambition were thus removed, and a full scope given to the attempts of every turbulent innovator: that time indeed might bestow solidity on a government whose first foundations were the most infirm; but it required both a long course of time to produce this effect, and the total extinction of those claimants whose title was built on the original principles of the constitution: that the deposition of Richard II., and the advancement of Henry IV., were not deliberate national acts, but the result of the levity and violence of the people, and proceeded from those very defects in human nature which the establishment of political society, and of an order in succession, was calculated to prevent: that the subsequent entails of the crown were a continuance of the same violence and usurpation; they were not ratified by the legislature, since the consent of the rightful king was still wanting; and the acquiescence, first of the family of Mortimer, then of the family of York, proceeded from present necessity, and implied no renunciation of their pretensions that the restoration of the true order of succession could not be considered as a change which familiarized the people to devolutions; but as the correction of a former abuse, which had itself encouraged the giddy spirit of innovation, rebellion, and disobedience: and that, as the original title of Lancaster stood only, in the person of Henry IV., on present convenience, even this principle, unjustifiable as it was when not supported by laws and warranted by the constitution, had now entirely gone over to the other side; nor was there any comparison between a prince utterly unable to sway the sceptre, and blindly governed by corrupt ministers, or by an imperious queen, engaged in foreign and hostile interests and a prince of mature years, of approved wisdom and experience, a native of England, the lineal heir of the crown, who, by his restoration, would replace every thing on ancient foundations. So many plausible arguments could be urged on both sides of this interesting question, that the people were extremely divided in their sentiments; and though the noblemen of greatest power and influence seem to have espoused the party of York, the opposite cause had the advantage of being supported by the present laws, and by the immediate possession of royal authority. There were also many great noblemen in the Lancastrian party, who balanced the power of their antagonists, and kept the nation in suspense between them. The earl of Northumberland adhered to the present government: the earl of Westmoreland, in spite of his connections with the duke of York, and with the family of Nevil, of which he was the head, was brought over to the same party; and the whole north of England, the most warlike part of the kingdom, was, by means of these two potent noblemen, warmly engaged in the interests of Lancaster. Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somerset, and his brother Henry, were great supports of that cause; as were also Henry Holland duke of Exeter, Stafford, duke of Buckingham, the earl of Shrewsbury, the Lords Clifford, Dudley, Scales, Audley, and other noblemen. While the kingdom was in this situation, it might naturally be expected that so many turbulent barons, possessed of so much independent authority, would immediately have flown to arms, and have decided the quarrel, after their usual manner, by war and battle, under the standards of the contending princes. But there still were many causes which retarded these desperate extremities, and made a long train of faction, intrigue, and cabal, precede the military operations. By the gradual progress of arts in England, as well as in other parts of Europe, the people were now become of some importance; laws were beginning to be respected by them; and it was requisite, by various pretences, previously to reconcile their minds to the overthrow of such an ancient establishment as that of the house of Lancaster, ere their concurrence could reasonably be expected. The duke of York himself, the new claimant, was of a moderate and cautious character, an enemy to violence and disposed to trust rather to time and policy, than to sanguinary measures, for the success of his pretensions. The very imbecility itself of Henry tended to keep the factions in suspense, and make them stand long in awe of each other: it rendered the Lancastrian party unable to strike any violent blow against their enemies; it encouraged the Yorkists to hope that, after banishing the king's ministers, and getting possession of his person, they might gradually undermine his authority, and be able, without the perilous experiment of a civil war, to change the succession by parliamentary and legal authority. The dispositions which appeared in a parliament assembled soon after the arrival of the duke of York from Ireland, favored these expectations of his partisans, and both discovered an unusual boldness in the commons, and were a proof of the general discontents which prevailed against the administration. The lower house, without any previous inquiry or examination, without alleging any other ground of complaint than common fame, ventured to present a petition against the duke of Somerset, the duchess of Suffolk, the bishop of Chester, Sir John Sutton, Lord Dudley, and several others of inferior rank; and they prayed the king to remove them forever from his person and councils, and to prohibit them from approaching within twelve miles of the court.[] This was a violent attack, somewhat arbitrary, and supported but by few precedents, against the ministry; yet the king durst not openly oppose it: he replied that, except the lords, he would banish all the others from court during a year, unless he should have occasion for their service in suppressing any rebellion. At the same time he rejected a bill, which had passed both houses, for attainting the late duke of Suffolk, and which, in several of its clauses, discovered a very general prejudice against the measures of the court. The duke of York, trusting to these symptoms, raised an army of ten thousand men, with which he marched towards London, demanding a reformation of the government, and the removal of the duke of Somerset from all power and authority.[] He unexpectedly found the gates of the city shut against him; and on his retreating into Kent, he was followed by the king at the head of a superior army; in which several of Richard's friends, particularly Salisbury and Warwick appeared; probably with a view of mediating between the parties, and of seconding, on occasion, the duke of York's pretensions. Parl. Hist. vol. ii. p. 263. ** Stowe, p. 394. A parley ensued; Richard still insisted upon the removal of Somerset, and his submitting to a trial in parliament: the court pretended to comply with his demand; and that nobleman was put in arrest: the duke of York was then persuaded to pay his respects to the king in his tent; and, on repeating his charge against the duke of Somerset, he was surprised to see that minister step from behind the curtain, and offer to maintain his innocence. Richard now found that he had been betrayed; that he was in the hands of his enemies; and that it was become necessary, for his own safety, to lower his pretensions. No violence, however, was attempted against him: the nation was not in a disposition to bear the destruction of so popular a prince: he had many friends in Henry's camp; and his son, who was not in the power of the court, might still be able to revenge his death on all his enemies: he was therefore dismissed; and he retired to his seat of Wigmore, on the borders of Wales.[] While the duke of York lived in this retreat, there happened an incident which, by increasing the public discontents, proved favorable to his pretensions. Several Gascon lords, affectionate to the English government, and disgusted at the new dominion of the French, came to London, and offered to return to their allegiance under Henry.[] The earl of Shrewsbury, with a body of eight thousand men, was sent over to support them. Bordeaux opened its gates to him: he made himself master of Fronsac, Castillon, and some other places: affairs began to wear a favorable aspect; but as Charles hastened to resist this dangerous invasion, the fortunes of the English were soon reversed: Shrewsbury, a venerable warrior, above fourscore years of age, fell in battle; his conquests were lost; Bordeaux was again obliged to submit to the French king;[*] and all hopes of recovering the province of Gascony were forever extinguished. Grafton, p. 620. Holing. p. 640. * Polyd. Virg. p. 501. Grafton, p. 623. Though the English might deem themselves happy to be fairly rid of distant dominions, which were of no use to them, and which they never could defend against the growing power of France, they expressed great discontent on the occasion: and they threw all the blame on the ministry, who had not been able to effect impossibilities. While they were in this disposition, the queen's delivery of a son, who received the name of Edward, was deemed no joyful incident; and as it removed all hopes of the peaceable succession of the duke of York, who was otherwise, in the right of his father, and by the laws enacted since the accession of the house of Lancaster, next heir to the crown, it had rather a tendency to inflame the quarrel between the parties. But the duke was incapable of violent counsels; and even when no visible obstacle lay between him and the throne, he was prevented by his own scruples from mounting it. Henry, always unfit to exercise the government, fell at this time into a distemper, which so far increased his natural imbecility, that it rendered him incapable of maintaining even the appearance of royalty. The queen and the council, destitute of this support, found themselves unable to resist the York party; and they were obliged to yield to the torrent. They sent Somerset to the Tower, and appointed Richard lieutenant of the kingdom, with powers to open and hold a session of parliament.[] Rymer, vol. xi. p. 344. That assembly, also, taking into consideration the state of the kingdom, created him protector during pleasure. Men who thus intrusted sovereign authority to one that had such evident and strong pretensions to the crown, were not surely averse to his taking immediate and full possession of it; yet the duke, instead of pushing them to make further concessions, appeared somewhat timid and irresolute even in receiving the power which was tendered to him. He desired that it might be recorded in parliament, that this authority was conferred on him from their own free motion, without any application on his part: he expressed his hopes that they would assist him in the exercise of it: he made it a condition of his acceptance, that the other lords who were appointed to be of his council, should also accept of the trust, and should exercise it; and he required, that all the powers of his office should be specified and defined by act of parliament. This moderation of Richard was certainly very unusual and very amiable; yet was it attended with bad consequences in the present juncture; and by giving time to the animosities of faction to rise and ferment, it proved the source of all those furious wars and commotions which ensued. The enemies of the duke of York soon found it in their power to make advantage of his excessive caution. Henry being so far recovered from his distemper, as to carry the appearance of exercising the royal power, they moved him to resume his authority, to annul the protectorship of the duke to release Somerset from the Tower,[] and to commit the administration into the hands of that nobleman. Richard, sensible of the dangers which might attend his former acceptance of the parliamentary commission, should he submit to the annulling of it, levied an army; but still without advancing any pretensions to the crown. He complained only of the king's ministers, and demanded a reformation of the government. A battle was fought at St. Albans, in which the Yorkists were superior, and, without suffering any material loss, slew about five thousand of their enemies; among whom were the duke of Somerset, the earl of Northumberland, the earl of Stafford, eldest son of the duke of Buckingham, Lord Clifford, and many other persons of distinction.[] The king himself fell into the hands of the duke of York, who treated him with great respect and tenderness: he was only obliged (which he regarded as no hardship) to commit the whole authority of the crown into the hands of his rival. Rymer, vol. xi. p. 361. Holing, p. 642. Grafton, p. 626. ** Stowe, p. 309. Holing, p. 643. This was the first blood spilt in that fatal quarrel which was not finished in less than a course of thirty years, which was signalized by twelve pitched battles, which opened a scene of extraordinary fierceness and cruelty, is computed to have cost the lives of eighty princes of the blood, and almost entirely annihilated the ancient nobility of England. The strong attachments, which, at that time, men of the same kindred bore to each other, and the vindictive spirit, which was considered as a point of honor, rendered the great families implacable in their resentments, and every moment widened the breach between the parties. Yet affairs did not immediately proceed to the last extremities; the nation was kept some time in suspense; the vigor and spirit of Queen Margaret, supporting her small power, still proved a balance to the great authority of Richard, which was checked by his irresolute temper. A parliament, which was soon after assembled, plainly discovered, by the contrariety of their proceedings, the contrariety of the motives by which they were actuated. They granted the Yorkists a general indemnity, and they restored the protectorship to the duke, who, in accepting it, still persevered in all his former precautions; but at the same time they renewed their oaths of fealty to Henry, and fixed the continuance of the protectorship to the majority of his son Edward, who was vested with the usual dignities of prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall, and earl of Chester. The only decisive act passed in this parliament, was a full resumption of all the grants which had been made since the death of Henry V., and which had reduced the crown to great poverty. It was not found difficult to wrest power from hands so little tenacious as those of the duke of York. Margaret, availing herself of that prince's absence, produced her husband before the house of lords; and as his state of health permitted him at that time to act his part with some tolerable decency, he declared his intentions of resuming the government, and of putting an end to Richard's authority. This measure, being unexpected, was not opposed by the contrary party; the house of lords, who were many of them disgusted with the late act of resumption, assented to Henry's proposal; and the king was declared to be reinstated in sovereign authority. Even the duke of York acquiesced in this irregular act of the peers, and no disturbance ensued. But that prince's claim to the crown was too well known, and the steps which he had taken to promote it were too evident ever to allow sincere trust and confidence to have place between the parties. The court retired to Coventry, and invited the duke of York and the earls of Salisbury and Warwick to attend the king's person. When they were on the road, they received intelligence that designs were formed against their liberties and lives. They immediately separated themselves; Richard withdrew to his castle of Wigmore; Salisbury to Middleham, in Yorkshire, and Warwick to his government of Calais, which had been committed to him after the battle of St. Albans, and which, as it gave him the command of the only regular military force maintained by England, was of the utmost importance in the present juncture. Still, men of peaceable dispositions, and among the rest Bourchier, archbishop of Canterbury, thought it not too late to interpose with their good offices, in order to prevent that effusion of blood, with which the kingdom was threatened; and the awe in which each party stood of the other, rendered the mediation for some time successful. It was agreed that all the great leaders on both sides should meet in London, and be solemnly reconciled. The duke of York and his partisans came thither with numerous retinues, and took up their quarters near each other for mutual security. The leaders of the Lancastrian party used the same precaution. The mayor, at the head of five thousand men, kept a strict watch, night and day; and was extremely vigilant in maintaining peace between them.[] Fabian Chron. anno 1458. The author says that some lords brought nine hundred retainers, some six hundred, none less than four hundred. See also Grafton, p. 633. Terms were adjusted, which removed not the ground of difference. An outward reconciliation only was procured; and in order to notify this accord to the whole people, a solemn procession to St. Paul's was appointed, where the duke of York led Queen Margaret, and a leader of one party marched hand in hand with a leader of the opposite. The less real cordiality prevailed, the more were the exterior demonstrations of amity redoubled. But it was evident, that a contest for a crown could not thus be peaceably accommodated; that each party watched only for an opportunity of subverting the other; and that much blood must yet be spilt, ere the nation could be restored to perfect tranquillity, or enjoy a settled and established government. Even the smallest accident, without any formed design, was sufficient, in the present disposition of men's minds, to dissolve the seeming harmony between the parties; and had the intentions of the leaders been ever so amicable they would have found it difficult to restrain the animosity of their followers. One of the king's retinue insulted one of the earl of Warwick's: their companions on both sides took part in the quarrel: a fierce combat ensued: the earl apprehended his life to be aimed at: he fled to his government of Calais; and both parties, in every county of England, openly made preparations for deciding the contest by war and arms. The earl of Salisbury, marching to join the duke of York, was overtaken at Blore Heath, on the borders of Staffordshire, by Lord Audley, who commanded much superior forces; and a small rivulet with steep banks ran between the armies. Salisbury here supplied his defect in numbers by stratagem, a refinement of which there occur few instances in the English civil wars, where a headlong courage, more than military conduct, is commonly to be remarked. He feigned a retreat, and allured Audley to follow him with precipitation; but when the van of the royal army had passed the brook, Salisbury suddenly turned upon them; and partly by the surprise, partly by the division, of the enemies' forces, put this body to rout: the example of flight was followed by the rest of the army: and Salisbury, obtaining a complete victory, reached the general rendezvous of the Yorkists at Ludlow.[] The earl of Warwick brought over to this rendezvous a choice body of veterans from Calais, on whom, it was thought the fortune of the war would much depend; but this reënforcement occasioned, in the issue, the immediate ruin of the duke of York's party. When the royal army approached, and a general action was every hour expected, Sir Andrew Trollop, who commanded the veterans, deserted to the king in the night-time; and the Yorkists were so dismayed at this instance of treachery, which made every man suspicious of his fellow, that they separated next day without striking a stroke:[] the duke fled to Ireland: the earl of Warwick, attended by many of the other leaders, escaped to Calais; where his great popularity among all orders of men, particularly among the military, soon drew to him partisans, and rendered his power very formidable. The friends of the house of York in England kept themselves every where in readiness to rise on the first summons from their leaders. After meeting with some successes at sea, Warwick landed in Kent, with the earl of Salisbury, and the earl of Marche, eldest son of the duke of York; and being met by the primate, by Lord Cobham, and other persons of distinction, he marched, amidst the acclamations of the people, to London. The city immediately opened its gates to him; and his troops increasing on every day's march, he soon found himself in a condition to face the royal army, which hastened from Coventry to attack him. The battle was fought at Northampton; and was soon decided against the royalists by the infidelity of Lord Grey of Ruthin, who, commanding Henry's van, deserted to the enemy during the heat of action, and spread a consternation through the troops. The duke of Buckingham, the earl of Shrewsbury, the Lords Beaumont and Egremont, and Sir William Lucie were killed in the action or pursuit: the slaughter fell chiefly on the gentry and nobility; the common people were spared by orders of the earls of Warwick and Marche.[*] Holingshed, p. 649. Grafton, p. 936. Holingshed, p. 650. Grafton, p. 537 * Stowe, p. 409. Henry himself, that empty shadow of a king, was again taken prisoner; and as the innocence and simplicity of his manners, which bore the appearance of sanctity, had procured him the tender regard of the people,[] the earl of Warwick and the other leaders took care to distinguish themselves by their respectful demeanor towards him. A parliament was summoned in the king's name, and met at Westminster; where the duke soon after appeared from Ireland. This prince had never hitherto advanced openly any claim to the crown: he had only complained of ill ministers, and demanded a redress of grievances; and even in the present crisis, when the parliament was surrounded by his victorious army, he showed such a regard to law and liberty, as is unusual during the prevalence of a party in any civil dissensions; and was still less to be expected in those violent and licentious times. He advanced towards the throne; and being met by the archbishop of Canterbury, who asked him, whether he had yet paid his respects to the king, he replied, that he knew of none to whom he owed that title. He then stood near the throne,[] and addressing himself to the house of peers, he gave them a deduction of his title by descent, mentioned the cruelties by which the house of Lancaster had paved their way to sovereign power, insisted on the calamities which had attended the government of Henry, exhorted them to return into the right path, by doing justice to the lineal successor, and thus pleaded his cause before them as his natural and legal judges.[] This cool and moderate manner of demanding a crown intimidated his friends and encouraged his enemies: the lords remained in suspense;[*] and no one ventured to utter a word on the occasion. Hall, fol. 169. Grafton, p. 195. Holingshed, p. 650 * Cotton, p. 665. Grafton, p. 643. **** Holingshed, p. 657. Grafton, p. 645. Richard, who had probably expected that the peers would have invited him to place himself on the throne, was much disappointed at their silence; but desiring them to reflect on what he had proposed to them, he departed the house. The peers took the matter into consideration, with as much tranquillity as if it had been a common subject of debate: they desired the assistance of some considerable members among the commons in their deliberations: they heard in several successive days, the reasons alleged for the duke of York: they even ventured to propose objections to his claim founded on former entails of the crown, and on the oaths of fealty sworn to the house of Lancaster:[] they also observed that as Richard had all along borne the arms of York, not those of Clarence, he could not claim as successor to the latter family: and after receiving answers to these objections, derived from the violence and power by which the house of Lancaster supported their present possession of the crown, they proceeded to give a decision. Their sentence was calculated, as far as possible, to please both parties: they declared the title of the duke of York to be certain and indefeasible; but in consideration that Henry had enjoyed the crown, without dispute or controversy, during the course of thirty-eight years, they determined that he should continue to possess the title and dignity during the remainder of his life; that the administration of the government, meanwhile, should remain with Richard; that he should be acknowledged the true and lawful heir of the monarchy; that every one should swear to maintain his succession, and it should be treason to attempt his life; and that all former settlements of the crown, in this and the two last reigns, should be abrogated and rescinded.[] The duke acquiesced in this decision: Henry himself, being a prisoner, could not oppose it: even if he had enjoyed his liberty, he would not probably have felt any violent reluctance against it: and the act thus passed with the unanimous consent of the whole legislative body. Though the mildness of this compromise is chiefly to be ascribed to the moderation of the duke of York, it is impossible not to observe in those transactions visible marks of a higher regard to law, and of a more fixed authority enjoyed by parliament, than has appeared in any former period of English history. Cotton, p. 666. ** Cotton, p. 666. Grafton, p. 647. It is probable that the duke, without employing either menaces or violence, could have obtained from the commons a settlement more consistent and uniform: but as many, if not all the members of the upper house, had received grants, concession, or dignities, during the last sixty years, when the house of Lancaster was possessed of the government, they were afraid of invalidating their own titles by too sudden and violent an overthrow of that family; and in thus temporizing between the parties, they fixed the throne on a basis upon which it could not possibly stand. The duke, apprehending his chief danger to arise from the genius and spirit of Queen Margaret sought a pretence for banishing her the kingdom: he sent her, in the king's name, a summons to come immediately to London; intending, in case of her disobedience, to proceed to extremities against her. But the queen needed not this menace to excite her activity in defending the rights of her family. After the defeat at Northampton, she had fled with her infant son to Durham, thence to Scotland; but soon returning, she applied to the northern barons, and employed every motive to procure their assistance. Her affability, insinuation, and address,—qualities in which she excelled,—her caresses, her promises, wrought a powerful effect on every one who approached her: the admiration of her great qualities was succeeded by compassion towards her helpless condition: the nobility of that quarter, who regarded themselves as the most warlike in the kingdom, were moved by indignation to find the southern barons pretend to dispose of the crown and settle the government. And that they might allure the people to their standard, they promised them the spoils of all the provinces on the other side of the Trent. By these means, the queen had collected an army twenty thousand strong, with a celerity which was neither expected by her friends nor apprehended by her enemies. The duke of York, informed of her appearance in the north, hastened thither with a body of five thousand men, to suppress, as he imagined, the beginnings of an insurrection; when, on his arrival at Wakefield, he found himself so much outnumbered by the enemy. He threw himself into Sandal Castle, which was situated in the neighborhood; and he was advised by the earl of Salisbury, and other prudent counsellors, to remain in that fortress till his son, the earl of Marche, who was levying forces in the borders of Wales, could advance to his assistance.[] But the duke, though deficient in political courage, possessed personal bravery in an eminent degree; and notwithstanding his wisdom and experience, he thought that he should be forever disgraced, if, by taking shelter behind walls, he should for a moment resign the victory to a woman. Stowe, p. 412. He descended into the plain, and offered battle to the enemy, which was instantly accepted. The great inequality of numbers was sufficient alone to decide the victory; but the queen, by sending a detachment, who fell on the back of the duke's army, rendered her advantage still more certain and undisputed. The duke himself was killed in the action; and as his body was found among the slain, the head was cut off by Margaret's orders, and fixed on the gates of York, with a paper crown upon it, in derision of his pretended title. His son, the earl of Rutland, a youth of seventeen, was brought to Lord Clifford; and that barbarian, in revenge of his father's death, who had perished in the battle of St. Albans, murdered in cool blood, and with his own hands, this innocent prince, whose exterior figure, as well as other accomplishments, are represented by historians as extremely amiable. The earl of Salisbury was wounded and taken prisoner, and immediately beheaded, with several other persons of distinction, by martial law at Pomfret.[] There fell near three thousand Yorkists in this battle: the duke himself was greatly and justly lamented by his own party; a prince who merited a better fate, and whose errors in conduct proceeded entirely from such qualities as render him the more an object of esteem and affection. He perished in the fiftieth year of his age, and left three sons, Edward, George, and Richard, with three daughters, Anne, Elizabeth, and Margaret. The queen, after this important victory, divided her army. She sent the smaller division, under Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke, half brother to the king, against Edward the new duke of York. She herself marched with the larger division towards London, where the earl of Warwick had been left with the command of the Yorkists. Pembroke was defeated by Edward at Mortimer's Cross, in Herefordshire, with the loss of near four thousand men: his army was dispersed; he himself escaped by flight; but his father, Sir Owen Tudor, was taken prisoner, and immediately beheaded by Edward's orders. This barbarous practice, being once begun, was continued by both parties, from a spirit of revenge, which covered itself under the pretence of retaliation.[] Poivd. Virg. p 510. ** Holingshed, p. 660. Grafton, p. 650. Margaret compensated this defeat by a victory which she obtained over the earl of Warwick. That nobleman on the approach of the Lancastrians, led out his army, reënforced by a strong body of the Londoners, who were affectionate to his cause; and he gave battle to the queen at St. Albans. While the armies were warmly engaged, Lovelace, who commanded a considerable body of the Yorkists, withdrew from the combat; and this treacherous conduct, of which there are many instances in those civil wars, decided the victory in favor of the queen. About two thousand three hundred of the vanquished perished in the battle and pursuit; and the person of the king fell again into the hands of his own party. This weak prince was sure to be almost equally a prisoner whichever faction had the keeping of him; and scarce any more decorum was observed by one than by the other, in their method of treating him. Lord Bonville, to whose care he had been intrusted by the Yorkists, remained with him after the defeat, on assurances of pardon given him by Henry: but Margaret, regardless of her husband's promise, immediately ordered the head of that nobleman to be struck off by the executioner.[] Sir Thomas Kiriel, a brave warrior, who had signalized himself in the French wars, was treated in the same manner. The queen made no great advantage of this victory: young Edward advanced upon her from the other side; and collecting the remains of Warwick's army, was soon in a condition of giving her battle with superior forces. She was sensible of her danger, while she lay between the enemy and the city of London; and she found it necessary to retreat with her army to the north.[] Holingshed, p. 660. ** Grafton, p. 652. Edward entered the capital amidst the acclamations of the citizens, and immediately opened a new scene to his party. This prince, in the bloom of youth, remarkable for the beauty of this person, for his bravery, his activity, his affability, and every popular quality, found himself so much possessed of public favor, that, elated with the spirit natural to his age, he resolved no longer to confine himself within those narrow limits which his father had prescribed to himself, and which had been found by experience so prejudicial to his cause. He determined to assume the name and dignity of king; to insist openly on his claim; and thenceforth to treat the opposite party as traitors and rebels to his lawful authority. But as a national consent, or the appearance of it, still seemed, notwithstanding his plausible title, requisite to precede this bold measure, and as the assembling of a parliament might occasion too many delays, and be attended with other inconveniences, he ventured to proceed in a less regular manner, and to put it out of the power of his enemies to throw obstacles in the way of his elevation. His army was ordered to assemble in St. John's Fields; great numbers of people surrounded them; an harangue was pronounced to this mixed multitude, setting forth the title of Edward, and inveighing against the tyranny and usurpation of the rival family; and the people were then asked whether they would have Henry of Lancaster for king. They unanimously exclaimed against the proposal. It was then demanded whether they would accept of Edward, eldest son of the late duke of York. They expressed their assent by loud and joyful acclamations.[] A great number of bishops, lords, magistrates, and other persons of distinction were next assembled at Baynard's Castle, who ratified the popular election; and the new king was on the subsequent day proclaimed in London, by the title of Edward IV.[] In this manner ended the reign of Henry VI., a monarch, who, while in his cradle, had been proclaimed king both of France and England, and who began his life with the most splendid prospects that any prince in Europe had ever enjoyed. The revolution was unhappy for his people, as it was the source of civil wars; but was almost entirely indifferent to Henry himself, who was utterly incapable of exercising his authority, and who, provided he personally met with good usage, was equally easy, as he was equally enslaved, in the hands of his enemies and of his friends. His weakness and his disputed title were the chief causes of the public calamities: but whether his queen and his ministers were not also guilty of some great abuses of power, it is not easy for us at this distance of time to determine: there remain no proofs on record of any considerable violation of the laws, except in the assassination of the duke of Glocester, which was a private crime, formed no precedent, and was but too much of a piece with the usual ferocity and cruelty of the times. The most remarkable law which passed in this reign, was that for the due election of members of parliament in counties. After the fall of the feudal system, the distinction of tenures was in some measure lost; and every freeholder, as well those who held of mesne lords, as the immediate tenants of the crown, were by degrees admitted to give their votes at elections. This innovation (for such it may probably be esteemed) was indirectly confirmed by a law of Henry IV.[*] which gave right to such a multitude of electors, as was the occasion of great disorder. Stowe, p. 415. Holingshed, p. 661. Grafton, p. 653. * Statutes at large, 7 Henry IV. ca. 15. In the eighth and tenth of this king, therefore, laws were enacted, limiting the electors to such as possessed forty shillings a year in land, free from all burdens within the county.[] This sum was equivalent to near twenty pounds a year of our present money, and it were to be wished, that the spirit, as well as letter, of this law had been maintained. The preamble of the statute is remarkable: "Whereas the elections of knights have of late, in many counties of England, been made by outrageous and excessive numbers of people, many of them of small substance and value, yet pretending to a right equal to the best knights and esquires; whereby manslaughters, riots, batteries, and divisions among the gentlemen and other people of the same counties, shall very likely rise and be, unless due remedy be provided in this behalf, etc." We may learn from these expressions, what an important matter the election of a member of parliament was now become in England: that assembly was beginning in this period to assume great authority: the commons had it much in their power to enforce the execution of the laws; and if they failed of success in this particular, it proceeded less from any exorbitant power of the crown, than from the licentious spirit of the aristocracy, and perhaps from the rude education of the age, and their own ignorance of the advantages resulting from a regular administration of justice. When the duke of York, the earls of Salisbury and Warwick, fled the kingdom upon the desertion of their troops, a parliament was summoned at Coventry in 1460, by which they were all attainted. This parliament seems to have been very irregularly constituted, and scarcely deserves the name; insomuch, that an act passed in it, "that all such knights of any county, as were returned by virtue of the king's letters, without any other election, should be valid; and that no sheriff should, for returning them, incur the penalty of the statute of Henry IV."[] All the acts of that parliament were afterwards reversed; "because it was unlawfully summoned, and the knights and barons not duly chosen."[*] Statutes at large, 8 Henry VI. cap. 7. 10 Henry VI. cap. Cotton, p. 664. * Statutes at large, 39 Henry VI. cap. 1 The parliaments in this reign, instead of relaxing their vigilance against the usurpations of the court of Rome, endeavored to enforce the former statutes enacted for that purpose. The commons petitioned, that no foreigner should be capable of any church preferment, and that the patron might be allowed to present anew upon the non-residence of any incumbent:[] but the king eluded these petitions. Pope Martin wrote him a severe letter against the statute of provisors; which he calls an abominable law, that would infallibly damn every one who observed it.[] The cardinal of Winchester was legate; and as he was also a kind of prime minister, and immensely rich from the profits of his clerical dignities, the parliament became jealous lest he should extend the papal power; and they protested, that the cardinal should absent himself in all affairs and councils of the king, whenever the pope or see of Rome was touched upon.[] Permission was given by parliament to export corn when it was at low prices; wheat at six shillings and eightpence a quarter, money of that age; barley at three shillings and fourpence.[] It appears from these prices, that corn still remained at near half its present value; though other commodities were much cheaper. The inland commerce of corn was also opened in the eighteenth of the king, by allowing any collector of the customs to grant a license of carrying it from one county to another.[*] The same year a kind of navigation act was proposed with regard to all places within the Straits; but the king rejected it.[**] The first instance of debt contracted upon parliamentary security occurs in this reign.[****] The commencement of this pernicious practice deserves to be noted; a practice the more likely to become pernicious, the more a nation advances in opulence and credit. The ruinous effects of it are now become apparent, and threaten the very existence of the nation. Cotton, p. 585. Burnet's Collection of Records, vol. i. p. 99. * Cotton, p. 593. ** Statutes at large, 15 Henry VI. cap. 2. 23 Henry VI. cap. ** Cotton, p. 626. ***** Cotton, p. 593, 614, 638. Young Edward, now in his twentieth year, was of a temper well fitted to make his way through such a scene of war, havoc, and devastation, as must conduct him to the full possession of that crown, which he claimed from hereditary right, but which he had assumed from the tumultuary election alone of his own party. He was bold, active, enterprising; and his hardness of heart and severity of character rendered him impregnable to all those movements of compassion which might relax his vigor in the prosecution of the most bloody revenges upon his enemies. The very commencement of his reign gave symptoms of his sanguinary disposition. A tradesman of London, who kept shop at the sign of the Crown, having said that he would make his son heir to the crown; this harmless pleasantry was interpreted to be spoken in derision of Edward's assumed title; and he was condemned and executed for the offence.[] Such an act of tyranny was a proper prelude to the events which ensued. The scaffold, as well as the field, incessantly streamed with the noblest blood of England, spilt in the quarrel between the two contending families, whose animosity was now become implacable. The people, divided in their affections, took different symbols of party: the partisans of the house of Lancaster chose the red rose as their mark of distinction;[] those of York were denominated from the white; and these civil wars were thus known over Europe by the name of the quarrel between the two roses. Habington in Kennet, p. 431. ** Grafton, p. 791. The license in which Queen Margaret had been obliged to indulge her troops, infused great terror and aversion into the city of London, and all the southern parts of the kingdom; and as she there expected an obstinate resistance, she had prudently retired northwards among her own partisans. The same license, joined to the zeal of faction, soon brought great multitudes to her standard; and she was able, in a few days, to assemble an army sixty thousand strong in Yorkshire. The king and the earl of Warwick hastened, with an army of forty thousand men, to check her progress; and when they reached Pomfret, they despatched a body of troops, under the command of Lord Fitzwalter, to secure the passage of Ferrybridge over the River Are, which lay between them and the enemy. Fitzwalter took possession of the post assigned him; but was not able to maintain it against Lord Clifford, who attacked him with superior numbers. The Yorkists were chased back with great slaughter; and Lord Fitzwalter himself was slain in the action.[] The earl of Warwick, dreading the consequences of this disaster, at a time when a decisive action was every hour expected, immediately ordered his horse to be brought him, which he stabbed before the whole army; and kissing the hilt of his sword, swore that he was determined to share the fate of the meanest soldier.[] And to show the greater security, a proclamation was at the same time issued, giving to every one full liberty to retire, but menacing the severest punishment to those who should discover any symptoms of cowardice in the ensuing battle.[] Lord Falconberg was sent to recover the post which had been lost: he passed the river some miles above Ferrybridge, and falling unexpectedly on Lord Clifford, revenged the former disaster by the defeat of the party and the death of their leader.[*] W. Wyrcester, p. 489. Hall, fol. 186. Holingshed, p. 664. Habington, p. 432. * Holingshed, p. 664. **** Hist. Croyl. Contin. p. 532. The hostile armies met at Touton; and a fierce and bloody battle ensued. While the Yorkists were advancing to the charge, there happened a great fall of snow, which, driving full in the faces of their enemies, blinded them; and this advantage was improved by a stratagem of Lord Falconberg's. That nobleman ordered some infantry to advance before the line, and, after having sent a volley of flight-arrows, as they were called, amidst the enemy, immediately to retire. The Lancastrians, imagining that they were gotten within reach of the opposite army, discharged all their arrows, which thus fell short of the Yorkists.[] After the quivers of the enemy were emptied, Edward advanced his line, and did execution with impunity on the dismayed Lancastrians: the bow, however, was soon laid aside, and the sword decided the combat, which ended in a total victory on the side of the Yorkists. Edward issued orders to give no quarter.[] The routed army was pursued to Tadcaster with great bloodshed and confusion; and above thirty-six thousand men are computed to have fallen in the battle and pursuit:[] among these were the earl of Westmoreland, and his brother Sir John Nevil, the earl of Northumberland, the Lords Dacres and Welles, and Sir Andrew Trollop.[*] The earl of Devonshire, who was now engaged in Henry's party, was brought a prisoner to Edward; and was soon after beheaded by martial law at York. His head was fixed on a pole erected over a gate of that city; and the head of Duke Richard and that of the earl of Salisbury were taken down, and buried with their bodies. Henry and Margaret had remained at York during the action, but learning the defeat of their army, and being sensible that no place in England could now afford them shelter, they fled with great precipitation into Scotland. They were accompanied by the duke of Exeter, who, though he had married Edward's sister, had taken part with the Lancastrians; and by Henry, duke of Somerset, who had commanded in the unfortunate battle of Touton, and who was the son of that nobleman killed in the first battle of St. Albans. Hall, fol. 186. Habington, p. 432. * Holingshed, p. 665. Grafton, p. 656. Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 533. **** Hall, fol. 187. Habington, p. 433. Notwithstanding the great animosity which prevailed between the kingdoms, Scotland had never exerted itself with vigor, to take advantage either of the wars which England carried on with France, or of the civil commotions which arose between the contending families. James I., more laudably employed in civilizing his subjects, and taming them to the salutary yoke of law and justice, avoided all hostilities with foreign nations; and though he seemed interested to maintain a balance between France and England, he gave no further assistance to the former kingdom in its greatest distresses, than permitting, and perhaps encouraging, his subjects to enlist in the French service. After the murder of that excellent prince, the minority of his son and successor, James II., and the distractions incident to it, retained the Scots in the same state of neutrality; and the superiority visibly acquired by France, rendered it then unnecessary for her ally to interpose in her defence. But when the quarrel commenced between the houses of York and Lancaster, and became absolutely incurable but by the total extinction of one party, James, who had now risen to man's estate, was tempted to seize the opportunity, and he endeavored to recover those places which the English had formerly conquered from his ancestors. He laid siege to the Castle of Roxburgh in 1460, and had provided himself with a small train of artillery for that enterprise: but his cannon were so ill framed, that one of them burst as he was firing it, and put an end to his life in the flower of his age. His son and successor, James III., was also a minor on his accession: the usual distractions ensued in the government: the queen dowager, Anne of Gueldres, aspired to the regency: the family of Douglas opposed her pretensions: and Queen Margaret, when she fled into Scotland, found there a people little less divided by faction, than those by whom she had been expelled. Though she pleaded the connections between the royal family of Scotland and the house of Lancaster, by the young king's grandmother, a daughter of the earl of Somerset, she could engage the Scottish council to go no further than to express their good wishes in her favor; but on her offer to deliver to them immediately the important fortress of Berwick, and to contract her son in marriage with a sister of King James, she found a better reception; and the Scots promised the assistance of their arms to reinstate her family upon the throne.[] But as the danger from that quarter seemed not very urgent to Edward, he did not pursue the fugitive king and queen into their retreat; but returned to London, where a parliament was summoned for settling the government. On the meeting of this assembly, Edward found the good effects of his vigorous measure in assuming the crown, as well as of his victory at Touton, by which he had secured it;[] the parliament no longer hesitated between the two families or proposed any of those ambiguous decisions which could only serve to perpetuate and inflame the animosities of party. Hall, fol. 137. ** Habington, p. 434. They recognized the title of Edward, by hereditary descent, through the family of Mortimer; and declared that he was king by right, from the death of his father, who had also the same lawful title; and that he was in possession of the crown from the day that he assumed the government, tendered to him by the acclamations of the people.[] They expressed their abhorrence of the usurpation and intrusion of the house of Lancaster, particularly that of the earl of Derby, otherwise called Henry IV.; which, they said, had been attended with every kind of disorder, the murder of the sovereign, and the oppression of the subject. They annulled every grant which had passed in those reigns; they reinstated the king in all the possessions which had belonged to the crown at the pretended deposition of Richard II.; and though they confirmed judicial deeds and the decrees of inferior courts, they reversed all attainders passed in any pretended parliament; particularly the attainder of the earl of Cambridge, the king's grandfather; as well as that of the earls of Salisbury and Glocester, and of Lord Lumley, who had been forfeited for adhering to Richard II.[] Many of these votes were the result of the usual violence of party: the common sense of mankind, in more peaceable times, repealed them: and the statutes of the house of Lancaster, being the deeds of an established government, and enacted by princes long possessed of authority, have always been held as valid and obligatory. The parliament, however, in subverting such deep foundations, had still the pretence of replacing the government on its ancient and natural basis: but in their subsequent measures, they were more guided by revenge, at least by the views of convenience, than by the maxims of equity and justice. They passed an act of forfeiture and attainder against Henry VI. and Queen Margaret and their infant son Prince Edward: the same act was extended to the dukes of Somerset and Exeter; to the earls of Northumberland, Devonshire, Pembroke, Wilts; to the Viscount Beaumont; the Lords Roos, Nevil, Clifford, Welles, Dacre, Gray of Rugemont, Hungerford; to Alexander Hedie, Nicholas Latimer, Edmond Mountfort, John Heron, and many other persons of distinction.[*] Cotton, p. 670. Cotton, p. 672. Statutes at large, 1 Edward IV cap. i. * Cotton, p. 670. W. Wyrcester, p. 490. The parliament vested the estates of all these attainted persons in the crown, though their sole crime was the adhering to a prince whom every individual of the parliament had long recognized, and whom that very king himself, who was now seated on the throne, had acknowledged and obeyed as his lawful sovereign. The necessity of supporting the government established will more fully justify some other acts of violence, though the method of conducting them may still appear exceptionable. John, earl of Oxford, and his son Aubrey de Vere were detected in a correspondence with Margaret, were tried by martial law before the constable, were condemned and executed.[] Sir William Tyrrel, Sir Thomas Tudenham, and John Montgomery were convicted in the same arbitrary court; were executed, and their estates forfeited. This introduction of martial law into civil government was a high strain of prerogative; which, were it not for the violence of the times, would probably have appeared exceptionable to a nation so jealous of their liberties as the English were now become.[] 18 It was impossible but such a great and sudden revolution must leave the roots of discontent and dissatisfaction in the subject, which would require great art, or, in lieu of it, great violence, to extirpate them. The latter was more suitable to the genius of the nation in that uncultivated age. But the new establishment still seemed precarious and uncertain; not only from the domestic discontents of the people, but from the efforts of foreign powers. Lewis, the eleventh of the name, had succeeded to his father, Charles, in 1460; and was led, from the obvious motives of national interest, to feed the flames of civil discord among such dangerous neighbors, by giving support to the weaker party. But the intriguing and politic genius of this prince was here checked by itself: having attempted to subdue the independent spirit of his own vassals, he had excited such an opposition at home, as prevented him from making all the advantage, which the opportunity afforded, of the dissensions among the English. He sent, however, a small body to Henry's assistance under Varenne, seneschal of Normandy;[*] who landed in Northumberland, and got possession of the Castle of Alnwick; but as the indefatigable Margaret went in person to France, where she solicited larger supplies and promised Lewis to deliver up Calais, if her family should by his means be restored to the throne of England; he was induced to send along with her a body of two thousand men at arms, which enabled her to take the field, and to make an inroad into England. W. Wyrcester, p. 492. Hall, fol. 189 Grafton, p. 658. Fabian fol. 215. Fragm. ad finem T. Sproti. See note R, at the end of the volume. ** Monstrelet, vol. iii. p 95. Though reënforced by a numerous train of adventurers from Scotland, and by many partisans of the family of Lancaster she received a check at Hedgley-more from Lord Montacute, or Montague, brother to the earl of Warwick, and warden of the east marches between Scotland and England. Montague was so encouraged with this success, that, while a numerous reënforcement was on their march to join him by orders from Edward, he yet ventured, with his own troops alone, to attack the Lancastrians at Hexham; and he obtained a complete victory over them. The duke of Somerset, the Lords Roos and Hungerford, were taken in the pursuit, and immediately beheaded by martial law at Hexham. Summary justice was in like manner executed at Newcastle on Sir Humphrey Nevil, and several other gentlemen. All those who were spared in the field, suffered on the scaffold; and the utter extermination of their adversaries was now become the plain object of the York party; a conduct which received but too plausible an apology from the preceding practice of the Lancastrians. The fate of the unfortunate royal family, after this defeat, was singular. Margaret, flying with her son into a forest, where she endeavored to conceal herself, was beset, during the darkness of the night, by robbers, who, either ignorant or regardless of her quality, despoiled her of her rings and jewels, and treated her with the utmost indignity. The partition of this rich booty raised a quarrel among them; and while their attention was thus engaged, she took the opportunity of making her escape with her son into the thickest of the forest where she wandered for some time, overspent with hunger and fatigue, and sunk with terror and affliction. While in this wretched condition, she saw a robber approach with his naked sword; and finding that she had no means of escape, she suddenly embraced the resolution of trusting entirely for protection to his faith and generosity. She advanced towards him; and presenting to him the young prince, called out to him, "Here, my friend, I commit to your care the safety of your king's son." The man, whose humanity and generous spirit had been obscured, not entirely lost, by his vicious course of life, was struck with the singularity of the event, was charmed with the confidence reposed in him, and vowed, not only to abstain from all injury against the princess, but to devote himself entirely to her service.[] By his means she dwelt some time concealed in the forest, and was at last conducted to the sea-coast, whence she made her escape into Flanders. She passed thence into her father's court, where she lived several years in privacy and retirement. Her husband was not so fortunate or so dexterous in finding the means of escape. Some of his friends took him under their protection, and conveyed him into Lancashire, where he remained concealed during a twelvemonth; but he was at last detected, delivered up to Edward, and thrown into the Tower.[] The safety of his person was owing less to the generosity of his enemies, than to the contempt which they had entertained of his courage and his understanding. The imprisonment of Henry, the expulsion of Margaret, the execution and confiscation of all the most eminent Lancastrians, seemed to give full security to Edward's government; whose title by blood, being now recognized by parliament, and universally submitted to by the people, was no longer in danger of being impeached by any antagonist. In this prosperous situation, the king delivered himself up, without control, to those pleasures which his youth, his high fortune, and his natural temper invited him to enjoy; and the cares of royalty were less attended to than the dissipation of amusement, or the allurements of passion. The cruel and unrelenting spirit of Edward, though inured to the ferocity of civil wars, was at the same time extremely devoted to the softer passions, which, without mitigating his severe temper, maintained a great influence over him, and shared his attachment with the pursuits of ambition and the thirst of military glory. During the present interval of peace, he lived in the most familiar and sociable manner with his subjects,[*] particularly with the Londoners; and the beauty of his person, as well as the gallantry of his address, which, even unassisted by his royal dignity, would have rendered him acceptable to the fair, facilitated all his applications for their favor. Monstrelet, vol. iii. p. 96. Hall, fol. 191. Fragm. ad finem Sproti. * Polyd. Virg. p. 513. Biondi. This easy and pleasurable course of life augmented every day his popularity among all ranks of men: he was the peculiar favorite of the young and gay of both sexes. The disposition of the English little addicted to jealousy, kept them from taking umbrage at these liberties: and his indulgence in amusements, while it gratified his inclination, was thus become, without design, a means of supporting and securing his government. But as it is difficult to confine the ruling passion within strict rules of prudence, the amorous temper of Edward led him into a snare, which proved fatal to his repose, and to the stability of his throne. Jaqueline of Luxembourg, duchess of Bedford, had, after her husband's death, so far sacrificed her ambition to love, that she espoused, in second marriage, Sir Richard Woodeville a private gentleman, to whom she bore several children; and among the rest, Elizabeth, who was remarkable for the grace and beauty of her person, as well as for other amiable accomplishments. This young lady had married Sir John Gray of Groby, by whom she had children; and her husband being slain in the second battle of St. Albans, fighting on the side of Lancaster, and his estate being for that reason confiscated, his widow retired to live with her father, at his seat of Grafton, in Northamptonshire. The king came accidentally to the house after a hunting party, in order to pay a visit to the duchess of Bedford; and as the occasion seemed favorable for obtaining some grace from this gallant monarch, the young widow flung herself at his feet, and with many tears entreated him to take pity on her impoverished and distressed children. The sight of so much beauty in affliction strongly affected the amorous Edward; love stole sensibly into his heart under the guise of compassion; and her sorrow, so becoming a virtuous matron, made his esteem and regard quickly correspond to his affection. He raised her from the ground with assurances of favor; he found his passion increase every moment, by the conversation of the amiable object; and he was soon reduced, in his turn, to the posture and style of a supplicant at the feet of Elizabeth. But the lady, either averse to dishonorable love from a sense of duty, or perceiving that the impression which she had made was so deep as to give her hopes of obtaining the highest elevation, obstinately refused to gratify his passion; and all the endearments, caresses, and importunities of the young and amiable Edward proved fruitless against her rigid and inflexible virtue. His passion, irritated by opposition, and increased by his veneration for such honorable sentiments carried him at last beyond all bounds of reason and he offered to share his throne, as well as his heart, with the woman whose beauty of person and dignity of character seemed so well to entitle her to both. The marriage was privately celebrated at Grafton:[] the secret was carefully kept for some time: no one suspected that so libertine a prince could sacrifice so much to a romantic passion; and there were, in particular, strong reasons, which, at that time, rendered this step, to the highest degree, dangerous and imprudent. The king, desirous to secure his throne, as well by the prospect of issue as by foreign alliances, had, a little before, determined to make application to some neighboring princess, and he had cast his eye on Bona of Savoy, sister to the queen of France, who, he hoped, would by her marriage insure him the friendship of that power, which was alone both able and inclined to give support and assistance to his rival. To render the negotiation more successful, the earl of Warwick had been despatched to Paris, where the princess then resided; he had demanded Bona in marriage for the king; his proposals had been accepted; the treaty was fully concluded; and nothing remained but the ratification of the terms agreed on, and the bringing over the princess to England.[] But when the secret of Edward's marriage broke out, the haughty earl, deeming himself affronted, both by being employed in this fruitless negotiation, and by being kept a stranger to the king's intentions, who had owed every thing to his friendship, immediately returned to England, inflamed with rage and indignation. The influence of passion over so young a man as Edward, might have served as an excuse for his imprudent conduct, had he deigned to acknowledge his error, or had pleaded his weakness as an apology; but his faulty shame or pride prevented him from so much as mentioning the matter to Warwick; and that nobleman was allowed to depart the court, full of the same ill humor and discontent which he brought to it. * Hall, fol. 193. Fabian, fol. 216. ** Hall, fol. 193. Habington, p. 437. Holingshed, p. 607. Grafton, p. 665. Polyd. Virg. p. 513. Every incident now tended to widen the breach between the king and this powerful subject. The queen, who lost not her influence by marriage, was equally solicitous to draw every grace and favor to her own friends and kindred, and to exclude those of the earl, whom she regarded as her mmortal enemy. Her father was created earl of Rivers: he was made treasurer in the room of Lord Mountjoy:[] he was invested in the office of constable for life; and his son received the survivance of that high dignity.[] The same young nobleman was married to the only daughter of Lord Scales, enjoyed the great estate of that family, and had the title of Scales conferred upon him. Catharine, the queen's sister, was married to the young duke of Buckingham, who was a ward of the crown:[] Mary, another of her sisters espoused William Herbert, created earl of Huntingdon: Anne, a third sister, was given in marriage to the son and heir of Gray, Lord Ruthyn, created earl of Kent.[] The daughter and heir of the duke of Exeter, who was also the king's niece, was contracted to Sir Thomas Gray, one of the queen's sons by her former husband; and as Lord Montague was treating of a marriage between his son and this lady, the preference given to young Gray was deemed an injury and affront to the whole family of Nevil. The earl of Warwick could not suffer with patience the least diminution of that credit which he had long enjoyed, and which he thought he had merited by such important services. Though he had received so many grants from the crown, that the revenue arising from them amounted, besides his patrimonial estate, to eighty thousand crowns a year, according to the computation of Philip de Comines,[*] his ambitious spirit was still dissatisfied, so long as he saw others surpass him in authority and influence with the king.[**] Edward also, jealous of that power which had supported him and which he himself had contributed still higher to exalt, was well pleased to raise up rivals in credit to the earl of Warwick; and he justified, by this political view, his extreme partiality to the queen's kindred. But the nobility of England, envying the sudden growth of the Woodevilles,[****] were more inclined to take part with Warwick's discontent, to whose grandeur they were already accustomed, and who had reconciled them to his superiority by his gracious and popular manners. W. Wyrcester, p. 506. W. Wyrcester, p. 505. * Liv. iii. chap. 4. ** Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 539. ** Polyd. Virg. p. 514. ***** Rymer, vol. xi. p. 581. And as Edward obtained from parliament a general resumption of all grants, which he had made since his accession, and which had extremely impoverished the crown,[] this act, though it passed with some exceptions, particularly one in favor of the earl of Warwick, gave a general alarm to the nobility, and disgusted many, even zealous partisans of the family of York. But the most considerable associate that Warwick acquired to his party, was George, duke of Clarence, the king's second brother. This prince deemed himself no less injured than the other grandees, by the uncontrolled influence of the queen and her relations; and as his fortunes were still left upon a precarious footing, while theirs were fully established, this neglect, joined to his unquiet and restless spirit, inclined him to give countenance to all the malecontents.[] The favorable opportunity of gaining him was espied by the earl of Warwick, who offered him in marriage his elder daughter, and coheir of his immense fortunes; a settlement which, as it was superior to any that the king himself could confer upon him, immediately attached him to the party of the earl.[*] Thus an extensive and dangerous combination was insensibly formed against Edward and his ministry. Though the immediate object of the malecontents was not to overturn the throne, it was difficult to foresee the extremities to which they might be carried: and as opposition to government was usually in those ages prosecuted by force of arms, civil convulsions and disorders were likely to be soon the result of these intrigues and confederacies. W. Wyrcester, p. 508. W. Wyrcester, p. 511. Hall, fol. 200. Habington, p. 439. Holingshed, p. 671. Polyd. Virg. p. 515. * Grafton. p. 873. While this cloud was gathering at home, Edward carried his views abroad, and endeavored to secure himself against his factious nobility, by entering into foreign alliances. The dark and dangerous ambition of Lewis XI., the more it was known, the greater alarm it excited among his neighbors and vassals; and as it was supported by great abilities, and unrestrained by any principle of faith or humanity, they found no security to themselves but by a jealous combination against him. Philip, duke of Burgundy, was now dead: his rich and extensive dominions were devolved to Charles, his only son, whose martial disposition acquired him the surname of Bold, and whose ambition, more outrageous than that of Lewis, but seconded by less power and policy, was regarded with a more favorable eye by the other potentates of Europe. The opposition of interests, and still more a natural antipathy of character, produced a declared animosity between these bad princes; and Edward was thus secure of the sincere attachment of either of them, for whom he should choose to declare himself. The duke of Burgundy, being descended by his mother, a daughter of Portugal, from John of Gaunt, was naturally inclined to favor the house of Lancaster:[] but this consideration was easily overbalanced by political motives; and Charles, perceiving the interests of that house to be extremely decayed in England, sent over his natural brother, commonly called the Bastard of Burgundy, to carry in his name proposals of marriage to Margaret, the king's sister. The alliance of Burgundy was more popular among the English than that of France; the commercial interests of the two nations invited the princes to a close union; their common jealousy of Lewis was a natural cement between them; and Edward, pleased with strengthening himself by so potent a confederate, soon concluded the alliance, and bestowed his sister upon Charles.[] A league, which Edward at the same time concluded with the duke of Brittany, seemed both to increase his security, and to open to him the prospect of rivalling his predecessors in those foreign conquests, which, however short-lived and unprofitable, had rendered their reigns so popular and illustrious.[*] Comine's, liv. iii. chap. 4, 6. W. Wyrcester, p. 5. Parl. Hist. vol. ii. p. 332. * Hall, fol. 169, 197. But whatever ambitious schemes the king might have built on these alliances, they were soon frustrated by intestine commotions, which engrossed all his attention. These disorders probably arose not immediately from the intrigues of the earl of Warwick, but from accident, aided by the turbulent spirit of the age, by the general humor of discontent which that popular nobleman had instilled into the nation, and perhaps by some remains of attachment to the house of Lancaster. The hospital of St. Leonard's, near York, had received, from an ancient grant of King Athelstane, a right of levying a thrave of corn upon every plough-land in the county; and as these charitable establishments are liable to abuse, the country people complained, that the revenue of the hospital was no longer expended for the relief of the poor, but was secreted by the managers, and employed to their private purposes. After long repining at the contribution, they refused payment: ecclesiastical and civil censures were issued against them, their goods were distrained, and their persons thrown into jail: till, as their ill humor daily increased, they rose in arms; fell upon the officers of the hospital, whom they put to the sword; and proceeded in a body, fifteen thousand strong, to the gates of York. Lord Montague, who commanded in those parts, opposed himself to their progress; and having been so fortunate in a skirmish as to seize Robert Hulderne, their leader, he ordered him immediately to be led to execution, according to the practice of the times. The rebels, however, still continued in arms; and being soon headed by men of greater distinction: Sir Henry Nevil, son of Lord Latimer, and Sir John Coniers, they advanced southwards, and began to appear formidable to government. Herbert, earl of Pembroke, who had received that title on the forfeiture of Jasper Tudor, was ordered by Edward to march against them at the head of a body of Welshmen; and he was joined by five thousand archers, under the command of Stafford, earl of Devonshire, who had succeeded in that title to the family of Courtney, which had also been attainted. But a trivial difference about quarters having begotten an animosity between these two noblemen, the earl of Devonshire retired with his archers, and left Pembroke alone to encounter the rebels. The two armies approached each other near Banbury; and Pembroke, having prevailed in a skirmish, and having taken Sir John Nevil prisoner, ordered him immediately to be put to death, without any form of process. This execution enraged without terrifying the rebels: they attacked the Welsh army, routed them, put them to the sword without mercy; and having seized Pembroke, they took immediate revenge upon him for the death of their leader. The king, imputing this misfortune to the earl of Devonshire, who had deserted Pembroke, ordered him to be executed in a like summary manner. But these speedy executions, or rather open murders, did not stop there: the northern rebels, sending a party to Grafton, seized the earl of Rivers and his son John; men who had become obnoxious by their near relation to the king, and his partiality towards them: and they were immediately executed by orders from Sir John Coniers.[] Fabian, fol. 217. There is no part of English history since the conquest so obscure, so uncertain, so little authentic or consistent, as that of the wars between the two "roses:" historians differ about many material circumstances; some events of the utmost consequence, in which they almost all agree, are incredible, and contradicted by records;[] 19 and it is remarkable, that this profound darkness falls upon us just on the eve of the restoration of letters, and when the art of printing was already known in Europe. All we can distinguish with certainty through the deep cloud which covers that period, is a scene of horror and bloodshed: savage manners, arbitrary executions, and treacherous, dishonorable conduct in all parties. There is no possibility, for instance, of accounting for the views and intentions of the earl of Warwick at this time. It is agreed that he resided, together with his son-in-law, the duke of Clarence, in his government of Calais during the commencement of this rebellion; and that his brother Montague acted with vigor against the northern rebels. We may thence presume, that the insurrection had not proceeded from the secret counsels and instigation of Warwick; though the murder committed by the rebels on the earl of Rivers, his capital enemy, forms, on the other hand, a violent presumption against him. He and Clarence came over to England, offered their service to Edward, were received without any suspicion, were intrusted by him in the highest commands,[] and still persevered in their fidelity. Soon after, we find the rebels quieted and dispersed by a general pardon granted by Edward from the advice of the earl of Warwick: but why so courageous a prince, if secure of Warwick's fidelity, should have granted a general pardon to men who had been guilty of such violent and personal outrages against him, is not intelligible; nor why that nobleman, if unfaithful, should have endeavored to appease a rebellion of which he was able to make such advantages. But it appears, that after this insurrection, there was an interval of peace, during which the king loaded the family of Nevil with honors and favors of the highest nature: he made Lord Montague a marquis, by the same name: he created his son George duke of Bedford;[] he publicly declared his intention of marrying that young nobleman to his eldest daughter, Elizabeth, who, as he had yet no sons, was presumptive heir of the crown: yet we find that soon after, being invited to a feast by the archbishop of York, a younger brother of Warwick and Montague, he entertained a sudden suspicion that they intended to seize his person or to murder him: and he abruptly left the entertainment.[*] See note S, at the end of the volume. Rymer, vol. xi. p. 647, 649, 650. * Cotton, p. 702. **** Fragm. Edward IV. ad fin. Sproti. Soon after, there broke out another rebellion, which is as unaccountable as all the preceding events; chiefly because no sufficient reason is assigned for it, and because, so far as appears, the family of Nevil had no hand in exciting and fomenting it. It arose in Lincolnshire, and was headed by Sir Robert Welles, son to the lord of that name. The army of the rebels amounted to thirty thousand men; but Lord Welles himself, far from giving countenance to them, fled into a sanctuary, in order to secure his person against the king's anger or suspicions. He was allured from this retreat by a promise of safety; and was soon after, notwithstanding this assurance, beheaded, along with Sir Thomas Dymoc, by orders from Edward.[] The king fought a battle with the rebels, defeated them, took Sir Robert Welles and Sir Thomas Launde prisoners, and ordered them immediately to be beheaded. Edward, during these transactions, had entertained so little jealousy of the earl of Warwick or duke of Clarence, that he sent them with commissions of array to levy forces against the rebels:[] but these malecontents, as soon as they left the court, raised troops in their own name, issued declarations against the government, and complained of grievances, oppressions, and bad ministers. The unexpected defeat of Welles disconcerted all their measures; and they retired northwards into Lancashire, where they expected to be joined by Lord Stanley, who had married the earl of Warwick's sister. But as that nobleman refused all concurrence with them, and as Lord Montague also remained quiet in Yorkshire, they were obliged to disband their army, and to fly into Devonshire, where they embarked and made sail towards Calais.[*] Hall, fol. 204. Fabian, fol. 218. Habington, p. 442. Holingshed, p. 674. Rymer, vol. xi. p. 652. * The king offered, by proclamation, a reward of one thousand pounds, or one hundred pounds a year in land, to any that would seize them. Whence we may learn that land was at that time sold for about ten years' purchase. See Rymer, vol. xi. p. 654. The deputy governor, whom Warwick had left at Calais, was one Vaucler, a Gascon, who, seeing the earl return in this miserable condition, refused him admittance; and would not so much as permit the duchess of Clarence to land, though, a few days before, she had been delivered on shipboard of a son, and was at that time extremely disordered by sickness. With difficulty he would allow a few flagons of wine to be carried to the ship for the use of the ladies: but as he was a man of sagacity, and well acquainted with the revolutions to which England was subject, he secretly apologized to Warwick for this appearance of infidelity, and represented it as proceeding entirely from zeal for his service. He said that the fortress was ill supplied with provisions; that he could not depend on the attachment of the garrison; that the inhabitants, who lived by the English commerce, would certainly declare for the established government; that the place was at present unable to resist the power of England on the one hand, and that of the duke of Burgundy on the other; and that, by seeming to declare for Edward, he would acquire the confidence of that prince, and still keep it in his power, when it should become safe and prudent, to restore Calais to its ancient master.[] It is uncertain whether Warwick was satisfied with this apology, or suspected a double infidelity in Vaucler; but he feigned to be entirely convinced by him; and having seized some Flemish vessels which he found lying off Calais, he immediately made sail towards France. The king of France, uneasy at the close conjunction between Edward and the duke of Burgundy, received with the greatest demonstrations of regard the unfortunate Warwick,[] with whom he had formerly maintained a secret correspondence, and whom he hoped still to make his instrument in overturning the government of England, and reëstablishing the house of Lancaster. Comines, liv. iii. chap. 4. Hall, fol. 205. ** Polyd. Virg. p. 519. No animosity was ever greater than that which had long prevailed between that house and the earl of Warwick. His father had been executed by orders from Margaret: he himself had twice reduced Henry to captivity, had banished the queen, had put to death all their most zealous partisans either in the field or on the scaffold, and had occasioned innumerable ills to that unhappy family. For this reason, believing that such inveterate rancor could never admit of any cordial reconciliation, he had not mentioned Henry's name when he took arms against Edward; and he rather endeavored to prevail by means of his own adherents, than revive a party which he sincerely hated. But his present distresses and the entreaties of Lewis made him hearken to terms of accommodation; and Margaret being sent for from Angers, where she then resided, an agreement was, from common interest, soon concluded between them. It was stipulated, that Warwick should espouse the cause of Henry, and endeavor to restore him to liberty, and to reëstablish him on the throne; that the administration of the government, during the minority of young Edward, Henry's son, should be intrusted conjointly to the earl of Warwick and the duke of Clarence; that Prince Edward should marry the Lady Anne, second daughter of that nobleman; and that the crown, in case of the failure of male issue in that prince, should descend to the duke of Clarence, to the entire exclusion of King Edward and his posterity. Never was confederacy, on all sides, less natural, or more evidently the work of necessity: but Warwick hoped, that all former passions of the Lancastrians might be lost in present political views; and that, at worst, the independent power of his family, and the affections of the people, would suffice to give him security, and enable him to exact the full performance of all the conditions agreed on. The marriage of Prince Edward with the Lady Anne was immediately celebrated in France. Edward foresaw that it would be easy to dissolve an alliance composed of such discordant parts. For this purpose, he sent over a lady of great sagacity and address, who belonged to the train of the duchess of Clarence, and who, under color of attending her mistress, was empowered to negotiate with the duke, and to renew the connections of that prince with his own family.[] She represented to Clarence, that he had unwarily, to his own ruin, become the instrument of Warwick's vengeance, and had thrown himself entirely in the power of his most inveterate enemies; that the mortal injuries which the one royal family had suffered from the other, were now past all forgiveness, and no imaginary union of interests could ever suffice to obliterate them; that even if the leaders were willing to forget past offences, the animosity of their adherents would prevent a sincere coalition of parties, and would, in spite of all temporary and verbal agreements, preserve an eternal opposition of measures between them; and that a prince who deserted his own kindred, and joined the murderers of his father, left himself single, without friends, without protection, and would not, when misfortunes inevitably fell upon him, be so much as entitled to any pity or regard from the rest of mankind. Comines, liv. iii. chap. 5. Hall, fol. 207. Holingshed, p. 676. Clarence was only one and twenty years of age, and seems to have possessed but a slender capacity; yet could he easily see the force of these reasons; and, upon the promise of forgiveness from his brother, he secretly engaged, on a favorable opportunity, to desert the earl of Warwick, and abandon the Lancastrian party. During this negotiation, Warwick was secretly carrying on a correspondence of the same nature with his brother, the marquis of Montague, who was entirely trusted by Edward; and like motives produced a like resolution in that nobleman. The marquis, also, that he might render the projected blow the more deadly and incurable, resolved, on his side, to watch a favorable opportunity for committing his perfidy, and still to maintain the appearance of being a zealous adherent to the house of York. After these mutual snares were thus carefully laid, the decision of the quarrel advanced apace. Lewis prepared a fleet to escort the earl of Warwick, and granted him a supply of men and money.[] The duke of Burgundy, on the other hand, enraged at that nobleman for his seizure of the Flemish vessels before Calais, and anxious to support the reigning family in England, with whom his own interests were now connected, fitted out a larger fleet, with which he guarded the Channel: and he incessantly warned his brother-in-law of the imminent perils to which he was exposed. But Edward, though always brave and often active, had little foresight or penetration. He was not sensible of his danger; he made no suitable preparations against the earl of Warwick;[] he even said that the duke might spare himself the trouble of guarding the seas, and that he wished for nothing more than to see Warwick set foot on English ground.[] A vain confidence in his own prowess, joined to the immoderate love of pleasure, had made him incapable of all sound reason and reflection. The event soon happened, of which Edward seemed so desirous. A storm dispersed the Flemish navy, and left the sea open to Warwick.[**] That nobleman seized the opportunity, and setting sail, quickly landed at Dartmouth with the duke of Clarence, the earls of Oxford and Pembroke, and a small body of troops, while the king was in the north, engaged in suppressing an insurrection which had been raised by Lord Fitz-Hugh, brother-in-law to Warwick. Comines, liv. iii. chap. 4. Hall, fol. 207. Grafton, p. 687. * Comines, liv. iii. chap. 5. Hall, fol. 208. **** Comines, liv. iii. chap. 5. The scene which ensues resembles more the fiction of a poem or romance than an event in true history. The prodigious popularity of Warwick,[] the zeal of the Lancastrian party, the spirit of discontent with which many were infected, and the general instability of the English nation, occasioned by the late frequent revolutions, drew such multitudes to his standard, that in a very few days his army amounted to sixty thousand men and was continually increasing. Edward hastened southwards to encounter him; and the two armies approached each other near Nottingham, where a decisive action was every hour expected. The rapidity of Warwick's progress had incapacitated the duke of Clarence from executing his plan of treachery; and the marquis of Montague had here the opportunity of striking the first blow. He communicated the design to his adherents, who promised him their concurrence: they took to arms in the night-time, and hastened with loud acclamations to Edward's quarters; the king was alarmed at the noise, and starting from bed, heard the cry of war usually employed by the Lancastrian party. Lord Hastings, his chamberlain, informed him of the danger, and urged him to make his escape by speedy flight from an army where he had so many concealed enemies, and where few seemed zealously attached to his service. He had just time to get on horseback, and to hurry with a small retinue to Lynne, in Norfolk, where he luckily found some ships ready, on board of which he instantly embarked.[] And after this manner the earl of Warwick, in no longer space than eleven days after his first landing, was left entire master of the kingdom. Hall, fol. 205. But Edward's danger did not end with his embarkation. The Easterlings or Hanse Towns were then at war both with France and England; and some ships of these people, hovering on the English coast, espied the king's vessels, and gave chase to them; nor was it without extreme difficulty that he made his escape into the port of Alcmaer, in Holland. He had fled from England with such precipitation, that he had carried nothing of value along with him; and the only reward which he could bestow on the captain of the vessel that brought him over, was a robe lined with sables; promising him an ample recompense if fortune should ever become more propitious to him.[] Comines, liv, iii. chap. 5. It is not likely that Edward could be very fond of presenting himself in this lamentable plight before the duke of Burgundy; and that having so suddenly, after his mighty vaunts, lost all footing in his own kingdom, he could be insensible to the ridicule which must attend him in the eyes of that prince. The duke, on his part, was no less embarrassed how he should receive the dethroned monarch. As he had ever borne a greater affection to the house of Lancaster than to that of York, nothing but political views had engaged him to contract an alliance with the latter; and he foresaw, that probably the revolution in England would now turn this alliance against him, and render the reigning family his implacable and jealous enemy. For this reason, when the first rumor of that event reached him, attended with the circumstance of Edward's death, he seemed rather pleased with the catastrophe; and it was no agreeable disappointment to find, that he must either undergo the burden of supporting an exiled prince, or the dishonor of abandoning so near a relation. He began already to say, that his connections were with the kingdom of England, not with the king; and it was indifferent to him whether the name of Edward or that of Henry were employed in the articles of treaty. These sentiments were continually strengthened by the subsequent events. Vaucler, the deputy-governor of Calais, though he had been confirmed in his command by Edward, and had even received a pension from the duke of Burgundy on account of his fidelity to the crown, no sooner saw his old master, Warwick, reinstated in authority, than he declared for him, and with great demonstrations of zeal and attachment, put the whole garrison in his livery. And the intelligence which the duke received every day from England, seemed to promise an entire and full settlement in the family of Lancaster. Immediately after Edward's flight had left the kingdom at Warwick's disposal, that nobleman hastened to London; and taking Henry from his confinement in the Tower, into which he himself had been the chief cause of throwing him, he proclaimed him king with great solemnity. A parliament was summoned in the name of that prince, to meet at Westminster, and as this assembly could pretend to no liberty while surrounded by such enraged and insolent victors, governed by such an impetuous spirit as Warwick, their votes were entirely dictated by the ruling faction. The treaty with Margaret was here fully executed: Henry was recognized as lawful king; but his incapacity for government being avowed, the regency was intrusted to Warwick and Clarence till the majority of Prince Edward; and in default of that prince's issue, Clarence was declared successor to the crown. The usual business also of reversals went on without opposition: every statute made during the reign of Edward was repealed; that prince was declared to be a usurper; he and his adherents were attainted; and in particular Richard, duke of Glocester, his younger brother: all the attainders of the Lancastrians, the dukes of Somerset and Exeter, the earls of Richmond, Pembroke, Oxford, and Ormond, were reversed; and every one was restored who had lost either honors or fortunes by his former adherence to the cause of Henry. The ruling party were more sparing in their executions than was usual after any revolution during those violent times. The only victim of distinction was John Tibetot, earl of Worcester. This accomplished person, born in an age and nation where the nobility valued themselves on ignorance as their privilege, and left learning to monks and schoolmasters, for whom indeed the spurious erudition that prevailed was best fitted, had been struck with the first rays of true science, which began to penetrate from the south, and had been zealous, by his exhortation and example, to propagate the love of letters among his unpolished countrymen. It is pretended, that knowledge had not produced on this nobleman himself the effect which naturally attends it, of humanizing the temper and softening the heart;[] and that he had enraged the Lancastrians against him by the severities which he exercised upon them during the prevalence of his own party. Hall, fol. 210. Stowe, p. 422. He endeavored to conceal himself after the flight of Edward, but was caught on the top of a tree in the forest of Weybridge, was conducted to London, tried before the earl of Oxford, condemned, and executed. All the other considerable Yorkists either fled beyond sea, or took shelter in sanctuaries, where the ecclesiastical privileges afforded them protection. In London alone it is computed that no less than two thousand persons saved themselves in this manner;[] and among the rest, Edward's queen, who was there delivered of a son, called by his father's name.[] Queen Margaret, the other rival queen, had not yet appeared in England, but on receiving intelligence of Warwick's success, was preparing with Prince Edward for her journey. All the banished Lancastrians flocked to her; and, among the rest, the duke of Somerset, son of the duke beheaded after the battle of Hexham. This nobleman, who had long been regarded as the head of the party, had fled into the Low Countries on the discomfiture of his friends; and as he concealed his name and quality, he had there languished in extreme indigence. Philip de Comines tells us,[] that he himself saw him, as well as the duke of Exeter, in a condition no better than that of a common beggar; till being discovered by Philip, duke of Burgundy, they had small pensions allotted them, and were living in silence and obscurity when the success of their party called them from their retreat. But both Somerset and Margaret were detained by contrary winds from reaching England,[] till a new revolution in that kingdom, no less sudden and surprising than the former, threw them into greater misery than that from which they had just emerged. Though the duke of Burgundy, by neglecting Edward, and paying court to the established government, had endeavored to conciliate the friendship of the Lancastrians, he found that he had not succeeded to his wish; and the connections between the king of France and the earl of Warwick still held him in great anxiety.[*] This nobleman, too hastily regarding Charles as a determined enemy, had sent over to Calais a body of four thousand men, who made inroads into the Low Countries;[***] and the duke of Burgundy saw himself in danger of being overwhelmed by the united arms of England and of France. He resolved therefore to grant some assistance to his brother-in-law; but in such a covert manner as should give the least offence possible to the English government. Comines, liv. iii. chap. 7. Hall, fol. 210. Stowe, p. 423. Holingshed, p. 677. Grafton, p. 690. * Liv. iii. chap. 4. ** Grafton, p. 692. Polyd. Virg. p 522. **** Comines, liv, iii. chap. 6. He equipped four large vessels, in the name of some private merchants, at Terveer, in Zealand; and causing fourteen ships to be secretly hired from the Easterlings, he delivered this small squadron to Edward, who, receiving also a sum of money from the duke, immediately set sail for England. No sooner was Charles informed of his departure than he issued a proclamation inhibiting all his subjects from giving him countenance or assistance;[] an artifice which could not deceive the earl of Warwick, but which might serve as a decent pretence, if that nobleman were so disposed, for maintaining friendship with the duke of Burgundy. Edward, impatient to take revenge on his enemies, and to recover his lost authority, made an attempt to land with his forces, which exceeded not two thousand men, on the coast of Norfolk; but being there repulsed, he sailed northwards, and disembarked at Ravenspur, in Yorkshire. Finding that the new magistrates, who had been appointed by the earl of Warwick, kept the people every where from joining him, he pretended, and even made oath, that he came not to challenge the crown, but only the inheritance of the house of York, which of right belonged to him; and that he did not intend to disturb the peace of the kingdom. His partisans every moment flocked to his standard: he was admitted into the city of York: and he was soon in such a situation as gave him hopes of succeeding in all his claims and pretensions. The marquis of Montague commanded in the northern counties; but from some mysterious reasons, which, as well as many other important transactions in that age, no historian has cleared up, he totally neglected the beginnings of an insurrection which he ought to have esteemed so formidable. Warwick assembled an army at Leicester, with an intention of meeting and of giving battle to the enemy; but Edward, by taking another road, passed him unmolested, and presented himself before the gates of London. Had he here been refused admittance, he was totally undone: but there were many reasons which inclined the citizens to favor him. His numerous friends, issuing from their sanctuaries, were active in his cause; many rich merchants, who had formerly lent him money, saw no other chance for their payment but his restoration; the city dames who had been liberal of their favors to him, and who still retained an affection for this young and gallant prince, swayed their husbands and friends in his favor;[] and above all, the archbishop of York, Warwick's brother, to whom the care of the city was committed, had secretly, from unknown reasons, entered into a correspondence with him; and he facilitated Edward's admission into London. Comines, liv. iii. chap. 6. ** Comines, liv. iii. chap. 7. The most likely cause which can be assigned for those multiplied infidelities, even in the family of Nevil itself, is the spirit of faction, which, when it becomes inveterate, it is very difficult for any man entirely to shake off. The persons who had long distinguished themselves in the York party, were unable to act with zeal and cordiality for the support of the Lancastrians; and they were inclined, by any prospect of favor or accommodation offered them by Edward, to return to their ancient connections. However this may be, Edward's entrance into London made him master not only of that rich and powerful city, but also of the person of Henry, who, destined to be the perpetual sport of fortune, thus fell again into the hands of his enemies.[] It appears not that Warwick, during his short administration, which had continued only six months, had been guilty of any unpopular act, or had anywise deserved to lose that general favor with which he had so lately overwhelmed Edward. But this prince, who was formerly on the defensive, was now the aggressor; and having overcome the difficulties which always attend the beginnings of an insurrection, possessed many advantages above his enemy: his partisans were actuated by that zeal and courage which the notion of an attack inspires his opponents were intimidated for a like reason; every one who had been disappointed in the hopes which he had entertained from Warwick's elevation, either became a cool friend or an open enemy to that nobleman; and each malecontent, from whatever cause, proved an accession to Edward's army. The king, therefore, found himself in a condition to face the earl of Warwick; who, being reënforced by his son-in-law the duke of Clarence, and his brother the marquis of Montague, took post at Barnet, in the neighborhood of London. The arrival of Queen Margaret was every day expected, who would have drawn together all the genuine Lancastrians, and have brought a great accession to Warwick's forces: but this very consideration proved a motive to the earl rather to hurry on a decisive action than to share the victory with rivals and ancient enemies, who, he foresaw, would, in case of success, claim the chief merit in the enterprise.[] Grafton, p. 702. ** Comines, liv. iii. chap. 7. But while his jealousy was always directed towards that side, he overlooked the dangerous infidelity of friends, who lay the nearest to his bosom. His brother Montague, who had lately temporized, seems now to have remained sincerely attached to the interests of his family: but his son-in-law, though bound to him by every tie of honor and gratitude, though he shared the power of the regency, though he had been invested by Warwick in all the honors and patrimony of the house of York, resolved to fulfil the secret engagements which he had formerly taken with his brother, and to support the interests of his own family: he deserted to the king in the night-time, and carried over a body of twelve thousand men along with him.[] Warwick was now too far advanced to retreat; and as he rejected with disdain all terms of peace offered him by Edward and Clarence, he was obliged to hazard a general engagement. The battle was fought with obstinacy on both sides: the two armies, in imitation of their leaders displayed uncommon valor; and the victory remained long undecided between them. But an accident threw the balance to the side of the Yorkists. Edward's cognizance was a sun; that of Warwick a star with rays; and the mistiness of the morning rendering it difficult to distinguish them, the earl of Oxford, who fought on the side of the Lancastrians, was by mistake attacked by his friends, and chased off the field of battle.[] Warwick, contrary to his more usual practice, engaged that day on foot, resolving to show his army that he meant to share every fortune with them; and he was slain in the thickest of the engagement;[] his brother underwent the same fate; and as Edward had issued orders not to give any quarter, a great and undistinguished slaughter was made in the pursuit. There fell about one thousand five hundred on the side of the victors. The same day on which this decisive battle was fought,[*] Queen Margaret and her son, now about eighteen years of age, and a young prince of great hopes, landed at Weymouth, supported by a small body of French forces. Grafton, p 700. Comines, liv. iii. chap. 7. Leland's Collect. vol. ii. p. 505. Habington, p. 449. * Comines, liv. iii. chap. 7. **** Leland's Collect, vol. ii. p. 505. When this princess received intelligence of her husband's captivity, and of the defeat and death of the earl of Warwick, her courage which had supported her under so many disastrous events, here quite left her; and she immediately foresaw all the dismal consequences of this calamity. At first she took sanctuary in the abbey of Beaulieu;[] but being encouraged by the appearance of Tudor, earl of Pembroke, and Courtney, earl of Devonshire, of the Lords Wenlock and St. John, with other men of rank, who exhorted her still to hope for success, she resumed her former spirit, and determined to defend to the utmost the ruins of her fallen fortunes. She advanced through the counties of Devon, Somerset, and Glocester, increasing her army on each day's march; but was at last overtaken by the rapid and expeditious Edward, at Tewkesbury, on the banks of the Severn. The Lancastrians were here totally defeated: the earl of Devonshire and Lord Wenlock were killed in the field: the duke of Somerset, and about twenty other persons of distinction, having taken shelter in a church, were surrounded, dragged out, and immediately beheaded: about three thousand of their side fell in battle: and the army was entirely dispersed. Queen Margaret and her son were taken prisoners, and brought to the king, who asked the prince, after an insulting manner, how he dared to invade his dominions. The young prince, more mindful of his high birth than of his present fortune, replied, that he came thither to claim his just inheritance. The ungenerous Edward, insensible to pity, struck him on the face with his gauntlet; and the dukes of Clarence and Glocester, Lord Hastings, and Sir Thomas Gray, taking the blow as a signal for further violence, hurried the prince into the next apartment, and there despatched him with their daggers.[] Margaret was thrown into the Tower: King Henry expired in that confinement a few days after the battle of Tewkesbury; but whether he died a natural or violent death is uncertain. It is pretended, and was generally believed, that the duke of Glocester killed him with his own hands:[*] but the universal odium which that prince had incurred, inclined perhaps the nation to aggravate his crimes without any sufficient authority. Hall, fol. 219. Habington, p. 451. Grafton, p. 706. Polyd. Virg. p. 528. Hall, fol. 221. Habington, p. 453. Holingshed, p 688. Polyd. Virg. p. 530. * Comines. Hall, fol. 228. Grafton, p. 703. It is certain, however, that Henry's death was sudden; and though he labored under an ill state of health, this circumstance, joined to the general manners of the age, gave a natural ground, of suspicion; which was rather increased than diminished by the exposing of his body to public view. That precaution served only to recall many similar instances in the English history, and to suggest the comparison. All the hopes of the house of Lancaster seemed now to be utterly extinguished. Every legitimate prince of that family was dead: almost every great leader of the party had perished in battle or on the scaffold: the earl of Pembroke, who was levying forces in Wales, disbanded his army when he received intelligence of the battle of Tewkesbury; and he fled into Brittany with his nephew, the young earl of Richmond.[] The bastard of Falconberg, who had levied some forces, and had advanced to London during Edward's absence, was repulsed; his men deserted him; he was taken prisoner and immediately executed:[] and peace being now fully restored to the nation, a parliament was summoned, which ratified as usual, all the acts of the victor, and recognized his legal authority. Habington, p. 454. Polyd. Virg. p. 531. ** Holingshed, p. 689, 690, 693. Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 554. But this prince, who had been so firm, and active, and intrepid during the course of adversity, was still unable to resist the allurements of a prosperous fortune; and he wholly devoted himself, as before, to pleasure and amusement, after he became entirely master of his kingdom, and had no longer any enemy who could give him anxiety or alarm. He recovered, however, by this gay and inoffensive course of life, and by his easy, familiar manners, that popularity which, it is natural to imagine, he had lost by the repeated cruelties exercised upon his enemies; and the example also of his jovial festivity served to abate the former acrimony of faction among his subjects, and to restore the social disposition which had been so long interrupted between the opposite parties. All men seemed to be fully satisfied with the present government; and the memory of past calamities served only to impress the people more strongly with a sense of their allegiance, and with the resolution of never incurring any more the hazard of renewing such direful scenes. But while the king was thus indulging himself in pleasure, he was roused from his lethargy by a prospect of foreign conquests, which, it is probable, his desire of popularity, more than the spirit of ambition, had made him covet. Though he deemed himself little beholden to the duke of Burgundy for the reception which that prince had given him during his exile,[] the political interests of their states maintained still a close connection between them; and they agreed to unite their arms in making a powerful invasion on France. A league was formed, in which Edward stipulated to pass the seas with an army exceeding ten thousand men, and to invade the French territories: Charles promised to join him with all his forces: the king was to challenge the crown of France, and to obtain at least the provinces of Normandy and Guienne; the duke was to acquire Champaigne and some other territories, and to free all his dominions from the burden of homage to the crown of France: and neither party was to make peace without the consent of the other.[] They were the more encouraged to hope for success from this league, as the count of St. Pol, constable of France, who was master of St. Quintin and other towns on the Somme, had secretly promised to join them; and there were also hopes of engaging the duke of Brittany to enter into the confederacy. The prospect of a French war was always a sure means of making the parliament open their purses, as far as the habits of that age would permit. They voted the king a tenth of rents, or two shillings in the pound; which must have been very inaccurately levied, since it produced only thirty-one thousand four hundred and sixty pounds; and they added to this supply a whole fifteenth, and three quarters of another;[] but as the king deemed these sums still unequal to the undertaking, he attempted to levy money by way of benevolence, a kind of exaction which, except during the reigns of Henry III. and Richard II., had not been much practised in former times, and which, though the consent of the parties was pretended to be gained, could not be deemed entirely voluntary.[*] Comines, liv. iii. chap. 7. Rymer, vol. xi p. 806, 807, 808, etc. * Cotton, p. 696, 700. Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 558. **** Hall, fol. 226. Habington, p. 461. Grafton, p. 719. Fabian, fol. 221. The clauses annexed to the parliamentary grant show sufficiently the spirit of the nation in this respect. The money levied by the fifteenth was not to be put into the king's hands but to be kept in religious houses; and if the expedition into France should not take place, it was immediately to be refunded to the people. After these grants, the parliament was dissolved, which had sitten near two years and a half, and had undergone several prorogations; a practice not very usual at that time in England. The king passed over to Calais with an army of one thousand five hundred men at arms and fifteen thousand archers, attended by all the chief nobility of England, who, prognosticating future successes from the past, were eager to appear on this great theatre of honor.[] But all their sanguine hopes were damped when they found, on entering the French territories, that neither did the constable open his gates to them, nor the duke of Burgundy bring them the smallest assistance. That prince, transported by his ardent temper, had carried all his armies to a great distance, and had employed them in wars on the frontiers of Germany, and against the duke of Lorraine: and though he came in person to Edward, and endeavored to apologize for this breach of treaty, there was no prospect that they would be able this campaign to make a conjunction with the English. This circumstance gave great disgust to the king, and inclined him to hearken to those advances which Lewis continually made him for an accommodation. That monarch, more swayed by political views than by the point of honor, deemed no submissions too mean which might free him from enemies who had proved so formidable to his predecessors, and who, united to so many other enemies, might still shake the well-established government of France. It appears from Comines, that discipline was at this time very imperfect among the English; and that their civil wars, though long continued, yet, being always decided by hasty battles, had still left them ignorant of the improvements which the military art was beginning to receive upon the continent.[] Comines, liv. iv. chap. 5. This author says, (chap. 11,) that the king artfully brought over some of the richest of his subjects who, he knew, would be soon tired of the war, and would promote all proposals of peace, which he foresaw would be soon necessary. ** Comines, liv. iv. chap. 5. But as Lewis was sensible that the warlike genius of the people would soon render them excellent soldiers, he was far from despising them for their present want of experience; and he employed all his art to detach them from the alliance of Burgundy. When Edward sent him a herald to claim the crown of France, and to carry him a defiance in case of refusal, so far from answering to [] this bravado in like haughty terms, he replied with great temper, and even made the herald a considerable present:[] he took afterwards an opportunity of sending a herald to the English camp; and having given him directions to apply to the Lords Stanley and Howard, who, he heard, were friends to peace, he desired the good offices of these noblemen in promoting an accommodation with their master.[] As Edward was now fallen into like dispositions, a truce was soon concluded on terms more advantageous than honorable to Lewis. He stipulated to pay Edward immediately seventy-five thousand crowns, on condition that he should withdraw his army from France, and promised to pay him fifty thousand crowns a year during their joint lives: it was added, that the dauphin, when of age, should marry Edward's eldest daughter.[] In order to ratify this treaty, the two monarchs agreed to have a personal interview; and for that purpose suitable preparations were made at Pecquigni, near Amiens. A close rail was drawn across a bridge in that place, with no larger intervals than would allow the arm to pass; a precaution against a similar accident to that which befell the duke of Burgundy in his conference with the dauphin at Montereau. Edward and Lewis came to the opposite sides; conferred privately together; and having confirmed their friendship, and interchanged many mutual civilities, they soon after parted.[**] Comines, liv. iv. chap. 5. Hall, fol. 227. Comines, liv. iv. chap. 7. * Rymer, vol. xii. p. 17. **** Comines, liv, iv, chap. 9. Lewis was anxious not only to gain the king's friendship but also that of the nation, and of all the considerable persons in the English court. He bestowed pensions, to the amount of sixteen thousand crowns a year, on several of the kings, favorites; on Lord Hastings two thousand crowns; on Lora Howard and others in proportion; and these great ministers were not ashamed thus to receive wages from a foreign prince. As the two armies, after the conclusion of the truce remained some time in the neighborhood of each other, the English were not only admitted freely into Amiens, where Lewis resided, but had also their charges defrayed, and had wine and victuals furnished them in every inn, without any payment being demanded. They flocked thither in such multitude that once above nine thousand of them were in the town, and they might have made themselves masters of the king's person; but Lewis, concluding from their jovial and dissolute manner of living, that they had no bad intentions, was careful not to betray the least sign of fear or jealousy. And when Edward, informed of this disorder, desired him to shut the gates against them, he replied, that he would never agree to exclude the English from the place where he resided; but that Edward, if he pleased, might recall them, and place his own officers at the gates of Amiens to prevent their returning.[] Lewis's desire of confirming a mutual amity with England, engaged him even to make imprudent advances, which it cost him afterwards some pains to evade. In the conference at Pecquigni he had said to Edward, that he wished to have a visit from him at Paris; that he would there endeavor to amuse him with the ladies; and that, in case any offences were then committed, he would assign him the cardinal of Bourbon for confessor, who, from fellow-feeling, would not be over and above severe in the penances which he would enjoin. This hint made deeper impression than Lewis intended. Lord Howard, who accompanied him back to Amiens, told him in confidence that, if he were so disposed it would not be impossible to persuade Edward to take a journey with him to Paris, where they might make merry together. Lewis pretended at first not to hear the offer; but on Howard's repeating it, he expressed his concern that his wars with the duke of Burgundy would not permit him to attend his royal guest, and do him the honors he intended "Edward," said he privately to Comines, "is a very handsome and a very amorous prince: some lady at Paris may like him as well as he shall do her; and may invite him to return in another manner. It is better that the sea be between us."[] Comines, liv. iv. chap. 9. Hall, fol. 233. ** Comines, liv. iv. chap. 10. Habington, p. 469. This treaty did very little honor to either of these monarchs: it discovered the imprudence of Edward, who had taken his measures so ill with his allies, as to be obliged, after such an expensive armament, to return without making any acquisitions adequate to it: it showed the want of dignity in Lewis who, rather than run the hazard of a battle, agreed to subject his kingdom to a tribute, and thus acknowledge the superiority of a neighboring prince possessed of less power and territory than himself. But as Lewis made interest the sole test of honor, he thought that all the advantages of the treaty were on his side, and that he had overreached Edward, by sending him out of France on such easy terms. For this reason he was very solicitous to conceal his triumph; and he strictly enjoined his courtiers never to show the English the least sign of mockery or derision. But he did not himself very carefully observe so prudent a rule: he could not forbear, one day, in the joy of his heart, throwing out some raillery on the easy simplicity of Edward and his council; when he perceived that he was overheard by a Gascon, who had settled in England. He was immediately sensible of his indiscretion; sent a message to the gentleman; and offered him some advantages in his own country, as engaged him to remain in France. "It is but just," said he, "that I pay the penalty of my talkativeness."[] Comines, liv. iii. chap. 10. The most honorable part of Lewis's treaty with Edward was the stipulation for the liberty of Queen Margaret, who, though after the death of her husband and son she could no longer be formidable to government, was still detained in custody by Edward. Lewis paid fifty thousand crowns for her ransom; and that princess, who had been so active on the stage of the world, and who had experienced such a variety of fortune, passed the remainder of her days in tranquility and privacy, till the year 1482, when she died; an admirable princess, but more illustrious by her undaunted spirit in adversity, than by her moderation in prosperity. She seems neither to have enjoyed the virtues, nor been subject to the weaknesses, of her sex; and was as much tainted with the ferocity as endowed with the courage of that barbarous age in which she lived. Though Edward had so little reason to be satisfied with the conduct of the duke of Burgundy, he reserved to that prince a power of acceding to the treaty of Pecquigni: but Charles, when the offer was made him, haughtily replied, that he was able to support himself without the assistance of England, and that he would make no peace with Lewis till three months after Edward's return into his own country. This prince possessed all the ambition and courage of a conqueror; but being defective in policy and prudence, qualities no less essential, he was unfortunate in all his enterprises; and perished at last in battle against the Swiss;[] a people whom he despised, and who, though brave and free, had hitherto been in a manner overlooked in the general system of Europe. This event, which happened in the year 1477, produced a great alteration in the views of all the princes, and was attended with consequences which were felt for many generations. Charles left only one daughter, Mary, by his first wife; and this princess, being heir of his opulent and extensive dominions, was courted by all the potentates of Christendom, who contended for the possession of so rich a prize. Lewis, the head of her family, might, by a proper application, have obtained this match for the dauphin, and have thereby united to the crown of France all the provinces of the Low Countries, together with Burgundy, Artois, and Picardy; which would at once have rendered his kingdom an overmate for all its neighbors. But a man wholly interested is as rare as one entirely endowed with the opposite quality; and Lewis, though impregnable to all the sentiments of generosity and friendship, was, on this occasion, carried from the road of true policy by the passions of animosity and revenge. He had imbibed so deep a hatred to the house of Burgundy, that he rather chose to subdue the princess by arms, than unite her to his family by marriage: he conquered the duchy of Burgundy and that part of Picardy which had been ceded to Philip the Good by the treaty of Arras: but he thereby forced the states of the Netherlands to bestow their sovereign in marriage on Maximilian of Austria, son of the emperor Frederick, from whom they looked for protection in their present distresses: and by these means, France lost the opportunity, which she never could recall, of making that important acquisition of power and territory. During this interesting crisis, Edward was no less defective in policy, and was no less actuated by private passions, unworthy of a sovereign and a statesman. Jealousy of his brother Clarence had caused him to neglect the advances which were made of marrying that prince, now a widower, to the heiress of Burgundy;[] and he sent her proposals of espousing Anthony, earl of Rivers, brother to his queen, who still retained an entire ascendant over him. Comines, liv. v. chap. 8. ** Polyd. Virg. Hall, fol. 240. Holingshed, p. 703. Habington p. 474. Grafton, p. 742. But the match was rejected with disdain;[] and Edward, resenting this treatment of his brother-in-law, permitted France to proceed without interruption in her conquests over his defenceless ally. Any pretence sufficed him for abandoning himself entirely to indolence and pleasure, which were now become his ruling passions. The only object which divided his attention was the improving of the public revenue, which had been dilapidated by the necessities or negligence of his predecessors; and some of his expedients for that purpose, though unknown to us, were deemed, during the time, oppressive to the people.[] The detail of private wrongs naturally escapes the notice of history; but an act of tyranny of which Edward was guilty in his own family, has been taken notice of by all writers, and has met with general and deserved censure. Hall, fol. 240. ** Hall, p. 241. Hist. Croyl. Cont. p, 559. The duke of Clarence, by all his services in deserting Warwick, had never been able to regain the king's friendship, which he had forfeited by his former confederacy with that nobleman. He was still regarded at court as a man of a dangerous and a fickle character; and the imprudent openness and violence of his temper, though it rendered him much less dangerous, tended extremely to multiply his enemies, and to incense them against him. Among others, he had had the misfortune to give displeasure to the queen herself, as well as to his brother, the duke of Glocester, a prince of the deepest policy, of the most unrelenting ambition, and the least scrupulous in the means which he employed for the attainment or his ends. A combination between these potent adversaries being secretly formed against Clarence, it was determined to begin by attacking his friends; in hopes that, if he patiently endured this injury, his pusillanimity would dishonor him in the eyes of the public; if he made resistance, and expressed resentment, his passion would betray him into measures which might give them advantages against him. The king, hunting one day in the park of Thomas Burdet, of Arrow, in Warwickshire, had killed a white buck, which was a great favorite of the owner; and Burdet, vexed at the loss, broke into a passion, and wished the horns of the deer in the belly of the person who had advised the king to commit that insult upon him. This natural expression of resentment, which would have been overlooked or forgotten had it fallen from any other person, was rendered criminal and capital in that gentleman, by the friendship in which he had the misfortune to live with the duke of Clarence; he was tried for his life; the judges and jury were found servile enough to condemn him and he was publicly beheaded at Tyburn for this pretended offence.[] About the same time, one John Stacey, an ecclesiastic, much connected with the duke as well as with Burdet, was exposed to a like iniquitous and barbarous prosecution. This clergyman, being more learned in mathematics and astronomy than was usual in that age, lay under the imputation of necromancy with the ignorant vulgar; and the court laid hold of this popular rumor to effect his destruction. He was brought to his trial for that imaginary crime; many of the greatest peers countenanced the prosecution by their presence; he was condemned, put to the torture, and executed.[] The duke of Clarence was alarmed when he found these acts of tyranny exercised on all around him: he reflected on the fate of the good duke of Glocester, in the last reign, who, after seeing the most infamous pretences employed for the destruction of his nearest connections, at last fell himself a victim to the vengeance of his enemies. But Clarence, instead of securing his own life against the present danger by silence and reserve, was open and loud in justifying the innocence of his friends, and in exclaiming against the iniquity of their prosecutors. The king, highly offended with his freedom, or using that pretence against him, committed him to the Tower,[] summoned a parliament, and tried him for his life before the house of peers, the supreme tribunal of the nation. The duke was accused of arraigning public justice, by maintaining the innocence of men who had been condemned in courts of judicature, and or inveighing against the iniquity of the king, who had given orders for their prosecution.[*] Habington, p. 475. Holingshed, p. 703. Sir Thomas More in Kennet, p. 498. Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 561. * Hist Croyl. Cont. p. 562. **** Stowe, p. 430. Many rash expressions were imputed to him, and some, too, reflecting on Edward's legitimacy; but he was not accused of any overt act of treason; and even the truth of these speeches may be doubted of, since the liberty of judgment was taken from the court, by the king's appearing personally as his brother's accuser,[] and pleading the cause against him. But a sentence of condemnation, even when this extraordinary circumstance had not place, was a necessary consequence, in those times, of any prosecution by the court or the prevailing party; and the duke of Clarence was pronounced guilty by the peers. The house of commons were no less slavish and unjust: they both petitioned for the execution of the duke, and afterwards passed a bill of attainder against him.[] The measures of the parliament, during that age, furnish us with examples of a strange contrast of freedom and servility: they scruple to grant, and sometimes refuse, to the king the smallest supplies, the most necessary for the support of government, even the most necessary for the maintenance of wars, for which the nation, as well as the parliament itself, expressed great fondness: but they never scruple to concur in the most flagrant act of injustice or tyranny which falls on any individual, however distinguished by birth or merit. These maxims, so ungenerous, so opposite to all principles of good government, so contrary to the practice of present parliaments, are very remarkable in all the transactions of the English history for more than a century after the period in which we are now engaged. The only favor which the king granted his brother after his condemnation, was to leave him the choice of his death; and he was privately drowned in a butt of malmsey in the Tower; a whimsical choice, which implies that he had an extraordinary passion for that liquor. The duke left two children by the elder daughter of the earl of Warwick; a son, created an earl by his grandfather's title, and a daughter, afterwards countess of Salisbury. Both this prince and princess were also unfortunate in their end, and died a violent death; a fate which, for many years, attended almost all the descendants of the royal blood in England. There prevails a report, that a chief source of the violent prosecution of the duke of Clarence, whose name was George, was a current prophecy, that the king's son should be murdered by one, the initial letter of whose name was G.[*] It is not impossible but, in those ignorant times, such a silly reason might have some influence; but it is more probable that the whole story is the invention of a subsequent period, and founded on the murder of these children by the duke of Glocester. Comines remarks, that at that time the English never were without some superstitious prophecy or other, by which they accounted for every event. Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 562. Stowe, p. 430. Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 562. * Hall, fol. 239. Holingshed, p. 703. Grafton, p. 741. Polyd. Virg. p. 537. Sir Thomas More in Kennet, p. 497. All the glories of Edward's reign terminated with the civil wars, where his laurels, too, were extremely sullied with blood, violence, and cruelty. His spirit seems afterwards to have been sunk in indolence and pleasure, or his measures were frustrated by imprudence and the want of foresight. There was no object on which he was more intent than to have all his daughters settled by splendid marriages, though most of these princesses were yet in their infancy, and though the completion of his views, it was obvious, must depend on numberless accidents, which were impossible to be foreseen or prevented. His eldest daughter, Elizabeth, was contracted to the dauphin; his second, Cicely, to the eldest son of James III., king of Scotland; his third, Anne, to Philip, only son of Maximilian and the duchess of Burgundy; his fourth, Catharine, to John, son and heir to Ferdinand, king of Arragon, and Isabella, queen of Castile.[] None of these projected marriages took place; and the king himself saw in his lifetime the rupture of the first, that with the dauphin, for which he had always discovered a peculiar fondness. Lewis, who paid no regard to treaties or engagements, found his advantage in contracting the dauphin to the princess Margaret, daughter of Maximilian, and the king, notwithstanding his indolence, prepared to revenge the indignity. Rymer, vol. xi. p. 110. The French monarch, eminent for prudence as well as perfidy, endeavored to guard against the blow; and by a proper distribution of presents in the court of Scotland, he incited James to make war upon England. This prince, who lived on bad terms with his own nobility, and whose force was very unequal to the enterprise, levied an army; but when he was ready to enter England, the barons, conspiring against his favorites, put them to death without trial; and the army presently disbanded. The duke of Glocester, attended by the duke of Albany, James's brother, who had been banished his country, entered Scotland at the head of an army, took Berwick, and obliged the Scots to accept of a peace, by which they resigned that fortress to Edward. This success imboldened the king to think more seriously of a French war; but while he was making preparations for that enterprise, he was seized with a distemper, of which he expired in the forty-second year of his age, and the twenty-third of his reign; a prince more splendid and showy than either prudent or virtuous; brave, though cruel; addicted to pleasure, though capable of activity in great emergencies; and less fitted to prevent ills by wise precautions, than to remedy them, after they took place, by his vigor and enterprise. Besides five daughters, this king left two sons; Edward, prince of Wales, his successor, then in his thirteenth year and Richard, duke of York, in his ninth. During the latter years of Edward IV., the nation having in a great measure forgotten the bloody feuds between the two roses, and peaceably acquiescing in the established government, was agitated only by some court intrigues, which, being restrained by the authority of the king, seemed nowise to endanger the public tranquillity. These intrigues arose from the perpetual rivalship between two parties; one consisting of the queen and her relations, particularly the earl of Rivers, her brother, and the marquis of Dorset, her son; the other composed of the ancient nobility, who envied the sudden growth and unlimited credit of that aspiring family.[] Sir Thomas More. p. 481. At the head of this latter party was the duke of Buckingham, a man of very noble birth, of ample possessions, of great alliances, of shining parts; who, though he had married the queen's sister, was too haughty to act in subserviency to her inclinations, and aimed rather at maintaining an independent influence and authority. Lord Hastings, the chamberlain, was another leader of the same party; and as this nobleman had, by his bravery and activity, as well as by his approved fidelity, acquired the confidence and favor of his master, he had been able, though with some difficulty, to support himself against the credit of the queen. The lords Howard and Stanley maintained a connection with these two noblemen, and brought a considerable accession of influence and reputation to their party. All the other barons, who had no particular dependence on the queen, adhered to the same interest; and the people in general, from their natural envy against the prevailing power, bore great favor to the cause of these noblemen. But Edward knew that, though he himself had been able to overawe those rival factions, many disorders might arise from their contests during the minority of his son; and he therefore took care, in his last illness, to summon together several of the leaders on both sides, and by composing their ancient quarrels, to provide, as far as possible, for the future tranquillity of the government. After expressing his intentions, that his brother, the duke of Glocester, then absent in the north, should be intrusted with the regency, he recommended to them peace and unanimity during the tender years of his son; represented to them the dangers which must attend the continuance of their animosities; and engaged them to embrace each other with all the appearance of the most cordial reconciliation. But this temporary or feigned agreement lasted no longer than the king's life; he had no sooner expired, than the jealousies of the parties broke out afresh; and each of them applied, by separate messages, to the duke of Glocester, and endeavored to acquire his favor and friendship. This prince, during his brother's reign, had endeavored to live on good terms with both parties; and his high birth, his extensive abilities, and his great services, had enabled him to support himself without falling into a dependence on either. But the new situation of affairs, when the supreme power was devolved upon him, immediately changed his measures; and he secretly determined to preserve no longer that neutrality which he had hitherto maintained. His exorbitant ambition, unrestrained by any principle either of justice or humanity; made him carry his views to the possession of the crown itself; and as this object could not be attained without the ruin of the queen and her family, he fell, without hesitation, into concert with the opposite party. But being sensible that the most profound dissimulation was requisite for effecting his criminal purposes, he redoubled his professions of zeal and attachment to that princess; and he gained such credit with her as to influence her conduct in a point which, as it was of the utmost importance, was violently disputed between the opposite factions. The young king, at the time of his father's death, resided in the Castle of Ludlow, on the borders of Wales; whither he had been sent, that the influence of his presence might overawe the Welsh, and restore the tranquillity of that country, which had been disturbed by some late commotions. His person was committed to the care of his uncle, the earl of Rivers, the most accomplished nobleman in England, who, having united an uncommon taste for literature[] to great abilities in business and valor in the field was entitled by his talents, still more than by nearness of blood, to direct the education of the young monarch. The queen, anxious to preserve that ascendant over her son which she had long maintained over her husband, wrote to the earl of Rivers, that he should levy a body of forces, in order to escort the king to London, to protect him during his coronation, and to keep him from falling into the hands of their enemies.[] The opposite faction, sensible that Edward was now of an age when great advantages could be made of his name and countenance, and was approaching to the age when he would be legally entitled to exert in person his authority, foresaw that the tendency of this measure was to perpetuate their subjection under their rivals; and they vehemently opposed a resolution which they represented as the signal for renewing a civil war in the kingdom. Lord Hastings threatened to depart instantly to his government of Calais:[] the other nobles seemed resolute to oppose force by force: and as the duke of Glocester, on pretence of pacifying the quarrel, had declared against all appearance of an armed power, which might be dangerous, and was nowise necessary; the queen, trusting to the sincerity of his friendship, and overawed by so violent an opposition, recalled her orders to her brother, and desired him to bring up no greater retinue than should be necessary to support the state and dignity of the young sovereign.[*] This nobleman first introduced the noble art of printing into England. Caxton was recommended by him to the patronage of Edward IV. See Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors. Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 564, 565. * Sir Thomas More, p. 483. The duke of Glocester, meanwhile, set out from York, attended by a numerous train of the northern gentry. When he reached Northampton, he was joined by the duke of Buckingham, who was also attended by a splendid retinue; and as he heard that the king was hourly expected on that road, he resolved to await his arrival, under color of conducting him thence in person to London. The earl of Rivers, apprehensive that the place would be too narrow to contain so many attendants, sent his pupil forward by another road to Stony Stratford; and came himself to Northampton, in order to apologize for this measure, and to pay his respects to the duke of Glocester. He was received with the greatest appearance of cordiality: he passed the evening an an amicable manner with Glocester and Buckingham: he proceeded on the road with them next day to join the king: but as he was entering Stony Stratford, he was arrested by orders from the duke of Glocester:[] Sir Richard Gray, one of the queen's sons, was at the same time put under a guard, together with Sir Thomas Vaughan, who possessed a considerable office in the king's household; and all the prisoners were instantly conducted to Pomfret. Glocester approached the young prince with the greatest demonstrations of respect; and endeavored to satisfy him with regard to the violence committed on his uncle and brother: but Edward, much attached to these near relations, by whom he had been tenderly educated, was not such a master of dissimulation as to conceal his displeasure.[] The people, however, were extremely rejoiced at this revolution; and the duke was received in London with the loudest acclamations: but the queen no sooner received intelligence of her brother's imprisonment, than she foresaw that Glocester's violence would not stop there, and that her own ruin, if not that of all her children, was finally determined. She therefore fled into the sanctuary of Westminster, attended by the marquis of Dorset; and she carried thither the five princesses, together with the duke of York.[] Sir Thomas More. *** Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 565. She trusted that the ecclesiastical privileges, which had formerly, during the total ruin of her husband and family, given her protection against the fury of the Lancastrian faction, would not now be violated by her brother-in-law, while her son was on the throne; and she resolved to await there the return of better fortune. But Glocester, anxious to have the duke of York in his power, proposed to take him by force from the sanctuary; and he represented to the privy council both the indignity put upon the government by the queen's ill-grounded apprehensions, and the necessity of the young prince's appearance at the ensuing coronation of his brother. It was further urged, that ecclesiastical privileges were originally intended only to give protection to unhappy men persecuted for their debts or crimes; and were entirely useless to a person who, by reason of his tender age, could lie under the burden of neither, and who, for the same reason, was utterly incapable of claiming security from any sanctuary. But the two archbishops, Cardinal Bourchier, the primate, and Rotherhand, archbishop of York, protesting against the sacrilege of this measure, it was agreed that they should first endeavor to bring the queen to compliance by persuasion, before any violence should be employed against her. These prelates were persons of known integrity and honor; and being themselves entirely persuaded of the duke's good intentions, they employed every argument, accompanied with earnest entreaties, exhortations, and assurances, to bring her over to the same opinion. She long continued obstinate, and insisted that the duke of York, by living in the sanctuary, was not only secure himself, but gave security to the king, whose life no one would dare to attempt while his successor and avenger remained in safety. But finding that none supported her in these sentiments, and that force, in case of refusal, was threatened by the council, she at last complied, and produced her son to the two prelates. She was here on a sudden struck with a kind of presage of his future fate: she tenderly embraced him; she bedewed him with her tears; and bidding him an eternal adieu, delivered him, with many expressions of regret and reluctance, into their custody.[] The duke of Glocester, being the nearest male of the royal family capable of exercising the government, seemed entitled, by the customs of the realm, to the office of protector; and the council, not waiting for the consent of parliament, made no scruple of investing him with that high dignity.[] Sir Thomas More, p. 491. ** Hist. Croyl. Cont, p. 566. The general prejudice entertained by the nobility against the queen and her kindred, occasioned this precipitation and irregularity; and no one foresaw any danger to the succession, much less to the lives of the young princes, from a measure so obvious and so natural. Besides that the duke had hitherto been able to cover, by the most profound dissimulation, his fierce and savage nature, the numerous issue of Edward, together with the two children of Clarence, seemed to be an eternal obstacle to his ambition; and it appeared equally impracticable for him to destroy so many persons possessed of a preferable title, and imprudent to exclude them. But a man who had abandoned all principles of honor and humanity, was soon carried by his predominant passion beyond the reach of fear or precaution; and Glocester, having so far succeeded in his views, no longer hesitated in removing the other obstructions which lay between him and the throne. The death of the earl of Rivers, and of the other prisoners detained in Pomfret, was first determined; and he easily obtained the consent of the duke of Buckingham, as well as of Lord Hastings, to this violent and sanguinary measure. However easy it was, in those times, to procure a sentence against the most innocent person, it appeared still more easy to despatch an enemy without any trial or form of process; and orders were accordingly issued to Sir Richard Ratcliffe, a proper instrument in the hands of this tyrant, to cut off the heads of the prisoners. The protector then assailed the fidelity of Buckingham by all the arguments capable of swaying a vicious mind, which knew no motive of action but interest and ambition. He represented that the execution of persons so nearly related to the king, whom that prince so openly professed to love, and whose fate he so much resented, would never pass unpunished; and all the actors in that scene were bound in prudence to prevent the effects of his future vengeance: that it would be impossible to keep the queen forever at a distance from her son, and equally impossible to prevent her from instilling into his tender mind the thoughts of retaliating, by like executions, the sanguinary insults committed on her family: that the only method of obviating these mischiefs was to put the sceptre in the hands of a man of whose friendship the duke might be assured, and whose years and experience taught him to pay respect to merit and to the rights of ancient nobility: and that the same necessity which had carried them so far in resisting the usurpation of these intruders, must justify them in attempting further innovations, and in making, by national consent, a new settlement of the succession. To these reasons he added the offers of great private advantages to the duke of Buckingham; and he easily obtained from him a promise of supporting him in all his enterprises. The duke of Glocester, knowing the importance of gaining Lord Hastings, sounded at a distance his sentiments, by means of Catesby, a lawyer, who lived in great intimacy with that nobleman; but found him impregnable in his allegiance and fidelity to the children of Edward, who had ever honored him with his friendship.[] He saw, therefore, that there were no longer any measures to be kept with him; and he determined to ruin utterly the man whom he despaired of engaging to concur in his usurpation. On the very day when Rivers, Gray, and Vaughan were executed, or rather murdered, at Poinfret by the advice of Hastings, the protector summoned a council in the Tower; whither that nobleman, suspecting no design against him, repaired without hesitation. Sir Thomas More. p. 493. The duke of Glocester was capable of committing the most bloody and treacherous murders with the utmost coolness and indifference. On taking his place at the council-table, he appeared in the easiest and most jovial humor imaginable. He seemed to indulge himself in familiar conversation with the counsellors, before they should enter on business, and having paid some compliments to Morton, bishop of Ely, on the good and early strawberries which he raised in his garden at Holborn, he begged the favor of having a dish of them, which that prelate immediately despatched a servant to bring to him. The protector then left the council, as if called away by some other business; but soon after returning with an angry and inflamed countenance, he asked them, what punishment those deserved that had plotted against his life, who was so nearly related to the king, and was intrusted with the administration of government. Hastings replied, that they merited the punishment of traitors. "These traitors," cried the protector, "are the sorceress, my brother's wife, and Jane Shore, his mistress, with others their associates: see to what a condition they have reduced me by their incantations and witchcraft:" upon which he laid bare his arm, all shrivelled and decayed. But the counsellors, who knew that this infirmity had attended him from his birth, looked on each other with amazement; and, above all, Lord Hastings, who, as he had since Edward's death engaged in an intrigue with Jane Shore,[] 20 was naturally anxious concerning the issue of these extraordinary proceedings. See note T, at the end of the volume. "Certainly, my lord," said he, "if they be guilty of these crimes, they deserve the severest punishment." "And do you reply to me," exclaimed the protector, "with your ifs and your ands? You are the chief abettor of that witch, Shore: you are yourself a traitor; and I swear by St. Paul, that I will not dine before your head be brought me," He struck the table with his hand: armed men rushed in at the signal: the counsellors were thrown into the utmost consternation: and one of the guards, as if by accident or mistake, aimed a blow with a pole-axe at Lord Stanley, who, aware of the danger, slunk under the table; and though he saved his life, he received a severe wound in the head, in the protector's presence. Hastings was seized, was hurried away, and instantly beheaded on a timber-log, which lay in the court of the Tower.[] Two hours after, a proclamation, well penned, and fairly written, was read to the citizens of London, enumerating his offenses, and apologizing to them, from the suddenness of the discovery, for the sudden execution of that nobleman, who was very popular among them; but the saying of a merchant was much talked of on the occasion, who remarked, that the proclamation was certainly drawn by the spirit of prophecy.[] Hist Croyl. Cont. p. 566. ** Sir Thomas More, p. 496. Lord Stanley, the archbishop of York, the bishop of Ely, and other counsellors, were committed prisoners in different chambers of the Tower; and the protector, in order to carry on the farce of his accusations, ordered the goods of Jane Shore to be seized; and he summoned her to answer before the council for sorcery and witchcraft. But as no proofs, which could be received even in that ignorant age, were produced against her, he directed her to be tried in the spiritual court for her adulteries and lewdness; and she did penance in a white sheet in St. Paul's, before the whole people. This lady was born of reputable parents in London, was well educated, and married to a substantial citizen; but unhappily views of interest, more than the maid's inclinations, had been consulted in the match, and her mind, though framed for virtue, had proved unable to resist the allurements of Edward, who solicited her favors. But while seduced from her duty by this gay and amorous monarch, she still made herself respectable by her other virtues; and the ascendant which her charms and vivacity long maintained over him, was all employed in acts of beneficence and humanity. She was still forward to oppose calumny, to protect the oppressed, to relieve the indigent; and her good offices, the genuine dictates of her heart, never waited the solicitation of presents, or the hopes of reciprocal services. But she lived not only to feel the bitterness of shame imposed on her by this tyrant, but to experience, in old age and poverty, the ingratitude of those courtiers who had long solicited her friendship, and been protected by her credit. No one, among the great multitudes whom she had obliged, had the humanity to bring her consolation or relief; she languished out her life in solitude and indigence; and amidst a court inured to the most atrocious crimes, the frail ties of this woman justified all violations of friendship towards her, and all neglect of former obligations. These acts of violence, exercised against all the nearest connections of the late king, prognosticated the severest fate to his defenceless children; and after the murder of Hastings, the protector no longer made a secret of his intentions to usurp the crown. The licentious life of Edward, who was not restrained in his pleasures either by honor or prudence, afforded a pretence for declaring his marriage with the queen invalid, and all his posterity illegitimate. It was asserted that, before espousing the lady Elizabeth Gray, he had paid court to the lady Eleanor Talbot, daughter of the earl of Shrewsbury; and being repulsed by the virtue of that lady, he was obliged, ere he could gratify his desires, to consent to a private marriage, without any witnesses, by Stillington, bishop of Bath, who afterwards divulged the secret.[] Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 567. Comines. Sir Thomas More, p. It was also maintained that the act of attainder passed against the duke of Clarence, had virtually incapacitated his children from succeeding to the crown; and these two families being set aside, the protector remained the only true and legitimate heir of the house of York. But as it would be difficult, if not impossible, to prove the preceding marriage of the late king, and as the rule which excludes the heirs of an attainted blood from private successions was never extended to the crown, the protector resolved to make use of another plea, still more shameful and scandalous. His partisans were taught to maintain, that both Edward IV. and the duke of Clarence were illegitimate; that the duchess of York had received different lovers into her bed, who were the fathers of these children, that, their resemblance to those gallants was a sufficient proof of their spurious birth; and that the duke of Glocester alone, of all her sons, appeared by his features and countenance to be the true offspring of the duke of York. Nothing can be imagined more impudent than this assertion, which threw so foul an imputation on his own mother, a princess of irreproachable virtue, and then alive; yet the place chosen for first promulgating it was the pulpit, before a large congregation, and in the protector's presence. Dr. Shaw was appointed to preach in St. Paul's; and having chosen this passage for his text "Bastards lips shall not thrive," he enlarged on all the topics which could discredit the birth of Edward IV., the duke of Clarence, and of all their children. He then broke out in a panegyric on the duke of Glocester; and exclaimed, "Behold this excellent prince, the express image of his noble father, the genuine descendant of the house of York; bearing no less in the virtues of his mind than in the features of his countenance the character of the gallant Richard, once your hero and favorite: he alone is entitled to your allegiance: he must deliver you from the dominion of all intruders: he alone can restore the lost glory and honor of the nation." It was previously concerted, that as the doctor should pronounce these words, the duke of Glocester should enter the church; and it was expected that the audience would cry out, "God save King Richard;" which would immediately have been laid hold of as a popular consent, and interpreted to be the voice of the nation; but by a ridiculous mistake, worthy of the whole scene, the duke did not appear till after this exclamation was already recited by the preacher. The doctor was therefore obliged to repeat his rhetorical figure out of its proper place: the audience, less from the absurd conduct of the discourse than from their detestation of these proceedings, kept a profound silence: and the protector and his preacher were equally abashed at the ill success of their stratagem. But the duke was too far advanced to recede from his criminal and ambitious purpose. A new expedient was tried to work on the people. The mayor, who was brother to Dr. Shaw, and entirely in the protector's interests, called an assembly of the citizens; where the duke of Buckingham, who possessed some talents for eloquence, harangued them on the protector's title to the crown, and displayed those numerous virtues of which he pretended that prince was possessed. He next asked them whether they would have the duke for king; and then stopped, in expectation of hearing the cry, "God save King Richard." He was surprised to observe them silent; and turning about to the mayor, asked him the reason. The mayor replied, that perhaps they did not understand him. Buckingham then repeated his discourse with some variation. enforced the same topics, asked the same question, and was received with the same silence. "I now see the cause," said the mayor; "the citizens are not accustomed to be harangued by any but their recorder; and know not how to answer a person of your grace's quality." The recorder, Fitz-Williams, was then commanded to repeat the substance of the duke's speech; but the man, who was averse to the office, took care, throughout his whole discourse, to have it understood that he spoke nothing of himself, and that he only conveyed to them the sense of the duke of Buckingham. Still the audience kept a profound silence. "This is wonderful obstinacy," cried the duke: "express your meaning, my friends, one way or other: when we apply to you on this occasion, it is merely from the regard which we bear to you. The lords and commons have sufficient authority, without your consent, to appoint a king: but I require you here to declare, in plain terms, whether or not you will have the duke of Glocester for your sovereign." After all these efforts, some of the meanest apprentices, incited by the protector's and Buckingham's servants, raised a feeble cry, "God save King Richard:"[] the sentiments of the nation were now sufficiently declared: the voice of the people was the voice of God: and Buckingham, with the mayor, hastened to Baynard's Castle, where the protector then resided, that they might make him a tender of the crown. Sir Thomas More, p. 496. When Richard was told that a great multitude was in the court, he refused to appear to them, and pretended to be apprehensive for his personal safety; a circumstance taken notice of by Buckingham, who observed to the citizens that the prince was ignorant of the whole design. At last he was persuaded to step forth, but he still kept at some distance; and he asked the meaning of their intrusion and importunity. Buckingham told him that the nation was resolved to have him for king: the protector declared his purpose of maintaining his loyalty to the present sovereign, and exhorted them to adhere to the same resolution. He was told that the people had determined to have another prince; and if he rejected their unanimous voice, they must look out for one who would be more compliant. This argument was too powerful to be resisted: he was prevailed on to accept of the crown: and he thenceforth acted as legitimate and rightful sovereign. This ridiculous force was soon after followed by a scene truly tragical; the murder of the two young princes. Richard gave orders to Sir Robert Brakenbury, constable of the Tower, to put his nephews to death; but this gentleman, who had sentiments of honor, refused to have any hand in the infamous office. The tyrant then sent for Sir James Tyrrel, who promised obedience: and he ordered Brakenbury to resign to this gentleman the keys and government of the Tower for one night. Tyrre, choosing three associates, Slater, Dighton, and Forest, came in the night-time to the door of the chamber where the princes were lodged; and sending in the assassins he bade them execute their commission, while he himself staid without. They found the young princes in bed, and fallen into a profound sleep. After suffocating them with the bolster and pillows, they showed their naked bodies to Tyrrel, who ordered them to be buried at the foot of the stairs, deep in the ground, under a heap of stones.[] These circumstances were all confessed by the actors in the following reign; and they were never punished for the crime; probably because Henry, whose maxims of government were extremely arbitrary, desired to establish it as a principle, that the commands of the reigning sovereign ought to justify every enormity in those who paid obedience to them. But there is one circumstance not so easy to be accounted for: it is pretended that Richard, displeased with the indecent manner of burying his nephews, whom he had murdered, gave his chaplain orders to dig up the bodies, and to inter them in consecrated ground; and as the man died soon after, the place of their burial remained unknown, and the bodies could never be found by any search which Henry could make for them. Yet in the reign of Charles II., when there was occasion to remove some stones and to dig in the very spot which was mentioned as the place of their first interment, the bones of two persons were there found, which by their size exactly corresponded to the age of Edward and his brother: they were concluded with certainty to be the remains of those princes, and were interred under a marble monument by orders of King Charles.[] Perhaps Richard's chaplain had died before he found an opportunity of executing his master's commands; and the bodies being supposed to be already removed, a diligent search was not made for them by Henry in the place where they had been buried. The first acts of Richard's administration were to bestow rewards on those who had assisted him in usurping the crown, and to gain by favors those who, he thought, were best able to support his future government. Thomas Lord Howard was created duke of Norfolk; Sir Thomas Howard, his son, earl of Surrey; Lord Lovel, a viscount by the same name; even Lord Stanley was set at liberty, and made steward of the household. This nobleman had become obnoxious by his first opposition to Richard's views, and also by his marrying the countess dowager of Richmond, heir of the Somerset family; but sensible of the necessity of submitting to the present government, he feigned such zeal for Richard's service, that he was received into favor, and even found means to be intrusted with the most important commands by that politic and jealous tyrant. But the person who, both from the greatness of his services and the power and splendor of his family, was best entitled to favors under the new government, was the duke of Buckingham; and Richard seemed determined to spare no pains or bounty in securing him to his interests. Buckingham was descended from a daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Glocester, uncle to Richard II.; and by this pedigree he not only was allied to the royal family, but had claims for dignities as well as estates of a very extensive nature. The duke of Glocester, and Henry, earl of Derby, afterwards Henry IV. had married the two daughters and coheirs of Bohun, earl of Hereford, one of the greatest of the ancient barons, whose immense property came thus to be divided into two shares. One was inherited by the family of Buckingham; the other was united to the crown by the house of Lancaster, and, after the attainder of that royal line, was seized, as legally devolved to them, by the sovereigns of the house of York. The duke of Buckingham laid hold of the present opportunity, and claimed the restitution of that portion of the Hereford estate which had escheated to the crown, as well as of the great office of constable, which had long continued by inheritance in his ancestors of that family. Richard readily complied with these demands, which were probably the price stipulated to Buckingham for his assistance in promoting the usurpation. That nobleman was invested with the office of constable; he received a grant of the estate of Hereford;[] many other dignities and honors were conferred upon him; and the king thought himself sure of preserving the fidelity of a man whose interests seemed so closely connected with those of the present government. * Dugdale's Baron. vol. i. p. 168, 169. But it was impossible that friendship could long remain inviolate between two men of such corrupt minds as Richard and the duke of Buckingham. Historians ascribe their first rupture to the king's refusal of making restitution of the Hereford estate; but it is certain from records, that he passed a grant for that purpose, and that the full demands of Buckingham were satisfied in this particular. Perhaps Richard was soon sensible of the danger which might ensue from conferring such an immense property on a man of so turbulent a disposition, and afterwards raised difficulties about the execution of his own grant: perhaps he refused some other demands of Buckingham, whom he found it impossible to gratify for his past services: perhaps he resolved, according to the usual maxim of politicians, to seize the first opportunity of ruining this powerful subject, who had been the principal instrument of his own elevation; and the discovery of this intention begat the first discontent in the duke of Buckingham. However this may be, it is certain that the duke, soon after Richard's accession, began to form a conspiracy against the government, and attempted to overthrow that usurpation which he himself had so zealously contributed to establish. Never was there in any country a usurpation more flagrant than that of Richard, or more repugnant to every principle of justice and public interest. His claim was entirely founded on impudent allegations, never attempted to be proved; some of them incapable of proof, and all of their implying scandalous reflections on his own family, and on the persons with whom he was the most nearly connected. His title was never acknowledged by any national assembly, scarcely even by the lowest populace to whom he appealed; and it had become prevalent merely for want of some person of distinction, who might stand forth against him, and give a voice to those sentiments of general detestation which arose in every bosom. Were men disposed to pardon these violations of public right, the sense of private and domestic duty, which is not to be effaced in the most barbarous times, must have, begotten an abhorrence against him; and have represented the murder of the young and innocent princes, his nephews, with whose protection he had been intrusted, in the most odious colors imaginable. To endure such a bloody usurper seemed to draw disgrace upon the nation, and to be attended with immediate danger to every individual who was distinguished by birth, merit, or services. Such was become the general voice of the people; all parties were united in the same sentiments; and the Lancastrians, so long oppressed, and of late so much discredited, felt their blasted hopes again revive, and anxiously expected the consequences of these extraordinary events. The duke of Buckingham, whose family had been devoted to that interest, and who, by his mother, a daughter of Edmund, duke of Somerset, was allied to the house of Lancaster, was easily induced to espouse the cause of this party, and to endeavor the restoring of it to its ancient superiority. Morton, bishop of Ely, a zealous Lancastrian, whom the king had imprisoned, and had afterwards committed to the custody of Buckingham, encouraged these sentiments; and by his exhortations the duke cast his eye towards the young earl of Richmond, as the only person who could free the nation from the tyranny of the present usurper.[] Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 568. Henry, earl of Richmond, was at this time detained in a kind of honorable custody by the duke of Brittany; and his descent, which seemed to give him some pretensions to the crown, had been a great object of jealousy both in the late and in the present reign. John, the first duke of Somerset who was grandson of John of Gaunt, by a spurious branch but legitimated by act of parliament, had left only one daughter, Margaret; and his younger brother, Edmund, had succeeded him in his titles, and in a considerable part of his fortune. Margaret had espoused Edmund, earl of Richmond, half brother of Henry VI., and son of Sir Owen Tudor and Catharine of France, relict of Henry V., and she bore him only one son, who received the name of Henry, and who, after his father's death, inherited the honors and fortune of Richmond. His mother, being a widow, had espoused in second marriage Sir Henry Stafford, uncle to Buckingham, and after the death of that gentleman, had married Lord Stanley; but had no children by either of these husbands; and her son Henry was thus, in the event of her death, the sole heir of all her fortunes. But this was not the most considerable advantage which he had reason to expect from her succession: he would represent the elder branch of the house of Somerset; he would inherit all the title of that family to the crown; and though its claim, while any legitimate branch subsisted of the house of Lancaster, had always been much disregarded, the zeal of faction, after the death of Henry VI., and the murder of Prince Edward, immediately conferred a weight and consideration upon it. Edward IV., finding that all the Lancastrians had turned their attention towards the young earl of Richmond as the object of their hopes, thought him also worthy of his attention; and pursued him into his retreat in Brittany, whither his uncle, the earl of Pembroke, had carried him, after the battle of Tewkesbury, so fatal to his party. He applied to Francis II., duke of Brittany, who was his ally; a weak, but a good prince; and urged him to deliver up this fugitive, who might be the source of future disturbances in England; but the duke, averse to so dishonorable a proposal, would only consent that, for the security of Edward, the young nobleman should be detained in custody; and he received an annual pension from England for the safe keeping or the subsistence of his prisoner. But towards the end of Edward's reign, when the kingdom was menaced with a war both from France and Scotland, the anxieties of the English court with regard to Henry were much increased; and Edward made a new proposal to the duke, which covered, under the fairest appearances, the most bloody and treacherous intentions. He pretended that he was desirous of gaining his enemy, and of uniting him to his own family by a marriage with his daughter Elizabeth; and he solicited to have him sent over to England, in order to execute a scheme which would redound so much to his advantage. These pretences, seconded, as is supposed, by bribes to Peter Landais, a corrupt minister, by whom the duke was entirely governed, gained credit with the court of Brittany: Henry was delivered into the hands of the English agents, he was ready to embark; when a suspicion of Edward's real design was suggested to the duke, who recalled his orders, and thus saved the unhappy youth from the imminent danger which hung over him. These symptoms of continued jealousy in the reigning family of England, both seemed to give some authority to Henry's pretensions, and made him the object of general favor and compassion, on account of the dangers and persecutions to which he was exposed. The universal detestation of Richard's conduct turned still more the attention of the nation towards Henry; and as all the descendants of the house of York were either women or minors, he seemed to be the only person from whom the nation could expect the expulsion of the odious and bloody tyrant. But notwithstanding these circumstances, which were so favorable to him, Buckingham and the bishop of Ely well knew that there would still be many obstacles in his way to the throne; and that, though the nation had been much divided between Henry VI. and the duke of York, while present possession and hereditary right stood in opposition to each other, yet as soon as these titles were united in Edward IV., the bulk of the people had come over to the reigning family; and the Lancastrians had extremely decayed, both in numbers and in authority. It was therefore suggested by Morton, and readily assented to by the duke, that the only means of overturning the present usurpation, was to unite the opposite factions, by contracting a marriage between the earl of Richmond and the princess Elizabeth, eldest daughter of King Edward, and thereby blending together the opposite pretensions of their families, which had so long been the source of public disorders and convulsions. They were sensible, that the people were extremely desirous of repose after so many bloody and destructive commotions; that both Yorkists and Lancastrians, who now lay equally under oppression, would embrace this scheme with ardor; and that the prospect of reconciling the two parties, which was in itself so desirable an end, would, when added to the general hatred against the present government, render their cause absolutely invincible. In consequence of these views, the prelate, by means of Reginald Bray, steward to the countess of Rich-* mond, first opened the project of such a union to that lady; and the plan appeared so advantageous for her son, and at the same time so likely to succeed, that it admitted not of the least hesitation. Dr. Lewis, a Welsh physician, who had access to the queen dowager in her sanctuary, carried the proposals to her, and found that revenge for the murder of her brother and of her three sons, apprehensions for her surviving family, and indignation against her confinement, easily overcame all her prejudices against the house of Lancaster, and procured her approbation of a marriage, to which the age and birth, as well as the present situation of the parties, seemed so naturally to invite them. She secretly borrowed a sum of money in the city, sent it over to the earl of Richmond, required his oath to celebrate the marriage as soon as he should arrive in England, advised him to levy as many foreign forces as possible, and promised to join him on his first appearance, with all the friends and partisans of her family. The plan being thus laid upon the solid foundations of good sense and sound policy, it was secretly communicated to the principal persons of both parties in all the counties of England; and a wonderful alacrity appeared in every order of men to forward its success and completion. But it was impossible that so extensive a conspiracy could be conducted in so secret a manner, as entirely to escape the jealous and vigilant eye of Richard; and he soon received intelligence, that his enemies, headed by the duke of Buckingham, were forming some design against his authority. He immediately put himself in a posture of defence, by levying troops in the north; and he summoned the duke to appear at court, in such terms as seemed to promise him a renewal of their former amity. But that nobleman, well acquainted with the barbarity and treachery of Richard, replied only by taking arms in Wales, and giving the signal to his accomplices for a general insurrection in all parts of England. But at that very time there happened to fall such heavy rains, so incessant and continued, as exceeded any known in the memory of man; and the Severn, with the other rivers in that neighborhood, swelled to a height which rendered them impassable, and prevented Buckingham from marching into the heart of England to join his associates. The Welshmen, partly moved by superstition at this extraordinary event, partly distressed by famine in their camp, fell off from him; and Buckingham, finding himself deserted by his followers, put on a disguise, and took shelter in the house of Banister, an old servant of his family. But being detected in his retreat, he was brought to the king at Salisbury; and was instantly executed, according to the summary method practised in that age.[] The other conspirators, who took arms in four different places, at Exeter, at Salisbury, it Newbury, and at Maidstone, hearing of the duke of Buckingham's misfortunes, despaired of success, and immediately dispersed themselves. The marquis of Dorset and the bishop of Ely made their escape beyond sea; many others were equally fortunate; several fell into Richard's hands, of whom he made some examples. His executions seem not to have been remarkably severe; though we are told of one gentleman, William Colingbourne, who suffered under color of this rebellion, but in reality for a distich of quibbling verses which he had composed against Richard and his ministers.[] Hist. Croyl. Cont. p. 568. The lines were— "The Rat, the Cat, and Lovel that Dog, Rule all England under the Hog;" The earl of Richmond, in concert with his friends, had set sail from St. Malo's, carrying on board a body of five thousand men, levied in foreign parts; but his fleet being at first driven back by a storm, he appeared not on the coast of England till after the dispersion of all his friends; and he found himself obliged to return to the court of Brittany. The king, every where triumphant, and fortified by this unsuccessful attempt to dethrone him, ventured at last to summon a parliament; a measure which his crimes and flagrant usurpation had induced him hitherto to decline. Though it was natural that the parliament, in a contest of national parties, should always adhere to the victor, he seems to have apprehended, lest his title, founded on no principle, and supported by no party, might be rejected by that assembly. But his enemies being now at his feet, the parliament had no choice left but to recognize his authority, and acknowledge his right to the crown. His only son, Edward, then a youth of twelve years of age, was created prince of Wales: the duties of tonnage and poundage were granted to the king for life; and Richard, in order to reconcile the nation to his government, passed some popular laws, particularly one alluding to the names of Ratcliffe and Catesby; and to Richard's arms, which were a boar, against the late practice of extorting money on pretence of benevolence. All the other measures of the king tended to the same object. Sensible that the only circumstance which could give him security, was to gain the confidence of the Yorkists, he paid court to the queen dowager with such art and address, made such earnest protestations of his sincere good-will and friendship, that this princess, tired of confinement, and despairing of any success from her former projects, ventured to leave her sanctuary, and to put herself and her daughters into the hands of the tyrant. But he soon carried further his views for the establishment of his throne. He had married Anne, the second daughter of the earl of Warwick, and widow of Edward, prince of Wales, whom Richard himself had murdered; but this princess having born him but one son, who died about this time, he considered her as an invincible obstacle to the settlement of his fortune, and he was believed to have carried her off by poison; a crime for which the public could not be supposed to have any solid proof, but which the usual tenor of his conduct made it reasonable to suspect. He now thought it in his power to remove the chief perils which threatened his government. The earl of Richmond, he knew, could never be formidable but from his projected marriage with the princess Elizabeth, the true heir of the crown; and he therefore intended, by means of a papal dispensation, to espouse, himself, this princess, and thus to unite in his own family their contending titles. The queen dowager, eager to recover her lost authority, neither scrupled this alliance, which was very unusual in England, and was regarded as incestuous, nor felt any horror at marrying her daughter to the murderer of her three sons and of her brother: she even joined so farther interests with those of the usurper, that she wrote to all her partisans, and among the rest to her son, the marquis of Dorset, desiring them to withdraw from the earl of Richmond; an injury which the earl could never afterwards forgive: the court of Rome was applied to for a dispensation: Richard thought that he could easily defend himself during the interval, till it arrived; and he had afterwards the agreeable prospect of a full and secure settlement. He flattered himself that the English nation, seeing all danger removed of a disputed succession, would then acquiesce under the dominion of a prince who was of mature years, of great abilities, and of a genius qualified for government; and that they would forgive him all the crimes which he had committed in paving his way to the throne. But the crimes of Richard were so horrid and so shocking to humanity, that the natural sentiments of men, without any political or public views, were sufficient to render his government unstable; and every person of probity and honor was earnest to prevent the sceptre from being any longer polluted by that bloody and faithless hand which held it. All the exiles flocked to the earl of Richmond in Brittany, and exhorted him to hasten his attempt for a new invasion, and to prevent the marriage of the princess Elizabeth, which must prove fatal to all his hopes. The earl, sensible of the urgent necessity, but dreading the treachery of Peter Landais, who had entered into a negotiation with Richard for betraying him, was obliged to attend only to his present safety; and he made his escape to the court of France. The ministers of Charles VIII., who had now succeeded to the throne after the death of his father, Lewis, gave him countenance and protection; and being desirous of raising disturbance to Richard, they secretly encouraged the earl in the levies which he made for the support of his enterprise upon England. The earl of Oxford, whom Richard's suspicions had thrown into confinement, having made his escape, here joined Henry; and inflamed his ardor for the attempt, by a favorable account which he brought of the dispositions of the English nation, and their universal hatred of Richard's crimes and usurpation. The earl of Richmond set sail from Harfleur, in Normandy, with a small army of about two thousand men; and after a navigation of six days, he arrived at Milford Haven, in Wales, where he landed without opposition. He directed his course to that part of the kingdom, in hopes that the Welsh, who regarded him as their countryman, and who had been already prepossessed in favor of his cause by means of the duke of Buckingham, would join his standard, and enable him to make head against the established government. Richard, who knew not in what quarter he might expect the invader, had taken post at Nottingham, in the centre of the kingdom; and having given commissions to different persons in the several counties, whom he empowered to oppose his enemy, he purposed in person to fly, on the first alarm, to the place exposed to danger. Sir Rice ap Thomas and Sir Walter Herbert were intrusted with his authority in Wales; but the former immediately deserted to Henry; the second made but feeble opposition to him; and the earl, advancing towards Shrewsbury, received every day some reënforcement from his partisans. Sir Gilbert Talbot joined him with all the vassals and retainers of the family of Shrewsbury: Sir Thomas Bourchier and Sir Walter Hungerford brought their friends to share his fortunes; and the appearance of men of distinction in his camp made already his cause wear a favorable aspect. But the danger to which Richard was chiefly exposed, proceeded not so much from the zeal of his open enemies, as from the infidelity of his pretended friends. Scarce any nobleman of distinction was sincerely attached to his cause, except the duke of Norfolk; and all those who feigned the most loyalty were only watching for an opportunity to betray and desert him. But the persons of whom he entertained the greatest suspicion, were Lord Stanley and his brother Sir William, whose connections with the family of Richmond, notwithstanding their professions of attachment to his person, were never entirely forgotten or overlooked by him. When he empowered Lord Stanley to levy forces, he still retained his eldest son, Lord Strange, as a pledge for his fidelity; and that nobleman was, on this account, obliged to employ great caution and reserve in his proceedings. He raised a powerful body of his friends and retainers in Cheshire and Lancashire, but without openly declaring himself: and though Henry had received secret assurances of his friendly intentions, the armies on both sides knew not what to infer from his equivocal behavior. The two rivals at last approached each other, at Bosworth near Leicester; Henry at the head of six thousand men, Richard with an army of above double the number; and a decisive action was every hour expected between them. Stanley, who commanded above seven thousand men, took care to post himself at Atherstone, not far from the hostile camps; and he made such a disposition as enabled him on occasion to join either party. Richard had too much sagacity not to discover his intentions from these movements; but he kept the secret from his own men for fear of discouraging them: he took not immediate revenge on Stanley's son, as some of his courtiers advised him; because he hoped that so valuable a pledge would induce the father to prolong still further his ambiguous conduct: and he hastened to decide by arms the quarrel with his competitor; being certain that a victory over the earl of Richmond would enable him to take simple revenge on all his enemies, open and concealed. The van of Richmond's army, consisting of archers, was commanded by the earl of Oxford: Sir Gilbert Talbot led the right wing; Sir John Savage the left: the earl himself, accompanied by his uncle the earl of Pembroke, placed himself in the main body. Richard also took post in his main body, and intrusted the command of his van to the duke of Norfolk: as his wings were never engaged, we have not learned the names of the several commanders. Soon after the battle began, Lord Stanley, whose conduct in this whole affair discovers great precaution and abilities, appeared in the field, and declared for the earl of Richmond. This measure, which was unexpected to the men, though not to their leaders, had a proportional effect on both armies: it inspired unusual courage into Henry's soldiers; it threw Richard's into dismay and confusion. The intrepid tyrant, sensible of his desperate situation, cast his eye around the field, and descrying his rival at no great distance, he drove against him with fury, in hopes that either Henry's death or his own would decide the victory between them. He killed with his own hands Sir William Brandon, standard-bearer to the earl: he dismounted Sir John Cheyney: he was now within reach of Richmond himself, who declined not the combat, when Sir William Stanley, breaking in with his troops, surrounded Richard, who, fighting bravely to the last moment, was overwhelmed by numbers, and perished by a fate too mild and honorable for his multiplied and detestable enormities. His men every where sought for safety by flight. There fell in this battle about four thousand of the vanquished; and among these the duke of Norfolk, Lord Ferrars of Chartley, Sir Richard Ratcliffe, Sir Robert Piercy, and Sir Robert Brackenbury. The loss was inconsiderable on the side of the victors. Sir William Catesby, a great instrument of Richard's crimes, was taken, and soon after beheaded, with some others, at Leicester. The body of Richard was found in the field, covered with dead enemies, and all besmeared with blood: it was thrown carelessly across a horse; was carried to Leicester amidst the shouts of the insulting spectators; and was interred in the Gray Friars' church of that place. The historians who favor Richard (for even this tyrant has met with partisans among the later writers) maintain, that he was well qualified for government, had he legally obtained it; and that he committed no crimes but such as were necessary to procure him possession of the crown: but this is a poor apology, when it is confessed, that he was ready to commit the most horrid crimes which appeared necessary for that purpose; and it is certain, that all his courage and capacity, qualities in which he really seems not to have been deficient, would never have made compensation to the people for the danger of the precedent, and for the contagious example of vice and murder exalted upon the throne. This prince was of a small stature, humpbacked, and had a harsh, disagreeable countenance; so that his body was in every particular no less deformed than his mind. Thus have we pursued the history of England through a series of many barbarous ages, till we have at last reached the dawn of civility and science, and have the prospect, both of greater certainty in our historical narrations, and of being able to present to the reader a spectacle more worthy of his attention. The want of certainty, however, and of circumstances, is not unlike to be complained of throughout every period of this long narration. This island possesses many ancient historians of good credit, as well as many historical monuments; and it is rare, that the annals of so uncultivated a people as were the English, as well as the other European nations after the decline of Roman learning, have been transmitted to posterity so complete, and with so little mixture of falsehood and of fable. This advantage we owe entirely to the clergy of the church of Rome; who, founding their authority on their superior knowledge, preserved the precious literature of antiquity from a total extinction;[] 21 and, under shelter of their numerous privileges and immunities, acquired a security by means of the superstition, which they would in vain have claimed from the justice and humanity of those turbulent and licentious ages. See note U, at the end of the volume Nor is the spectacle altogether unentertaining and uninstructive, which the history of those times presents to us. The view of human manners, in all their variety of appearances, is both profitable and agreeable; and if the aspect in some periods seem horrid and deformed, we may thence learn to cherish with the greater anxiety that science and civility, which has so close a connection with virtue and humanity, and which, as it is a sovereign antidote against superstition, is also the most effectual remedy against vice and disorders of every kind. Those who cast their eye on the general revolutions of society, will find that, as almost all improvements of the human mind had reached nearly to their state of perfection about the age of Augustus, there was a sensible decline from that point or period; and men thenceforth relapsed gradually into ignorance and barbarism. The unlimited extent of the Roman empire, and the consequent despotism of its monarchs, extinguished all emulation, debased the generous spirits of men, and depressed that noble flame by which all the refined arts must be cherished and enlivened. The military government, which soon succeeded, rendered even the lives and properties of men insecure and precarious; and proved destructive to those vulgar and more necessary arts of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce; and, in the end, to the military art and genius itself, by which alone the immense fabric of the empire could be supported. The irruption of the barbarous nations which soon followed, overwhelmed all human knowledge, which was already far in its decline; and men sunk every age deeper into ignorance, stupidity, and superstition; till the light of ancient science and history had very nearly suffered a total extinction in all the European nations. But there is a point of depression, as well as of exaltation, from which human affairs naturally return in a contrary direction, and beyond which they seldom pass either in their advancement or decline. The period in which the people of Christendom were the lowest sunk in ignorance, and consequently in disorders of every kind, may justly be fixed at the eleventh century, about the age of William the Conqueror; and from that era the sun of science, beginning to reascend, threw out many gleams of light, which preceded the full morning when letters were revived in the fifteenth century. The Danes and other northern people, who had so long infested all the coasts, and even the island parts of Europe, by their depredations, having now learned the arts of tillage and agriculture, found a certain subsistence at home, and were no longer tempted to desert their industry, in order to seek a precarious livelihood by rapine and by the plunder of their neighbors. The feudal governments also, among the more southern nations, were reduced to a kind of system; and though that strange species of civil polity was ill fitted to insure either liberty or tranquillity, it was preferable to the universal license and disorder which had every where preceded it. But perhaps there was no event which tended further to the improvement of the age, than one which has not been much remarked, the accidental finding of a copy of Justinian's Pandects, about the year 1130, in the town of Amalfi, in Italy. The ecclesiastics, who had leisure, and some inclination to study, immediately adopted with zeal this excellent system of jurisprudence, and spread the knowledge of it throughout every part of Europe. Besides the intrinsic merit of the performance, it was recommended to them by its original connection with the imperial city of Rome, which, being the seat of their religion, seemed to acquire a new lustre and authority by the diffusion of its laws over the western world. In less than ten years after the discovery of the Pandects, Vacarius, under the protection of Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, read public lectures of civil law in the university of Oxford; and the clergy every where, by their example as well as exhortation, were the means of diffusing the highest esteem for this new science. That order of men, having large possessions to defend, was in a manner necessitated to turn their studies towards the law; and their properties being often endangered by the violence of the princes and barons, it became their interest to enforce the observance of general and equitable rules, from which alone they could receive protection. As they possessed all the knowledge of the age, and were alone acquainted with the habits of thinking, the practice as well as science of the law fell mostly into their hands: and though the close connection which, without any necessity, they formed between the canon and civil law, begat a jealousy in the laity of England, and prevented the Roman jurisprudence from becoming the municipal law of the country, as was the case in many states of Europe, a great part of it was secretly transferred into the practice of the courts of justice, and the imitation of their neighbors made the English gradually endeavor to raise their own law from its original state of rudeness and imperfection. It is easy to see what advantages Europe must have reaped by its inheriting at once from the ancients so complete an art, which was also so necessary for giving security to all other arts, and which by refining, and still more by bestowing solidity on the judgment, served as a model to further improvements. The sensible utility of the Roman law, both to public and private interest, recommended the study of it, at a time when the more exalted and speculative sciences carried no charms with them; and thus the last branch of ancient literature which remained uncorrupted, was happily the first transmitted to the modern world. For it is remarkable, that in the decline of Roman learning, when the philosophers were universally infected with superstition and sophistry, and the poets and historians with barbarism, the lawyers, who in other countries are seldom models of science or politeness, were yet able, by the constant study and close imitation of their predecessors, to maintain the same good sense in their decisions and reasonings, and the same purity in their language and expression. What bestowed an additional merit on the civil law, was the extreme imperfection of that jurisprudence which preceded it among all the European nations, especially among the Saxons or ancient English. The absurdities which prevailed at that time in the administration of justice, may be conceived from the authentic monuments which remain of the ancient Saxon laws; where a pecuniary commutation was received for every crime, where stated prices were fixed for men's lives and members, where private revenges were authorized for all injuries, where the use of the ordeal, corsnet, and afterwards of the duel, was the received method of proof, and where the judges were rustic freeholders, assembled of a sudden, and deciding a cause from one debate or altercation of the parties. Such a state of society was very little advanced beyond the rude state of nature: violence universally prevailed, instead of general and equitable maxims: the pretended liberty of the times was only an incapacity of submitting to government: and men, not protected by law in their lives and properties, sought shelter, by their personal servitude and attachments, under some powerful chieftain, or by voluntary combinations. The gradual progress of improvement raised the Europeans somewhat above this uncultivated state; and affairs, in this island particularly, took early a turn which was more favorable to justice and to liberty. Civil employments and occupations soon became honorable among the English: the situation of that people rendered not the perpetual attention to wars so necessary as among their neighbors, and all regard was not confined to the military profession: the gentry, and even the nobility, began to deem an acquaintance with the law a necessary part of education: they were less diverted than afterwards from studies of this kind by other sciences; and in the age of Henry VI., as we are told by Fortescue, there were in the inns of court about two thousand students, most of them men of honorable birth, who gave application to this branch of civil knowledge: a circumstance which proves, that a considerable progress was already made in the science of government, and which prognosticated a still greater. If we consider the ancient state of Europe, we shall find, that the far greater part of the society were every where bereaved of their personal liberty, and lived entirely at the will of their masters. Every one that was not noble, was a slave: the peasants were sold along with the land: the few inhabitants of cities were not in a better condition: even the gentry themselves were subjected to a long train of subordination under the greater barons or chief vassals of the crown; who, though seemingly placed in a high state of splendor, yet, having but a slender protection from law, were exposed to every tempest of the state, and, by the precarious condition in which they lived, paid dearly for the power of oppressing and tyrannizing over their inferiors. The first incident which broke in upon this violent system of government, was the practice, begun in Italy, and imitated in France, of erecting communities and corporations, endowed with privileges and a separate municipal government, which gave them protection against the tyranny of the barons, and which the prince himself deemed it prudent to respect.[] There appear early symptoms of the jealousy entertained by the barons against the progress of the arts, as destructive of their licentious power. A law was enacted, 7 Kenry IV. chap. 17, prohibiting any one who did not possess twenty shillings a year in land from binding his sons apprentices to any trade. They found already that the cities began to drain the country of the laborers and husbandmen: and did not foresee how much the increase of commerce would increase the value of their estates. See further, Cotton, p. 179. The kings, to encourage the boroughs, granted them this privilege, that any villein who had lived a twelvemonth in any corporation, and had been of the guild, should be thenceforth regarded as free. The relaxation of the feudal tenures, and an execution somewhat stricter of the public law, bestowed an independence on vassals which was unknown to their forefathers. And even the peasants themselves, though later than other orders of the state, made their escape from those bonds of villenage or slavery in which they had formerly been retained. It may appear strange that the progress of the arts, which seems, among the Greeks and Romans, to have daily increased the number of slaves, should, in later times, have proved so general a source of liberty; but this difference in the events proceeded from a great difference in the circumstances which attended those institutions. The ancient barons, obliged to maintain themselves continually in a military posture, and little emulous of elegance or splendor, employed not their villains as domestic servants, much less as manufacturers; but composed their retinue of freemen, whose military spirit rendered the chieftain formidable to his neighbors, and who were ready to attend him in every warlike enterprise. The villains were entirely occupied in the cultivation of their master's land, and paid their rents either in corn and cattle, and other produce of the farm, or in servile offices, which they performed about the baron's family, and upon the farms which he retained in his own possession. In proportion as agriculture improved and money increased, it was found that these services, though extremely burdensome to the villain, were of little advantage to the master; and that the produce of a large estate could be much more conveniently disposed of by the peasants themselves, who raised it, than by the landlord or his bailiff, who were formerly accustomed to receive it. A commutation was therefore made of rents for services, and of money-rents for those in kind; and as men, in a subsequent age, discovered that farms were better cultivated where the farmer enjoyed a security in his possession, the practice of granting leases to the peasant began to prevail, which entirely broke the bonds of servitude, already much relaxed from the former practices. After this manner villenage went gradually into disuse throughout the more civilized parts of Europe: the interest of the master, as well as that of the slave, concurred in this alteration. The latest laws which we find in England for enforcing or regulating this species of servitude, were enacted in the reign of Henry VII. And though the ancient statutes on this subject remain still unrepealed by parliament, it appears that before the end of Elizabeth, the distinction of villain and freeman was totally, though insensibly abolished, and that no person remained in the state, to whom the former laws could be applied. Thus personal freedom became almost general in Europe; an advantage which paved the way for the increase of political or civil liberty, and which, even where it was not attended with this salutary effect, served to give the members of the community some of the most considerable advantages of it. The constitution of the English government, ever since the invasion of this island by the Saxons, may boast of this pre-eminence, that in no age the will of the monarch was ever entirely absolute and uncontrolled; but in other respects the balance of power has extremely shifted among the several orders of the state; and this fabric has experienced the same mutability that has attended all human institutions. The ancient Saxons, like the other German nations, where each individual was inured to arms, and where the independence of men was secured by a great equality of possessions, seem to have admitted a considerable mixture of democracy into their form of government, and to have been one of the freest nations of which there remains any account in the records of history. After this tribe was settled in England, especially after the dissolution of the heptarchy, the great extent of the kingdom produced a great inequality in property; and the balance seems to have inclined to the side of aristocracy. The Norman conquest threw more authority into the hands of the sovereign, which, however, admitted of great control; though derived less from the general forms of the constitution, which were inaccurate and irregular, than from the independent power enjoyed by each baron in his particular district or province. The establishment of the Great Charter exalted still higher the aristocracy, imposed regular limits on royal power, and gradually introduced some mixture of democracy into the constitution. But even during this period, from the accession of Edward I. to the death of Richard III., the condition of the commons was nowise eligible: a kind of Polish aristocracy prevailed; and though the kings were limited, the people were as yet far from being free. It required the authority almost absolute of the sovereigns, which took place in the subsequent period, to pull down those disorderly and licentious tyrants, who were equally averse from peace and from freedom, and to establish that regular execution of the laws, which, in a following age, enabled the people to erect a regular and equitable plan of liberty. In each of these successive alterations, the only rule of government which is intelligible, or carries any authority with it, is the established practice of the age, and the maxims of administration which are at that time prevalent and universally assented to. Those who, from a pretended respect to antiquity, appeal at every turn to an original plan of the constitution, only cover their turbulent spirit and their private ambition under the appearance of venerable forms; and whatever period they pitch on for their model, they may still be carried back to a more ancient period, where they will find the measures of power entirely different, and where every circumstance, by reason of the greater barbarity of the times, will appear still less worthy of imitation. Above all, a civilized nation like the English, who have happily established the most perfect and most accurate system of liberty that was ever found compatible with government, ought to be cautious in appealing to the practice of their ancestors, or regarding the maxims of uncultivated ages as certain rules for their present conduct. An acquaintance with the ancient periods of their government is chiefly useful, by instructing them to cherish their present constitution, from a comparison or contrast with the condition of those distant times. And it is also curious, by showing them the remote, and commonly faint and disfigured originals of the most finished and most noble institutions, and by instructing them in the great mixture of accident, which commonly concurs with a small ingredient of wisdom and foresight, in erecting the complicated fabric of the most perfect government.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19645	Presentation Prep To be or not to be … Speeches, presentations, media interview, ... Presentation-Prep - Karsten Noack Training & Coaching Berlin With one great leap we go further Arabic proverb Presentation Prep Do you need support for your speech, your presentation or a media interview? You have something to say and want to make sure that your message will come across well? You want to turn elaborate and dry teaching examples from the textbook into an easily consumable and engaging story and summarise even the most complicated details concisely to the point … And if possible you want to present it all in a captivating and entertaining manner? Then let me accompany you, I’ll support you from the foundation idea to the successful dress rehearsal — and if desired I’ll even attend your presentation! You’ll have to walk on stage and do the talking but I’ll congratulate you after the ecstatic applause! What clients say I really feel like I’ve come away with tons of great ideas on how to improve my presentation, and I’m really grateful for that. Horst Kern I thought I needed help with my Powerpoint slides and ended up with a well structured, visually oriented presentation and an approachto deliver impactful messages on a very complex topic. Franklin Mayer Articles about presentation skills Body Language Expert Explains Trump’s Awkward Day At The NATO Summit It may be mere speculation that Donald Trump is compensating for something. Yes, certain behavior may give that impression. Let me analyze Donald Trump’s body language when he met Angela Merkel, Emmanuel Macron, Duško Marković and other leaders at the NATO-Summit in Brussels. Think Twice Before Every Media Interview You’ve received a call from a reporter who wants to interview you, and because you like the idea you want to confirm immediately. Wait a second! Think twice before you do a media interview. It may be a chance and it is full of risks. In case you are uncertain that you want to be interviewed by the media, here are some points to consider read more Choose the Simplest Explanation I like the idea of simplicity even more than I like sometimes the practice of it. This is probably the case for most of us. In our super-complex modern world, every step toward simplicity feels like a leap. But it’s a leap worth taking, and especially for speakers. read more Good Speakers Will Offer Additional Perspectives Does your speech offer some new insights to the audience? Do you invite them to explore another point of view? Or do you try to force them to accept your point of view? Better: Help them to see your point of view! When they see and feel your arguments themselves and they will make the arguments their own. When your suggestion is it worth you have a high chance that they will support it. And their decision last! read more Interested In Better Speech Writing? Are you frustrated because your speeches lack quality? Are you tired of rewriting speeches at the last minute? Do you want to improve the way you deliver speeches? What would it mean for you and your organization if you could improve the quality of your speeches and reduce the amount of time it took to produce them. What would that mean in terms of saved time, stress and money? read more
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19649	00:00:00 \| 3:02:50 Eating Neatly This is Rob Long with Martini Shot on KCRW. One of the odd things about working on a writing staff of a television show is that you enjoy a kind of closeness with your colleagues that isn't really, when all is said and done, terribly pleasant. I mean, you're close to the people you're close to, right? The people you care about that you've collected over the years -- friends, family, that sort of thing -- by choice or blood, they know you pretty well, and you know them. But on the job, with its weird hierarchies and the sub-woofer throb of how-much-does-he-make and how-much-less-do-I-make? You can make friends, of course -- and maybe, over time, good friends -- but you first have to overcome the venue, you first have to break down the workplace barriers. Not so on a TV writing staff. You're in a room with a dozen other people for most of the day -- no retreating to mini cubicles; no hiding in the Xerox room -- and so personal information -- the kind that usually comes out slowly, in bits and pieces as a friendship develops -- often comes tumbling out at 11pm, over takeout from CaBrea and a glass of too-warm red wine. So you end up knowing more about the people you work with than is really... um... hygienic, I guess is the way to put it. On one of my first days ever on any staff, I remember getting in early, having a cup of coffee, and then sitting quietly in the writer's room, flipping through the trades, when another -- way senior -- writer sauntered in, flopped on the sofa, and said, "Man, I just had a great therapy session. I mean, you know how when you're molested as a child it makes you feel guilty because one some level you kind of enjoyed it and loved the adult attention? Well, we got into a lot of that this morning -- 'cause, you know, my stepdad molested me for, like, years -- and it was really clarifying. Anyway. You know, I've forgotten your name, I'm sorry." "It's Rob." "Hi, Rob. Are you done with the Reporter?" "How come you eat like that?" a writer on our staff once asked another writer, as they both were shoveling down a dinner from Marino's. "Like what?" "Like, you eat all of your vegetables? And then you eat all of your potatoes. And then you eat all of your meat. What's the deal with that?" "It's how I eat." "Yeah, but why? I mean, why do you have to finish one kind of food all the way before you move on to another kind of food?" "I don't have to." "But you do." "I like to eat neatly, okay? I'm just a neat, orderly person." "Do you think maybe you're nuts?" "Are you in therapy for this?" "What? No! Look, I just like to eat this way. It's how I eat. It's not a... I don't know... a thing, okay?" And they went back to their respective meals. Until the first writer couldn't stop himself. "Wait. Stop. Why don't you just try, just this once, to eat differently." "What do you mean?" "Just take a bite of the potatoes, and then a bite of the spinach. And then a bite of the fish." "W- w- why would I do that?" "Just for fun." "How would that be fun?" "Just try it!" "What do you mean? Just bounce all around the plate? Like, just all around the plate? Without any organization or plan or restraint at all? At all? Just whore around the plate? Whoring all over the plate like my mother?" In a business that specializes in awkward silences, that one was perhaps the most awkward. The writer went back to his plate, make angry but specific stabs of his fork, and the rest of us coughed a bit, shuffled things around, and exchanged baffled glances. We now knew more about this guy than we had any right to. And we were only on episode four. Lucky for us we were cancelled at episode nine. But from that night onward, whenever we ordered out, the guy ordered soup. Pureed soup. That's it for this week. Next week, we won't get a phone call. For KCRW, this is Rob Long with Martini Shot. Rob Long Subscribe to the 5 Things To Do newsletter More From Martini Shot Latest From KCRW View Schedule View All Events Player Embed Code
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19656	Skip to content ↓ Be Healthy Healthy Schools The College has a ‘Healthy Schools’Award and actively encourages healthy eating and a healthy lifestyle. As such, there are no vending machines selling chocolates and fizzy drinks on the site. A cafeteria service for meals and a snack bar service operates at break and lunchtime. Students may bring a packed lunch and purchase additional items. All meals are taken in the main hall. Post-16 students have an additional snack bar in the Post-16 centre which is staffed for longer hours to reflect their more flexible timetables.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19694	Knitting Loom Instruction Books Need better instructions? Here are our recommended knitting loom instruction books to help you learn how to loom knit. Written by notable knitting loom experts, our list of books contains knitting loom instructions, the history of knitting looms, patterns, project ideas and more. Join the Conversation! Can you recommend a helpful knitting loom instruction book? Share it with us! What's it about? How did it help you? We want to hear from you! Enter Your Video Title
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19699	Here in the battlefield, laying still on the ground I just remember my native land. I left on a spring sunny day To lead my ship toward the west Until we reached a green island Vast and desert it seemed to be. A White God house we saw so far We attack the abbey without fear Our flames grew higher to the sky A tribute to the One Eyed God. On a cloudy autumn day A great army came to the camp They brought the sign of the cross Steel meets steel, the Cross against the Hammer. My sons shall tell of this day On which their father died A glorious breed has been their one Through their words my name will live on. Father and Son, the glory will live on... Correct \| Mail \| Print \| Vote My Name Will Live On Lyrics Doomsword – My Name Will Live On Lyrics
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19701	May 10, 2008 Bored In The Library We came across this list of things to do if you're bored in the library: 1. Memorize the Dewey Decimal System, & recite it to liven up dinner parties. 2. Reshelve the educational theory books under "fiction". 3. Check out all copies of books on how to improve your memory, then tell the librarian you can't remember where they are. 4. Instead of checking things in, offer to buy them. Don't take no for an answer! 5. Stand near the exit gates, & "beep" as people walk through. 6. Ask the librarian how to turn the videotape over to watch the other side. 7. Ask the reference librarian for all information about the negative consequences of losing ones' temper; act really impatient while he or she looks. 8. Go to a computer near the circulation desk, hold the mouse like a microphone & repeatedly ask where the computer books are. 9. Attend the story hour & tell them your inner child just wants to listen. Our friend at Barnard told us that the Columbia sailing team runs through the library during finals week in rain gear yelling at everyone to get to higher ground because a storm is coming. Sounds like a job for Improv. Any other ideas? Anonymous said... Vassar uses the Library of Congress Classification System! Anonymous said... i needed that today, thanks Mads. i would LOVE to see people running through the Lib in rain gear yelling that! Anonymous said... library drinking games Respire said... 10:01PM ask any senior that just finished their thesis - I'm sure they'll be up for a few rounds of anything Anonymous said... last year the frisbee team carried a player naked through the library at around 1am during finals week chanting and singing. if i remember correctly he had a frisbee in his crack and they were whispering "land shark" the whole time. also, i haven't seen them this year, but in the past a group of Bard kids dressed like pirates and came to conquer the library. any sightings? Anonymous said... when the seniors streak they go through the library. i've always wondered how they get in...someone must wait there with a card to swipe them in or they are carrying cards in awkward places. Anonymous said... There are a bunch of drinking games that we made up for studying for the art 106 final my freshman year. Throw down a random art history flash card. First person to get the a piece of information on the painting makes everyone else drink. (play rounds of artist, date and title). Eventually you are drunk and stop caring about the dates and instead make fun of the over achieving kid that sits next to you in conference (who memorized the dates 3 weeks ago) and turned in 4 drafts for their museum paper. I was still drunk when I took the 106 exam... but did better in the class than I did in 105.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19710	1965-02-19 - Under Valued Property Summary: JP and Elmo check out the viable future property for their garage and find… not disasterous results Theme Song: None elmo jp JP was freezing. This is not new. He gave Elmo the address over the phone and didn't actually go insteade yet prefering to sit in his car pulled up front eyeing the dirty but servicable garage property in Mutant town. THe window was faintly cracked having a cigarette and murmuring something- was someone in the car? Oh, no he was thinking out loud in French and biding his time as if sharing his musings with Mme. Samantha, the doll and team mascot. It amused him, but when was JP not a goofball while idle? Elmo, for once, isn't wearing a vibrant shirt, or a tie, or even his beloved electric blue coat full of junky secrets. He's anticipating needing to go spelunking in highly questionable territory, so he's actually dressed like a mechanic. Daisy pulls up, idling alongside Jeanne before Elmo kills the engine. Getting out, he knocks on Jeanne's window with a tap. "Here you are, freezin' ya tuchus off again." JP took a deep breath and muttered to Mms. Samantha, "See this? This place is havin' everyone." He looked to Elmo tapping on his window and said through the glass, "I'm no' giving you no quarter! Don' go squeegie my windows crazy New Yorker!" He squint daringly but couldn't hold the face for more than a half second before cracking up. Up the window was rolled. He got out and noted to teh doll, "Watch th' car." Looking back to Elmo he clamped the cig in his lipgs and made to roughhouse throw him in a headlock and give him a jostle. "C'mon. You gotta see this place. I think it be' a'ight." Elmo snorts, shaking his head, and then has to dodge JP grabbing at him. He doesn't make it and gets roughed up, cussing JP out in Yiddish. "Quit it, ya momzer!" Coming up rumpled, he glares, trying to swipe his hair back in some semblance of order. Still muttering, he gets his toolbox out of the truck. "Okay, show me around." JP walked around like the arrogagnt rooster he was. FInishing the cigarette he put it out on teh sole of his boot before discarding it. He didn't have a deathwish to smoke where there was oil. Yeah, even he didn't fall to that level of not-bright. He didn't pull out keys he walked up held the door and it did all the clicking with a push of will into the tumbler. The space could use a clean up and was, well it was completely unheated. "Well…Fit at least two. Office there. Shitter. Hookups in back." He pointed to teh metal stiars. "Second floor." "It's as cold in here as it is outside," Elmo says, part observation and part kvetch. "We're gonna have to install /somethin/." He prowls around behind JP, sticking that big nose of his into everything, crossing the space two, three times and building a map in his mind. Second floor? Up he goes. JP sucked on his eyetooth and looked aroun d letting ELmo play ferret. "I'm pretty sure you' mutant gift is kvethin bout anythin', Sparkplug." it was almost hysterical hearing Yiddish spoken with that thick accent that was not intended for it, but there it was. He made the effort. "Well? Far as I can tell if somethin died it ain' still here. So… pretty decent. Secon' floor has radiators at least." Elmo flashes a grin at JP. "Don't flatter me." Looking around, he's drawn to the windows. The windows! Grimy as they are, they're huge and the view they'll offer once clean will be amazing. He wipes a clean spot to look through. "Well. These, I like." JP arched an eyebrow in deference to himself, "Moi? Would I ever?" The place was cold as the heat wasn't on. It wasn't the most useful heating method fior teh space but it's what they had to work with. Mutant Town got screwed on infrastructure and home upgrades. That stuff is expensive. The priase of the odd shaped windows got a snerk from the lazy Bayou Badass and he went to reacquaint himself withthe space. "It come wit' a pool table aaaaand? Proper kitchen." Pointing to teh spiral stair that went to- WHo puts roof access in teh middle of a personal space?! Little about the area really screamed 'well thought out' but it was servicable. "Got enough space for whoever." Elmo instantly leaves the windows to scan around for the kitchen. It's hardly recognizeable as one, at the moment, but there's the hood and burners and counters, and shelving gaping without doors. He gives the roof-access stairs a dirty look as he goes past. Then he's investigating the kitchen, opening the oven, checking the hoses, climbing up on a counter to peer into the hood. "This is way nicer'n it should be!" Okay, maybe it's nice in his imagination after they've put in dozens of hours on it. "We can get this fixed up real good for you. You can have a real kitchen!" He slides off the counter, looking up at JP with delight. JP was running his hand over the frame of the cabinet giving the shelves a tug considering. "Get our hands on a tablesaw an' a mitre saw? We could clean this up good. Tlak to VItale. he Italian. Ain't they all into cabinets and casinos or somethin? Might be able to get us some ncie doors or somethin." He looked over to his partner's face. That was a look worth keeping a polaroid of. He had to laugh, a loose sound that rattled aorund his chest that had him coughing from the chill in the flat. "See? Tha's the look of someone who is lookin past the now to the next. Yeah… yeah, Sparkpluk I thought so too. This one? Eeeeh not so many rats. Sev'll get rid of em." Elmo laughs, too, and impulsively flings his arms around JP, giving him a fierce hug. "I'll /build/ a tablesaw if I gotta. Oh, I gotta check the wiring, it's probably a disaster!" Despite prophecy of doom, he's got a certain eager glint in his eye, a look he gets when there's plenty of work to be done and something awesome waiting on the other side. JP wrapped a tight, leather-sleeved hug around the leaner electrician with a grin. Hell that got Elmo a couple pats on teh back too. "Aaaah! Tha's the spirit. SO proud of you. Sparkplug, This' the start of us changin this city. Gentry's gon' hate it… can't wait." That meant volunteers coming out that he wouldn't mind throwing down with. There was such a pleased look, oooh dayum! "Sooo how's the wirin an the radiator look you think? Place gon' burn down?" "Proud a' /me/?" Elmo says, eyebrows going up. "What'd I do?" He pulls away, locating the nearest outlet with uncanny ease. Two seconds and he's got the plate off. Usually, an electrician has a voltometer and other tools for gauging these things. Elmo, he just licks his thumb and presses it into the mess of wires. He makes a startled little grunt, eyes half rolling back into his head. Somewhere else in the building, something pops. "Ugh." Yanking his hand out, he gives it a good shake. "I was wrong. This ain't a disaster, it's a catastrophe. Never mind, though, I'll take care of it." He's already working on it, in his head, as he saunters back over to JP. "So what do we think?" JP stood and watched the curiosity that was a Mutant communing with their element. FIre and water he's seen, but electrisity was new. He watched though, in case, and when Elmo seemed okayhis focus and attention returned to the building. "What we think? We think you make taht face like that you make a lot of people jealous of a buildin." He winked. Cheeky asshole. "Sooo we strip out the wirin an' run more? We talk t' Vitale on the doors for th' cabinet. We all pitch in repairin it? Shit. I'll see bout gettin the radiator fixed up. Can' be too different than the one in the car." he shrugged, "No' really. Buuuut I think we like it."
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19711	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Pete Townshend Pete Townshend (2012).jpg Townshend in 2012 Background information Birth name Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend Also known as Bijou Drains Born (1945-05-19) 19 May 1945 (age 73) Chiswick, Middlesex, England, United Kingdom • Musician • singer-songwriter • composer • author • Vocals • guitar Years active 1962–present Associated acts Website thewho.com Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend (born 19 May 1945) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist, best known as the lead guitarist, backing vocalist, and principal songwriter for the rock band the Who. His career with the Who spans over 50 years, during which time the band grew to be considered one of the most influential bands of the 20th century.[2][3] Townshend is the main songwriter for the Who, having written well over 100 songs for the band's 11 studio albums, including concept albums and the rock operas Tommy and Quadrophenia, plus popular rock radio staples such as Who's Next, and dozens more that appeared as non-album singles, bonus tracks on reissues, and tracks on rarities compilations such as Odds & Sods (1974). He has also written more than 100 songs that have appeared on his solo albums, as well as radio jingles and television theme songs. Although known primarily as a guitarist, he also plays keyboards, banjo, accordion, harmonica, ukulele, mandolin, violin, synthesiser, bass guitar, and drums, on his own solo albums, several Who albums and as a guest contributor to an array of other artists' recordings. He is self-taught on all of the instruments he plays and has never had any formal training. Townshend has also contributed to and authored many newspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, essays, books, and scripts, and he has collaborated as a lyricist and composer for many other musical acts. Due to his aggressive playing style and innovative songwriting techniques, Townshend's works with the Who and in other projects have earned him critical acclaim. He was ranked No. 3 in Dave Marsh's list of Best Guitarists in The New Book of Rock Lists,[4] No. 10 in Gibson.com's list of the top 50 guitarists,[5] and No. 10 again in Rolling Stone magazine's updated 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.[6] In 1983, Townshend received the Brit Award for Lifetime Achievement, in 1990 was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Who, in 2001 received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as a member of the Who, and in 2008 received Kennedy Center Honors. He and Daltrey received The George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement at UCLA on 21 May 2016.[7][8] Early life and education[edit] Townshend was born on 19 May 1945, at Chiswick Hospital, Middlesex (now west London). He came from a musical family: his father, Cliff Townshend, was a professional alto saxophonist in the Royal Air Force's dance band The Squadronaires and his mother, Betty (née Dennis), was a singer with the Sydney Torch and Les Douglass Orchestras.[9] The Townshends had a volatile marriage, as both drank heavily and possessed fiery tempers. Cliff Townshend was often away from his family touring with his band while Betty carried on affairs with other men. The two split when Townshend was a toddler and he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother Emma Dennis, whom Pete later described as "clinically insane". The two-year separation ended when Cliff and Betty purchased a house together on Woodgrange Avenue in middle-class Acton, and the young Pete was happily reunited with his parents.[10] Townshend says he did not have many friends growing up, so he spent much of his boyhood reading adventure novels like Gulliver's Travels and Treasure Island.[11] He enjoyed his family's frequent excursions to the seaside and the Isle of Man. It was on one of these trips in the summer of 1956 that he repeatedly watched the 1956 film Rock Around the Clock, sparking his fascination with American rock and roll.[12] Not long thereafter, he went to see Bill Haley perform in London, Townshend's first concert.[13] At the time, he did not see himself pursuing a career as a professional musician; instead, he wanted to become a journalist.[14] Upon passing the eleven-plus exam, Townshend was enrolled at Acton County Grammar School.[15] At Acton County, he was frequently bullied because he had a large nose, an experience that profoundly affected him.[16] His grandmother Emma purchased his first guitar for Christmas in 1956, an inexpensive Spanish model.[17] Though his father taught him a couple of chords, Townshend was largely self-taught on the instrument and never learned to read music.[18] Townshend and school friend John Entwistle formed a short-lived trad jazz group, the Confederates, featuring Townshend on banjo and Entwistle on horns.[19] The Confederates played gigs at the Congo Club, a youth club run by the Acton Congregational Church, and covered Acker Bilk, Kenny Ball, and Lonnie Donegan.[20] However, both became influenced by the increasing popularity of rock 'n' roll, with Townshend particularly admiring Cliff Richard's debut single, "Move It".[21] Townshend left the Confederates after getting into a fight with the group's drummer, Chris Sherwin, and purchased a "reasonably good Czechoslovakian guitar" at his mother's antique shop.[22] Townshend's brothers Paul and Simon were born in 1957 and 1960, respectively.[23] Lacking the requisite test scores to attend university, Pete was faced with the decision of art school, music school, or getting a job.[24] He ultimately chose to study graphic design at Ealing Art College, enrolling in 1961. At Ealing, Townshend studied alongside future Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood and future Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury. Notable artists and designers gave lectures at the college such as auto-destructive art pioneer Gustav Metzger.[25] Townshend dropped out in 1964 to focus on music full-time.[26] Musical career[edit] 1961–1964: the Detours[edit] In late 1961, Entwistle joined the Detours, a skiffle/rock and roll band, led by Roger Daltrey. The new bass player then suggested Townshend to join as an additional guitarist.[27] In the early days of the Detours, the band's repertoire consisted of instrumentals by the Shadows and the Ventures, as well as pop and trad jazz covers. Their line-up coalesced around Roger Daltrey on lead guitar, Townshend on rhythm guitar, Entwistle on bass, Doug Sandom on drums and Colin Dawson as vocalist.[28] Daltrey was considered the leader of the group and, according to Townshend, "ran things the way he wanted them."[29] Dawson quit in 1962 after arguing too much with Daltrey, who subsequently moved to lead vocalist. As a result, Townshend, with Entwistle's encouragement, became the sole guitarist. Through Townshend's mother, the group obtained a management contract with local promoter Robert Druce,[30] who started booking the band as a support act for bands like Screaming Lord Sutch, Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers, Shane Fenton and the Fentones, and Johnny Kidd and the Pirates.[31] In 1963, Townshend's father arranged an amateur recording of "It Was You", the first song his son ever wrote.[32] The Detours became aware of a group of the same name in February 1964, forcing them to change their name.[33] Townshend's roommate Richard Barnes came up with "The Who", and Daltrey decided it was the best choice.[34] 1964–1982: The Who[edit] Townshend (with Moon, rear right) backstage before a gig in Ludwigshafen, Germany in 1967 Not long after the name change, drummer Doug Sandom was replaced by Keith Moon, who had been drumming semi-professionally with the Beachcombers for several years.[35] The band was soon taken on by a mod publicist named Peter Meaden who convinced them to change their name to the High Numbers to give the band more of a mod feel. After bringing out one failed single ("I'm the Face/Zoot Suit"), they dropped Meaden and were signed on by two new managers, Chris Stamp and Kit Lambert, who had paired up with the intention of finding new talent and creating a documentary about them.[36] The band anguished over a name that all felt represented the band best, and dropped the High Numbers name, reverting to the Who.[37] In June 1964, during a performance at the Railway Tavern, Townshend accidentally broke the top of his guitar on the low ceiling and proceeded to destroy the entire instrument.[38] The on-stage destruction of instruments soon became a regular part of the Who's live shows.[39] With the assistance of Lambert, the Who caught the ear of American record producer Shel Talmy, who had the band signed to a record contract. Townshend wrote a song, "I Can't Explain", as a deliberate sound-alike of the Kinks, another group Talmy produced. Released as a single in January 1965, "I Can't Explain" was the Who's first hit, reaching number eight on the British charts.[40] A follow-up single ("Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere"), credited to both Townshend and Daltrey, also reached the top 10 in the UK.[41] However, it was the release of the Who's third single, "My Generation", in November that, according to Who biographer Mark Wilkerson, "cemented their reputation as a hard-nosed band who reflected the feelings of thousands of pissed-off adolescents at the time.[42] The Townshend-penned single reached number two on the UK charts, becoming the Who's biggest hit. The song and its famous line "I hope I die before I get old" was "very much about trying to find a place in society," Townshend stated in an interview with David Fricke.[43] To capitalise on their recent single success, the Who's debut album My Generation (The Who Sings My Generation in the US) was released in late 1965, containing original material written by Townshend and several James Brown covers that Daltrey favoured.[44] Townshend continued to write several successful singles for the band, including "Pictures of Lily", "Substitute", "I'm a Boy", and "Happy Jack".[45] Lambert encouraged Townshend to write longer pieces of music for the next album, which became the "A Quick One, While He's Away". The album was subsequently titled A Quick One[46] and reached number 4 in the charts upon its release in December 1966.[47] In their stage shows, Townshend developed a guitar stunt in which he would swing his right arm against the guitar strings in a style reminiscent of the vanes of a windmill.[48] He developed this style after watching Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards warm up before a show.[49] Townshend's "windmill" technique The Who commenced their first US tour on 22 March 1967.[50] It did not start well, as Townshend and Daltrey were briefly jailed for assaulting a police officer they mistook for a heckler. Townshend took to trashing his hotel suites, though not to the extent of his bandmate Moon.[51] He also began experimenting with LSD, though stopped taking the drug after receiving a potent hit after the Monterey Pop Festival on 18 June.[52] Released in December, their next album was The Who Sell Out—a concept album based on pirate radio, which had been instrumental in raising the Who's popularity. It included several humorous jingles and mock commercials between songs,[53] and the Who's biggest US single, "I Can See for Miles".[54] Despite the success of "I Can See for Miles", which reached number 9 on the American charts, Townshend was surprised it was not a smash hit, as he considered it the best song he'd written up to that point.[55] By 1968, Townshend became interested in the teachings of Meher Baba.[56] He began to develop a musical piece about a deaf, dumb, and blind boy who would experience sensations musically.[57] The piece would explore the tenets of Baba's philosophy.[58] The result was the rock opera Tommy, released on 23 May 1969 to critical and commercial success. Leonard Bernstein praised the album, saying its "sheer power, invention and brilliance of performance outstrips anything which has ever come out of a recording studio."[59] In support of Tommy, the Who launched a tour that included a memorable appearance at the Woodstock Festival on 17 August. While the Who were playing, Yippie leader Abbie Hoffman jumped the stage to complain about the arrest of John Sinclair. Townshend promptly knocked him offstage with his guitar, shouting "Fuck off my fucking stage!"[60] In 1970, the Who released Live at Leeds, which several music critics cite as the best live album of all time.[61] Townshend began writing material for another rock opera. Dubbed Lifehouse, it was designed to be a multi-media project that symbolised the relationship between a musician and his audience.[62] The rest of the band were confused by its convoluted plot and simply wanted another album. Townshend began to feel alienated, and the project was abandoned after he suffered a nervous breakdown.[63] Much of the material for Lifehouse was released as a traditional studio album, Who's Next. It became a commercial smash, reaching number one in the UK, and spawned two successful hit singles, "Baba O'Riley" and "Won't Get Fooled Again", that featured pioneering use of the synthesizer.[64] "Baba O'Riley" in particular was written as Townshend's ode to his two heroes at the time, Meher Baba and composer Terry Riley.[65] Pete Townshend performing in Hamburg, Germany in August 1972 Townshend began writing songs for another rock opera in 1973. He decided it would explore the mod subculture and its clashes with Rockers in the early 1960s in the UK.[66] Entitled Quadrophenia, it was the only Who album written entirely by Townshend, and he produced the album as well due to the souring of relations with Lambert.[67] It was released in November, and became their highest charting cross-Atlantic success, reaching number two in the UK and US.[68] NME reviewer Charles Shaar Murray called it "prime cut Who" and "the most rewarding musical experience of the year."[69] On tour, the band played the album along to pre-recorded backing tapes, causing much friction. The tapes malfunctioned during a performance in Newcastle, prompting Townshend to drag soundman Bob Pridden onstage, scream at him, kick over all the amplifiers and partially destroyed the malfunctioning tapes.[70] On 14 April 1974, Townshend played his first solo concert, a benefit to raise funds for a London community centre.[71] A film version of Tommy, starring Ann-Margret, Tina Turner, Elton John, and Oliver Reed, premiered on 18 March 1975.[72][73] Townshend was nominated for an Academy Award for scoring and adapting the music in the film.[74] The Who by Numbers came out in November of that year and peaked at number seven in the UK and eight in the US. It featured introspective songs, often with a negative slant.[75] The album spawned one hit single, "Squeeze Box", that was written after Townshend learned how to play the accordion.[75] After a 1976 tour, Townshend took a year-long break from the band to focus on spending time with his family.[76] The Who thrived, and continue to thrive, despite the deaths of two of the original members. They are regarded by many rock critics as one of the best[77][78] live bands[79][80] from a period of time that stretched from the mid-1960s to the 2000s, the result of a unique combination of high volume, showmanship, a wide variety of rock beats, and a high-energy sound that alternated between tight and free-form. The Who continue to perform critically acclaimed sets in the 21st century, including highly regarded performances at The Concert For New York City in 2001, the 2004 Isle of Wight Festival, Live 8 in 2005 and the 2007 Glastonbury Festival. Townshend remained the primary songwriter and leader of the group, writing over one hundred songs which appeared on the band's eleven studio albums. Among his most well-known accomplishments are the creation of a second pioneering rock opera, Quadrophenia; his dramatic stage persona; his use of guitar feedback as sonic technique; and the introduction of the synthesiser as a rock instrument. Townshend revisited album-length storytelling throughout his career and remains the musician most associated with the rock opera form. Many studio recordings also feature Townshend on piano or keyboards, though keyboard-heavy tracks increasingly featured guest artists in the studio, such as Nicky Hopkins, John Bundrick or Chris Stainton.[81] Similarly, when Jimmy Page was asked about the development of guitar feedback, he said: Many rock guitarists have cited Townshend as an influence, among them Slash,[84] Alex Lifeson[85] and Steve Jones.[86] 1972–present: solo career[edit] In addition to his work with the Who, Townshend has been sporadically active as a solo recording artist. Between 1969 and 1971 Townshend, along with other devotees to Meher Baba, recorded a trio of albums devoted to his teachings: Happy Birthday, I Am, and With Love. In response to bootlegging of these, he compiled his personal highlights (and "Evolution", a collaboration with Ronnie Lane), and released his first major-label solo title, 1972's Who Came First. It was a moderate success and featured demos of Who songs as well as a showcase of his acoustic guitar talents. He collaborated with The Faces' bassist and fellow Meher Baba devotee Ronnie Lane on a duet album (1977's Rough Mix). In 1979 Townshend produced and performed guitar on the novelty single "Peppermint Lump" by Angie on Stiff Records, featuring 11-year-old Angela Porter on lead vocals.[87] Townshend's solo breakthrough, following the death of Who drummer Keith Moon, was the 1980 release Empty Glass, which included a top-10 single, "Let My Love Open the Door" and "Rough Boys". This release was followed in 1982 by All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes, which included the popular radio track "Slit Skirts". While not a huge commercial success, noted music critic Timothy Duggan listed it as "Townshend's most honest and introspective work since Quadrophenia." Through the rest of the 1980s and early 1990s Townshend would again experiment with the rock opera and related formats, releasing several story-based albums including White City: A Novel (1985), The Iron Man: A Musical (1989), and Psychoderelict (1993). Townshend also got the chance to play with his hero Hank Marvin for Paul McCartney's "Rockestra" sessions, along with other respected rock musicians such as David Gilmour, John Bonham and Ronnie Lane. Pete Townshend in concert, 2008. Townshend has also recorded several concert albums, including one featuring a supergroup he assembled called Deep End, who performed just three concerts and a television show session for The Tube, to raise money for a charity supporting drug addicts. In 1993 he and Des McAnuff wrote and directed the Broadway adaptation of the Who album Tommy, as well as a less successful stage musical based on his solo album The Iron Man, based upon the book by Ted Hughes. McAnuff and Townshend later co-produced the animated film The Iron Giant, also based on the Hughes story. A production described as a Townshend rock opera and titled The Boy Who Heard Music debuted as part of Vassar College's Powerhouse Summer Theater program in July 2007. On 2 September 2017 in Lenox, Massachusetts, Pete Townshend embarked with fellow singer and musician Billy Idol, tenor Alfie Boeon and an orchestra on a short (5-date) "Classic Quadrophenia" US tour which ended on 16 September 2017 in Los Angeles, California.[88][89] 1996–present: latest Who work[edit] From the mid-1990s through the present, Townshend has participated in a series of tours with the surviving members of the Who, including a 2002 tour that continued despite Entwistle's death.[90] In February 2006, a major world tour by the Who was announced to promote their first new album since 1982. Townshend published a semi-autobiographical story The Boy Who Heard Music as a serial on a blog beginning in September 2005.[91] The blog closed in October 2006, as noted on Townshend's website. It is now owned by a different user and does not relate to Townshend's work in any way. On 25 February 2006, he announced the issue of a mini-opera inspired by the novella for June 2006. In October 2006 the Who released their first album in 26 years, Endless Wire. The Who performed at the Super Bowl XLIV half-time show on 7 February 2010, playing a medley of songs that included "Pinball Wizard", "Who Are You", "Baba O'Riley", "See Me Feel Me" and "Won't Get Fooled Again".[92] In 2012, the Who announced they would tour the rock opera Quadrophenia. The Who were the final performers at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, performing a medley of "Baba O'Riley", "See Me, Feel Me" and "My Generation".[93] On 22 March 2018, Pete Townshend stated that a new Who album should feature original songs by Roger Daltrey as well as him.[94] Musical influences[edit] Townshend was born ten days after Nazi Germany surrendered in the Second World War and grew up in the shadow of reconstruction in and around London. According to Townshend, postwar trauma was the driving force behind the rock music revolution in the UK. "Trauma is passed from generation to generation," he said, "I've unwittingly inherited what my father experienced."[95] Townshend notes that growing up in this period produced the narrative that runs through his music of a boy lost in the stresses and pressures of postwar life.[96] In his autobiography, he wrote: Although he grew up in a household with jazz musicians, Townshend absorbed many of his ideas about performance and rock music themes during art school. Townshend's roommate at Ealing Art College, Tom Wright, had a large record collection, and Townshend listened to and became influenced by R&B and rock & roll artists like Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker, Bo Diddley, Booker T. & the MGs, Little Walter, and Chuck Berry.[98] He was also strongly influenced by cellist Malcolm Cecil, who often damaged his cello during performances, along with Gustav Metzger, pioneer of auto-destructive art. In light of these influences, guitar smashing became not just an expression of youthful angst, but also a means of conveying ideas through musical performance. "We advanced a new concept," he writes. "Destruction is art when set to music."[97] Townshend leaping into air in concert Throughout his solo career and his career with the Who, Townshend has played a large variety of guitars – mostly various Gibson and Fender and Rickenbacker models. He has also used Guild, Takamine and Gibson J-200 acoustic models, with the J-200 providing his signature recorded acoustic sound in such songs as "Pinball Wizard". In the early days with the Who, Townshend played an Emile Grimshaw SS De Luxe and 6-string and 12-string Rickenbacker semi-hollow electric guitars primarily (particularly the Rose-Morris UK-imported models with special f-holes). However, as instrument-smashing became increasingly integrated into the Who's concert sets, he switched to more durable and resilient (and sometimes cheaper) guitars for smashing, such as the Fender Stratocaster, Fender Telecaster and various Danelectro models. On the Who's The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour appearance in 1967, Townshend used a Vox Cheetah guitar, which he only used for that performance; and the guitar was destroyed by Townshend and Moon's drum explosion. In the late 1960s, Townshend began playing Gibson SG Special models almost exclusively. He used this guitar at the Woodstock and Isle of Wight shows in 1969 and 1970, as well as the Live at Leeds performance in 1970. By 1970 Gibson changed the design of the SG Special which Townshend had been using previously, and he began using other guitars. For much of the 1970s, he used a Gibson Les Paul Deluxe, some with only two mini-humbucker pick-ups and others modified with a third pick-up in the "middle position" (a DiMarzio Superdistortion / Dual Sound). He can be seen using several of these guitars in the documentary The Kids Are Alright, although in the studio he often played a '59 Gretsch 6120 guitar (given to him by Joe Walsh), most notably on the albums Who's Next and Quadrophenia. During the 1980s, Townshend mainly used Fenders, Rickenbackers and Telecaster-style models built for him by Schecter and various other luthiers. Since the late-1980s, Townshend has used the Fender Eric Clapton Signature Stratocaster, with Lace Sensor pick-ups, both in the studio and on tour. Some of his Stratocaster guitars feature a Fishman PowerBridge piezo pick-up system to simulate acoustic guitar tones. This piezo system is controlled by an extra volume control behind the guitar's bridge. During the Who's 1989 Tour Townshend played a Rickenbacker guitar that was ironically smashed accidentally when he tripped over it. Instead of throwing the smashed parts away, Townshend reassembled the pieces as a sculpture. The sculpture was featured at the Rock Stars, Cars And Guitars 2 exhibit during the summer of 2009 at The Henry Ford museum. Townshend playing a Fender Eric Clapton Signature Stratocaster. There are several Gibson Pete Townshend signature guitars, such as the Pete Townshend SG, the Pete Townshend J-200, and three different Pete Townshend Les Paul Deluxes. The SG was clearly marked as a Pete Townshend limited edition model and came with a special case and certificate of authenticity, signed by Townshend himself. There has also been a Pete Townshend signature Rickenbacker limited edition guitar of the model 1998, which was his main 6-string guitar in the Who's early days. The run featured 250 guitars which were made between July 1987 – March 1988, and according to Rickenbacker CEO John Hall, the entire run sold out before serious advertising could be done. He also used the Gibson ES-335, one of which he donated to the Hard Rock Cafe. Townshend also used a Gibson EDS-1275 double neck very briefly circa late 1967, and both a Harmony Sovereign H1270[99] and a Fender Electric XII for the studio sessions for Tommy for the 12-string guitar parts. He also occasionally used Fender Jazzmasters on stage in 1967 and 1968 and in the studio for Tommy. In 2006 Townshend had a pedal board designed by long-time gear guru Pete Cornish. The board apparently is composed with a compressor, an old Boss OD-1 overdrive pedal, as well as a T-Rex Replica delay pedal. Over the years, Pete Townshend has used many types of amplifiers, including Vox, Selmer, Fender, Marshall, Hiwatt etc., sticking to using Hiwatt amps for most of four decades. Around the time of Who's Next, he used a tweed Fender Bandmaster amp (also given to him by Joe Walsh in 1970[100]), which he also used for Quadrophenia and The Who by Numbers. While recording Face Dances and the collaborative album Rough Mix, Townshend made use of a Peavey Vintage 4X10 amplifier in the studio. Since 1989, his rig consisted of four Fender Vibro-King stacks and a Hiwatt head driving two custom made 2x12" Hiwatt/Mesa Boogie speaker cabinets. However, since 2006, he has only three Vibro-King stacks, one of which is a backup. Townshend figured prominently in the development of what is widely known in rock circles as the "Marshall Stack". It has been recounted by others during the start of popularity of Jim Marshall's guitar amplifiers, that Townshend became a user of these amps. He also ordered several speaker cabinets that contained eight speakers in a housing standing nearly six feet in height with the top half of the cabinet slanted slightly upward. These became hard to move and were incredibly heavy. Jim Marshall then cut the massive speaker cabinet into two separate speaker cabinets, at the suggestion of Townshend, with each cabinet containing four 12-inch speakers. One of the cabinets had half of the speaker baffle slanted upwards and Marshall made these two cabinets stackable. The Marshall stack was born, and Townshend used these as well as Hiwatt stacks. He has always regarded his instruments as being merely tools of the trade and has, in latter years, kept his most prized instruments well away from the concert stage. These instruments include a few vintage and reissue Rickenbackers, the Gretsch 6120, an original 1952 Fender Telecaster, Gibson Custom Shop's artist limited edition reissues of Townshend's Les Paul DeLuxe models 1, 3 and 9 as well his signature SG Special reissue. Townshend played keyboards on several Who songs. On Who's Next, he began to work with analogue synthesizers, using the ARP 2600 model that he first encountered at Cambridge University.[101] He had this to say about the instrument: "I like synthesizers because they bring into my hands things that aren't in my hands: the sound of an orchestra, French horns, strings. There are gadgets on synthesizers that enable one to become a virtuoso on the keyboard. You can play something slowly and you press a switch and it plays it back at double speed. Whereas on the guitar you're stuck with as fast as you can play and I don't play fast, I just play hard. So when it goes to playing something fast I go to the synth."[102] The synths Townshend was referring to include the EMS VCS3, the ARP Instruments, Inc. ARP 2600, some of which modified a Lowrey TBO Berkshire organ. Current photos of his home studio also show an ARP 2500. Townshend was featured in ARP promotional materials in the early 1970s. Since the late 1980s Townshend has predominantly used Synclavier Digital Audio systems for keyboard composition, particularly solo albums and projects. He currently owns three systems, one large Synclavier 9600 Tapeless Studio system, originally installed in his riverside Oceanic Studio, later transferred to a seagoing barge moored alongside the studio on the River Thames, and currently based in his home studio. He also uses a special adapted smaller Synclavier 3200 system which can be transported, enabling him to carry on working away from his main studio. This 3200 system was modified to be of similar specification to the 9600, including the addition internally of FM voices, stereo Poly voices and with the large VPK keyboard. This is the only Synclavier 3200 system of this specification in existence, custom designed and built for Townshend by Steve Hills. The third system Townshend owns is one of the first Synclavier II systems ever built. The ORK (original smaller) keyboard of which is on display in his company's head office alongside a pink Vespa scooter. Literary work[edit] Although known for his musical compositions and musicianship, Townshend has been extensively involved in the literary world for more than three decades, writing newspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, essays, books, and scripts. An early example of Townshend's writing came in August 1970 with the first of nine installments of "The Pete Townshend Page", a monthly column written by Townshend for the British music paper Melody Maker. The column provided Townshend's perspective on an array of subjects, such as the media and the state of US concert halls and public address systems, as well as providing valuable insight into Townshend's mindset during the evolution of his Lifehouse project. Townshend also wrote three sizeable essays for Rolling Stone magazine, the first of which appeared in November 1970. In Love With Meher Baba described Townshend's spiritual leanings. "Meaty, Beaty, Big and Bouncy", a blow-by-blow account of the Who compilation album of the same name, followed in December 1971. The third article, "The Punk Meets the Godmother", appeared in November 1977. Also in 1977, Townshend founded Eel Pie Publishing, which specialised in children's titles, music books, and several Meher Baba-related publications. He also opened a bookstore named Magic Bus (after the popular Who song) in London. The Story of Tommy, a book written by Townshend and his art school friend Richard Barnes (now the Who's official biographer) about the writing of Townshend's 1969 rock opera and the making of the 1975 Ken Russell-directed film, was published by Eel Pie the same year. In July 1983, Townshend took a position as an acquisitions editor for London publisher Faber and Faber. Notable projects included editing Animals frontman Eric Burdon's autobiography, Charles Shaar Murray's award-winning Crosstown Traffic: Jimi Hendrix and Post-War Pop, Brian Eno and Russell Mills's More Dark Than Shark, and working with Prince Charles on a volume of his collected speeches. Townshend commissioned Dave Rimmer's Like Punk Never Happened, and was commissioning editor for radical playwright Steven Berkoff. Two years after joining Faber and Faber, Townshend decided to publish a book of his own. Horse's Neck, issued in May 1985, was a collection of short stories he'd written between 1979 and 1984, tackling subjects such as childhood, stardom and spirituality. As a result of his position with Faber and Faber, Townshend developed friendships with both Nobel prize-winning author of Lord of the Flies, Sir William Golding, and British Poet Laureate Ted Hughes. His friendship with Hughes led to Townshend's musical interpretation of Hughes's children's story The Iron Man, six years later, as The Iron Man: The Musical by Pete Townshend, released in 1989. Townshend has written several scripts spanning the breadth of his career, including numerous drafts of his elusive Lifehouse project, the last of which, co-written with radio playwright Jeff Young, was published in 1999. In 1978, Townshend wrote a script for Fish Shop, a play commissioned but not completed by London Weekend Television, and in mid-1984 he wrote a script for White City: A Novel which led to a short film. In 1989 Townshend began work on a novel entitled Ray High & The Glass Household, a draft of which was later submitted to his editor. While the original novel remains unpublished, elements from this story were used in Townshend's 1993 solo album Psychoderelict. In 1993, Townshend authored another book, The Who's Tommy, a chronicle of the development of the award-winning Broadway version of his rock opera. The opening of his personal website and his commerce site Eelpie.com, both in 2000, gave Townshend another outlet for literary work. Several of Townshend's essays have been posted online, including "Meher Baba—The Silent Master: My Own Silence" in 2001, and "A Different Bomb", an indictment of the child pornography industry, the following year. In September 2005, Townshend began posting a novella online entitled The Boy Who Heard Music as background for a musical of the same name. He posted a chapter each week until it was completed, and novella was available to read at his website for several months. Like Psychoderelict, it was yet another extrapolation of Lifehouse and Ray High & The Glass Household. In 1997 Townshend signed a deal with Little, Brown and Company publishing to write his autobiography, reportedly titled Pete Townshend: Who He? Townshend's creative vagaries and conceptual machinations have been chronicled by Larry David Smith in his book The Minstrel's Dilemma (Praeger 1999). After a lengthy delay, Townshend's autobiography, now titled Who I Am, was released 8 October 2012.[103] The book ranked in the top 5 of the New York Times best seller list in October 2012.[104] Townshend showed no predilection for religious belief in the first years of the Who's career. By the beginning of 1968, however, Townshend had begun to explore spiritual ideas. In January 1968, the Who recorded his song "Faith in Something Bigger" (Odds & Sods). Townshend's art school friend Mike McInnerney gave him a copy of C. B. Purdom's book The God-Man, introducing him to the writings of the Indian "perfect master" Meher Baba, who blended elements of Vedantic, Sufi, and Mystic schools.[citation needed] Townshend swiftly absorbed all of Baba's writings that he could find; by April 1968, he announced himself Baba's disciple. At about this time, Townshend, who had been searching the past two years for a basis for a rock opera, created a story inspired by the teachings of Baba and other writings and expressing the enlightenment he believed that he had received from them, which ultimately became Tommy.[105] Tommy did more than revitalise the Who's career (which was moderately successful at this point but had reached a plateau); it also marked a renewal of Townshend's songwriting and his spiritual studies infused most of his work from Tommy forward, including the unfinished Who project Lifehouse. The Who song "Baba O'Riley", written for Lifehouse and eventually appearing on the album Who's Next, was named for Meher Baba and minimalist composer Terry Riley. His newfound passion was not shared by his bandmates, whose attitude was tolerant, but who were unwilling to become the spokesmen for a particular religion. Few of the thousands of fans who packed stadiums across Europe and the US to see the Who noticed the religious message in the songs: that "Bargain" and the middle section of "Behind Blue Eyes" from Who's Next and "Listening To You" from Tommy were all originally written as prayers, that "Drowned" from Quadrophenia and "Don't Let Go The Coat" from Face Dances were based on Baba's sayings, that the "who are you, who, who, who, who" chorus from the song "Who Are You" was based on Sufi chants, or that "Let My Love Open The Door" was not a message from a lover but from God.[citation needed] In interviews Townshend was more open about his beliefs, penning an article on Baba for Rolling Stone in 1970 and stating that following Baba's teachings, he was opposed to the use of all psychedelic drugs, making him one of the first rock stars with counterculture credibility to turn against their use.[106] His stardom quickly made him the world's most notable follower of Baba. Having missed out on meeting his guru with Baba's death 31 January 1969 (work on Tommy kept him from making the pilgrimage), Townshend made several trips to visit Baba's tomb in India as well as becoming a frequent visitor to the Meher Baba Spiritual Center in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. At home he recorded and released his most overtly spiritual songs on records assembled, pressed and sold by Baba organisations. When these records became widely bootlegged, Townshend put together a selection of the tracks for release as the solo album Who Came First. In 1976 he opened the Oceanic Centre in London, using it as a haven for English Baba followers and Americans making a pilgrimage to Baba's tomb in Meherabad, India as well as a place for small concerts (recordings of which from 1979 and 1980 were released on CD in 2001 as Pete Townshend & Raphael Rudd—The Oceanic Concerts) and a repository for films made of Baba.[citation needed] Townshend became a lower-profile follower after 1982, having felt that his former addictions to cocaine and heroin made him a poor candidate for spokesman. Nevertheless, his discipleship continues to the current day.[when?][citation needed] Personal life[edit] Townshend met Karen Astley, daughter of film composer Edwin Astley, while in art school. They married on 20 May 1968 and moved into a three-bedroom townhouse in Twickenham in outer south-west London that overlooked the Thames.[107] They have three children: Emma (born 1969), who is a gardening columnist, Aminta (born 1971), who works in film production, and Joseph (born 1990), who studied graphic design at Central St. Martins.[108] Townshend and his wife separated in 1994 and divorced in 2009.[109][better source needed] Townshend has been in a relationship with arranger and musician Rachel Fuller for over twenty years. The two were married quietly in December 2016.[110] Townshend currently lives at The Wick, Richmond, London, England. He also owns a house in Churt, Surrey and in 2010 purchased a lease of part of the National Trust property Ashdown House in Oxfordshire.[111] According to The Sunday Times Rich List his assets were worth £40 million as of 2009.[112] In a 1989 interview with radio host Timothy White, Townshend apparently acknowledged his bisexuality, referencing the song "Rough Boys" on his 1980 album, Empty Glass. He called the song a "coming out, an acknowledgment of the fact that I'd had a gay life, and that I understood what gay sex was about."[113] However, in a 1994 interview for Playboy, he said, "I did an interview about it, saying that "Rough Boys" was about being gay, and in the interview I also talked about my "gay life," which—I meant—was actually about the friends I've had who are gay. So the interviewer kind of dotted the t's and crossed the i's and assumed that this was a coming out, which it wasn't at all."[114] Townshend later wrote in his 2012 autobiography Who I Am that he at one point felt as if he was "probably bisexual". Townshend also stated jokingly that he once felt sexually attracted to The Rolling Stones lead singer, Mick Jagger.[115] Legal troubles[edit] Besides his arrest for assaulting a police officer in 1967 and issues with destruction of property, Townshend was cautioned by British police as part of Operation Ore, a major investigation on child pornography conducted in 2002–2003. Townshend was placed on the sex offenders register for five years in 2003 after admitting he had used his credit card to access a child porn website.[116][117] Hearing loss[edit] Townshend suffers from partial deafness and tinnitus believed to be the result of noise-induced hearing loss from his extensive exposure to loud music. Some such incidents include a Who concert at the Charlton Athletic Football Club, London, on 31 May 1976 that was listed as the "Loudest Concert Ever" by the Guinness Book of Records, where the volume level was measured at 126 decibels 32 metres from the stage. Townshend has also attributed the start of his hearing loss to Keith Moon's famous exploding drum set during the Who's 1967 appearance on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.[118] In 1989, Townshend gave the initial funding to allow the formation of the non-profit hearing advocacy group H.E.A.R. (Hearing Education and Awareness for Rockers). After the Who performed at half-time at the Super Bowl XLIV, Townshend stated that he is concerned that his tinnitus has grown to such a point that he might be forced to discontinue performing with the band altogether. He told Rolling Stone, "If my hearing is going to be a problem, we're not delaying shows. We're finished. I can't really see any way around the issue." Neil Young introduced him to an audiologist who suggested he use an in-ear monitor, and although they cancelled their spring 2010 touring schedule, Townshend used the device at their one remaining London concert on 30 March 2010, to ascertain the feasibility of Townshend continuing to perform with the Who.[119] In March 2011, Roger Daltrey said in an interview with the BBC that Townshend had recently experienced gradual but severe hearing loss and was now trying to save what remained of his hearing: "Pete's having terrible trouble with his hearing. He's got really, really bad problems with it...not tinnitus, it's deterioration and he's seriously now worried about actually losing his hearing." Referring to that, in July 2011, Townshend wrote at his blog: "My hearing is actually better than ever because after a feedback scare at the indigO2 in December 2008 I am taking good care of it. I have computer systems in my studio that have helped me do my engineering work on the forthcoming Quadrophenia release. I have had assistance from younger forensic engineers and mastering engineers to help me clean up the high frequencies that are out of my range. The same computer systems work wonderfully well on stage, proving to be perfect for me when the Who performed at the Super Bowl and doing Quadrophenia for TCT at the Royal Albert Hall in 2010. I'm 66, I don't have perfect hearing, and if I listen to loud music or go to gigs I do tend to get tinnitus." Political views[edit] In 1998, Townshend was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the UK Labour Party.[120] He refused to let Michael Moore use "Won't Get Fooled Again" in Fahrenheit 9/11, saying that he watched Bowling for Columbine and was not convinced.[121] In 1961 while in art school, Townshend joined the Young Communist League and was a prominent figure in their 1966 "Trend" recruitment campaign. In a 1974 Penthouse interview he stated that in practice he was a capitalist rewarded well for his work, but his ideals were communist.[122] Charity work[edit] Townshend performing in Austin, Texas as a supporting guest of friend and former Small Faces/Faces musician, Ian McLagan in 2007 Townshend has woven a long history of involvement with various charities and other philanthropic efforts throughout his career, both as a solo artist and with the Who. His first solo concert, for example, was a 1974 benefit show which was organised to raise funds for the Camden Square Community Play Centre. The earliest public example of Townshend's involvement with charitable causes was in 1968, when Townshend donated the use of his former Wardour Street apartment to the Meher Baba Association. The following year, the association was moved to another Townshend-owned apartment, the Eccleston Square former residence of his wife Karen. Townshend sat on a committee which oversaw the operation and finances of the centre. "The committee sees to it that it is open a couple of days a week, and keeps the bills paid and the library full," he wrote in a 1970 Rolling Stone article. In 1969 and 1972, Townshend produced two limited-release albums, Happy Birthday and I Am, for the London-based Baba association. This led to 1972's Who Came First, a more widespread release, 15 percent of the revenue of which went to the Baba association. A further limited release, With Love, was released in 1976. A limited-edition boxed set of all three limited releases on CD, Avatar, was released in 2000, with all profits going to the Avatar Meher Baba Trust in India, which provided funds to a dispensary, school, hospital and pilgrimage centre. In July 1976, Townshend opened Meher Baba Oceanic, a London activity centre for Baba followers, which featured film dubbing and editing facilities, a cinema and a recording studio. In addition, the centre served as a regular meeting place for Baba followers. Townshend offered very economical (reportedly £1 per night) lodging for American followers who needed an overnight stay on their pilgrimages to India. Townshend wrote in a 1977 Rolling Stone article: Townshend also embarked on a project dedicated to the collection, restoration and maintenance of Meher Baba-related films. The project was known as MEFA, or Meher Baba European Film Archive. Children's charities[edit] Townshend has been an active champion of children's charities. The debut of Pete Townshend's stage version of Tommy took place at San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse in July 1992. The show was earmarked as a benefit for the London-based Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy Foundation, an organisation which helps children with autism and intellectual disability. Townshend performed at a 1995 benefit organised by Paul Simon at Madison Square Garden's Paramount Theatre for the Children's Health Fund. The following year, Townshend performed at a benefit for the annual Bridge School Benefit, a California facility for children with severe speech and physical impairments, with concerts organised by Neil and Pegi Young. In 1997, Townshend established a relationship with Maryville Academy, a Chicago area children's charity. Between 1997 and 2002, Townshend played five benefit shows for Maryville Academy, raising at least $1,600,000. His 1998 album A Benefit for Maryville Academy was made to support their activities and proceeds from the sales of his release were donated to them. As a member of the Who, Townshend has also performed a series of concerts, beginning in 2000 to benefit the Teenage Cancer Trust in the UK, which raised several million pounds. In 2005, Townshend performed at New York's Gotham Hall for Samsung's Four Seasons of Hope, an annual children's charity fundraiser. In the same year, he donated a smashed guitar to the Pediatric Epilepsy Project.[123] On 4 November 2011, Roger Daltrey and Pete Townshend launched the Daltrey/Townshend Teen and Young Adult Cancer Program at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, to be funded by the Who's charity Who Cares. The launch, followed on 5 November by a fund-raising event, was also attended by Robert Plant and Dave Grohl.[124] Drug rehabilitation[edit] The "large clinic" Townshend was referring to was a plan he and drug rehabilitation experimenter Meg Patterson had devised to open a drug treatment facility in London; however, the plan failed to come to fruition. Two early 1979 concerts by the Who raised £20,000 for Patterson's Pharmakon Clinic in Sussex. Further examples of Townshend's drug rehabilitation activism took place in the form of a 1984 benefit concert (incidentally the first live performance of Manchester band The Stone Roses), an article he wrote a few days later for Britain's Mail on Sunday urging better care for the nation's growing number of drug addicts, and the formation of a charitable organisation, Double-O Charities, to raise funds for the causes he'd recently championed. Townshend also personally sold fund-raising anti-heroin T-shirts at a series of UK Bruce Springsteen concerts and reportedly financed a trip for former Clash drummer Topper Headon to undergo drug rehabilitation treatment. Townshend's 1985–86 band, Deep End, played two benefits at Brixton Academy in 1985 for Double-O Charities. Amnesty International[edit] In 1979 Townshend donated his services to the human rights organisation Amnesty International when he performed three songs for its benefit show The Secret Policeman's Ball – performances that were released on record and seen in the film of the show. Townshend's acoustic performances of three of his songs ("Pinball Wizard", "Drowned", and "Won't Get Fooled Again") were subsequently cited as forerunners and inspiration for the "unplugged" phenomenon in the 1990s.[125] Townshend had been invited to perform for Amnesty by Martin Lewis, the producer of The Secret Policeman's Ball, who stated later that Townshend's participation had been the key to his securing the subsequent participation for Amnesty (in the 1981 sequel show) of Sting, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Phil Collins and Bob Geldof. Other performers inspired to support Amnesty International in future Secret Policeman's Ball shows and other benefits because of Townshend's early commitment to the organisation include Peter Gabriel, Bruce Springsteen, David Gilmour and U2's lead singer Bono who in 1986 told Rolling Stone magazine: "I saw The Secret Policeman's Ball and it became a part of me. It sowed a seed...." Solo albums[edit] Townshend also released several albums dedicated to his spiritual mentor Meher Baba, listed on the discography page. Guest appearances[edit] In 1968 Townshend helped assemble a band called Thunderclap Newman consisting of three musicians he knew. Pianist Andy Newman (an old art school friend), drummer John "Speedy" Keen (who had written "Armenia City in the Sky" for the Who to record for their 1967 album The Who Sell Out) and teenage guitarist Jimmy McCulloch (later to join Wings). Townshend produced the band and played bass on their recordings under the tongue-in-cheek pseudonym "Bijou Drains". Their first recording was the single "Something in the Air", which became a number one hit in the UK and a substantial hit elsewhere in the world. This was the only number one hit in the UK that Townshend performed on. (The Who had none.)[126] Following this success, Townshend produced their sole album, Hollywood Dream. Townshend also produced "Fire" by The Crazy World of Arthur Brown in 1968 that was No. 1 in the UK and No. 2 in the US and was also an executive-producer on the band's debut album, also called The Crazy World of Arthur Brown.[126] In 1971 Townshend, along with Keith Moon and Ronnie Lane, backed Mike Heron (of the Incredible String Band) on one song "Warm Heart Pastry" from Heron's first solo LP, Smiling Men with Bad Reputations. On the album notes, they are listed as "Tommy and the Bijoux". Also present on the track was John Cale on viola. In 1984 Townshend contributed lyrics to the track "I'm the Answer" on his brother Simon's debut solo album Sweet Sound which was released as a single and features Townshend and Simon on an interview that wrongly names that the track was by "Peter Townshend". In 1984 Townshend contributed lyrics to two songs ("Love on The Air" and "All Lovers are Deranged") on David Gilmour's solo album About Face. Through much of 2005, Pete Townshend recorded and performed alongside his girlfriend Rachel Fuller, a classically trained pianist and singer-songwriter. In 2006 Townshend opened a website for implementation of The Lifehouse Method based on his 1971 Lifehouse concept. This website was in collaboration with composer Lawrence Ball and software developer David Snowden, with instrumentation by Steve Hills. Applicants at the website could input data to compose a musical "portrait" which the musical team could then develop into larger compositions for a planned concert or series of concerts. Other appearances include: Other lifetime honours[edit] See also[edit] 1. ^ "Pete Townshend". Front Row. 26 December 2012. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 18 January 2014. 2. ^ "The Who unveil first new song in eight years". BBC News. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2015. 3. ^ The Who. Encyclopædia Britannica 4. ^ The New Book of Rock Lists page 344. Google Books. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 5. ^ "Top 50 Guitarists". Gibson.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 6. ^ "Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". 7. ^ a b Gershwin Awards 2016 Recipient, Alumni.UCLA.edu, 8. ^ a b Lindsay Weinberg, The Who to receive lifetime achievement award at Spring Sing 2016, Daily Bruin, May 10, 2016 9. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 2. 10. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 6. 11. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 8. 12. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 12. 13. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 8. 14. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 7. 15. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 19. 16. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 9. 17. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 10. 18. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 13. 19. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 26. 20. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 15. 21. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 17. 22. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 12. 23. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 7. 24. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 19. 25. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 14. 26. ^ Wooldridge 2002, p. 136. 27. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 18. 28. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 22. 29. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 22. 30. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 21. 31. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 24. 32. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 40. 33. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 26. 34. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 66. 35. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 80. 36. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 55. 37. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 60. 38. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 125. 39. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 126. 40. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 40. 41. ^ Howard 2004, pp. 107–108. 42. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 52. 43. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 53. 45. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 63. 46. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 227. 47. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 229. 48. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 37. 49. ^ Daly, Sean (4 November 2012). "Review: Pete Townshend memoir 'Who I Am' gloomy yet addictive". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 5 March 2014. 50. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 76. 51. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 76. 52. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 77. 53. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 148. 54. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 149. 55. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 93. 56. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 294. 57. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 113. 58. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 89. 59. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 90. 60. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 224. 61. ^ "Hope I don't have a heart attack". The Telegraph. 22 June 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 62. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 368. 63. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 378. 64. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 275. 65. ^ Suddath, Claire (21 October 2011). "'Baba O'Riley'". Time. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 66. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 412. 67. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 211. 68. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 428. 69. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 213. 70. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 336. 71. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 222. 72. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 369. 73. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 439. 74. ^ Marsh 1983, p. 451. 75. ^ a b Wilkerson 2006, p. 240. 76. ^ Neill & Kent 2009, p. 394. 77. ^ "The Who Biography". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 3 October 2013. 78. ^ "the Who". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 79. ^ Vedder, Eddie. "The Immortals – The Greatest Artists of All Time: 29) The Who" Rolling Stone, 15 April 2004. 80. ^ "First Annual Lifetime Achievement Award in Live Music". Vodafonemusic.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 81. ^ "The Who liner notes". Thewho.net. 16 October 2007. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 82. ^ "Ritchie Blackmore interview". Thehighwaystar.com. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 83. ^ "Steven Rosen's Jimmy Page Interview". Zepagain.com. 1977. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 84. ^ "Slash Interview". Snakepit.org. 2003. Retrieved 15 August 2011. 85. ^ "Alex Lifeson interview". Epiphone.com. 29 July 2004. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 86. ^ The Sex Pistols’ Steve Jones: 'I lost everything, hit bottom, and had to work my way back up' Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Gibson. 87. ^ "Steve Hoffman Music Forums: Pete Townshend - Peppermint Lump". Retrieved 8 May 2018. 88. ^ "Pete Townshend's Classic Quadrophenia With Billy Idol Announces U.S. Tour Dates (by Michael Gallucci)". ultimateclassicrock.com. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017. 89. ^ "Pete Townshend Plots Short 'Classic Quadrophenia' Tour – Townshend will revisit the Who's famous double album with an orchestra to reach "classical and pop music lovers alike" (by Elias Leight)". rollingstone.com. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017. 90. ^ Heath, Chris (July 2002). "Pete Townshend: The Rolling Stone Interview". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. 91. ^ "The Who Official Band Website – Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend, John Entwistle, and Keith Moon, Home". Petetownshend.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 92. ^ Belson, Ken (2 February 2010). "The Who, and the Super Bowl's Evolving Halftime Show". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2010. 93. ^ "Closing Ceremony". London 2012. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012. 94. ^ "Roger Daltrey should write songs for next Who album". kshe95. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018. 95. ^ Kelts, Roland (9 October 2012), "Pete Townshend's War", The New Yorker, retrieved 20 August 2015 96. ^ Victoriano, Camila (16 October 2012), "Townshend Talks Postwar Lyricism", The Harvard Crimson, retrieved 20 August 2015 97. ^ a b Deusner, Stephen (19 October 2012), "Pete Townshend: "I wasn't trying to make beautiful music"", Salon, retrieved 20 August 2014 98. ^ Wilkerson 2006, p. 16. 99. ^ "Pete's Equipment, Harmony Sovereign H-1270 12-string acoustic guitar, Whotabs, Pete Townshend". Thewho.net. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 100. ^ "Pete's Gear: 1959 Fender Bandmaster Amplifier". Retrieved 4 January 2016. 101. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 95. 102. ^ Giuliano 2002, p. 96. 103. ^ Townshend, Pete. (2012) Who I Am: A Memoir, New York City: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-212724-2 104. ^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. 28 October 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013. 105. ^ Barnes, Richard. Liner notes from 1996 CD release. 106. ^ Townshend, Pete (26 November 1970). "In Love With Meher Baba". Rolling Stone (71). 107. ^ Giuliano 1983, p. 81. 108. ^ Seigel, Jessica (2 October 1994). "Pete Townshend: So Why Did a Guy Who Hates Pinball Write A Rock Opera About it?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 12 March 2013. 109. ^ McKinney, K. (7 April 2009). "Pete Townshend to Divorce 15 Years After Separation". MyFamilyLaw. Retrieved 13 August 2011. 110. ^ Smith, Ryan (22 September 2017). "'This is a very happy thing for both of us!' Rocker Pete Townshend reveals he secretly got married to his long-term partner Rachel Fuller in DECEMBER after more than two decades together". Daily Mail. Retrieved 23 September 2017. 111. ^ Mikhailova, Anna (30 May 2010). "Talkin' 'bout my National Trust generation". The Times. London. Retrieved 4 June 2010. 112. ^ "Rich List 2009". The Times. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010. [dead link] 113. ^ "Pete Townshend Says He Is Bisexual". Orlando Sentinel. 8 November 1990. Retrieved 3 December 2012. 114. ^ Sheff, David (1994), "Interview: Pete Townshend", Playboy 115. ^ Lynskey, Dorian (9 October 2012). "Who I Am: A Memoir by Pete Townshend". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2013. 116. ^ Wilson, Jamie (8 May 2003). "Pete Townshend put on sex offenders register". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 117. ^ "Pete Townshend says court 'would have destroyed me'". BBC News. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2014. 118. ^ Grow, Kory (March 4, 2016). "Flashback: Watch the Who Blow Up 'Smothers Brothers' in Primetime". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 15, 2016. 119. ^ Kreps, Daniel (8 February 2010). "The Who's Future Uncertain as Townshend's Tinnitus Returns". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 February 2010. 121. ^ Rashbaum, Alyssa (13 July 2004). "Pete Townshend Says Don't Be 'Fooled' By Michael Moore". MTV. Retrieved 8 December 2012. 122. ^ "The Hypertext Who › Article Archive › Penthouse Interview (1974)". Thewho.net. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014. 123. ^ "Pete Townshend Smashes Guitar... for Charity". Modern Guitars. 12 August 2005. Archived from the original on 19 November 2005. 124. ^ "The Who launch teen cancer program at LA hospital". The Sacramento Bee. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011. [dead link] 125. ^ "The Secret Policeman's Film Festival". 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. 126. ^ a b "Something in the Air by Thunderclap Newman Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 127. ^ Video on YouTube 128. ^ "Pete Townshend". Myguitarsolo.com. Retrieved 29 September 2014. 129. ^ Townshend, Pete (31 October 2011). Can John Peelism Survive The Internet? (Speech). BBC Radio 6 Inaugural John Peel Lecture. Radio Academy Radio Festival, Salford's Lowry Theatre, Manchester. 130. ^ Gardner, Elysa; Gundersen, Edna (27 January 2013). "Pete Townshend receives Les Paul Award". USA Today. Retrieved 29 September 2014. 131. ^ Blistein, Joan (23 April 2015). "Bruce Springsteen to Honor Pete Townshend for Addiction Charity Work". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 August 2015. • Giuliano, Geoffrey (2002). Behind Blue Eyes: The Life of Pete Townshend. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 978-1-46173-196-2. • Marsh, Dave (1983). Before I Get Old: The Story of The Who. Plexus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85965-083-0. • Neill, Andrew; Kent, Matthew (2009). Anyway Anyhow Anywhere: The Complete Chronicle of The Who 1958–1978. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7535-1217-3. • Wilkerson, Mark (2006). Amazing Journey: The Life of Pete Townshend. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-411-67700-5. • Wooldridge, Max (2002). Rock 'n' Roll London. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-30442-3. Further reading[edit] External links[edit] Powered by YouTube Wikipedia content is licensed under the GFDL and (CC) license
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19714	O.T.Tosa Lamp by Pluma Cubic The spatially emerging steel lines, shaped into the free line of the electrical cable, are reaching up to hold the bright feather balls, which oscillate colors of orange and flaming red. The handmade lamp shades pinned with up to 3000 hand-picked and colored goose feathers are morphing into voluminous light objects. Visit damnitsawesome.com Materialized by Tagged as Related Objects
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19716	Download 100 Jahre Mathematisches Seminar der Karl-Marx-Universitaet by H.; Beckert, H. Schumann PDF By H.; Beckert, H. Schumann Show description Read or Download 100 Jahre Mathematisches Seminar der Karl-Marx-Universitaet Leipzig PDF Similar mathematics books Mathematik fue Physiker Dieses Buch ist eine Darstellung des Mathematikstoffs f? r Physiker, die etwa einem vierst? ndigen Vorlesungsprogramm von vier Semestern entspricht. Das Buch umfa? t neben linearer Algebra, Funktionentheorie und klassischen Gebieten auch Distributionen, Anfangs- und Randwertprobleme f? r Differentialgleichungen und eine Einf? The 2nd Scientific American book of mathematical puzzles & diversions This pleasant assortment from the magician of math introduces readers to magic squares, the Generalized Ham Sandwich Theorem, origami, electronic roots, an replace of the Induction video game of Eleusis, Dudeney puzzles, the maze at Hampton courtroom palace, and lots of extra mathematical puzzles and ideas. Extra info for 100 Jahre Mathematisches Seminar der Karl-Marx-Universitaet Leipzig Example text Left-continuity: limx↑x0 F (x) = F (x0 ). Proof Since for x1 ≤ x2 one has {ξ < x1 } ⊆ {ξ < x2 }, F1 immediately follows from property 3 of probability (see Sect. 2). To prove F2, consider two number sequences {xn } and {yn } such that {xn } is decreasing and xn → −∞, while {yn } is increasing and yn → ∞. Put An = {ξ < xn } and Bn = {ξ < yn }. Since xn tends monotonically to −∞, the sequence of sets An decreases monotonically to An = ∅. By the continuity axiom (see Sect. 1), P(An ) → 0 as n → ∞ or, which is the same, limn→∞ F (xn ) = 0. E. the collection of all the sets which belong simultaneously to all the σ algebras) is again a σ -algebra. It is the smallest σ -algebra containing all intervals and is called the Borel σ -algebra. Roughly speaking, the Borel σ -algebra could be thought of as the collection of sets obtained from intervals by taking countably many unions, intersections and complements. This is a rather rich class of sets which is certainly sufficient for any practical purposes. The elements of the Borel σ -algebra are called Borel sets. Permutations are equally likely). What is the probability that at least one element retains its position? There are n! different permutations. Let Ak denote the event that the k-th item retains its position. This event is composed of (n − 1)! outcomes, so its probability equals (n − 1)! n! The event Ak Al means that the k-th and l-th items retain their positions; hence P(Ak ) = P(Ak Al ) = (n − 2)! , n! , P(A1 · · · Ak ) = (n − (n − 1))! 1! = . n! n! Now nk=1 Ak is precisely the event that at least one item retains its position. Download PDF sample Rated 4.77 of 5 – based on 46 votes
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19734	The Online Interactive Fiction Review Site Earn $20!Current ReviewGame ListAuthor ListReviewer ListRecent Reviews And Then Shun Shunning Review by: Sam Kabo Ashwell Game: The Reprover By: François Coulon Related Links Author's Site Emily Short's Blog Emily Short's "Play This Thing" Review Chicago Center for Literature and Photography Chris Klimas' Review "Write the Game" Review The Reprover is, frankly, a bewildering creature. The author's promotion videos manage to be highly entertaining without conveying a very strong sense of what the piece actually is, and I honestly can't blame him; it's a hard piece to briefly characterise. It's not IF. It is not a game. It is, perhaps, best described as a multimedia hypertext novel composed of free verse, illustration and movie clips that in some ways feels like a game. It employs interaction in the weak sense, an unusual way to navigate a text rather than something that allows the player to have any impact on it. The author uses the terms 'conceptual entertainment' and 'graphic novel' rather than 'game'. The narrative is, well, shaped like an icosahedron. Every side of the icosahedron displays three painted images and a video clip, all corresponding to the same section of plot or an aspect of the reprover's work. Clicking on an image highlights it and brings up two short free verses, elaborating upon the scene. Mouseover or clicks on those free verses temporarily adds text to them; these text additions cycle through a list irrespective of where you click. Each of the three images is linked to a corresponding image on an adjacent side; they typically share themes, colour schemes, or are match cuts. You navigate through the work through these connections; the starting-point is random. A reprover is, apparently, a little like a life coach, except that you pay them to stand silently in the background and look condemning when you are weak-willed or wicked (though they may never actually interfere). There are also approvers, over-the-top yes-men whose main job is to make people feel better about doing highly questionable things. The story's narrator and protagonist is the reprover Gildas Noblet, a doleful-looking fellow with a moustache; stretching professional ethics, he marries his client Magalie Beaurédon and ultimately loses his job for it. We get almost as much about the relationship of Magalie's aunt Geneviève Chavaux and uncle Joël Fricoteau, and about Joël's depression and mid-life crisis after Geneviève leaves him. Joël is, insofar as there is one, the villain of the piece; shallow and curmudgeonly, he ends up writing a polemical (but almost entirely meaningless) book, The Truth About Problems, which wracks France with political convulsions. How is this game interesting from an IF perspective? Strictly speaking, it's less interactive than a CYOA - a CYOA produces supervening linear narratives selected and distinguished from a set of possibilities, whereas in The Reprover everything is 'true' and the audience's role is just to determine the order in which the story is encountered. In a CYOA, the player's choices are what gaming-theorists would think of 'meaningful': that is, they have some kind of intentional effect on the facts of a fictional world. Choices made by the audience of The Reprover don't influence the facts of the story, but change the arrangement of the facts being presented. In an important sense, I'm not sure that you even choose that arrangement, per se; although the links aren't arbitrary, there is no real way that a player could predict anything very much about where those links might lead. But the illusion of involvement, of participation, is not to be sniffed at. You know those interpretive displays in museums where there's a lid with a question on it, and your job is to lift the lid to reveal the answer? Weakest form of interaction imaginable. Cheap and uncool and meaningless. Not, by anybody's standards, a game. But - here's the thing - people still lift the lid. We think about things more attentively when we can poke at them. And in game-like formats, there are further expectations going on under the surface - the plot might be something that you're going to have to use later, so you'd better retain it. IF routinely employs illusory interactivity - for that matter, so does standard literature, where evoking a strong sense of potential narratives can vastly enrich a text even if most are never explored. The same sort of thing is going on in, say, a match-3 game with a tacked-on, linear plot: there's a certain willing suspension of disbelief that gives the player the feeling of participating in the story. One of the obvious disadvantages of the icosahedron-plot is that after a while you start revisiting sides, and towards the end there are usually a couple of parts that you missed and need to track down. The former is not entirely bad - re-encountering things in the light of more context contributes significantly to understanding the piece - but the latter is a real if minor problem. (Searching with the 3D view is kind of awkward, not least because large square images are being crowded into small triangular spaces.) The sense of engagement can't sustain itself without the sense of exploration; once one has encountered all the content, and perhaps gone back to a few of the earlier content which now makes more sense, it is not particularly entertaining to find new paths through the story, or to fiddle with the poems again. Or rather, doing so is no different to leafing through a conventional novel. The Reprover does not conceal its content; its sense of mystery is finite. You might be able to consider the plot of The Reprover a puzzle of sorts, in the sense that Memento or a Milan Kundera novel is a puzzle. Or, rather, it has a puzzle-like texture; the solution is never in doubt, but in the meantime the piecing-together occupies your mind in a puzzle-like way. The plot has earlier and later stages, and chronologically-last parts for both the Joël and Gildas threads; but you might encounter these early on or halfway through and not realise that they're conclusions. (Both leave major issues unresolved.) This is not a linear plot stretched to fit a non-linear form; it's consciously fragmentary, a series of snapshots linked by theme or colour or composition as much as causality. There's causality in there, but one has to work for it; how things came to any given point is left obscure, and what matters is the now. The illustrations have a lot to do with this; these aren't scenes, but observed moments. The aesthetic style of writing, video and paintings overlap - it's not note-perfect aesthetic unity, by any means, but I don't think that's quite the aim. (The range of tone is in any case quite broad, so there's plenty of room for overlap.) Colour is particularly distinct - the paintings have very powerful, over-the-top colours, and inhabit this fantastically full world, while the video sets are very sombre-toned and minimalist. The live-action Gildas and his painted counterpart look similar, but their range of expressions is quite different; although a lot of attention has been paid to costume, video-Gildas never appears in the reprover's uniform of the paintings. The painting has a little more trouble hitting the melancholy notes; the comedy in the video is less over-the-top. I am never quite sure, with translated works, whether an unusual and poetic turn of phrase is an artefact of imperfect translation or not, and The Reprover is packed with this kind of ambiguity. Breakdancers are described, from the ageing Fricoteau's perspective, as 'A concretion of young dandies, fussy and vaguely threatening'. Compounding this, it's translated very much into British English, so you get things like Instead, the team buggered their eyes with the cathode ray tube which is, um, a startling image, and I'm not positive that the double meaning is intentional. The style of humour is, again, very much French-translated-into-British. It's wry and archly disapproving, occasionally melancholic, with a touch of ironic high-melodrama; the sort of thing I associate with the Kai Lung books, but with a very French approach to discursive wackiness. (The video clips are in French with subtitles, and there are a few obvious changes: 'le danse du Smurf' is rendered as 'Boogying Electric.' Francophones? We know you have Smurfs. We are aware of the existence of the Smurf dance. You can stop trying to hide your guilty little secret.) The music is an interesting gimmick, not - I think - very strongly related to anything else in the game. No music plays by default, but there's a button which adds successive layers of music. There's a different track for each face of the plot. The idea, I think, is that you can have music that's mood-setting but inobtrusive, or that swells up overwhelmingly as you see fit; but it's a little jarring, to be honest. When you play a video clip or jump to another section, the music abruptly cuts off; when you've layered the music all the way up to four, clicking again shuts it off immediately rather than taking it back down to three. This means that if you want the music, it becomes inherently obtrusive; you have to turn it on again regularly. At times it's quite effective at reinforcing mood, or at suggesting the work's 1980s setting, but it's rather erratic. Even at the lowest complexity setting it tends to be quite busy - not exactly stuff to read poetry to. It reminds me mainly of videogame music back when videogame music was a distinct category; it's DROD music. It feels as if this is intended to emphasize the work's links to graphic adventure (there are also a fair number of visual references to 80s console games). All this makes The Reprover sound like a sort of chaotic melange, and it's a little hard to talk about it in any way that doesn't give this impression. But as Emily Short has pointed out, it's actually a highly disciplined piece of design, and - once you've got your bearings - it feels very tightly constructed. The entire work has a poem-like quality; it manages to cram a novel's worth of content into a piece that's more the size of a short story. IF has a constant problem with this; even the longest works are only novellas as far as plot goes, and many quite substantial games nonetheless feel very much like a single chapter of a much larger work. The way it structures the player's approach to the story is suggestive, although it only allows for a single plot; I certainly think that this particular approach of telling a story in a way that's both fragmentary and coherent, discursive and compact could be fairly fruitful in an IF context. It's an excellent example of complementary form and content. It's also an excellent demonstration of how much multimedia can add to a piece without necessarily undermining the primacy of text, and how important it is for multimedia to be employed in a consistent and coherent manner. Geo Visitors Map Individual reviews are copyrighted by their respective authors.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19743	Verizon Wireless V Cast hooks up with indie music Mar 16 2006 - 03:41 PM ET \| Data, Verizon Wireless verizon-v-cast.jpgVerizon Wireless announced several new indie music distribution deals for its V Cast Music service. The announcements were made at SXSW (South By Southwest), a large music and technology event in Austin, Texas. V Cast subscribers can now hear music from artists affiliated with CD Baby, IODA, Digital Rights Agency and The Orchard. Exact figures weren't released, but today's announcements account for thousands of artists. Verizon Wireless charges $1.99 per song download for music obtained through the handset and $.99 per song downloaded on a PC (which can then be synced to the phone). In related news, V Cast will be broadcasting highlights and concert footage from SXSW. The content will be located within music videos in the entertainment category and is freely accessible for V Cast subscribers.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19746	Rat Race: The Movie >> Saturday The little 46-second video below illustrates perfectly one of the chapters of Self-Help Stuff That Works called We've Been Duped. It represents the human tendency to become greedy, to want more than we have, and to feel unhappy about what we "lack." What do you think you lack? What do you feel would make you happy if you attained it? Do you sometimes feel you're pushing yourself mindlessly toward your goal, like a frantic rat in a race for the cheese, never really satisfied no matter what you accomplish? Don't get me wrong. I'm not into navel-gazing. I think it's important to have goals. A person with a goal can be much happier than a person with no goals. But pursuing goals can also make you miserable. It all depends on how you do it. For a goal to improve your mood, it needs to be something you want rather than something you feel you should do. And you need to refresh your desire for the goal periodically. Since goals take awhile to achieve, it is easy for your clear and sincere desire for the goal to deteriorate into a dead feeling of urgently going through the motions but never getting there, and of always looking to some future attainment to make you happy. It is completely natural to start out feeling enthusiastic about a new goal but then over time find yourself postponing your happiness in the present and in a sense, trading it for the promise of a happy time in the future. It is natural to make yourself miserable to be happy. How can you avoid getting caught in the rat race? The first and most important thing you can do is catch yourself losing your happiness, and then reminding yourself you don't need much to be happy. (Read more about that here.) You'll have to remind yourself again and again throughout your life. Many times in your life you will "come to." You'll wake up and realize you've been "running on automatic," just going through the motions, driving yourself to accomplish one thing after another all day long, feeling you "must" do all those things, without ever even thinking or remembering that a long time ago you actually wanted to. You don't feel alive any more. When you notice you don't feel alive, remind yourself you don't have to achieve any particular goal to be happy. You can even give up on the goal if you like. You don't have to accomplish it. (Read more about that here.) These are things you have to remind yourself of, because although you might know this right now, you will forget. You might even forget by tomorrow, and feel unhappy. Another great way to prevent yourself from the misery of your own built-in (and perfectly natural) greediness is to use the comparison principle. Change what you're comparing your own life to. If you keep comparing your situation to something better, you'll be unsatisfied and driven to run the rat race until you drop. If you compare your situation to something worse, it makes you feel better, puts you in a better mood, relaxes you, and makes you feel more content. You can re-compare your life to anything you want any time you want, and it will always change the way you feel. The comparison technique will never wear out. Anyway, ponder these imponderables while you watch the video: Rat Race. Self-Generated Ecstasy >> Monday Nia is a way of exercising that combines movements from three healing arts (like yoga), three martial arts (like Aikido), and three forms of dance (like jazz dance). The music and movements are unique, and the end result is deep fun. Here's a ten minute video about it: Nia Video The important thing for our mood-raising purposes here is that this is a pleasure-based exercise. It generates pleasure during the exercise, as well as having the normal improved mood for a day or two afterwards. It is more moodraising than normal exercise, partly because of the psychological impact of the movements, and partly because of the unusual amount of motion variety. Most adults suffer from motion variety deprivation. The range of motion and the variety of motions we normally use throughout the day is unnaturally limited. Even doing normal exercise, like a treadmill or indoor bike, is a limited, repetitive movement. Over time, a lack of motion variety produces pain in the body (read more about this concept in the book, Pain Free). One hour of Nia will give you more motion variety than you've probably had in a year! I'm serious. You can learn Nia at home, or you can take a local class. Given how few people know about Nia, it is surprising how ubiquitous the classes are. There are probably Nia classes near where you live. If not, or if you'd rather dance in the privacy of your home, here are some Nia DVDs: The Nia Technique: Global Unity Nia Unplugged Nia Opal You can find Nia classes in your area with the Nia Finder. Adam Khan is the author of See Her Smile and co-author with Klassy Evans of What Difference Does It Make?: How the Sexes Differ and What You Can Do About It. A Day of Ease >> Saturday In the old days, people used to have "nervous breakdowns." For awhile, they were out of commission. They couldn't function at their jobs or in their relationships. Back then the remedy was simply rest, quiet, and relaxation. They took a break from work, from chores, even from normal human relationships. They just laid around and sometimes got up to eat or to go sit outside and listen to the birds chirping. Imagine what it would be like to do that, and how slowly and leisurely you would move when you walked down the hall to get some food. You would have all the time in the world. There would be no need or desire to move at anything over half-speed, like you had completely stepped out of the rat race and none of it meant anything to you any more. The assignment I have for you, in our quest to raise our moods, is to spend one of your next days off moving like a person who had a nervous breakdown back in the 1950s. And do this for a whole day. Move slowly. Try not to be efficient about anything. Flagrantly waste time. Deliberately be as unhurried as you possibly can. Watch very little or no TV that day. Television programs and advertisements make you mentally move quickly. And don't get on your computer. But if you want to do something physical, like mow the lawn or do the dishes, go right ahead, but only if you're doing it just to have something to do. Do not do it to "be productive," or because you feel you should. Don't do anything that day you feel you "should" do. Let's call this exercise "a Day of Ease." The experience is so restorative, so peaceful, and so elevating, I think you'll be pleasantly astonished. The process is also illuminating. Why? Because our perpetual efficiency is driven by a kind of greed — trying to cram as much in as we can — but perpetual greed wears on you and brings you down. The never-waste-a-moment mentality has become a deeply-ingrained habit of more more more — and it is so universal, most of the time we don't even notice that's the state we're living our lives in. The Day of Ease exercise is a break from the pressure of this grinding greed. You've got to try it! Believe it or not, it's kind of hard to do. You'll keep forgetting. You'll find yourself walking quickly or being efficient with your time. This driven hurry is compulsive, and to that degree it is unhealthy. When you are deliberate in an area you're normally compulsive, you have an opening to gain some freedom. You have choice. Like eating after fasting, you'll find you have a much better appreciation of what you're doing after taking a break from it. You don't need a nervous breakdown to get a Day of Ease. Those days are over. In the 21st century you can relax just because it's healthy. Delivered by FeedBurner Moodraiser Archive © Free Blogger Templates Wild Birds by Ourblogtemplates.com 2008 Back to TOP
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19763	Lupe Fiasco Calls Pete Rock's Twitter Rant 'Foul' Lupe talks to 'Sway in the Morning' about Rock's 'wack' response to his remake of 'They Reminisce Over You (T.R.O.Y.)' Turns out things aren't all good between Pete Rock and Lupe Fiasco after all. On Tuesday, the heralded hip-hop producer took to Twitter and lashed out at the Chicago MC for recording "Around My Way (Freedom Ain't Free)," a remake of his and CL Smooth's 1992 single "They Reminisce Over You (T.R.O.Y.)," but a day later tweeted that he and Lu had worked out their differences. But according to Lupe, that's not the case. "We wasn't on the phone like, 'Oh, I love you, Pete.' At the end of the day, I was hot. My crew was hot, the people who put it together was hot, my record company was hot," Fiasco said on Thursday morning (May 24) when he called into MTV News correspondent Sway Calloway's "Sway in the Morning Show" on Shade 45. The original "T.R.O.Y." serves as a dedication to Pete Rock and CL Smooth's fallen friend Troy "Trouble T" Dixon and samples Tom Scott's 1967 jazz record "Today." After hearing Lupe's "Around My Way" on Tuesday, Rock took to Twitter to express his displeasure with the 2012 version of the song he popularized. "No disrespect to lupe fiasco and i like him alot but TROY should be left alone. Feel so violated,the beat is next to my heart and was made Outta anguish and pain. When it's like that it should not be touched by no one," he wrote. Lupe says that the remake should have come as no surprise to Pete because members of Lupe's team reached out to the producer about using his classic instrumental back in November 2011. He said Rock gave them his blessing, but because "T.R.O.Y." isn't an original composition, Lupe had to remake the beat using "Today" just as Pete did back in 1992. "The funky part is you ain't even gotta go through Pete Rock to clear it because he don't even own it," Lupe said. "Then he comes on Twitter... the same day the joint is released and bodies me like that? And bodies my crew like that? And just hits on us like that? That's foul." Though upset, Lupe says that his intent was to do something positive and pay homage to Pete Rock while also spreading a thoughtful message through his music. On "Around My Way" the "Kick, Push" MC rhymes about socio-political ills in Ghana and corruption in the oil industry. "You let all these other dudes rap on it, but you sh-- on me? It's like damn, it's me, kid," Fiasco said pointing out his progressive hip-hop catalog. "I don't know how to respect that. Part of me comes from the streets, straight from the streets and part of me don't know how to respect that." What do you think of Lupe Fiasco's "Around My Way"? Tell us in the comments. Movie & TV Awards 2018
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19801	Monday, 9 September 2013 Braceface #2 If you didn't see my first Braceface post, click here to find out what it's all about! So, as you read, i'm at the start of treatment to get braces fitted and on Tuesday, I went back to the Orthodontist to complete the next step. This visit was a little longer than the first and a little more uncomfortable. I'll talk you through what happened... Firstly, I had the blue spacers out that you saw in my first post. These had pushed my teeth apart far enough for metal rings to be put around my molars. I had toothache for the entire week and struggled to eat anything that required a lot of chewing (and still am struggling!). She then sized up my back teeth and got the right sized metal rings to go around them. Once this was done, I had 3 moulds done; 2 of my top teeth and 1 of my bottom. This was the part I didn't like! As the mould went onto my teeth, the plaster got pushed to the back of my throat and made me gag. I sat for 3 minutes gagging, eyes watering and feet tapping! I'm glad that doesn't have to happen again... The metal rings that she sized up were then cemented to my molars in preparation for the brace to be fixed on to. This wasn't so bad, just a lot of pulling and tugging! Once that was done, a quick rinse and I was all finished! As it looks, this is SO UNCOMFORTABLE and hurts so much. The metal hooks scrap against the inside of my mouth and I still can't really chew foods much. It took me half and hour to eat dinner Wednesday night so i'm trying to stick to softer foods when I can! The next appointment I have is for my teeth to be taken out, 4 of them to be exact and i'm not looking forward to that one bit! I'll fill you in once it's been done and let you in on the next part of my treatment. I hope this hasn't weirded you out too much, the pictures are a little gross!
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19804	Converting HTML to Javascript By Peter A. Bromberg, Ph.D. Peter Bromberg There are a number of instances when we need to convert some HTML into Javascript statements that "write it out". In particular, this can be very useful when we have an ASP page that calls some component or even the page that instantiates a WebClass. If you want to "surround" such pages with HTML for headers, footers, dynamic menus and other neat stuff often the only way you can do it is by "injecting" the HTML into the page at the top or bottom using Javascript includes in the form: One of the neatest things about the Javascript SRC tag is that you can use an http-addressable URL for the source, rather than a filesystem i.e."C:\inetpub\wwwroot\includes\thisfile.js" address only. Once you have started trying the teechnique of converting some HTML to Javascript document.write statements, you will begin to find all kinds of new uses for the technique. It turns out the only tool I had found that could do this was a thing written in VB4.0 called "HTML2VB" and it had some clunky limitations, so I decided to write myself a "Converter" HTML page using script to do this. Here is the simple technique I used: First, we are going to need 2 "windows" on the converter page - one to paste in the HTML to be converted, and the second to display the result so that we can copy it to the clipboard and do what we want with it. I used two Textareas and gave them ids so they could be referenced in script, and i also put in a select box so you could say whether or not you wanted your generated Javascript to be surrounded by <script></script> tags or not. So the HTML portion of the page looks like this: Paste HTML Below and press CONVERT button. Result appears in lower window. Provide script tags? Note that the onClick event of the "CONVERT" button calls a Convert() script function or subroutine. Now for the script portion. The idea here is this: we are going to paste an HTML document into the top window. What we need to do is have an easy way to parse this document, one line at a time, and rewrite it utilizing the Javascript document.write(" ") function. We will also need to be able to escape any double quote characters (and perhaps other characters as well) so that we don't get errors when the document.write statements are called. Then we need to take our entire "converted" document and make it available in the lower window where the user can easily select it, copy to the clipboard, and do what she wants with it. In VB we have a neat function, "split" that allows us to take a string and "split" it into an array naming the cutoff delimiter of our choice as a parameter of the function call. Well, this is perfect! Since by definition there is a carriage return / linefeed (vbCrLF) at the end of each line of the HTML that we paste into the top window, we can use this as our array delimiter and we will get exactly the contents of each line in each array element! Then we can do whatever processing we need to do by iterating through the elements of the array, concatenating the result for each line to a new string variable that will hold our "result" document. The code is really simple. I'm going to let my inline comments tell the story, so look at the code: <script language=VBScript> ' (C)2000 Peter A. Bromberg all rights reserved ' HTML to Javascript converter Sub Convert() ' first dimension our text variables Dim stext Dim entext ' set begin text variable to value of first textarea window's text: stext = divbegin.innertext ' dim a variable for our array Dim arStuff ' create the array using the split function, and using the linefeed at the end of each ' line as the array element delimiter arStuff = split(stext,vbCrLf) ' if they chose script tags in the select control, write beginning script tag if tags.value="yes" Then entext = "<SCRIPT>" & vbCRLF end if ' now iterate through the array for i = 0 to Ubound(arStuff) ' here we are using the "Replace" function to escape double quotes. You can also put other custom replacements ' here, with a new line for each set of replacements on this element arStuff(i) = "document.write(""" & Replace(arStuff(i),chr(34), "\" & chr(34)) & """);" ' here we are escaping any <SCRIPT> tags that are actually in the HTML by separating them into two elements ' so the script parser won't choke arStuff(i) = Replace(LCase(arStuff(i)),"script>","scr" & chr(34) & "+" & chr(34) & "ipt>") ' note below that we also add an extra vbCrLF at the end of each converted line. This helps avoid page errors ' parsing the script, and also makes it easier to read when we "view source" entext = entext & arStuff(i) & vbCrLF ' again, if they wanted script tags, write closing tag if tags.value="yes" then entext = entext & "</SCR" & "IPT>" & vbCrLf end if ' populate the lower window with our result divend.innertext = entext end Sub And Voila! We have a HTML - to Javascript converter! dowload the code that accompanies this article
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19823	Daily Devotional October 13 Twilight: Destruction of Babylon by the Rev. Andrew Kuyvenhoven Monthly Theme: Bible Reading: Isaiah 13:19–22 Bible Text: Babylon, the jewel of kingdoms, the glory of the Babylonians' pride, will be overthrown by God (Isa. 13:19). The ancient city of Babylonia, now in Iraq, is the site of the oldest civilization in the world. The earliest mention in the Bible (Gen. 10:10) puts Babylon in the realm of Nimrod, "the mighty hunter before the Lord." The second mention is in the story of the Tower of Babel. "Babel" meant "gate of God" to the Babylonians, but the Bible writers call it "confusion," because there people could no longer understand each other. Throughout the Bible, Babylon is the symbol for human power that is anti-God. God destroyed ancient Babylon because of its arrogance, as Isaiah and Jeremiah had predicted. In the book of Revelation (ch. 18), however, the fall of Babylon stands for God's final judgment on all human pride that thinks it can climb into the throne of God. From the earliest times until today, church teachers insist that "pride" heads the list of the seven deadly sins. (The other six are lust, envy, anger, covetousness, gluttony, sloth.) The pride that the Bible and the church condemn has nothing to do with healthy self-respect, of course. Rather it is the original sin of the devil himself. It's the refusal to acknowledge the sovereign God who sets the rules for all creatures. Pride is destructive. It destroyed Nebuchadnezzar and Hitler with their empires. And it's deadly for every individual who thinks that he or she can set the goals and laws for living as if there is no God. Return to Formatted Page
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19824	RE: absolutely frustrated Craig White wrote: [ snipped ] > but the rest > ------ > dn: givenname=Jennifer,ou=Children,dc=azapple,dc=com > objectclass=organizationalPerson This is line 2 of the entry. The problem here is that it should read: objectclass: organizationalPerson > objectclass=InetOrgPerson Here as well > givenname: Jennifer > sn: White > cn: Jennifer Whilte > ou: Children You should not have the need to specify the ou part, since that is part of the DN, which is the path under which the new entry will be stored. (That is, supposing you're still using the default schema setup that comes with OpenLDAP.) Another comment from my side: You should not need to specify both objectclass inetOrgPerson and organizationalPerson, since inetOrgPerson SUPPlements organizationalPerson. (Still supposing you're following RFC1617 and ref material as implemented in the schema configs coming with OpenLDAP.) > am I just plain stupid? I wouldn't say that :) Just my $0.02,
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19871	winzip icon High Security Encryption DLL (DES, Blowfish, Twofish, Gost, RC4, Skipjack, & CryptoAPI!) Submitted on: 1/10/2015 4:00:00 AM By: Anonymous (from psc cd) Level: Intermediate User Rating: By 13 Users Compatibility: VB 5.0 Views: 4168 This is an ActiveX DLL which allows you to use some of the most secure encryption algorithms avaliable - including Blowfish, Twofish, DES, and Skipjack (This code is not copyright by myself, however the creators of the algorithm(s) may) winzip iconDownload code 3. Scan the source code with Minnow's Project Scanner Other 209 submission(s) by this author Report Bad Submission This submission should be removed because: Your Vote Other User Comments There are no comments on this submission. Add Your Feedback To post feedback, first please login.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19881	View Single Post Old 06-04-2013, 02:21 AM nycindie's Avatar nycindie nycindie is offline Join Date: Nov 2010 Location: The Big Apple Posts: 10,083 OP, my take on it is that you don't want to tell your husband what you did NOT because he might "change his mind" and say you can't be with this guy again. Oh no. You didn't tell him because you're afraid that if you have someone else to fuck, your husband will want someone else to fuck, too. Yes, poly/mono relationships can work, but that is not the way to do it. A poly/mono relationship can only be successful if the mono WANTS monogamy, NOT if they're forbidden from being poly. You will drive your husband to cheat again if you act this way. Said with tough love: you're being selfish and self-centered. I say stop being so chicken-shit. Confess and talk about how your relationship might evolve into poly where you both might be able to be with other people. Face your fears and you might find they are not so scary after all! The world opens up... when you do. Click here for a Solo Poly view on hierarchical relationships Reply With Quote
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19929	Torso support AM-TX-04 \| Lower limb orthosis and braces – Reh4Mat - Manufacturer of modern orthopaedic devices Home » CHILDREN BRACES » Trunk braces » Torso support AM-TX-04 Brand: . Code UMDNS: . Torso support AM-TX-04 Pigeon chest brace AM-TX-04 Pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) Pectus carinatum is major deformity in the chest area. It describes a protrusion of the chest over the sternum, often described as giving the person a bird-like appearance. It may occur as a solitary abnormality or in association with other genetic disorders or syndromes. The infected chest looks like pigeon that’s why we called this deformity “pigeon chest”. It’s most commonly noticed in males around their 11th birthday. Lungs and hearts develop in people with pigeon chest normally, but the deformity may prevent these from functioning optimally. Because of limited motion and weakness of back muscles and muscles of respiration, these young people may have a decrease in stamina. What’s more, the different shape of the chest can damage their self-image and self-confidence, possibly disrupting connections with others. The most efficient way of treatment this condition is our pigeon chest brace CARINATUM, connected with physical therapy. Patient with pigeon chest before treatment Patient with pigeon chest before treatment Patient with pigeon chest after 1-yr using of pectus carinatum brace Product’s description CARINATUM brace is the best solution for pigeon chest treatment. The frame is made of lightweight high quality aluminum 6061 T6, which is used in aeronautics guarantees the best stabilization in the market. Under the frame is special medical foam providing comfort for bony prominences. Pigeon chest CARINATUM is equipped with innovative system CALIPER BUCKLE. CALIPER BUCKLE – It’s the special very efficient system of closure. The system consist of elastic ladder strap and metal caliper buckle with a clever ratcheting system. This system is very easy to use and there is enough to raise the cocking lever . The caliper buckle system is used for producing the orthopedic devices, required precise and strong compression. This system of closure is equipped with release lever that turns the compression immediately off. This fast ‘compression-release’ function is very useful in case of too strong compression, resulting in breathing problems of patient. Our pectus carinatum brace should be applied when during adolescence, prior to skeletal maturity, when bones are able to shape. Because of innovative system CLIPER BUCKLE, our CARINATUM brace provides an anterior and posterior compression (AP), which over time, remodels the bones and cartilages and replaces them to physiological position. Using systematically, the brace corrects the chest deformation and improves breathing and blood flow. CARINATUM is designed to worn for 24 hours for 7days per week through the treatment. ATTENTION! CARINATUM brace is hot covered by powder dye and galvanized. Because of that, the brace is waterproof and you can use it while swimming or taking the shower! Because of innovative construction, our pigeon brace CARINATUM is invisible under the clothes and patient feel very comfortable and confidence in connections with others. Because of aluminum components, the brace cannot be used in contact sports (in which collisions may cause harm) and in cold with chronic cough. Purpose of use • Pectus carinatum (Pigeon Chest) Available sizes Size (A) Back width at the level of scapulas (B) Chest circumference How to measure 1 20 cm 40-70 cm 2 24 cm 55-80 cm 3 27 cm 60-90 cm 4 30 cm 65-100 cm 5 33 cm 70-105 cm Code AM-TX-04
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global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19970	E375/0065 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 41.7MB Downloadable file size: 6.9MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Seismograph recording activity of the Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia in October 1999. This device detected and recorded ground movements (seismic activity), which in this case are due to an active volcano, in the volcanological observatory near the city of Yogyakarta. The observatory was destroyed by pyroclastic explosions in October 2010. Keywords: earth tremors, earthquake, earthquakes, equipment, geological, geology, indonesia, indonesian, java, machine, merapi volcano, pen, printout, record, recording, research, seismograph, seismological, seismology, seismometer, trace, tremor, volcanic, volcano, volcanological observatory, volcanology, vulcanology, yogyakarta
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19971	Coronavirus particles, SEM Coronavirus particles, SEM M055/0303 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 40.4MB Downloadable file size: 3.8MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Coronavirus particles (yellow) on the surface of a culture cell (blue), coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Coronaviruses are responsible for causing common colds and gastroenteritis. The virus particles (virions) enter a host cell and use its own cellular machinery to make more copies of the virus. These copies then burst out of the cell, killing it, before infecting other cells. Magnification: x18,300 when printed 10 centimetres wide. Keywords: biology, budding, cell, coloured, common cold, coronavirus, culture, cultured, horizontal, host, infected, infection, many, microbiology, multiple, particle, particles, replicating, scanning electron micrograph, sem, spreading, surface, viral, virion, virions, virology, virus, viruses
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19972	International Space Station astronaut International Space Station astronaut S565/0170 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 25.0MB Downloadable file size: 1.5MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: International Space Station astronaut. American mission specialist Heidemarie M. Stefanyshyn-Piper washing her hair aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Photographed during mission STS-115 on 19 September 2006. Keywords: 19 september 2006, 19/11/2006, 21st century, 40s, adult, american, astronaut, caucasian, engineer, equipment, female, float, floating, forties, grooming, heidemarie m stefanyshyn-piper, human, inside, international space station, iss, manned spaceflight, mechanical engineer, microgravity, mission specialist, people, person, shampoo, space, spaceflight, sts-115, technological, technology, washing, washing hair, weightlessness, white, woman
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19973	Cape Cross seal pups Cape Cross seal pups Z936/0232 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 50.0MB Downloadable file size: 5.6MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Cape Cross seal pups sheltering around a boulder. The Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) is the largest species of fur seal in the world and breeds only on the west coast of southern Africa. Cape Cross is thought to comprise 30% of the Namibian population, with a breeding colony of between two hundred and two hundred and fifty thousand individuals. The total Namibian population stood in 2001 at between seven and eight hundred thousand individuals. However as Cape Cross is both a breeding and a resting colony, attracting seals from as far away as South Africa, it is difficult to make an accurate population estimate. Keywords: adults, africa, african, animal, arctocephalus pusillus, baby, biological, biology, breeding, busy, cape cross, cape cross seal colony, cape fur seal, coast, colony, community, fauna, interacting, litter, mammal, many, marine, marine mammal, multiple, namibia, nature, oceanic, pup, pups, pusillus, seal, seal colony, seals, wildlife, young, zoological, zoology
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19974	Robotic surgery Robotic surgery C010/5702 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 25.6MB Downloadable file size: 1.4MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Robotic surgery. Surgeon with a Da Vinci robot surgeon operating on a patient. This remote controlled surgical system, developed and produced by the US company Intuitive Surgical, has four robotic arms that carry tools specific to the operation and other more general surgical implements for procedures such as suturing (stitching) and clamping. A specially trained surgeon operates the system from this ergonomically designed console using remote joysticks with force-feedback. Photographed at the Nice University Hospital, Nice, France. Keywords: 21st century, adult, advanced, arm, arms, caucasian, da vinci surgical system, device, display, doctor, equipment, europe, european, france, french, healthcare, hi-tec, hi-tech, high tech, high-tech, hospital, human, keyhole surgery, laparascope, laparascopic, machine, male, man, medical, medicine, nice university hospital, operating theatre, people, person, procedure, remote controlled, remote operated, remote-controlled, robot, robotic, screen, surgeon, surgery, surgical, technological, technology, white
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19975	Heart beat, artwork Heart beat, artwork F005/9254 Royalty Free Request un-watermarked file Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Heart beat, computer artwork. Keywords: adult, artwork, close up, curve, detail, ecg, front view, full length, graph, healthcare, heart, heart beat, heartbeat, human, human anatomy, human organ, human representation, illustration, internal organ, medical illustration, medicine, red background
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19976	Intercosmos-8 assembly Intercosmos-8 assembly C015/2954 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 50.0MB Downloadable file size: 3.7MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Intercosmos-8. The Intercosmos-8 spacecraft after integration with its launcher. Intercosmos-8 was designed to study high-energy particles such as protons in the vicinity of the Earth's upper atmosphere in an attempt to better understand space physics. It was launched on an 11K63 rocket (a modified SS-4 Sandal missile) on 30 November 1972 from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was destroyed on re-entry on 2 March 1973. Keywords: 11k63, 1970s, 1972, 20th, 8, atmosphere, atmospheric, black, booster, century, cosmic, craft, flight, intercosmos, intercosmos-8, launcher, missile, monochrome, novosti, particle, particles, proton, protons, radiation, radio, research, rocket, russia, science, soviet, space, spacecraft, ss-4 sandal, twentieth, vlf, white
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19977	Fallenbacher Turm, Lechtal Alps, Austria Fallenbacher Turm, Lechtal Alps, Austria C027/5971 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 51.5MB Downloadable file size: 10.0MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Aerial photograph of the Fallenbacher Turm, or Fallenbacher Tower (dark grey rock in the foreground, 2704 metres altitude), and its surrounding mountain in the Lechtal Alps, Austria. This dark grey limestone formation is located on red layers of a very hard chert containing limestone. At back left: Holzgauer Wetterspitze (2895 metres) and back right: Fallenbacher valley. Keywords: aerial image, aerial photograph, alps, austrian alps, chert, earth from above, earth history, environment, erosion, geography, geological, geology, grey rocks, layers, limestone, mountain chain, mountain range, mountain tops, nappe, nature, orogeny, red rocks, rock formation, sedimentation, tectonics, weathering
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19978	New moon over clouds New moon over clouds C038/2637 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 60.4MB Downloadable file size: 2.3MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: New moon over clouds. People watching the new moon rise over clouds from the summit of Haleakala, Hawaii, at dusk. Haleakala (East Maui Volcano) is a massive shield volcano that forms more than 75 percent of the island of Maui, Hawaii. Keywords: american, astronomical, astronomy, at night, calm, cloud, clouds, cloudy, dusk, east maui volcano, environment, environmental science, evening, geographical, geography, geological, geology, haleakala, hawai'i, hawaii, hawaiian, horizon, human, island, landscape, light, lunar, maui, meteorological, meteorology, moon, nephology, new moon, night sky, pacific, peaceful, person, phase, phases, planetary science, rising, setting, shield volcano, silhouette, silhouetted, silhouettes, space observation, summit, sun, sunset, three people, united states, us, usa, watching, weather
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19980	The Pharmacology Sticky Discussion in 'Chemistry' started by John J. Bannan, Jul 17, 2007. 1. visceral_instinct Monkey see, monkey denigrate Valued Senior Member The one that scares me the most is probably LSD, though any substance that fucks with your mind and makes you not yourself is fucking sketchy, and I don't see how anyone could do that for pleasure. Did you mean to type Adrenochrome? I just ran a search on the word 'adrenoquine' and found nothing except your post in the search results. I didn't know adrenochrome was that powerful, I thought it was like a lesser version of LSD. 2. Google AdSense Guest Advertisement to hide all adverts. 3. Enmos Registered Senior Member 4. Google AdSense Guest Advertisement to hide all adverts. 5. shichimenshyo Caught in the machine Registered Senior Member for potency ...LSD wins hands down....for addictivness...either meth or heroin. 6. Google AdSense Guest Advertisement to hide all adverts. 7. Reiku Banned Banned I simply can't be arsed reading the posts, but if anyone has said this i apologise, but i would reckon tobbacco is the most addictive drug. 8. Enmos Registered Senior Member Good one. You may be right. 9. Reiku Banned Banned Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! thank you enny!!! 10. John99 Banned Banned Yes. Most likely it is. As a matter of fact one person addicted to crack i spoke to told me that same thing. He sais it is harder to quit smoking cigs. than crack but tbh he never coud quit the crack either because he died while on a binge. soooooooooo.... 11. Creeptology Registered Member it's certainly one of the most widespread damaging ones but it's not illegal (it should be). It's a nasty nasty drug, there is a footpath not far from where I live where industry used to dump nicotine waste (people call it the nicotine footpath). Nothing grows there, just slabs of nicotine. My biology lecturer told me about it first. 12. EmmZ It's an animal thing Registered Senior Member Sorry but I saw him in Wild Orchid when I was young. Before the days I was taught how to spoof hardcore stuff. You know Red Shoes Diaries kinda stuff. And he was HAWT. And as Marv he was a bit of a physical mess but I dare any woman to pass up that testosterone engorged example of masculinity. Nothing like a man for a man's job I reckon. 13. Vkothii Banned Banned Addictive drugs are actually just half of the equation, the other half is what a human body (or a mammalian one, like a mouse or a rat), does when metabolising them, and long-term changes in physiology, neurotransmitter regulation, and a whole bunch of stuff. P.S. Methadone is more addictive than heroin, or at least withdrawal symptoms are more severe and longer-lasting, but heroin is preferred because the rush and ensuing narcosis is "better", even though 'done lasts at least twice as long. The addiction to methadone issue is apparent with modern-day prescription, or "maintenance" of dependency for opiate addicts. 14. untitled1 Registered Member I registered here to reply to this post since no one has mentioned the opiates stronger than heroin. Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that can be up to 100x more potent than heroin and the ld50 is 0.5mg-1mg. I first ran into fentanyl back in my morphine days. Nobody had any morphine, but a guy said he could get fentanyl patches which were, he said, a substitute for morphine. That was all I needed to hear. I had done morphine every day, sometimes in amounts exceeding 250-350mg, for over a year. I still managed to work and paint, but it got to the point that I couldn't be happy without having morphine. So after being out for little over a day, the desperation began to set in. Anyone who has been addicted to an opiate knows that kind of craving. Unable to find my drug of choice, I bought 10 25mg fentanyl patches. It was a gift in disguise. I don't remember how many I used, but I remember pulling over at a gas station and wobbling into the bathroom. My skin was cold and clammy and I just laid against the bathroom wall, unable to move. I was higher than I had ever been in my life. The tiles and stalls and toilets started to take on a glowing quality. They almost looked holy. Anything strong enough to make a convenience store restroom look majestic is pretty powerful. I don't remember anything between passing out and waking up in the hospital. I have been clean (from opiates) ever since. I always preferred morphine to heroin, and maybe I'm alone in that, but I had done heroin more than a couple of times. Compared to fentanyl, heroin is tylenol. Stronger still is an analogue of fentanyl, Carfentanil. Carfentanil is roughly 10,000x more potent than morphine, 4,000x more potent than heroin, and 100x more potent than fentanyl. In terms of raw power, Carfentanil is probably the most powerful drug. It's lowest median effective dose is 0.00032 mg. So unless you're a wild animal weighing in at over 1,000lbs, I'd stay away from it. The strongest hallucinogen I've ever experienced is brugsmansia. At the time of my first experience with brugsmansia I had done LSD, LSA, mescaline (my favorite), ayahuascha, all manners of mushrooms, DXM, ketamine, salvia, datura, etc ... more than I should have in truth. I've had scary experiences with these drugs, and sublime experiences as well. DXM and salvia can be terrifying, especially with someone prone to anxiety and panic attacks (such as myself) but the pure terror of brugsmansia surpasses them all. At least for me, anyway. I was not even seeing the same world my friends were seeing. With LSD there are perceptual distortions (breathing walls, glowing colors, etc) but with brugsmansia all of my senses were feeding my brain incorrect information. In reality, I was spazzing out on a couch. In that other world, I was playing hide and seek with some sort of creature. It never gave me enough time to hide so I was always running. Anxiety nightmare. Possible seizure. Terrible. LSD is pretty tame by comparison. Again, this is personal experience and might differ greatly from person to person. Hope this helps. Last edited: May 28, 2008 15. TruthSeeker Fancy Virtual Reality Monkey Valued Senior Member 16. Idle Mind What the hell, man? Valued Senior Member Interesting article from digg: Amplification of molecules Essentially a PCR for molecules other than nucleic acids. The implications of this are quite interesting, for sure. I am a little out of my league on some of the jargon (which may not be applied correctly), so I'm not sure of the details on how it works. Perhaps one of the more competent chemists can shed some light on that, and perhaps offer an opinion on whether or not this is likely to work. 17. CharonZ Registered Senior Member Actually I do not see why it should not. The original paper showed proof-of-principle results. The problem with the system is that the system is limited in what the catalyst can generate (acetate in this case). So you can tweak it to start upon the presence of some molecule, but you will essentially only intensify the signal by producing lots and lots of acetate. It is only similar to PCR due to its property to amplify a signal, but you cannot copy molecules with it per se. The use of it is quite different. For instance you can tweak it to recognize a specific molecule, which you normally cannot detect due to its low concentration, but the system will detect it and generate acetate in a detectable concentration. So in the end if your system generates acetate you can assume that the actual substance to be detected is present. 18. Lemontree Registered Member SSRI + Catnip cigarettes = Boooom & Bad? So hello folks. My question today: I'm being treated with SSRI. But I would like to smoke catnip, which can, in fact, produce a small sympathetic euphoric high. ----But is it strong enough/can the contents create a serotonine syndrome in combination with my SSRI?:shrug: Yes...I'm rather careful. Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! So - Catnip contains Actinidine, an Alkaloid, htt p:// and Nepetalactone htt p://[/url] I'm not sure which one is the active compound, because Wikipedia US says Nepetalactone, Wikipedia Germany says Actinidine, probably both. Thanks for any infos. By the way, any catnip smokers here?:m: Last edited: Aug 15, 2008 19. hubris_personified Registered Member Fentanyl is the strongest opiate I've ever done. GOD i love it! I also prefer plain old m over dilaudid or h. Mainlining m is a full body orgasm but fentanyl was the same just much more intense. BTW I did that stuff for about a year & walked away from it. Now I'm back into exploring innerspace with psychedelics. I don't do E cos it screws with one's serotonergic neurons. I don't need that. But I have done IM DPT, DMT, 5-Meo-Dmt, oral mescaline, 2-CE, 2-CI, IAP, psilocybin, and of course LSD. BTW none of this has ever affected my work. In fact it enhances it. 20. John99 Banned Banned I think all those drugs do that. 21. Mr. Hamtastic whackawhackado! Registered Senior Member I would suggest that the use of inhalants is ridiculously powerful in terms of it's "legal" availability but it's "illegal" use. If I'm misremembering correctly, most inhalants replace the oxygen in one's system with X. Giving the same euphoria that you can get through asphyxiation. 22. John99 Banned Banned Thats why they are considered poisonous. 23. Norsefire Salam Shalom Salom Registered Senior Member Inhalants are by far the most harmful and most powerful illegal drugs. Share This Page
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/19995	Monday, January 24, 2011 SharePoint 2010 - Content Query Web Part (CQWP) Slow Loading New Items? We've recently implemented several Content Query Web Parts (CQWP) which I love. However, I noticed that new items weren't showing up so quickly. I did a couple of quick checks to make sure items weren't checked out or unapproved but to no avail. Then, after some digging, I came across the following article from Michael Nemtsev: Why Content Query Web Part (CQWP) doesn’t return all results. The workaround is a simple one: set “UseCache” property to “false”. Interesting note from the SharePoint Team: Cite from SharePoint Team: “You are only seeing your items in edit mode because the caching infrastructure of the CQWP does not cache checked-out items of individual users and we disable cache in edit mode. You can disable caching on your Web Part by setting the "UseCache" property to false” Just a handy note in case anyone else has trouble with that very useful (but sometimes pesky) Content Query Web Part.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20011	Why is George Bush reading Camus? Why is George Bush reading Camus? Why is George Bush reading Camus? Who's winning, who's losing, and why. Aug. 14 2006 2:37 PM Stranger and Stranger Why is George Bush reading Camus? Illustration by Mark Alan Stamaty. Click image to expand. On his summer vacation in Crawford, Texas, George Bush read Albert Camus' novel The Stranger. I'm not sure what to make of this. It's usually college freshmen who suddenly take up the French existentialist's slim volume, and then usually to impress some literature major with wavy hair. Perhaps it was an act of glasnost: Bush has spent much of his presidency dismissing the French, so now he reads one of the country's literary heroes and goes public about it. But in Crawford? The president and his aides have long characterized the town as the kind of sensible place where anyone caught reading heady foreign literature-philosophy would be driven to the county line. Maybe that's the idea—challenge the prevailing stereotype about the president's favorite place and his intellect? Unhappy tales of East meets West are found in the papers every day, so presumably the president was looking for more, but his aides will not tell us what he made of the story of a remorseless killer of Arabs. White House spokesman Tony Snow said Bush "found it an interesting book and a quick read" and talked about it with aides. "I don't want to go too deep into it, but we discussed the origins of existentialism," said Snow. Oh please, Tony, go into it. This is no time to be vague. The president uttered the word "crusade" a single time when talking about fighting terrorists and critics in Europe and the Middle East still use it as proof that his war aims are motivated by 11th-century wide-eyed religious zealotry. Surely someone is going to think that Bush read the book because he identifies with Meursault. There's got to be another explanation. Does his experience in Iraq push him to read works replete with themes of angst, anxiety, and dread? Was the president trying to gain insight into the thinking of Europeans who are skeptical of his plan for democracy in the Middle East, founded as it is on the idea of a universal rational essence that existentialists reject? Did he just want to read something short for his truncated vacation? This may be the first time that national security demands an official version of literary criticism. We want a book report!
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20012	Max Hell, Frog Warrior (2002) Max Hell Comes to Frogtown Nomination Year: 2007 SYNOPSIS: Although imdb lists it separately, Scott Shaw's website says that this movie is the same as The Toad Warrior (aka Hell Comes To Frogtown III), but with additional and extended scenes. Max Hell Comes to Frogtown is actually this film edited down to its "Zen Speed" essence of about 30 minutes in length. And now that we have all the backstory out of the way.... The plot of this movie is pretty simple ... like the movie itself. A scientist (Dr Trixie T) has developed a formula which either will stop people from turning into toads (thus claimed at one point in the film), turn toads back into people (claimed at a different point in the film), or possibly it's the serum that turned people into toads in the first place (which is suggested by the website, but not the film). Max Hell (Scott Shaw) is hired by Humphrey Bogart Bullfrog to retrieve the scientist and the serum from Mickey O'Malley (Joe Estevez). And in its slow, roundabout fashion, that's pretty much exactly what happens. In the interim, Max Hell kills the same guy in silhouette about a dozen times, has the same conversation (literally) three times with three different woman, kills one (or possibly more) Frog Ninja (said Ninja wearing an apricot cravat), and spanks a government agent (Agent Spangle, I think) while elaborating on how Speed spank Plus Accuracy spank equals Precision spank. Oh, and apparently it's not post-apocalyptic any more, like it was in the first Frogtown movies -- now it's just kind of froggy. All in all, another Zen Film Jumbled Mess. Best One-Liner O'Malley's Toady It's a classic interrogation scene: "Who sent you?" "Your mother!" "How much is she paying you?" Smithee Award Winner!MegaMetaSmithee Award Winner! Worst Acting Mickey O'Malley (Joe Estevez) Mickey has heard that Max Hell is on the way. Mickey decides to send out the ninjas! There's no scenery in this shot because Mickey's already chewed it all. Worst Picture My Kind of Frog Max Hell and compatriots are meeting in the bar to discuss what they're going to do next. There is a torch singer, and a guy with a guitar. She's singing a song which is probably called "My kind of frog," but which could equally be called "Let's kill a couple minutes of screen time." Actors/Directors of Note Actor Claim to Fame Scott Shaw Not the comic book writer/artist, this one is the filmmaker/martial artist. Jill Kelly Primarily known for her work in the "adult film industry" in such classics as Hooter Heaven and Sorority Sex Kittens 3 Joe Estevez Martin Sheen's brother, making him Charlie Sheen's and Emilio Estevez's uncle; he plays a lot of bit parts. Conrad Brooks He was one of the actors who appeared in all three of Ed Wood's classic early movies: Glen or Glenda?, Bride of the Monster, and Plan 9 From Outer Space Roger Ellis looks a lot like a low-rent David Carradine Director Claim to Fame Donald G. Jackson aka "Maximo T. Bird" when he felt like it Scott Shaw popularizer of the "Zen Film"; frequent collaborator with Donald G. Jackson Kevin Hogan To the Film Gallery Return to Lobby [Smithee Film Gallery] [Return to Lobby]
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20043	The Nothing by Stephen Ross First Published: Sleuthsayers, May 18, 2014 READ Before the Internet, there was nothing. It was like living in a tent at an outpost at the end of the world. I’m talking about writing. Books were only in the library or at the bookstore. Finding a magazine full of fiction in my hometown (Auckland City) was like embarking on a quest to find a three-toed sloth. Finding mystery fiction in a magazine was like looking for the dodo. Other writers simply didn’t exist. I wrote in isolation. There’s a black and white photo of me (somewhere, I lost the print and I never owned the negative) sitting at a typewriter with a cup of coffee and a cigarette. It could have been taken in 1930. It was taken in 1988. By 1990, I had come to know only two other writers, and both of them were playwrights — both 10 years older than me and hardened to the rule that you can’t make any money out of writing, and no one will ever publish you. And maybe you should just shoot yourself. And then the Internet happened… Actually, personal computers happened first, and that changed everything. The typewriter I wrote on was a 1969 Triumph Gabriele 10. It belonged to my mother and I had been bashing away on it since I was 5. Stories and screenplays: sci-fi, horror, and mystery. Not one thing I ever wrote on that poor, long suffering machine ever got past my bedroom door. The world is lucky. In the late 1980s, one of those playwright friends of mine acquired a personal computer. I have no memory of what operating system it was running, but it had a word processor on it (the other playwright hated technology and wrote in long hand (and probably by candlelight, and with a quill)). I could immediately see the benefit of writing on a word processor: Freedom & Fluidity. Writing on a typewriter forces the writer to commit to the typed. It was a rigid way to work; like trying to dance in concrete. It meant hours of retyping for corrections, or adding a permafrost layer of correction fluid to each page. I used to cheat. I did a lot of paragraph snipping. If there was a typo or something that needed to be changed on a page, I’d simply retype the offending paragraph and cut and paste it over the faulty one. Once I eventually got onto a PC, my writing method changed overnight. I became an abstract expressionist. Think Jackson Pollock, only instead of oils, words. My first drafts (even of this short piece) are complete messes of text. In fact, I often write my firsts on my iPhone, bluetoothing to it via a wireless keyboard. I don’t even look at the screen while I type. For me, writing is rewriting. That’s where the good stuff lies. The first draft is like– I’m trying to think of an analogy that doesn’t sound like projectile vomiting. Here we go: It’s like leaping off a tall building… and maybe the parachute will open. I haven’t written anything on a typewriter since 1991. And then the Internet happened. And that changed everything else. My computer connected to the Internet in 1996. Instead of just seeing what was residing on my PC’s hard drive, I could now look out into the world. What I found there were a handful websites about writing– and all of them decked out in the glorious three-tone website design of the day: gray background, black text, blue hyperlinks (does anyone still say “hyperlink” anymore?). And I found other writers– for a long time I lurked in the background of writing newsgroups, soaking up the chatter, tips, and experiences. As more and more websites and resources came online, the Internet started to make research easier, and it began to make it easier to find magazines. In fact, when I got up the nerve to finally submit a story to one, I had gotten the address and submission instructions off the magazine’s website (Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine, if you’re curious). The last ten years has seen the rise of the blog. There are now countless blogs on the Internet catering to writers. The first one of these I followed (right from its beginning) was Criminal Brief. Naturally, I followed along when it evolved in SleuthSayers, which is now my current place of background lurkage. There are also cool new things happening on the Net, like, which in many ways is like the newsgroups of yesteryear: People ask questions about writing, and people respond with help, tips, and advice. It’s not very chatty, but at least it’s spared the newsgroups’ old habit of descending into chaos (and the subsequent invention of Godwin’s Law). For me, writing has a learning curve that began with a nice slow upward ascent, which quickly went vertical. The Internet has made climbing that a lot easier.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20063	conversations that bring scripture to life September 19-24, 2016 Monday, September 19 Larry Osborne - Sticky Leaders/ Elyse Fitzpatrick – Home How do you make changes that last? On the Monday edition of Live the Promise, Susie welcomes Larry Osborne back to the show as they unpack his book Sticky Leaders. Larry will share some counterintuitive leadership secrets that produce lasting change and innovation. Then Elyse Fitzpatrick is back to explain how heaven and the new earth satisfy our deepest longings. Tuesday, September 20 – Os Guinness - Impossible People/ Dr. Michael Guillen - Amazing Truths – Will the church resist the urge to conform to the cultural standards of our day? On the Tuesday edition of Live the Promise, Os Guinness joins Susie as they unpack his book Impossible People: Christian Courage and the Struggle for the Soul of Civilization. Then, author Dr. Michael Guillen is back on the program to take a look at God’s creation and how understanding science and the Bible can deepen our faith. Wednesday, September 21 – Dr. Greg and Erin Smalley - Marriage and Parenting/ Susie Larson - Your Powerful Prayers - How can we learn from the adventure of marriage? On the Wednesday edition of Live the Promise, Dr. Greg and Erin Smalley are back to unpack what they learned about their marriage on their hike up Pike’s Peak in Colorado. Then, Susie will continue her discussion on her new book, Your Power Prayers: Reaching the Heart of God with a Bold and Humble Faith Thursday, September 22 – Dr. Troy Spurrill - Health and Healing (Both Hours) What does it mean to steward our bodies well? On the Thursday edition of Live the Promise, Dr. Troy Spurrill joins Susie in studio for both hours to take your calls and answer your questions as they discuss the health and healing of the mind, body and spirit. Friday, September 23 – Beth Allen Slevcove – Broken Hallelujahs/ Holly Wagner – Find Your Brave (Both Hours Recorded) – What does God offer us in the midst of our losses? On the Friday edition of Live the Promise, Beth Allen Slevcove joins Susie to help us learn how to grieve the big and small losses of life as they unpack her book Broken Hallelujahs. Then, you’ll hear Susie’s conversation with Holly Wagner as she explains how God can be our strength and meet us in the midst of the storms of life. Saturday, September 24 – Paul J. Pastor – The Face of the Deep – The Holy Spirit is a vibrant part of the Christian life. But what do we really know about Him? On the weekend edition of Live the Promise, you’ll hear Susie’s powerful conversation with author Paul J. Pastor. They unpack his book, The Face of the Deep: Exploring the Mysterious Person of the Holy Spirit.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20076	Can Judaism and Science Co-Exist? Yes. Originally posted at onFaith, Sept 16, 2013. The great atheist and critic Christopher Hitchens suggested that all attempts to reconcile faith with science were “consigned to failure and ridicule.” With the increasing visibility of fundamentalism in some religions, the casual observer might conclude that Hitchens was correct. But my own study of the way in which Judaism responded to one of the most religiously challenging scientific theories of all time reaches a quite different conclusion. That theory was proposed by a Polish church official and astronomer named Nicholas Copernicus in 1543 and it suggested that the Earth was not the center of the universe, but rather only one of several planets that orbited the sun. The Copernican model was a threat to both Jewish and church teachings of the time, because they held that the Earth was the fixed and unmoving center of the universe. This theological position was based partly on a literal understanding of some biblical verses, but mostly on the fact that Greeks had taught the geocentric model and it had been accepted for well over 15 centuries. The church’s reaction has been documented in dozens of books, but the Jewish response has been less examined. The very first Jewish reaction was cautiously warm. David Gans, a rabbi and astronomer who died in Prague in 1613, wrote that Copernicus was “unanimously admired for his sharp understanding.” But Gans respectfully disagreed with the Copernican model on the basis of scientific doubts about what was, at that time, an unproven mathematical model. The first Jewish Copernican was a physician, astronomer, and rabbi named Joseph Delmedigo. He had studied at the University of Padua with a lecturer by the name of Galileo, and it was Galileo who had shared his telescope with the young Delmedigo. Delmedigo’s work, published in the open city of Amsterdam in 1629, was unequivocal in accepting the radical model of Copernicus, and it did so at a time when not a single fully fledged Copernican held a chair at a Dutch University. Despite some early support, there was also Jewish condemnation of the Copernican model. Another physician-rabbi who studied at Padua was named Tobias Cohen, and his illustrated encyclopedia published in 1707 in Venice contained a sound rejection of the heliocentric model. Cohen didn’t mince his words: Copernicus was the “Firstborn Son of Satan.” A Jew was forbidden to accept his theory, since it was at odds with the plain meaning of biblical verses, like the one in which Joshua commanded the sun to stand still. If the Bible was the immaculate word of God, it could contain no untruths, and if it records that Joshua ordered the sun to stop, then that must be what actually occurred. To believe otherwise was heresy, which while not punishable by death, could result in expulsion from the Jewish community, as the Jewish philosopher Spinoza, found out. The same church that had once banned the works of Copernicus reburied him with honor . . Some Jews in the 18th century found a way to accept both that the Bible was the true word of God and the Copernican model. They did this by suggesting that the Bible “spoke in everyday language” so that its text need not be taken literally. While this does not appear to be a big step to the outside observer, within the traditional world of Jewish scholarship it was a radical move that changed the field of traditional scholarship. It was not until 1835 that the Catholic Church lifted the ban on Copernicus’s book and in that century at least 18 pro-Copernican Hebrew books were published, but opposition from a minority still remained. In 1898 for example, one rabbi in Jerusalem wrote that the earth was most certainly stationary, and that those who thought otherwise were motivated by “a desire to destroy religion.” A tiny minority of ultra-Orthodox Jews share this belief even today, but such views are fringe indeed, and are not shared by their rabbinic leadership. Judaism, like Christianity and Islam, is not static, however deep its foundations lie. In 2010 the primate of Poland led a service for Copernicus at a cathedral in northern Poland. The same church that had once banned the works of Copernicus reburied him with honor, and marked on his new tombstone an etching of the solar system with the sun at its center. Hitchens was a sharp and vocal critic of religion, but on this point he was simply wrong. Judaism and modern science are quite capable of co-existing. It just sometimes takes a little time.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20083	January 18, 2013 By Emma-Riley PLATINUM, No, Other Emma-Riley PLATINUM, No, Other 44 articles 0 photos 50 comments Favorite Quote: "Take my hand i give it to you, now you own me all i am, you said you would never leave me, i believe you, i believe..." They just enjoy watching me suffer. I swear, the water begins to rise faster. Fine. Whatever. They can’t break me. They’ll have to kill me first. The water is at my neck. The water takes that too. I squeeze my eyes shut. They are taken. The author's comments: In the last book of the Hunger Games Series, Suzanne Collins doesn't go into a lot of detail on what happened with Johanna and Peeta as they were being tortured. we know that Peeta is Hi-Jacked, and that Johanna's had something to do with water... so i decided to fill in the gaps. this is what happened to Johanna. ^-^ Enjoy! Similar Articles This article has 0 comments. MacMillan Books Aspiring Writer? Take Our Online Course!
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20089	Riot Games announced the player-run justice system known as the Tribunal for League of Legends back in May and since the new system was put in place, players sitting on the Tribunal have punished more than 1.4% of the League of Legends population. Thats roughly around 16 million votes. A new post to the League of Legends website delves more into the statistics of the Tribunal, noting that 50% of those that are punished by the Tribunal reform and improve their behavior. Players of at least level 30 have the option to vote on Tribunal cases that have been reported by other players, which can lead to players being pardoned or even punished with a ban for specific behavior if the Tribunal finds them guilty. Source: League of Legends Tribunal Records 16 Million Votes title=""> src="" alt="League of Legends Tribunal" width="500" height="1287" style="border: 0px solid ; width: 500px; height: 1287px;" /> Last Updated: Mar 14, 2016 About The Author Zombie 0
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20111	May 26, 2017 It seems, that in the modern world, one’s life is forever put on display. From Facebook post to the forever present cellphone, a person is never really disconnected. One would think since everyone knows more about each other’s lives that this means people know each other better. However, do people really know each other? If one close to you was asked the question, who is she or who is he, what would be their response? Would it be, oh, he is funny or she is kind. Would this person use words like refined and sophisticated or down-to-earth and pragmatic? How well would others portray you and would they really ‘know’ the true you? From the first verse in Genesis to the last verse of Revelations, one is introduced to an immeasurable God who is intimately familiar with each of us, His created beings. In the pages of the Bible. God makes Himself known and each word used is an expression of His love. The totality of Scripture portrays an amazing God who values His creation. This God, the one describe in the pages of the Bible, the Great I Am, the Creator God, the God that exists whether or not mankind acknowledges this existence… this infinite God, He who is eternal and self-existent, the one who is greater that mankind’s finite mind can understand… this God find each of us valuable. Scripture clearly declares that God knows each one intimately. He is familiar with theirs ways and is personally involved in each of life. The Psalmist, in the one-hundred and thirty-ninth Psalms states, “O Lord, you have examined my heart and know everything about me. You know my every thought when far away. You know what I’m going to say even before I say it. I can never escape from your Spirit. I can never get away from your presence…You made all the delicate inner parts of my body and knit me together in my mother’s womb. Thank you for making me so wonderfully complex. Your workmanship is marvelous ....” So, in a world where we are forever on display, yet we are increasingly hidden… it is my prayer that each person will encounter and come to know the one who truly ‘knows’ each of us and who truly ‘loves’ us anyway.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20113	Sunday, February 25, 2018 As a believer in the Lord Jesus Christ and based on the facts of God’s Word, I DECLARE myself to be FREE INDEED (John 8:36). My liberty is seen in three realms: First, concerning the god of this age, to whom I once belonged, I have been DELIVERED from the power of darkness and have been translated into the kingdom of God’s beloved Son (Col. 1:13), turned from the power of Satan unto God (Acts 26:18). Secondly, concerning my relationship to this world system, my Saviour gave Himself for me that He might deliver and rescue me from this present evil world (age), according to the will of God my Father (Gal. 1:4). Thirdly, concerning the terrible slavery of sin, the Scriptures declare that though I once was the slave of sin, I am now the slave of God (Rom. 6:17-22) and the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has made me free from the law of sin and death (Rom. 8:2). The source of my liberty is found in the cross of my Lord Jesus Christ in which I truly boast (Gal. 6:14). The cross is my Statue of Liberty, as it were. It was there that my soul was set free. In Christ’s death I died, and in Christ’s life I now live (Rom. 6:4). Based on the unchanging facts of God’s Word, I joyfully declare myself to be dead indeed unto sin and alive unto God in Jesus Christ my Lord (Rom. 6:11). I am not free to live as I please or do as I want. I am free to serve Christ and do as He pleases, living unto the One who died and rose again for me (2 Cor. 5:15). My Declaration was not written by men, but written by the living God. It was not signed by men, but signed by the Lord Himself and sealed with the blood of Christ. God has declared me to be FREE INDEED and I am to stand fast in the liberty wherewith Christ has made me free (Gal. 5:1). My Declaration is not a Declaration of Independence, but rather a "Declaration of Dependence." I declare myself to be totally DEPENDENT upon my God. Of myself I cannot keep the law. I cannot measure up to God’s righteous standards. "How to perform that which is good I FIND NOT" (Rom. 7:18). The more I try in and of myself, the more I seem to fail, "for the good that I would I do not: but the evil which I would not, that I do" (Rom. 7:19). I thus acknowledge that Jesus Christ is my only deliverance from my wretched self (Rom. 7:24-25). The Lord Jesus Christ is MY VINE (John 15). He is my LIFE SOURCE. Apart from Him I can do nothing, because HE IS MY LIFE (Col. 3:3-4). The battle is the Lord’s! He shall fight for me. The life is the Lord’s! He shall live in me. "Christ liveth in me" (Gal. 2:20). "For to me to live is Christ" (Phil. 1:21). I can’t, but He can. Whenever I try, I fail; but whenever I trust, He succeeds. Thus, with a firm reliance upon my God I will claim the victory which He won and which He gives to me: "But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ" (1 Cor. 15:5-7). The Kingdom of heaven is at hand! Gary said... It is amazing to me how conservative Christians have revised the interpretation of many concepts in the Bible just in my lifetime. Growing up evangelical in the 1970's, I never dreamed that I would hear an evangelical or other conservative Christian pastor endorse the idea that the Creation may not have occurred in six literal twenty-four hour days, or that some aspects of evolution may be true, or that the Flood of Noah's day was only a regional flood of the Euphrates River valley, not the entire world. If any evangelical pastor had preached these "heresies" in the 70's he would have been run out of his church and denomination. But now these "heresies" are considered acceptable views in mainstream conservative Christianity. So what is up with the Bible? Why is it that orthodox/conservative Christians must repeatedly update their interpretation of God's "holy, inspired, inerrant, unchanging" Word?? Did God allow the Bible to be written so poorly, so confusingly, that mankind has needed scientists, not theologians, to understand what God really meant to say? Here are some examples of Hebrew/Christian beliefs based on the literal reading of the Bible that have been revised due to scientific and medical discoveries: 1. Flat earth. 2. The flat earth rests on pillars. 3. The earth has four corners. 4. There is a canopy above the earth called a firmament to which God hung the sun, moon, stars, and planets. 5. The sun revolves around the earth. 6. There are "fountains of the deep" under the earth. 7. There is a layer of water above the firmament. 8. The universe was created in six, literal, twenty-four hour days. 9. All animals and planets were created during those six twenty-four hour days. 10. The universe is 6,000 - 10,000 years old. 11. The entire world was covered by water, even Mt. Everest, during the Great Flood. 12. Noah was able to accommodate 10 million species of animals in his boat. 13. Kangaroos got off of Noah's boat on top of Mt. Ararat (modern day Turkey) after the Flood waters receded, traveled (and swam) thousands of miles to Australia...without leaving one kangaroo skeleton on the continent of Asia. 14. Seizures are caused by demon possession. Once science and medicine proves the literal reading of the Bible on these issues false, Christians then revise their interpretation of the passage or passages in question and decide (arbitrarily) that the passage in question is speaking "metaphorically" and that previous generations of believers were simply mistaken. What? Says who? I am currently in a discussion with a Christian regarding the Ascension story. When I point out to him that if Jesus ascended to heaven at a speed slow enough that his disciples could watch him ascend, Jesus hasn't even made it to the next nearest galaxy, let alone the far reaches of outer space and ultimately heaven. "You are reading this passage literally and being silly. It is obvious that the author of the passage was speaking metaphorically," says the Christian. When I ask the same Christian if he believes that the Resurrection account should be read metaphorically his reply is, "Of course not. This account should be understood literally. The Resurrection of Jesus was a real historical event." Dear conservative Christians: Please open your eyes. Instead of repeatedly revising and updating your interpretation of your God's "unchanging" Word, why not just accept the obvious: The Bible is an ancient book full of scientific, medical, historical, and archeological inaccuracies, written by scientifically ignorant, superstitious, ancient peoples. People do not "ascend" into the sky and decomposing dead men do not walk out of their graves to enjoy a broiled fish lunch with their fishing buddies. Stop basing your life on these fables and legends and accept the findings of modern science and medicine as the basis of your reality. Please. Anonymous said... The Ignorant Fishermen said... To God be the Glory! My friend! Thank you for your very encouraging reply in the Lord! Gary said... Gary said... Dear Readers: You do not need to be a scholar to disbelieve resurrection claims. Two thousand years ago, hundreds of millions of people on earth believed in a god named Zeus who lived on top of Mount Olympus in Greece who performed many fantastical supernatural deeds. The existence of Zeus and the historicity of his alleged deeds have never been disproven. Approximately 1300 years ago, a man named Mohammad claimed to have received a visit from a supernatural being who gave him the true word of the creator of the universe and who enabled him to fly on a winged horse into the heavens. Hundreds of millions of people today believe in the historicity of these claims. These claims have never been disproven. Approximately 200 years ago, a man named Joseph Smith claimed to have received golden plates from a supernatural being containing the true, updated, word of the creator of the universe. Millions of people today believe that this claim is historical fact. This claim has never been disproven. Since these claims have never been disproven, should we believe them? Should we believe these fantastical, extra-ordinary claims that defy the established laws of nature? The proponents of the above claims would say that the possible/probable existence of a Creator greatly increases the probability of these claims being true. But is that really correct? Doesn't the evidence seem to suggest that if a Creator exists, he/she/they/it have chosen to operate, at least within our universe, within the natural laws? How often have experts confirmed that established natural laws have been violated? I would therefore suggest that the possible existence of a Creator can in no way be assumed to increase the probability of un-natural events occurring within our universe. We have no confirmed evidence to suggest that a Creator routinely or even sporadically violates the laws of nature. We have no evidence to believe that gods live on Greek mountains; that celestial beings enable humans to ride on winged horses; or that persons in upstate New York receive plates of gold from angels. So when another large group of people living today tells you their fantastical, extra-ordinary claim that two thousand years ago a three-day-dead corpse was suddenly reanimated back to life by an ancient middle-eastern deity, broke out of his sealed tomb, ate a fish lunch with his former fishing buddies, and then levitated into the clouds, I suggest that we consider this claim to be just as probable as the three claims above. And unlike what you have been told, dear friend, you do NOT need to be a scholar to disbelieve all four of these supernatural claims. Why? Answer: Because the onus of proof is NOT on you, the skeptic. In western, educated society the onus is always on the person making the fantastical, extra-ordinary claim, not on those who doubt it. Therefore, the onus is on the proponents of these four supernatural tales to prove their veracity, and so far, the evidence presented by these groups of believers is dismal to pathetic. That is why no public university history textbook in the western world lists any of these four claims as even "probable" historical events. You don't need to be a scholar to disbelieve supernatural religious tales of gods living on mountains, prophets flying in the air on winged horses, upstate New Yorkers receiving heavenly messages in cow pastures, or reanimated dead guys flying off into outer space. Don't let the proponents of these tall tales convince you otherwise.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20125	Sheep without a Shepherd: Interrupted \| The Speckled Goat: Sheep without a Shepherd: Interrupted Sheep without a Shepherd: Interrupted christian devotion office interruptions and faith finding joy If I had to describe my day today in two words, they would be "Constantly Interrupted." Just as soon as I was starting a project, the phone would ring. And then as soon as that call had ended... the phone would ring. In the middle of a super busy check in? Ring, ring, ring. All. Day. Long. And for even for someone with a personality like mine (people-pleasing perfectionist), there was only so much I could handle before I started getting seriously grouchy. Couldn't I get just one thing done today?? Why can't people call at convenient times?!? And unfortunately, my frustration was becoming evident with the way I answered the phones. Short, direct answers, impatience... and it was my husband who called it to my attention. "Smile," he said. "They can hear your smile through the phone." I did not want to smile. I wanted all these people to just leave me alone. In Mark 6, Jesus goes on vacation. Okay, maybe not "vacation" per se, but he calls his disciples into a time of rest after a busy season of ministry. They need a break. But instead of rest, they find interruption. So they went away by themselves in a boat to a solitary place. But many who saw them leaving recognized them and ran on foot from all the towns and got there ahead of them. - Mark 9:30-33 But instead of turning the people away, instead of getting annoyed, Jesus had compassion on them. They needed someone to lead them, to guide them- like sheep without a shepherd. Jesus didn't see the crowds as an unwelcome interruption to his day, to his plans, but as people who were in need of the thing only he could provide. And then, if that wasn't enough, Jesus took a small lunch and fed five thousand. First he gave them spiritual sustenance, and then he miraculously fed their physical bodies. Jesus didn't see the five thousand as a hindrance to his day, but as the purpose of his life. He didn't look on them with contempt and ask why they couldn't have come sooner, more prepared, or with an invitation. They weren't an annoying obligation- they were an opportunity. In this season of my life, interruptions are incredibly common. My day never really turns out the way I'd planned it to (and oh, isn't that true of life in general?). In spite of my own plans and expectations, I know I can still answer the phone with a smile. And when the interruptions come, I hope I can dig deeply and find the opportunities instead of the inconvenience. I hope I can see the interruptions as God sees them- as people, just like me, in need of love. 1. "They can hear your smile." I like that. I've heard before that smiling even when you don't feel like it, can change your brain chemistry such that you begin to feel better. :) It's so easy to get caught up in our own heads and tasks, isn't it? I've been praying for God to interrupt me...to order my day and put His plans on my agenda. -- I'll have to remember that smiles can be heard too. :) -- I don't believe we've crossed paths before. Nice to meet you. :) ((grace)) 2. A lovely reminder when I am constantly interrupted by my triplets- "Jesus didn't see the five thousand as a hindrance to his day, but as the purpose of his life." Diana @ dianasdiaries.com 3. If I remember right, the same story that you used actually came after Jesus had heard that his cousin, John the Baptist, had been beheaded. So in the midst of his grief (which, who doesn't want to escape the crowds when we're grieving), he prioritized these people. These interrupting, inconvenient, insensitive-to-his-own-well-being people. I loved that line "They can hear you smile." My prayer is that the smile on my face is reflective of the work He's doing in my heart, even in those frustrating moments! Thank you so much for your message!
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20151	It seems you have JavaScript disabled. Are We Rounding The Rally Corner? at Trader’s Narrative Are We Rounding The Rally Corner? As I previously touched on, we had a 90-90 down day on Jan. 4th 2008. According to the Lowry’s study, all we need now is a 90-90 up day for a market bottom. 90-90 Day Today wasn’t it. Although the market went up, it did so lethargically. Volume did flow in the right direction: advancing stocks in the NYSE were 1,003,680,000 compared to 401,066,000 declining stocks - a 5:2 ratio. And on the Nasdaq, almost 3:1. But we need much more excitement than that to forge an inflection point. On January 7th, the S&P 500 put in a hammer-like candle (if you squint) with normal volume as traders came back from holidays. This was two days after I wrote Rally around the corner : rounding rally corner And although we still haven’t taken out those lows, the market is coiling into a tight range. If it reacts to the recent oversold conditions and breaks out, then the probability of it continuing and regaining lost ground is high. But it can also break down to retest the lows. Or even go lower. The market is. No one can predict or control it. I’ve shared a thesis of where things may be, but I’ll let the market prove me wrong or right. Stocks vs. Bonds Right now, by several measures, bonds are expensive and stocks are cheap. I’ll go into this point more in depth in a few days. What matters though is that this important relationship is skewed towards a rally. But this is a myopic market. The only thing it can focus on is what is immediately in front of it. Which happens to be Tuesday’s expected announcement from Citigroup (C). Being the market tell for the day, I’d suggest keeping a watchful eye on Citi. subscribe through email: 6 Responses to “Are We Rounding The Rally Corner?” 1. 1 kio 2. 2 Tom I think you’re misreading the market, the trend is (has) changing. We won’t see a sustained rally until we burn off the liquidity and internal market problems related to subprime and debt. The Fed is throwing money at the problem but its not working. The US consumer is finally tapped out and when they don’t spend, well you know the rest. I’ve been in mostly cash and bonds since mid December ‘07 and on days like this I’m glad I’m out. 3. 3 Babak kio, can’t make head or tails of the link Tom, other than the fundamental issues that you mention (and everyone already knows about) why exactly do you think the major trend has changed? Mind you, I’m not saying you’re wrong. I don’t know that. I’m just curious about your thinking process. 4. 4 Tom Right now fundamentals are driving the game and, in my opinion, overshadowing the technical analysis. On a weekly chart, the S&P500 sure looks likes like its starting a pattern of higher lows and lower lows. Sure things look undervalued right now but are you buying? Really, are you buying? 5. 5 Tom I mean lower highs and lower lows… 1. 1 What Is A Market Tell? Leave a Reply
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20158	Main content Alert message Who is the CVI Web Exercise for? This exercise is intended for use by special education caseworkers who evaluate children’s educational needs using the Christine Roman-Lantzy CVI Range Assessment, such as: Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments (TVIs), Certified Orientation and Mobility Specialists (COMS), and Occupational Therapists (OTs). This exercise can also be informally used as an information resource for parents of children with CVI, or anyone else who has an interest in the subject matter. How many parts does the CVI Web Exercise include? The CVI Web Exercise contains three parts: 1. Introduction to CVI and Christine Roman-Lantzy’s CVI Range (videos, documents) 2. Assessment simulations (videos, documents) 3. Real-life intervention ideas (videos) What materials do I need to complete the CVI Web Exercise? The goal of this exercise is for you to practice using Christine Roman-Lantzy’s methods to evaluate educational needs of children who have cortical visual impairment. These methods are explained in the book Cortical Visual Impairment: An Approach to Assessment and Interventionby Christine Roman-Lantzy. We will use forms and worksheets that are found in this book. TSBVI cannot provide copies of these materials to you. To successfully complete this exercise, you must have your own copy of the book. ( How do I complete the CVI Web Exercise? Follow the instructions in the sections below to complete the web exercise. Introduction to CVI Read the document Introduction to Cortical/Cerebral Visual Impairment. Watch all of the videos on the Introduction to CVI page (14 videos-82 minutes) CVI Case Studies Print all of the documents on the C V I Case Studies page (7 documents) Watch video Introduction to Case Studies (This explains how to complete the case studies) Watch videos and complete forms for Brandon – Phase 1 (13 videos – 75 minutes) Watch videos and complete forms for Cassie – Phase 2 (13 videos – 75 minutes) Watch videos and complete forms for Ian – Phase 3 (13 videos – 75 minutes) Read document: Materials Used in Intervention Videos Read document: Watch video Intervention Overview (1 video – 6 minutes) Watch videos for Phase 1 Building Visual Behaviors (9 videos – 13 minutes) Watch videos for Phase 2 Integrating Vision with Function (8 videos – 12 minutes) Watch videos for Phase 3 Resolution of CVI Characteristics (7 videos – 11 minutes) Watch videos for Intervention Task Analysis (6 videos – 17 minutes) Watch video Intervention Summary (1 videos – 2 minutes) Additional web training materials on CVI: Perkins Webcast: Cortical Visual Impairment and the Evaluation of Functional Vision with Dr. Christine Roman. Strategy To See: For those who care for and work with students with brain damage related vision loss. American Printing House for the Blind Inc., CVI Website CVI Training Materials from the West Virginia Department of Education Go to Perkins Webinars and look for: • Cortical/Cerebral Visual Impairment (parts 1 and 2), presented by Barry Kran, O.D., F.A.A.O., Luisa Mayer, Ph.D., M.Ed., and Darick Wright, M.A., CLVT, COMS. • Using an iPad for Vision Stimulation presented by Laura Campaña, Director of Infant & Early Childhood Program at Junior Blind of America. Building Strategies • Around CVI Phases presented by Ellen C. Mazel, Cortical Visual Impairment Advisor for CASE • Collaborative Strategies for Improving Literacy Skills in Students with CVI presented by Diane Sheline, Certified Low Vision Therapist. This is an exciting area and we are learning new information about the brain continually. Please contact Lynne McAlister or Sara Kitchen with any observations or additions to this course- we would love to hear from you! Introduction and Case Study documents and videos written and presented by Lynne McAlister and Sara Kitchen Educational Consultants - TSBVI Outreach Intervention materials written and presented by Diane Sheline, Independent Consultant out of the Houston, Texas area, CTVI, CLVT,
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20163	Downton Abbey Season 1 Episode 5 Episode 5 Aired Sunday 9:00 PM Oct 24, 2010 on PBS • Trivia • Quotes • Lady Edith: (Approaching her sister, Lady Mary, at the Downton Village Flower Show.) Why was cousin Matthew in such a hurry to get away? Lady Mary: Don't be stupid. Lady Edith: I suppose you didn't want him when he wanted you and now, it's the other way around. You have to admit, it's quite funny. Lady Mary: I'll admit if I ever wanted to attract a man, that I'd steer clear of those clothes and that hat. Lady Edith: You think yourself so superior, don't you? Lady Mary: (Groaning in frustration, she walks away from Lady Edith.) Lady Edith: (Speaking softly but venomously to herself.) I think that she who laughs last, laughs longest. • Daisy: (Having been brought to Lady Edith's room by O'Brien to be questioned as to her thoughts regarding Mr Pamuk's death, she is clearly very nervous.) I couldn't say, my lady. I don't know what Miss O'Brien means. I didn't see nothing. Well... Not much... Lady Edith: O'Brien, I wonder if you might leave us? (Pausing as O'Brien somewhat reluctantly leaves the room.) Now, it's Daisy, isn't it? Daisy: Yes, my lady. Lady Edith: I'm sure you see O'Brien only acted as you did because she is concerned. Daisy: I suppose so, my lady. Lady Edith: She seems to think that you are in possession of some knowledge that is uncomfortable for you because if that is the case, then I don't think it fair on you. (Daisy begins to cry.) Why should you be burdened with Mary's secret? My dear, my heart goes out to you, it really does. (Sitting on the bed next to Daisy, Lady Edith puts an arm around her shoulders as if to comfort her.) You've been carrying too heavy a burden for too long. Just tell me and I promise you'll feel better. Daisy: (Off camera, Daisy unwillingly tells Lady Edith her story, unaware of the malice for Mary, behind Edith's concern.) • O'Brien: (Walking into a room where Edith is seated, writing a letter.) Sorry to bother you, my lady. But your mother wanted you to know Lady Sybil's back. She's changing now so dinner won't be late, after all. Lady Edith: What happened to her? O'Brien: The horse went lame. Lady Edith: (After turning back to her letter, she glances up again to see that O'Brien is still hovering in the room.) Is there anything else? O'Brien: There is something that's been troubling me. You remember the Turkish gentleman, Mr Pamuk. The one who died all sudden-like? Lady Edith: Of course I remember. O'Brien: Well, it's Daisy, my lady. The kitchen maid. Only, she's been talking recently as if she had ideas about Mr Pamuk's death. Lady Edith: What sort of ideas? O'Brien: Well, I've no proof and maybe I'm wrong. But I've a sense she knows something but won't say what. Something involving Lady Mary. Lady Edith: How absurd. What could she know. O'Brien: Whatever it is, she won't say. Not to us anyway. Lady Edith: Have you spoken to Lady Mary about this? O'Brien: I didn't like to, my lady. It seemed impertinent somehow, but I thought someone in the family ought to know about it. Lady Edith: Quite right. Bring the girl to my room, tomorrow, after breakfast. • Carson: (Entering Lady Sybil's bedroom to find Gwen sitting on the bed, with Anna hovering over her and Daisy, who has not had any breakfast, holding Lady Sybil's biscuit jar.) Gwen? May I ask why you are sitting on Lady Sybil's bed? Anna: It's true. Carson: Well, you'd better go and lie down. I'll tell Mrs Hughes. Carson: How many bedrooms have you still got to do? Anna: Just one. Lady Edith's. Carson: And you can manage on your own. Carson: (Glancing up to notice Daisy.) Daisy, may I ask why you are holding Lady Sybil's biscuit jar? Daisy: (Stammering out a response.) Em... I was just... Polishing it... Before I put it back. Carson: See that you do. • Notes • Allusions • Cora: No one ever warns you about bringing up daughters. You think it's going to be like Little Womenand instead they're at each other's throats from dawn 'til dusk. Cora is referring to the novel Little Women, written by Louisa May Alcott. Published in the 1860s, the story chronicles four sisters, who get along rather well with one another despite the difficulty of getting older.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20191	Kristen Kenzig's Memorial Information Links For Brain Tumors NovoCure Trial Vascular Brain Tumors Links 64 links found Rating Site Name DescriptionVisitedDate Added Score = 3 Aidan`s Web page A pediatric Medulloblastoma survivor 1972004/02/00 Score = 3 Ann Simon`s fight against glioblastoma A personal journey, including information about trials 2189205/15/06 Score = 3 Aspartame Consumer Safety Network Explores possible connection between brain tumors and Aspartame. 1689104/02/00 Score = 3 blog blog is now LIVE! Please join the blog and learn how Steve has erradicated terminal stage IV cancer! 398910/18/13 Score = 3 Brain Cancer - Gliosarcoma - 41-year-old female - her story Brain Cancer - gliosarcoma - 41-year-old female - her story 2882703/29/04 Score = 3 Brain tumor family - memorials Memorials for those who passed away from brain tumors 1716809/13/06 Score = 3 Brain tumor treatment options Brain tumor treatment options 3395212/03/13 Score = 3 Bran Research Trust Information on Research to Brain Tumours 16987412/20/05 Score = 3 Cancer Help Infosite Editable Web Site with cancer resources accross the globe 3036205/12/05 Score = 3 Cancer Support Forum An online discussion forum for cancer topics such as symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, coping, and support 1954903/30/10 Score = 3 CancerKids information, chat, hundreds of stories of childhood cancer 4467212/19/01 Score = 3 Carrie`s page Glioblastoma Multiforme: The Gifts of an Illness 1386904/02/00 Score = 3 Childhood Brain Tumor student research project at Northern Illinois University 1056510/30/02 Score = 3 Chris Henning Journal of Chris Henning, diagnosed with GBM July 2002 1097002/02/03 Score = 3 Coalition Against Airport Pollution Anti-pollution 984704/02/00 Score = 3 Corbin Bear Ryther Child with brainstem tumor 1288502/07/01 Score = 3 Cyber Museum Of Neurosurgery History of neurosurgery and brain tumor surgery! 18802001/29/04 Score = 3 Dave Meyer: The Fight Is ON! Dave and family`s personal journey as they battle a malignant brain tumor. 1215807/31/05 Score = 3 Duggan`s Home Page of Support for Pituitary Tumor Patients 1015204/02/00 Score = 3 Erin`s Brain Tumour Journey about 23 year old Erin`s journey with oligodendroglioma grade 11 1477308/01/05 Score = 3 Give Hope Jennifer Hart`s page 1027904/02/00 Score = 3 Grahams Brain Tumor Journal 1133708/01/05 Score = 3 Ian`s Tumour Blog of GBM patient diagnosed August 2007 1386810/21/07 Score = 3 Inspiration Truelly inspirational account of a Warrior and lover of life 1574610/21/02 Score = 3 It`s Just Benign website connecting benign brain tumor survivors 2724305/30/08 Score = 3 Jacob Bonnett - Silent Soldier My tribute to my son who was diagnosed with a brain tumor 1530501/26/03 Score = 3 Jane Symons Follow Jane`s Progress with her fight against a GBM 1471511/18/05 Score = 3 Jazmin`s Home Page Jazzy Wren-My Battle with a Medulloblastoma Brain Tumor 1178004/02/00 Score = 3 Kenny Can Foundation Organization for Glioblastoma Research and Support for Patients and Families 1067104/27/04 Score = 3 Kris Onken Actual intra-operative pictures of Kris` surgery for a DNET tumor! 1526704/02/00 Score = 3 Kyla`s Page 24 year old fighting brain cancer family web site 2581110/17/02 Score = 3 Legacy - where life stories live on Memorials 1460612/29/03 Score = 3 Mary Catherine Fish An excerpt from her memoirs: This Is Not happening 1305404/02/00 Score = 3 Mayo Clinic Brain Tumor Center Brain tumor center at the Mayo Clinic in MN, FL and AZ 16583506/27/06 Score = 3 Michael G. Curry II Foundation For Cancer Research 1207912/14/05 Score = 3 Monkey`s Treehouse Kyle`s home page 999304/02/00 Score = 3 NeuroNetwork Resources for Brain Tumor Patients In The Dallas / Fort Worth Metroplex Of Texas 14487309/02/00 Score = 3 Remembering Rachel A memorial site for our daughter who lost her life to a glioblastoma multiforme brain tumour 2332304/03/05 Score = 3 Sarah Dudley Her Journey Through Art & Poetry 3378203/16/03 Score = 3 Scott Vickroy`s survivor story Aggressive treatment over 9 months included high-dose chemo and a stem cell rescue 2164903/18/02 Score = 3 Seeking Peace: Brain Tumor Hospice Care Describes a list of end-stage "signs" to watch for to prepare for death from a brain tumor 2661311/30/06 Score = 3 Shared Experience Cancer Support Searchable listing of first-hand accounts by cancer patients and their loved ones. 2412604/03/00 Score = 3 Specialty License Plate for Brain Tumor Awareness 1424910/13/06 Score = 3 Stan`s GBM Blog Daily updates, pictures, & treatment reports, following his 4/05 GBM diagnosis 1857808/23/05 Score = 3 Tina`s Progress Martina`s Story 1009010/14/00 Score = 3 tribute heart disease 1401002/07/03 Score = 3 ULCA Neurosurgery Brain Tumor Program ULCA Neurosurgery Brain Tumor Program 19592201/12/06 Score = 3 USA RIDE Make car reservations online! 992509/02/00 Score = 3 Welcom to our Family Tumor Page glioblastoma multiforme and personal pages, coming soon a diary of the journey 1597001/17/02 Score = 3 Young Adults Surviving Glioblastoma We are here to inspire those young adults in their teens, twenties, and thirties, that do get diagnosed with this disease. 1646204/02/00 Score = 0 Team Amber Supporting Brain Cancer Awareness. Helping one family at a time. 324411/28/15 Back to Top Tocagen Clinical Trial Hardin MD Clean Bill of Health Best viewed in 800x600 mode, 256 Colors. This page is maintained by Jim Kenzig In Memory of ©1996-2018 Copyright All Rights Reserved. Jim Kenzig 18253 Jefferson Park Road APT 103 Cleveland, OH 44130 or PayPal funds to
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20192	Curcumin 500 with Bioperine, 60 Capsules, Pure Encapsulations Curcumin 500 with Bioperine by Pure Encapsulations supports the bodys natural inflammatory response and promotes healthy liver, colon, musculoskeletal and cell function Price: $42.65CAD • Description • Ingredients What Is It? Curcumin 500 with Bioperine provides powerful support for maintaining a healthy inflammatory response, promoting cellular health, and supporting healthy liver, colon and musculoskeletal function. Bioperine® is a black pepper extract that contains the alkaloid piperine. Research reveals that it has the potential to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin, promoting its absorption. Uses For Curcumin 500 with Bioperine Cellular Health: Curcumin supports the body’s natural detoxification system and helps maintain healthy hepatic function. These actions are associated with its beneficial effects, including support for healthy liver, colon and musculoskeletal function. Curcumin C3 Complex has been the subject of scientific investigations at a number of hospitals and universities. Most recently, it has demon- strated the potential to maintain healthy tissue in the brain by supporting macrophage activity and has been associated with powerful support for cellular health in separate trials.* What IsThe Source? Turmeric† extract is derived from Curcuma longa root and standardized to contain 95% curcuminoids. Bioperine®†† extract is derived from Piper nigrum fruit and standard- ized to contain 95% piperine. Ascorbyl palmitate is derived from corn dextrose fermentation and palm oil. Bioperine is a registered trademark and patented product of Sabinsa Corporation. Pure Encapsulations recommends 1–3 capsules per day, in divided doses, between meals. Are There Any Potential Side Effects Or Precautions? Are There Any Potential Drug Interactions? Bioperinemay alter the absorption or metabolism of some medications. Turmeric may be contra-indicated with blood thinning medications. Consult your physician for more information. Supplement Facts: Each vegetable capsule contains: Vitamin C (ascorbyl palmitate) 10mg Turmeric (curcuma longa) extract (root) 500mg —(standardized to contain 95% curcuminoids) Bioperine (piper nigrum) extract (fruit) 5.3mg —(standardized to contain 95% piperine) Recommended Use: Adults: As a dietary supplement, take 1 to 3 capsules daily, in divided doses, between meals. Fantastic Summer Savings! Use Coupon code SUMMER5 for a 5% savings
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20194	Author: AGE - Replies: 2 - Views: 351 Orange Project Interactive Graphic Novel series I’m Axel-Guillaume, a French graphic designer and director. I’m starting today auditions for my sci-fi/ action interactive graphic novel series, codename: Orange (I love codenames). Here is the pitch: In a nearby future, on Earth, several conflicts took place in the last 50 years. But lately diplomatic alliances are maintaining a fragile peace. [i]Alexander and Lushian, young mercenaries with prized skills were raised in that chaotic world. Chaining fights and missions
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20228	Word Focus focusing on words and literature Definitions and Synonyms of ebenales \| Another word for ebenales \| What is ebenales? Definition 1: trees or shrubs of the families Ebenaceae or Sapotaceae or Styracaceae or Symplocaceae - [noun denoting plant] Synonyms for ebenales in the sense of this definition (ebenales is a kind of ...) the order of plants (ebenales is a member of ...) fruit and timber trees of tropical and warm regions including ebony and persimmon (ebenales is a member of ...) tropical trees or shrubs with milky juice and often edible fleshy fruit (ebenales is a member of ...) a dicotyledonous family of order Ebenales (ebenales is a member of ...) a widely distributed family of shrubs and trees of order Ebenales More words Another word for ebenaceae Another word for ebbtide Another word for ebbing Another word for ebb out Another word for ebb off Another word for ebionite Another word for ebit Another word for ebitda Another word for eblis Another word for ebn Other word for ebn ebn meaning and synonyms How to pronounce ebn
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20245	On the Etiquettes of Giving and Receiving Gifts Gift is a form of transaction in a civilized society. The holy Prophet has laid a great stress on it in his Traditions and indicated that it is helpful in the promotion of mutual love and affection and conducive to the growth of friendly relations which, doubtlessly, are a great blessing. A gift is an offering made as a token of goodwill, and with the object of making the other man happy and winning the good graces of the Lord. If the present is made to anyone younger in age, it is a gesture of affection; if to a friend, it is a means of strengthening the bond of love; if to a needy person, it is a source of solace and comfort; and if to a superior, it is a mark of regard and respect. In case something is given to anyone for the sake of God and with the intention of earning the reward of the Hereafter, considering him to be poor and indigent, it will be charity (Sadqa), not a gift (Hadiya). It is only when an offering is meant to be an expression of love and fellow feeling, and, through it, the good pleasure of the Lord is to be sought, that it becomes a girt. If, however, a gift is made with sincerity, the reward, on it, is no .Jess than on charity, and, sometimes, even greater. It was owing to this difference between Hadiya and Sadqa that the holy Prophet accepted a Hadiya (gift) with prayer and thankfulness and made use of it, while in case of a Sadqa (charity), his practice was that though he accepted it, too, with gratitude and blessed the giver, he did not use it himself, but gave to others. Unfortunately, the habit of giving presents to one another, with an earnest heart, is fast disappearing among the Muslims, as a whole, and though it is still done, to some extent, in relation to holy men, it is seldom that one offers a gift to a friend, relative or neighbour despite the fact that it is an unfailing recipe handed down to us by the Apostle of God of happiness and good social relations and a sure means to earning the countenance of the Lord. (1) It is related by Ayesha that the Apostle of God said: “Exchange presents with one another. Presents remove ill-will from the hearts.” – Tirmizi (2) Abu Hurairah relates, saying that the Apostle of God said: “Give presents to one another. Presents remove malice from the hearts, and a female neighbour should not regard the gift of a part of the feet of a goat to another female neighbour as of no value.” – Tirmizi As for the remark in Hazrat Abu Hurairah’s report that a housewife should not feel ashamed to send the gift of a part of goat’s feet to her neighbour, what it, apparently, denotes is that it is not necessary for a present to be expensive or of a standard for, then, the opportunity to offer a gift will come only rarely. Thus, suppose the feet of a goat have been cooked in the house, there should be no hesitation in sending some of them to the neighbour as a gift. It needs, however, be noted that the advice applies to cases in which one is confident that the neighbour will accept the gift gladly and not regard it an insult. The social and moral environment during the time of the holy Prophet was like that. (3) Narrates Ayesha that “the practice of the Apostle of God was that he accepted a gift and offered (one) himself in return for it. – Bukhari It shows that when anyone offered a present to the holy Prophet, he accepted it with pleasure, and himself gave something to the giver, as a gift, either at that very time or sometime later, in conformity with the Divine pronouncement: Is the reward of goodness aught save goodness? (L V: 60). The Apostle of God has given the same advice to his followers, as we shall see in some of the Traditions we are going to discuss. But, alas, even among the people of quality and distinction, there are few in the Ummat who care to observe it. (4) It is related by Jabir that the Apostle of God said: “If a present is made to anyone, and he has something to give in return, he should offer it, and if he has nothing to give (in return), he should praise him (by way of gratitude), and say a good word in his behalf. Whoever did it, fulfilled the claim of gratitude, and whoever did not. And concealed a favour (done to him), was guilty of ingratitude, and whoever flaunts a virtue that, has not been granted to him is like a man who wears a double croak of deception.” – Tirmizi and Abu Dawood It tells that if a person were to receive a present from a friend, he should, also, offer him something in return, and should he not be in a position to do so, he should utter a word of goodness for him and speak of his kindness to others. It, too, will be reckoned with the Lord as an expression of gratitude. On the contrary, a person who receives a gift and hides it from others and does not even say Jazaak Allah will be guilty of ingratitude. The last part of the saying, it would seem, denotes that anyone who shows himself off, through his dress etc., as possessing a virtue, such as, learning or spirituality, which he does not really have is a cheat and an imposter. By adding it to the advice about a gift or offering, what the holy Prophet, probably, meant was to emphasise that if a person who is lacking in qualities owing to which people, generally, consider it an act of virtue to offer a gift to anyone, gives an impression through his clothes, conversation or way of life that he is endowed with those attributes in order to obtain gifts and presents from others, he is no better than a swindler. (5) It is related by Abu Hurairah that the Apostle of God said: “Whoever failed to give thanks to anyone who did a favour to him failed to give thanks to God.” – Musnad-i-Ahmad and Tirmizi It shows that anyone who offers a gift or does a favour in any other way should be thanked sincerely for it and prayer made for his well-being. A person who fails to do so proves himself to be ungrateful to God as well. According to some commentators, what it seeks to stress is that anyone who does not. feel indebted to his benefactors is sadly wanting in the sense of obligation, and will not be grateful even to God. (6) It is related by Osama bin laid that the Apostle of God said: “Whoever did a favour to anyone and the recipient prayed for his benefactor, saying Jazaak Allah Khaira (May Allah give thee a good reward for it), he (the recipent), also, praised him fully (through it).” – Tirmizi Apparently, Jazaak Allah Khaira is a prayer formula, but when anyone prays for his benefactor in these words, he, as it were, acknowledges his inability to repay the debt of gratitude he owes to him and declares that only the Supreme Being, the Gracious One, can requite him, and, together with it, beseeches the Lord to reward him bountifully for his goodness, It is, thus, a prayer as well as an acknowledgement of the benefactor’s kindliness and humanity. (7) Anas related to us that when the Apostle of God migrated to Medina, (and the Mahajirs had an experience of the hospitality and unselfishness of the Ansars), they, one day, said to the Apostle: “We have not seen people like them, i.e., the Ansars of Medina anywhere, (They spend generously on us) if they are well-provided, and even those that are not in good condition help us and take care of our needs. They have taken all the responsibility for toil and labour upon themselves, and, (yet), made us a sharer in the profits. (As a result of the unique self-denial and liberality on their part), we fear that they took all the reward and recompense, (and we remained empty-handed in the Hereafter).” “No,” the Apostle of God replied. “It will not be so as long as you pray for them and express a sincere appreciation (of their goodness and magnanimity).” – Tirmizi When the holy Prophet had migrated from Mecca to Medina, a large number of Mahajirs, too, had come with him. In the early days, as is well known, the Ansars of Medina had made all of them their guests, solely for the sake of God. They cultivated the fields and did all the work themselves, and, yet, shared the income with the Emigrants. There were rich as well as poor among the Ansars, but they all joined ungrudgingly in the service of the Mahajirs. The well-to-do spent of their wealth, with open hands, on the Mahajirs, while even those who were poor preferred to go hungry in order to help them. It was in those circumstances that the Emigrants thought if it was going to be that because of their unparalleled generosity and selflessness, the Ansars took all the reward on their, (the Emigrants’), good deeds, like Migration and worship, and they, themselves, gained nothing. As they expressed the fear to the holy Prophet, he assured them that it would not be so provided that they prayed to God for their helpers, the Ansars-, in return for their large-heartedness and hospitality, and acknowledged what they owed to them with an open heart and felt grateful. The Lord will accept it as recompense, from their side, for the benevolence of the Ansars and requite them bounteously from His own treasures for the brotherly love and high mindedness displayed by them. (8) It is related by Abu Hurairah that the Apostle of God said: “Whoever is offered a sweet-smelling flower should accept it, and not reject it because it is a very ordinary thing. Its fragrance is a thing of joy.” – Muslim If an ordinary thing like a flower was refused, the giver might feel that his gift had been refused because of its ordinariness, and it hurt his feelings. In another Tradition, quoted in Tirmizi, it is stated that “whoever is offered a sweet-smelling flower should not decline to accept it for a sweet-smelling flower is a gift of paradise”. In Sahih Muslim, it is, further, mentioned, oil the authority of Hazrat Anas, that “the practice of the Apostle of God was that he never refused a perfume.” (9) It is related by Abdullah bin Omar that the Apostle of God said: “There are three things which, particularly, should not be refused: a pillow, oil (used for applying to hair etc.,) and milk.” – Tirmizi The peculiarity with the three things mentioned above, again, is that they cost little and the person who offers them is made happy on seeing them being used by the recipient. (10) (Both) Abdullah bin Omar and Abdullah bin Abbas related to us, saying that the Apostle of God said: “It is not proper for anyone of you to offer something to a person, as a gift, and, then, claim it back. Of course, if a father gives anything to his children, he is exempted from it. (He can take it back) for a father has every kind of claim on his children.” (Explaining the wretchedness of the act), the Apostle of God, further, observed that “whoever claims back a gift, after giving it, is like the dog who ate something and when its stomach was filled to capacity, vomited it, and ate up the vomit.” – Abu Dawood, Tirmizi, Nissai and Ibn-i-Maja (11) It is related by Jabir that the Apostle of God said: “Gifts (accepted by) the ruler are Ghuloo1, i.e., an excess and a transgression. (It is similar, in a way, to bribery, embezzlement and oppression).” – Tabrani (12) It is related by Umama that the Apostle of God said: “Whoever interceded for anyone, and the person on behalf of whom he interceded made him a present, in consideration of the intercession, and he accepted the present, was guilty of a worst form of usury.” – Abu Dawood In the two afore-mentioned narratives, it is told that a gift is worthy of acceptance only when it is offered with a sincere heart and no other motive or reason is attached to it.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20289	Interview with Carol Brandt (Temple University) Carol Brandt works on science education at Temple University. Eli Thorkelson: Your work on science education seems like it comes pretty directly out of your own higher education trajectory, which was in anthropology, botany, and educational thought, right? Do you think you could start out by telling the story of how this diverse set of interests formed, and how you ended up in New Mexico doing your PhD and working on American Indian science education? Carol Brandt: As an undergraduate at Northwestern University, I was an anthropology major and studied archeology. At first I was in the human osteology lab and working on disease patterns in prehistoric human populations as a work-study. At the same time, I was strongly interested in biology and had almost completed double major, if I had only done the organic chemistry. After graduating with a BA in anthro, I found a position working with the University of Colorado at the Dolores Archeology Project in southern Colorado. It was one of the last huge US Corps of Engineers projects in the Southwest that involved inundating an obscene amount of land at near Mesa Verde by damming the Dolores River. This area had thousands of Puebloan and Basketmaker sites dating from 200 BC to 1200 AD. Because I had biology and botany coursework in college, I found myself doing archaeobotanical analysis for several years. Eventually I decided to get a MS in Botany at Colorado State University to continue this work. After getting my MS degree, I worked for the Pueblo of Zuni doing archaeobotany for six years. Continue reading Interview with Carol Brandt (Temple University)
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20296	Vampyr (1932) . How big a disaster was Tod Browning’s Dracula for the whole vampire genre? I don’t care for that film much, in part because of its legacy. It set in stone a certain vision, not only of what a vampire was supposed to look like, but in a number of other ways as well. Stoker’s novel was the text, but Browning’s film gave Hollywood a formula. And formulas are a bad creative legacy. . Which is one way of explaining why two of the best vampire movies of all time — Murnau’s Nosferatu and Dreyer’s Vampyr — were made before the Lugosi version had imprinted itself on the tradition (technically, Dracula came out the year before Vampyr, but Vampyr was shot before Dracula was released so there was no question of influence). . In fact, this film wasn’t influenced by Stoker either, as it is loosely based on an earlier vampire story (or collection of stories) by Sheridan Le Fanu. . I think everyone who talks about this movie eventually mentions its dream-like quality. And rightly so. I know of few films that so well capture the sense of a dream. The iconic but seemingly random images (the man with the scythe, the nun knitting by the side of the sickbed); the enigmatic pronouncements and writings, the unreal sense of place (Gray just magically appears at different locations that are only separated by forests and rivers); the run-down and mostly desolate settings; the misty photography (about which more later); that sense, bordering on a certainty, that everything we’re seeing means something but we can’t be sure just what, or how to interpret it; and, perhaps most of all, the feeling that absolutely anything might happen next. . How is this final effect created? I think mainly through the collapse of cause and effect. The film has a sense of randomness, especially in the opening movements. There is no coherent narrative but rather a progression through a series of set-piece scenes, or just images, with little connection made between them. . To take the most glaring example, perhaps the best known sequence in the film is Gray’s being buried alive. But what’s the point of it? What does it mean? If that entire sequence were to be cut out of the film it would make no difference at all to the story. Nothing that comes before or comes after has any necessary connection to it. . As another example of disconnection, note how nobody even asks who the hell Gray is when he shows up at the manor. He’s just suddenly there and everyone accepts him. It’s as mystifying as the appearance of the father in Gray’s bedroom earlier (in his housecoat, no less), only at least then Gray had seemed a bit surprised at the interruption. . And who is Gray, anyway? What is he up to? The introductory scroll describes him as a “dreamer” who has come to the village only as a result of his “aimless wanderings.” Why is he carrying that net around when we first see him? Is he collecting butterflies? Fishing? . My impression is that he’s just someone who has fallen asleep. . I love, absolutely love, the constantly panning and tracking camera. Dreyer’s use of a dolly here is perfectly placed and timed, and even slyly deceptive at several moments. . There are far too many cutaways to the book on vampires. Despite this being his first sound movie, Dreyer still had no idea how to get us this information, or condense it somehow. But he took the book very seriously, considering it to be a character in the movie. When putting together the Danish version he actually printed his own Danish text for filming instead of just using title cards (which is what was recommended). . Marguerite’s single utterance is a call for “Silence!” What is left of the dialogue in the movie is minimal to the point of abstraction. . Even at the time the dialogue was seen as stilted. These were the early days of sound, and they were recording in three different languages, but the stiff delivery has an otherworldly character all its own. . How many doorways does Gray go through? How many windows does he look in/out of? . A case of vanity filmmaking, with Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg, who was no actor (like most of Dreyer’s performers), agreeing to finance the movie on the condition that he play the hero. He shows hardly any emotion throughout. Even in the coffin he has the same blank, equine look. But then he is the dreamer of the movie, so perhaps he should look like he’s asleep with his eyes open. . The “foggy” effect of the outdoor photography was an accident. When he saw the early rushes, Dreyer liked the look (it was apparently the result of faulty equipment), and decided he wanted the rest of the movie shot the same way. I’m in the minority here, but I think this was a mistake. From our distance, it just looks like the film needs restoration. I don’t think it adds anything, as the clear photography is more than evocative enough. . I always thought the giant face appearing at the window was the old lady/vampire Marguerite Chopin, not Gisèle’s father. I’m not sure if that’s significant. . On the DVD commentary track Tony Rayns remarks that the James Bond novel Dr. No might have borrowed the scene of the doctor’s death here in the flour mill (in Fleming’s novel the evil Dr. No was buried in guano, but in the film version of Dr. No this ending was changed). I think this is a stretch. A possible inspiration for Dreyer, however, might have been the ending of D. W. Griffith’s short film Corner of Wheat (1909), which was based on Frank Norris’s novel The Pit (1903). *. In fact the ending was serendipity. Dreyer just happened to be going by a flour mill and thought it looked like something he could use. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20300	Philippe Simon's Collection SYRIA - Sūriyā - سوريا‎‎ - SYRIE SYRIE, 2000 £, ND/2017 Banknote details Country SYRIE Denomination 2000 £ Date ND/2017 Series L/01 Serial number 5009617 Grade UNC Catalog number New Comment Central Bank Of Syria. FRONT / Bashar Hafez al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is the 19th and current President of Syria, holding the office since 17 July 2000. It is at the center of international news since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war. BACK / People's Council of Syria, Damascus. Added 9 months ago
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20314	Log in No account? Create an account Previous Entry \| Next Entry Inuyasha I miss watching dog demon boy Happy "HOLY WEEK". it will end on Easter Sunday. What a week. of course, Mr.Weather is going to ease up, right. RIght?? Nope. snow, rain and possibly freezing rain. Hey, it's MICHIGAN. Well i greeted the first day of the week by having toast and oatmeal. yum. and with this cold snap approaching, i think maybe chilli for tonight. I spent last night watching "Red Garden". Tonight I might dig up 'Here, There, Then, Now". it's been so long since I saw it, if forgot the correct name. I also had a night visitor of the Rich D type. gosh, i haven't seen him since before his car/van died. I think he lost weight. all that walking , you know. I shared with the Rich how my roast turned out: 90 % 10 % actually means, 90 percent fat, 10 percent meat. I do keep saying i'll try a different meat market and I'm going too. well, time to mossey on. I'm off
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20328	Plato, the Forms and Fictional Worlds We had a very mind-bending lesson this week, where we had our first taste of Ancient Greek philosophy! We started off by looking at some Greek words – ‘demos’, ‘kratos’, ‘oligos’, ‘monos’ and ‘arche’. You correctly identified that ‘demos’ and ‘kratos’ gives us our word ‘democracy’ and means ‘people power’. The Athenians had the first… The Cyclops and Xenia In our first lesson after the Festival, we returned at last to the Odyssey. We looked at the Greek words ‘xenos’, agora’ and ‘phobos’ as a starter task, and many of you recognised that ‘phobos’ was connected to ‘phobia’, and that ‘xenos’ meant ‘foreigner’. I explained that ‘agora’ was the Greek marketplace where speakers would… Imagined World: Daisy’s Wardrobe Louis, Subhan and Na’el created a story about an imaginary world that lies inside the wardrobe of a young girl called Daisy. The world features imaginary creatures and a beautiful river. You can hear Na’el talk about their story and world here: Imagined World: Swapped Cyanne called her Imagined World “Swapped” and it features a dramatic storyline between angels and devils! You can hear Cyanne talk about her world here: Imagined World: Seasonal World Leri created an Imagined World called “Seasonal World”. It features a tree which has leaves in all seasons, and one day, two characters stumble upon it… You can hear her talk about her ideas for this world here: Imagined World: Diapinettes “Diapinettes” is the name of the Imagined World created by Lilly, Lola and Tabitha. It is a world of two halves, one of light and happiness, and another of darkness and death. Lilly tells us more about the world of Diapinettes here: Imagined World: World of Seasons Runa and Mary have created an Imagined World called the “World of Seasons”. In this world, there is a new season every day, and it is ruled over by a Pegasus, inspired by the famous flying horse from Greek mythology. Here Runa tells us more about the ideas behind their world: Imagined World: Dawmania Callum, Nathan and Thomas have created an Imagined World called Dawmania, where there are multiple types of intelligent life-forms – two of whom live in constant conflict with each other. In this recording, Callum tells us more about their world: Imagined World: You’re Not Actually Clever! Faith and Katherine developed a most unusual premise for their Imagined World: a world where celebrated thinkers from ancient and recent history turned out only to have made the mental leaps in science that they did due to aliens! Were Socrates and Einstein inspired by aliens?! You can listen to Faith talk about their idea… Imagined World: Aether Kasra and Bethany created a world called “Aether” for their Imagined World. “Aether” is a name inspired by the Greek word “aether” meaning “the upper air”. You can hear Kasra talk about Aether here: Imagined World: City of Day and Night Chris, Sam and Ajay created a city of two halves for the Imagined World: one side of the city is a ‘gleaming utopia’, but there is also a dark side to the city, filled with mystery… You can hear Sam and Chris both talk about their imaginary city here: Imagined World: Discovery of Planet Minerva For their Imagined World, Elizabeth, Isabella and Lucy created a story about the discovery of a planet called Minerva, the name of the Roman goddess of wisdom and warfare. You can hear Isabella talk more about their world here:
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20337	Dr Alexenor Gohmier Missing Person A missing person and subject of a case gone cold with the local Arkham police. Kept a diary. Several diaries have been read by the Agency, some with ripped out pages. Even with this evidence and the testamony of Wellmeat, there seems to be more to this case than is currently comprehended. Gohmier lived in Manchester and presumably commuted to Arkham by train. His house was found by the Agency with a broken, but boarded, front window. His work was found untouched in the basement along with some interesting books (cf., Gohmier’s possessions). Worked at the Miskatonic University, Arkham, as a reader in classics. Was last known to have travelled to Greece to search, as his diary states, for the mysterious Echidna. May have lost his life in the attempt. Was hired by Josh Wellmeat, prior to his departure to Greece, to find the red plinth artifact. It seems that Gohmier had located the artifact, but not given Wellmeat this information. Dr Alexenor Gohmier Arkham's Newest Detective Agency rjaduthie rjaduthie
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20356	Perl execute shell command line – Quick Tutorial There are several ways to do this, please check the following code to see what is the different: use strict; print "* backtick \n"; my $result = `ls`; print "$result\n"; print " system \n"; my $result2 = system ("ls"); print "system result: $result2\n"; print "\n readpipe \n"; my $result3 = readpipe ("ls"); print "$result3\n"; print " exec *\n"; exec ("ls"); In a nutshell: • exec: does not return anything, it simply executes the command • system: creates a fork process and waits to see if the command succeeds or fails – returning a value • backtick and readpipe: used to capture the output of a system call Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20369	Cover image for The silicon boys and their valley of dreams The silicon boys and their valley of dreams Kaplan, David A., 1956- Personal Author: First edition. Publication Information: New York : William Morrow, [1999] Physical Description: 358 pages ; 25 cm Format : Call Number Material Type Home Location Item Holds HD9696.A3 U56284 1999 Adult Non-Fiction Central Closed Stacks On Order Jerry Yang The chief Yahoo of Silicon Valley and ultimate Internet tycoon...the poster boy for immigrant success who went from pennies to millions to'd say Yahoo, too! John Doerr The J. P. Morgan of the Valley...the man Bill Gates fears most...bankrolled Netscape and man so wired he has a cell phone built into his ski helmet. Marc Andreessen The hottest, coolest, hungriest techno-weenie of his generation...his invention unleashed the World Wide Web and made him a multi-millionaire at twenty-four. Bill Gates Darth Vader, Godzilla, "the Leona Helmsley of technology"--he's the guy everybody loves to hate...the richest man in the galaxy and leader of the Evil Empire known as Microsoft. Jim Clark Founder of Netscape, daredevil pilot, and owner of the world's greatest cyber-yacht...the serial entrepreneur: "If at first you succeed--try, try again." Steve Jobs The prodigal son of Silicon Valley...started Apple Computer, got kicked out, then returned...arrogant, petty, a master marketer--the guy they hate to love. PLUSThe Valley's No. 1 adolescent...the programmer who could've beaten Bill Gates...Andy "the Mad Hungarian" Grove of Intel...the weirdest town in Silicon Valley...and where to buy eighteen-dollar-a-pound ostrich salami. It is an American icon -- the symbol of technological genius and ineffable wealth. It is the home to the Newest New Thing, where the digital age was born and keeps remaking itself. It's also the only place in the world where you can buy eighteen-dollar-a-pound ostrich salami. It is, of course, Silicon Valley. Now prize-winning Newsweek journalist David A. Kaplan takes us on a riotous romp through the history and culture of the Valley. How did Yahoo get started, what nearly killed Netscape, will Apple survive, who's the most powerful person in Silicon Valley? Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Jerry Yang, Larry Ellison, Andy Grove, John Doerr, Jim Clark -- the tycoons, the loons, and the hot-air balloons are all here. Based on firsthand accounts and extensive interviews, The Silicon Boys is a portrait of high-tech high jinks and its moneyed lifestyle like no other. If the Valley were a nation, its economy would rank among the world's twelve largest. Depending on yesterday's stock market close, roughly a quarter-million Siliconillionaires live in the Valley. Here they invented the microchip and video games and Internet commerce. But more important, they created a state of mind that's become part of the American imagination. The Valley has its admirable moments, its venal moments, and, best of all, its absurd ones. Author Notes David A. Kaplan is a senior writer for Newsweek. His cover stories have ranged from technology to movies to capital punishment to baseball. An escaped lawyer, he lives with his wife and two sons north of New York City. Reviews 2 Booklist Review In the same way that Tom Wolfe skewered 1970s "radical chic" and 1980s greed, Kaplan takes on the cultural absurdities and excess that typify, as he sees it, Silicon Valley in the 1990s. Kaplan is a senior writer covering technology and society for Newsweek. The picture he paints of Woodside, California, as the Beverly Hills of High Technology is not a pretty one. There are ad nauseam the catered children's birthday galas organized by tony party planners, extravagantly themed social galas, jealousies both petty and grand, and imported toilet fixtures from Japan. Wives are compared to trophies; second (or third) wives are upgrades! Things, though, weren't always this way. Kaplan informatively and entertainingly chronicles the history of Silicon Valley, tracing its roots back through the 1930s, when David Packard and Bill Hewlett were just starting out, to 1909, when Palo Alto's Federal Telegraph Company developed the first vacuum tube amplifier. Now, though, venture capitalists and initial public offering specialists outnumber the fruit groves and canneries that used to dot the region. --David Rouse Publisher's Weekly Review While Po Bronson's The Nudist on the Late Shift (Forecasts, June 7) delves into the daily life of Silicon Valley's hungry strivers (some of whom succeed), Kaplan takes a broader view and focuses on the menÄand the Valley bigshots are almost all menÄwho have already become legends and made Silicon Valley into the "Valley of the Dollars." As Kaplan sees it, men like workaholic venture capitalist John Doerr, Oracle founder Larry Ellison, and Jim Clark (Silicon Graphics, Netscape, Healtheon) pay lip service to the Valley ethos of innovation while relentlessly searching for the quickest way to the next buck. In addition to his rough handling of figures accustomed to VIP treatment, he takes a historical perspective, looking back further than the 1970s, when the area earned its name, all the way to the 1930s, when two prized pupils of Fred Terman, a Stanford professor commonly thought of as the "Father of Silicon Valley," started a company. Their names were David Packard and Bill Hewlett. Kaplan, a senior writer for Newsweek, salts his story with tart observations of Valley culture: Where else, he asks, is there a "junior-high curriculum that teaches basic skills in How to be a Millionaire. Every year the first math assignment for seventh-graders is spending one million hypothetical dollars and plotting it on a spreadsheet." Mixing history, reportage and healthy irreverence, Kaplan gently punctures the Valley's most cherished myths about itself, and, in a nod to Tracy Kidder's The Soul of a New Machine, concludes somewhat wistfully that "the machine has no soul anymore." (July) (c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved Table of Contents Prologue: Woodside 94062p. 1 I. Dreamsp. 13 II. Genesisp. 29 III. Beliefp. 55 IV. Prophetsp. 79 V. Ozp. 119 VI. Moneyp. 155 VII. Profitsp. 185 VIII. Mozillap. 217 IX. Godzillap. 255 X. Yahoop. 303 Epilogue: Lincolnville 04849p. 323 Acknowledgmentsp. 333 Sources and Bibliographyp. 337 Indexp. 343
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20383	★••.★Release Boost – Brave by Natalie Gayle ★••.★ #Giveaway @givemebooksblog @nataliegayle1 #Brave Title: Brave Series: Oni Fighters #1 Author: Natalie Gayle Release Date: July 10, 2015 Praise for Brave “If I could give Brave more than five stars I would. It deserves so many more than that. It has become my number one book of 2015 and one that will stay with me for a very long time to come.” Angela—Books and Friendz Blog “This book has a lot of heart and so many emotional moments!! I totally fell for Xander, I mean how can you not?? Great great book, you’d be crazy not to one click this!!!” Melissa—Apha Book “This book contains it all! There are swoon-worthy moments, witty moments, steamy moments, and tearful moments that all come together to make this one fabulous read.” Paige Smith—Hooked on Books Blog A moment in time, that’s all it took. Beauty, pain and tragedy.Xander “Pretty Boy” Todd was a demon in the ring. A professional MMA fighter with a career that had the world a buzz—but now it’s gone. Or is it? Links to Buy 32038-amazon 8a5da-amazon2buk 32363-barnes2band2bnoble c0d3a-kobo db9db-itunes Book Trailer Music by Remedy X Fear struck through me. I hated the conversation directed to me, particularly when there were strangers involved. I could have cursed Tori. She knew better than to put me on the spot like this. I could just see her smirking face across the table from underneath my lashes as my throat started to constrict. “You’re more than welcome to come along and watch. I encourage people to come along and see for themselves what it’s all about.” Oh, there was that voice again. I was torn. I didn’t want to look up. I didn’t want to see the embarrassment and the man with the beautiful voice looking uncomfortable when he realised what my face looked like. Surely there was a limit to the torture? Manners, fear, self-consciousness all warred within me. The silence around me was deafening. I could tell they were all waiting. I could feel three sets of eyes on me watching and wondering if I was actually going to respond. Finally I took a deep breath. What did it matter if he rejected me? It had happened before, and it would happen again. I could do this. It would hurt, but I was no stranger to pain, both physical and emotional. Very slowly I raised my chin and turned just slightly towards him. I didn’t say anything. I couldn’t because my throat was closed in fear and uncertainty. The first thing I noticed was the dark jeans that hung on narrow hips, then a white T-shirt that emphasised his flat belly and defined pecs. Bravely, I raised my eyes a little higher and the pecs ran into a set of wide shoulders. There was a hint of a tattoo peeking out from under one of his short sleeves. It only made his bicep look more delicious and enticing. I took one final harsh intake of air and allowed my eyes to complete their journey. They travelled up and up the column of his corded neck to his wide angular jaw. His full lips were slightly turned up in what looked like a half smile or was it amusement? I could only image how it would look once the shock registered when he saw my face. Above those lips, that looked far too sensual for any man, was a long straight nose with a hint of a flare to the nostrils. The knot in my stomach tightened even further as I finally tilted my head back far enough so my eyes could meet his. Every muscle in my body was tensed waiting for the shock, horror and embarrassment I was about to see, once my scars registered with his brain. It was an involuntary reaction I realised. Nobody could hide it, no matter how hard they tried. It was just the shock and surprise. I don’t blame them for their reactions, it just hurt that was all. I raised my eyelids that final few millimetres and forced my eyes to focus on his. Right then and there the world stopped spinning for me. Time halted. My sisters faded into the background and I looked into the eyes of one of the most compelling people I had ever seen. Oh, he was handsome, but he was so much more. But that was not what had me struck dumb—nope that wasn’t it. It was his eyes—those bottomless pools of black onyx. I did a mental double take. For eyes so dark they should have appeared cold and icy. But they didn’t—they weren’t cold at all. They were warm and rich. Right then was the first time I could recall in the last five years, a stranger looking at me with warmth in their eyes. Not shock, not pity, not embarrassment. It was warmth. The shock paralysed me. I didn’t know what to do or how to act. My brain was shorting out. Nothing made sense. Somewhere in the back of my mind I registered my leg being kicked under the table, but even that didn’t break through my connection with those eyes. I wanted to swim in them, wrap myself in their warmth and burrow down tight. I have no idea how much time passed. Finally, he thrust his hand forward to me and without conscious thought, I placed my hand in his to shake. What happened next shocked me even more. He lent across the table and pulled me into a loose hug and brushed his lips against my left cheek. My brain was fried and my nerves were all misfiring. Nothing made sense. I was so far out of my comfort zone. He pulled back slowly and gave me a smile that I’ll remember for the rest of my life. Then he spoke and his words seemed to swirl around me in a caress. “Hi Eden. I’m Xander Todd.” Suddenly, I realised I had no box to categorise him into. Author Bio Author Links 27420-website caee6-facebook 6e826-twitter 07778-goodreads Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20390	What Is the Buyer's Journey? Buyers don’t want to be prospected, or demoed, or closed. These steps add zero value to the buyer. Buyers are looking for additional information about your product that can’t be found online. As a salesperson, you can personalize your sales process to the buyer’s context by understanding the buyer’s journey. What is the buyer’s journey? 2. Consideration Stage: The buyer defines their problem and researches options to solve it. HubSpot Research uncovered where consumers are researching their options most. Spoiler: Google search, company websites & Amazon all influence buyers. 3. Decision Stage: The buyer chooses a solution. The graphic below illustrates a sample buyer’s journey for the simple purchasing decision of a doctor visit during an illness. Click here to learn how to build a sales process around your buyer’s journey with free sales training. How do you define your company’s buyer’s journey? If you don’t have an intimate understanding of your buyers, conduct a few interviews with customers, prospects, and other salespeople at your company to get a sense of the buying journey. Here are some questions you should ask to put together the buyer’s journey for your company. During the Awareness stage, buyers identify their challenge or an opportunity they want to pursue. They also decide whether or not the goal or challenge should be a priority. In order to fully understand the Awareness stage for your buyer, ask yourself: 1. How do buyers describe their goals or challenges? 2. How do buyers educate themselves on these goals or challenges? 3. What are the consequences of inaction by the buyer? 4. Are there common misconceptions buyers have about addressing the goal or challenge? 5. How do buyers decide whether the goal or challenge should be prioritized? During the Consideration stage, buyers have clearly defined the goal or challenge and have committed to addressing it. They evaluate the different approaches or methods available to pursue the goal or solve their challenge. Ask yourself: 1. What categories of solutions do buyers investigate? 2. How do buyers educate themselves on the various categories? 3. How do buyers perceive the pros and cons of each category? 4. How do buyers decide which category is right for them? In the Decision stage, buyers have already decided on a solution category. For example, they could write a pro/con list of specific offerings and then decide on the one that best meets their needs. Questions you should ask yourself to define the Decision stage are: 1. What criteria do buyers use to evaluate the available offerings? 2. When buyers investigate your company’s offering, what do they like about it compared to alternatives? What concerns do they have with your offering? 4. Do buyers have expectations around trying the offering before they purchase it? 5. Outside of purchasing, do buyers need to make additional preparations, such as implementation plans or training strategies? The answers to these questions will provide a robust foundation for your buyer’s journey. To continue building out a sales process tailored to the buyer’s journey, register for HubSpot’s free sales training. Watch Sell Like a Human - our monthly video series with Daniel Pink & special guests Free Sales Training from HubSpot Academy
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20410	A poem by this poet Robert Creeley Robert Creeley, born in 1926, is a New Englander by birth and disposition although he has spent much of his life in other parts of the world, including Guatemala, British Columbia, France, and Spain. In the 1950s he taught at Black Mountain College and edited The Black Mountain Review. In 1966, he began teaching at the State University of New York in Buffalo. For Love, Windows, Selected Poems, and Life and Death are among his collections of poetry. He has also written a novel, The Island, and a collection of stories, The Gold Diggers.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20412	Using knitr for reproducible research in R I’ve been using the amazing knitr package for the past year or so, to generate HTML reports of almost everything I do in R. It’s a great way to keep all the parts of an analysis together, in a convenient format that I can easily share with coworkers and collaborators. Maybe this makes me old-fashioned, but I also print these reports and keep hard copies on file (in addition to the copy on my hard drive, the copy on the Time Machine drive, and the copy on the off-site network drive. I like backups.) Using knitr is ridiculously easy; knitr support is built into Rstudio, and I can write the reports in markdown, the most delightfully simple and readable language for creating HTML. I usually keep the Rmd file I’m working on visible in one pane of Rstudio, while I hack things together at the prompt in another pane. I copy lines of code up into the Rmd file as soon as I have them the way I want them. Rinse and repeat until science. The key items I include in an analysis report are: • The data. If it’s a small amount of data, I include print statements in the code to print the numbers directly into the file. In a more typical case where the data set is much too large to include in the document, I add comments describing the data source: a URL if it’s public data from the web, unambiguous file names and paths to help find the associated files on the network drive, and notes about data generation (“You’ll find the original data in my notebook #9, pg. 35.”, or “Dr. Pineapples generated this data set in 2007 by dropping milkshakes out of the window and measuring the radius of the splat.”). • The code. All the code that generated the analysis. If some parts take a long time to run, knitr makes it easy to cache parts of the analysis. That way the slow parts of the code don’t have to run every time the file is knitted to HTML. • Test/validation code. I like to prove that the analysis is working as expected by checking values and data types along the way. The assertthat package is great for dropping in some automated testing so that the outcome of the tests is baked right into the report. • The results, usually numbers and plots. Knitr can embed images in HTML as base64-encoded data URIs, so it’s easy to include graphs in the report without having multiple files to keep track of. I like to insert the images into the file as URIs, and also include statements to print the images as separate files (in a format/resolution suitable for publication). When it’s this painless to make research reproducible, there’s no excuse not to do it. For more on using R Markdown and knitr in Rstudio, check out the documentation.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20442	The Loud Talker Focus on getting it right, not being right. • Archive • Subscribe • Advertisements Wacky MCI Bill Posted by cann0nba11 on September 17, 2007 I’m packing up lots of stuff in preparation to move into our new house. I found this gem in a file of oldies but goodies. This is a phone bill I received in college. Check out the numbers, then read the details below. Some things worth pointing out: • The bill shows a total of 59,473 minutes of phone use. There are only 43,200 minutes in a 30-day month! • The bill is 320 pages long. It was mailed in two boxes each a little larger than the size of a box of checks. When I got it, I thought I won something. • Total amount due: $14, 191.95 Here’s the story: While in college at North Texas State University MCI offered students a long distance calling plan we could use in our dorm rooms. All you did was call an 800-number, enter a 5-digit code and then dial the number you wanted. It was quite common for people to randomly enter codes until they found one that worked. Well, my code (42488) was one of the ones that was found and spread around the athletic department. I had no idea. MCI found out about this and offered ‘amnesty’ to any students willing to turn themselves in. I guess they needed help figuring out which calls were which. A picture was taken of students in the deans office waiting to meet with MCI. A good friend of mine was the main person in the photograph. The story eventually made it onto CNN and the photo taken of my friend is the one that was used with the story. Pretty funny stuff. As to my responsibility? MCI eventually told me that I owed about $500, which was a load of crap. I contested and said that they had to provide me an itemized list of the calls before I would pay. They never did, so I never did. Just another funny chapter in my life. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20444	Posted by: Checkers \| April 9, 2009 The Answer Is… Sometimes my personal assistant and I play a game where he asks me questions and I answer them. Here’s how it went this morning: Q: What color is the sky? A: Twenty three. Q: France lies on what continent? A: Afternoon. Q: Who is president of the United States? A: Orange. As you see, I am very good at this, as I can answer every question. Everyone, have a great day! 1. Do I remember a similar exchange from Seinfeld? 2. What’s the meaning of life? 3. (You know. And the universe, and everything.) 4. Mushrooms, of course. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20461	Freedom From Negativism Freedom From Negativism Chapter Seven Freedom From Negativism Developing a Positive Attitude 54 Christianity – Life-Affirming Or Life-Denying? 58 The Christian Answer To Suffering 55 Practicing The Principles Of Positive Affirmation 59 Transforming 'Inkblots' 56 Discussion Questions 60 Positive Possibilities In People 57 2 Corinthians 1:15-22; Philippians 4:8-9 Developing a Positive Attitude There are many people who are seeing all of life through dark lens! Everything in life is colored by their dark evaluations. And yet, many of these same negative people would like to be positive, radiant, optimistic people. It is true that some people enjoy their negativism. They enjoy being different, obstinate, disagreeable, and troublesome. They live by negative reaction, and their perversion is further seen by their enjoyment of negativism. Life's most positive experiences they interpret negatively. But most people would like to be more positive, even though they would admit that many times they are basically negative. The causes of negativism are multiple. A person's contrary attitude may be caused by fear, or by jealousy, or by inferiority, or by wounded pride. Who is able to discern the thoughts, intents, and motives of a man's heart? Only the Great Discerner – the Holy Spirit! There is a radical cure for negativism. That cure is partly found in the initial work of the Holy Spirit, through His cleansing and empowering Presence. When the Holy Spirit sheds abroad God's love in our hearts by faith, we find life automatically becoming more positive in outlook. However, while the initial work of the Holy Spirit may immediately cleanse the heart, it usually takes time, practice, and discipline to change the mind from a negative to a positive slant. There are many believers whose hearts have been cleansed instantaneously but whose minds are still in need of further transformation. A sincere heart and a negative mind may co-exist within the same person! Why? Because the negative mind of the sincere person has confronted difficult problems which have cast a negative shadow upon his entire outlook on life. We must spend several days looking at some of the problems which have caused some sincere believers to become negative and joyless in their response to life in general.' The inadequate concepts which many people entertain have cut short their joy and peace and positive faith. If we can give anyone a more adequate view of life and of life's problems, with the result of imparting a new joy and confidence to life, then the effort will be very worthwhile. After confronting some of the problem areas of life which cause some to react so negatively, we must offer some positive alternatives which can expand the mind's understanding and which can fill the heart with new joy and hope and faith. "Father, you have cleansed my heart from the sin of deliberate disobedience; now cleanse my mind from the subtle presence of negative thoughts. Fix my mind upon what is true and good and right. Help me to face all of life with a positive 'Yes', not with a negative 'No'. In Jesus' positive power. Amen." AFFIRMATION FOR THE DAY: I will be a voice for positive action, not an echo of negative reaction! Web Design GroupBack To Top 2 Corinthians 12:1-10 The Christian Answer To Suffering Human suffering will either make or break a human being. The sun can either melt water or harden clay. Suffering can make the heart tender or tough, drive a person to God or drive a person from God. Human suffering, either personally experienced or personally observed, can cause one to react negatively to all of life. With every type of suffering there is an accompanying peril. The sufferings of infirmities (2 Corinthians 12) can cause one to be plunged into despair. The suffering of chastisement (Hebrews 12:5-9) can cause one to harden his heart against God. The suffering of persecution (2 Corinthians 11) can cause one to develop hatred for his enemy. The suffering of temptation can result in one falling into sin The suffering from life's losses can cause one to become bitter towards God and towards people. Yes, suffering has destroyed many persons. It has caused some to grow hard, or bitter, or cynical, or negative in their viewpoint of life. "A great actor was dying and said, 'Let down the curtain, the farce is over. There is no reality in life: it is a farce.'" (The Divine Yes: pg. 15: E. Stanley Jones) Said one negative and despairing person about life: Life is "a bridge of groans across a stream of tears." (P.J. Bailey) "Vachel Lindsay, a late American Poet who snuffed out his own life with a bullet through his brain, said, "Life is a loom, weaving illusion." If Christianity cannot deal with the problem of human suffering, then Christianity has no basis for offering hope amidst despair, joy amidst sorrow, peace amidst conflict. What is the Christian answer to suffering – the answer that negates negativism and transplants joy and hope and peace in its place? What was Jesus' attitude toward suffering? "He accepted the fact of human suffering. He neither explains it nor explains it away. If he had attempted to explain it, his message would have been merely another philosophy, for a philosophy has to have an explanation for everything. His was a gospel – Good News – even 'in spite of'. A philosophy explains, but it does not change. The Gospel may not explain, but it does utterly change. Jesus transforms suffering by using it. The victim may become victor… A Christian expects to take things as they come, good, bad, or indifferent, and use them for a witness to Jesus. That puts a positive Yes upon every No that comes to a Christian. Everything furthers those who follow Christ. Just as an airplane goes up against resistance, against the wind, so the Christian rises on the wings of resistance." (Ibid: pg. 100,101) "Father, just as Jesus took the worst that could have happened to him – a death on a Roman Cross – and turned it into the greatest symbol of victory – through the Resurrection – so help me to turn my little daily crosses into symbols of victory. Make me creative in the transforming of my failures into successes, my hurts into healings, my disadvantages into opportunities, Through Jesus' conquering name. Amen." AFFIRMATION FOR THE DAY: God will teach me to turn my stumbling blocks into stepping stones! Web Design GroupBack To Top Philippians 1:12-26 Transforming 'Inkblots' A short article written by Don Demaray appeared in the 'Light and Life' magazine, dated June 19, 1979, which most beautifully illustrates the principle of transforming the bad into the good. "The story has about it classic dimensions. And it is true. John Ruskin, nineteenth-century writer and artist, emerges as the hero. "A lady friend showed him the once priceless treasure in her possession, a handkerchief now ruined by an inkblot. 'Beyond repair', she moaned. "'Let me have that handkerchief,' he demanded. "'No problem. But why do you want a worthless piece of cloth?' "'Never mind; just let me take it.' "Days passed. John Ruskin returned the handkerchief. Using the blot as his center, the artist had drawn a pattern as beautiful as the finest piece of Belgian lace. With the imprint of the famous painter and art critic now upon it, the handkerchief took on many times its former worth. "For all the world, it appeared that Joni Erickson's life suffered a blot beyond repair. But look! Books (yesterday at the Christian bookstore I saw her latest on the religious bestseller list) – yes, books, and also a movie of her life, an interview on the 'Today Show' and the loveliest sketches you ever saw done with pen in mouth. The Master Craftsman has literally used the inkblot (in her case a paralyzing swimming accident) am woven around it the most intricate and breathtaking of designs. "The secret? Letting the Artist have the handkerchief. "The unspeakably divine message of the gospel of redemption is just this: whatever happens to the Christian is meant as a stepping-stone to something better." Problems and suffering can cultivate Christlike character in a person. Problems and suffering successfully met are a powerful witness to unbelievers. Suffering can cause one to fix his focus and attention on heavenly glories instead of on earthly concerns. One sees reality oftentimes more clearly through a tear drop! The trivial things of time and space grow strangely dim in the light of eternal values, made more real through suffering. Problems cause one to depend more heavily upon God's power and resources. When one is on his back, it is much easier to look up! Man's weaknesses provide opportunity for God's power and glory to be manifested. God glories in using weak men to do mighty things for Him. Many times those who are most effective in ministry are those who minister in an area in which they have personally suffered most. "Father, help me to see the hidden blessings in my sufferings. I see that it is a Christlike work to sooth and to sympathize, but how can I myself sympathize if I have never really suffered? Help me to minister out of the wounds of my life. Use my sufferings to develop in me a tender heart, more responsive to God's love and to human needs." AFFIRMATION FOR THE DAY: God can turn everyone of my problems into projects of Divine Grace, and God's projects are always successful! Web Design GroupBack To Top Luke 7:36-50 Positive Possibilities In People When one contemplates the changeableness and corruption of human nature, it is easy to become cynical and negative. When foes distress and friends betray, is it any wonder that some grow sour and defensive? The negative person has little or no confidence in himself and thus has little or no belief in the moral worth and dignity of others. Many people become negative because they are perfectionists. What is a perfectionist? A perfectionist is one who expects the impossible from himself, and thus, the impossible from others. "The 'perfectionists' are always tense and anxious about their own imperfections and the imperfections of others… They cannot get along with themselves or with others. They are demanding the impossible and getting the possible – with disappointment!" (A Song of Ascents; Jones; pg. 39) Some are negative because they don't see the possibilities of divine grace in changing human nature from selfishness to selflessness, from sinfulness to saintliness. The man who gazes on Christ and Christ's transforming power, will be delivered from negativism to positivism. Catching the spirit and hope of Christ towards sinful mankind, will transform our negative attitudes toward people. Christ can make the bad man good, and the negative man positive. "Someone asked a Negro minister, pastor of a growing and dynamic church, how he accomplished it. He replied: 'I hold a crown a few inches above my people's heads and watch them grow into it.'" (Ibid; pg. 39) "He (Jesus) was patient with and hopeful for the weak and the faltering and the sinful. And yet he did not compromise with and accommodate himself to their imperfections and sins… His love produces love, his faith produces faith, his hope produces hope." (Ibid; pg. 39) "The mood of the present day is cynicism. Many people are soured on life. They are cynical and negative. This age has three sneers for everything and three cheers for nothing. It has a code of 'I don't believe in this'; 'I don't believe in that'; 'I don't believe in the other'. They are trying to live by a NO. And it is turning out badly and sadly, for you can't live by a NO. You have to live by a YES. "Bertrand Russell said that life is a bottle of very nasty wine that leaves a bad taste in your mouth… Sartre, the French existentialist, said, 'Hell is other people.'" (The Divine Yes; Jones; pg. 14,15) Man, without contact with the Hopeful God, falls into despair, cynicism, and negativism. "Father, deliver me from all cynical devaluations of man, due to my inadequate views of human nature. Help me to realize that you have power to transform the ugly into the beautiful, the selfish into the selfless, the sinful into the serving, the perverted into the pure. In Jesus' name." AFFIRMATION FOR THE DAY: Man is not only a creature with potential for unlimited evil, but he is a creature whose greatness is found in his unique creation and in his potential for limitless redemption! Web Design GroupBack To Top 1 John 5:3-5; John 10:10 Christianity – Life-Affirming Or Life-Denying? There are far too many believers who are negative and joyless, thinking that negativism is a sign of spirituality. The Bible commands Christians to be sober, so some Christians interpret this to mean joyless, serious-minded, and even miserable! "Jesus is the YES – The divine YES. A great many people today would like to choose Christianity, but they think it is a NO to living. 'You cannot do this.' 'You cannot do that.' 'You cannot do this.' 'You cannot do the other,' – if you are a Christian. This is in fact a denial of the will to live. It is the will to surrender and die." (The Divine Yes; pg. 13) How ironical that Christianity, which is to be the most positive and affirmative way to live, has been used as a defense for negativism and legalism! The mind of Christ is gloriously positive! His teaching is life- affirming, not life-denying. Jesus never taught self-denial as an end within itself, but only as a means to the end of self-realization. The last word of Jesus is not losing, but finding. Christianity is not rigid discipline but glorious freedom of which discipline is the handmaiden. Those who see Christianity as a list of demands will be driven to negative despair, but those who see Christianity as a reservoir of limitless resources will be leaping with positive joy! Holiness is health and wholeness and ultimately happiness, not a series of negative prohibitions, as some have taught! The impure disease of self-centeredness must be destroyed in order that the wholeness and health of Christ-centered living may be actualized! Christianity teaches that love transcends law, that delight replaces drudgery, that the liberty of the Spirit replaces the bondage of the flesh! Jesus came that man may have life and have it more abundantly! Nothing forbidding or forlorn about Jesus! Jesus said, "I am not come to destroy, but to save men!" Any destroying that Jesus does is for the purpose of saving. He destroys sin in order to impart salvation! The yoke that Jesus places on the neck fits, and therefore it is pleasant and productive. His yoke is easy and His burden is light! His work is our happiness! Pain, endured for Jesus becomes our pleasure! His laws are not burdensome or grievous. We delight to do his will, for His way is the way we were meant to live! Therefore His commands of love turn out to be the same as the demands of our human nature. There is a glorious compatibility between man's needs and God's resources! "Father, you only subtract sin from my life in order that you may multiply joy in my life! I delight to surrender to you, for through surrender I find freedom – freedom from the bondage of self-centeredness! Bowing low at your feet, I can stand tall before everything else. Thank you for enabling me to say 'Yes' to life. In Jesus' name. Amen." AFFIRMATION FOR THE DAY: I have a right to run out and embrace life and enjoy it fully, for it is my Father's good pleasure to give me the Kingdom! Web Design GroupBack To Top Psalms 1:1-6 Practicing The Principles Of Positive Affirmation Those nonbelievers who have grown sour on life and have spelled life with a capital 'NO' are to be pitied, but more to be pitied yet are those sincere souls who have made sorrow a virtue and sadness and somberness a way of life – in the name of Christianity! Perhaps nothing has hurt the cause of Christianity more than a joyless and colorless professing Christian who communicates more sadness than gladness. "Is there anything that would more, and better, publicize the faith than life lived with joy and assurance – the happy abandonment of those who live to better all things but who know… that if the worse comes to the worst they need not fear those who kill the body and afterwards have 00 more that they can do?" (Daily Readings; Sangster; pg. 202) "Among the many misunderstandings which have affected the common mind of man concerning the religion of Jesus Christ, none is more perplexing or more false than the widespread idea that to receive it is to be made miserable… The fact that there is a cross at the heart of the Christian faith, and that following Christ involves some rigorous self-denials, does. not alter – and cannot alter – this central truth; the fruit of the Spirit is joy." (Ibid; pg. 144) Paul wrote, "I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me!" What a positive affirmation! What a positive way to live! The emphasis is on Christ! Christ in you is the hope of glory! Christ in you is the source of unearthly wisdom and strength! Christ in you is the fountain of overflowing joy! Christ in you is the constant cleanser of negativism and pessimism! The mind of Christ is always gloriously positive. Christ in you is the basis of your positive faith and positive attitudes! Practice the presence of God in your life! Practice the principles of positive affirmation! Say 'Yes' to life's 'No's'! Bless and do not curse life and relationships! Don't dwell on negative conditions and don't absorb the negative spirit of reactionary and critical people. Dwell on the positive. "Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable – if anything is excellent or praiseworthy – think about such things." (Philippians 4:8 NIV) Dwell in the congregation of the positive and the praising! Praise God for all things, and praise God in spite of some things! In everything give thanks, for this is the will of God for you, in Christ Jesus. "Father, help me to be positive, not negative, to show approval and not disapproval, to give acceptance and not rejection, to be appreciative and not critical, to be edifying and not derogatory, to be constructive and not destructive, to show affection and not hostility, to be delightful and not unpleasant. In Jesus' positive and affirming name. Amen." AFFIRMATION FOR THE DAY: Evil companions corrupt good manners, and negative thinkers destroy positive motivation. I will be positive and keep company with positive persons! Web Design GroupBack To Top Discussion Questions On 'Freedom From Negativism' 1. Name same of the basic causes of negativism. 2. What effect does the work of the Holy Spirit in conversion and cleansing have upon the person who is greatly influenced by negative attitudes? 3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "While the initial work of the Holy Spirit may immediately cleanse the heart, it usually takes time, practice, and discipline to change the mind from a negative to a positive slant." 4. Name five different types of suffering and the peril associated with each one of these types of suffering. 6. Which of the three following reactions to suffering is the Christian reaction or response (and tell why): Explain Suffering, Explain Away Suffering, Use Suffering. 7. List several of the potential benefits that can be derived from suffering. 8. In what ways can contemplation on the changeableness and corruption of human nature foster a negative attitude toward life? 9. Why do some people who are perfectionists tend to be negative? 10. How can catching the spirit and hope of Christ towards sinful mankind help transform one's negative attitudes? 11. Why do some people (believers) strangely think that being negative and reactionary is a sign of spirituality? 12. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "Christianity is not rigid discipline, but glorious freedom of which discipline is the handmaiden. The last word of Jesus is rot losing, but finding." 13. Is Christianity basically a list of demands or a reservoir of limitless resources? What Scriptural basis can you give for your answer? 14. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "Christianity teaches that love transcends law, that delight replaces drudgery, that the liberty of the Spirit replaces the bondage of the flesh." 15. What are some Biblical principles of positive affirmation that you have practiced, principles that have helped you to ward off the harmful effects of negative thinking? Web Design GroupBack To Top Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20466	The Importance of Listening A lot of marketing, and in fact a lot of business, focuses on talking or “producing content.” Marketers tend to focus on pushing out the message, getting that vision statement out there, building the brand, and advertising products or services. Business people tend to focus on selling ideas to the c-suite, running meetings, and securing leadership status. But listening is just as important as sending content out. In fact, if you don’t listen, and listen carefully, what you send out can do more harm than good. In The Commitment Engine, the latest book from Duct Tape Marketing author John Jantsch, talks about what he calls perceptive listening. He defines this as “I hear and interpret the words, but I also consider what the person is thinking and perhaps how they are acting as they say the words.” This is a key point, not just for offline communications but also, and perhaps moreso, for online communications. Take a moment and think about how we act online. We see something we like on Facebook, so we click a button that says, “like.” On Twitter, if we see something interesting, we click a button that says, “Retweet.” On Google Plus, the button we click is +1. On Pinterest, it’s “repin.” Our response mechanisms have become so predictable that we almost don’t need to fully consider what is being said. We like it enough to click a button or we don’t. Jantsch points out that often, we “hear” but we don’t listen. I read another post recently that talked about the same thing – we may look like we’re listening, but really what we are doing is we are hearing words while at the same time formulating how we want to respond. Once we hit upon the retort we want to make, we probably stop listening even though we may still be hearing. When we are talking to our customers or when we are talking to people we work with, it can be harmful to do anything other than perceptive listening. If we don’t truly take in what these people are saying, we cannot respond fully in the ways they are hoping for. Indeed, in a survey that Second Wind, an organization devoted to small marketing firms, conducted about five years ago, the most common complaint clients had about agencies was that agencies don’t truly listen. This might come as a shock if you’re a marketer, but there is a difference between hearing, listening with the intention of responding, and truly listening while absorbing what the other person is saying. No matter what business you’re in, to excel at customer service you must learn how to listen perceptively. Jantsch offers a few suggestions that can help hone the ability to listen perceptively. For example, sit down with a customer and ask them some very pointed questions. For example, you could start by asking them what their favorite thing about working with your company is. Don’t listen with the intent of defending yourself or offering an alternative to what they say. Instead, watch them as they respond. Watch their body language. Does their face brighten with enthusiasm or do they squirm uncomfortably because nothing comes to them right away? The same exercise can be done with your employees or co-workers. Ask questions and pause to really listen. You might be surprised by what you learn. There was at some point several years ago an experiment conducted on a college campus. A person went around greeting people the way we always greet people. “Hey, how you doing?” Inevitably, the response was, “Oh, hey, how are you?” The person doing the experiment responded with, “Eh, I have cancer.” More often than not, the experiment revealed that the other person was so far from listening that they would sometimes even respond with, “Oh, that’s great. Gotta run!” That experiment comes to mind while reading Jantsch’s section about perceptive listening. As a marketer, as a business person, we cannot afford to be so hurried in our responses. We must listen not just with our ears, but also with our brains. Do you find that you hear more than you listen? We’d love to hear your thoughts! Note: This is our ninth post in our series inspired by John Jantsch’s The Commitment Engine. To catch up on the rest of the series, just click here! Image Credit: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bearpark/2706701983/ via Creative Commons 3 comments on “The Importance of Listening 1. Hahahahaha! Terrible, isn’t it? It’s often why when people ask me how I am I give them the atypical fine. Keep up the good posts, Margie. 2. […] we discussed earlier this year, a key skill for anyone in the business world is listening. By listening we don’t mean hearing; we mean actually listening to absorb what someone else […] Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20473	jrierab jrierab - 1 year ago 169 TypeScript Question Is there a valid typescript type for an SVG document embedded as an HTML object? I am embedding an SVG object in HTML as follows: <object id='mapObject' type="image/svg+xml" data="assets/maps/drawing.svg"> Then, I want to reach it from my typescript classes (from Ionic 2, but that should be indifferent): let map = document.getElementById("mapObject"); let svgDoc = map.contentDocument; // Get the inner SVG DOM This works on browser, but typescript complains about it: typescript Property 'contentDocument' does not exist on type 'HTMLElement' And worse, it doesn't work in the device, because the compiler refuses to generate code for it. My temporary hack/solution is casting as follows: let svgDoc = (<HTMLIFrameElement>map).contentDocument; // Get the inner SVG DOM This works in the device, because HTMLIFrameElement has the contentDocument property, but it seems to me that typescript should have an specific type for this. However I've been unable to find it. Answer Source You can cast/assert it to HTMLObjectElement which has the contentDocument property: let map = document.getElementById("mapObject") as HTMLObjectElement; let svgDoc = map.contentDocument; // should be fine
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20474	robbmj robbmj - 1 year ago 67 Javascript Question Determine if a JavaScript function is a bound function Is there a way to determine if a JavaScript function is a bound function? var obj = { function printX() { function takesACallback(cb) { // how can one determine if this is a bounded function // not just a function? if (typeof cb === 'function') { takesACallback(printX.bind(obj)); // 1 takesACallback(printX); // undefined Perhaps this is an important point. I am not asking why the second call prints undefined. Answer Source Both bound functions and arrow functions do not have a prototype property: typeof (function() {}).prototype // 'object' as usual typeof (function() {}).bind(null).prototype // 'undefined'! typeof (() => {}).prototype // 'undefined'! This is not 100% safe since you could still manually assign this property (although that'd be weird). As such, a simple way to check for bindability would be the following: // ES5 function isBindable(func) { return func.hasOwnProperty('prototype'); // ES6 const isBindable = func => func.hasOwnProperty('prototype'); isBindable(function () {}); // true isBindable(() => {}); // false (function () {}).bind(null) ); // false This way you can make sure that the function that has been passed can deal with a dynamic this. Here is an example usage for which the above fails: const arrowFunc = () => {}; arrowFunc.prototype = 42; isBindable(arrowFunc); // true :( Interestingly, while bound functions do not have a prototype property they can still be used as constructors (with new): var Animal = function(name) { = name; Animal.prototype.getName = function() { var squirrel = new Animal('squirrel'); console.log(squirrel.getName()); // prints "squirrel" var MutatedAnimal = Animal.bind({}); // Radiation :) console.log(MutatedAnimal.hasOwnProperty('prototype')); // prints "false" var mutatedSquirrel = new MutatedAnimal('squirrel with two heads'); console.log(mutatedSquirrel.getName()); // prints "squirrel with two heads" In that case, the original function prototype (Animal) is used instead. See JS Bin, code and link courtesy of Dmitri Pavlutin. This of course won't work with arrow functions since they can't be used as constructors. Unfortunately, I don't know if there is a way to distinguish a bound function (usable as constructor) from an arrow function (not usable as constructor) without trying them out with new and checking if it throws (new (() => {}) throws a "is not a constructor" error).
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20475	nullpointer nullpointer - 1 year ago 223 Java Question How to use reflection to identify annotated methods? We are trying to use reflection to extract the exact mapped values to our methods. The code structure in the target module consists of multiple classes as follows - @RequestMapping(value = "/questions") public class XYZController { @RequestMapping(value = "/ask") public boolean myMethod1() {..} @RequestMapping(value = "/{questionNo.}/{questionTitle}") public MyReturnObject myMethod2(){..} What we are trying to grep here is the list of endpoints like for which the code we tried to execute filters all such classes based on the annotation and at the same time we are able to get the list of all the endpoints separately. The code we have tried so far is - public class ReflectApi { public static void main(String[] args) { ClassPathScanningCandidateComponentProvider scanner = new ClassPathScanningCandidateComponentProvider(true); final List<String> filteredClasses = new ArrayList<>(); scanner.addIncludeFilter(new AnnotationTypeFilter(Controller.class)); Set<BeanDefinition> filteredPackage = scanner.findCandidateComponents("com.package.test"); // gives me a list of all the filtered classes -> filteredClasses.add(beanDefinition.getBeanClassName())); // call to get the annotation details -> getEndPoints(filteredClass)); public static void getEndPoints(String controllerClassName) { try { Class clazz = Class.forName(controllerClassName); Annotation classAnnotation = clazz.getDeclaredAnnotation(RequestMapping.class); if (classAnnotation != null) { RequestMapping mappedValue = (RequestMapping) clazz.getAnnotation(RequestMapping.class); System.out.println("Controller Mapped -> " + mappedValue.value()[0]); //This gives me the value for class like "/questions" } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { // followed from a SO reference public static void runAllAnnotatedWith(Class<? extends Annotation> annotation) { Reflections reflections = new Reflections(new ConfigurationBuilder().setUrls(ClasspathHelper.forJavaClassPath()) .setScanners(new MethodAnnotationsScanner())); Set<Method> methods = reflections.getMethodsAnnotatedWith(annotation); -> { if (m != null) { RequestMapping mappedValue = m.getAnnotation(RequestMapping.class); //this is listing out all the @RequestMapping annotations like "/questions" , "/ask" etc. But the missing part is the concatenation of the class to method RequestMapping value here. How do we loop inside a class to search annotations only from its methods? Or is there any simpler way of doing this from what we are using? References used - Scanning Java annotations at runtime && How to run all methods with a given annotation? Answer Source Aren't endpoints methods in the end? So, I think what you need to implement is: 1. => Retrieve all declared methods of each and any class that has @RequestMapping and @Controller annotations. 2. => Iterate the annotations on each of those Method objects to check if they contain @RequestMapping 1. => Iterate through all the Methods for each class in Step 1 and find the annotated one's using method.getDeclaredAnnotation(RequestMapping.class) and skip Step 3 2. => Remember that combination of class and method for your mapping 3. => Do some error handling, in case you don't find any annotated method in there.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20476	user6391870 user6391870 - 2 years ago 150 MySQL Question Add the table name as variable in PDO I know, that PDO won't let me use the "param system" on tables. My problem is, that I store all table names as variables / static variables in an object named "Tables" (so I can update table names centrally). I just can't find an answer to the question, if it's a good idea / not bad practise to build the query by using my static variables (users can't change the table names / browse through tables, so that schouldn't be a security problem) $statement = $this->pdo->prepare('SELECT `category-id`, `icon`, `name` FROM ' . Tables::$BOARD_CATEGORIES); Can I use this technique, or should I stick with the normal "static" way? Thanks :) Answer Source It depends on the code you are using to develop and modify your Tables object. In general though, conventional methods are more tested and safer. The only real difference between your code and normally used PDO code is how you are generating your sql statement. If you use your own code to create the sql statement that is being prepared, you have to be completely sure that user input will not modify the structure of that sql statement. It is riskier and if not needed would be advised against, however if you absolutely need it for your site, then make absolute sure that the code generating the Tables object can't be maliciously manipulated by users. Elaborating on the answer: The real difference between your code and the general way PDO is used is that you are generating the sql statement differently. Normally, you would see code as follows: $sql = "SELECT `category-id`, `icon`, `name` FROM myTable WHERE id = :id"; (I am assuming that you are also binding your parameters in your code since that would be after the preparing process you show in your question). So since the only real difference between what you are doing with your table is generating the sql statement, you just have to make complete sure that there is absolutely no way for user input to influence your sql structure, because if there is, then the prepare statement will not keep your database safe. In general, people tend to prefer to use conventional and tested methods, however if you absolutely need to use your table object to generate the sql statement, make sure that the code that creates and updates the object is defended from user input.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20477	ndrone ndrone - 1 year ago 113 Java Question Regex first character must be alpha if more than one character can include numbers and underscore up to 128 As the long title suggests if the test string has only character it can only be alpha. But if the test string has more than one character up to 128 characters then it still must start with an alpha character but then allow numbers and underscores. This is the regex I have so far. where it fails is if the second character is an underscore. Here is the link: https://regex101.com/r/xzmfRs/1 Answer Source You can use this regex for your problem: To allow one alphabet or else allow upto 128 characters of word characters. \w is shorthand for [a-zA-Z0-9_] Updated RegEx Demo
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20478	mattrweaver mattrweaver - 2 years ago 337 Python Question pass openpyxl data to pandas I am splitting "full name" fields into "first name", middle name" and "last name" fields from data from an excel file. I couldn't figure out how to do that in pandas, so I turned to openpyxl. I got the variables split as I desired. But, since adding columns to openpyxl for the new fields is not easy, I thought I would pass the values to pandas. I'm generating the dataframe that I need when I run the code, but once I send the df to ExcelWriter, only the last row is added to the Excel file. The data is in the right places, though. Here's the code: for cellObj in range(2, sheet.max_row+1): #print cellObj id = sheet['A' + str(cellObj)].value fullname = sheet['B' + str(cellObj)].value.strip() namelist = fullname.split(' ') for i in namelist: firstname = namelist[0] if len(namelist) == 2: lastname = namelist[1] middlename = '' elif len(namelist) == 3: middlename = namelist[1] lastname = namelist[2] elif len(namelist) == 4: middlename = namelist[1] lastname = namelist[2] + " " + namelist[3] if (namelist[1] == 'Del') \| (namelist[1] == 'El') \| (namelist[1] == 'Van'): middlename = '' lastname = namelist[1] + " " + namelist[2] df = pd.DataFrame({'personID':id,'lastName':lastname,'firstName':firstname,'middleName':middlename}, index=[id]) writer = pd.ExcelWriter('output.xlsx') df.to_excel(writer,'Sheet1', columns=['ID','lastName','firstName','middleName']) Any ideas? Sam Sam Answer Source A couple of things. First, your code is only ever going to get you one line, because you overwrite the values every time it passes an if test. for example, if len(namelist) == 2: lastname = namelist[1] This assigns a string to the variable lastname. You are not appending to a list, you are just assigning a string. Then when you make your dataframe, df = pd.DataFrame({'personID':id,'lastName':lastname,... your using this value, so the dataframe will only ever hold that string. Make sense? If you must do this using openpyexcel, try something like: lastname = [] #create an empty list if len(namelist) == 2: lastname.append(namelist[1]) #add the name to the list However, I think your life will ultimately be much easier if you just figure out how to do this with pandas. It is in fact quite easy. Try something like this: import pandas as pd #read excel df = pd.read_excel('myInputFilename.xlsx', encoding = 'utf8') #write to excel
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20483	Open main menu Wikimedia Commons β Category:Lausanne (ship, 1991) Built in 1991. Propelled by triple screws. • Built for the Geneva-St Gingolph-Geneva "Rhone Express" • In the peak summer of 2004 she ran three cruises out of Geneva each day • In the 2005 peak season, Vevey has been replaced by Simplon on the two-day roster, so she would seem to get even less use. Media in category "Lausanne (ship, 1991)"
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20485	(AP Images) Editor’s note: This article by Carl Sagan was originally published in the July 16, 1989, issue of Parade The unexpected consequences of our expedition to the Moon. It’s a sultry night in July. You’ve fallen asleep in the armchair. Abruptly, you startle awake, disoriented. The television set is on, but not the sound. You strain to understand what you’re seeing. Two ghostly white figures in coveralls and helmets are softly dancing under a pitch-black sky. They make strange little skipping motions, which propel them upward amid barely perceptible clouds of dust. But something is wrong. They take too long to come down. Encumbered as they are, they seem to be flying—a little. You rub your eyes, but the strange tableau persists. Of all the events surrounding Apollo 11’s landing on the Moon on July 20, 1969, my most vivid recollection is its dreamlike quality. Yes, it was an astonishing technological achievement and a triumph for the United States. Yes, the astronauts—Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Mike Collins, the last keeping solitary vigil in lunar orbit—displayed death-defying courage. Yes, as Armstrong said as he first alighted, this was an historic step for the human species. But if you turned off the sound, with its deliberately mundane and routine chatter, and stared into that black-and-white television monitor, you could glimpse that we humans had once again entered the realm of myth and legend. We knew the Moon from our earliest days. It was there when our ancestors descended from the trees into the savannahs, when we learned to walk upright, when we first devised stone tools, when we domesticated fire, when we invented agriculture and built cities and set out to subdue the Earth. The Moon’s waning and waxing symbolized death and rebirth. Its phases correspond so closely to the reproductive cycle of women that it’s hard not to wonder if there was once some causal connection—as the word “menstruation” (Latin mensis = “month”) reminds us. Folklore and popular songs still celebrate a connection between the Moon and love. The word “month” and the second day of the week are both named after the Moon. Especially when we lived out-of-doors, it was a major—if oddly intangible—presence in our lives. The Moon was a metaphor for the unattainable: “You might as well ask for the Moon,” they used to say. For most of our history, we had no idea what it was. A spirit? A god? A thing? It didn’t look like something big far away, but more like something small nearby—something the size of a plate, maybe, hanging in the sky a mile above our heads. Walking on the Moon would then have seemed a screwball idea; it made more sense to imagine somehow climbing up into the sky on a ladder or on the back of a giant bird, grabbing the Moon and bringing it down to Earth. But nobody ever did. It was not until a few centuries ago that the idea of the Moon as a place, a quarter of a million miles away, gained wide currency; we’re new at figuring out what worlds are and how they work. And in that brief flicker of time, we’ve gone from the earliest steps in understanding the Moon’s nature to actually walking on its surface. We calculated how objects move in space; liquefied oxygen from the air; invented big rockets, telemetry, reliable electronics, inertial guidance and much else. Then we sailed out into the sky. The Moon is no longer unattainable. A dozen humans, all Americans, made those odd skipping motions they called “moonwalks” on the crunchy, cratered, ancient gray lava—beginning on that July day in 1969. But since 1972, no one from any nation has ventured there. Indeed, none of us has gone anywhere since the glory days of Apollo except into low Earth orbit—like a toddler who takes a few tentative steps outward and then, breathless, retreats to the safety of his mother’s skirts. Once upon a time, we soared into the solar system. For a few years. Then we hurried back. Why? What happened? What was Apollo really about? The scope and audacity of John Kennedy’s May 25, 1961, message to a joint session of Congress on “Urgent National Needs”—the speech that launched the Apollo program—dazzled me. We would use rockets not yet designed and alloys not yet conceived, navigation and docking schemes not yet devised, in order to send a man to a world not yet explored—not even in a preliminary way, with robots—and we would bring him safely back, and we would do it before the decade was over. This confident pronouncement was made before any American had even achieved Earth orbit. As a newly minted Ph.D., I actually thought all this had something centrally to do with science. But President Kennedy did not talk about discovering the origin of the Moon, for example, or even about bringing samples of it back for study. All he seemed interested in was sending someone there and bringing him home. Kennedy’s science adviser, Jerome Wiesner, later told me he had a deal with the President: If the President did not claim that Apollo was about science, then he, Wiesner, would support it. So if not science, what? There were arguments about “spinoffs,” contentions that Apollo was a way to pump American technology. They boiled down to something like this: “Give us $25 billion to put people on the Moon, and we’ll throw in Tang, a free cardiac pacemaker and a stickless frying pan.” But anybody could see that if we were after orange-juice substitutes or pacemakers or frying pans—or even mainframe computers—we could invent them directly; we didn’t have to spend $25 billion and send people to the Moon in the process. I kept asking. The Apollo program is really about politics, I was told. This sounded more promising. Nonaligned nations would be tempted to drift toward the Soviet Union if it was ahead in space exploration, if the U.S. showed insufficient “national vigor.” I didn’t follow. Here was the United States, ahead of the Soviet Union in virtually every area of technology—the world’s economic, military and, on occasion, even moral leader—and Indonesia would go Communist because Yuri Gagarin beat John Glenn to Earth orbit? What’s so special about space technology? Suddenly I understood. Sending people to orbit the Earth or robots to orbit the Sun requires rockets—big, reliable, powerful rockets. Those same rockets can be used for nuclear war. The same technology that transports a man to the Moon can carry a nuclear warhead halfway around the Earth. The same technology that puts an astronomer and a telescope in Earth orbit can also put up a laser “battle station.” Even back then, there was talk in military circles, East and West, about space as the new “high ground,” about the nation that “controlled” space as “controlling” the Earth. Of course strategic rockets were being tested on Earth. But heaving a ballistic missile with a dummy warhead to a target zone in the middle of the Pacific Ocean doesn’t buy much glory. Sending people into space, though, captures the imagination of the world. You wouldn’t spend the money to launch astronauts for this reason alone, but of all the ways of demonstrating rocket potency, this one works best. There were six more missions after Apollo 11, all but one of which successfully landed on the lunar surface. Apollo 17 was the first to carry a scientist. As soon as he got there, the program was canceled. The first scientist and the last human to land on the Moon were the same person. The program had already served its purpose that July night in 1969. The half dozen subsequent missions were just momentum. Apollo was not mainly about science. It was not even mainIy about space. Apollo was mainly about ideological confrontation and nuclear war—often described by such euphemisms as world “leadership” and “national prestige.” Nevertheless, good space science was done. We now know much more about the composition, age and history of the Moon and the origin of the lunar landforms. We have made progress in understanding where the Moon came from. (The best current idea is that it was produced in the collision of a giant asteroid or comet with the Earth around 4.5 billion years ago.) More important, Apollo provided an aegis, an umbrella under which brilliantly engineered robot spacecraft were dispatched throughout the solar system, making a preliminary reconnaissance of dozens of worlds. The last of them, Voyager 2, will encounter the Neptune system this August. The offspring of Apollo are now reaching the solar-system frontiers. If not for Apollo—and, therefore, if not for the political purpose it served—I doubt whether the historic American expeditions of exploration and discovery throughout the solar system would have occurred. Something similar is true for the pioneering Soviet efforts in solar-system exploration, including the first landings of robot spacecraft on another planet. Apollo conveyed a confidence, energy and breadth of vision that did capture the imagination of the world. That too was part of its purpose. It inspired an optimism about technology, an enthusiasm for the future. If we could go to the Moon, what else was now possible? Even those who were not admirers of the United States readily acknowledged that—whatever the underlying reason for the program—the nation had, with Apollo, achieved greatness. But since the end of Apollo, the American space program has been in decline. It has been given no coherent long-term purpose. Like all bureaucracies without real direction from above, NASA has attempted to make do—to maintain existing programs and field centers, to go by slow steps. Predictably, budgets were cut. Morale deteriorated. Other claimants arose for the NASA budget. Shuttle was developed, although exactly why we need humans in low Earth orbit—when robots are so capable, so much cheaper and do not risk human life—was never made clear. Those whose parents witnessed humans walking on the Moon now thrilled that we were able to launch a shuttle to 200 miles altitude without mishap. An American space station was announced as “the next logical step”—but we heard nothing about where it was a logical step to. What exactly was its purpose? Could we perform those functions without a space station? No one was saying. The United States, after launching dozens of trailblazing interplanetary missions in the 1960s and 1970s, had not launched a single spacecraft to the Moon or the planets in the last 11 years. This drought has just ended with the successful launch of Magellan, an orbiter for radar-mapping the cloud-shrouded surface of Venus. There is another long-delayed mission just coming out of the pipeline—Galileo to Jupiter—which (my fingers are crossed) is scheduled to be launched this October. Congress now has before it a critically important proposal to reinvigorate the unmanned planetary program called CRAF/Cassini—two spacecraft, one of them designed and paid for jointly with the European Space Agency, to rendezvous with a comet, fly by asteroids, orbit Saturn and send a probe into Titan, a moon covered with the building blocks of life. All this for the price of maybe three B-2 bombers. Still, something is seriously wrong with NASA, and it’s not hard to see what it is: The U.S. space program bas lost its way. The responsibility lies fundamentally not at NASA’s door but at the President’s—several consecutive Presidents. NASA lacks a compelling political purpose of the sort that Apollo provided. NASA needs a Presidentially mandated long-term goal. I’ve learned my lesson. Governments do not spend these vast sums just for science, or merely to explore. They need another purpose, and it has to make real political sense. The United States and the Soviet Union have by now amply demonstrated their ability to deliver nuclear weapons over long distances with ballistic missiles. There is no longer any politically coherent purpose for competition in space. What’s left? I think the answer is cooperation. I proposed in these pages (Parade, Feb. 2, 1986) a long-term program for the exploration of Mars, a program that would culminate in a manned and womanned mission to that planet—spearheaded by the United States and the Soviet Union but including Europe, Japan and other nations. I believe it would consolidate the disparate constituencies of NASA, be technologically a smaller step than Apollo was in 1961 and represent a much smaller increment in the (now much-diminished) NASA budget than Apollo did. It would provide the aegis and justification for a wide range of other NASA activities, including robotic exploration of Mars and other worlds, long-duration human spaceflight and construction in Earth orbit. It would provide a reason for the space station. But most of all, such an objective could serve an urgent political task: binding up the United States and the Soviet Union in a shared endeavor of historic proportions on behalf of the human species. It can be done in slow steps, with adequate protection by each side against a political change of heart by the other and without dangerous technology transfer. President Gorbachev has now, on several occasions, invited the United States to join the USSR in just such an endeavor. The House of Representatives voted (in the 1989 NASA authorization bill) for Mars as the long-term focus of the U.S. space program. NASA’s new Office of Exploration has called for human exploration of Mars as a major NASA goal, as has the 1988 Republican Party Platform. Democratic Presidential aspirants, including Sen. Albert Gore and the Rev. Jesse Jackson, endorsed joint U.S./USSR Mars exploration. And the Planetary Society’s “Mars Declaration” has been signed by a group of Americans of strikingly diverse political persuasions, including six former NASA administrators and the crew of Apollo 11. All that human exploration of Mars needs—as did Apollo—is a Presidential commitment. But why Mars? Why not return to the Moon? It’s much closer, and we’ve proved we know how to send people there. Yes, but I’m concerned that the Moon is a long detour, if not a dead end. We’ve been there. We’ve even brought some of it back. People have seen the Moon rocks, and, for reasons that I believe are fundamentally sound they are bored by the Moon. It is a static, airless, waterless, dead world. Mars, by contrast, has weather, dust storms, its own moons, immense volcanoes, seasonally varying polar ice caps, enigmatic landforms and ancient river valleys indicating that massive climatic change has occurred on a once-Earthlike world. Mars also holds some prospect of past or possibly even present life. None of this is true for the Moon. Nor is the Moon an especially desirable test bed or way station for Mars. The Martian and lunar environments are very different, and the Moon is as distant from Mars as is the Earth. The machinery for Martian exploration can better be tested in Earth orbit or on the Earth itself. A healthy and successful NASA must broaden its constituency. For one thing, it needs to make a major international effort to monitor the Earth from space, to help preserve our small world. It needs to make a much more serious effort at robotic exploration of other worlds. This is not just a matter of catering to a widespread passion for exploration and discovery; if we didn’t have an ounce of adventuresome spirit in us, it would still be prudent and cost-effective to explore the planets (read more on this here). But most of all NASA needs to make the connection of spaceflight with international understanding and world peace. I do not see any other activities—such as Star Wars (SDI), appeals to national prestige or promises of technological spinoffs—that can provide a political justification for NASA suitable for the 1990s. But protecting the environment, forging a common purpose with other nations—especially former adversaries—and re-exciting the exploratory imagination of people all over the world constitute a sufficient political payoff to justify a major, consistently funded American space program. When you pack your bags for a big trip, you never know what’s in store for you. The Apollo astronauts on their way to and from the Moon photographed their home planet. It was a natural thing to do, but it had consequences that few foresaw. For the first time, the inhabitants of Earth could see our world from above—the whole Earth, the Earth in color, the Earth as an exquisite white and blue world set against the vast darkness of space. Those images have awakened our slumbering planetary consciousness; they provide incontestable evidence that we all share the same vulnerable planet—our only home in all the solar system. They remind us of what is important and what is not. The Saudi Arabian astronaut Prince Sultan Salman al-Saud, after his observations of the Earth from the Discovery shuttle in 1985, recalled: “The first day or so, we all pointed to our countries. The third or fourth day, we were pointing to our continents. By the fifth day, we were aware of only one Earth.” We may have found that perspective just in time, just as our technology threatens the habitability of our world (read more on this here). Whatever the reason we first mustered the Apollo program, however mired in Cold War nationalism it was, the inescapable recognition of the unity and fragility of the Earth is its clear and luminous dividend, the unexpected gift of Apollo. What began in deadly competition has led us to see that global cooperation is the essential precondition for our survival. Travel is broadening. It’s time to hit the road again. Copyright © 1989 by Carl Sagan. Originally published in Parade Magazine. Reprinted with permission from Democritus Properties, LLC. 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global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20517	Skip to content October 19, 2010 I have a bead on “best eyebrows in town, threading or waxing.” I’m gonna try them out, probably tomorrow, since my eyebrows are beginning to look like giant hamsters marching across my face. Check out my friend’s blog, where I got the info. There was a time, not too long ago, when I had no eyebrows. I’m not taking anything for granted here. From → Uncategorized One Comment 1. Hey- – thanks for the mention of my blog! I am trying to get a following and that will surely help!! Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20532	Ecommerce Tracking - Android SDK v2 (Legacy) This document provides an overview of how to measure in-app payments and revenue using the Google Analytics SDK for Android v2. Ecommerce measurement allows you to send in-app purchases and sales to Google Analytics. Ecommerce data in Google Analytics is generally comprised of transactions and items, related by a shared transacation ID. In the Google Analytics SDK for Android , that relationship is established by creating a transaction object and adding items to it. Ecommerce data is used primary in the following reports: • Ecommerce Overview • Product Performance • Sales Performance • Transactions • Time to Purchase There are three steps to measure a transaction with Google Analytics: 1. Build a transaction object. 3. Send the transaction using sendTransaction(Transaction transObject) . In the following example, we assume that onPurchaseCompleted() is called after the user has completed an in-app purchase. * The purchase was processed. We will send the transaction and its associated line items to Google Analytics, * but only if the purchase has been confirmed. public void onPurchaseCompleted() { Transaction myTrans = new Transaction.Builder( "0_123456", // (String) Transaction Id, should be unique. (long) (2.16 * 1000000)) // (long) Order total (in micros) .setAffiliation("In-App Store") // (String) Affiliation .setTotalTaxInMicros((long) (0.17 * 1000000)) // (long) Total tax (in micros) .setShippingCostInMicros(0) // (long) Total shipping cost (in micros) myTrans.addItem(new Item.Builder( "L_789", // (String) Product SKU "Level Pack: Space", // (String) Product name (long) (1.99 * 1000000), // (long) Product price (in micros) (long) 1) // (long) Product quantity .setProductCategory("Game expansions") // (String) Product category Tracker myTracker = EasyTracker.getTracker(); // Get reference to tracker. myTracker.sendTransaction(myTrans); // Send the transaction. Currency Types In the Google Analytics SDK for Android , Ecommerce currency fields must be in micros (millionths of currency). Specifying Currencies By default, transaction values are assumed to be in the currency of the view (profile) in which they are reported. To override the local currency of a transaction, call setCurrencyCode when building a Transaction as in the following example: * In this example, the currency of the transaction is set to Euros. The * currency values will appear in reports using the global currency * type of the view (profile). public void onPurchaseCompleted() { Transaction myTrans = new Transaction.Builder( (long) (1.59 * 1000000)) .setAffiliation("In-App Store") .setTotalTaxInMicros((long) (0.13 * 1000000)) .setCurrencyCode("EUR") // (String) Set currency code to Euros. Tracker myTracker = EasyTracker.getTracker(); For the complete list of supported currencies and currency codes, see the Supported Currencies Reference.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20551	Biofilms and BIFs Biomineralization is a growing topic that ranges from life’s influence on the production of economic deposits of metal ores to even the suspicion that it might play a role in Alzheimer’s syndrome. The most common, and enduring evidence of the influence of micro-organisms in making rocks are stromatolites made of carbonates that blue-green bacteria have secreted, perhaps from as early as 3500 Ma ago. Something similar, though it involves eukaryotic algae, is the formation of tufa or travertine where springs emerge from limestones. Many a child, including my young self, consigned a cuddly toy to “petrifying” springs, such as Mother Shipton’s Well in Knaresborough, Yorkshire. Few retrieved them, which is why there aren’t many rock-like Teddies around.. Another childhood memory, that bears on biomineralization, is a spring surrounded by orange and brown slime that we supposed was so deadly that only bathing in helicopter fuel would ward off a dreadful end brought on by the faintest splash of the loathsome gunk. It is a great surprise to learn that such ochreous springs, common where coal mines drain to the surface, might hold a key to the formation of Precambrian banded iron formations (BIFs) (Brake, S.S. et al. 2002. Eukaryotic stromatolite builders in acid mine drainage: implications for Precambrian iron formations and oxygenation of the atmosphere. Geology, v. 30, p. 599-602). Groundwater that has passed through iron-sulphide bearing rocks, becomes both acid and charged with iron-2 after oxidation of pyrite. It is high acidity and low Eh that dissolves toxic heavy metals and arsenic, rather than their iron content, that make springs of such waters so hazardous to small boys bent on careers as hydraulic engineers (check their shins and fingers for the lingering water blisters that are a sure sign of the onset of arsenic poisoning). It seems that Euglena, a common “animalcule” in such springs that is easily seen with a cheap microscope, is an ochre (iron-3 hydroxides and sulphates) forming agent. It is an acid-tolerant, oxygenic photosynthesizer that builds slimy mats. Given time and substantial supplies of dissolved iron, Euglena actually builds hard structures reminiscent of stromatolites. Brake and colleagues from Indiana State and Kansas universities, and the Colorado School of Mines, studied Euglena from coal-mine drainages under lab conditions, and provide details of their metabolism. The modern iron-stromatolites are so like some variants of BIFs from the Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic, when they were at their acme, that the authors suspect their origins in biofilms formed by prokaryotic organisms with similar metabolism to the more complex Euglena. Until their work, most geologists regarded BIFs as products of inorganic precipitation of iron-3 compounds and silica when iron-2 rich seawater met oxygen produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria. Indeed they speculate that the biofilm makers could have been early eukaryotes, despite the first unambiguous evidence for nucleus-bearing organisms being no older than 2100 Ma. If they are correct, then such communities would have needed free oxygen, and would themselves have contributed to oxygen build-up in the early atmosphere. One response to “Biofilms and BIFs 1. Pingback: A new explanation for banded iron formations (BIFs) \| Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20555	Samsung Galaxy S6 Plus - Change the brightness settings Change the Brightness Settings Find out how to change the brightness settings on your device, just follow these simple steps. 1. From the home screen, tap Apps. 2. Tap Settings. 3. Scroll to, then tap Display. 4. Tap to tick or untick Automatic brightness as desired. 5. If Automatic brightness is unticked, tap and drag the slider to the desired brightness level. The brightness settings have been changed. Was this article helpful? Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Your response was sent. Thank you. Getting the most from EE Services and offers we have for you
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20568	Brad Miller (politician) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Brad Miller Congressman Brad Miller 2012.jpg Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina's 13th district In office January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 Preceded by None (District re-established after 2000 Census) Succeeded by George Holding Member of the North Carolina Senate In office Member of the North Carolina House of Representatives In office Personal details Born (1953-05-19) May 19, 1953 (age 65) Fayetteville, North Carolina Political party Democratic Residence Raleigh, North Carolina Alma mater University of North Carolina London School of Economics Columbia Law School Profession Attorney Ralph Bradley "Brad" Miller (born May 19, 1953) is the former U.S. Representative for North Carolina's 13th congressional district, serving from 2003 to 2013. District 13 includes all of Caswell and Person counties, and parts of Alamance, Granville, Guilford, Rockingham and Wake counties. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Early life, education, and law career[edit] Miller was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina to Margaret Hale Miller and Nathan David Miller.[1] He attended Terry Sanford Senior High School in Fayetteville.[citation needed] Miller earned a BA degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1975, a Master's degree from the London School of Economics in 1978, and a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School in 1979. After graduation he served as clerk to Judge J. Dickson Phillips, Jr. of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Miller practiced Law in Raleigh before entering politics. North Carolina legislature[edit] He was a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1992 until 1994 and a member of the North Carolina Senate from 1996 to 2002.[2] U.S. House of Representatives[edit] In 2002, Miller was elected to represent North Carolina's 13th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. Following the 2000 Census, Miller had a hand in redrawing the district map which established NC 13.[3] During the 2002 election, Miller advanced from a crowded Democratic primary, which included former Congressman Robin Britt, to defeat Republican Carolyn Grant and a Libertarian candidate with roughly 55% of the vote. Grant later sued Miller alleging, among other things, that he and his campaign defamed her in an October 2002 television advertisement.[4] She later dropped the suit after she failed to comply with several court orders.[citation needed] Miller was elected to his second term in the 2004 Congressional elections, earning 59% of the vote and defeating Republican Virginia Johnson. Miller's opponent in the 2006 race was Vernon Robinson, a conservative African American politician who is a former city council member and current resident of Winston-Salem, North Carolina (outside the thirteenth congressional district). Robinson was able to garner national attention due to his bombastic and exaggerative rhetoric.[5][6][7] Robinson made several accusations against Miller, including that he was cutting money from troops to study the sex lives of prostitutes,[8] that Miller was gay, despite having a wife,[5] and that he was allowing illegal immigrants to sneak into America.[9] Miller defeated Robinson 63.71% to 36.29%.[10] In 2007 Miller considered a run for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Elizabeth Dole[11][12] but decided against it.[13] Later, he ruled out running against Sen. Richard Burr in 2010.[14] After the 2010 United States Census, Republicans who controlled the state's General Assembly redrew the districts. In the process, they placed Miller into a new, heavily Republican 13th District stretching from northern Raleigh all the way to Surry County on the other side of the state. While Barack Obama carried the old 13th fairly handily with 59 percent of the vote, John McCain would have won the reconfigured 13th with 56 percent of the vote.[15] However, after 1st District Congressman G. K. Butterfield raised objections that the new map violated the rights of African-American voters in the eastern part of the state, the state legislature was forced to redraw the map again.[16] The new plan made the 13th more compact, taking in territory from areas just west and east of Raleigh to just east of Rocky Mount. However, it is still significantly more Republican than its predecessor; McCain would have won it with 54 percent.[17] The new map also placed Miller's apartment complex 50 yards inside the 4th district, represented by fellow Democrat David Price, but left the rest of Miller's precinct in the 13th.[18] On January 26, 2012, Miller announced that he would not seek re-election to Congress.[19] Miller co-founded and co-chairs the bipartisan congressional Community College caucus, which educates members of Congress on the importance of community colleges.[20] For his efforts, he was recognized with the Congressional Award from the Council for Resource Development.[21] Healthcare reform Miller voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[22][23] Financial reform The Mortgage Reform and Anti-Predatory Lending Act of 2009 In Congress, Miller served on the House Financial Services Committee, where he has worked to protect consumers from abusive lending, especially predatory mortgage lending. In 2007 and 2009 the House passed comprehensive federal mortgage lending reform legislation authored by Miller, but neither bill was subsequently considered in the Senate.[24] Financial Product Safety Commission Act of 2009 In 2009 Miller introduced legislation with Rep. Bill Delahunt (D-MA) to establish a Financial Product Safety Commission. The bill, modeled on a concept proposed by Harvard Law School Professor Elizabeth Warren, was subsequently included in the financial regulatory reform package announced by Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner on July 24, 2009.[25] Emergency Homeownership and Mortgage Equity Protection Act of 2007 On September 20, 2007 Miller introduced H.R. 3609, becoming the first member of Congress to propose that bankruptcy courts be allowed to modify the mortgage debt of persons in foreclosure or against whom foreclosure proceedings had been commenced.[26] AIG Hearing On March 18, 2009 Miller, a member of the Financial Services Committee, excoriated American International Group (AIG) Chairman Edward Liddy during testimony pertaining to the insurance company's controversial financial policies following its receipt of federal assistance. Miller cited AIG's allocation of $49.5 billion of taxpayer resources toward bank credit insurance policies, criticizing the company for acting to compromise "market discipline."[27] Repeal of Defense of Marriage Act In September 2011, Miller announced that he will co-sponsor a bill that would repeal the Defense of Marriage Act, the 1996 law that forbids federal agencies from recognizing the legal marriages of gay and lesbian couples. Describing the legislation, Miller said "North Carolina would still not be required to perform civil marriage, but it would be required to recognize marriages performed in other states.” The announcement comes on the heels of the North Carolina Legislature announcing that it would include a proposed constitutional amendment on the next ballot banning gay marriage.[28] Miller was originally in favor of having the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF) located close to his district in Butner, North Carolina, but changed his mind after his constituents objected to the project.[29] Committee assignments[edit] In January 2007 Miller was named to the House Foreign Affairs Committee.[30] Soon thereafter he was appointed chairman of the new Science and Technology Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight.[31] Caucus memberships[edit] • African Great Lakes Caucus (Co-Chair) • Congressional Bike Caucus • Congressional Caucus on Youth Sports • Congressional Community College Caucus (Co-Chair) • International Conservation Caucus • Congressional Arts Caucus • "Eighty percent is not the bottom end. That’s the vast majority of workers not sharing in economic prosperity from production increases." (2006, to Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke) • "With tax cuts going to the people who receive inherited wealth, can you identify a single policy of this Congress or the Bush Administration that appears directed at closing income inequality or the concentration of wealth?" (2006, also to Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke) • "For four years, patriotic Americans, Democrats and Republicans alike, have anguished over events in Iraq, and given deep and prayerful thought to alternatives. But the Bush Administration dismissed and insulted dissenters, and often made fierce attempts to discredit them. Not even General Eric Shinseki, the Chief of Staff of the Army, or James Baker, Secretary of State for the first President Bush, were spared. And the Bush Administration has treated criticisms of Members of Congress as meddling, as sticking our nose in their war. House Democrats have offered plan after plan to alter our course in Iraq, and House Republicans greeted every plan with strident attack." (February 16, 2007) Personal life[edit] Miller is an occasional blogger at the Daily Kos.[32] See also[edit] 1. ^ Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. "Read the ebook North Carolina manual[serial] (Volume 1993-1994) by North Carolina Secretary of State". 2. ^ Campaign website biography 3. ^ map Archived 2005-04-29 at the Wayback Machine. 4. ^ The News & Observer 5. ^ a b\|Contest for 13th already strident Archived 2006-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. 6. ^\|The birth of rumor ill-sired 7. ^\|Attacks fly fast in 13th debate Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. 8. ^ "XXX" Marks the Spot Where Campaign Ads Head South Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. 9. ^ [1] Archived May 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. 10. ^ "US Congressional District 13". 2006 General Election Results. NC State Board of Elections. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 11. ^\|Miller looking at Senate race Archived 2007-05-01 at the Wayback Machine. 12. ^ Winston-Salem Journal 13. ^ Draft dodger?\| projects Archived 2008-05-01 at the Wayback Machine. 14. ^ Miller won't challenge Burr; others mum Archived January 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. 16. ^ Morrill, Jim. GOP redraws district map Archived June 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. The Charlotte Observer, 2011-07-15. 17. ^ Stat Pack Archived September 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. for NC General Assembly Rucho-Lewis Congress 3 plan for redistricting- PDF 18. ^ Leslie, Laura. No primary fight for Miller, Price. WRAL-TV, 2011-07-19. 19. ^ 20. ^ Congressman Brad Miller : Home Archived October 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. 21. ^ Congressman Brad Miller : Home Archived October 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. 22. ^ "House Vote 163 - Procedural Vote on Health Care -". 23. ^ "Voting History: Rep. Bradley Miller [D, NC-13] - U.S. Congress". OpenCongress. Archived from the original on 2010-05-25. 24. ^ "Read The Bill: H.R. 3915 [110th]". 25. ^ "H.R. 1705: Financial Product Safety Commission Act of 2009". 26. ^ "H.R. 3609 [110th]: Emergency Home Ownership and Mortgage Equity Protection Act of 2007]". 27. ^ "Miller attacks AIG head at hearing \| projects". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. 28. ^ Santoscoy, Carlos. "Brad Miller To Co-Sponsor DOMA Repeal; Says NC Gay Marriage Ban Political". On Top Magazine. On Top Magazine. Retrieved 19 September 2011. 29. ^ Sorg, Lisa (2008-10-15). "B.J. Lawson, The Hybrid Candidate". Independent Weekly. 30. ^\|Speaker vote sparks talk of deal with GOP Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. 31. ^\|Edwards says Iran must not get nuclear bomb Archived October 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. 32. ^ Daily Kos :: Diaries External links[edit] U.S. House of Representatives New district Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina's 13th congressional district Succeeded by George Holding New title Chairman of House Science Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight Succeeded by Paul Broun
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20569	Fauji Foundation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Fauji Foundation (Urdu: فوجى فاؤنڈیشن‎, Sindhi: فوجي فائونڊيشن‎; lit. Soldier Foundation; initials: FF), is one of the largest financial services and one of the largest energy conglomerates in Pakistan, with interests in fertilizer, cement, food, power generation, gas exploration, LPG marketing and distribution, financial services, employment services, and security services. The word "Fauji" ("فوجي") is an Urdu word that means "soldier" and the company was set up in order to provide employment and welfare benefits to Pakistani ex-military personnel and their dependents. It is run by former officers of Pakistani Armed Forces.[1] Fauji Foundation's aim is to provide and generate funds for the welfare and benefits of ex-servicemen and their families. Fauji Foundation's three companies Fauji Cement, Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim and Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited are listed and traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange.[2] History and overview[edit] Fauji Foundation was established as a charitable trust in 1954,[3] and operating on a completely self-sustaining basis, channels approximately 80% of the profits from commercial ventures into social protection programs that serve a beneficiary population representing approximately 7% of the country’s population. Spending more than Rs. 23.8 billion since inception on welfare, the Foundation provides services in the areas of healthcare, education, educational stipends, technical and vocational training. • Fauji Foundation operates 115 medical facilities, 100 schools and colleges, 65 vocational training centers and 9 technical training centers across Pakistan.[3] • Over 2.1 million patients treated per year through the FF Healthcare System • Approximately 41,112 students enrolled in the FF Education System • Approximately 71,385 educational stipends dispersed each year • Over 6,000 individuals trained annually through the Vocational and Technical Training Centers A 2017 study found that 33 of a group of 141 former Pakistan Armed Forces corps commanders, or 23.4%, were given jobs by the Foundation after their retirement from the military. At any one time, as many as seven former corps commanders serve as either the managing directors of the Fauji Foundation or the Army Welfare Trust or as managing directors of subsidiaries with personnel in these positions rotated out every three years. The study says the Foundation plays a valuable role in preventing retired senior officers from intervening in the activities of serving officers and from entering electoral politics.[4] Holding entities[edit] Fully owned[edit] • Fauji Cereals[2] • Foundation Gas • Overseas Employment Services • Fauji Foundation Experimental And Seed Multiplication Farm FFBL - FPCL Logo.png • Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited[2] • Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Limited (FJFC), [5] [6] [7] • Fauji Cement Company Limited[8] • FFBL Power Company Limited (Fauji Power Company Ltd) FPCL. • Fauji Kabirwala Power Company Limited • Foundation Power Company Daharki Limited[2] • Mari Petroleum Company Limited[9] • Fauji Akbar Portia Marine Terminal Limited • Fauji Oil Terminal And Distribution Company Limited • Pakistan Maroc Phosphore, S.A., Morocco • Foundation Securities (Pvt) Limited • Askari Bank Limited[10] • Askari Cement Company[2] • Fauji Meat Limited • Fauji Fresh n Freeze[3] • FFC Energy Limited • Fauji Foods Limited [11][3] Under implementation[edit] • Foundation Wind Energy - I • Foundation Wind Energy - II[2] International recognition[edit] Fauji Foundation was awarded the Rehabilitation Prize from the World Veterans Federation (WVF) in 1997 at Seoul, South Korea which was received by then Fauji Foundation Director, Welfare (Health & Education) Brigadier Muneeb-ur-Rehman Farooqui SI(M). The prize was awarded: for the Foundation's remarkable achievements in looking after ex-servicemen and their families in providing health care, education, technical training, employment, artificial limbs and other facilities for the rehabilitation of disabled ex-servicemen, thus enabling them to be full-fledged citizens contributing to the welfare of their communities.[12] Health Care Hospitals[edit] The Fauji Foundation medical system began with the establishment of a 50-bed TB hospital in 1959 at Rawalpindi. Today, the Fauji Foundation medical system is the largest medical chain outside the Government sector, spread all over Pakistan. On health care, Fauji Foundation spends over 58% of the welfare budget. Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi and Fauji Foundation Hospital Lahore are well funded hospitals of Fauji Foundation.[13] It is run by former officers of Pakistani Armed Forces. Education system[edit] With over 100 branches spread from Karachi to Gilgit having approx 45000 x students, 2000x teachers and over 1100x adm staff, FF Edn system is amongst the largest Edn systems in the country.[14] The Fauji Foundation's education system aims to provide education to the children of ex armed forces personnel, as well as to civilians. The headquarters of Fauji Foundation are in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. FFES is affiliated with the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (FBISE), Islamabad. There are 102 schools (FF model schools) in Pakistan. The Fauji Foundation College For Boys and Fauji Foundation College For Girls are located in New lalazar, Rawalpindi.[15] 1. ^ Pakistan delays LNG contract with French company, Reuters News website, Published 14 April 2010, Retrieved 11 June 2017 2. ^ a b c d e f Wasim, Amir (2016-07-21). "50 commercial entities being run by armed forces". Dawn (newspaper) website. Retrieved 11 June 2017. 3. ^ a b c d About Fauji Foundation Group, Retrieved 11 June 2017 4. ^ https://paulstanilanddotcom.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/pakistanmilitaryelitedecember20171.pdf 5. ^ "(FJFC): FAUJI FERTILIZER BIN QASIM LIMITED - Analysis of Financial Statements Financial Year 2003- Financial Year 2008". BUSINESS RECORDER (newspaper). Retrieved 9 January 2017. 6. ^ "FAUJI FERTILIZER BIN QASIM LIMITED (FFBL)". Fauji Foundation. Retrieved 9 January 2017. 7. ^ "FJFC UREA-DAP Ammonia Fertilizer Plant". habibrafiq.com. Retrieved 9 January 2017. 8. ^ Company Profile and Stock Quote of Fauji Cement Company Limited on Financial Times (UK newspaper) Retrieved 13 November 2017 9. ^ Mari gas makes major oil discovery in Mianwali Pakistan Today (newspaper), Published 14 October 2011, Retrieved 14 November 2017 10. ^ Fauji Foundation to acquire Askari Bank, The Nation (newspaper), Published 28 December 2012, Retrieved 11 June 2017 11. ^ Company Profile and stock quote of Fauji Foods Limited on Financial Times (UK newspaper) Retrieved 14 November 2017 12. ^ Profile of Fauji Foundation, defencejournal.com website, Retrieved 11 June 2017 13. ^ http://www.fauji.org.pk/fauji/welfare/healthcare/healthcare-overview, Retrieved 9 June 2017 14. ^ http://www.fauji.org.pk/fauji/welfare/education/education-overview, Retrieved 9 June 2017 15. ^ Fauji Foundation College For Boys, learners.pk website, Retrieved 11 June 2017 16. ^ 107 medical graduates receive degrees, The Nation (newspaper), Published 15 October 2015, Retrieved 11 June 2017 External links[edit]
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20571	Lucius Afranius (consul) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Lucius Afranius (died 46 BC) was an ancient Roman legatus and client of Pompey the Great. He served with Pompey during his Iberian campaigns against Sertorius in the late 70s BC, and remained in his service right through to the Civil War. He died after the Battle of Thapsus in 46 BC. Early career[edit] Lucius Afranius was born into a humble family in Picenum. As a Picentine, he was favoured during his career by Pompey, who was a scion of Picenum's most distinguished family. Sertorian War[edit] Afranius was present during Pompey's campaigns against Marian supporter Quintus Sertorius. He played a pivotal role at the Battle of the Sucro in 75 BC. Sertorius attacked Pompey's left wing, which was under Afranius' command. Afranius held until Sertorius' attention was drawn away by Pompey's attack into Sertorius' own left. When Sertorius moved his forces to counter this, Afranius led an attack against the Sertorian right. This attack routed the enemy and Afranius pursued them into their camp. Afranius' soldiers caused a great many casualties and began looting the enemy camp and supply train. Meanwhile, Pompey had fled after being bested by Sertorius, and the scattered forces of Afranius were attacked by the victorious Sertorians. It was only the timely arrival of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius which turned the tide in Pompey's favour. Despite the unprecedented size of Pompey's corps of legates—he received the right to appoint 24 of these senior adjutants—for his scourge of the pirates from the Mediterranean, Afranius did not number amongst them, as his patron chose to cultivate his links with the Roman aristocracy by appointing only men of distinguished family. After the success of this campaign, however, Pompey was given command in the east and appointed Afranius as his legate for this new campaign. After the initial successes against Mithradates VI of Pontus and Tigranes the Great of the Kingdom of Armenia, Pompey began to pursue the defeated enemy northwards. While in the north, he left Afranius in charge of Armenia. Looking to take advantage of a defeated neighbour, Phraates III of Parthia invaded Armenia at Corduene and began pillaging. According to historian Cassius Dio (XXXVII, 5), Afranius retook the district without a conflict with Phraates' forces. However, Plutarch (Pompey 36) asserts that Afranius marched against the Parthians, drove them out of Armenia, and pursued them as far as the district of Arbela (modern Arbil, Iraq) within the borders of the Parthian Empire.[1] After his second victory over Mithradates, Pompey realised that pursuing him was futile and instead invested forces to defend Pontus from Mithradates' return. Afranius was given command against the Arabians of Amanus, and his victory against them cleared the way for Pompey's advance into Syria. Return to Rome and consulship[edit] After his victorious campaign in the East, Pompey returned to Rome, and Afranius followed. Wishing to have his loyal legate elected as consul, Pompey began bribing the electors lavishly. Despite public knowledge and disapproval of this, Afranius was elected consul in 60 BC, his colleague being Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer. During this year, his actions showed a lack of understanding and ability in the management of the civil matters demanded by the office. Civil War[edit] Legate in Hispania[edit] When Pompey was granted Hispania (Iberia, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) as a proconsular province, Afranius, together with Marcus Petreius and Marcus Terentius Varro, governed in his stead, Pompey remaining in Rome to manage affairs there. When Julius Caesar marched on Rome with legio XIII, he ordered his legate Gaius Fabius to march on Iberia and to secure the passes through the Pyrenees. Fabius was given command of three legions. Afranius, with his three legions, was in possession of the passes. Afranius ordered Petreius, in command of two legions in Lusitania, to march for the Pyrenees to combine their forces. Varro was to remain in further Iberia with his two legions. Fabius advanced to the River Segre, where Afranius' force, now joined with Petreius' legions, was encamped. When two of Fabius' legions marched out to protect foragers and crossed the Segre, the bridge gave way, cutting off the small force. Afranius marched out to engage this smaller force, but Lucius Plancus, the Caesarian commander, formed up his legions on a rise with a good defence. Despite the size of Afranius' force, Plancus held. The approach of Caesarian reinforcements commanded by Fabius ended the engagement. Caesar himself arrived to take command of Fabius' force. He left six cohorts to command the bridge and marched with the rest of his force for Ilerda. Afranius followed. Both forces encamped, but Afranius declined Caesar's challenge to battle. Caesar encamped his forces less than half a mile from Afranius' camp, which was constructed on a hill. During his time in Iberia, Afranius had trained his legions to use a loose order formation, similar to that used so successfully by the Celtiberians and Lusitani. Caesar mentions the effectiveness of this formation in his Civil War Commentaries (I. XLIV). Caesar attempted to build a wall separating Afranius' camp from the town of Ilerda. Afranius, seeing this, sent his army out to deploy on a small hill near the construction area. Caesar's men attacked, but Afranius' tactics almost led to their defeat, with Afranius being pushed back only when Caesar personally led legio IX in an attack. Afranius' soldiers retreated inside the town. There followed a see-saw battle lasting several hours, with neither side gaining advantage. The battle ended with roughly equal casualties, with both Afranius and Caesar counting the battle as a victory. The armies returned to their respective camps. Stalemate and defeat[edit] Afranius ordered the fortification of the small hill which the battle had been fought over. Over the next few days the river flooded, destroying the bridges and leaving Caesar stranded without food on the opposite side of the river from Afranius, who had a large stockpile of food and supplies. Afranius found out that a large supply convoy was approaching Caesar from Gaul, and he set out to attack and capture it. Though he failed to capture it, he did force the convoy to retreat. Afranius and Petreius sent dispatches to Rome claiming victory, and announcing that the war was all but over. Despite this, Caesar constructed boats and transported a part of his cavalry force over to Afranius' side of the river. The cavalry set about harassing Afranius' supply lines, even annihilating a unit of republican reinforcements. Caesar constructed a bridge and began to harass Afranius' forces with his whole army. At the same time, several Iberian rulers pledged their support to Caesar's cause. Over the next weeks, Afranius attempted unsuccessfully to deal with the Caesarian harassment. Several siegeworks were begun by both Caesarian and republican troops. During this time, the adversaries were so close that they could talk to each other. The republican troops were convinced to surrender, with even Afranius' own son attempting to negotiate a surrender. Soon after this, several Caesarian troops were found to have wandered into the republican camp. Afranius and Petreius ordered their execution. At the same time, several republican troops had been seen wandering about in Caesar's camp. Caesar ordered these men treated with respect and sent back to Afranius. When Afranius' men saw Caesar's clemency, their mind was made up. Caesar's forces stepped up the harassment of Afranius' troops, and soon food levels were low. Afranius, realising the situation, surrendered to Caesar. According to Caesar's commentaries, these were his words: Caesar ought not to be displeased either with me or my soldiers, for wishing to preserve our attachment to our general, Gnaeus Pompey. We have now sufficiently discharged our duty to him, and have suffered punishment enough, in having endured the want of every necessity: but now, pent up almost like wild beasts, we are prevented from procuring water, and prevented from walking abroad; and are not able to bear the bodily pain or the mental disgrace: we confess ourselves vanquished: and beg and entreat, if there is any room left for mercy, that we should not be necessitated to suffer the most severe penalties. Caesar pardoned all the republicans, Afranius included - on the proviso that they did not join up with the republicans still at large. Road to Thapsus[edit] Disgrace and return[edit] In the republican camp, Atius Rufus charged Afranius with betraying his army. Despite this, Afranius, along with Petreius, broke his word to Caesar, embarked with as many loyal troops as he could gather and sailed for Epirus and Pompey. His Hispanian Cohorts were greatly appreciated by the Republicans, and he was welcomed back into the Republican fold. Afranius took no active command at Dyrrachium or Pharsalus, though he was no doubt there. After the republican defeat at Pharsalus, Afranius, like most Republicans, fled to Africa province. After Caesar landed in Africa Province, his forces were harassed by Numidian light troops commanded by Afranius and his fellow Picentine, Titus Labienus. Upon seeing the treason of Afranius, Caesar ordered his execution upon sight. Afranius then fought under Metellus Scipio at the Battle of Thapsus. After the defeat, Afranius and Faustus Cornelius Sulla, son of Sulla the dictator, attempted to escape to Hispania, there to continue resisting Caesar. They were apprehended along with their families by Caesarian troops. After holding them for several days, the troops guarding them mutinied and killed all the leading republican prisoners, including Afranius. 1. ^ Bivar (1983), p. 47; see footnote #1. Primary sources[edit] • Appian, Bellum Civilis II • Caesar, Bellum Civilis i - XXXVII-LXXXVII • Cicero, ad Att. i. XVI. XX • Dio Cassius XXXVII • (Hirtius,) Bello Afric. - XCV • Plutarch - Pompey; Sertorius Secondary sources[edit] • Seager, Robin (2002). Pompey the Great (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22721-0. • Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids," in The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol 3:1), 21-99. Edited by Ehsan Yarshater. London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, and Sydney: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Political offices Preceded by Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger and Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus Consul of the Roman Republic with Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer 60 BC Succeeded by Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20572	Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure From Wikiquote Jump to navigation Jump to search • Hi. Welcome to the future: San Dimas, California — 2688. And I'm telling you, it's great here. The air is clean. The water is clean. Even the dirt is clean! Bowling averages are way up. Mini-golf scores are way down, and we have more excellent water slides than any other planet we communicate with. I'm telling you, this place is great, but it almost wasn't. You see, 700 years ago, the 2 Great Ones ran into a few problems. So now I have to travel back in time to help them out. If I should fail to keep these 2 along the correct path, the basis of our society will be endangered. Ah, but don't worry: it'll all make sense. I'm a professional. Ted: Yes, Bill, but... I do not believe we will get Eddie Van Halen before we have a triumphant video. Bill: That is why we need Eddie Van Halen! Ted: And that is why we need a triumphant video! [In the classroom.] Mr. Ryan: Who was Joan of Arc? Ted: Noah's wife? Ted: Your stepmom's cute. Bill: Shut up, Ted. Bill: Shut UP, Ted! Ted: Me and Bill- [back outside] Ted: Dude, we gotta pass; otherwise, there's no more band. Bill: Why? Ted: My dad's sending me to military school. Bill: Where? Ted: Alaska.... Ted: Two: Born on Presidents' Day! Bill: Three: The dollar bill guy. Ted: You ever made a mushroom out of his head? Bill: Ted... Alaska. Ted: Okay... Um.... Had wooden teeth, chased Moby Dick. Bill: That's Captain Ahab, dude! Ted: ...Oh, wait! Remember Disney World? Hall of Presidents? Bill: Yeah, good, what did he say? Ted: ...Welcome to the Hall of Presidents! Bill: Shut up, Ted. Ted: Your stepmom is cute, though. Bill: Shut up, Ted! Ted: Remember when I asked her to the prom? Ted: [huge grin] Outside the Circle K A woman enters convenience store Ted: Excuse me? When did the Mongols rule China? Woman: I don't know, I just work here. Rufus: Greetings, my excellent friends. Ted: [after a pause] That's us, dude! Bill: Oh, yeah! Ted: And I am the Duke of Ted! Henry VII: Put them in the iron maiden. Ted: Iron Maiden? Bill and Ted: Excellent! [air guitar] Henry VII: Execute them! Bill and Ted: Bogus! Bill: This is.. Dave Beeth-Oven... Maxine of Arc... Herman the Kid... Ted: Bob Genghis Khan... So-crates Johnson... Dennis Freud. And uh... Abraham Lincoln... Billy the Kid: Way to go, egghead. Socrates: Geek! Sigmund Freud: What is a geek? Ted: [sits up] Whoa.... Freud: Okay, Ted? Freud: Bill? [motions toward the couch] Bill: Nah. Just got a minor oedipal complex. Ted: Please welcome the very excellent barbarian... Bill and Ted: MR. GENGHIS KHAN! [The students applaud wildly for Khan.] Bill: You know how to play, Rufus? Rufus: I play a little. Rufus does a solo of complex guitar riffs Bill: Most outstanding, Rufus! Let's jam! [the boys and princesses prepare to jam] Ted: Bill, my friend? Bill: Yes Ted, my friend? Ted: This has been a most excellent adventure. Both: 1! 2! 1-2-3-4! [The band start playing, very badly] Rufus(to the camera): They do get better. • Time flies when you're having fun. • Party on, dudes! • The funniest comedy in the history of history. See also[edit] External links[edit]
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20577	David Husband Archives Recently in David Husband Category March 5, 2014 Offensive Cyber Operations and America's Grand Strategy Mistake David Husband image The New York Times recently revealed a secret debate that has been taking place behind the scenes within the Obama Administration regarding whether or not to undertake cyber-attacks against the Assad regime in Syria. The Pentagon and the National Security Agency developed a plan in 2011 to "essentially turn the lights out for Assad," but President Obama rejected the cyber-strikes, as well as regular kinetic approaches, to the conflict. The Times speculates that some of the reasons for not attacking Syria include the doubtful utility of the strikes, the possibility of retaliation, and the larger debate about the use of cyber-weapons in general. Another possible reason, which the NYT does not discuss, may be a lack of legal authority. Over at Lawfare, Jack Goldsmith provides a cogent analysis of the potential domestic legal basis for the strikes. Goldmsith first notes the relatively sparse legal authority for the President to undertake overt action without the support of Congress against an adversary that is unconnected to the war on terror (so the AUMF would not apply.) He also believes it is unlikely to fall within the Article II self-defense powers that may have justified action against Iran (as with Stuxnet), while concluding there might be statutory authority under § 954 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012. However, it is the larger debate over the use of cyber-weapons in general that is most fascinating. The Washington Post disclosed last August that America mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011 alone, noting that "the scope and scale of offensive operations represent an evolution in policy, which in the past sought to preserve an international norm against acts of aggression in cyberspace, in part because U.S. economic and military power depend so heavily on computers." A major question is why has this policy changed? Why is the American military so determined to engage in offensive cyber-warfare when America may be one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to cyber attack? There should be a serious, public debate about the value of offensive cyber operations for American security versus the costs. There are indications that this debate has occurred behind the scenes, but if we have learned anything from the NSA surveillance scandal, it is that the American people should be involved in the debate. It is the American people who should be setting the terms of whether we should even engage in this war and, if we choose to do so, to what extent we should prosecute the war. This debate, quite frankly, should be far more public than it has been. It is high time that Americans are aware of what is being done in our name in the realm of national security, when the potential blowback and costs are so high. The costs are manifold: they include giving increased prominence to cyber-warfare (thus increasing the likelihood that cyber-attacks will become a more broadly accepted military option), militarizing cyberspace and the internet, the publicity costs and reputational harm to American interests when these secret operations are inevitably revealed, and the threat of counter-attacks which can cause substantial economic damage when they occur. Finally, in a time of budget austerity, the increased cyber-arms race represents misdirected tax dollars that could be developing America rather than tearing down other countries. In 1800, the submarine was first introduced to the Royal Navy, impressing Prime Minister William Pitt, but not the First Sea Lord at the time, Earl Vincent. Vincent exclaimed, "Pitt was the greatest fool that ever existed to encourage a mode of warfare, which those who command the sea did not want, and which, if successful, would deprive them of it." Obviously, the answer to the submarine problem was not simply to ignore submarines. From the Royal Navy's perspective, the answer was to focus on devising effective responses to them in order to maintain control of the ocean. Yet, there is wisdom in Vincent's words. Why encourage and lead the way in developing an asymmetric technology that can dangerously harm your position, which you have expended great blood and treasure to build up? Even if this technology were developed, why would you do so while your existing defenses were woefully inadequate? This, in short, is the dilemma the American military is facing with regards to cyber-warfare. According to security experts, "Cyberwar is the greatest threat facing the United States--outstripping even terrorism." Former Secretary of Defense Leon Pannetta publicly proclaimed, "such a destructive cyber attack could virtually paralyze the nation." Yet currently, the "most kinetic cyberattack to date was probably the Stuxnet worm that attacked Iran's Natanz nuclear enrichment facility in 2010," which the U.S. is widely believed to be responsible for. Previously, the Pentagon seemed to understand these shortcomings, believing that cyber-deterrence would be exceptionally difficult. However, the current strategic thinking seems to be that engaging in offensive cyber operations will have a deterrent effect on other countries, making them less likely to engage in cyber-conflict with us if they see how strong they are. It is difficult to be sure this is the exact strategic thinking because the relevant documents are highly classified, despite EPIC's attempt to secure public access to them through the Freedom of Information Act. However, this idea is flawed, because cyber-warfare seems an ideal asymmetric tool for terrorists, non-attributable state actors, or attributable state actors who are too powerful for us to directly confront (China and Russia spring to mind). It seems a clear error of grand strategy to escalate a cyber arms race that could leave American infrastructure in shambles, with stunned Americans cast into sudden darkness, if we are attacked The risk of a "cyber Pearl Harbor" to our critical infrastructure that we are frequently warned about is only exacerbated when we are constantly striking at the infrastructure of other countries. The politics of secret destruction in the name of national security are always easy--it is the politics of informed debate and creation in the name of democracy that are truly challenging. January 28, 2014 David Husband image This past year, there has been a great deal of commentary, some of it derisive, regarding Representative James Sensenbrenner's claim to have skipped relevant classified briefings and then not to have been informed of the subsequent classified programs. Ben Wittes over at Lawfare has been particularly scathing and Stewart Baker has included Sensenbrenner as a candidate for his newly-created Privy Awards, designed to honor the "Privacy Hypocrite" of the year award. Sensenbrenner ended up receiving a mere 12% of the overall vote for, placing him 4th out of 5 candidates and losing to Kathleen Sebelius. However, upon a closer examination, this behavior is not as laughable as it might seem. In fact, it indicates an important aspect of the realities of engaging in political oversight of the highly classified intelligence community that has not yet been discussed. The desire to avoid being co-opted by the intelligence community is a powerful explanation of why a Congressional member might skip classified briefings. Sensenbrenner explained to the Washington Post one of his primary rationales for not attending. The Post explained, "He called the practice of classified briefings a 'rope-a-dope' operation in which lawmakers are given information and then forbidden from speaking out about it. Members are not permitted to discuss information disclosed in classified briefings. 'It's the same old game they use to suck members in,' he said." There has been very little discussion of the dilemma that being exposed to classified programs imposes on a member when they disagree with the program, wish to garner public support for change, and are unable to do so because of classification rules. The most prominent example is that of Senator Ron Wyden, who unable to get sufficient discussion of the NSA bulk meta-data collection program into the public sphere, decided to ask National Intelligence Director James Clapper, in open session a question he already knew the answer to. As Ryan Lizza of the New Yorker describes the scene: "Wyden leaned forward and read Alexander's comment. Then he asked, 'What I wanted to see is if you could give me a yes or no answer to the question 'Does the N.S.A. collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?' " Clapper slouched in his chair. He touched the fingertips of his right hand to his forehead and made a fist with his left hand. 'No, sir,' he said. He gave a quick shake of his head and looked down at the table. 'It does not?' Wyden asked, with exaggerated surprise. 'Not wittingly,' Clapper replied. He started scratching his forehead and looked away from Wyden. 'There are cases where they could inadvertently perhaps collect, but not wittingly.' Wyden told me, 'The answer was obviously misleading, false.' Feinstein said, 'I was startled by the answer.'" After the Snowden leaks, Clapper was forced to apologize for what he described as a "clearly erroneous" response and later in an interview to Andrea Mitchell, explained that he responded in "what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner by saying no." It's important to dwell on this. Clapper gave an answer that was demonstrably false. He has argued that he had a different conception of the question in his head, but either way, he gave an answer that was not true in open session and declined the opportunity to request a classified briefing (which was the appropriate response, but would have alerted the American people that the NSA does in fact collect data on "millions or hundreds of millions of Americans.") The U.S. Congress has not yet taken any steps to censure Clapper, but on December 19, 2013, Congressman Sensenbrenner and six other Congressman, sent a letter requesting that the DOJ investigate Clapper's statements and respond by January 10, 2014. Sensenbrenner and Wyden offer two different approaches to dealing with the challenges of intelligence programs that Congress is tasked to oversee, which operate in deep secrecy, away from the gaze of the American people. One attempt, led by Senator Wyden, is to attempt to continue to draw attention to the program, to question the intelligence officials heavily, and to seek to spark a debate. However, this can be frustrated by the willingness of intelligence officials to dissemble and to engage in semantic word games where words that mean one thing to the American people have a very different meaning within the intelligence community. The second approach is to recognize that the intelligence community often can be evasive and legalistic and after long experience with it, to simply refuse to play the game on the intelligence community's terms. According to the Post, both Senator Wyden and Senator Mark Udall alleged that misleading statements have occurred, "even during classified sessions." There is evidence that other Congressman in addition to Sensenbrenner are refusing to play the intelligence community's game. Recently, the General Counsel for the Director for National Intelligence, Robert Litt, engaged in a defense of Clapper's testimony in a letter to the New York Times. He argued that Clapper was "surprised by the question and focused his mind on the collection of the content of American's communications. In that context, his answer was and is accurate." According to the Washington Post, this is the fourth attempt to explain Clapper's statement and "is at odds with Clapper's own previous admission that he had given the 'least untruthful answer' he could give in response to a question about a classified program." Congressman Mike Rogers, Chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, has refused to let Litt testify before his panel since last summer, even in classified sessions. An unnamed US government official noted, "The committee has not found Bob to be the most effective witness to explain complex legal and policy issues" and his testimony before other committees has been described as "conciliatory in tone, but often tailored in legalistic fashion to obscure broader truths." Sensenbrenner was Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee from 2001-2007, one of the key architects of the USA Patriot Act, and thus qualified to speak on his experiences with the intelligence community and the original intentions of the USA Patriot Act. As he complained, "How can we do good oversight if we don't get truthful and non-misleading testimony?" How indeed? About this Archive This page is an archive of recent entries written by David Husband.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20589	search this blog Monday, June 19, 2017 How genetics is settling the Aryan migration debate See also... «Oldest ‹Older 201 – 272 of 272 Matt said... Another couple to test: Seems like removing 0 length drifts and admixture edges just naturally converges this more towards your model Davidski. Would it be possible to run the outlier sheet for these, so I can see what is happening there? Of course the difference from your model is that this is modeling South Asians as West Asian HG+a population basal to West_Eurasian and East_Eurasian (but derived to Basal-Eurasian), so I'm interested to see if this fails in all kinds of ways in the outlier sheet... Arza said... @ "Tales from a parallel Universe" WHG + Iran Neolithic = Tajik Z-score: 0.107 Arza said... WHG + Iran Neolithic = Tajik + Lithuanian Z-score: -0.210 Davidski said... Too many outliers to list in the second test. By the way, some issues... label Onge Onge label CHG Caucasus_Mesolithic label EHG Eastern_Europe_Mesolithic Should be: label Andamanese_Onge Andamanese_Onge label Caucasus_Mesolithic Caucasus_Mesolithic label Eastern_Europe_Mesolithic Eastern_Europe_Mesolithic Davidski said... That Tajik model makes sense. It's just a very simple version of reality which is that Tajiks are mostly a mixture of ancient Caucaso-Caspian populations and Eastern Europeans. RAGERAGE said... Klyosov, A. and Faleeva, T. (2017) Excavated DNA from Two Khazar Burials. Advances in Anthropology, 7, 17-21. doi: 10.4236/aa.2017.71002. Davidski said... What point are you trying to make? Obviously, Z93 is found in Bronze Age and Iron Age Eastern European and Central Asian remains (Srubnaya, Scythians etc.) that could not have been Turkic speaking, but rather Indo-Iranian and Iranic. Also, Z645, the ancestral mutation to Z93, is found in Late Neolithic Eastern European remains belonging to the Corded Ware Culture, which no one in their right mind would classify as proto-Turkic, but rather early Indo-European. So the Khazars who belonged to Z93 were obviously of Iranic stock to some degree, and this is where they got their Z93. Do you agree? Karl_K said... And the newest Scythian ancient DNA paper pointed out that some Turkic speaking groups have the highest Scythian ancestry genome wide of anyone alive, but that their language had spread much more recently. This may help clarify when the language shift occurred. Azarov Dmitry said... R1a is very ancient in Eastern Europe and Siberia. This is already a fact because it's based on ancient DNA, and it makes sense, because much of Eastern Europe and much of Siberia have the same ecology. Formation of R1a root subclades (R1a-YP4141, R1a-M459, R1a-M198) took place between 19000 ybp and 14000 ybp and during this period Eastern Europe was covered with ice. So forget about Eastern Europe as a cradle of R1a folks and the same applies to R1b. It’s pretty much obvious that R1 splited on R1a and R1b haplos somewhere in Central Asia and then both haplos survived the LGM somewhere on the Iranian Plateau. Chad Rohlfsen said... Eastern Europe wasn't covered in ice. Read on the subject a little. Karl_K said... During the peak of the ice, you could walk all the way from Spain to Alaska, while hunting mammoth, bison, reindeer, horses, and other large animals. No need to wait it out in Iran. Samuel Andrews said... I think I've finally found method that allows one to easily analyse a population's mtDNA affinities in the most indepth way possible. This is something I've been trying to do for 2 years for now. I'm using this method right now on a really good collection of samples from West Eurasia, South Asia, and Siberia(22,000 samples in total). I've discovered many important previously West Eurasian subclades. Within the next month I should have some really interesting posts on my blog which analyse the mtDNA affinity of single regions or populations. Here are few interesting things I've already learned; Southern Italy shares a lot of mtDNA with the Balkans and Near East and there's a lot of popular East European(Slavic?)-specific lineages. Salden said... It's embarassingly obvious that opposition to Ancient Steppe admixture in India seen here roots in the following: 1. A hatred of Europe that drives one to deny a shared heritage. 2. A fear at the notion of being a "mongrel." EastPole said... 1. A hatred of Europe that drives one to deny a shared heritage.” Why do they hate Eastern Europe? We have never had colonies and never done anything wrong to them. It is R1a rich Eastern Europe that they have shared heritage with, not R1b rich Western Europe which had colonies. They should differentiate. Azarov Dmitry said... Steppe tundra was not covered with ice but still it was a very harsh place for living. While the Iranian Plateau was a zone with pretty good climate and it could ensure survival of large groups of pops. It’s like a choice between Siberia and Florida. There’s no need to stay in ass frozing hell if you can migrated only 1000 km and live in sunny paradise. Ric Hern said... And that is why the Inuit imigrated to Sunny California ? Some people cling tof the Habitat that they know because they figured out how to live there through thousands of years of trial and error... Ric Hern said... Most climate changes that lasted for thousands of years took thousands of years to reach their Maximum and thousands of years to decline. This was certainly enough time to adapt to the changes ? Only extreme cases like the sudden dustbowl effect in the US for example forced people to migrate long distances..... Matt said... @Davidski: Too many outliers to list in the second test. Ah, removed Ami from the tree, but forgot to take it out of the pops, which breaks the graph. Should be: Samuel Andrews said... "Many people have some kind of feeling that their own current physical location.....have some bearing on their 'real' genetic idenity." The fact is people rarely mix with foreigners, people rarely immigrate into new lands, and population replacement rarely happens. The main thing we look for is migration. So when it does happen once every so many thousands of years we all freak out. The point is we exaggerate how common migration is. If you're Indian, it's not so crazy or naive to have a genetic identity with the geographic location of India and to think your ancestors have always lived there. Rob said... Yeah its a bit hard to say for sure, but I think R1a arrived to eastern Europe after the LGM, clustered around the boreal forests, making think that it arrived from Siberia. Then most of the later branches expanded from E.E. R1b had arrived earlier, from ? central Asia via a more southern trajectory, the Black Sea - Caucasus - Balkan route. Azarov Dmitry said... @Ric Hern And that is why the Inuit imigrated to Sunny California ? That’s why ancestors of Inuit migrated from north to south and populated Sunny California and South America. Rob said... @ Azarov What are you basing your 'sunny California' hypothesis on ? During the LGM most of Eurasia had more severe and harsh climate, not just Europe. The Zagros region was harsh, cold & treeless, which only improved c. 14 ky BP. There was indeed population continuity, at least on the basis of archaeology, since the local "Aurignacian". But populations continued to lived in EE and Siberia also. So at present its difficult to be so confident of how things lay in the world c. 20 ky BP, Jaydeep said... Any idea when is the next significant aDNA paper coming ? batman said... You need to start with some known refugia(s) - from a time well defined as a 'glacial period'. To find the coldest and most devastating 'glacial period' - when a basic bottleneck of the Eurasian genome was created. Thus "LGM" have become a term containing the time-span 25.000 - 12.000 BP. Which means the present distribiution of human dna within the arctic circumference is no more than 12.000 years. Moreover it means that the refugia(s) in question would have survived BOTH glacial maxima, at 21-18000 BP as well as 13-12000 BP. So which areas of northern Eurasia (and northern America) have known populations existing onto and throughout both these periods - as well as immdeiately after...? Ajay said... Pointing out problems with Kurgan theory does not signify hatred towards anyone, we all have shared heritage one way or another and are admixed but nothing points to Yamnaya speaking PIE or even late-PIE as for now. I also agree with Kristiina on various things she has pointed out about Volga-Urals and Uralics. When it comes to South Asia, there are already various problems. There is no archaeological trail of Yamnaya migration to the region (burials, pottery, stone weapons) and to propose they contributed 30-50% admixture to Indo-Aryans is unrealistic. Much talked about in European archaeology "Cord-impressed egg-shaped" Yamnaya pottery is also not found during this time period or those stone axes. South Asia had such simialr cord-impressed egg-shaped pottery in Late Mesolithic/Early Neolithic in Eastern India but it fell out of vogue before farming revolution, nothing points to them being "Yamnaya". Bronze work starts in early Neolithic in IVC. It was followed by Iron work (Black and Red ware culture) only a two centuries after Hitties, Iron works are also very different technique from those applied in West Asia. Europe has ancient DNA from every period currently. Iran has only Mesolithic and Neolithic but it's not enough. We need Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic ancient DNA from South Asia, West Asia Central Asia to conclude anything. Davidski said... batman said... Better start defining the origin of the arctic Eurasians that - obviously - did survive LGM; somewhere north of Zagros, Taurus, Anatolia, Greece, Italy and Spain. If Pinhasi et al is right there should be at least ONE refugia north of the 45th parallel, to explain the homogenity of the North Europeans. If we're able to define their refugia in space - as we are in time - we should be able to spot the historic reality behind the mythic terms "ari" (arien/arian) and "asi" (aser/azur). See also; 'Asia'. In the Icelandic myths the "Aser" are known as paralells to the "Ari" of the Indian myths. As the first and oldest among the arctic populations - surviving "a climate catastrophe known as the "Fimbulwinter", when the survivors had to endure "a winter that endured for three whole years, without no summers inbetween". Comparing the Icelandic Rig-stula and the Indian Rig-veda one may find that they really shared a common history - bore by formalized, traded memories; from story-teller to story-teller, within a common, I-E language-family. That's old as the Eurasian north, i.e. some 11.500 years. When the arctic men and women grew may enough to start inter-relating with their tropical cousins, from whom they've been isolated since the start of LGM. If not longer... Starting with the arcic makro-groups y-dna F it should be possible to explain it's post-glacial branching as a common event - as new branches of y-dna GHIJK were formed, rooted and developed into regional dynasties - respectively - from Gibraltar to Manchuria. Thus we may adress the G-dynasty as the original 'arians' of the Meds, while sub-branches of the brother-line y-dna I populated Northern Europe, while H and J became dynasties on the Indian subcontinent. Add the Uralian north - which developed by it's own as a peculiar language of the forest-people, peopling the Boreal forest of eastern Eurasia. - and the repopulation of Eurasia is pretty much clearified. As a moverment from west to east - and than from north to south - as the arctic survivors multiplied, spread and developed regular contacts with the tropical populations of the post-glacial world. The origin and spread of the linguistic stem creating the root of the I-E languages can be easily explained as a result of an "arian migration" that started just after ice-time, as the arctic and tropic were able to - finally - meet again. To re-fertilize and repopulate the vast but barren post.glacial nature, north of the 40th paralell. As well as building similar cultures, centras and capitols with and within the tropical etnicities. Thus the I-E language - as well as the I-E artforms and symbolism - can be tracked to the initial spread of the 'arctic' culture - where horti-cultivation as agri-cultivation and domestication was long-standing traditions, due to existential needs. Not to mention salmon-fishing; Nirjhar007 said... Any idea when is the next significant aDNA paper coming ? Greek . The very important one , unfortunately for some specific reasons the publication is delayed. But should be out very soon . Ajay said... Your theory reminds me of what Mark Pagel et al (2013) proposes, some 7 language families found in Eurasia having common ancestor some 15k ybp ago. There is various criticism of Mark Pagels theory however, which can be found here. Ajay said... @Azarov Dmitry Agreed. Horvath et al. 2016 and Semenov et al. 2016 propose R1a migration from Iranian plateau to else where in Eurasia. R1a* M420 which is upstream clad to R1a1* is still found there. R1b* (M343) which is upstream clad to other R1b1* in Eurasia is also found in Iran. We don't find old upstream R1a* and R1b* in other parts of Eurasia. I'm sure more ancient DNA from Iran and South Central Asia will solve this issue. Ir Pegasus said... Forget the word Yamnaya. The Kurgan theory aka the Steppe theory aka the Eastern European theory is the theory the starting point of the Indo-European expansion. It says no strict binding to any cultures or to their sequence. It has no problems with the migration of Indo-Aryans into South Asia, because it does not approve of any migration of the Yamnaya culture into South Asia, this claim to you personally. You confuse the eras and millenniums and cultures. As we see you know nothing of archeology, otherwise he would know that the Painted Grey Ware culture there are ceramics like a ceramic of the Carpathians-Danube region, but it have not any analogues out of Europe. And other and other and other... batman said... I've linked to Pagel et al on this blog already, adding that "15.000 yrs BP" is to be understood as the "Younger Dryas-period". This was the period where northern America and Eurasia experienced an exceptional drop in yearly main temperature, by some 5 centigrade in less than 50 years - leading to a mass-extinction of Eurasian mammals - and a severe bottle-neck to the ones that survived - within some 'climatical refugia(s)'. The cause of this lethal climate-drop is disputed but it's appearance, consequence and impact duely documented. Seemingly there were a first and worst drop starting some 12.930 yrs BP, dropping more than 5 centigrades in less than 50 years. Then there was yet another, though smaller drop appearing at the end of the "Younger Dryas". All in all the drop in main annual temperature is repported as 9-10 centigrade i Europe - and 15 degrees over the Greenland Ice Sheet, from where there are de facto messurements available, as drilled ice-cores. Today it's pretty clear that this cathastrophe was ending just about 12.000 BP - when the climate suddenly improves as sudden as the cold-waves came. As Younger Dryas becomes Early Holocene the main-temperature in Europe rises some 9-10 degrees - to the level of the Alleroed interstadial, equalling todays climate-type - in less than 300 years. Which in and of itself is out of the ordinary - again pulling the question of what caused such abnormal plunges in the earths climate. That may even confirm the myths of Rigstula and Rigveda, both stating that the indigenious Eurasians are a product of a common, post-glacial ancestor - known to have survived "the time of frost, rim and ice". While turning 'arctical' - as a proto-type of the 'colorless caucasian'. Still to be seen among the indigenous NW Europeans... Davidski said... Is there any reason you ignored all those R1a and R1b indigenous forager samples from all over Eastern Europe with no signs of any admixture from Iran or South Central Asia? You don't think they're relevant to this? Ir Pegasus said... "R1a migration from Iranian plateau to else where in Eurasia. R1a* M420 is still found there." This is incorrect information. It comes from an Underhill (from 2009 etc.) who mistakenly believes subclade R1a-YP4141 for R1a, which is associated with its limitations in testing. He had a lot of mistakes due to the fact that many samples they do not typedown, so he called it "basal", but it's not. Subclade R1a-YP4141 has two very old branches: (West) European YP4132 and Western Asian YP5018, which is likely brought Hittite-Luvians. See A few years ago there was also R1a in East Asian samples. Ajay said... Those are downstream clads found in EHG or else we would see upstream clads along side downstream clads within various Kurgan people. Let us wait and see what ancient DNA from Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic Central Asia and South Asia shows. EHG is admixted. ANE is also admixed. We don't know who those UHG from West Asia are either, a lot is unclear and aDNA is still at its early stages. @Ir Pegasus "which is likely brought Hittite-Luvians." did you time-travel and had a look at their Y-DNA? We have no Hittite-Luvian DNA. Ajay said... @Ir Pegnesus I was talking about European archaeologists about their bizarre "Pottery not people" theory with those Kurgan Cord-impressed pottery arriving to Europe with expansion of Samara/Yamnaya-like people theory. We find similar pottery already in Pitted Ware culture in Scandinavia, in mesolithic/neolithic Eastern India and Central India, in East Asia and Southeast Asia - all had similar hunter-gatherer cord-impressed egg-shaped pottery like Yamnaya and none of cultures have anything to do with Yamnaya or Kurgan-like expansion in those regions. About Painted Grey Ware : That is laughable, Painted Grey Ware is somewhat continuity of Harrapan pottery tradition. This is according to archaeologists, including Mallorys and Anthonys "Elite recruitment" theory where pottery was made by local people, not elites. Painted Grey Ware pottery is not associated with anything west of Indus river. Ir Pegasus said... Painted Grey Ware ceramic is not the Painted Grey Ware culture! The Painted Grey Ware ceramics were only 10% in the Painted Grey Ware culture! Name of a culture is conventionality which mean nothing. Painted Grey Ware ceramic is mean nothing. Gill said... While the Yamnaya -> Corded Ware (R1a1) -> Sintashta/Andronovo (R1a-Z93-Z2124) connection is established through genetics and archaeology, it's still mostly the Z2124 clade of Z93 that's accounted for, and that has limited presence east of the Indus river. It's the main clade in Afghanistan though, so that addresses the origin of the Pashtun, an Indo-Iranian ethnic group speaking an Indo-Iranian language (and Z2124 is the main clade in Tajiks too I suppose? Someone correct me if I'm wrong). But L657, the primary clade of Indo-Aryans (well, R1a Indians and other South/Southwest Asians), is still not accounted for. Gill said... The closest thing to a root (R-Y3) is one sample from Eastern Saudi-Arabia: Though there's also a R-Z2124 from Saudi-Arabia. But the next oldest is a Z2122* from Russia. Ir Pegasus said... "Corded Ware (R1a1) -> Sintashta/Andronovo (R1a-Z93-Z2124)" it is good. "While the Yamnaya -> Corded Ware (R1a1)" it is not good now because Yamnaya is R1b-Z2103 while. Coldmountains said... Pashtuns , Tajiks and Afghan Uzbeks have around 10% L657. Tajiks and Uzbeks have almost as much L657 as Z2124. Pashtuns are 40-45% Z2124>YP413>M12280(looks like a recent founder effect and 10% L657 + a bit Y40 and Z93-. So the L657/Z2124 ratio is higher in the North than in the East which is closer to India. Basal M780 was found in Ukraine and M780 is just a bit upstream of L657. Coldmountains said... Only late northeastern Andronovo was tested. I expect L657 to be found in early Southern Andronovo. L657 seems to be older than Andronovo and was probably born in Abashevo. Jaap said... The word 'crashed' in the title is somewhat provocative. Steppe-genes ended up in India in large numbers, so much is obvious. They brought a language, and a religeous vocabulary, plus possibly one or two other things. Remarkably R1a, no R1b took psrt in this migration-process. This three-pronged transition (genes, language, religion) is a bit of Behemoth of a fact. It's huge and puzzling, as the authochtonous population was so advanced and so numerous. They seem to have got along like a house on fire! A slightly ambivalent formulation ... How they came, when they came, where they came (the route), whence they came (what steppe-group exactly), why they came ... No one has the slightest idea, but somehow everyone has an idea, a visualisation of how this Behemoth took place. Thus the whole thing is fraught with projections. And in such a situation it is notoriously hard to keep thinking straight. The word 'Aryan' has an awful ring. As does 'Caucasian'. Frankly it would be better to steer clear of these words as thay are so laden with racial prejudice, and worse: Nazi propaganda. All the white guys posting on this blog are handicapped by this relic from the past. The Indian guys look past this with ease. Other stereotypes muddle up the issue; Tatars, Avars, Huns, and what have you, are continously galloping on horseback from the steppe, whooping and hollering (Karl May stuff, that), wreaking all sorts of sadistic havoc on quite innocent agrarian people trying to make ends meet in the face of adversity. There's absolutely no evidence the Yamnaya - or the Yamnaya-like - at issue here were like that at all. They could well have been raiders, but they needn't have been. Maybe they were traders or diplomats. Scythians were later. And even they may have had a bad press for unknown reasons ... Yamnaya and Cucuteni-settlements coexisted peacefully (? Maybe not our idea of 'peace', but still ...) for centuries. The Indian guys posting here tend to have problems with what Davidsky calls the little details. Again: very provocative! They are looking for the trail, the evidence for what happened. Most of all they want the narrative to be in accordance with the ancient literary Avestan and Sanscrit sources. Let's call a spade a spade: there was no 'invasion': not a shred of evidence for that in the archealogical record! There was a migration, though! But not attested as such in the ancient literature. This ancient record doesn't lie, it is not trying to hide anything. They insist the narrative should be in accordance with 'the memories', and I'm inclined to agree. This ancient record has been painstakingly upheld in the memory of the people because of an agenda unfamiliar to us, for thousands of years. It must somehow be respected. NB. For the same reason I think that the record left by Celtic scribes should not be dismissed as 'legendary'. It held truth 'according to them', and this differs from the truth according to us. But I think it is important to realise that it can't lie! So any narrative should try to somehow accord with it. Matt said... @ Davidski, cheers. I'm pretty certain I can't modify this model any more to get anything like as low a Z score for the same populations as you have achieved through the model in your main post (2.229 vs 3.736)! Without adding some kind of admixture from both Iran_N and Steppe and probably Onge. This seems like the closest that is possible for a model using admixture of Basal ANI / ASI proxies. For a last model to try: Vara said... "Most of all they want the narrative to be in accordance with the ancient literary Avestan and Sanscrit sources." There's no such thing as that. Only in the Vedas there's such a thing as Indo-Aryans as being given their current land by Yama. Yama's original land could be anywhere even 3 miles west of wherever the IA land was. On the other hand, the steppe fanboys just pick and choose whatever fits with their narrative. 1. They ignore Rigveda so that the Indo-Aryans can reach the Indus post 1500BCE. The Rigveda is the least mythical Veda but it's considered purely myths by them. 2. They ignore the Gathas while using the Younger Avesta as proof of the Andronovo migration. There's no such thing as chariots in the Gathas and the warrior caste is not related to chariots for once, and that's weird for the "descendants" of Andronovo. What they use from the Gathas are the names that in end up in aspa (horse), an animal found even in Mesopotamia, while ignoring the ustra(camel) that Indo-Iranians were familiar with. Camels only appeared north of BMAC post 1200BCE and they were very rare. They use the Yashts instead, which are post Achaemenid texts and finished during the late Sassanid era. Agreed. There were conflicts atleast post 1400BCE, though. But what's really annoying are the double standards used here. No Andornovo burials in BMAC just some pottery and that's considered a migration. Yet, these same people consider metallurgy and kurgans came from the females of Maykop or from trade. Davidski said... Ric Hern said... What I take from these discussions is that some try to tell us that Indo-Aryan Languages are not Connected to Indo-European languages in Europe and there are no Connection between Ireland and India ? I am at least glad to know that Indo-Europeans in Europe knows where they originated from Genetically and most probably Culturally as well. Coldmountains said... @Ric Hern Nationalist Indians very much want take pride in the uniqueness of Indian civilization and want to unite Indo-Aryans, Dravidians and other people of India under on nationalists ideology so AMT is a big problem for them because it very much means that Indian civilization took impulses from the West (not just Aryans but also Neolithic farmers from Iran) and that there is some deeper divide between Dravidians and Aryans. So many of them claim that Hindi is closer to Telugu/Tamil/.. than to Irish because Telugu has some Sanskrit words. It is very much a desperate argumentation but many believe it because they want to believe it. An Afghan or Pakistani would rarely have a problem with AMT because they would take pride in having some "foreign " ancestry from the northwest. Matt said... Hmm, that didn't work. Can't improve that model with simply an edge from Iran_N. Could try a Steppe_EMBA edge there, but I think I'll abandon variations on this model. @ Davidski, changing tack, have you tried modelling the maximum ASI populations with your successful main model? That's populations like GujaratiD, Paniya. Also populations that look like ASI+East Asian: Munda, Kusunda. Ideally could be good to fit two populations at the extreme end of the South Asian cline on the same graph, because that should add more constraint to the ANI and ASI populations. Sleept Kat said... "It's actually pretty funny reading some Slavocentric posts about how Zarathushtra was born around the Volga! Yep, the owner of the golden camels lived in an area were no camels lived!" Well, you might laugh... But camels were actually common in Volga region until half a century ago. Nowadays only very few are left. Davidski said... You mean like this? MfA said... The Saudi Z2124*'s surname is Kurdi. He used to use Turkey as country of origin but apparently has changed it to KSA later on. Matt said... Yep, just I was thinking instead of Paniya and Gond on the same graph, using Paniya and Brahmin_India on the same graph: Basically because the input of D9 and D7 into D10 differs for Paniya and Brahmin_India, so I was interested in how that would affect the model, and whether that would make a model necessary where you have an extra D7+C2 population necessary. Which would be: Davidski said... Matt said... Thanks. Funnily enough it seems like the second model with a separate ASI which is Iran_N related plus ENA actually gave a worse Z score fit. I was not expecting that. Proportions looking at the better model where Paniya and Brahmin_India are co-fit Brahmin_India: Iran_N - 32%, CHG - 18%, EHG - 16%, South_Asian - 34% (total Steppe - 34%). Paniya: Iran_N - 9%, CHG - 5%, EHG - 4%, South Asian - 82% (total Steppe - 9%). Makes sense. Perhaps the reason why the separate ASI with its own Iran_N is not necessary is that the level of West Eurasian type components in Paniya is so low... Couple of other graphs (though I suspect these might be harder to fit): Fitting Gond, Brahmin_India and Kalash together - Fitting Paniya and Kharia together, using Ami for the East Eurasian edge into Kharia - Arza said... @ Matt Maybe this will help you a little bit: May contain peanuts and an answer to Garvan's question: b) Would the model work if Iran_Neolithic ancestry came in two waves, both before the steppe admixture, and again as part of the steppe admixture? Is this not the most likely case? Arza said... @ Matt With Ami added to the equation it looks like that: Arza said... For the model that includes Ami I have such two ghosts (Global_10): ASI_1 is based on Iran_N I1945 and Chamar ASI_2 is based on Ami and Bonda Population,Iran_Neolithic:I1945,ASI_1,ASI_2,Ami,D statistic So if this model is true the real ASI was somewhere around these two points. Vara said... @Sleept Kat All camel remains north of BMAC before 1200BCE are now classified as onager remains. Camels became common sometimes after 1000BCE and really common when the Silk Road came to be. @Ric Hern Most Out Of India people believe in an Indo-European language that came out of IVC, which is not possible. Salden said... Update on the Moroccan samples. They're apparently from this excavation: The poster who leaked an upcoming study supported it being from that study: Davidski said... And I don't have Ami, Kharia and Paniya in the same dataset, so... Matt said... @ Davidski, great, thanks: Proportion comparisons between these two models and five populations: Problem stats with the model with Munda and India_South relate to the greater relatedness of ANE related populations to Ami than Andamanese... f4( Yor Cau And Ami) model: 0, reality: 0.004032, difference: 0.004032, standard error?: 0.001331, Z (difference/standard error) 3.029 f4 (Yor Yam And Ami) model: 0, reality: 0.004567, difference: 0.004567, standard error?: 0.001131, Z: 4.039 f4 (Yor Eas And Ami) model: 0, reality: 0.006261, difference: 0.006261, standard error?: 0.001498, Z: 4.178 saman sistani said... This wait for the next papers is too tense, some History is on the brink of being solved. Does anyone know if the Mycenaean samples are of elite burials, and how many samples there possibly could be, is there a chance of any Iron age samples being included. As for the IE question, these Mycenaeans will be of utter importance, IMO more so then the IVC reults. Comrade Theodore said... Can you suggest me a top 20 books to make sense of the debate going on in here. Davidski said... Well I wish I could, but things are moving so quickly in this area and related fields that just about all of the books out there are outdated. Best thing you can do is to go through this blog and read the entries that you're interested in plus the scientific papers that they link to. Or you can just wait for the big ancient DNA papers on South Asia that will come out later this year and/or next year. They'll have the very latest data and concepts, plus I'll be analyzing the data here when it's released. Anonymous said... @Azarov Dmitry HG's don't do that. They followed the herds of mammoths untill these got extinct. Then they dispersed. Hence the Epigravettian. BTW, Eskimo's didn't go to Florida either. Aditya Singh said... Argument similar to Jaydeep made here. Only ancient DNA from subcontinent will prove the correct migration theory. This matter is far from settled. Davidski said... @Aditya Singh The article you linked to is nonsense. The author is arguing that up is down and down is up based on outdated data. Rami said... Wow David your going from bitter to outright crazy. Being more equivocal would serve you better. Davidski said... The article that was linked to was fact free. If you think that it did offer something useful then you're living in la la land like the author. Too bad for you. And you'll see exactly how "crazy" I am when the ancient DNA data from South Asia are published. Samurai Jack said... "The reason for no Clear Archaeological Material connection between Steppe and India could maybe be that Steppe people adopted the Cultures that they came into contact with, much like what happened in Western Europe with the Bell Beaker phenomenon...." Or could be the oversimpfication and trying too hard to fit a false theory, couldn't it? Samurai Jack said... "specially the ones when they explicitly say that they are from elsewhere, not India." LMAO! Thanks for exposing your retardation. Go and read Shrikant Talageri's work on this. He has proved the origin of Aryans is in India as per Vedic and Avestan texts. «Oldest ‹Older 201 – 272 of 272 Newer› Newest»
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20596	Page 9 of 9 Re: Barak - expectations revisited Posted: Wed Jul 04, 2012 11:21 pm by JasonJones Oscar_Actuary wrote:We may have to take your kids. The reported average cost of a single child in foster care is over $25 000/year. There are already over 100 000 kids waiting to be adopted. Federal and state spending on the foster system is roughly $9 billion annually. Kids who get too old for foster care eligibility disproportionately become criminals (80% arrest rate). It costs about $30 000 per inmate annually. Doesn't seem like a good return on investment. We currently rank higher in economic freedom than the US, with lower crime rates, better access to healthcare and a longer life expectancy (a lot of this is thanks to the current Conservative government) so it seems that socialism is currently working better; I get more services and have more money in my pocket. That's really all I'm interested in, and why I think government programs or "socialism" is at times the better solution. Obviously I'm simplifying a great deal, but there are times where the math really does work out in the favour of government programs. (I'd love to see more kids taken away from unfit parents, though.) Re: Barak - expectations revisited Posted: Sat Jul 07, 2012 7:21 am by hoosegow My only objection was painting with broad strokes. Both sides do it and it is distasteful. It boils down to philosophical name calling. You are one of the few that actually has very good points (though frequently misguided :) that doesn't need to resort to this. Sorry about the Al Sharpton comment - was designed to ruffle your feathers (worked, he he). And yah, you are way smarter than Al.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20626	Fake Paddys from Nordstrom? 1. Hey girls, I just bought my first Chloe from Nordstrom's today, and after reading the conflicting opinions in Jeannie's fake paddy thread...I got to thinking, what are the chances of a department store accepting a return and putting it back on sale without knowing that it was a fake? :amazed: Because I tend to be super paranoid about things, I'm a bit concerned about my metallic anthracite paddy. The round Chloe tag was a bit worn, so I suspect it was a returned item. Also, the buckles on each side of the bag, one of them is upside down (the chloe stamp on the buckle is facing downwards). Is that normal? Or can it easily be adjusted to upright? Below are some pics of my bag...someone please tell me I have nothing to worry about :Push: Some pics were taken with flash, some were not. If anyone needs to see more pics, let me know! 2. looks authentic...the buckles are supposed to be that way. 3. I came very close to purchasing a fake balenciaga bag at Neiman Marcus...it was a previous return and they had no idea it was fake. I brought it to their attention, but they didn't do anything about it. 4. It's possible, but not very probable. that said, the fake metallics look terrible. Very pleather like. You have nothing to worry about. I have the same bag, looks just like yours 5. It looks good. Usually the super fake counterfeiters don't do difficult colors like anthracite, mousse and taupe. Cause these colors are multi-facated and requires different components of dyes to get the exact shade. It's colors like ivory, tan and whiskey that are easily faked by the super counterfeiters. 6. Looks good to me too. Those longer date codes/numbers haven't shown up on fakes yet, I don't think. The cylinder/barrel is supposed to be next to the e, making one side always upside down. 7. Thanks for the input girls! I can sleep tonight, LOL. Gigi, that's horrible that NM did nothing about the fake Balenciaga! I hear that LV inspects their returns very thoroughly...but it must be a lot harder for department stores to do this. Thankfully there's a really small percentage of people who are scummy/gutsy enough to return a fake :hrmm: Thanks again everyone! :love: 8. Lulu, GORGEOUS!! And I like your new icon!! 9. Thanks Jenny! It's an old pic of Teddy. He doesn't lay under the table like that anymore...I think it's because he no longer fits under there, haha. 10. That is a scary thought...if we can't even rely on a department store anymore to catch someone returning counterfeit bag in place of the orginal one they bought...well, your bag looks authentic to me, and it's beautiful. I absolutely LOVE the metallic Anthracite and the silver hardware. I want that color next! 11. That bag is authentic. =) Dismiss Notice
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20627	Garden Party - creases on the canvas 1. I have my Garden Party Rouge Imperiale for 2 months now, and only yesterday did I notice "creases" on the sides of the bag, the area further down from the press buttons. I am sure I got them from clamping the bag against my body when I wear the GP on my shoulders. The creases or nicks make the bag look ugly. It's like little bents on a starched shirt. I am wondering if it can be fixed to make it look good again. 2. I don't recommend doing this unless someone with a lot more expertise than me confirms it's OK, but since the GP is fabric (right?) would steaming it help? 3. Mrs your PM......:smile: No, this hasn't happened to mine at all.....I'd prob. take it to show your SA and see what she says. Sounds weird? 4. can you take a pic of it? 5. OK, I'll be back in a minute. 6. K, I don't have a super duper camera to take close up pictures, so I am not sure of you can see them. They are just by the fold of the canvas by the sides. Like little pinkish/whitish worm-y creases. 7. Oh, S, I can't see them, but they don't sound right.........I think a trip back tot he store to get looked over would be in order........I wouldn't want this happening to mine, and yours is almost brand new!! Are the marks on the canvas part? 8. Yes, on the canvas. Sorry, I do not have a good camera for this sort of thing. The creases are very obvious IRL. And when I run my fingers over them, I can feel the irregularity with the rest of the smooth canvas. Looks like I have no choice but to bring it in to the store to have it checked. 9. I can't see them in your photos, but I just took a good look at my GP and don't have anything resembling creases. Mine is a couple of months old and has been getting heavy use .... you should take it back into the store. 10. Good Luck with it - let us know what they say...... 11. S, I can't see the creases from the pics. If you have the time, drop by the store & let them have a look...maybe Mr. Craftsman could do something..:flowers: 12. Sigh ... have I been 'abusing' my GP? How come I am the only one :crybaby: :crybaby:? It'll have to be next Tuesday then .... I'll stop using it right away .... 13. Mrs. S - I see some faint wavy creases on the left bottom side of the purse in picture #1.....Is this what we are suppose to see, b/c I see it, and I don't want you to think your nuts:yes: . Take it back to your SA, and see what can be done. If this is one of the white creases, how many are there?? I can't see any in the 2nd or the 3rd pictures. Good Luck when you take it in. Just wanted to let you know I see it. 14. NHL - you're right! I can see that, too! Mrs S - that's not right, colour loss like that......take it back and see what they suggest.......It looks like it has been rubbing against something, but still, it's practically brand new!! 15. Yes! That's right. That's what I meant. There are a few of these creases. And on BOTH sides of the bag. Intially I thought maybe they were scratches caused by my finger nails but when I realised they are on both sides of the bag, I figured they were creases caused when I pressed the bag against my body. Dismiss Notice
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20630	Chapter 28 ISA.28:2 Behold, the Lord has a mighty and strong one, Like a tempest of hail and a destroying storm, Like a flood of mighty waters overflowing, Who will bring them down to the earth with His hand. ISA.28:3 The crown of pride, the drunkards of Ephraim, Will be trampled underfoot; ISA.28:8 For all tables are full of vomit and filth; No place is clean. ISA.28:9 “Whom will he teach knowledge? And whom will he make to understand the message? Those just weaned from milk? Those just drawn from the breasts? ISA.28:11 For with stammering lips and another tongue He will speak to this people, ISA.28:13 But the word of the LORD was to them, “Precept upon precept, precept upon precept, Line upon line, line upon line, Here a little, there a little,” That they might go and fall backward, and be broken And snared and caught. ISA.28:14 Therefore hear the word of the LORD, you scornful men, Who rule this people who are in Jerusalem, ISA.28:20 For the bed is too short to stretch out on, And the covering so narrow that one cannot wrap himself in it. ISA.28:21 For the LORD will rise up as at Mount Perazim, He will be angry as in the Valley of Gibeon-That He may do His work, His awesome work, And bring to pass His act, His unusual act. ISA.28:23 Give ear and hear my voice, Listen and hear my speech. ISA.28:24 Does the plowman keep plowing all day to sow? Does he keep turning his soil and breaking the clods? ISA.28:25 When he has leveled its surface, Does he not sow the black cummin And scatter the cummin, Plant the wheat in rows, The barley in the appointed place, And the spelt in its place? ISA.28:26 For He instructs him in right judgment, His God teaches him. ISA.28:28 Bread flour must be ground; Therefore he does not thresh it forever, Break it with his cartwheel, Or crush it with his horsemen. ISA.28:29 This also comes from the LORD of hosts, Who is wonderful in counsel and excellent in guidance. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20659	cb28458 May 8, 2016 20 lines (14 sloc) 2 KB BPBible logo BPBible BPBible is a flexible Bible Study tool made using the SWORD project, Python and wxPython. It is absolutely free and designed to be easy to use. Find the latest release here, and more documentation on our wiki. BPBible main window The main BPBible window when changing the currently selected Bible. For more screenshots, see here. • Bible application: BPBible has many of the features you would expect in a Bible application - Bible, Commentary, and Dictionary support, Bible Search, Scripture tooltips, etc. • Cross verse searching: BPBible uses a proximity based search, rather than a verse-based search. This means that a search can cross verse boundaries, giving a more natural search. It also supports regular expressions and phrases. More info. • Flexible layout: BPBible lets you rearrange your layout, and will remember your layout for you. • Good module support: Due to the use of the SWORD libraries, BPBible can read many different Bibles and other books. The main module repository is hosted by CrossWire. More info on how to install these books in BPBible. • User Notes and Topic Management: BPBible supports taking notes on a passage, as well as collecting all the passages related to a topic into a list and then organising and commenting on those passages. More info. • Free: BPBible is licensed under the GPL (version 2) and is absolutely free. • Uses open source technology: BPBible uses open source technology including Python, wxPython and the SWORD project.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20660	Last Saturday, 4.5 million LEDs lit up the Nabana no Sato theme park of Kuwana, Japan, kicking off their annual Winter Light Show that runs until March 8th. This year's theme is one of flowers, illuminated in 64 billion colors that are reported to change color so quickly that they actually resemble a river more than a field of blooming plants. Pretty, but we're not so sure. We really like our holiday lights to involve plastic figures, mismatching bulb sizes and, if at all possible, a MIDI rendition of Grandma Got Ran Over By A Reindeer. [Fareastgizmos]
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20668	Giants In The Land Though the Smithsonian has hidden proof of giants in our land, we have many other countries who have been forthright in their discovery of these giants found within their countries during archeological excavations. Numerous giant, human skeletons have been found all over the world and date back hundreds and thousands of years. These are not skeletons of the “missing link” as has been stated by evolution theorists, but rather they are complete human skeletons, without a doubt. These skeletons found have been everywhere from 9′ to 36′ tall. So, what’s up with these giants and why don’t we find them today? Well, interestingly enough, we can find their heritage in the Bible all the way back to the days before Noah: These giants were called Nephilim, which is a half-breed of a fallen angel (sons of God) and a human. When the two of them mixed, this new creation was both giant in size and of super strength and much superior to people as far as physical abilities was concerned. If we believe the Bible as the accurate word of God, then we need to take seriously these genetically modified humans as God has definitely pointed them out for those who care to do some research about them. If you’d like a further description of how this all came to be, we’ll need to go back to the oldest book on record, and that is the Book of Enoch, yep, it even pre-dates the Bible. Enoch was Noah’s great-grandfather and walked with God. He and God were pals and so God told Enoch just about everything from the beginning of creation, to His plan with Jesus, and the final days on earth. He wrote everything down and his writings are pretty amazing and lines up perfectly with the Bible. For most of us though, the book is very obscure and hard for our minds to grasp. The creation of the giants is just one of those obscure occurrences. Who says the Bible is boring? Definitely not me. Let’s read between the lines of Genesis and take a look at Enoch’s description of what was really going on in the days of Noah: “1. It happened after the sons of men had multiplied in those days, that daughters were born to them, elegant and beautiful. 2. And when the angels, the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became enamoured of them, saying to each other, Come, let us select for ourselves wives from the progeny of men, and let us beget children. 3. Then their leader Samyaza said to them; I fear that you may perhaps be indisposed to the performance of this enterprise; 4. And that I alone shall suffer for so grievous a crime. 5. But they answered him and said; We all swear; 6. And bind ourselves by mutual execrations, that we will not change our intention, but execute our projected undertaking. 7. Then they swore all together, and all bound themselves by mutual execrations. Their whole number was two hundred, who descended upon Ardis, which is the top of mount Armon. 8. That mountain therefore was called Armon, because they had sworn upon it, and bound themselves by mutual execrations. 9. These are the names of their chiefs: Samyaza, who was their leader, Urakabarameel, Akibeel, Tamiel, Ramuel, Danel, Azkeel, Saraknyal, Asael, Armers, Batraal, Anane, Zavebe, Samsaveel, Ertael, Turel, Yomyael, Arazyal. These were the prefects of the two hundred angels, and the remainder were all with them. 10. Then they took wives, each choosing for himself; whom they began to approach, and with whom they cohabited; teaching them sorcery, incantations, and the dividing of roots and trees. 11. And the women conceiving brought forth giants, 12. Whose stature was each three hundred cubits. These devoured all which the labour of men produced; until it became impossible to feed them; 13. When they turned themselves against men, in order to devour them; 14. And began to injure birds, beasts, reptiles, and fishes, to eat their flesh one after another, and to drink their blood. 15. Then the earth reproved the unrighteous.” Enoch 7 We see numerous accounts of giants in the Bible. God intended for them to be destroyed in the flood as all flesh was contaminated with the fallen angel’s DNA by the time of the flood; however, though the Nephilim were destroyed because they are half-human and mortal, the fallen angels are immortal and thus came back again to do the same thing years later after the flood had subsided as humans began to re-populate the earth. Where do we see them coming back again after the flood? We have many accounts of the Israelites trying to battle them. After the flood, God would then use the Israelites as His judgement against the Nephilim to kill them. The Israelites on their own were no match for these monsters, but God gave them victory over these communities if they put their trust in Him. We also see one time when they weren’t so confident in the conquest at Canaan, lost their faith, and then ended up wandering in the wilderness until the entire generation had died off. Yep, God was angry that those Nephilim were allowed to live. So, if you’ve ever been angry like I have been as to why God would want an entire village killed including the women and children, this was why, because they were no longer populated with humans, but instead with half-breed giant monsters who would turn and devour everything in site. Pretty scary! There are several tribes who were contaminated and dominated the land. One of which was referenced above is the descendants of Anak, the Anakim, and others are the Rephaim, Moabiles, & Emim. Joshua led the main armies to fight them. • “(The Emim formerly lived there, a people great and many, and tall as the Anakim.” Deuteronomy 2:10 • “Like the Anakim they are also counted as Rephaim, but the Moabites call them Emim” Deuteronomy 2:11 • “a people great and many, and tall as the Anakim; but the Lord destroyed them before the Ammonites, and they dispossessed them and settled in their place,” Deut 2:21 • “a people great and tall, the sons of the Anakim, whom you know, and of whom you have heard it said, ‘Who can stand before the sons of Anak?’” Deut 9:2 • “There was none of the Anakim left in the land of the people of Israel. Only in Gaza, in Gath, and in Ashdod did some remain.” Joshua 11:22 • “And Caleb drove out from there the three sons of Anak, Sheshai and Ahiman and Talmai, the descendants of Anak.” Joshua 15:14 • “And Hebron was given to Caleb, as Moses had said. And he drove out from it the three sons of Anak.” Judges 1:20 • “And Ishbi-benob, one of the descendants of the giants, whose spear weighed three hundred shekels of bronze, and who was armed with a new sword, thought to kill David.” 2 Samuel 21:16 • “And there was again war with the Philistines, and Elhanan the son of Jair struck down Lahmi the brother of Goliath the Gittite, the shaft of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam.” 1 Chronicles 20:5 Though we see that God managed to kill most of them off through the Israeli army, there were obviously some left on the earth. So, where are they now? There are still some lurking in the hidden areas of the earth. Here’s one soldier’s account of his platoon’s contact with one of the Nephilim in 2002. Where there is one, we know there are others. Another interesting thought is when we study Greek Mythology. My thoughts over the years on this have been, boy these people had quite the imagination with creating all of these gods, part-human and part-animal, with super human strength. They went to great lengths to draw them all over the place so that we have records of their imaginations. Well, now that I know the story of the Nephillim, I now have a different perspective on these Greek gods and goddesses. These Greek gods were actually the by-product of the fallen angels and man, so the legends are true that they were on the earth, a race of part-humans who were huge and strong and to normal people, they were like gods. So, the Greeks worshiped them as gods. So, will God allow the fallen angels to come back to contaminate the human race once again? The answer to that is, yes, most definitely as we can see further in the book of Enoch. I’m not totally sure where they are right now, though I have my theories, the 200 who made the pact, but God will be bringing them back in the last days to use them as a judgement tool on people who have rejected Him, and at the same time they will heap up more judgement upon themselves as well. “8. Now the giants, who lave been born of spirit and of flesh, shall be called upon earth evil spirits, and on earth shall be their habitation. Evil spirits shall proceed from their flesh, because they were created from above; from the holy Watchers was their beginning and primary foundation. Evil spirits shall they be upon earth, and the spirits of the wicked shall they be called. The habitation of the spirits of heaven shall be in heaven; but upon earth shall be the habitation of terrestrial spirits, who are born on earth. 9. The spirits of the giants shall be like clouds, which shall oppress, corrupt, fall, contend, and bruise upon earth. 10. They shall cause lamentation. No food shall they eat; and they shall be thirsty; they shall be concealed, and shall not 1 rise up against the sons of men, and against women; for they come forth during the days of slaughter and destruction.1. And as to the death of the giants, wheresoever their spirits depart from their bodies, let their flesh, that which is perishable, be without judgment. Thus shall they perish, until the day of the great consummation of the great world. A destruction shall take place of the Watchers and the impious.” Enoch 15-16 (So, demon spirits come from these Nephilim as they died). Where can we find them interfering again? In one instance, through the mark of the beast, but that’s another topic that I’ll dive into shortly and you’ll be shocked at what I’ve discovered there as well. Oh, is this so interesting or what? It’s better than any movie. • “And the fifth angel blew his trumpet, and I saw a star fallen from heaven to earth, and he was given the key to the shaft of the bottomless pit.” Revelation 9:1 • “saying to the sixth angel who had the trumpet, “Release the four angels who are bound at the great river Euphrates.” Revelation 9:14 So, here’s an interesting point of ‘things that make you go, hmmmm,’ all of the major leaders have made trips to Antarctica of all places such as Obama and the Pope. And, as normal people, this is one place that we are not allowed to go. The elite land on the tip, and then take a smaller plane, three hours in, to a further location nearer the axis. Some have stated that many of these fallen angels have been banned there for the time being or this is their gateway, and some how, these world leaders have discovered this and go to meet with them there to obtain further knowledge. Not sure if that is totally true, but research for yourself who’s been there and what they are doing. It’s pretty weird and really makes you think. Before we conclude, let’s take a look at these unclean spirit in the New Testament in Jesus’ time. We now know that when the Nephillim died, that their unclean spirit still roamed the earth looking for a place to inhabit. We can verify this in a few NT verses, but there are 27 references to unclean spirits: • ““When the unclean spirit has gone out of a person, it passes through waterless places seeking rest, but finds none.” Matthew 12:43 • “And when Jesus had stepped out of the boat, immediately there met him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit.” Mark 5:2 • “So he gave them permission. And the unclean spirits came out and entered the pigs; and the herd, numbering about two thousand, rushed down the steep bank into the sea and drowned in the sea.” Mark 5:13 But rest assured, God is our shield and our protector… • You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies; you anoint my head with oil; my cup overflows. Surely[d] goodness and mercy[e] shall follow me all the days of my life, and I shall dwell[f] in the house of the Lord forever.[g]” Psalm 23:5-6 • “my God, my rock, in whom I take refuge, my shield, and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold and my refuge, my savior; you save me from violence.” 2 Samuel 22:3 Father God, even though this is very interesting discovering these almost mythological creatures, we know they are truly abominations that are made to destroy the very image of God, designed from the bottomless pit. They are downright scary and we wouldn’t wish them on our worst enemies. We ask that if there are any here now, that you make them go to extinction and keep them far away from your true creation. Thank you, Lord, that you will protect your own from whatever we may encounter in the future. In Jesus’ Name. Amen.
global_01_local_2_shard_00001658_processed.jsonl/20672	Job and Bunyan Versus The Shack Hints of Cessationism in NT? (Posted by Paige) Thanks in advance! Update:My own contribution can be found in this comment. Do Not Grieve the Holy Spirit Ephesians 4:30 Audio Version Many years ago, as the story is told, a devout king was disturbed by the ingratitude of his royal court. He prepared a large banquet for them. When the king and his royal guests were seated, by prearrangement, a beggar shuffled into the hall, sat down at the king’s table, and gorged himself with food. Without saying a word, he then left the room. The guests were furious and asked permission to seize the tramp and tear him limb from limb for his ingratitude. The king replied, “That beggar has done only once to an earthly king what each of you does three times each day to God. You sit there at the table and eat until you area satisfied. Then you walk away without recognizing God, or expressing one word of thanks to Him.” As George Macdonald says, “The careless soul receives the Father’s gifts as if it were a way that things had of dropping into his hand…yet he is ever complaining, as if someone were accountable for the problems which meet him at every turn. For the good that comes to him, he gives no thanks–who is there to thank? At the disappointments that befall him he grumbles–there must be someone to blame!” Would it not be the very height of ingratitude to be saved by someone from death, and then turn around and slap that person because that person didn’t save you in the way you wanted him to save you? Instead of being thankful for your life, you are ungrateful for what you don’t have. I would submit to you that ingratitude best describes what is going on in verse 30. We will start with the second half of the verse. We who are Christians are sealed with the Holy Spirit. A seal does several things. It is a mark of authenticity. We are truly belonging to God. God says that by sealing us with the Holy Spirit. We can know that we are His if we have the Holy Spirit. Secondly, a seal prevents unauthorized violation of something, or unauthorized entry. You will remember that tombs have been sealed. The idea there was that no one could get in or out. Of course, any seal not authorized by God can be over-ridden by God, as we see in the resurrection of Jesus from the dead. His tomb was sealed. That didn’t matter one little bit. One angel was all it took to break that seal. However, no one can break a seal that God sets upon the believer. If a believer is sealed, then no one (and we are to think specifically of Satan and demons) can have entry into that person’s life. This is why I believe that Christians can never be demon-possessed. We are sealed by the Holy Spirit. And I think that the Holy Spirit is just a little bit more powerful than Satan and his demons! So, a seal marks something as true, it prevents unauthorized entry, and, thirdly, it preserves something for later. And perhaps more than the first two ideas, this third idea is prominent here, since Paul tells us that we have been sealed by the Holy Spirit for the day of redemption. We are like a letter that has a wax seal on it. On that letter we can see this writing: “Do not open until the day of redemption.” The day of redemption obviously refers to that time when our bodies will be redeemed, or resurrected. Our full redemption has been paid by Jesus. However, the application of that redemption comes in stages. Our souls are redeemed when we come to faith in Christ. Our bodies await redemption until the sound of the last trumpet. So, the “letter” of our body is sealed by the Holy Spirit. No one can mess with it. When the Day of Redemption comes, then all those letters will be opened, and we will receive the redemption of our bodies. The Holy Spirit has accomplished all of this. That is why we are incredibly ungrateful if we grieve the Holy Spirit. The reason Paul tells us what the Holy Spirit does for us is so that we will realize just how much the Holy Spirit (Who is a person, by the way, not a thing) loves us, and also that we will realize how much He has done for us, that we might live lives of gratitude, not ingratitude. If you have been sealed until the day of redemption, then there should be no reason whatsoever to grieve the Holy Spirit. Now, a side note is necessary here. God does not experience emotions the same way we do. We do not know how to describe precisely what God “feels.” The Bible uses many metaphors to describe what God “feels.” However, the Bible also tells us that God does not suffer pain as we suffer pain. So, Paul is describing God in language that we can understand. The Holy Spirit does not sit around wringing His hands in grief because of our sin. Nevertheless, there is a truth about what our sin does to the Holy Spirit that can be described this way. The reason I bring this up is that we are constantly tempted to make God look like us. We want to make God smaller, because then we feel like we can have some measure of control over God. But God is not like that, and He resists (quite successfully!) any attempt on our part to make Him look like us. So, to summarize the point: our sin is not something that the Holy Spirit likes at all. It “grieves” Him. It is enough for us to say that. We should not ascribe the instability of human emotions to God. That being said, our sin “grieves” the Holy Spirit. Which sin precisely? Well, all sin grieves the Holy Spirit. However, in this context, Paul is talking mostly about the sins of the tongue. The preceding verse tells us that we are not to let unwholesome talk proceed out of our mouths. This means that unwholesome talk grieves the Holy Spirit. So Paul is giving us an additional motive for living the Christian life. Not only are to look at the Ten Commandments as a guide for the Christian life. We are also to look at what the Holy Spirit has done for us and say, “How can I grieve the Holy Spirit? Look at what He has done for me!” The Holy Spirit tells me by His sealing me that I am a child of the King. I had better act like a child of the King! So, we can remember what we talked about last week and add this verse as an additional motive. However, the application of this verse does not stop there. As Paul goes on to say, bitterness, rage, anger, brawling, slander, and every form of malice would also fall under the category of sins that grieve the Holy Spirit. Every sin is ingratitude against God for what He has done for you. Let me ask you this question, however: have you been sealed with the Holy Spirit? Has the Holy Spirit entered your life, your body? Is your body a temple of the Holy Spirit? This is yet another way of asking the question “Do you believe in Jesus?” All those who believe in Jesus have the Holy Spirit indwelling them. As Jesus says in John, the Father and the Son come to dwell in that person who receives them. How they do that is by the Holy Spirit. Jesus, you see, has a physical body, and He resides in heaven at the right hand of the Father. The Holy Spirit is the way in which He dwells in each one of us. As Paul says in Galatians, the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, etc. That is, the fruit of the Spirit dwelling in you is all of these things. That is the life that Jesus now lives inside us. It is the life of the Holy Spirit. This is also what Paul meant when he said that by His resurrection, Jesus became life-giving Spirit. That is, the work of Jesus in the world now is the work that He does by the power of the Holy Spirit. The Son and the Spirit are doing the very same thing. So that is why when I ask whether you have been sealed by the Holy Spirit, I am really asking you if you are saved. If you are saved, then you will see fruit in your life. You will become more loving, more joyful, more at peace, more patient, more kind, more self-disciplined. This is ultimately the way in which we avoid grieving the Holy Spirit. It is not enough merely to say that we are going to avoid particular sins. The way in which the Holy Spirit works is that He simultaneously helps us to avoid sin, and builds us up in love and good deeds. There is no gear called “neutral” in the Christian life. By putting us out of the reverse gear of grieving the Holy Spirit, the Holy Spirit is putting us into a forward gear of the fruit of the Spirit. This can be illustrated by a small experiment in thought. First, close your eyes. Now, I would like you to visualize the outside of this church. You can see the steeple, the siding, the parking lot, the trees around. Now, don’t think about the church. Can you do it? No, you cannot. The human brain always has something going on there. There is no neutral gear. The only way I can get you to stop thinking about the church is to replace that thought with something else. So, if you are imagining the front of the church still, I can ask you to think about the Hull cemetery. Imagine the fence surrounding it, the two entrance gates, the trees that are in it, and the fantastic view that you have when you are standing in it. Now if I say that, you can stop thinking about the church and start thinking about the cemetery. This is similar to how the Holy Spirit works. He doesn’t just tell us to stop sinning. He tells us (and empowers us!) to develop the fruit of the Spirit, and to be concentrating on developing that fruit. That is how we can avoid grieving the Holy Spirit. And that is how the Holy Spirit continues to keep us sealed until the Day of Redemption.

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