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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30203 | I have a spatial file of the congressional districts of the US, however, the states are numbered in an unknown form. I have searched through all the other files but have found no key or description of the numbering of the states. Am I missing something? Here is the link where I downloaded the files.enter link description here
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what is unknown about the form? looks like fips code to me. – albert Feb 14 '19 at 3:45
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You are going to have to be clearer herer. We cannot smell what an unknown form is. Please edit your question. – user4293 Feb 14 '19 at 12:08
• I'm new to tableau and have only taken a beginner's course on it. So I've never heard of fips code. So I'll look into it, thanks – Kyle Flashman Feb 15 '19 at 4:10
• 1
@philshem This question seems on-topic for both open data and GIS.se. No need to migrate it since it's already here. – csk Feb 15 '19 at 21:55
• 1
considering how many they offload here, i'm all for sending them back – albert Feb 16 '19 at 5:15
Based on comments, it seems your data is labeled with two-digit FIPS state codes. (FIPS stands for Federal Information Processing Standard.)
Here you can download a table with state names and FIPS codes, in this format:
FIPS State Code | Official United States Postal Service (USPS) Code | Name | Geographic Names Information System Identifier (GNISID)
For example:
You can join this table to the shapefile based on the FIPS code in your GIS software. A "join" or "table join" is a standard GIS process, it should be explained in the manual for your GIS software, as well as in many online tutorials. If you have any trouble, head over to GIS Stack Exchange.
Note: US localities have 5-digit FIPS codes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_county_code
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30229 | The Lord Jesus Christ often used parables when he spoke, and here is one of those parables where he exposed the spiritual bankruptcy of the Rabbis of Israel. When the Lord Jesus Christ spoke the parable of the vineyard to the unbelieving Jews of his time, was he talking about a SPIRITUAL vineyard, or was he talking about a PHYSICAL vineyard? The answer to that question is that the Lord was obviously talking about a spiritual vineyard and it all had to do with the SPIRITUAL Kingdom of God. It is very important that you understand that because we are living in a day where the PHYSICAL land of the Nation of Israel has become the focus point instead of the SPIRITUAL NEED of every Jewish person to be born again (John 3:1-8) into the Kingdom of God. The modern day Christian Zionist leader now works hand in hand with the political and UNSAVED leaders of the Nation of Israel, receiving plaques and awards from them on a regular basis. Millions have fallen under the deception of those “leaders” also. Search the scriptures and especially the book of Acts and you will find the gospel being preached without compromise. You will NEVER find the disciples being handed a plaque or award from the unsaved Jewish people who wanted nothing to do with Jesus the Messiah! Beware of those who thrive on the praise which comes from men, for it can become like a drug for some and the more they get, the more they want.
Nevertheless among the chief rulers also many believed on him; but BECAUSE of the Pharisees they did not CONFESS him, lest they should be put out of the synagogue: For they LOVED the PRAISE of MEN more than the PRAISE of GOD. (John 12:42-43)
When you study the scriptures you will see when the Jewish apostle Paul got saved, his fellow Jews wanted to KILL him. (Acts 9:1-24) Why? Because he told them that Jesus was the Messiah and they wanted nothing to do with Jesus Christ! That is the honest truth! Stephen preached the word to the Jews and they did KILL him for the very same reason.(Acts 7:1-60) In fact what happened in the New Testament was actually a continuation of how the people of Israel treated the Lord’s prophets throughout the previous centuries. The bottom line is that the Lord Jesus Christ (he is eternal) confronted the people of Israel for centuries, and now in the parable of the vineyard, he described their actions in detail. He wanted them to see their own wickedness for themselves and that was the very purpose of the parable. In the parable of the Vineyard it is the Lord Jesus Christ who lays out the charge against the people of Israel that they have been consistent in the persecution and murder of their own prophets, and he actually PROPHESIES of his OWN DEATH at their hands. Compare this parable to what you hear being preached in this modern day. I truly thank my Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ for opening my spiritual eyes to the grand deception of modern day “Christian” Zionism. In the Parable of the LORD’S VINEYARD [Matthew 21:33-46] we gain much insight into how the Lord dealt with the Jewish people of His day, regarding their rejection of not only Him, but of the prophets through the ages. This parable was given by the Lord Jesus Christ, the creator of the world, almost two thousand years ago:
The householder in this parable is the Lord God Almighty, and the husbandmen are the gardeners who were responsible for the vineyard. In this case the husbandmen [gardeners] are the children of Israel who were entrusted with the Word of God down through the years. The children of Israel were the ones who were instructed by the Lord, and they often had His prophets sent to them. In fact the book of Isaiah shows us clearly that the vineyard of the Lord is the house of Israel.
In this part of the parable the Lord is describing the history of the children of Israel and how they treated the sevants of the Lord. These servants were beaten, persecuted and even KILLED at times. In fact if you read chapter seven in the New Testament book of Acts you will hear Stephen, a man of faith and power, rehearse the history of Israel in great detail. In fact this chapter is one of the clearest testimonies in the whole New Testament of how the Jewish people were confronted regarding their rejection of JESUS their MESSIAH. At one point Stephen addressed the Jewish leaders who were standing before him and said the following:
Stephen told the Jewish leaders that they were resisting the Holy Ghost just as their fathers did. Stephen also made a point of telling these Jewish leaders that they were responsible for killing the prophets who prophesied of the coming Christ [MESSIAH]. We know the Messiah is Jesus. Stephen was stoned to death a short time later like so many others of the Lord’s faithful witnesses. [Acts 7:55-60]
This part of the parable describes what happened when Jesus Christ arrived on the scene. He was rejected by the majority of the Jewish people, especially the chief priests and the elders, and they wanted Jesus Christ to be put to death. The scriptures below testify to the truth that they were surely involved in putting Christ [MESSIAH] to death.
“When the morning was come, all the chief priests and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus to put him to death:” (Matthew 27:1)
The Lord was not surprised by what was coming and He told His own disciples that His death was the FULFILLMENT of prophecy. The Word of God is truly amazing in its accuracy regarding the prophetic word. The scriptures foresaw what took place here, and declared it hundreds of years before.
” When the lord therefore of the vineyard cometh, what will he do unto those husbandmen? ” (Matthew 21:40)
Here the Lord Jesus Christ asks the Jewish religious leaders, who were listening to Him tell this parable, what should be done to those who did all of those things to the Lord’s servants. Jesus was now getting to the very heart of the matter, as He always did, and He wanted them to give Him the answer to His question.
The Jewish religious rulers responded and told Jesus, that those who did those things were wicked and they should be destroyed! Not only that, but they said that the vineyard should be let out [given over to] to other husbandmen [gardeners] who would bring forth the fruits in their seasons. They had no idea that their answer played right into the meaning of the parable. They were able to see the unrighteousness of what was done to the servants in that parable, but they did not realize that they were the very ones whom the Lord was describing.
The Lord Jesus Christ then quoted PSALM 118:22 regarding Himself as being that STONE which the builders [Israel] rejected and who had become the head of the corner [or cornerstone]. The Lord was basically telling the leaders of Israel that the very one standing before them was the very one whom they needed. The Lord was and is the chief cornerstone in the Kingdom of God, a Kingdom which would be made up of Jewish and Gentile believers.
Could Jesus Christ, the creator of the earth, [John 1:1-3], have been any clearer in His pronunciation against the leaders of Israel. The Lord made His point that Israel had rejected the prophets who were sent to them, and they would end up killing Him too. Yes, the Lord was prophesying of His very own death, but He was also telling Israel that the Kingdom would be taken from them, and it was!
The Lord Jesus Christ commended the incredible FAITH of this GENTILE man who was a Centurion which generally led about 100 soldiers. That man knew the power of authority, and he knew that Jesus Christ had a lot more authority than he had and that is why he requested his help. Jesus made a point of telling those who were listening that he had not found that kind of faith even in Israel! Do not miss what Jesus said after that, because he told them that many would come from the East and the West and sit down with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of Heaven! Then he said that those in the “kingdom” meaning the Jewish people (who should have understood these things but did not), would be thrown into outer darkness where there would be weeping and gnashing of teeth! Was he talking about Hell? Of course he was!
The nation that the Lord spoke about in the parable of the vineyard who would be given the Kingdom is simply that “holy nation” of believers described by Peter. [1 Peter 2:9-10]
It’s all about Jesus Christ NOT Israel
The prophets prophesied about Jesus Christ because it is all about HIM. The Lord is going to have a people who serve Him and worship HIM with all of their heart, and those people are going to come from every part of this large world in which we live. If a person has not been born again then they are not part of the Kingdom of God [John 3:1-8] because entrance into this Kingdom is only through Jesus Christ. Do not let anybody replace the Gospel of Jesus Christ with a false gospel, because a curse comes along with a false gospel. [Galatians 1:8-9]
Who are the “BLESSED” In God’s Sight?
The “Blessed” of God includes ALL people who believe the testimony that God gave concerning His Son Jesus Christ, and are NOT offended in HIM! [Jewish and Gentile]
If a person does NOT believe the testimony that God gave of His Son then they make God a LIAR!”
Who is the “Apple of God’s Eye”?
The “Apple of God’s Eye” includes ALL people who have put their faith in the Lord Jesus Christ! [Jewish and Gentile]
God is not a respector of persons, and any person who desires salvation in Christ will not be turned away. Does that mean that a person who has led a life without the Lord, and who has lived in absolute decadence their whole life can be saved? Absolutely YES. That very same person can also be called the apple of God’s eye, and one of God’s chosen people as much as any person who has received the Lord since the beginning of the world. This gospel is not about Israel, but it is all about Jesus Christ! Do you remember what the Lord Jesus Christ told that Gentile woman of Samaria concerning the worship of God?
Jesus made it clear to this Gentile woman, that the city of Jerusalem did not matter when it came to the worship of God. Jesus told the woman that God must be worshiped in Spirit and truth, and the physical location had nothing to do with the true worship of God. That same Gentile woman from Samaria was shacking up with some guy, and she had been married five times previous to that time. Jesus Christ knew that, but he showed her mercy, and the woman was blown away by that mercy! Perhaps Jesus was looking forward into this modern day where people have made a religious idol out of the city of Jerusalem, and the National State of Israel. Jesus told this Gentile woman that He was in fact the Messiah that she was looking for, which clearly shows us that the Lord will reveal Himself to anyone who truly desires to know Him. This woman had been married many times, and she was living with a man at the time, but the Lord offered her mercy. Do you remember what the angel said to the apostle John, in the book of Revelation, when John went to bow down and worship him?
If a person does not have the testimony of Jesus in their heart, and on their lips, then they are NOT true worshipers of God. The angel made that very clear to John. The angel also let John know that the spirit of prophecy will put the testimony of Jesus within a persons heart. If a person truly wants to know what the Word of God is about, then they will find out very quickly that it is Jesus Christ who is the central figure in the Bible, and the redeemer whom they need.
Jesus Christ did not mince words when He spoke, and here he tells the Jewish leaders that those who reject Him would end up as powder. The word of God still stands true today for both Jew and Gentile. It is either Christ or nothing, and there are no back doors, side doors, or any other door you might think of in this plan of salvation. Jesus said this:
At this point the Jewish priests and the Pharisees caught on to what Jesus was telling them, and they realized that He was speaking about them. They would have grabbed Jesus right then and there but they feared for their own lives so they did not take Him at this point.
Actual Quote from Jesus Christ
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30233 | Posts Tagged ‘Race’
Exit Or Exist, That Is The Question.
June 23, 2016
Patrice Ayme’
June 9, 2008
In an otherwise excellent editorial in the New York Times (“Deracialization: It’s a Different Country”, Monday, June 9), Prof. Krugman points out that: “we’re about to elect an African-American president … racial division, which has driven US politics rightward for more than four decades, has lost much of its sting.”
To further decrease the sting, I propose some psycho-semantical antiracist advance.
Why to systematically call Obama an “African-American” candidate? If this is an allusion to his father’s origin in Africa, by making this labeling systematic, one is giving African origin more weight than to his mother’s origin in Kansas. Is then his father’s origin more prominent than his mother’s because his skin was black whereas his mother’s skin was white? Would one label him “African-American” if his father had been white, born in Cape Town? So then it’s all about color? Is black such strong stuff that it warrants a permanent, hereditary label?
Now, according to the Nazis, a person was Jewish under two conditions:
a) that person had more than one Jewish great grandparent, and,
b) Hitler had not given that person Honorary Aryan status.
(Even pure Jews could be made Aryan by Hitler’s pen. Thousands were.)
To keep on calling Obama an “African-American” rather than a European-American is a marker of racism and sexism. Indeed, on the face of it, Obama is just as “European-American” as “African-American”. Thus, by not calling him a “European-American” one weighs black more than white, and father more than mother. It’s similar to what the Nazis were doing; if one had some Jewish origin, then one was labeled a Jew.
Distinction is the first necessary step towards discrimination. To avoid the later, better to root out the former. Ironically, at the very least, one could at least be at least a bit more modern, follow Hitler, and make Obama an Honorary Aryan. After one of his Marshals, a pure Jew, had done well in Norway, Hitler made him and his family honorary Aryans, thus not defining them according to their origin anymore.
Racial divisions start with sharp semantical divisions, where there should be none. Obama is a US citizen, end of the story. Such is the non racial future. Stop calling them names, if you don’t want to insult them.
Patrice Ayme. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30264 | Beauty By The Bubbly
People who have normal or oily skin should indulge in champagne as a natural skin toner. The fermentation of the grapes in the champagne help fight free radicals and the tartaric acid helps lighten skin and even out skin tone. The bubbles in champagne can also help constrict pores to give your skin a gorgeous glow. While you may be nervous to use champagne because of the alcohol content, most toners actually have up to 60 percent alcohol; while champagne contains only 14 percent. Meanwhile, skincare products actually use alcohol that our bodies can’t break down.84442561733315270_hRc22wZE_c
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30277 | Can You Solve These Word Puzzles?
Talin Vartanian
5 Min Quiz
Image: Jason Homa / Blend Images / Getty Images
About This Quiz
The English language is filled with all kinds of long and short words, as well as synonyms, antonyms, rhymes, verbs, nouns and adjectives. In this quiz, we'll take a look at 35 different word puzzles that will test your English language knowledge!
Some questions in this quiz will require you to know what a noun and a verb are. A noun is a person, place or thing and does NOT describe an action. Examples of nouns include the following: computer, napkin, cat, dog and sock. A verb, on the other hand, does describe an action. For example, verbs include the words jump, drive, run and hike. Interestingly, some words can function as either a noun or a verb - jump, for example.
This quiz will also look at some "fill in the blank" sentences. For example, what word do you think completes this sentence: "The cat jumped ____ the rock." The answer would be "over," thus, "the cat jumped over the rock."
You'll also get to test your knowledge of vowels, compound words, consonants and even scrambled words. For example, what do you think the word "cautioned" scrambles into? The answer would be "education!"
Without further ado, take this 35-question word puzzle quiz now to see if you can score at least an 80%!
"He's" is a contraction for which two words?
"He's" is a contraction for "he is" or "he has." For example, "He's going to the store right now."
The word "milenium" is misspelled here. What is the correct spelling?
"Millennium" is the correct spelling of this word. It denotes 1,000 years.
Which of these words is not a contraction?
"Would" is not a contraction because it is just one single word and has no apostrophe. The rest of the answers in this list are contractions since they are a combination of two other words put together.
The letters in "indicatory" can be scrambled to make what other word?
"Indicatory" scrambled can spell "dictionary." The A and the Y are major clues, since none of the other answers contain both an A and a Y.
How many syllables are in the word "beautiful"?
Three is the correct answer. The three syllables of "beautiful" are "beau-ti-ful."
"Happy" is an antonym for which of these words?
As an adjective, the word "melancholy" means "sad." The opposite, or antonym, of this word is "happy."
Where does the apostrophe in the word "shouldnt" go?
The correct answer is "shouldn't," since the apostrophe goes after the N and before the T. It's a contraction for "should not," with the apostrophe replacing the O.
Complete the following sentence: "Tom _______ finish his homework."
"Didn't" is the correct word in this context - no other option makes a proper sentence. Thus, the sentence is "Tom didn't finish his homework."
How many syllables are in the word "conference"?
The correct answer is three. The three syllables in the word "conference" are "con-fer-ence."
Which of these words is a verb?
The word "bought" is a verb because it's an action. The rest of the options in the answer list are nouns.
Which of these words does NOT rhyme with "dog"?
The word "dog" has many rhyming words, including slog and smog. "Paradox" is not one of these words.
"Cautioned" can be scrambled to make what other word?
"Cautioned" is one possible scrambled version of "education." The U and D letters help to narrow down the options.
Which of these words is a noun?
The word "dog" is a noun. The other options are verbs. A noun is a person, place or thing.
What letters are missing from this word: "te_tb_ok"?
The answer is X and O, which are the two letters missing from the word in the question. This spells out "textbook."
Which of these letters is a consonant?
V is a consonant. A consonant is a non-vowel letter of the alphabet.
Which of these words is NOT a countable noun?
Walt Disney is a proper noun, not a countable noun. A countable noun is a noun that can be counted in quantities, like two cats or three books.
What is the meaning of the following word: "ambidextrous"?
The word "ambidextrous" describes a person who can use their right and left hands at an equal skill level. This often means that they can write as both a righty and a lefty.
How many vowels does the word "alphabet" have?
The answer is three. There are two As and one E in the word "alphabet."
Which of these nouns is a concrete noun?
The word "flower" is a concrete noun. A concrete noun is a type of noun that you can detect with one of your five senses. You can smell and see a flower, but you can't smell, touch, see, hear or taste love, fear or history.
The word "eagerness" is synonymous with which of these words?
"Alacrity" means eagerness or happy readiness. Your alacrity to take this quiz makes us proud.
How many consonants are in this word: "anomaly"?
Surprise - the correct answer is three. The consonants in the word "anomaly" are N, M and L. The letter Y is a vowel in this context.
What does the word "brogue" mean?
The word "brogue" defines a sturdy shoe, formerly worn in Ireland and Scotland. The same word also describes a regional dialect, especially Irish.
Which of these options is an adjective?
The word "brave" is an adjective; the other words in the list are nouns. An adjective is a word that is used to describe someone or something's traits.
Which of these words is a compound word?
"Earache" is a compound word. A compound word is two words joined together to make a single word.
One of the longest words ever is "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis." Care to guess what it means?
Believe it or not, "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" is a real word. It's a type of lung disease.
Which of these words is NOT an antonym for "greed"?
The word "greed" means to want an excess of something, particularly in a selfish manner. Thus, "selfishness" is synonymous with this word and is not an antonym.
What word fits in the following sentence: "Sally just ______ to the store"?
The correct answer is "went." Thus, the sentence is "Sally just went to the store."
Which of these verbs is NOT past tense?
"Drive" is present tense, not past tense. The other answers in the list are past tense verbs. The past tense of "drive" is "drove."
Which phrase means "to make a mistake that may be humiliating"?
A "faux pas" is a mistake that may be humiliating or embarrassing. This French phrase has been around since the late 17th century.
Which word has four syllables?
The word "propriety" has four syllables. These four syllables are "pro-pri-e-ty."
What letters are missing from this word: "p_r_dox"?
Two As are missing from the word in the question. This spells out "paradox."
Which letters are missing from this word: "gr_ga_iou_"?
The word in the question is "gregarious." Thus, the missing letters are E, R and S.
The definition of what word is "lack of interest"?
The definition of "apathy" is "lack of interest." It's synonymous with "unenthusiastic."
What is the definition of "misnomer"?
"Wrong name" is the best answer here. A "misnomer" is an incorrect label or name.
Which of these best describes the word "novella"?
The word "novella" is a noun. It refers to a short novel.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30326 | Chrétiens d’Orient, 2000 Ans d’Histoire: A Major Exhibit in France
by Michael Peppard | ελληνικά
I spent over an hour there, in that small rotunda, about twenty feet across. Display cases of manuscripts in Coptic, Syriac, Arabic, and Armenian encircled me, the only one of the museum’s patrons to linger so long in that spot. The rest of the exhibit, outside this temporary cloister, was equally worthy of attentive study, but this room captured my senses and held me still. It was the music, played on a loop, that transfixed me: the Akathist hymn, the ancient prayer about the life of the Virgin Mary, resounded in Armenian, in Arabic, in Greek, in Syriac, and in Coptic. Choirs from each tradition sang their version of the hymn, a shared patrimony that emerged from Syria to inspire Orthodox Christian worship everywhere. On the wall near the entrance flashed full-size, high-resolution renderings of frescoes from medieval churches in Lebanon. This installation was titled “Languages and Liturgy,” and it certainly felt liturgical to the senses. Only the incense was missing.
I needed the whole hour not only for the manuscripts, but also for the monumental icon of the Akathist hymn on display. Attributed to Youssef al-Musawwir of Aleppo, painted between 1650-67, and part of the famed collection of Georges Antaki, the icon’s panels depict the twenty-four strophes of the hymn, surrounding a central image of King David. The panels are labeled in Greek, while David holds a phylactery with text in Arabic. Though the Akathist is attributed to Romanos the Melodist, the icon portrays the Psalmist David as a divine guarantor of the icon’s revelatory authority about the Virgin Mary. And just as the Theotokos is central to Orthodox Christian prayer around the world, so also is she to this rotunda, in a small museum in northern France.
A few rooms away is another, very different cycle of paintings about a young girl caught between two worlds: on the wall hang original manuscripts from a recent graphic novel, Coquelicots d’Irak, by Brigitte Findakly and Lewis Trondheim. The autobiographical book, a surprise success in France and now published in English as Poppies of Iraq, weaves vignettes of family, culture, and religion from a Christian girl’s childhood in Iraq with grown-up reflections about her back-and-forth identity between Iraq and France. She was raised by an Orthodox Iraqi father and a French Catholic mother, learned the Quran in public school, and received books in the mail with references to Israel torn out. She recounts memories of primary school assignments about nationalizing Iraqi oil fields, the shifting regulations about women’s dress under different political regimes, and joyful family picnic trips to the archaeological site of Nimrud.
Family photos are interspersed with the painted panels, such as one from that famous site outside Mosul, destroyed in 2015 by Daesh (the so-called Islamic State). “If my father had known those winged lions would be destroyed one day,” she writes, “I’m sure he would have framed the shot differently.” In this room there is no music, but rather sounds of silence, fitting for the portion of the museum emphasizing “Exile and Memory” among Orthodox Christians in the twentieth century. The stories on display here—of Armenian genocide, of Christian Palestinians erased from history, of Iraqi manuscripts buried and exhumed—still need to be told and retold, in whatever forms help us to hear.
Juxtaposing these two spaces—and the disparate graphic novels that manifest their themes—demonstrates both the scope and the poignancy of the expertly curated exhibit, “Chrétiens d’Orient, 2000 Ans d’Histoire,” which is hosted by the MUba Eugène Leroy (Musée Beaux Arts) in Tourcoing, France through June 11 (following an initial exhibit at the Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris). Showcasing over 300 objects from Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Egypt, and Armenia, along with loans from museums and private collections in Germany, Italy, the United States, and elsewhere, the show ambitiously synthesizes the joys and sorrows, the hopes and fears, of the diverse worlds of eastern Christians.
The designed walk-through of the exhibit is roughly chronological, ranging from portions of dilapidated third-century church walls from Dura-Europos, Syria, up to contemporary drone video of the Mar Mattai monastery in Kurdistan. While the technology employed to bookend the exhibit differs, both the beginning and the end narrate one of the clear curatorial themes: the threat of persecution or, in the words of the exhibit, “patrimony in danger.” The Dura-Europos church was partially buried (and thus partially preserved) during a war between Romans and Sasanians around the time of the Decian persecution, and monks at today’s Mar Mattai monastery have recently looked upon battles with Daesh in the Nineveh plain below. Even the very periodization of Christian history chosen by the curators makes clear the emphasis: a video chronology at the exhibit’s beginning labels the years 64-324—a period of substantial theological and ecclesial development, often under salutary conditions—with the grim title, “Période des Persécutions.”
While persecution of the early Christian churches was probably more sporadic and focused than it was ubiquitous, the curators are not incorrect to highlight this theme at the outset, since it foreshadows a dominant concern of Christians in the Middle East today. One ancient response to a dangerous world was to flee and establish alternative communities of holiness. Thus the eastern Christian charisms of asceticism and monasticism occupy much of the premodern portion of the exhibit.
Symeon Stylites, the Syrian ‘stylite’ saint who lived atop a pillar in the desert, provides the paradigm of solo virtuosic ascetic holiness, and viewers encounter him through multiple media: a 5th-6th c. stele representing his eponymous pillar and ladder, a 17th-c. icon, a scale model of the pilgrimage complex surrounding the remains of his pillar, and a video loop of an excerpt from the Mexican biopic, Simón del desierto (1965). The communal form of monasticism had origins in Egypt, which is represented most strikingly by a stele of Shenoute (5th c.), the leader of a monastic federation, and also a fully intact tunic and hood (8th-10th c.), belonging to a priest named Kholti from the monastery at Naqlun, according to the Coptic inscription on its sleeve.
Not all ascetics and monks decided to live as such by their own volition. Thanks to the aridity of the Egyptian desert, a corpus of textual records survives that documents the dedication of child oblates by their parents. The exhibit includes one of the best preserved papyri in this genre, from the ancient monastery of Phoibammon and dated between 770-80. The document is written in Coptic, but this was also the time of transition to Arabic language and Muslim rule in Egypt. It is possible that the unpreserved beginning of the papyrus carried a pro forma Muslim blessing, prior to the decidedly Coptic Christian content below, as evidenced by other papyri from that era. For example, an inheritance settlement from 738 (P.KRU 38) retains a Greek-language version of the Bismillah protocol (“in the name [of God] the compassionate, [the merciful]; there is no God [but God alone;] Muhammad [is the messenger of God],” but then continues the document with a standard Christian invocation in Coptic (“+ In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, consubstantial Trinity”).
Turning to the next part of the room, the viewer sees a large example of interaction between the early Arabic language and Christian self-presentation: a well-preserved church mosaic pavement from Mount Nebo, Jordan (535-6), which includes the Arabic “bi-salam” (“in peace”). Indeed, the curators portray the interrelationship between Christianity and Islam in the late ancient and medieval eras in a mostly positive light, by emphasizing the “hybrid art” of Syrian and Egyptian artifacts from the 13th and 14th centuries. An Egyptian book of the Gospels in Arabic, for instance, uses calligraphy of striking formal similarity to that of the Quran, while an ornately decorated glass bottle was “undoubtedly the work of a Muslim artisan working for a Christian client.” The ornaments and boundaries of the work come “from an Islamic repertoire,” while the central narrative elements come from Christian hagiography.
The curators do not emphasize violent encounters between Christians and Muslims, at least not those prior to the 20th century. The Crusades, which often loom large over the periodization of Christian history, are reduced to one summary text and two objects, positioned at a transition between two rooms. The layout of the exhibit does not encourage the viewer to spend much time with that era, but rather to move past it toward the Ottoman era. To aid the transition to modern Christianity, a video projection of scrolling text moves along an entire wall, fifteen feet wide by ten feet high. Alternatively in Greek, Syriac, Arabic, and French, the text runs by: “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God.” Those who have ears to hear, let them hear the message of the curators.
Perhaps the most illustrious peacemaker in the Christian tradition is St. Francis of Assisi, whose order of Franciscans features in an object around the corner: an Arabic document dated to October 4, 1397, in which the Sultan Ez-Zaher Barkuk permits the Franciscans to rebuild the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Several other original documents that formalize relationships between Christians and Muslim rulers round out this section, but their calligraphy soon recedes to the background, as the era of movable-type printing dawns. One case houses a polyglot Bible from 1695 with several Semitic languages alongside—more stunningly—various typesets for Coptic, Syriac, and Arabic from 16th-c. Rome.
This portion of the exhibit makes plain the linguistic and regional diversity on display throughout the whole. The Ottoman Empire contained multitudes, a bazaar of peoples so fascinating to newcomers that some innovative merchants tried to show it off to the Western world. In the period leading up to World War I—the era of Mark Twain’s The Innocents Abroad, among other voyeuristic travels to the Middle East—shops such as “Tarazi & Sons” in Beirut gathered a kind of ‘cabinet of curiosities’ from the region. The displayed photographs of their store (still in existence today as “Maison Tarazi”) exude a well-intentioned and benign Orientalism; in an era that was modern in many sensibilities but preceded widespread photography and telecommunication, their collection made visible many cultural products unavailable to Western eyes. The eastern gaze seemed, for a while, to be innocently curious.
But World War I drew lines in the sand, lines which became inscribed on maps. And as this exhibit transitions toward the 20th century, the curators demonstrate how the diverse forms of eastern Christianity became solidified—with mostly bad consequences—into well-defined and bounded subjects of modern nation-states.
The curators rightly assumed that most viewers would know the outlines of the 20th-century nationalist narratives in the Middle East: the origins of the modern boundaries of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Armenia, Israel, Palestine, and Egypt. They fill in the color of those stories with microhistories of various individuals and groups from these regions. Over here is a document from a Syrian archdiocese accounting for loss of life and property during the war. Over there is an aerial photograph of the Armenian refugee camp at Port-Said, Egypt, in 1916. Everywhere is the story of exile, more than biblical in its proportions.
Some eastern Christian communities under threat have found hope in the preservation of precious symbols of their patrimony. Several video installations near the end of the exhibit dramatize this experience of reclaimed holiness. Recent drone video of the Iraqi monastery of Mar Mattai testifies to the resiliency of Christian monastic institutions amid war. A video of the 1950 exhumation of St. Charbel Makhlouf in Lebanon shows how the incorruptible body of a local saint can give hope to a minority community in a period of regional turmoil.
A third video captures the bittersweet exuberance of minor victories, the muted but real joy of outwitting an enemy under conditions of extreme duress. In 2014-15 Daesh occupied and partially destroyed the historic monastery of Mar Behnam, a Syriac Catholic community in northern Iraq. Christian symbolism was destroyed or removed; inscriptions in Aramaic and Syriac were defaced. But the video installation shows a moment of redemption from 2016, after the monastery was recaptured by Iraqi security forces: the monks of Mar Behnam had concealed their most precious Syriac manuscripts in large cans and hidden them in a storage closet behind a hastily constructed false wall, under a staircase. The video recorded their reopening of that closet, a miniature resurrection from a sealed tomb.
Many of these final installations express the struggle and paradox of how Christian life might carry on under threat and amid ruins. A Coptic couple chooses to have their wedding photograph taken in front of smoldering rubble in Cairo. An Iraqi Christian poses with his military rifle in front of a mural of St. George. But the series that most affected me was “Gaza 2015,” by photographer Serge Negre. In the modern West, the words ‘Christian’ and ‘Gaza’ sound dissonant to most people, since stories of Jewish-Muslim strife there have occupied our attention for as long as ‘the Gaza strip’ has been a geopolitical designation. But Negre’s pictures illuminate the quotidian aspects of ongoing Christian life in Gaza, as in a simple photo of children preparing for Sunday Mass.
On second thought, perhaps nothing is simple about being a Christian in Gaza. An arresting, large-scale photograph finds three schoolboys—are they posing or candid?—perched atop some recently discovered ruins in Gaza. One’s backpack hangs unzipped on this, a normal day. The pillars and stones, two inscribed with crosses, are larger than the boys are, just as the Eastern Christian traditions on which they stand are larger than these boys can yet imagine. Unanswered questions emanate from the overturned earth: Was this ancient church discovered through an accident or an explosion? Through modern development of the land? Do these boys have a sense of their Christian heritage on this very spot? What does their future hold? Will they too become part of the flight of Christians from the region?
The boy on the right seems to grasp the significance intuitively. With his hand on the ruins of the pillar, like a modern-day stylite, he stands his ground defiantly. He looks straight into the heart of the camera’s eye. He’s not leaving.
Michael Peppard is associate professor of theology at Fordham University. His most recent book is The World’s Oldest Church: Bible, Art, and Ritual at Dura-Europos, Syria.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30334 | The great beef debate essay
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The great beef debate essay
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30344 | Rachel McLean
– Thrillers That Make You Think
Political Thrillers on Page and Screen – Why Are They So Different?
When you think of a political thriller, what comes to mind?
For me, it’s intrigue. Corruption maybe. The pursuit of power. And politics with a big P.
I enjoy political thrillers that are centred on some sort of struggle for political power or domination. There are plenty of books that do this: House of Cards, The Ghost by Robert Harris, and (oh yes) The Song of Ice and Fire series by George RR Martin.
But that’s a fairly short list. And those books aren’t exactly recent.
If you look at the political thrillers charts on Amazon, these books are crowded out by a very different type of book: the espionage thriller. The charts are full of authors like L.T. Ryan, Andy Maslen, James Swallow and David Baldacci.
Sure, they touch on politics – the hero (and it’s always a hero) often has to fight an enemy that’s been identified by his political masters, and there’s a background of global politics. But the protagonists aren’t directly involved in the struggle for political power. To my mind, these are action books, not political thrillers.
If you look on the small screen, things are very different. Political thrillers on TV are exactly that. They include scenes in the House of Commons, White House or the equivalent in other countries. And the characters are battling for political supremacy.
The recent and hugely successful Bodyguard is one example. Yes, the protagonist is a cop. But there are political machinations and the show would be nothing without Keeley Hawes’ character, the Home Secretary.
Then there’s Borgen. The tale of a woman who becomes Denmark’s first female Prime Minister; it doesn’t get much more political than that.
There have been other dramas: The Politician’s Husband, The Politician’s Wife. And of course House of Cards. Which now has a woman in the White House (yay!).
What is it these dramas have in common that none of those political action books have?
It’s female protagonists. Political thrillers for TV are full of powerful women using their brains to get ahead.
So why aren’t these women represented in fiction? It’s a good question, and one I don’t have an answer for. Although I do hope to have a solution to it, in the form of my political thriller trilogy.
The Division Bell trilogy centres on Jennifer Sinclair. She’s a Home Office minister for whom politics comes crashing into her personal and family life. She has to choose where her loyalties lie, and whom she can trust. Book One, A House Divided, came out last month, and is being lauded by reviewers as the book you should read if you’re missing Bodyguard. Something I’m not going to disagree with!
Maybe I can start a whole new sub-genre of my own? That would be pretty cool. Although it would be even cooler if other women started writing political thrillers with female protagonists.
So this is my challenge: politically engaged women writers (and I know lots of you), why not join me and start writing political thrillers that aren’t about men running around with guns? I look forward to reading your books.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30345 | Cover art for podcast Audiogyan
159 EpisodesProduced by AudiogyanWebsite
27: Fundamental similarities and differences between Hindustani and Carnatic Classical Music
What are the fundamental similarities and differences between Hindustani and Carnatic Classical Music? Do we have 22 Shrutis in Carnatic Classical music? How are these divided and why are the considered different than Hindustani classical? How come Hindustani has 10 thaats while Carnatic has 72 Thaats? How can one remember 72 thaats?
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30346 | On His Arm
Aris & Luke
“Good evening, Mr. Donovan. Right this way…”
“So good to see you, Luke…and who’s your lovely lady?”
“Luke! Gotta run an idea by you, bruh. Let’s chat later…”
For Aris, walking into a room with Luke was an experience.
First and foremost was the almost visceral response he evoked from people simply from his physical appearance. Height aside, a great majority would readily affirm that Luke Donovan is an extraordinarily handsome man on an average day, never mind his effortless look and appeal tonight…which naturally brought on the next phase of this encounter—the instant shift of curious eyes toward Aris, the obscure, unknown woman on his arm.
Most gazes were appreciative while some were downright hostile, especially the haughty looks from stunning and seemingly unattached women who would instantly narrow their eyes or raise a brow as if measuring Aris’s worthiness for a man like Luke.
On most occasions, Aris took it in stride and basked in the honor and the hate.
Tonight, however, wasn’t one of those occasions.
Easing closer to Luke in a blatant display of possession, Aris tried to appear deserving but she felt more like a kid who needed security and guidance.
Luke felt the sudden shift and glanced down at her with adoration in his eyes. It was so warm that Aris’s mounting insecurity melted like icing on a cinnamon roll fresh out of the oven. She smiled up at him, feeling all gooey inside.
He kissed her lips.
Whether it was his own territorial show or a tactic to relax her, she wasn’t quite sure.
Either way, it worked.
Breathing in Luke’s sophistication as he moved them further into the massive room, Aris matched his confident strides and reminded herself that she belonged in this fancy place with its fancy people.
Most importantly, she belonged with him. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30348 | From reading the HAT spec, the ID EEPROM is fixed at address 0x50. This implies that only one real hat may be present at a time, yet lots of products are called HATs and say that they can be stacked, for example, https://www.adafruit.com/product/2348.
In the case of identical hats from the same manufacturing batch it can probably be assumed that the eeproms will respond reasonably simultaneously (they are slaved off the same SCK signal after all) and thus return identical information. There is of course the issue of now having multiple pullups in parallel, but for two or three boards what will probably not be a problem.
Nowhere in the official documentation could I find a discussion of this problem, either a statement to the effect of only allowing one hat at a time, or what to do for stacked hats.
Comments from people who have actually designed hats?
• Related (if not dupe): raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/a/39156/19949 which indicates that there was at least some sort of discussion on the Foundations part. I take it that the "stackable" hats, such as those motor drivers you've linked to, rely on the fact of stacking only one particular type of hat. – Ghanima Mar 14 '19 at 23:06
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30358 | No One Is Good But God – Does This Mean Jesus Wasn’t God?
By George Mitrakos| Sami Zaatari: “If Jesus is God one would expect him to admit he is good in the sense that God is good, meaning perfect. However when we read the Bible we see that Jesus denies being good in the sense that God is good which is perfect.”
The above mentioned argument which I just quoted is deemed by many to be the “home runner” in terms of disproving the deity (God-nature) of Jesus of Nazareth. And unfortunately for us, it really is one of the few arguments brought forth by the opposing party that gets our people shaking in their boots.
Although many may feel enclosed and shackled by this issue, the sensation of which results from the lack of any satisfactory answer, I am here to tell you that there is something people are missing about the passage. Jesus told us that he will give us a mouth that none of our adversaries can refute.
This article is here to serve as a contributor towards that truth and help equip the Christian community against such statements, to the glory of God.
You know the commandments: ‘Do not murder, Do not commit adultery, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Do not defraud, Honor your father and mother.’” And he said to him, ‘Teacher, all these I have kept from my youth.’ And Jesus, looking at him, loved him, and said to him, ‘You lack one thing: go, sell all that you have and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me.'” – Mark 10:17-21 (ESV)
The truth is, there are actually two simple responses to this apparent dilemma.
1. Jesus corrected him to prevent false doctrine about man’s nature.
When we read the event in question, many people tend to turn a blind eye to the context, and that is, who really was this rich young ruler? Well, by reading the contents of the story, one can easily conclude that this individual was NOT a regular follower of the messiah to begin with.
This truth is displayed within Christ’s order to follow him. This same word, “follow”, was used in the initial sections of Matthew’s gospel to call the sons of Zebedee and Andrew and Peter to leave everything behind and follow Christ by taking upon themselves the role of fishers of men.
The reason why Jesus uttered such a statement is because they were not yet followers of the Nazarene. I mean, you don’t tell someone to follow you if they are already following you. So again, what we see is that this man was not a regular adherent of the messiah and hence most probably not aware of his divinity. He was not around Christ long enough to be the recipient of his teachings which touched on his true identity.
So, in the eyes of this ruler, Jesus was nothing more or less than a human being. In light of this, we can safely assume that the answer Jesus provided to this man was in relation to his beliefs about him (that Christ was merely a man).
If Christ were to leave his statement uncorrected, then this individual would be roaming around the streets of Israel while harbouring a false doctrine that human beings are or can reach a state of goodness or righteousness. Such a belief would stand in complete disharmony to what Jesus taught:
“But Jesus on his part did not entrust himself to them, because he knew all people and needed no one to bear witness about man, for he himself knew what was in man.” – John 2:24-25
What these show us is that humanity is by nature wicked and sinful. So all Jesus was doing here was preventing this man from being the vessel of a false belief that would of arose if his statement wasn’t addressed. At the least, it might lead the person to believe that all people are intrinsically good.
At the most, it might lead the person to believe that all people are both good and God at the same time. We know historically that gnosticism and mysticism arose as explanations for the ministry of Jesus, so Jesus was clarifying to him that only God is good and not man.
Since this person had no frame of reference for who he was really speaking to, Jesus would have to first outline that he is the Messiah, THEN demonstrate this to him, THEN explain how he is also God, THEN answer his question about what he must do to inherit eternal life. There is no reason to think Jesus would prefer this style of ministry when asked a simple and straight-forward question by a stranger.
2. Jesus claimed to be good during his ministry
Now the second answer to the argument is actually quite ironic. Who would think that one of the most prominent arguments used against the divinity of Jesus was actually a moment in history where Jesus was attempting to lead this man’s comprehension to his divine nature?
As we know from the story, Jesus told this individual that no one is good but God. Yet when we read the gospels, we see that Jesus did in fact paint himself with the dye of righteousness. He claimed that he really WAS “good”. Here are a few examples:
“And he who sent me is with me. He has not left me alone, for I always do the things that are pleasing to him.” – John 8:29
Which one of you convicts me of sin? If I tell the truth, why do you not believe me? – John 8:46
So what the above passages are demonstrating to us is that Jesus DID in fact call himself good. He also claimed to be one who continuously walked in line with the Lord’s moral precepts and one who is without sin or blemish.
So what is Jesus doing here? First he tells him that no one is good but God, yet throughout his earthly ministry he tells people that he is “good” and without sin. The following is the point Jesus was trying to get across:
If no one is good but God, and you are calling me good, then am I not God?
This whole question which flowed from the lips of the savior was a means to shift this man’s understanding of Jesus’ identity from merely manhood, to divinity. Jesus didn’t deny that he was good, he simply asked a question saying why do you call me good if only God is good? This question was intended to allude to his divinity.
John Gill (23 November 1697 – 14 October 1771) was an English Baptist pastor, biblical scholar, and theologian. He writes concerning this passage:
“Why callest thou me good? This is said, not as denying that he was good, or as being angry with him for calling him so, but in order to lead this young man to a true knowledge of him, and his goodness, and even of his proper deity”
Matthew Poole (1624–1679) was an English theologian. This was his answer concerning the relevant argument;
Herein our Saviour doth not deny himself to be God, but checked him who did not believe him such, yet called him God.
Jesus’ response prevented him from jumping to the conclusion that all men are somehow morally good beings or aspects of God (Jewish Mysticism and Gnosticism) while at the same time attempting to spark reflection within the questioner: “If I am calling Jesus good, and there is none good but God, then who does this make Jesus?”
Since he affirms he is “good” in other places throughout his ministry, we know that Jesus wasn’t denying his own goodness. Jesus was helping the man see that only God could be called “good”, and if Jesus himself could be called “good” as well, then Jesus must be God.
Contrariwise to being an objection to his deity, this passage is a strong argument FOR his deity.
Previous articleThe Historicity Of Jesus: What Sources Do We Have?
Next articleThe Nephilim Of The Old Testament: Who Are They, What Are They Doing, & Why? |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30363 | Flatmates Episode 173
Information about The Flatmates:Flatmates Introduction
This is Episode 173 of BBC’s audio soap opera “The Flatmates”.
1. What expression was used by Tim to mean that his parents were looking after him very well?
2. What expression did Helen use to mean “I know what you mean?
Feel free to type your answers below (or ask any questions about Flatmates) at any time.
Flatmates Episode 173” への1件のコメント
1. 1. “Being spoiled rotten by my parents.”
2. “Tell me about it!” |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30367 | Since dirty began
This door
The laws of immigration
Those with money have been thieves; those without will be.
Those who are kept apart shall be reprimanded for exclusiveness.
Those who assimilate shall be tainted with hypocrisy and self-interest.
Those who do not integrate shall be guilty of disloyalty and self-interest.
Those who are rejected shall be submitted to the cricket test.
Those who suffer abuse shall be responsible for provoking it.
The evidence of victims shall be judged inherently unreliable.
Their spoken testimony shall be outweighed by the false documents of perpetrators.
All people are created equal only in the charters, laws, scriptures and philosophy.
We hold these truths to be self-evident.
Black is not white, and never shall be.
Embers are best extinguished by smothering them with paper.
Better our racists than their victims.
Keep down, and we might take someone else first.
No one can prove his innocence.
You can’t win against a marked deck.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30368 | How to work out when Jesus died
When did Jesus die? The year, I mean.
The honest answer is we don’t know. In Michael J. Alter’s The Resurrection: A Critical Enquiry, recommended by John Loftus’s Debunking Christianity blog-site, the author considers twelve different dates that have been proposed, together with the reasons why. Ultimately though, we don’t know.
Which is strange, not only because, as Alter points out, Jesus’ death and resurrection are supposedly the most significant events ever to have happened in the entire history of the world, but because it should be really easy to pinpoint the date. It was the year there was –
• a total eclipse of the sun that, for over three hours, plunged the whole land (some translations have ‘earth’) into darkness,
• an earthquake that caused appreciable damage,
• the tearing from top to bottom of the four inch thick, 82 feet high curtain in the temple,
• the dead rising from their graves to make themselves known to the inhabitants of Jerusalem (including, presumably, the extensive Roman presence.)
We know this because the gospels tell us so; these events all took place either just before (Luke) or just after (Matthew) Jesus’ death. Let’s overlook the fact that solar eclipses don’t ever occur at the point of a full moon, while Passover, when Jesus died, happens only when there is one, and take a look at Matthew’s version of events:
From noon on, darkness came over the whole land until three in the afternoon. And about three o’clock Jesus cried with a loud voice… and breathed his last. At that moment the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. The earth shook, and the rocks were split. The tombs also were opened, and many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised. After his resurrection they came out of the tombs and entered the holy city and appeared to many. (Matthew 27.45, 46, 51-53)
All we need to do, therefore, is look for corroboration of these four cataclysmic events occurring together in the records of the time. (The Romans were particularly good at recording such things; we know, for example, there was an eclipse in AD29, though that lasted a measly 2 minutes.) Once we’ve found this corroborative evidence, we’ll know for certain the year in which Jesus died.
But you’re ahead of me: there is no record anywhere, apart from the gospels, of these events ever taking place, certainly not in combination. No record of a widespread darkness, nor of an accompanying earthquake nor of the temple veil tearing from top to bottom, nor of the dead emerging from their tombs. Which isn’t to say they didn’t happen, but you’d think someone, somewhere would have noticed and would have written about them. Josephus maybe, or Plutarch, Greek or Roman authorities, or even Paul; anyone writing at the time or soon after; any of those whose history of the period has survived.
But no.
It’s enough to make you think these earth-shattering events didn’t really happen; that they’re all made up for theological reasons.
And you’d be right. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30377 | Repository hosted by TU Delft Library
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Increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chronic fatigue syndrome patients, without evidence for altered density or affinity of glucocorticoid receptors
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Author: Visser, J. · Lentjes, E. · Haspels, I. · Graffelman, W. · Blauw, B. · Kloet, R. de · Nagelkerken, L.
Institution: TNO Preventie en Gezondheid
Source:Journal of Investigative Medicine, 2, 49, 195-204
Identifier: 236002
Keywords: Health · Chronic fatigue syndrome · Glucocorticoid receptors · Glucocorticoids · Dexamethasone · Gamma interferon · Glucocorticoid · Glucocorticoid receptor · Interleukin 10 · Interleukin 2 · Iessenger RNA · Phorbol 13 acetate 12 myristate · Tumor necrosis factor alpha · Clinical article · controlled study · Corticotropin blood level · Cytokine production · Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay · Hormone sensitivity · Human cell · Hydrocortisone blood level · Mononuclear cell · receptor affinity · receptor density · reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction · Adolescent · Adrenocorticotropic Hormone · Adult · Cells, Cultured · Cytokines · Dexamethasone · Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic · Female · Humans · Hydrocortisone · Leukocytes, Mononuclear · Male · Middle Aged · Receptors, Glucocorticoid · Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
Background: In this study we tested the hypothesis that the increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)-patients can be attributed to an altered functioning of their glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Methods: For this purpose, affinity and distribution of the GR were studied in purified, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 10 CFS patients and 14 controls along with the responsiveness of these cells to glucocorticoids in vitro. Results: Affinity (Kd) and number of GR was not different in PBMC of CFS patients when compared with the controls (Kd, 12.9±8.9 nmol vs 18.8±16.2 nmol and GR number, 4839±2824/ cell vs 4906±1646/cell). Moreover, RT-PCR revealed no differences in GR messenger RNA expression. Nevertheless, PBMC from CFS patients showed an increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vitro. In CFS patients 0.01 μmol dexamethasone suppressed PBMC proliferation by 37%, whereas the controls were only suppressed by 17% (P<0.01). Addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate to the cultures rendered the cells resistant to dexamethasone with regard to proliferation and IL-10 and IFN-γ production, but not to IL-2 and TNF-α production in both patients and controls. No difference between patients and controls was observed in this respect. Conclusions: In conclusion, PBMC of CFS patients display an increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids, which cannot be explained by number or affinity of the GR but should rather be attributed to molecular processes beyond the actual binding of the ligand to the GR. Chemicals/CAS: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, 9002-60-2; Cytokines; Dexamethasone, 50-02-2; Hydrocortisone, 50-23-7; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate, 16561-29-8 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30388 | The Apple II series (up until the IIgs) did not have a built in clock. As such, there were a few add-on devices that could be installed that would keep a battery-backed time that could be queried by software. With the introduction of ProDOS, Apple decided to add the ability for time stamping files and Apple decided to standardize on a device called the Thunderclock.
Though a few other time keeping devices came out for the machine, they were either Thunderclock compatible or needed custom software or patches to be recognized by ProDOS. In particular, one product called the No-Slot Clock was popular because it didn't take up a precious slot and also made it possible to use on the //c. However, it did require a patch to ProDOS to work.
These days, it seems that the only way to get time on your old Apple II is to purchase a reproduction of the No-Slot Clock and thus some time-dependent software seems to now be targeting that device probably because actual slot-based time cards weren't very common back in the day.
My question is whether the No-Slot Clock is compatible with the Thunderclock? I'm sure if you used ProDOS APIs to get to the time then it would be abstracted, but is it possible that people could be writing NSC software because there were extra features that could be exploited? Were they fundamentally different APIs? Does it make any sense to make software for the NSC versus the Thunderclock standard? Why did the NSC need a patch in ProDOS?
• By patch do you mean driver? There are several NSC drivers for ProDOS. A "patch" for ProDOS is not needed for NSC support, but ProDOS only supports certain date ranges and needs to be patched for others. – Nick Westgate Jan 23 '18 at 21:29
They are incompatible.
I found the manual for the Thunderclock at the Internet Archive. I found the manual for the classic No-Slot Clock elsewhere. I also looked at installation instructions for the modern version.
The no-slot clock, as you say, doesn't fill an expansion slot. Instead you install it between the ROM and the mainboard. It gets exactly the same signals as the ROM gets. In particular:
Communication with the No-Slot Clock is established by pattern recognition of a serial bit stream of 64 bits which must be matched by executing 64 consecutive write cycles, placing address bit A2 low with the proper data on address bit AO. The 64 write cycles are used only to gain access to the No-Slot Clock.
After which:
Information transfer into and out of the No-Slot Clock is achieved by using address bits AO and A2, control signals OE and CE and data line DQO. All No-Slot Clock data transfers are accomplished by executing read cycles to the mated memory address space. Write and read functions are determined by the level of address bit A2.
So you need to cause it to observe a specific 64-step access pattern to the ROM, after which it will activate and you can either feed it a bit stream by reading addresses that indicate the data you're writing, or read from it.
It's all a bit convoluted, but that's how you can fit it onto the existing bus.
Conversely, the ThunderClock (at least the Plus, for which I found the manual) exposes firmware and BASIC extensions for reading and writing; the documented assembly way of accessing it is via calls to Cx08 and Cx0B, where x is determined by the selected installation slot. It can provide interrupts. The documented version offers additional functionality such as BSR/X-10, which is for home automation — that idea is about as new as it is commercially successful.
Immediate conclusions then:
• the officially documented way to access the ThunderClock is to use firmware extensions. The No-slot Clock does not offer those extensions. Therefore software written for the ThunderClock won't work on the No-Slot Clock;
• the officially documented way to access the No-Slot Clock is by specially-crafted ROM access patterns that can be parasitically intercepted. The ThunderClock does not observe interactions with the main ROM. Therefore software written for the No-Slot Clock won't work on the ThunderClock;
• because the ThunderClock uses some of the memory space reserved for its slot, an equivalent device that wasn't physically in a slot would nevertheless effectively cause one to be unavailable; and
• the ThunderClock offers interrupt-driven time updates, but the No-Slot Clock does not even have access to the interrupt line. Therefore a No-Slot Clock could never be ThunderClock compatible.
• AFAIR the patterns used to activate the NSC and the data formats where also not disclosed and had to be 'discovered' by analyzing the binary - at least that's what I remember. – Raffzahn Jan 19 '18 at 14:48
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Oh, and, since the NSC was based arround ROM access, it could be used with next to every computer offering a standard ROM socket. – Raffzahn Jan 19 '18 at 14:49
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@Raffzahn Indeed, the linked manual describes it as being for the Apple or the PC (i.e. the complete list of 'serious' American computers); I had otherwise forgotten that the PC's real-time clock didn't turn up until the AT. Anyway, funny that we posted within seconds of each other — if your answer had already been here, I wouldn't have bothered with mine. I think the two are very similar. – Tommy Jan 19 '18 at 14:53
No. Thunderclock is a standard Apple II I/O Card, placing chip registers and ROM routines in memory areas provided for the slot they are in. All access is done either via direct hardware access or using the card ROM functions.
No-Slot-Clock is, as the name implies designed to use no slot resources. Therefore it can not provide a compatible interface at all. No ROM means no ROM calls via Cnxx, and no I/O Port means no access via C0nx.
The No-Slot-Clock's access is done via consecutive read access to a bunch of ROM addresses creating a serial protokoll to unlock and read or write information.
Yes, but it's not a feature of something more powerfull or whatsoever, but the fact, that this clock doesn't need I/O resources. Hence, No-Slot. I could be added to a fully cramped Apple II - or even an Apple IIc, which otherwise couldn't add a slot based clock.
In fact, the Thunderclock did provide more functionality. Not only could it provide time based interrupts (timers) but also handle a remote :)) So if you want to get more than just the time of day and data, you might want something else than a No-Slot-Clock.
Were they fundamentally different APIs?
Thunderclock did provide a nice ROM based high level interface suited for easy access by BASIC (DOS and ProDOS), and still somewhat good access by Assembly. The No-Slot-Clock always needed an additional binary driver to be read or set. No function available without.
More installations. Programming for the No-Slot-Clock allows your software to use the clock feature by installing a No-Slot-Clock. Even on an Apple IIc. Supporting only the Thunderclock restricts the clock feature to machines with slots (II/II+/IIe).
Why not support both (like with a loadable driver binary).
Why did the NSC need a patch in ProDOS?
Cause ProDOS knows about time (DOS doesn't) but didn't have a driver for the No-Slot-Clock build in? How else would one be able to change the driver than by patching ProDOS?
• Given all the other changes Apple made to the Apple //e, I find it a little curious they didn't include any "background" time-keeping mechanism since that was one of the recognizable limitations of the Apple ][ compared with its contemporaries. – supercat Feb 21 '18 at 19:08
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30389 |
New answers tagged
(Caveat: This is from memory with a quick peek into the manual. So some reply after trying it might be useful.) TL;DR; Fill it Try fill=yes (*1) for the memory area of MAIN and make HIMEMSEG overwrite the area you added: MEMORY { ZP: file = "", start = $0002, size = $00FE, define = yes; LOADADDR: file = %O, start = %S - 2, size = $...
Look at phase/dephase directives (also known as rorg/rend) - e.g. in the vasm manual. The whole code should like: org real_entry_point entry_point: ... align 2 rorg RAM_BEGIN cool_routine ... (will be assembled for "org RAM_BEGIN", but stored immediately after previous code) rend
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30423 | RRISD 2019 SummeRR Camp Conference has ended
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30429 | The Heavy Metal Matador (rydain) wrote,
The Heavy Metal Matador
• Mood:
• Music:
Creativity progress goes boink
After two months of practicing anatomy on shirtless men, my brain craves words and stuff. I really should do small sketches and whatnot to keep myself fresh. I admit to having a serious motivation problem when I'm not studying for a specific piece.
I'm poking at some Mass Effect 3 ending fanfic. The mood is a cross between the Guardian Legend introduction and Nine Inch Nails' A Warm Place. Incongruous as that sounds, it works in my head, and I'm sure it will work once my notes congeal into actual prose. Said notes largely consist of disjointed snippets of conversation, scenery, and internal exposition. Say hello to pretty much my entire writing process.
Sometimes lightning strikes and I see a full scene all at once: the gist of conversation and expository balance, the intended mood, relevant plot development, any deeper symbolism or allegory that happens to belong there. More often, my inspiration comes piecemeal. I know what development I need, but I have no compelling idea on how to sell it. Or I have conversations and scenery floating around with no place to go. To plan the FIRST DRAFT FOR REALS THIS TIME of Arise, I have the following set up in Scrivener:
• Basic list of shit going on: actions, character frustrations, primary circumstances driving the conflict. This keeps track of cause and effect propagation and helps ensure that it all makes sense at its most fundamental level.
• Any scene ideas I can come up with, from specifics to development that eventually needs to be put somewhere. These are roughly ordered at best. A bunch are repurposed from the better fruits of my NaNoWriMo draft.
• List of unanswered questions and relevant rambling. This includes research topics and undecided motivations and plot points.
To rebuild my foundation, I refined my basic plausible conflicts to strongly evoke the setting. Gao Feng Tao took over his uncle's handbag factory, but I didn't know the circumstances. Further research turned up the perfect solution - Tao stole the chops. In China, business and financial authority is conferred via stamps that are difficult to forge and respected as official word regardless of whoever is using them. It's a wonderfully specific detail, and it poofed into my head with a dramatic confrontation scene. Bonus!
As you may gather by my constant rambling about the brilliance of the show, I took yet more cues from The Wire. I found more court cases and business news to inspire tidbits of character back story. I rethought conflicts to arise from basic problems, such as supply chain price increases and the cutthroat competition inherent in the trucking industry. I got a better handle on understanding my characters' mentality of copying and skimming as fair game - it's just business and all. At around 60% sketched, my revised plot already feels closer to the natural result of an ecosystem than it did in the NaNo stage.
I'm almost ready to dig into Rough Draft 1.0. (NaNo was 0.1a.) I have enough scene specifics to work on, lots of promising rough prose to polish, and placeholders for undecided development including lead-in needed for the final act. There's enough to do that won't be invalidated by further research and planning. Chums up let's do this! (Again.)
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30438 | I wish to use an http right frame instead of https for my login page.
However, it shows me, unable to do so as the website is http.
Is there a way to add our right frame on the login page?
At this point due to security reasons I don't think SFDC will allow you to Iframe with http .This is something worth checking with salesforce support that they make exception for you .
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30439 | I have created Outbound SMS and selected next keyword in outbound the same keyword used in text response but i am unable to receive the text response sms.
Can any one help me out how to setup text response SMS in mobile connect using the keywords.
To create the text response SMS, you need to click create message and select text response template.
Once it is done, add a name, message content and select shortcode. Once you have selected shortcode, the saved keyword list shows up. You can select anyone or create a new keyword for the shortcode.
Then save and activate the message.
This should work. Let me know if you face any other issue.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30448 | fuel for nostalgia
popsicles on the porch circa ~1978
it all started at the gas pump
Purnamadah Purnamidam
Purnat Purnamudachyate
Purnasya Purnamadaya
That is Whole, this is the Whole;
From the Whole, the Whole arises;
Taking away the Whole from the Whole
The Whole remains.
Through all the sorrows and sufferings of life,
This message of the sages glows bright
In my heart:
‘The Immortal Being manifests himself in Joy.’
To prove the contrary is nothing but empty cleverness,
Trying to belittle the Great.
He who sees Supreme Truth
Beyond Time and Space, in its entirety-
For him alone has life a meaning.
~Rabindranath Tagore
6 thoughts on “fuel for nostalgia
1. I have been feeling a bit nostalgic myself this weekend. Yesterday I was sitting out back in the shade when all of a sudden I heard what sounded like the music that used to be played on the ice cream trucks that visited our neighborhood each day in the summers. It reminded me of the carefree days of youth and how much my grand children will never get to experience.
• Lois- you’re so right. There’s so much more fear and danger in today’s world- as well as technology and distraction. Oh, for the beautiful long, lazy days of summers past.
2. So beautifully written and that tug of nostalgia is a pang so wonderful to be reminded of… dusting the furniture!! You brought me back to those days in the family home in a flash Really lovely Wendi.. 🙂
3. You’re giving my goosebumps with this, Wendi. Really, really powerful and profound. I agree with your ideas about purnam and also find it comforting and calming. There’s a big contradiction that I like to embrace: that we are so small, really, a small speck in the universe and in time making what we think is so important really not. Yet at the same time, those little things we do every day- those moments of connection and meaning- those are the biggest, most powerful pieces of our lives. I believe they link our universe together and get us closer to the wonderful whole of which you speak. Thank you for such fascinating and meaningful thoughts. ❤
• Thanks, Flo! So true about Purnam- there is such a richness in meaning to it, and I continue to find value in chanting it as a mantra/song. I makes my heart open a little more each time (and helps me to notice thos small things you talk about- the everyday miracles).
dialogue is good- yes? comment here.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30450 | Defining Core Metabolic and Transcriptomic Responses to Oxygen Availability in Rice Embryos and Young Seedlings Academic Article uri icon
• Analysis reveals that there is limited overlap in the sets of transcripts that show significant changes in abundance during anaerobiosis in different plant species. This may be due to the fact that a combination of primary effects, changes due to the presence or absence of oxygen, and secondary effects, responses to primary changes or tissue and developmental responses, are measured together and not differentiated from each other. In order to dissect out these responses, the effect of the presence or absence of oxygen was investigated using three different experimental designs using rice (Oryza sativa) as a model system. A total of 110 metabolites and 9,596 transcripts were found to change significantly in response to oxygen availability in at least one experiment. However, only one-quarter of these showed complementary responses to oxygen in all three experiments, allowing the core response to oxygen availability to be defined. A total of 10 metabolites and 1,136 genes could be defined as aerobic responders (up-regulated in the presence of oxygen and down-regulated in its absence), and 13 metabolites and 730 genes could be defined as anaerobic responders (up-regulated in the absence of oxygen and down-regulated in its presence). Defining core sets of transcripts that were sensitive to oxygen provided insights into alterations in metabolism, specifically carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the putative regulatory mechanisms that allow rice to grow under anaerobic conditions. Transcript abundance of a specific set of transcription factors was sensitive to oxygen availability during all of the different experiments conducted, putatively identifying primary regulators of gene expression under anaerobic conditions. Combined with the possibility of selective transcript degradation, these transcriptional processes are involved in the core response of rice to anaerobiosis.
publication date
• September 2009 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30451 | In Interstellar,
The main characters are pursuing Plan B for saving humanity, whereby a human colony will be established via frozen embryos. At the end, Brandt (a woman) is a alone on the colony. What is the plan to bring the embryos to fruition? I remember a rapidly delivered summary, but was the plan really for her to deliver and raise ten children (girls, presumably) by herself?
I figure that the initial plan probably involved the full crew, but even so...am I missing something?
As I recall, there was an offhand remark in the film about artificial wombs in which to gestate the embryos.
Brandt would decant the first generation of children by herself and raise them to adulthood,
after which they would raise second and subsequent generations and expand the colony, changing over from artificial to natural reproduction when the population grew large enough.
To answer your exact question:
Yes, the idea was for Brandt to raise ten or so children by herself -- although in the original plan, there would have been four adults to share the work instead of just one.
This is specifically addressed in the film's official novelisation. Brand was planning to land on the remaining planet (Edmund's World) with Coop and between them they would incubate ten-ish embryos using an artificial womb. These children would then form the backbone of a new human population using a mixture of surrogacy and normal pregnancy.
Ultimately, the only difference between what was planned from the start and the ultimate outcome was that instead of being managed by four adults, they started the bomb with a single adult:
This is one way. Plan B — a population bomb. Almost five thousand fertilized eggs, preserved in containers weighing in at under nine hundred kilos.” Five thousand children, he thought. Five thousand, in this little vault, waiting to be brought into the world.
“How could you raise them?” Cooper asked.
“With equipment on board, we incubate the first ten,” Brand replied, as if she was talking about planting corn. “After that, with surrogacy, the growth becomes exponential. Within thirty years, we might have a colony of hundreds. The real difficulty of colonization is genetic diversity.” She pointed to the glass vials enclosed by the device. “This takes care of that.”
She had been trying to stay occupied with the particulars of her duties—primarily making certain that they could still implement plan B. The population bomb had been roughed up enough that she’d needed to overhaul the cryonics, which she had managed to accomplish with a little help from Case. It was a makeshift fix that required cannibalizing Romilly’s cryo-bed, but then again, he wasn’t going to need it. Once they made planetfall, she could use some parts of the Endurance they still needed to rig a more reliable system. They couldn’t thaw all of the embryos at once—the bomb would need to continue working for decades, at least.
She wondered how many children she and Cooper would be able to manage, now that it was just the two of them. Five? Ten?
At least he had some experience along those lines.
You want a big family, Coop? It was going to be an odd conversation to have. Probably a painful one, too—at least for him.
The film does not support that Brand is indeed starting Plan B on her own. There is a remark by Murph at the end "maybe right now she is settling in for the long nap". This plus the fact that for a fraction of a second before the spin-docking sequence we're shown, I think, that one of Endurance's compounds destroyed by Mann seems to have contained the population bomb. (Maybe this was not intended by the filmmakers - this could have been other containers, it's not thematised in dialogue. But they pretty much looked exactly like the population bomb containers.) It's not explicitly said whether all 5000 fertilized eggs were destroyed but adding Murphs remark it gets obvious that Brand did not start with Plan B on her own but preparing for arriving backup that she obviously had very reasons to hope for but on the other hand having no other alternative. She was preparing for cryo-sleep, hoping that somehow humanity manages to send a next epedition to Edmunds planet.
One single person for entire Plan B would have been indeed a very "long shot".
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This answer isn't supported by the film or the novelisation. See above – Valorum Apr 19 '15 at 15:59
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30452 | It was stated earlier in the series that all the survivors are already infected with the zombie virus, which is why even someone killed by a gunshot will reanimate if their brain is intact.
However, why do people who are bitten by zombies wind up dying, if they're already infected? What is the new, 100% lethal and incurable thing introduced via the bite, which the survivors don't already have in their blood?
If they're just falling victim to the general filthiness of being bitten by a rotting human, why do they skip straight to amputation, rather than attempting to use alcohol, boiling water, cauterization, or even penicillin (when available). Or, barring all that, just give the injured person lots of water and hope that they pull through on their own?
I'm preferably looking for canon answers from the show, but I'd also be happy with an answer from the comic if the show hasn't addressed the issue.
• Usually these bites happen out on a run where there are no medical supplies like alcohol and antibiotics readily available. Back in season one, they did use the "water, hope, and pray methods" with Jim and Amy. They don't work. Arguably, they also did it with Tyrese and Bob. – phantom42 Apr 4 '15 at 1:07
• There's also some discussion here about the need to treat the new infection quickly. – phantom42 Apr 4 '15 at 1:09
• Thanks, I didn't see the other question when I searched prior to writing my own. – Liesmith Apr 4 '15 at 9:39 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30467 |
Outlook Journaling: A poor man's archiving tool
If you work for a small company and traditional methods of message archiving are beyond your budget, there is a way you can archive e-mail for free: Outlook Journaling.
If you work for a small company and traditional methods of message archiving are beyond your budget, there is a way you can archive e-mail for free: Outlook Journaling. But before you jump right in and start archiving messages, there are some significant limitations you need to be aware of:
• Journal-based archiving occurs on a per-client basis. With most archival software, mail is archived to a central database. If an administrator needs to hunt for an archived message, they can enter a query into a centralized console and search the whole database. With Outlook's journaling feature, each copy of Outlook maintains its own archive. If an administrator needs to restore a message, they must go to the machine that contains the appropriate archive.
• The Outlook Journal can only automatically archive messages from people on a user's Contact list. Furthermore, a user has to manually specify which contacts the automatic journaling feature applies to. This means that unless a user specifically tells Outlook to archive mail from an individual person, the mail won't be archived.
• The rule of thumb for major corporations is that mail should be retained for seven years. Outlook Journal will run an automatic archival procedure every two weeks; expired messages are deleted and anything over six months old is moved to an alternate location. (Fortunately, the mail retention period can be changed.)
The procedure for setting up journal-based archiving is fairly simple:
1. Go to Outlook -> Tools -> Options.
2. Click the Journal Options button on the Preferences tab
3. Select the E-Mail checkbox from the Automatically Record These Items list.
4. Select all of your Contacts.
5. Now click the Opens the Item Referred To By The Journal Entry button.
6. The next thing you need to do is to place some limits on the auto-archive feature. The easiest way to do this is to click the AutoArchive Journal Entries button and choose the Do Not Archive Items In This Folder option.
If you do want to automatically archive the journal's contents, be sure to set the appropriate retention period (by default, it's six months). You might also consider clicking the Default Archive Setting button and deselecting the Delete Expired Items (E-Mail Folders Only) checkbox.
While Outlook's Journaling feature is a cheap way of archiving old messages, I definitely don't recommend using it as a long term archival solution. But it can get the job done until you have the opportunity to put a better archival solution in place.
Do you have comments on this tip? Let us know.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30472 | Is there a simple blacklist-style way of disabling CBC mode cipher suites in apps that use an openssl cipher suite list? I'm hoping for something in the style of !RC4, however, !CBC has no effect, and still allows suites such as TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256.
The only solution I've found so far is to use a much more verbose whitelist that only includes non-CBC ciphers. Is there a simpler alternative?
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Isn't there very very little left if you exclude CBC and non forward secure and limit to AES ciphers? I think all that's left then is like four (?) GCM ciphers, right? And you could well put that as a whitelist? – StackzOfZtuff Aug 1 '17 at 20:01
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Yes, it's true, it does end up being quite a short whitelist! Don't forget ChaCha20 though... – Synchro Aug 1 '17 at 20:02
According to the list of Cipher Strings given in the documentation (man ciphers) there is no string describing all CBC ciphers. This means there is no simple way to disable all of these (and only these) with a simple !CBC or similar.
You can use !SHA1:!SHA256:!SHA384 to disable all CBC mode ciphers. There are some non-CBC false positives that will also be disabled (RC4, NULL), but you probably also want to disable them anyway.
Note that while GCM and CHACHA20 ciphers have SHA* in their name, they're not disabled because they use their own MAC algorithm. The SHA* in their name is for the PRF, not the MAC
• This is necessary especially since CBC algorithms are now rated as weak. – Robidu Jul 22 '19 at 22:26
There is no way to do this directly, however you can script it a bit.
Let's say that your initial cipher suites string is !3DES:HIGH. (You should probably have a better cipher suites string to begin with, but that's a good starting point and won't clutter this answer too much.)
Now, do this:
$ openssl ciphers '!3DES:HIGH' \
| sed -e 's/:/\n/g' \
| grep -v GCM \
| sed -e ':a' -e 'N' -e '$!ba' -e 's/\n/:!/g' -e 's/^/!/'
Explanation, per line:
1. Start with the set of ciphers you "really" want
2. Split the :-separated list into one-per-line cipher suite
3. Remove anything that doesn't explicitly say GCM
4. Read the whole file in at once, replace newlines with :!, then add a ! at the very beginning
Now take this output and place it at the front of your cipher suite string. Don't throw-out your original, because you might want to re-run this process later when your initial cipher suites string changes, or if new ciphers are added to OpenSSL or even to their HIGH default list.
I've spent a fair amount of time over the last couple of days trying to get a perfect list for ssllabs. Thanks in part to this, here's what works:
• This accomplishes A+ by disabling the four CBC mode equivalent ciphers and leaving four GCM. I use it and have received no adverse feedback. Qualys shows that all except a range of older devices and browsers are happy with this, but if you serve a wider range of clients, you may need to be more lenient and use something like SSLCipherSuite EECDH+AESGCM:EDH+AESGCM:AES256+EECDH:AES256+EDH. – Chris Woods Jan 3 at 14:36
The best SSL Ciphers and Protocols settings I found at https://cipherli.st/
With this you will get a Qualys A+ rating:
# Requires Apache 2.4.36 & OpenSSL 1.1.1
SSLProtocol -all +TLSv1.3 +TLSv1.2
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This is a whitelist, which I've already got - the question asks if there is a blacklist to disable all CBC-mode cipher suites. Also there is no such thing as a "best" cipher suite list, as it's very dependent on your prospective audience. – Synchro Aug 26 '19 at 12:18
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30490 | Friends & Fans. Redefining The Relationship.
I probably won’t take a day off so I can walk you through a very bad day face-to-face. I probably won’t call you for help when the water heater goes out at my house and I’m 600 miles away on a bus. If I get depressed I won’t confide in you. If you die I won’t be at the funeral. If you say enough hurtful things to me I’ll delete you.
I have friends. You’re probably not one of them.
I joined Facebook long ago to better serve and connect with fans where they are. Back then all Facebook offered were personal profiles. So fans searched Facebook, found my personal profile and sent me friend requests until I hit Facebook’s 5,000 friend limit.
Then Facebook added “pages” for brands, musicians, organizations, etc. A page is like a profile except it’s “liked” not befriended. It’s for “fans,” not “friends.” I think a page is the more appropriate place to serve and communicate with fans. But some fans don’t see it that way.
That became clear this month when I began deleting “friends” from my personal profile, a few each day, and pointing them to my fan page where we can still connect. Oh, the betrayal some are feeling!
They don’t like how I’ve redefined our relationship.
Sherry Turkle has this to say about the differences between online and offline relations:
[When we] broaden the definition of community to include virtual spaces, [we] strip language of its meaning. If we start to call online spaces where we are with other people “communities,” it is easy to forget what that word used to mean. From its derivation, it literally means “to give among each other.”
Communities are constituted by physical proximity, shared concerns, real consequences, and common responsibilities. It’s members help each other in the most practical ways. On the lower east side of Manhattan, my great grandparents belonged to a block association rife with deep antagonisms. I grew up hearing stories about those times. There was envy, concern that one family was stealing from another. And yet these families took care of each other, helping each other when money was tight, when there was illness, when someone died. If one family was evicted, it boarded with a neighboring one. They buried each other. But what do we owe to each other in simulation? What real-life responsibilities do we have for those we friend [on-line]? Am I my avatar’s keeper?
Alone Together p. 238, 239
Friendship, family, community – these relationships are supposed to be more resilient, more demanding, more personal than Facebook (or any other technology) can create and facilitate. God help us if our real-life face-to-face friendships, families and communities are as intermittent, shallow, fragile and self-centered as those we’ve constructed online.
You and I probably aren’t friends. And I don’t like the word “fan.” But until Facebook creates a space for “aquaintences”, well, I’ve got a page you can “like.” |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30511 | Wiz Khalifa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Wiz Khalifa
Wiz Khalifa 5, 2012.jpg
Wiz Khalifa in 2012.
Background information
Birth nameCameron Jibril Thomaz
Born (1987-09-08) September 8, 1987 (age 32)
Minot, North Dakota, United States
OriginPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
• Rapper
• singer
• songwriter
• actor
Years active2005–present
Associated acts
WebsiteOfficial website
Cameron Jibril Thomaz (born September 8, 1987 in Minot, North Dakota), known by his stage name, Wiz Khalifa, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and actor . His stage name is derived from khalifa, an Arabic word meaning "successor", and wisdom, which was shortened to Wiz when he was fifteen. He released his fourth studio album on December 4, 2012 called O.N.I.F.C.
Wiz Khalifa is on the Atlantic Records label, which he signed with in April 2010.
Discography[change | change source]
Albums[change | change source]
Year Album
2006 Show and Prove
2009 Deal or No Deal
2011 Rolling Papers
2012 O.N.I.F.C.
2014 Blacc Hollywood
Singles[change | change source]
Year Album
2010 Say Yeah
2010 Black and Yellow
2011 Roll Up
2015 See you again
Websites[change | change source] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30525 | We're here to help
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30567 | chris the wiz
is creating YouTube Videos
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About chris the wiz
hey! my name is chris, and i enjoy making youtube videos about video games such as cs:go, osu!, and more. it would help me out a ton if you'd become a patreon to help support me in my goal of getting better equipment and recording equipment for my setup, so i can keep making quality content. thanks!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30570 |
What do literature scholars think of YA, and why?
In the footsteps of many fellow book lovers, I have fallen into the trap of becoming an English Literature major at my university. But I did this because: 1) I like books in general, 2) I want to write books in my future, and 3) there was literally no other choice! |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30592 | Style in the Shallows
Blake Lively is currently battling one nasty shark on screen, but back in reality, this Blake would prefer the shallows of her private vacation pool. … Read the rest
9 Reasons Why Jaws 2 is an Underrated Horror Classic
The other weekend, shark movie of the summer The Shallows opened to excited audiences. Some online even called it, ‘the best of its kind since Jaws’. … Read the rest |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30624 | An American Addiction Centers Resource
New to the Forums?Join or
Congress Ends Ban On Medical Marijuana
Discussion in 'Marijuana' started by Rainman, Dec 17, 2015.
1. Rainman
Rainman Community Champion
Few people will hear of this but Medical Marijuana has quietly got nationwide legislation.
More States will now consider legalizing medical marijuana I suppose. Should they do it I wonder what effect impact it will have.
Would legalizing recreational use follow?
2. Jasmine2015
Jasmine2015 Community Champion
I wonder why this is being done "quietly"? If it is for medical use than I don't see a problem with it at all. There maybe a tune when it becomes more widespread for recreational use or maybe not. Would marajuana get more attention for recreational use vs medical use?
3. Tsky45
Tsky45 Community Champion
One thing that will change is the use of drug sniffing dogs in most states. In most states where medical marijuana is legal they probably won't train drug sniffing dogs for marijuana since it's legal. People will probably be able to get prescriptions for marijuana instead of other pain killers. Who knows if it will ever be legal for recreational use, probably over time it will.
4. Tremmie
Tremmie Community Champion
Awesome, just some days ago I was reading about a poor woman who had finally found a way to deal with her Crohns disease, but sadly she is now jailed, because in her state medical marijuana is not legal :( Poor woman, not fair that someone who uses this herb to help her deal with such a horrible disease is sent to jail.
5. Scooby Snack
Scooby Snack Community Champion
Slowly creeping toward full legalization. I mean really, the medical benefits have been studied to death already, why not make the drug available to those who need it?
6. serenity
serenity Community Champion
Well at least this is a good start, hopefully it will be fully recognized and weed will be sold to those who really need it.
7. eveliner
eveliner Senior Contributor
Because pharmaceutical companies intervene in the process. They make way too much money out of placebo medicine, and marijuana will kill their deceitful business in an instant. But glad to see action is being taken at last. Justice has been brought upon us!
8. Joethefirst
Joethefirst Community Champion
This is good news I am all in favor of medical marijuana. The help it has given many people that couldn't turn too any other medication has had an impact on legislation. I on the other hand am not in favor of smoking marijuana, even though medical marijuana isn't supposed to be smoked there are many that do. The gains that you get are cancelled by the diseases that you can get from smoking it.
9. zaerine
zaerine Community Champion
It will be a good thing if legalizing medical marijuana in there is more of a good thing than bad of course. Maybe they have proofs of its effects already. There should be proper supervision when it will be prescribed.
10. kgord
kgord Community Champion
I think it is a good thing, and those who have a problem with becoming drug dependent, can get cannabis oil that has no THC in it. It is one of the things you might find when you are getting a quality compound that may help you. I think it is an effective way to treat a variety of physical conditions, and cutting out the big drug companies can only be a good thing in my book.
11. Scooby Snack
Scooby Snack Community Champion
Forgot about this obvious fact. Chris Rock said it wonderfully: "the money isn't in the cure, the money's in the medicine".
12. dyanmarie25
dyanmarie25 Community Champion
I think that's great news. I don't have anything against medical marijuana. As long as it's for good reason, I am in favor of the legalization of its usage.
13. cpinatsi
cpinatsi Senior Contributor
It was about time to get nationwide. We are talking about medical marijuana, so that is a positive thing, although I know many people will react to this legislation.
14. vegito12
vegito12 Community Champion
I think it can be a good thing and also hope more countries do this which can mean that people will use it for their health and also it can help the ones who have back pain and also seizures, which can be something which the modern medicine can make some people addicted to it and instead of getting help they can instead suffer in the long run. I hope that people can use this for their families and also people can be saved as many people have suffered and also hope people get the medication they need. It is interesting to see what happens when people use medical marijuana and also I like what the congress is doing and also other parts of the country need to make sure it is allowed in other countries.
15. mscooke
mscooke Member
Recreational use of marijuana is legal in Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, Washington and the District of Columbia. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30646 | Month: October 2014
The new issue of Thanet Watch magazine is out now. You’ll find it in newsagents across Thanet, with stories about Thanet Council, UKIP, fake ruinsTW29 FRONT COVER and much more. If you have problems finding your copy, email us on
Thanet, East Kent, is being heavily targeted by UKIP. Nigel Farage is standing in Thanet South and they’re also targeting the local council and Thanet North. UKIP MEP Janice Atkinson said that some parts of Thanet are “no go” areas because of immigration into the area. In this clip, Aram Rawf visits the locality and says that immigration has actually IMPROVED the area. (“IS UKIP RACIST?” see the latest edition of Thanet Watch magazine in newsagents now.)
Attempts to reopen Manston Airport centre on the American company River Oak Investment Corp. But how much is really known about River Oak? Following an investigation into River Oak’s background, on 30th July Thanet Watch magazine contacted the company with a list of relevant questions. To date the magazine has received no answer. Below is reproduced the email which Thanet Watch sent to them. (For the full story see the October issue of Thanet Watch in newsagents across Thanet now.)
JULY 30 2014
Dear Stephen DeNardo
I am contacting you from Thanet Watch, a community magazine in the county of Kent.
I am writing an article about the situation with Manston Airport in Kent, UK, and River Oak’s role in this, and wonder if you can help me with a few questions. My deadline is tomorrow at 3pm (British time) so I would appreciate your speedy response
Can you tell me which of your River Oak partners was instrumental in the financing and restructuring of an airport in Texas and which airport this was?
Which military air base were you personally involved with and what “alternative aviation uses” was the base put to?
Can you tell me what happened with your involvement in the Velocity project in Yonkers? I understand you were a co-defendant in a legal case arising from this project. Is this correct?
What happened with Velocity in the end? What was your final involvement in this project?
What part did River Oak play in the setting up, in 2006, of a company called REMI RiverOak? What did this company do and what is it doing now?
Why did you this month set up a company called Riveroak Aviation Associates? What’s the purpose of this company? Why did you set up in Delaware?
How was your company affected by the sub-prime loans and mortgates collapse? And how do you now view your involvement with Erik A Kaiser and his REMI Companies?
Thanks very much
Thanet Watch
11 Grosvenor Rd
CT10 2BT
01843 604 253 / 07989 070843 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30648 | The 3 Elements Make Your Ad Success
3 Elements That Make Your Ad SuccessWhen was the last time you bought a car? Did you really NEED a car? I mean REALLY need a car? Chances are the one you were driving was still running when you bought the car you have now. Yep, Americans rarely buy because they need… they buy because they want to experience the feeling that comes with buying.
We enjoy new purchases. Sure, we can convince ourselves that we really needed a new one, but if we’re totally honest we’ll have to admit that would’ve got by without it. What does this mean to your advertising campaign?
3 Elements That Make Your Ad Success:
1. State The Benefits Of Your Product or Service
Don’t obsess with the features of the product itself or your credibility. Frankly, customers could care less. Let’s face it… they’re a bit selfish when it comes to dishing out their hard earned money. All they want to know is what’s in it for them.
2. Paint Word Picture That Let Them Experience the Benefits
“Wake up tomorrow, with no boss! You can spend the day with your family or on the golf course… there’s nobody to tell you what to do.”
A Multi-Level Marketer may want his audience to feel the freedom of having no one to answer to if they become successful in the business. He’ll dramatize that desire, and put the listener in the seat to inspire it to take hold until the listener is ready to sign up and get started.
3. Inspire Immediate Action
Hey, let’s face it… the longer a customer lolly gags, the greater the chances he’ll never take the plunge. Don’t let him off the hook that easily!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30655 | RE: Debunking Holocaust Denial (part 1)
Some people believe in conspiracy theories because it gives them a sense of comfort and security. You see, they much prefer to live in a world where everything is orchestrated by shadowy figures than the chaotic world we live in, because then at least there’s some form of control. Other people like the sense of power it gives them. After all, they’re the ones that have this privileged knowledge, and this sense of power they might not be getting in their real life. However there are certain conspiracy theories that come form a much darker place, where people bend reality to back up and justify their dislike and even hatred toward a certain group of people. And there is no better example than those who distort or flat out deny the facts of the holocaust.
Myles Power
I could’ve named this, “RE: Debunking Holocaust Denial Documentary ‘Judea Declares War on Germany,'” but I thought that would be too long of a title. You know, like the title “The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford,” (still haven’t seen that movie by the way).
Anyway, I’ve been casually keeping an eye out for something that would attack the position given by that film Europa: The Last Battle, and have finally stumbled onto one. Made by that guy who did those debunking 9/11 truther’s series on youtube (which he has now condensed into one big video). While this video doesn’t address Europa directly, it does address an aspect of it, attacking a documentary that was used as a source in the Europa documentary. It attacks this little documentary made around 1997 (4 years after Schindler’s List was released) titled Judea Declares War on Germany.
Well, I’m interested in seeing if his criticism and “debunking the debunkers” points stand up to scrutiny. So, I have downloaded his 2-part videos, and the JDWoG video, just to ensure I have copies just in case youtube decides to take them down just as they took down Spielberg’s Hoax: The Last Days of the Big Lie (that’s right, I’m coming for Spielberg and Schindler’s List after this one). I’ll do so by going through his videos, and addressing each point as they come up.
Point #1: Denying the Holocaust is Done for the Purpose of Justifying Hatred Towards A (Jewish) Group of People
This is an assumption, the main assumption being that holocaust deniers are wrong and delusional and driven by hate. Which might be true for those neo-nazi assholes who suffer from delusions that go beyond the holocaust. But it’s a dangerous assumption to make if you’re trying to equate all holocaust deniers with those types of people.
Besides, accepting the validity of the Holocaust does something similar. It justifies the hatred towards Germans, and adopts a guilt complex towards a good portion of the civilized world, in a manner suggesting, “You let this happen, you didn’t stop the Nazis sooner.” Plus that bombardment of Holocaust victim support commercials (why the fuck would they still need money now this many years later!? Did the fucking Nazi’s give them cancer and retardation and make them cripples too? I’d rather give those funds to veterans of more recent wars!). The holocaust has become a multi-million dollar industry, with many organizations profiting from it. It would be nice to know whether they are profiting from a lie or truth.
So we’re left with a situation where either the Nazi-Germans were irredeemable assholes who deserved to be offed as they were in Inglorious Basterds (among other films) and deserved the treatment they got post-WWII, and to have those ancestors disrespected. Or that the (elitist) Jews deserve the hate they get today for falsifying evidence to support the Holocaust to justify hatred towards Nazi-Germans. Or perhaps somewhere in-between. Helps to listen to both sides and consider the facts (or determine which are actual facts) to get a better idea.
Anyway, one of the reasons why holocaust deniers are around is because they believe criminalization of holocaust denial, and promotion of holocaust belief, is to subliminally attack Nazis to the point that no one will want to even attempt their method of government and economy ever again, a nationalist socialist nation, where they had their own independent form of banking and currency, and a belief in helping/supporting their fellow man/citizen/culture. As opposed to being reliant on the alternatives, where banking is not run by the nation itself (among other factors).
Of course, these reasonings and assumptions don’t mean much without evidence to back them up. So…
Point #2: The Timing of the International Jewish Boycott Against German Products, and Bloody Sunday
So it is stated that the 1933 headline, “Judea Declares War on Germany” came in response to the mistreatment of Jews in Germany. According to the Europa documentary, the actual reason they did this was in response to Germany rising up, led by Hitler, to overthrow the Jewish rule, which was more or less set in place after WWI. The (Communist) Jews controlled the German economy and the banks, and Germany was suffering under it. Even official historical scholars will admit Germany wasn’t doing very well financially, under a crushing debt put upon them as a consequence of WWI. Just to give an example, Hitler had Louis De Rothschild (yes, THAT Rothschild, that banking family) arrested in Austria and held until a release was negotiated, where the Nazis were paid $21 million for his release, arguably the largest ransom payment in history; Rothschild would later immigrate to the United States. This happened in 1938, a year before WWII officially began (via Germany usurping Poland).
Once Germany began to thrive under their new rule and policy and independence, the elitist Communist Jews became enraged that a country was managing to be successful outside of their financial control, so they called for the boycott, and eventually utilized their influence across nations (partly from communist infiltration, which is backed by the novel Blacklisted by History, written by M. Stanton Evans) to have an actual war against Germany, leading to WWII.
Anyway, the alleged hostilities the Jews claimed to be facing in Nazi Germany during this time. This likely relates, at least in-part, to Hitler outlawing the debt-based system Germany was suffering under, punishing anyone attempting to re-implement it by death. You know, so he could guarantee a complete replacement, and removing/eliminating the previous bankers in the process. Other than that, Germany supposedly hadn’t enacted any anti-Jewish laws, just laws against the previous banking system, which may have ended up targeting the Jews because a good portion of the Jews were the bankers.
Myles Power states that the documentary gets the timing wrong on this, not by attacking any of the above points, but rather by going to the topic of Germany attacking Poland. September 3-4, 1939 (over 6 years after the headline “Judea Declares War on Germany”); Bromberg, Poland (the city is actually spelled Bydgoszcz, but that’s just as fucking hard to read as it is to pronounce, so I’m going with Bromberg); Bloody Sunday, where ethnic Germans were killed by the Polish. The number killed is disputed among historians, but the Germans would initially claim it was nearly 5,800 that were killed, and then later raise that number to 58,000 (and it is very tempting to point out the irony of this, when considering the holocaust numbers and how much Poland reduced the official death count at Auschwitz from 4 million to 1.5 million).
So the first thing Myles seems to dispute is that the documentary utilizes the 58k number because it was the Nazi propaganda number (there-bye implying the number should be much closer to 5.8k). The second thing he disputes is the reason for Germany invading Poland. He implies it was a power grab, as opposed to Germany either retaking land that they believe they unjustly lost due to the Treaty of Versailles made post-WWI, or in response to the massacre of German civilians done in the lands in Poland lost from Germany because of the aforementioned treaty. The third thing brought up is that Germany signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union (August 23, 1939) in the hopes this would prevent them from acting against Germany invading Poland. Fourth, that Germany intended to invade Poland August 26th, but delayed after Britain signed a treaty with Poland, declaring they would provide military support should they be attacked. Fifth, Germany staged false attacks against themselves in order to create propaganda supporting an invasion of Poland. These false flag attacks would be known as Operation Himmler (aka Operation Canned Goods), named after Heinerich Himmler, the man responsible for coming up with these false flag attacks.
See Europa chapter An Unholy Alliance (44:40). (also worth seeing the chapter preceding it, The Polish Corridor)
As early as October 1930, Die Liga der Grossmacht (an influential Polish newspaper) expressed interest in preparing for a conflict with Germany, and a defeat of Germany. This would not be the last Polish paper to stir up violence against Germany, let alone the German civilians living in Poland.
August 15, 1939, the Polish ambassador in Paris stated, “It will be the Polish army that will invade Germany on the first day of war.”
Hitler declared to the British ambassador in August 25, 1939, “Poland’s provocations have become intolerable.” And in September 1939, Hitler declared that Poland committed at least 30 border violations in the month of August 1939. During that time period, it is stated that the Polish were committing atrocities to those of German descent (it’s a bit complicated, but a lot of Germans wound up in Poland due to some treaties signed post-WWI that divided Germany up, and split off a section from it that became part of Poland (ex: the city of Danzig, cutting off East Prussia), more-or-less, which accounts for those who were initially German citizens pre-WWI to be caught in this awkward situation of being in a country that stated to be no longer their own, despite living off the same land as before).
Now to be fair, Europa seems to have a bit of an error here (an error Myles states that the JDWoG documentary also makes, except more obviously). Europa seemed to imply that Hitler responded to the Bloody Sunday massacre by invading Poland on September 1, 1939. And yet that was 2 days before Bloody Sunday happened. So in actuality, Hitler had Germany invade Poland before Bloody Sunday occurred. That being said, Bloody Sunday indicates the worst incident (that took place over the course of 2 days) of the massacre of Germans in Poland prior to the war. Such crimes were committed on a smaller scale during August 1939. The invasion occurred in response to those previous massacres, with the Bloody Sunday one seeming to take place practically as a response to Germany invading Poland, by seriously escalating the intensity of the massacres. And the slaughter of German civilians would continue until about September 18, 1939, when Germany had retaken enough territory of what was lost via the Treaty of Versailles.
In any case, Europa seems to go with this 58k number as well, though now it’s not entirely clear if the 58k refers strictly to Bloody Sunday (of which at least 5.5k German civilians were slaughtered), or refers to the slaughter of German civilians throughout Poland before Germany managed to invade and push in far enough to stop the slaughter. Either way, the Germans were a persecuted minority in Poland (persecuted due to Jewish control of the news, who published such propaganda promoting violence; sound familiar to stuff going on today?). And there were 12,857 identified dead bodies (separate from the “unidentified” numbers) in Bromberg, something The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau (among some other historians, though not all) agree with. Myles states that more recent historians put that number at much lower than what the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau indicate, but he doesn’t bother citing any of them.
There was also the whole “unholy alliance” theory, that Britain, France, Poland, and the Soviet Union (with them joining last) were planning to unite against Germany to wage a war on them from all fronts, and have the U.S. intervene if necessary (France would do something similar). A book written in 1938 by Jewish author Emil Ludwig titled A New Holy Alliance would plot out this very strategy. Hitler learned about this potential alliance, so he reached out to Stalin to sign a peace pact in order to avoid fighting on 2 fronts, though he wanted to avoid conflict altogether. Plus, the Allies didn’t mention the Soviet Union invading Poland from the East and doing massacres far worse than anything the Germans were accused of doing to Poland during the war (not to mention this allowed for them to etch closer towards Germany without needing to declare war on them in the process). Plus the Unholy Alliance would later stab Poland in the back after the war and basically hand it over to the Soviet Union on a silver platter post-WWII (and would retain a firm grip on them until the wall fell in 1989, ushering the end of not just the Cold War, but of the Soviet’s hold over Poland).
So, if those massacre numbers are at least in the ballpark (though, honestly, I think just knowing of a massacre of over 5k civilians would be enough to cause outrage and war mongering), and because the Polish newspapers encouraged violence against Germans (which were carried out), and because Britain and France encouraged Poland to hit at Germany to provoke them into a war, let alone Poland’s attacks at the German border that had been occurring since the end of WWI, that puts a different light under this Operation Himmler, this false flag operation. It hardly even seemed necessary, especially since this operation was carried out August 31st, well after the attacks on German civilians within or near Poland had already started.
On the other hand, there were also reports from Poland that these attacks on German civilians were done in response to the German civilians attacking them. Possibly to assist German special forces which initiated firefights against the Poles near the border. There’s a lot of different stories flying around about the incidents here and there, it’s pretty much impossible to keep it all straight or to get a clear picture. All the more reason to create false flags so that a clear picture can be made for the civilians in Germany to back an invasion of Poland (which was allegedly done to retake that territory lost via the Treaty of Versailles).
The possible reasons for having Operation Canned Goods go into effect become more numerous when taking all these factors into account, but one likely scenario is because Hitler wanted to stop the massacre of Germans within Poland before they got worse, even if he had to have Himmler do false-flags to do it (similar to cops planting evidence on criminals who were actually guilty, but had difficulty finding evidence that could be used in a court of law). Or maybe Hitler was confident enough in Germany’s chances in a war against Poland, Britian, France, and potentially Russia (a reason I’m hesitant to believe in). Or maybe it was for the reasons Myles Power implies. Either way, Germany had reason alone just to respond to the killing of German civilians in or near Poland.
Heinrich Himmler
And of course Germany executed some Polish civilians in retaliation for the massacre. It was stated mobs were the ones primarily responsible for these atrocities, and last I checked, mobs aren’t made up of soldiers.
Christ, I’ve typed up all this explaining the intricacies of the Jewish boycott and the Poland/Germany relation to the Bloody Sunday incident, and we haven’t even gotten to the fucking Holocaust yet. In any case, this attempt by Myles to discredit the documentary before it even gets to the subject it wishes to document can be swatted aside. Plus, this pompous schmuck decided to concentrate on Bloody Sunday, and not the other stuff brought up such as the Unholy Alliance, the “Final Solution” being the deporting of Jews from Germany to Madagascar, and Britain agreeing to give Palestine to the Jews after the war in exchange for the internationalist Jews getting the U.S. involved in the war. But he doesn’t want to cover those inconvenient points now does he? Or even the fact that Poland was the first fucking country in Europe to build the first 2 concentration camps, and imprison Germans in them after WWI (let alone Britain being the first country to build a concentration camp anywhere). Plus the mention of Bloody Sunday wasn’t brought up until a little over 12 minutes had passed, and it’s not a topic that’s dwelled upon in the documentary.
Jesus Christ, I didn’t think I was going to have to make this into a multi-parter. Will address the other points at a later time.
6 thoughts on “RE: Debunking Holocaust Denial (part 1)
1. Dieter Schenk in “Hitlers Mann in Danzig” on the supposed massacres:
“The number of victims was stated differently in the literature and was probably between 1500 and 5800. The head of the Homicide Commission of the Reich Security Main Office, Dr Bernhard Wehner, quantified this number in a detailed testimony after the war (3479 dead were calculated by Gentzen on the basis of the grave and missing persons file). Wehner had been commissioned with the investigation in Bydgoszcz and first reported the number 5800 to the Foreign Office in mid-December 1939, which was responsible for preparing a German White Paper. Wehner reported: ‘A short time later I learned that Hitler had been very excited about this White Paper. On his order, the entire printed edition had to be stamped in February or March 1940.’ Hitler ordered that in the edition approved by him the number of victims be increased tenfold. Thus the number of 58,000 murder victims of the ‘Polish September murders’ was taken over by German propaganda. Internally, Wehner later corrected the total number downwards to 3500, after German police stations in former Polish territory worked ‘properly’ and recorded the missing cases.”
So yeah, a pretty much entirely invented atrocity.
• I think I’m going to enjoy the long-term ramifications of your response, if this goes on long enough. Even if I don’t, glad to see you actually have some solid topics/data for me to tackle.
Find it strange that this book “Hitler’s Mann in Danzig” (full title “Hitlers Mann in Danzig: Albert Forster and Nazi crimes in Danzig West Prussia”), by Dieter Schenk, isn’t more widely available, especially on Amazon, in English. I’m not saying that to bash the source of information, I just find it peculiar. Mainly because that usually indicates it’s a difficult book to reference. Looking it up made me come across this site, which seems to be either where you quoted, or it’s linked to where you quoted it from:
Which also linked me to some rather fascinating discussions on the topic (these links are optional, just in case you were interested in going in-depth with it):
Aside from the 3479 number, lower than what I thought was the original minimum of 5000 (rounded down), that doesn’t really change much of what I had been saying on the page. I even admit that it’s possible for Myles’ claim that the Germans multiplied the numbers for shock value to get more people supportive of the invasion of Poland. But at the same time, the quote doesn’t specify whether or not this number is about Bloody Sunday, the the incidents prior to the invasion. In any case, I also agree that it’s possible, if not the most likely scenario, that Hitler was looking for an excuse to invade Poland to take back territory lost to Germany from the Treaty of Versailles, and was willing to exaggerate the number of atrocities, and commit false flags, in order to do it. But that doesn’t take away from the fact that the Poles weren’t very keen on Germans in their country (or at least the part of the country annexed to them post-WWI), and that there was a history of bad blood between them that extends far beyond just WWI, and that there relations were something along the lines of Britain and Ireland during the 80s (see films like In the Name of the Father, or Hidden Agenda, for examples of the latter).
They didn’t like each others, and they killed each other in what can only be considered hate crimes. The scale of it differs depending on the source (and make no mistake, legitimate/truthful or otherwise, Dieter Schenk is not the only source of information for these numbers, and his conclusions/statements should be taken with a grain of salt, just as any other). And I have gone through several sources of information on different threads and novels that I can’t wrap my head around which numbers are to be believed. Personally, I don’t fully believe either side, the Germans or the Poles. I think the truth is somewhere in-between.
So when you say, “invented atrocity,” I’m not entirely sure what you mean or even how to take that. What defines an atrocity? You saying the number has to be higher than 3000 (just to round it down the lowest thousand)? At which point do the number of deaths go from non-atrocities to atrocities? And which part about it is “invented?” The whole thing, or just part of it? Because I don’t buy that it’s invented in the sense that Poles didn’t massacre a portion of the German population in Poland amidst all this, whether it’s pre or post German invasion into Poland. That’s like saying no reason existed outside of “Hitler wanting more territorial control of Europe” for Germany to invade Poland, when there were other reasons.
• What I refer to as the “entirely invented atrocity” is the claim that the Poles slaughtered tens of thousands of Germans before the Nazi invasion occurred, as all available evidence shows it to be such. I don’t deny that interwar Poland discriminated against many of its ethnic minorities, or that there were massacres of ethnic german civilians after the September 1st.
As to Hitlers motivations, one the main motivations for him starting the war was explicitly stated by him secretly on multiple occasions like here:
“Danzig is not the issue. For us, it is about expanding the living space in the East and providing food, as well as solving the Baltic problem.” No “massacres” of ethnic germans figured in his actual reasons for invasion.
• You’re going to send me to a website that is entirely in German? I think you’re under the false impression that I myself speak and read German. If you’re able to do that, more power to you, but that doesn’t mean much to me. If you’re using something like Google Translate, that’s not a completely reliable method.
As for the “all available evidence shows it to be such” regarding Hitler invading Poland, that’s a damn big assumption. Sure, you have that quote Hitler made at a conference with his generals in May 23, 1939, about how the “Baltic problem” was more of an issue than Danzig (which he claims in the quote was a non-issue, but that could also entail it not being an issue compared to the Baltic problem).
The better question is what is the “Baltic problem.” That problem is the “Sovietization of the Batlics. Which brings up the other reason Hitler wanted Germany’s territory back from Poland. The Soviets were the ones planning on domination of Europe, and Hitler knew this. He also knew the Soviets had plans of taking over Germany, not just Poland, and France, and many other parts of Europe until they took it as a whole. Taking Poland would push Germany closer to the Soviets to stop them. Hitler convinced Stalin to make a peace agreement with him to stem the tide, while Russia would take one half of Poland, and Germany would take the other half. This is why, before the Soviets decided to mount an attack on Germany (which they were planning to do), Germany did a pre-emptive strike on the Soviets, and intended to drive them all the way back to the capital which Germany would conquer, and leave the Soviets in such a state of dissaray that they wouldn’t be able to muster up enough force for an effective counter-attack. Unfortunately for Germany, the plan failed, as the Russian winter decimated their forces, and gave Russia enough time to rally themselves and build up a force to push Germany back. And at that point, Germany was fighting a war on two fronts, between the Soviets, and the other Allies.
So yeah, Hitler anticipated all those countries going to war with him (though he was hoping the U.S. would stay out of it, as he didn’t anticipate the Japanese bringing them into the conflict), and wanted countermeasures in addition to reclaiming territory lost by the Treaty of Versailles, lest another repeat of Germany’s fate post-WWI would happen again where they suffered economically (among other ways). They failed, and were defeated, harshly. If nothing else, at least as far as what revisionists believe with a decent head on their shoulders, they damaged Soviet Russia badly enough to where they had to put their plans for an entire takeover of Europe on hold. But the Soviets did retain their hold on Poland, as well as East Germany.
So in that context, Danzig is a non-issue. That doesn’t mean it wasn’t an issue in other smaller contexts. Anyway, now you know what that line about the “Baltic problem” actually means. And why Hitler likely felt justified in having false flag operations and exaggerating the atrocities committed by the Poles.
• What page?
Wehner here shifts the blame, of course he does. Schenk just accepts what he says without consulting any other evidence, in actuality the number was bumped up by Berndt who freely admitted to Fritz Hesse that it was him who:
“”gave the Führer the little shove that landed him in the war. I got the news that the Poles had killed 30,000 Germans. As I thought 30,000 were too few, I added a nought and laid a report before the Führer which made him suppose the Poles had killed 300,000. When Hitler read it, he roared like a bull and told me I was an infamous liar. I replied that the figures might be exaggerated but that there was certainly some truth in them. Hitler was speechless and then began roaring afresh: ‘They’ll pay for this! Now no one will stop me from teaching these fellows a lesson they’ll never forget! I will not have my Germans butchered like cattle.'”
Typically, these Germans saving their necks put the blame onto Hitler, claiming it was HE who ordered the number bumped up. But that’s wrong, Hitler was mislead and lied to by these men.
Hitler Biographer John Toland confirms this, and doesn’t use the rubbish statement in Schenks book no doubt spouted at Nuremberg.
And in any case, this one stunt by a few men in Hitler’s circle excluding Hitler himself DOESN’T mean the plight of the Germans in Danzig wasn’t in danger. They were, and Richard Blanke in his great book “Orphans of Versailles” admits to this.
“The overall death toll from this outbreak of communal hysteria continues to be a subject of debate. Many victims, buried in unmarked graves, were never found and remain classified as “missing”. A Central Office for the Graves of Murdered Ethnic Germans was set up under Kurt Lück and Karl Berger and charged with compiling a comprehensive list of victims. Their files, deposited today in the Koblenz archives, contain 5,437 names and were the basis for several German propaganda books detailing Polish atrocities. Hitler soon seized upon exaggerated estimates of the number of dead (13,000) and missing (45,000); he combined them and then made everyone adhere to the total of 58,000. The Lück-Berger file was found in Poznań in 1945 and used by Pospieszalski to discredit the 58,000 figure. He reckoned that even 5,437 was an exaggerated count, since it included some who were missing only temporarily as well as about a thousand Polish German soldiers, who were listed whether their deaths were due to poles or to the Wehrmacht. Pospieszalski argues that most of these, and many of the civilian casualties as well were due to the war itself still others listed in the file were not ethnic Germans to begin with. He concludes that “only” about 2,000 members of the German minority in western Poland died as a direct result of popular violence during the first weeks of the war. Peter Aurich, however, studying the same evidence a decade later, found that the deaths of at least 3,841 German civilians as a result of popular violence could be attested to by more than one witness: 2,063 who were killed in or near where they lived, 1,576 who did not survive the treks eastward, and 202 who died later of injuries. Adding these figures to the number of soldiers killed by their Polish comrades, Aurich contends that between 4,000 and 5,000 members of the German minority in western Poland (or about 2% of its total number) died as a result of population violence in September 1939.”
Source: Orphans of Versaille, pp. 235-236
He concludes by saying:
“It is hard to avoid the conclusion that the Polish state was bent on the elimination of most of the German minority in Western Poland—by forced assimilation where possible, but mainly by coerced emigration. Moreover, this goal was well on the way to being achieved in 1939; the Pozanian wojewode reportedly assured his supporters that within three years there would no longer be any Germans in Poland. A study of the minority’s actual political, cultural, and economic situation merely reinforces the pessimistic assessments of contemporaries cited above. The fact that Hitler took up the minority’s case several months before he launched World War II was perhaps the overriding consideration at the time, but it does not make the fact of the minority’s plight less compelling. Of course, any country faced with such an adversary might be justified in relegating consideration for a difficult minority to a back burner; even today, some will respond to this account of the minority’s travails with a “So What?” in view of the larger issues at stake in 1939. The point, however, is that only a small proportion of the innumerable measures directed at the German minority in Poland, essentially those dating from after April 1939, can be attributed directly to Poland’s anticipation of war with Germany. The bulk of the policies and attitudes that determined the living conditions of the minority in interwar Poland antedated 1939 (and 1933 too) and were unconnected to any immediate external threat. It hardly needs to be added that they did nothing to make Poland more secure when the mortal threat materialized. The fact is that Polish nationalism, motivated by the irrational but powerful compulsion to creation a nationally homogeneous society in it’s western provinces, created a situation well before 1939 which was bad even by the unenlightened standards of interwar Eastern Europe. Moreover, it is hard to see how this situation would have been different had there never been a Hitler. The “plight” of the German minority in Poland, in other words, was real; it was not merely alleged or fabricated in the interest of Nazi propaganda. —-Apart from the macro political situation in 1939, however, the evidence above makes clear that Germans in Poland had ample justification for their complaints; their prospects for even medium-term survival were bleak; and no German government more principled than Hitler’s would have been able to ignore their plight over the long run. Though it was not politic to make these points at the time, there is no reason why they cannot be accepted half a century later.”
Source: Orphans of Versaille. pp. 236-237
Even here Blanke is talking about NUMBERS SUBMITTED to Hitler, not Hitler himself inventing numbers as some caricature of evil.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30672 | Articles on Science and innovation for development
Displaying 1 - 20 of 79 articles
What we’ve learnt from building Africa’s biggest genome library
Africa is known to be where humans originated. This makes it the most genetically diverse region in the world. Diversity in other populations represents a subset of the diversity within Africa.
Top contributors |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30675 | How fiction inspires science
How did Frankenstein inspire the pacemaker? How did a novel pave the way for the Moon landings? For hundreds of years, real-world science and engineering have been shown the way forward by the weird and wonderful imaginings of writers and film makers.
Read Our Story
1. Come up with your own invention that might inspire future science. Draw a picture of it — with some explanatory notes about what it does.
2. After watching the video, write a page on the fascinating story behind the creation of the first pacemaker. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30705 | 7 Signs Your Partner Is Feeding Your Self-Doubt on Purpose
This is how you will know that your partner is feeding your self- doubt on purpose.
Are You Being “Gaslighted” By the Narcissist in Your Life?
The term “Gaslight” comes from the Academy Award-winning 1944 film by the same name in which a man systematically sets out to drive his wife crazy by making her doubt the reality of her own perceptions.
Today that term has been expanded to describe a wider range of behaviors, in which one member of a couple tries to manipulate the other person to accept things as true that are patently false.
Generally, modern-day gaslighting takes place in the context of a relationship in which one partner is manipulative, self-centered, low on empathy, and has a vested interest in always being right. This is an apt description of many people who have Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
If you are in a relationship with someone with this disorder, there is a good chance you have experienced gaslighting yourself. If you have ever wondered why your level of self-doubt and confusion rises when you are with such a partner, here are seven questions to ask yourself that can help you determine if your mate is feeding your self-doubt on purpose.
Do they try to persuade you to doubt the evidence of your senses and what you are thinking and feeling?
Do they try to convince you that what you believe is wrong, and what they believe is right?
Do they react badly if you do not accept their version of the truth?
Are they extremely persistent and sometimes keep the argument going long after you have asked them to please drop the issue?
Do they attempt to bully you into admitting that they are 100 percent right, and you are completely wrong?
Are the facts always twisted so that they are the victim, and you are always at fault?
Do they twist and turn the truth and make such long and complicated arguments to prove their points that, after a while, you become thoroughly confused?
If you find yourself answering “yes” to many of the above questions, you may be being gaslighted.
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Dr. Elinor Greenberg PhD, CGPhttp://www.elinorgreenberg.com/
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30707 | Is There a New Minimalism Underway in Popular Music?
Is there a new minimalism underway in popular music? It seems two of the most recent number one songs, “Blurred Lines” and “Royals,” consist of little more than a catchy percussion driven beat with bass and harmony vocals. It is a very effective combination, if the lyrics are strong, because minimal accompaniment focuses the listener’s attention on the words making them more important to the success of the song.
There are a number of artists who have built careers using minimal accompaniment including Bob Dylan, in his early folk period, and Neal Young. Can you name other artists who use minimalism?
Photo courtesy of |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30721 | ProGUIDE Mult!med!a Browser
[What is ProGUIDE (long)] [What is ProGUIDE (short)] [Release/Download information]
[System requirements] [Features] [ProGUIDE markup language]
What is ProGUIDE?
ProGUIDE is a multimedia browser of a kind that did not yet exist. With it you can view and/or create manuals, documents, diskmagazines, slideshows, presentations and more. The idea is based on the AmigaGuide system, only a lot more powerful!
AmigaGuide Markup
As input, ProGUIDE uses a simple textfile (like an HTML/AmigaGuide browser). Starting from the top, ProGUIDE executes commands in this textfile in order of appearance (like a BASIC interpreter). Any text that is not a command is printed to screen. The markup language used by ProGUIDE is incredibly easy. It's a lot like AmigaGuide, only some commands were altered and a lot added. Because of this, ProGUIDE can also be used to view most AmigaGuide files. Because ProGUIDE always executes commands in the order it finds them, it is really easy to make things happen in a certain order.
Guides, Nodes, Pages
A ProGUIDE document, simply called a Guide, consists of a number of nodes. Each nodes contains a number of pages. You can compare a Guide with a book, where every chapter is a node containing a number of pages. Nodes can have a name and a title. The name can be used as a target for a link, like in HTML. That means that when the link is activated, the first page of the attached node is displayed. The pages can be browsed using ProGUIDE's control panel.
User Interface
ProGUIDE is very easy to use. The interface consists of a small pulldown menu and no more than three controlpanel buttons: Next Page, Previous Page and Retrace (go back to the previous node). In some cases the control panel may be extended with an extra two buttons to allow for a node browser (Next Node, Previous Node).
Extensive commandset
Although there are quite some commands in the markup language, they are really easy to learn. All commands are simple to remember english words, and have an easy and consistant syntax, unlike HTML. The commands in ProGUIDE are devided into three categories: commands, attributes and links. Commands are keywords that are executed directly when encountered, like commands in a BASIC program. A special feature of ProGUIDE is that you can use these commands as a target(!) for a link just like nodenames! Attributes usually change a setting, like for instance the current fontstyle and text colours. Links are used to make ProGUIDE documents interactive.
In a Guide two types of links can be made.
• The most elementary is the textlink, which is what all AmigaGuide and HTML users are familiar with already: a (number of) words in the text are presented as a button to be clicked with the mouse.
• The other type are called 'Active Picture Areas' or just 'Areas', which are clickable areas anywhere on the screen (surrounding images, text, anything)! Whether or not a border is drawn around an area is entirely free and can be determined per area.
The target of a link can be one of two types:
• The target can be a node. A node's name is used to refer to it as a link target. When the link is activated, the node will be displayed.
• The target can be a ProGUIDE command. Any command can be used as a target. When the link is activated, the command is executed. With the extensive and powerful commandset of ProGUIDE, this makes ProGUIDE a very powerful program.
Pixeloriented layout
ProGUIDE's unit of measurement is pixels. It is the only unit used by ProGUIDE so that there can never be any question about how any object is placed on the screen. A ProGUIDE created with one computer will look EXACTLY the same on another. Images, text and clickable areas can all be placed anywhere anytime. There is no problem with images over images, text over images (or even images over text or text over text)! That means that the design of a Guide is completely controlled by the author of the Guide, and not the ProGUIDE program.
ProGUIDE just does what it is asked to do. ProGUIDE will not interfere with the textlayout like HTML does. Text can be placed at pixel precision, anywhere on the screen. The cursor position is only influenced by the text and some of the cursor-related commands; not by images or other objects. The cursor can be moved to any position on the screen at any time!
The power of ProGUIDE with it's links to commands, is amplified by the fact that the program is completely page-driven. There's no scrollbar. This may seem strange, but it does allow the author of a Guide to use the commandlinks in a way not possible with non-page systems.
In ProGUIDE macros can be difined to reduce the amount of text when doing repetetive things in different nodes. There are two ways to define macros.
• There is a command that allows the creation of macros directly. These macros can consist of text, attribute- and linkcommands and other macros. They can have any number of arguments supplied to them, which can be used in the macro.
• A more powerful way of creating a macro, is by using a node as macro! That means that the entire contents of a node can be used as a macro, with any number of arguments supplied to it. This may seem complicated, but it is in fact the easiest way to create a macro.
External control
ProGUIDE (for Amiga) features a rather extensive messageport system that can be used by programmers to control ProGUIDE from the outside. ProGUIDE can also send event-messages to programs so that these programs can respond to actions taken by ProGUIDE. For example this system could be used to create a colourcycling utility that stops colourcycling as soon a new page is opened.
Read more about the markup and the syntax here.
Release/Download Information
Where can I see it?
ProGUIDE was already used by The Problem to create the first issue (Global Exapansion) of the diskmagazine called Probe. Included with Probe is a working executable of ProGUIDE, used to display the magazine. However, that executable can not be used for anything else since Probe Magazine's markup-text was encoded (and is decoded by the special ProGUIDE version). The real release of ProGUIDE has been further developed since the release of Probe, and is now even more extensive and powerful as well as faster. Probe magazine itself however is a good example of what ProGUIDE can do, especially considering that ProGUIDE is now even better! Probe is available FREE to download from the Transfer Station of this site).
Where can I get it?
ProGUIDE is available FREE for Amiga users everywhere. It can be downloaded from this site (at the Transfer Station), or from the AmiNet. Along with it you receive some example Guides, extensive manuals and some handy tools to make writing guides even easier than it already is.
What do I get?
The ProGUIDE release contains the following:
• The ProGUIDE executable.
• Four manuals in ProGUIDE format:
• The User's manual for ProGUIDE users
• The Guide manual for Guide authors
• The Tech manual for programmers
• The Tools manual for the ProGUIDE tools
• And some handy tips and tricks...
• Three impressive demo Guides
• The original intro of Probe Issue 1 (original markup text)
• The complete 'Information' section of Probe Issue 1 (original markup text)
• An impressive colourcycling demo, that uses colourcycling to create a seemingly animated backdrop!
• A number of tools and utilities:
• AreaImage An Area-Grabber and Image placer in one.
• SetDefaultScreen Configuration program for ProGUIDE.
• Commander An external control program for testing ProGUIDE.
• Monitor Monitors ProGUIDE activity.
• SourceView Shows ProGUIDE markup of currently displayed page.
• MakeIndex Automatic index generator.
• StripGuide An anti-program!
• Dir2Guide Converts a directorytree to a guide.
• ProANIM ANIM player for use with ProGUIDE.
• ProCYCLE Colourcylcing program for use with ProGUIDE.
• ProbePlay Modplayer originally designed for Probe Magazine.
• ProbePlayControl Modplayer controller.
• More...
• Some example sourcecode for programmers in C(++) or Blitz Basic ][ language.
• More...
System Requirements
What do I need?
ProGUIDE should work fine on any Amiga, although most of the DemoGuides require the AGA chipset. The amount of memory ProGUIDE requires depends on the Guide that is loaded. The full installation of ProGUIDE takes about 2 Mb of harddisk space including all demo guides and manuals. ProGUIDE has been tested on an Amiga 1200 (old/enhanced/AGA chip-configurations as well as 68030 and 68060 CPU's).
Minimum installation:
You need at least the reqtools library (52kB, ©Nico Francois) and the ProGUIDE executable (93 kB). The executable is best located in the SYS:Utilities directory.
What's next?
Currently plans exist to port ProGUIDE to other platforms, such as BeOS (Be Inc.) and pOS (proDAD). Work has already started on the BeOS version. Future enhancements to the current Amiga version will probably be made. Although at this point it is not sure what there is to enhance, except maybe for 24-bit support and some extra external commands. When news of new (Amiga-) versions becomes available you can read it on this site in 'The Daily Problem' (what's news) section or on this page. When a new executable is available, it will be free to download seperately from the Transfer Station. The full release archive will always contain the most up to date version of the executable. Plans also exist for a WYSIWYG-like ProGUIDE editor for Amiga. Work has started on this program which will carry the name 'ProGUIDEditor'.
When you have remarks or questions about ProGUIDE, please direct them via e-mail to AlcoRhythm. Any suggestions, remarks or bug-reports will be welcome and appreciated.
The ProGUIDE program and this HTML file were created by AlcoRhythm. ©Copyright by The Problem. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30744 | How to Watch Summer of Rockets Live Online
Do you enjoy cold war, espionage, and secret service kind of shows? If so, then the BBC has got just the thing for you. Summer of Rockets premiered on BBC Two on May 22, and stars Keeley Hawes, Toby Stephens, Linus Roache, and Timony Spall. The plot is set in 1958 during the height of the Cold War and growing tensions across Europe. The first two episodes have already aired and you can watch them on BBC iPlayer. And I suggest you do so quickly before the screening of the third episode on Wednesday. However, if you live outside the UK, you won’t have access to the channel because it is geo-blocked.
Watch Summer of Rockets Anywhere
How to Watch Summer of Rockets Anywhere
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But in this guide, we’ll teach you how to bypass online restrictions using a VPN or a Smart DNS proxy, so that you don’t miss your favorite shows.
Where is BBC iPlayer Available?
Due to copyright agreements, BBC iPlayer is only available for viewers who reside inside the United Kingdom. So if you want to stream Summer of Rockets from abroad, the following location error message will appear your screen: “This content is not available in your location.”
How? Because the channel can locate you through your IP address. And if it reads that you are outside its coverage zone, it won’t let you watch any of its programs.
Therefore, your next course of action should be obvious: change your geographic location. And to do that, you’ll need to get a VPN or a Smart DNS proxy.
How to Watch Summer of Rockets Online with VPN
If you haven’t heard of VPNs yet, then you’re missing out on a very important online instrument. This tool can switch your global position to almost anywhere. It redirects your internet traffic to another network of your choice, even if its abroad. Then, it hides your IP address and replaces it with another one from the server area that you selected.
As a result, websites will think that you are inside their broadcasting area, which means that you’ll be able to access their material.
This means that even though you’re abroad, a VPN allows you to connect to a server from the United Kingdom. And after you get your new UK IP address, BBC iPlayer and every other British channel will become available.
Therefore, if you want to watch Summer of Rockets, here’s what you have to do:
1. Choose a well-known VPN brand and subscribe. We recommend you use ExpressVPN (you’ll get a 49% discount if you subscribe through our website).
2. Download and install the app on the device you want to use (smartphone, tablet, PC, Mac…). You can even install VPNs on gaming consoles, routers, and smart TVs
3. Sign in and connect to any server from the UK.
4. Go to to check if your IP address has changed.
5. Launch the BBC iPlayer website or app. You’ll notice that the location error message is no more.
6. Enjoy BBC’s new cold war drama.
Subscribe to ExpressVPN
Virtual private networks don’t just help you avoid geo-restrictions, they also protect you whenever you go online. Therefore, you must never compromise when you choose which service to use. That’s why we advise you to go for ExpressVPN.
First, the company has more than 3,000 servers in 160 locations worldwide, including 94 countries. This huge network will enable you to unblock BBC iPlayer and any other major channel you want no matter where you are.
Second, it provides one of the best speed rates in the business, even if you’re connected to a distant server. This feature really comes in handy when you’re streaming HD shows like Summer of Rockets as you won’t experience any buffering issues.
Third, ExpressVPN takes your online safety very seriously and uses the strongest security features on the market. One of those is the military-grade AES-256 bit encryption, which guarantees protection from snooping eyes, including your ISP. Furthermore, you could benefit from additional tools like split tunneling, DNS leak protection, and a kill switch.
As for privacy, the company keeps no record of your traffic or data. It implements a strict no-log policy that says: We never keep traffic logs, and we also don’t keep any logs that might enable someone to match an IP and timestamp back to a user. We work entirely on the basis of shared IPs, meaning that a single IP does not track back to an individual user.”
And if that’s not enough, you can enjoy every Netflix library, even the American version, no matter where you are. Moreover, feel free to engage in torrenting and P2P file-sharing activities. And don’t worry about any legal action from copyright holders because they won’t be able to touch you.
Stream Summer of Rockets with Smart DNS proxies
Now in case you don’t want to make too many alterations to your internet connection, you could also use a Smart DNS proxy to unblock BBC iPlayer. This tool can spoof your location by only rerouting the URLs that give away your geographic position. However, it also means that it’s not always efficient.
Since Smart DNS proxies can’t hide your IP address, certain web hosts can still spot your actual location. Also, they don’t work if your ISP uses transparent proxies or applies DNS hijacking. Furthermore, they don’t encrypt your traffic, which isn’t a good feature if you value your online privacy.
Nonetheless, a lot of users prefer these tools over VPNs. And if you’re one of them, follow the below steps to watch Summer of Rockets:
1. Sign up to a reputable and efficient Smart DNS service like Unlocator.
2. Make sure the proxy has a big list of supported channels like BBC iPlayer.
3. Install Smart DNS on your PC, Mac, iOS, or Android device. You could also install them on routers, gaming consoles, or Smart TVs.
4. Watch any UK-restricted channel no matter where you are.
About Summer of Rockets
Summer of Rockets is a cold war miniseries partly based on a true story. It premiered on BBC Two on May 22, so the first two episodes were already screened. However, you can watch them again on BBC iPlayer. As for the third episode, it will air on Wednesday.
The show was written and directed by Stephen Poliakoff and stars Keeley Hawes, Linus Roache, Timothy Spall, and Toby Stephens.
• Toby Stephens as Samuel Petrukhin
• Keeley Hawes as Kathleen Shaw
• Timothy Spall as Lord Arthur Wallington
• Linus Roache as Richard Shaw MP
• Lily Sacofsky as Hannah Petrukhin
• Toby Woolf as Sasha Petrukhin
• Lucy Cohu as Miriam Petrukhin
• Gary Beadle as Courtney Johnson
• Mark Bonnar as Field
• Ronald Pickup as Walter
• Rose Ayling-Ellis as Esther
• Greg Austin as Anthony Shaw
• Jordan Coulson as Kevin
• Matthew James Thomas as Nicolas Halliday
• Fode Simbo as Joel
Official Synopsis
“Set in the UK during the Cold War period and the tumultuous year of 1958, fear and excitement of the future permeates the lives of all.
Samuel, played by Toby Stephens (Lost In Space, Die Another Day, Black Sails), is a 40 something Russian Jewish émigré, inventor and designer of bespoke hearing aids, whose clients include former Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill.
The series follows Samuel and his family, wife Miriam and children Hannah and Sasha, as he is approached by MI5 to demonstrate his work.
Yet it is not his inventions the operatives require – instead Samuel is tasked with the secret mission of obtaining information about his charming, newly acquired friends Kathleen, played by Keeley Hawes (Line Of Duty, Bodyguard) and her husband Richard Shaw MP, played by Linus Roache (Vikings, Homeland) through whom Samuel also meets the impressive Lord Arthur Wallington, played by Timothy Spall (Mr. Turner, The Street).
As Samuel’s life becomes more and more intertwined with his mission, how far is he willing to let things unravel for his cause? And who can he truly trust?”
How to Watch Summer of Rockets Live Online – Conclusion
Summer of Rockets looks like a great show that features some true events from the cold war. Poliakoff is one of the biggest writers and directors in Britain, and all the actors expressed their delight to be working with him. Therefore, if you’d like to see how this cold war drama unravels, get a VPN or a smart DNS proxy. It’s the only way to access BBC iPlayer from outside the UK.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30778 | Are there Other Earths?
2018, Science - 12 Comments
Ratings: 8.13/10 from 56 users.
The universe plays host to a surprising number of planets that appear quite similar to our own. Is it possible that humans could occupy any of these planets in the future? Remarkably, recent astronomical discoveries have pinpointed thousands of potential candidates. The engrossing documentary Are There Other Earths? examines the probable conditions on a handful of these planets and their parallels to the place we call home.
For a planet to be inhabitable by humans, it must rotate around a parent star much like our Sun, be temperate and shows signs of liquid water on its surface. Many possess a rocky landscape much like our own. Each of the planets profiled in the film meet this minimal criteria, but they still pose serious obstacles for human sustainability.
The film calls upon the efforts of several of the most revered observatories in the world, including NASA and the La Silla Observatory in Chile.
Their most recent discovery is the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system, a dwarf star around which seven planets rotate in close proximity to one another. Nearly 40 light years away, the star is significantly less luminous and massive than our own Sun, but at least three of its host exoplanets exist within a habitable zone. One of these planets - TRAPPIST-1f - is close to Earth's size and is thought to contain 20% liquid water content.
There's Ross 128b, a planet that orbits its red dwarf star once every 9.9 days as it inches ever closer to Earth. Almost 500 light years away lies Kepler 186f, a planet distinguished by a size, gravity and terrain much like Earth. In these instances and others, the conditions might exist that would allow biological processes to flourish. They may already harbor life forms of their own, which would finally resolve the question of whether we are alone in the universe.
The notion that humans can truly thrive on any of these exoplanets is more than a bit far-fetched at this stage. Each of them presents its own set of potential dangers and uncertainties. Regardless, Are there Other Earths? offers an intriguing glimpse into an alternate reality that might await humankind tens of thousands of years into the future.
Directed by: David Sky Brody
More great documentaries
12 Comments / User Reviews
1. Ex-muslim Atheist/Minneapolis
The background music makes this documentary garbage
1. Geo
Got to be brain dead to sit through the whack music playing through this nonsense
2. Robert
The background noise so distracting it made me quit 8 minutes in.
Whoever thought it was appropriate should be fired.
3. Sandra
I couldn’t get too far in watching, I wanted to hear the narrator but couldn’t because of the background noise (the music, beeps n background noise were extremely unnecessary!, who’s call was that?????, not cool at all!) Is it possible to get a transcript because I’d love to know what’s being said
4. Daniel Sorkin
Generally interesting and informative. I liked that they explained some of the ways exoplanets are found and how we know what we do know about them. Some glitches like the graphic of Proxima b while talking about Trappist-1, as noted by another viewer. I think music is better used for occasional effect instead of as a constant background drone.
5. b askew
another so called doc of edited ESO/ESA/NASA etc. stock footage. not badly written but AI narration. Cold and unimaginative. total cost about to make, nada. Could've at least paid for a decent narrator.
6. Warren Wiscombe
In the part about Trappist-1, after the 21:00 mark, the video is about Proxima b. Major bug!
7. John
It's becoming a PKD world.
8. de
I agree. Music is unnecessarily distracting. Better if it weren't so loud.
9. Dennis
I guess you dont like the music Richard(?) thats probably why its a distracton to you.
I like the music and the woman narrator voice sounds nice and clear too to me,
10. Richard Neva
The musical element is a distraction and I cannot fathom what the woman narrator is saying!
11. Ann T Gravitee
The only way any of these golly-gee, keep-people-employed-and-out-of-trouble, costly, diversionary endeavours will benefit inhabitants of our biosphere is if and when we do make contact with other life forms they tell us what we are doing wrong. The evidence to date indicates we’re not intelligent enough to figure that out. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30794 | Views: 10402 (Data available since 06.02.2017)
• Site Migration Using Improper Means
• PHP Settings
• Problems with Email
• Extracted Site Is Unavailable
• Incomplete Archive
• ERROR 1062 (23000)
• Errors in .htaссess
• If IIS is Used as a Web Server
• Site Migration Using Improper Means
The migration of site to hosting should be performed using backup/restore tools built in Bitrix Framework.
Although a site on Bitrix24 Self-hosted is a set of files and a database, copying of files directly to a remote server in most cases will not be a proper solution. Due to a big number of small files, such copying may take several hours. In addition, the use of standard features enables the avoidance of possible future problems with access rights to the site files.
Among the most common problems are the following:
1. Web server cannot write to a folder that it needs to or delete temporary files. Possible consequences:
• Product update is impossible;
• Site cannot be edited using a web interface;
• Caching component works improperly;
• And other problems.
Note: For example, the system may even create temporary files, but hosting rights do not allow you to delete them. As a result, after a day of work, the account gets blocked because the disc quota is exceeded.
In this case, the simplest solution will be establishing the rights to all files and folders 777 (for Unix platform) or provide PHP with the write right for these files in any other way.
2. There is no possibility to edit the files created using a web interface through ftp/ssh files. In this case, it will be hard for many web developers to debug the site.
One of the simple but not always effective solutions is to determine settings in the file dbconn.php permitting everyone to edit the files created through Bitrix Framework.
define("BX_FILE_PERMISSIONS", 0666);
define("BX_DIR_PERMISSIONS", 0777);
However, you will have to periodically change the rights manually for the files created through ftp/ssh; or, if hosting supports it, to establish the umask setting.
PHP Settings
The following problems may occur during the migration of the site to hosting due to the PHP settings:
• Problems with file owner inconsistency: on a number of hosting PHP works on behalf of one user, but ftp/ssh access is granted to another. In this case, the files created by one method may be unavailable for modification or even cause a runtime error due to a breach of the security settings.
• Problems with security settings: there are different options to connect PHP, and some of these options establish severe restrictions on the file owner and file rights. In this case, code 500 errors may occur, and the only way for you to solve the problem is to refer to web server error log.
Example: If PHP is connected as CGI, hosting often requires that the file owner and file rights were consistent. If your account is not the file owner or if the file rights permit writing to all users, PHP will generate an error. In this case, the correct rights to files and folders and also the correct settings in dbconn.php should be established.
• Limits to the script execution time or other allocated resources. In this case, the site may act strange –sometimes it may open, and sometimes not and then show white screen.
Example: Various scripts of data import and export are the most sensitive to memory size and execution time. If you experience errors, check hosting resource availability. If the resources are insufficient, change the hoster.
• Problems with using utf-8 in hosting. Make sure that it is supported (mbstring library and a possibility to set the parameter pgp: mbstring.func_overload=2 must be available).
• Other problems that are specific for your hoster. To eliminate them, we recommend that the site operation be tested beforehand in the hosting of your choice and that the contact details of the provider’s support team be available.
Problems with Email
Sometimes hosting does not permit sending email without authorization. In this case, you will have to redefine email sending function in accordance with the product documentation in order to send emails from the site.
Extracted Site Is Unavailable
After extracting a backup copy, the only thing shown on the site is the authorization form. Possible reasons and solutions:
• Incorrect value of the box Path to the web server root folder of this site in the site settings (Settings > System settings > Websites > Websites).
Solution: change the value in the box Path to the web server root folder of this site in the site settings to a relevant path in a new hosting by clicking insert current. Leave the box empty if all the sites work on the same web server.
• If migration was carried out by a simple copying of files (FTP/SSH), the file .access.php may have been left uncopied. This file contains user groups’ access rights to the site. If this file is absent, all users have the right Forbidden.
Solution 1: Put the file .access.php with the contents to the site root:
Solution 2: Establish the right Read for the All users (with non-authorized users) group using product’s file manager in the properties of the site root folder in the Access tab.
Incomplete Archive
When looking through WinRar, the archive created by the standard backup system, it becomes evident that the archive contains far fewer files than there are files on the site.
Reason: the point is that the tar format has several dialects. The system zips archive in the format GNU tar the way tar does it in Linux by default. WinRar understands tar, but does not support this dialect in full.
Backup archive must be extracted by the system restore.php downloaded from the backup copy page. If in this case some files are also missed, the problem should be solved through the helpdesk service.
ERROR 1062 (23000)
When extracting a backup copy, the following error occurs: ERROR 1062 (23000) at line 1247: Duplicate entry '2-?' for key 2.
Reason: the error occurs if the encoding of the archive is different from the encoding used on the new database server.
• Archive encoding is set depending on the contents of the file /bitrix/php_interface/after_connect.php, for example:
$DB->Query("SET NAMES 'utf8'");
i.e. the archive will be created in the utf8 encoding.
• Database server encoding may be seen in the parameter character_set_server following the execution of a SQL request:
show variables where Variable_name = 'character_set_server';
This error may be bypassed or eliminated by way of one of the following ways:
• In the new database server settings, change encoding in the parameter character_set_server to the encoding used in the archive.
Attention: you might want to contact server administrator to perform this operation.
• Open the archive in a text editor and insert the following line at the very beginning:
SET NAMES 'utf8';
The encoding is chosen depending on the archive encoding.
Attention: this solution works only in case of small dumps (which manage to import in one step).
Errors in .htaссess
Some errors (for example, error 404 when going to a page with detailed news information) during site migration occur because the file .htaссess is getting renamed by adding “_” (low line). In order to solve this problem, just check the file name and correct it if the error is detected.
If IIS is Used as a Web Server
In this case, the file web.config is also archived causing problems with extraction. After extraction, restore.php will not work.
Solution: eliminate the extracted file web.config. The server will create a new customized file.
Courses developed by «Bitrix», Inc. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30812 | Casino for Your System
What are the benefits? On one hand, you can take delight in the excitement exclusive of having to leave your own residence. On the other hand, a number of games can be played in the multiplayer mode, together with friends or family wherever in the world, bringing the Internet into play. Is there any need of money? Well, it does depend entirely on you to use real or fake money.
How should you start then? At the very outset, find out and select the games you want to play and this can be done without hassles by means of globally acclaimed search engine Google. The next step is to type words like download online casino game in the search box and this endeavor will bring forth lots of pertinent websites almost instantaneously. Try to be more cautious from now, as you have to opt for the most apposite game. Make sure that you check out any system requirements meticulously. You may find out that it is necessary to install flash player, Java, or.NET components. Try to do the same only after consulting with any veteran.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30841 | "john wick 3" news is finally on the way. It just isn't here yet -- instead, it's the news in anticipation of the news. Right now, casting announcements could be coming at any moment. That would be the last domino to fall before production and other tidbits kick into high gear. Projecting who will be joining the cast along with Keanu Reeves is likely an exercise in futility, but that doesn't mean it's a boring exercise. Let's take a look at some of the candidates for the film.
Projecting who should play 'John Wick 3' villains
• Jason Statham. Statham is one of the more active action stars of his generation. He has starred in the "Transporter" franchise, "The Expendables" franchise, and "Crank." He has no issue playing the villain, which he seemingly does in about half of his Movies. Additionally, he performs his own stunts, just like his "John Wick 3" co-star would.
• Idris Elba. Elba is another action legend, though he has a much more brooding quality to most of his characters, such as the titular star in the "Luther" series. He could use some redemption after "The Dark Tower" flopped. He may also bring some actual acting credentials to the series.
• Liam Neeson. This is an obvious one. Neeson is well known, particularly from movies like "The Phantom Menace" and "Taken." His voice also creates so much mystery and enchantment in and of itself. A fight between him and Keanu Reeves would be the most vocally-intense fight in cinema history.
• Jet Li. Finally, a martial artist who could match up to Reeves. The legend doesn't do much stateside anymore, but he does have some history with "The Expendables" franchise. He is busy with his charity work and has a previous heart rate issue, so he's not doing many films at all anymore. It would be a massive coup if the producers of the movie could score Jet Li.
More on 'John Wick 3'
"John Wick 3" has already entered pre-production.
The film is the last of an action trilogy starring Keanu Reeves as a hitman out for revenge. Not much is known about the plot of the upcoming film, other than that it should tie up any loose threads from the previous films. The release date is currently set for May 17, 2019.
The news of a third installment was confirmed by "John Wick: Chapter 2" director Chad Stahelski, suggesting that he'll direct this one as well.
Derek Kolstad, who wrote the first two scripts, is also writing the screenplay for the third (and presumably final) film.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30853 | ‘5’ Facts You May Not Know About ‘OM’
1. The sound of OM encompasses all words, all sounds in human language
OM is a matrix of all sounds, when in its diversified form gives rise to all words used in language.Linguistically, all audible sounds are produced in the space within the mouth beginning at the root of the tongue and ending at the lips. The throat sound is A, and M is the lip sound; and the sound U represents the rolling forward of speech articulation which starts at the root of the tongue, continuing until it ends in the lips.To pronounce OM correctly, remember, the sound vibration is pronounced “oom” as in home.
2. AUM and OM
In Sanskrit, the sound “O” is a diphthong spelled “AU”. A diphthong is the blending of two vowel sounds where both are normally heard and make a gliding sound. As a result, the difference between OM and AUM is simply one of transliteration.
3. AUM represents the 3 Fold Division of Time
A – is the waking state
U – is the dream state
M – is the state of deep sleep
At the end of AUM is a pause, a silence. This represents the state known as Turiya, or Infinite Consciousness
4. The visual symbol represents the meaning of AUM
The symbol OM visually consists of three curves, one semicircle, and a dot.The large bottom curve symbolises the waking state,
A. The middle curve signifies the dream state,
U. The upper curve denotes the state of deep sleep,
5. OM is associated with Ganesha
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30857 | Image copyright © by Marcus Trahan
Big Game
(Finland, UK, Germany, 2014)
It’s the most expensive movie ever made in Finland, and in an odd way, sort of reassuring to me. I mean, we all know that just tons of really crappy movies are churned out in places like Japan, India, Hong Kong, but if you’re like me you subconsciously think of Europe as somehow more serious, sober, literary. Not true. When they want to, Europeans can make movies just as stupid as your average $250,000,000 Hollywood action movie for idiots!
There is so much really stupid in the movie that I’d be here all night if I tried to enumerate them, so I’ll just pick some of the stupidest. Little Oskari, played by thirteen-year-old Onni Tomilla, is undergoing a Laplander rite of passage, sent out into the mountainous forest (way too mountainous; it was filmed in Germany) to kill something. His old man kilt him a bar. Oskari will be lucky to bag a lemming.
But there is skullduggery afoot high overhead aboard Air Force One. President Samuel L. Jackson is tricked into the escape capsule before the plane and all the fighter escorts are shot down. He lands almost on top of the kid. And … he can’t get out. Somebody has to enter a code from the outside before the prez can exit the capsule. Now, tell me how that makes sense …
There are the usual number of unsurvivable situations easily survived, the usual number of henchmen disposed of like toilet paper. The grand finale has the prez and the boy descending by parachute into a nuclear explosion (and where did the Bad Guy get a nuke? Pulled it right out of his ass, I guess), about which one of the characters says maybe the only intelligent line of dialogue in the whole picture: “No one could survive that!” But here they come, drifting down like a dandelion seed under their undamaged parachute.
One word about the Bad Guy, and then out. First he has one motive for this impossibly elaborate master plan. Then he has another. And then, no, that wasn’t what he was really up to. By that time I was convinced he had no fucking idea why he was doing all this except to provide yet another role for an evil Arab billionaire. Avoid this ultra-stupid European movie. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30858 | Image copyright © by Marcus Trahan
The Picture of Dorian Gray
The IMDb lists five versions of this, including one just last year, 2018, and a sixth in development, where they plan to do the old gender switcheroo, making Gray a woman. None of the others seem to amount to anything, but I thought this one was a doozy. Gray is played by the devilishly handsome Hurd Hatfield, and devilish is the key word. There is just something in that face that tells me to not trust this son of a bitch. I know we shouldn’t judge on appearances … but appearances is partly what this story is all about, right? George Sanders plays Gray’s friend. Sanders was a man who has always struck me as so phlegmatic that you could shove a cherry bomb up his ass and detonate it, and he would barely change expression. He could shout “Fire. Fire. Run for your life” and make it sound all too boring for words. Also in the cast are Donna Reed, Angela Lansbury, and Peter Lawford, one of the most talentless actors ever to work in Hollywood.
One very remarkable thing here is the picture itself. It is shown only four times, and though this is a B&W movies, the picture is in color. It is startling, and disorienting, and works well as a way to emphasize how strange the portrait is. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30913 | Wagons are traditional, animal-drawn land vehicles, a simple means of transport for people as well as cargo. They are purely mechanical vehicles, with no propulsion of their own, requiring beasts of burden for movement. They are usually horse-drawn or oxen-drawn.
Wagons tend to be constructed of wood and metal parts. They often lack the more fancier amenities of carriages, including better suspension (or any suspension at all), enclosed seating for passengers, etc. Unlike carriages, which tend to be manufactured by coachbuilder companies, wagons tend to be home-brewn vehicles built by individuals at home.
In both the Westworld film series and the Westworld TV series, wagons make frequent appearances, primarily in the titular Westworld park itself. They come in various period forms, reflecting the needs of Old West settlers. The vast majority are depicted as four-wheeled vehicles.
Westworld (1973)
In the film, some wagons are seen in the street scene during the regular, daily reset by the park's technicians. The robotic humans and robotic horses stand still on the street until they're activated. An ordinary four-wheeled wagon is seen standing completely still, then the horses and driver come to life and start their daily routine, per their programming.
Westworld Season One
While they're in Pariah, El Lazo gives William, Logan, Dolores and his own aide Slim Miller a mission to capture nitroglycerin from Union trops. The three would-be outlaws, under supervision by Slim, stage an armed robbery of a covered wagon, driven and guarded by hosts portraying soldiers of the Union. Logan inspects the back of the wagon, finding the hidden nitroglycerine cache, but gets into a scuffle with the soldiers, only to be saved (along with Dolores) by William's quick shooting.
"The Adversary"
Various wagons are seen, pertaining to the War narrative. Bodies of hosts portraying dead soldiers are seen piled atop a medium-sized wagon. Teddy at one point operates a Gatling Gun, mounted atop a larger wagon, in order to help him and the Man in Black escape a Union Army camp where they were held as prisoners.
"Trompe L'Oeil"
A flatbed wagon, with wooden railings made from planks and a mounted Gatling Gun, is used by Confederados during an ambush of the train carrying Lawrence, William, Dolores and others.
Westworld Season Two
"Virtù e Fortuna"
The courtyard of the Confederado stronghold Fort Forlorn Hope houses several wagons of various types.
See also
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30924 | Information for "Page principale"
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From ZNC
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This is the changelog for older ZNC versions.
Older Features
• Detaching - ZNC will stay on IRC while you're not connected
• Multiple Users - Have multiple ZNC accounts in one running process
• Playback Buffers - Keep track of what happened in channels and privmsgs while you were detached
• SSL - Encrypted connections to/from IRC and to/from your client
• DCC Bouncing - Filter incoming and outgoing DCC requests and route them through ZNC to hide your ip
• C++ Modules - Dynamically loaded shared objects. Just derive from CModule and overload any needed functions such as OnPrivMsg()
• Perl Modules - Write your own features in the easy-to-learn Perl language |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30942 | Yoga Asanas & Their Benefits
Yoga asanas provide a wide range of physical and mental benefits.
Yoga asanas provide a wide range of physical and mental benefits.
You've probably heard a lot about the benefits of yoga, ranging from stress relief to improved flexibility. A 2003 article in "Yoga Journal" estimated that around 15 million Americans regularly practice yoga. Yoga is becoming increasingly popular as more and more people learn about concepts such as mindfulness and experience the benefits of physical postures, known as asanas. Asanas are often categorized based on type and specific mental and physical benefits.
Standing Poses
The category of standing asanas includes a broad array of poses that are performed while in a standing position, each providing specific benefits for physical wellness. Standing poses can involve developing balance and coordination, as in the Tree pose; strength, as in the Warrior series or the Chair pose; or flexibility, as in the Triangle pose. Certain standing poses have a therapeutic focus, such as the Half-moon pose, which can alleviate back pain, or the Eagle, which is believed to increase sexual energy, according to Bikram Yoga NYC.
Forward Bends
Forward bends are postures that can be performed in either a standing or seated position. In a forward bend, you literally bend your body forward to bring your head lower than your heart. Standing and most seated forward bends increase flexibility in your hamstrings and stretch your back. Forward bending asanas include poses such as Standing Forward Bend, the Big Toe pose, and Wide-angle pose. Forward bends are believed to help improve digestion, promote relaxation, reduce stress and massage your internal organs.
Backbending postures are poses that involve arching your back to expand your chest and shoulders, generally performed in a supine or seated position. The backbending asana series includes poses such as the Bow, Camel, Cobra and Locust. Backbends help stretch your chest and shoulder muscles, open up your spine, reduce lower back pain and and improve spinal and cervical flexibility.
Twisting postures are performed in a standing, seated or supine position and focus on rotating your torso and spine. Twists are believed to promote hip and spinal flexibility, alleviate certain back conditions such as sciatica and lower back pain, increase circulation to your spinal nerves, veins and tissues and improve digestion. The Seated Twist, Revolved Chair, Revolved Triangle and the Half Lord of the Fishes pose are examples of common twisting asanas. Twists can impart a feeling of being wrung out your body, resulting in feelings of clarity, vitality and ease, according to "Yoga Journal."
Inversions are arguably some of the most challenging yoga poses to perform. During an inversion, you usually invert your body upside-down to bring your head lower than your heart or, in a few examples, your feet higher than your head. Yoga inversions include postures such as the headstand, shoulder stand and Rabbit pose. Inversions are believed to provide a host of benefits, including promoting circulation to your upper body, encouraging more efficient respiration and increasing lymph flow, according to "Yoga Journal."
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30959 | I'm a really literal writer. I don't write stuff that makes people "read between the lines." Problem is, people still always read between the lines. This leads to them understanding my writing in a way that wasn't my original intent.
For example, I ask a lot of questions on Stack Exchange. People think that I'm asking more than what's in the question. Comments:
I assume the downvotes indicate that people disagree with your idea of resetting the review ban whenever you pass an audit.
It wasn't an idea. It was just a question.
What is your end-goal here? Do you want to discontinue doing the extra math practice or do you want to disprove your father's accusations? Do you want to achieve your goals through talking to him, or by other means? As of now your question is unclear, thus as of now I vote to close.
I stated my end-goal multiple times in the question, but people keep trying to "solve my problem" instead of taking it at face value.
Pro-tip: complaining about downvotes tends to attract downvotes.
Again, not a complaint. It's a legitimate answer!
hey there @sag. From the several last questions you asked here on meta, and reading through your profile, it seems you have gripe with most communities you partake into. I'm trying really hard not to assume, but it seems you have some kind of "everyone else is wrong" attitude.
Probably used the wrong tone or something? Tried to sound neutral but I still came across as "gripey!"
How do I make my writing have only 1 clear, literal meaning to prevent unintentional alternative interpretations?
EDIT: The problem isn't other people's misunderstanding; it's my fault because my writing is unclear. I ask in this question for advice on how to make it clearer.
• It is good form to wait for at least 24h before you accept an answer. Accepting something right away is a good way to get downvoted and to have people not answer – JP Chapleau Jul 10 '18 at 20:59
• 19
You might provide links to the posts you reference. Then we could see the actual examples of writing that others apparently mis-interpreted. – Jay Jul 10 '18 at 21:24
• 1
For the examples in this question, which seem to come from some StackExchange meta, I would say that providing context is always a good idea to make people understand what you are aiming at. One can also add exclusion terms ("I'm not interested in ...") to refine the scope even more. As for general writing, I have no idea. – Trilarion Jul 11 '18 at 12:21
• Yes please provide the links to each post. Until then we can't tell if it's people misrepresenting what you wrote (which is endemic on Meta), or it not being clear. – smci Jul 11 '18 at 16:46
• 1
I was about to write a fun answer about doing this in fiction. Disappointed. – Andrey Dec 23 '19 at 22:02
When you ask a question, people assume you are asking for a reason, that you intend to use the answer to make some decision. There is no such thing as "just a question".
The reason they read between the lines is because you have not made it apparent why you are asking this question.
Thus if you want to keep people from reading between the lines, make sure they also understand why you are asking, or what you intend to do with the answer, etc.
An example:
I'd like to improve my answers, it would help me if the down votes explained what they think is wrong with this one.
Or something similar. If you don't make clear your motive behind your message (intent, purpose, reason), people will guess at it, and often assume that motive is nefarious or tricksy. That's just the nature of this beast the Internet.
• Reading beween the lines most of the time is the reader filling in blanks (either existing or perceived) with their own made up stuff. Also, every stack question benefits from being created from a real need. People will answer based on this assumption. They will try to figure out what you need from what you wrote, and usually "just a question" is not developed enough to cover all bases. – Mindwin Aug 6 '18 at 18:04
• Anecdote: Jack goes to a bar, and asks the bartender: "Do you have a soda?" The bartender grabs a soda bottle, and in a swift motion removes the cap and puts the soda in front of Jack, already with a plastic straw. Then jack grimaces: "I just wanted to know if you had soda in stock, I didn't want to have a soda." - - - - Jack lacked specificity. – Mindwin Aug 6 '18 at 18:08
Your question is mainly about SE-Posts, but you asked in Writing.se so as such I´ll give a general writing Answer.
1. Technical Writing:
Misinterpretation always points to ambiguities in your writing. You may think you are concise, but the fact alone that you get these responses are proof that you are not. Try to find out where the ambiguity comes from and try to refine your text. It´s sometimes not too easy to do this, as your own view is colored by your existing prejudice. Trying to get a little distance to your writing and then come back again helps sometimes. That said, as long as you are not writing actual code, you won´t ever get to 100% - the viewer brings with them their own prejudice and you can´t change that
1. Writing as Art/Entertainment:
As with any art-from, interpretation is at the viewers discretion. There is nothing you can do about it - it´s feature not a bug!
• "There is nothing you can do about it" I fully agree with this answer although the ending might be a bit too pessimistic. One can probably, with experience, learn to steer it a bit, getting metaphorical and ambiguous at one point and clear, concise and unambiguous somewhere else. What works for 1. may also work for 2. if adapted. – Trilarion Jul 11 '18 at 12:28
• 1
@Trilarion: You are right but OTOH if you do too much steering it borders on explaining and it isn´t art anymore! Or put another way: if you are too concise your are putting off the reader, because you don´t allow him to project his own personality into it. It then becomes a sort-of technical writing. Just like a joke you have to explain. – Daniel Jul 11 '18 at 12:34
The question of yours on SE that was deleted has to do with hormonally influenced voting. Do you not perceive why this would sound like a gender-biased question?
To answer the question you pose here, Simple. Bold the exact question you are asking, with "Question" preceding it, and state that your words are to be taken at face value. Let me demonstrate:
Answer: Bold the exact question and state that your words are to be taken at face value.
You can add a flourish, like saying, "I hope I am not insulting anyone here. It is not my intent."
With that demonstration of self-awareness, people will understand that you are saying "Do not read between the lines."
Edit: I assume that you make the effort before posing the question to run your question through common 'sensitivity filters.' Example, Am I using denigrating language? Am I using humor that is in poor taste? Am I attempting to write clearly without allowing personal idiosyncracies to detract from my question? One can look at their post and ask what simple ways it might be misinterpreted and then correct it to be more clear. Similarly, if someone says that something is offensive, the post can be edited.
• I don't like bolding questions. It means You don't know how to create the question or You are asking to solve too much complex problem. – deadfish Jul 11 '18 at 13:48
• 2
My communications teacher used to tell us that while you are responsible for all the messages you intend to send, you are also responsible for all the messages you sent unintentionally. In this example, if you don't want to offend people, reword your question so it cannot be read offensively — which might mean "don't ask the question, because it's inherently offensive." Saying "I'm not trying to be offensive" usually means "I know this is offensive but I'm trying to get away with it anyway by prefacing it with an I'm-sorry-if-you-took-offense pseudoapology." (cont'd) – Lauren-Reinstate-Monica-Ipsum Jul 11 '18 at 15:14
• 1
(cont'd) If you have to say "Just take this at face value," you are acknowledging that there exists an alternate interpretation which could be negative. If you don't want that option, don't write it that way. – Lauren-Reinstate-Monica-Ipsum Jul 11 '18 at 15:16
• 1
@DPT oh of course; some people try to be offended. My point is that there are ways to reword something to minimize offensive potential which are not "I'm just gonna say this bluntly and put 'Sorry but' in front of it first, and you should accept that as sufficient." Instead of adding disclaimers that you're not a Richard Cranium, edit to be nicer first. – Lauren-Reinstate-Monica-Ipsum Jul 11 '18 at 19:18
• 1
@LaurenIpsum Good point. I'll add that to the answer. – DPT Jul 11 '18 at 21:59
Q: How do I make my writing have only 1 clear, literal meaning to prevent unintentional alternative interpretations?
A: By asking question that have only one answer.
e.g.: How far is it from Aberdeen to London according to Google Maps?
No, wait - skip that - here's a better one:
e.g.: What's one plus one (assuming you're a mathematician not a chemist)?
Questions with a narrow focus do not invite questions, comments or debate. They are answerable with very little effort; perhaps just a quick internet search.
(I was going to spin off into a spiel about other types of questions that seem to invite people to interpret (or misinterpret) them according to their own nature, perceptions, knowledge-base, cognitive development, level of intelligence (intellectual, social, emotional or otherwise) and other such personal factors, and I was going to express my opinion that these are the interesting questions in life, but then point out that they have no place in this community because of the rules governing (rightly or wrongly (in the eyes of those who desire life to be other than what is is)) what is allowed (or not) here; but then I thought 'better not'.)
• 3
I asked Google Maps the question how far it is from Aberdeen to London. He gave me several options to choose from. So now I'm confused how to interpret the question. Do I need to fastest route? Or the shortest? Which transportation do I pick? Perhaps it is wise to zoom in on the question and make it more detailed so the ways to interpred the question are more limited so it leaves less confusion :( – Totumus Maximus Jul 11 '18 at 11:15
• 2
Good point, @Totumus. One answer might be that Google Maps is giving us one answer in several parts and that this answer remains fixed and true (until more roads or built or Google's algorithms are updated), but another reply I could give is that I'm crap at giving examples that can't be picked apart by someone willing to spend their precious time and effort on such pursuits. ;) And yeah, I know answers like this are waaay too snarky and are frowned upon by all and sundry, but perhaps if I sneak one in every now and again it's not going to hurt. After all, we're like old friends, yes? :) – robertcday Jul 11 '18 at 11:24
• 2
@robertclay haha, I know right. But no worries. I was just trying to raise your awareness that making a question which has only just 1 answer is really hard. And as you said there are always people who can complain about that given enough time. And I love to do that! There are few questions I cannot pick apart ;) – Totumus Maximus Jul 11 '18 at 11:31
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30965 | Life Experience Credit
What is “Prior Learning Credit”?
School of Professional Studies students
Prior Learning Credit, informally known as Life Experience Credit, is academic credit earned when a student demonstrates learning that he or she has gained outside of a traditional college classroom. This type of credit is sometimes referred to as “credit for life experience,” even though the credit is awarded based on the learning that resulted from the experience—not the experience itself. Since Prior Learning Credit is non-traditional, evaluation has to be done very carefully to ensure that it meets George Fox University’s standards for quality. The evaluation process for this is called Prior Learning Assessment.
During the Prior Learning Assessment process, Prior Learning Credit may be awarded through two avenues: (1) Professional Training Submissions and (2) Prior Learning Essays. In both avenues, students provide documentation of an adult (post-high school) experience, then describe and analyze the learning that occurred. Credit awards are not based on the experience but on the learning that occurred through the process.
Who is Eligible for Prior Learning Credit?
Students actively enrolled in the Adult Degree Program at George Fox University may be awarded a maximum of 30 semester hours of credit through the Prior Learning Assessment (PLA) process. Credits earned through the PLA process may be used to fill open electives. They may not be used to fill general education or major course requirements.
All George Fox University students who wish to receive credit for Prior Learning Essays will need to enroll in the LACC 215 Personal and Professional Assessment course (3 semester hours). This writing-intensive class teaches students how to use the Kolb/Fry model of experiential learning to construct life-learning essays. The Kolb/Fry assessment model is a cornerstone in adult education. The Personal and Professional Assessment course also teaches students how to submit professional training items for evaluation and possible credit award. If students anticipate submitting only a limited number of professional training items for evaluation and do not wish to take the Personal and Professional Assessment course, they may consult the Department of Professional Studies PLA Coordinator or Enrollment Manager for instructions about how to compile a Professional Training Submission.
Current Students
If you are a current Adult Degree Program student, see the PLA Student Site for details on the Prior Learning Assessment process, including submission forms and instructions. Note: You must be logged in to your George Fox Google account.
Read our journal article in The Journal of Continuing Higher Education
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30979 | 75 at 75: Marit MacArthur on John Ashbery - 92Y, New York
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75 at 75: Marit MacArthur on John Ashbery
Nov 8, 2019
A special project for 92Y Unterberg Poetry Center’s 75th anniversary, 75 at 75 invites authors to listen to a recording from our archive and write a personal response. Here, Marit MacArthur writes about the John Ashbery archive of readings at 92Y.
Posted on Nov 8, 2019
marit.jpgThe Unterberg Poetry Center at the 92nd Street Y has a seventy-year archive of recordings—it began hosting readings in 1939 and recording them in 1949—and it offers a unique opportunity to study poets’ voices and reading styles. Between 1952 and 2014, John Ashbery made seventeen appearances on the stage of the Poetry Center. He read with other poets—Barbara Guest, Mark Ford, Jack Gilbert, John Hollander, J. D. McClatchy, W. S. Merwin, Kenneth Koch, Ron Padgett, and James Schuyler. He read with painters—Jane Freilicher and Larry Rivers. And he joined in readings honoring other poets—tributes to Frank O’Hara (1970), Elizabeth Bishop (1979) and Marianne Moore (1987). Ashbery, who made regular Poetry Center appearances from the ages of twenty-four to eighty-seven, is on a short list of poets whose Y readings spanned so many decades (others include W. S. Merwin, Gwendolyn Brooks, Adrienne Rich, Richard Wilbur, and Galway Kinnell).
As a scholar and poet who uses software to analyze performance style in poetry recordings, I was thrilled when Bernard Schwartz, the Poetry Center’s director, invited me to study the archive. The Ashbery readings seemed, to me, like a perfect corpus to begin with.
But even those who loved attending Ashbery’s poetry readings (I am one of them) might feel that he’s the last poet in the world whose performance style is worth studying. He typically read in a restrained, unassuming voice, and the unofficial consensus is that the performative energy of his poetry plays out not in the vocal delivery, but in the slippery syntax, the sly comedy of skewed idioms, the rich mixture of vocabularies and startling tropes, the momentum of swerving thought. His poems can elude the audience’s understanding in a live reading, and they elude many readers on the page as well.
Raphael Allison (as I discussed in Beyond Poet Voice: Sampling the (Non)Performance Styles of 100 American Poets) describes Ashbery’s reading style as “a performance of nonperformance.” He means this as a compliment, particularly in reference to a 1963 reading recorded at the Living Theatre. However, Richard Howard, who actually attended the reading that night, remembers Ashbery as having, in Allison’s words, “read with extreme dramatic flair.” Ashbery was “striding up and down, smoking, wreathed in clouds of smoke … on the set for The Brig [a play about a soldier that went up in May of the same year] behind a lot of barbed wire,” Howard remembered. “It wasn’t certain on that occasion whether the wire was to keep him from us or us from him.” Clearly Howard ascribes a certain power to Ashbery’s physical presence, while Allison has only the recording to judge from.
Here’s another perspective. “John Ashbery’s near monotone suggests a dreamier dimension than the text sometimes reveals,” writes Charles Bernstein. Once we have heard a poet like Ashbery read, he feels, “we change our hearing and reading of their works on the page as well.”
I witnessed Ashbery read on four occasions. At one of these, on April 8, 2001, he cleared the room—the beautiful Morrison Library reading room at the University of California, Berkeley. The reading began as standing-room only. My boyfriend and I were the last to squeeze in the door. Charles Altieri introduced Ashbery with sincere, abstrusely articulated enthusiasm, sat down, and soon fell asleep.
I watched as many in the audience become visibly, unduly mystified by the poetry, or Ashbery’s manner of reading it, or both. Or they were simply bored. The undergraduates, drawn by the aura of Ashbery’s name, streamed quietly out of the room in ones and twos and threes, until it was more than half empty. But I was committed to the end. I was writing my dissertation in part on Ashbery’s poetry, and his writing had changed my attitude to boredom, to poetry, to language itself.
It is common to be bored at a poetry reading, or at least under-stimulated, especially by poets esteemed in the academy. My own inarticulate pleasure in, and intense irritation with, certain poetry reading styles is what led me to research poetry performance in the first place.
If I’ve learned anything in this rather rarefied line of research, it’s that the voice is a slippery thing, and so is our perception of it. Speech scientists concur with Robert Frost that the “tone of meaning … without the words”—the intonation and rhythm of the voice—are often perceived as more important than the words. Whenever we listen to a voice, we bring all sorts of unconscious and half-conscious expectations and biases to the experience.
Those who walked out on Ashbery at Berkeley in 2001 probably thought, in some way, that he wasn’t reading the way a poet should, or that his poems were not what they thought poems should be. When we hear a voice, and especially when we listen to a disembodied voice—we listen with expectations and biases in regard to gender, age, race, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, cultural or religious background, education, educational background, region, nationality, mood, et cetera. We try to pin down the speaker’s identity, and complain if they do not fit our expectations. The Berkeley undergraduates of 2001 might have expected Ashbery’s vocal delivery to sound more like a poet, or more queer, or more like a New Yorker, to correspond with whatever vocal stereotypes or conventions they had in mind for these roles or identities.
In her recent book, The Race of Sound: Listening, Timbre and Vocality in African American Music, Nina Sun Eidsheim gives us a term for the question we ask when we listen to a voice: Who is this? We don’t just ask this when we answer a phone call from an unknown number. When we listen to any stranger’s voice, we try to pin down the speaker’s identity—and thus radically reduce that voice’s individuality to conform to or be rejected by our expectations. Eidsheim calls this the acousmatic question—after Pierre Schaeffer, who “derive[s] the … root [of acousmatic] from an ancient Greek legend about Pythagoras’s disciples listening to him through a curtain.” She argues that it relies on fundamental misunderstandings of the human voice and our own listening practices, particularly in regard to vocal timbre. One of her case studies is the voice of Jimmy Scott, a jazz singer who was sometimes characterized as a freak (as he arguably was in Episode 29 of Twin Peaks). Though he was a cisgender male, Scott suffered from Kallmann syndrome (delayed or absent puberty), and had a limited career due in part to racialized assumptions about how a black man should sound.
Who is this? is often the wrong question, but we are always asking it anyway. The next time you listen to a recorded voice without knowing the speaker’s identity, ask yourself what assumptions you are making about their identity, and why.
In The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction, Jonathan Sterne advances a persuasive critique of conventional assumptions about hearing versus seeing, which he calls “the audiovisual litany,” including the notions that “hearing tends toward subjectivity, vision tends toward objectivity” and “hearing is a temporal sense, vision is primarily a spatial sense.”
Of course, seeing is no more objective than hearing, and both hearing and seeing operate spatially and temporally. But a poem holds still on the page when we study it. A recorded poem does not. Nor do our perceptions of what we’ve heard. And so what I call slow listening—listening repeatedly to the same recording, and making some attempt to analyze recorded voices as physical phenomena, to visualize their effects, and to analyze quantitative data about them can illuminate (there’s the hegemony of the visual for you!) what it is we have just heard. Slow listening serves as a refinement of, and sometimes a corrective to, our impressionistic perceptions; developing this technique has made me more aware of my own biases as a listener, and it has made me listen more precisely.
So what was Ashbery up to as a reader? Studied calm? Dramatic flair? Trance-inducing monotone? Was he an unusually inexpressive reader, not to say boring? And did he always read in a similar manner? What was characteristic of his voice, anyway?
When I analyze a poet’s voice, I start with pitch and timing patterns. Based on some linguistic research and our own intuitions about what makes a voice sound expressive, neurobiologist Lee M. Miller and I have developed a toolbox of prosodic measurements called Voxit.
Pitch is typically measured in Hertz, or cycles per second; with the human voice, this means the number of times the vocal cords vibrate per second. Among the fifty male American poets I sampled in “Beyond Poet Voice,” the average pitch was 115 Hz. (Richard Blanco, Carl Phillips, Ted Kooser, Robert Pinsky, Matthew Zapruder, Peter Gizzi, and Mark Doty ranged from 81 to 91 Hz, while CA Conrad, Amiri Baraka, Joshua Clover, Robert Hass, Juan Felipe Herrera, and Alberto Rios were at the upper end, from 139 to 151 Hz).
What about Ashbery? In a sampling of recordings drawn from his readings at the Poetry Center, his pitch ranged from 100 to 149 Hz. As a generalization, Ashbery seemed to use lower pitch when he was younger and higher pitch when he was older. A much larger sample would be needed to confirm this, but the finding aligns with the research: the pitch of male voices tends to rise with age.
People may raise their pitch when emotions become more intense, as when Ashbery read Elizabeth Bishop’s “Over 2,000 Illustrations and a Complete Concordance” at the Y’s Earth Day event in 1997. In The Last Avant-Garde: The Making of the New York School of Poets, David Lehman remembered that, “When [Ashbery] reached the last stanza, he cried.” As you can hear, Ashbery starts to sound hoarse and teary around line 54 (“asking for cigarettes”), part way through the second stanza. He recovers and breaks down again for much of the last stanza, beginning with “Why couldn’t we have seen / this old Nativity while we were at it?”
When a speaker changes pitch faster, either up or down—we measure this as pitch speed and pitch acceleration—they sound more expressive. In these terms, Ashbery uses his most expressive pitch—his fastest pitch speed—in his youth, and, not surprisingly, when he reads humorous crowd pleasers, no matter the year. For instance, the masterful sestina “The Painter” in his 1952 debut reading; or “The Songs We Know Best,” in both 1981 and 2008; or the comic sestina “Faust,” in 1967 and 2008, which was inspired (as Ashbery explains in 2008) by a comic strip about The Phantom of the Opera in the Montpellier newspaper. He uses pitch least expressively—his slowest pitch speed—when he reads Marianne Moore’s poem “Abundance,” at the tribute in 1987. “Abundance” is a highly formal poem of nine stanzas, and like many of Moore’s poems, the poem’s mood is one of quiet, restrained amusement; perhaps Ashbery reads it with rather flat intonation to enact a deadpan tone. Perhaps he does this all the time, to some degree.
What about rhythm? How quickly a poet speaks, how much their speaking rate varies, how often they pause, and for how long—these factors influence the perception of rhythm and how regular the rhythm is. Long pauses in speech create suspense, and, if they do not recur, they can break a rhythmic pattern. As a generalization, the more predictable a poet’s rhythmic complexity, the more formally they may read—whether the poem they are reading is written in a fixed form or not. In my research, I have found that Allen Ginsberg exhibits very low rhythmic complexity, or a predictable rhythm, in reading Howl, for instance, while a conversational poet such as Dean Young sometimes uses very high rhythmic complexity, or an unpredictable rhythm.
So when does Ashbery read most formally, in terms of regular rhythm? And when does he use a more irregular rhythm that is more typical of conversation than formal poetry? Does the rhythm he deploys in the reading of the same poem shift over time? Below are samples of the same two poems, “Faust” and “Rivers and Mountains,” from 1967 and 2008.
In the 1967 reading, Ashbery tended toward a more predictable, formal rhythm. Perhaps he was feeling rather formal that night, or in that era? Ashbery never wrote a great deal in fixed forms, and perhaps he moved away from them more as his poetry developed. But in 2008, he read a number of poems that use anaphora and other forms of verbal or rhythmic or even musical repetition and catalog (“He,” “Default Mode,” “They Knew What They Wanted” and “The Songs We Know Best”) and read them with a more conversational, less predictable rhythm than he might have in 1967. Of course, the use of irregular rhythm, shifting emphases and long pauses also play well for comedy and dramatic suspense.
On the 2008 recording, Ashbery sounds like he is good spirits—he decides to read two more, rather than one more, poem at the end. It’s as if he is having a lively conversation, albeit one-sided, with an appreciative, frequently chuckling audience. It reminds me of the best reading I ever heard him give—at the New School’s John Ashbery Festival in 2006—when he read “Litany,” a poem famously written in “two columns meant to be read as simultaneous but independent monologues” with Ann Lauterbach, James Tate, and Dara Weir. It was deeply funny and poignant at once—Ashbery at his best, feeding off the energy of conspiratorial collaboration.
The best way to appreciate Ashbery’s reading style is to listen, of course, yet Ashbery himself was not always sold on poetry in performance. In a 1966 interview (included in the Y’s 2017 memorial tribute to Ashbery), he said: “Well, I’m against poetry being read out loud. That may sound funny. When I hear poems read out loud, I really don’t get very much from them. I have to see the poem and hear it in my mind for it to really mean something. In fact, when I’ve read poems out loud, sometimes people will say, Oh I really understood that when you read it, I got a great deal more out of it, which is not what I want to happen. Because, I mean, if I had written the poem right, it should mean more when it was read on the page.”
Ashbery did not particularly like his own voice, or at least his native upstate accent. Of meeting Frank O’Hara for the first time, he remembered: “It was rather a surprise when I overheard a ridiculous remark such as I liked to make uttered in a ridiculous nasal voice that sounded to me like my own, and to realize the speaker was Frank … Though we grew up in widely separated regions of the Northeast, we both inherited the same twang, a hick accent so out of keeping with the roles we were trying to play that it seems to me we probably exaggerated it, later on, in hopes of making it seem intentional.”
My favorite way to read Ashbery is on the page, while listening to his recorded voice. His 1952 reading of “The Painter” is especially delightful. At the age of twenty-four, he reads “The Painter” with the broad vowels of his upstate accent fully intact.
Listening to Ashbery’s comparatively expressive early reading of “The Painter” reminds me how much different voices are crucial to his poetics, whether they are explicitly different characters in a poem or simply contending points of view within a single consciousness. It’s no surprise that his own voice and performance style changes—perhaps more than we would have thought—poem by poem and over the years.
Marit MacArthur is a lecturer in the University Writing Program and an affiliate faculty member in Performance Studies at the University of California, Davis. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30998 | Summer Walker Sparks Debate After Saying Racism Should Be Classified as Mental Disorder
The 'Playing Games' singer receives mixed responses from people on the internet after she posted and then deleted a post where she seemingly likened racism to psychological disorder.
AceShowbiz - Summer Walker sparked controversy on the internet over her comment about racism. The "Playing Games" singer suggested racism was mental illness. "I don't understand how racism isn't classified as a psychological disorder… like being bi-polar.. so odd," she wrote in a now-deleted post.
She received mixed reactions, but many of them disagreed with her. "Because there's a huge difference in biological disorders & learned behavior, Goofball," one fan scolded the singer. Another gave a similar comment, "You're not born with or develop racism. You're taught and further CHOOSE to be racist." A sarcastic individual wrote, "Sooo she saying a racist needs medication to not be a racist anymore....got it."
Some others blasted her. "Summer you should've sat this one out," one commented. "Is she slow?" another dissed the R&B star. More similar criticism: "Wtf? That's basically excusing racism sis...I can't," "This is dumb," "When trying to sound smart goes incredibly wrong," "Somebody Take Her Phone Away," and "Google is free you know."
A few, however, agreed with her. "Oddly I get it," one claimed. Another explained, "It takes a mental person to hurt someone because of the color of their skin. That's definitely mental in my opinion."
More similar comments: "Well she has a point people who are racist swear they aren't the s**t is sick as f**k," "I hear her tho cus they way ppl be stuck in their racist ways and how deeply rooted their hate is, it would seem like only medication can manage it," "I agree cus that s**t is mad weird how you're treating someone like s**t cus of their race... make it make sense."
Summer Walker didn't respond to the controversy. She herself revealed her battle with social anxiety following criticisms over her disappointing meet-and-greet and dry live performances. "I'm a person, I have my feelings," she said. "I get tired, I get sad and that's just a lot. So I don't wanna lose myself for someone else. I wanna give y'all what I can. I'm gonna keep making music and Imma do a few shows but I can't finish."
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/30999 | (Dec. 12, 2019) For nearly an hour, not one student took out a phone to answer messages, check sports scores or social- media posts.They were invested in each other and the breakfast in front of them.
This was the scene at the Harvey Foundation’s M.E.A.L. (Meaningful Experiences in Adolescent Lives) Program breakfast Friday. Middle-school teacher and Harvey Foundation president Adriene Lombardi hosted the event in her classroom. She provided cold breakfast items and hot chocolate. She also hung Christmas lights and played Christmas music over a lit fireplace on the classroom television.
“We like to do the breakfasts before vacations or when we know it could be a tough month (for students),” Lombardi said. “December can be tough with the students’ grades due and how busy it is.”
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Dairy-Free probiotic yogurt & kefir finally available!
Dairy-free yogurts & kefir with live cultures are now available by TURTLE MOUNTAIN!
There is a coconut milk yogurt line and a soy yogurt line:
Soy yogurt probiotics:
Coconut milk yogurt probiotics:
- Certified made with Organic Ingredients
- Excellent source of Vitamin B12 (vegetarian friendly)
- Formulated for maximum calcium absorption
- Contains Pre- and Probiotics for enhanced intestinal health
- Cholesterol Free
- No Trans Fats
Dairy-free kefir cultured in coconut milk is also now available in 3 different flavors by Turtle Mountain.
- 10 Active and Live Cultures
- Dairy Free / Lactose Free
- Soy Free
- Gluten Free
- Rich in Medium Chain Fatty Acids
- Excellent Source of Vitamin B12 (vegetarian friendly)
- Formulated for Maximum Calcium Absorption
- Cholesterol Free
- No Trans Fats
- Certified Vegan
Which is better: Yogurt or kefir?
The answer: Kefir is more nutritious, but they both have their strengths!
More nutritious and therapeutic than yogurt, kefir supplies complete protein, essential minerals, and valuable B vitamins.
Edited by Dotty1
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On Turtle Mountain's website, they show all the locations where their products can be purchased.
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Edited by LisaLee
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I bought some yogurt & chocolate bars! The bars are just okay to me, I will try ice cream next. But they are expensive, especially the yogurt!! It is delicious, but at nearly $3 for a little cup, I don't think I'll get them again!
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Just to note, the flavored variety are probably loaded with sugar. Some might want to stay away from them and go for plain.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31007 | 1. Home
2. Network Admin
6 Best SQL Query Optimization Tools and Software
Data is everything and, consequently, SQL is everywhere. The Structured Query Language has become the most used query language and it is supported by most modern relational database management systems. In fact, its use is so prevalent that we often refer to database servers as SQL servers. The language defines how queries can be formed to extract from a database the precise data which is required. Given the multiplicity of modern databases with dozens of joined tables, SQL queries can be quite complex. With added complexity comes reduced performance. SQL query optimization allows one to fine-tune queries so that they return the right data as quickly as possible. Optimizing SQL queries can be done manually but tools exist to assist in optimizing them. We’re about to review some of the best tools we’ve found.
Since we want everyone to be on the same page as we review the best products, we’ll start off by discussing the what and the shy of SQL query optimization. Then, we’ll discuss the main features of SQL query optimization tools. Different tools offer different features, as you’re about to see. We’ll do our best to sort out the essential features that you should be looking for when picking the best tool for your specific needs. And finally, we’ll review the best tools we could find.
SQL Query Optimization, The What And The Why
Simply put, SQL query optimization is the act of analyzing SQL queries and determining the most efficient execution mechanism. It is often a trial-and-error process where different queries are tested to see which one offers the best performance, while still returning the sought after data. Query optimizers are sometimes built into database management systems but external, third-party tools are often thought to offer better performance results. A typical query optimizer will generate one or more query plans for each query, each of which is a mechanism used to run the query. The performance (i.e. execution time) of each is measured and the most efficient query plan is selected and used to run the query. While some SQL query optimization tools are simpler helper applications that require much human assistance, the best systems do most of their work in the background.
Here’s a quick example of query optimization. If a user runs a query that selects approximately half of a table’s data at a time when the server is heavily tasked with multiple simultaneous connections. In such a situation, the query optimizer could decide to use a query plan that uses the table indexes to satisfy the query, based on limited resources. Doing so can reduce the query’s drain on server resources. If the user ran the same query at another time when more server resources were available, the query optimizer could have determined that resource limitation was not an issue and not use table indexes, loading the full table in memory.
Main Characteristics Of SQL Query Optimization Tools
As we’ve determined, the main function of a SQL Query Optimizer tool is to try to determine the best way to run the query by analyzing different query plans. All of the tools reviewed here will at least to that but some offer much more functionality. Let’s have a look at some of the main features commonly found in SQL query optimization tools.
Basic SQL Tuning
This is the core functionality of SQL Query Optimization tools. It is the process of re-writing SQL statements differently with the goal of improving the performance of the query while still getting the same resulting data set. The tool works by measuring the query execution time of the various versions of the query (query plans) and picking the one that executes the fastest.
Database Engine Support
Most tools will at least support the most common database engines such as Microsoft SQL, Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MariaDB. Others will support a wider selection and others yet will only support one. It is important to pick a tool which can support all the engines you’re using,
Cloud-based Database Support
Some SQL query optimization tools are able to analyze and optimize cloud-hosted databases such as Microsoft SQL Azure or AWS RDS. Cloud support varies greatly from tool to tool. Again, it’s important to pick one that supports what you have. Note that most tools supporting cloud databases will also support on-premises ones.
The Best SQL Query Optimization Tools And Software
The time has finally come to reveal—and review—the best SQL query optimization tools and software we could find. Our list has many different types of tools, each bringing its own twist to optimization. Our main inclusion criteria were that each product at least helped manually optimize SQL queries—most do it automatically—and that they worked as advertised. We wouldn’t want to have you waste time on products that won’t do what they should.
1. SolarWinds Database Performance Analyzer (FREE Trial)
Our first product is from SolarWinds, a company that has enjoyed an excellent reputation for making some of the best network and system management tools for most of it twenty-ish years of existence. Its flagship product called the SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor is viewed by many as one of the very best network bandwidth monitoring software. Some of SolarWinds’ fame also comes from the many free tools it offers. They are smaller tools, each addressing a specific task of network administrators. Two excellent examples of these tools are the Advanced Subnet Calculator and the Kiwi Syslog Server.
For SQL Query optimization, what you need, though, is the SolarWinds Database Performance Analyzer (DPA), a database management tool built for SQL query performance monitoring, analysis, and tuning. It monitors and analyzes your SQL database instances and, using a Response Time Analysis method which puts the primary focus on the time between a query requests and the corresponding response from the database, analyzes wait types and events to pinpoint the bottlenecks of databases.
SolarWinds Database Performance Analyzer
The tool, which is also great for troubleshooting features an easy to use interface that will assist you in finding issues quickly and easily. The main screen will let you view database instances, wait times, query advice, CPU (with warning and critical alerts), memory, disk and sessions.
When drilling down, the trend dashboard of a specific database instance shows you in a graphical format the total wait times (or your choice of average or typical day wait times) for users over the course of a month. On that graph, each colour represents an individual SQL statement, giving you a visually appealing representation of which statement takes the longest to run.
While this product is not a true SQL query optimization tools, some of its functions can help you with that. For instance, it can monitor and measure query execution time and it will also provide some tuning advice although it tends to be related to the database configuration rather than the query code.
The price for the SolarWinds Database Performance Analyzer starts at $1 995 and varies according to the number and type of database instances to monitor. Should you want to give the product a test run before purchasing it, a fully functional 14-day trial version is available.
2. SQL Query Tuner for SQL Diagnostic Manager
The SQL Diagnostic Manager is one of the top database monitoring tools available. But when complementing it with the SQL query tuner, what you get is one of the best SQL query optimization tools. Its benefits are multiple. It identifies problematic SQL queries via database profiling of wait time analysis. It can also give you automatically generated tuning recommendations with the SQL query tuning wizard. The tool will verify SQL queries performance through load testing in simulated production environments.
The SQL Query Tuner will quickly and easily identify SQL queries that cause poor database performance via database profiling and display a graphical visualization of wait time analysis. It will monitor an entire data source within a configurable span of time with continuous profiling. As aresult, you’ll gain a better understanding of how SQL Server plans to execute SQL queries and the various performance costs.
SQL Query Tuner Screenshot
This tool will present automatically generated suggested solutions with the SQL query tuning wizard which provide an essential context for tuning SQL queries. It features color-coded index analysis of used, not used, and missing indexes with recommendations for optimum performance. You can generate possible cases and find the best alternative to a given SQL statement by including SQL query rewrites and hint injections.
The SQL Query tuner features unique visual SQL query tuning diagrams which let you understand the impact of SQL statements on the database using the diagrams instead of complicated execution plans. Indexes and constraints on tables and views are displayed with table statistics, and the joins used in a SQL statement (such as Cartesian joins, implied Cartesian joins, and many-to-many relationships) with the diagrams.
Verify the performance of existing and alternative SQL queries against the database via load testing. Configure SQL queries to run multiple times in parallel and to observe how they respond to simulated production environments without the risk of actually testing in production. Using this tool, you can tune poorly performing SQL queries for SQL Server from an intuitive interface.
The SQL Query Tuner is an add-on to the SQL Diagnostic Manager. It you don’t already own that product, both can be purchased together as the SQL Diagnostic Manager Pro for $2 156 per license a free, no-credit-card-required 14-day trial is also available from the product’s vendor
3. SQL Server Management Studio
If your database server is a Microsoft SQL Server, perhaps Microsoft’s own tool, SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS), is all you need. As you may know, the tool—which was first launched first launched with Microsoft SQL Server 2005—is used for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. It includes both script editors and graphical tools which work with objects and features of the serve. What you may not know is that one of SSMS’s tools, the SQL Server Database Engine Tuning Advisor (DTA) can be used for SQL query optimization.
SQL Server Management Studio Screenshot
The DTA’s primary purpose is analyzing databases and giving recommendations. According to Microsoft’s official documentation, the tool can help you troubleshoot the performance of a specific problem query, tune a large set of queries across one or more databases, perform an exploratory what-if analysis of potential physical design changes, and manage storage space.
One of the best things about SQL Server Management Studio is its price. This is a free tool from Microsoft which you can use for managing not only SQL Server but also Azure SQL Database. It might not be the most user-friendly tool out there but, given its price, it might be worth looking at.
4. EverSQL
EverSQL is interesting as it is one of the few online SQL optimization tools. Administrators can use this tool to get query tuning recommendations and the indexing improvement suggestions. Database support in EverSQL is somewhat limited. It does, however, support most popular paid and free and open-source database engines including MSSQL, Oracle, MySQL, MariaDB, and PerconaDB. In fact, since this is an offline tool that has no connection to your database, it could, theoretically, optimize and SQL query but it will do a better job if it knows what type of database engine will process the optimized query.
EverSQL Screenshot
Using the tool is super simple. You connect to the site, select your database type and version, and paste the SQL query code. To get indexing recommendations and to allow the tool to apply advanced query transformations, you can optionally upload you database’s schema structure. You click “Next” and within seconds, you get the optimized version of your query along with some indexing recommendations.
EverSQL does not only do query optimizations, though. A few other free and useful online tools are also offered. There is, for instance, a SQL Query Syntax Check & Validator, a Query Minifier for SQL Statements, and a Query Formatter.
The Pricing structure of EverSQL is simple. You have a choice of a free plan which gives you one free query optimization per day for 30 days. This is the trial plan. Next, you have the Basic plan at $29/month which includes 10 monthly optimizations and the Plus plan at $135/month with 30 optimizations per month and live chat support. Customized plans can also be arranged to meet your specific needs.
5. SentryOne Plan Explorer
Plan Explorer is a free tool from SentryOne. It is one of the best SQL query analysis and optimization tools. This tool can help you quickly get to the root of the toughest SQL Server query problems. It is made of several modules. The Index Analysis uses scoring algorithms to help you determine the best index to support a given query. You can easily view recommended indexes, create and modify indexes, and detect and update old statistics.
The statistics analysis module shows you the impact of compiled and runtime query parameters on performance. This lets you quickly spot data skew that can contribute to parameter sniffing issues, visualize potential ascending key problems, and identify opportunities for filtered indexes.
Plan Explorer Screenshot
The Query Performance Profiling and Playback module will replay queries and access their live performance statistics. Using this tool, you can play back the query profile to see exactly which operators are adding the most load on system resources. There’s no need to run the query again.
While most SQL query optimizers use estimated plan cost, Plan Explorer can display the actual observed costs. And you can see the cost difference by toggling the view between Estimated and Actual. There are more features to this free tool than we have time to present them. But since it’sa free tool, perhaps you’ll want to give it a try and see for yourself.
6. dbForge Studio for SQL Server
Devart’s dbForge Studio for SQL server is an all-in-one SQL server GUI tool which can be used for SQL Server management, administration, development, data reporting, analysis, optimization, and more. SQL developers and database administrators can use the GUI tool to speed up almost any complex database tasks such as designing databases, writing SQL code, comparing databases, synchronizing schemas and data, generating meaningful test data, among others.
dbForge Studio for SQL Server Administration Overview
dbForge Studio for SQL server includes the SQL Query Plan Tool, a dedicated query optimization tool. Its Execution plan diagram feature feature helps visualize and tune query execution plan by pinpointing the slow-executing nodes. The tool’s Wait Stats tab lets you easily detect potential bottlenecks in your query by displaying a list of events and waits associated with them. Yo may also use the tool’s plan tree to get information on how the SQL Server executes a SELECT statement. It will show you where adding an index to a table or optimizing table joining, for example, could increase performance.
The tool, which is also known as T-SQL Query Profiler, is built into the Standard, Profesional, and Enterprise versions of dbForge Studio for SQL server which are priced at $249.95, $499.95, and $699.95, respectively. A free 30-day trial of the whole product—not just the query optimization tool—is available.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31022 | National Agricultural Literacy Curriculum Matrix
The Columbian Exchange of Old and New World Foods (Grades 6-8)
Grade Level(s)
6 - 8
Estimated Time
1–2 hours
Students will explore New World and Old World food origins to understand how the Columbian Exchange altered people’s lives worldwide.
Activity 1
• Where in the World Food Cards*, 1 set of laminated cards per group of 3-4 students
*The World Fabric Map and Where in the World Food Cards are available for purchase from
Activity 2
• Projector/computer combo
• Food, Land, and People and World Civilizations PowerPoint
Activity 3
• Projector/computer combo
• Computers for students
• PowerPoint, VoiceThread, or posterboard for student presentations
• Food Origin Research Project rubric
• website
Essential Files (maps, charts, pictures, or documents)
Columbian Exchange: period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds following Columbus’ arrival in the Americas
New World food: foods with origins in the Americas
Old World food: foods with origins in Europe, Africa, or Asia
center of origin: geographic region where a plant first appeared or developed its distinctive properties
Did you know? (Ag Facts)
• Chocolate is a New World food made from the beans of the cocoa tree.1
• The scientific name of the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao) means "food of the gods."1
• Olives are an Old World fruit. Green and black olives can come from the same tree, green olives are just less ripe.2
Background Agricultural Connections
Prior to the rise of agriculture, people were hunters and gatherers. After the domestication of plants and animals, people were able to cultivate their own food. Still, the only food available was what they grew or what they could catch; they couldn’t just go to the grocery store and buy whatever was on the shelf. In 1492, when Christopher Columbus came to America, he saw plants and animals that he had never seen before. He took them back to Europe with him. Columbus’s trips were the beginning of an exciting time in the history of food. People would be able to taste different foods; foods with flavors, shapes, and textures they had never experienced before!
The Columbian Exchange refers to the transfer of animals, plants, ideas, diseases, and more that occurred during the two centuries following Columbus’s arrival in the Americas. Global trade and cultural exchanges significantly altered the lives of people around the world, starting with one of their most basic needs—food.
It is estimated that nearly two-thirds of the foods consumed today originated in the New World (the Americas). Prior to the Columbian Exchange, these foods were unkown to Europeans. Foods that originated in Europe, Africa, or Asia are Old World foods. For example, mountainous Central Asia is the center of origin of apples, making them an Old World food. Central Asia is where the first wild apples grew and where apples were first domesticated by people. Today the wild ancestors of domestic apples still grow in Central Asia, and this is where the greatest genetic diversity in apples can be found.
People all over the world are constantly producing, processing, manufacturing, and transporting food. People all over the world are eating, gardening, hunting, shopping for food, and preparing food to be eaten. Everyone must eat to survive, but people in different regions of the world eat very differently from each other. Consider how and why geographic location affects what people eat. What plants and animals live in the area? What kinds of transportation are available to the area? Can planes, ships, or trucks deliver food that was grown in another part of the world?
Consider the foods you’ve eaten this week. Where did they originally come from? Where are they grown today? What percentage of what you consumed came from the New World? Would people from other parts of the world eat the things you eat or reject them because they are new and look different?
Interest Approach – Engagement
1. Create a poll using Students may respond using computers, cell phones, or any mobile digital device. Ask the simple question: “What is an Old World food?”
1. A food with an origin in Asia, Africa, or Europe.
2. A food that would be consumed by Neanderthals.
3. A food with an origin in the Americas.
2. At the beginning of class, review students’ answers and share the background information concerning the Columbian Exchange. Ask:
• Does what people eat depend on where they live?
• Does what they eat correlate with what plants and animals live in that area?
• Has this trend changed in recent years?
Activity 1: My Lunch—A Guided Inquiry into Old World and New World Foods
1. Divide the class into small groups of three or four. Ask students to list the things they had for lunch the previous day. Instruct them to be more specific than “pizza” by listing the basic ingredients of pizza—tomatoes, cheese, bread, sausage, etc.
2. Explain to students that they are going to explore the origins of their lunch and other foods by participating in a mapping activity. Pass out one world map per group. A fabric map is suggested (see Materials), but a large paper map can work (see the attached template).
3. Next, pass out one laminated set of Where in the World Food Cards to each group.
4. Starting with the food cards that were ingredients in their lunches, have students place each food card on the map in the location where they think the food originated from.
5. When all the groups have finished, ask them if they think they got all of the cards right. Then ask each group to share where they placed one card and ask if the other groups agree or disagree.
Activity 2: Where in the World
1. Show and discuss the PowerPoint Food, Land, and People and World Civilizations. Instruct students to move any foods that they have in the wrong location, correcting their maps as you go through the slides. Ask each group to keep a tally count of their moves.
2. After going through the PowerPoint, talk about the changes they made. Ask how many moves each group made. Discuss what food would be like if there had been no Columbian Exchange. Would pizza exist as we know it today?
Activity 3: Facts About Food
1. Explain to the students that you have only introduced a small sample of the foods of the world and that they are now going to get a chance to individually research and present a food.
2. Ask students to pick a food, such as cucumbers or chicken, or assign them one. Have them go to, and instruct them to use ctrl + f to search for their food product.
3. As part of the research project, ask students to create either a 10-slide PowerPoint, a poster, or a 10-picture VoiceThread about their food to present to the class. Use the Food Origin Research Project rubric to guide students in preparing their presentations.
Concept Elaboration and Evaluation
• The production of specific foods can be determined by geography, climate, or culture.
• The production of spices and various foods in specific areas of the world have impacted world trade. The Columbian Exchange is an example.
Enriching Activities
• Prepare a taste test of foods from the New World and the Old World, such as chocolate, bread, or fruits.
• Show clips of Guns, Germs, and Steel.
• Dissect a typical meal in the United States, exploring the origins of the meal’s content.
• Hold a discussion on the roles that transportation and infrastructure play in food availability for different countries or different communities in the United States.
• Use a blender to make hummus, and have a tasting in class, showing students the origin of a simple snack.
• Expand your discussion about the origins of food by exploring herbs and spices. These flavorings were part of the Columbian Exchange historically, but also continue to be derived from all over the world. Use the lesson Herbs and Spices of the World.
Suggested Companion Resources
Agricultural Literacy Outcomes
Culture, Society, Economy & Geography
• Explain the role of exploration and trade in sustaining early societies (T5.6-8.e)
Plants and Animals for Food, Fiber & Energy
• Describe the differences in plants and animals used for food, clothing, shelter, and fuel before and after European settlement of the United States (T2.6-8.a)
Education Content Standards
5-12 History Era 1 Standard 2A:The stages of European oceanic and overland exploration, amid international rivalries, from the 9th to 17th centuries.
• Objective 5
Objective 5
Evaluate the course and consequences of the Columbian Exchange.
Common Core Connections
Speaking and Listening: Anchor Standards
Creative Commons License |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31023 | Twitter recently fixed their 2-factor authentication, allowing you to remove SMS (text) from the authentication methods. And you should take them up on the offer immediately. All it took was the Twitter CEO getting hacked by a SIM-swap attack.
Before you read on, I encourage you to head over to your Twitter Two-Factor Authentication screen and disable “Text message” as a method (relying on your TOTP application and your Security key).
OK, back? This is not just about Twitter. Yes I think it was a mistake to force SMS in the list as they used to do… but Twitter was, and is, still more secure than most sites out there which have *NO 2-Factor Authentication* at all. Your bank?
If its worth having a login, its worth having 2-factor: something you know, and something you have. In an ideal world you login with OpenID Connect (OAUTH2) so the application has *no password*, nothing to breach.
Now, I know you. You are saying “It’s only Twitter, what harm can there be?”. Well, in today’s world, a hacker could cause World War III via Twitter. In an era where a US president makes policy proclamations via Twitter, and can cause the stock of Boeing to drop with 140 characters or less, yes, a false tweet from someone could cause a war. The morale of this is… the damage can always be worse than you think.
SMS is not secure. It was not designed to be. Remove it from your 2-factor authentication list now. Everywhere. Its better than nothing, but we deserve better than that.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31031 | Indefinite Article Use with Abbreviations
How do you choose the right indefinite article (‘a’ vs. ‘an’) in front of an abbreviation?
Although proper article usage is generally a challenging aspect of writing in English, deciding which indefinite article to use (a or an) is relatively straightforward. As outlined in another article, a is used when a noun or adjective begins with a consonant sound, whereas an is implemented before a vowel sound. Consonants are often pronounced like consonants, and vowels are usually pronounced like vowels, with some exceptions. For example, in American English, H sounds like a consonant in “a hundred” but sounds like the vowel O in “an hour,” and U sounds like the consonant Y in “a university” but sounds like a vowel “an undergraduate.”
Choosing whether to use a or an with an abbreviation or acronym may be more complicated. If an abbreviation is typically spoken letter by letter, the indefinite article should be chosen according to the pronunciation of the first letter itself, rather than of the actual phrase represented by the abbreviation. A useful trick that you can use to determine whether a letter presents a consonant or vowel sound is to use transliteration or to read aloud. For example:
• A Food and Drug Administration-approved polymer
• An FDA-approved polymer
Unlike “Food and Drug Administration,” which begins with the consonant sound “f,” “FDA” is pronounced “eff-dee-ay” and thus begins with an E-like vowel sound. Therefore, the indefinite article an precedes the acronym “FDA.” In addition to the letter F (“eff”), other letters that are preceded by the article an when read individually are the vowels A (“ay”), E (“ee”), I (“eye”), and O (“oh”) and the consonants H (“aych”), L (“el”), M (“em”), N (“en”), R (“ar”), S (“ess”), and X (“ex”), which are all vowel sounds.
The rules for indefinite article use are different if an abbreviation is commonly pronounced as a word, and not as a series of letters. For example, “FACS,” which stands for “fluorescence-activated cell sorting,” is typically pronounced “fax,” and not “eff-ay-cee-ess.” Therefore,
• A fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis
• A FACS analysis
Indefinite article use with other acronyms and abbreviations may be confusing if pronunciation varies in the field. One example is “miRNA,” an abbreviation for “microRNA,” which in turn is an abbreviation for “micro-ribonucleic acid.” The term “miRNA” is alternately pronounced as “em-eye-RNA,” “microRNA,” or “my-RNA,” seeming to necessitate an, a, and a, respectively. How can we determine the correct indefinite article to use in this case? A quick Google Scholar search reveals that “a miRNA” yields 18,000 hits, whereas “an miRNA” results in only about 5,000, indicating that the more typical choice of article with “miRNA” is a. Generally, if you are unsure about which indefinite article to use with a particular abbreviation, a review of specific literature in your field and conversations with colleagues may also be useful.
We hope that today’s editing tip has clarified the nuances of indefinite article use with abbreviations. Please email us with any comments or questions.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31046 | Acoustics As Emotions
"Acoustics as emotions" refers to the relationship between tones (voice or musical) and human emotions. If you think about it you know that a person's voice when happy or excited is different than when the mood is serious. Have you ever called a friend at work and not recognized them when they are using their professional "phone voice," rather than their normal voice? Likewise, have you ever found your mood improving when you listen to music you enjoy, or suddenly feeling sad when listening to a sad song? This is the power of "acoustics as emotions."
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31064 | WordPress Visual Editor Not Working?
by Andrew Kapral on January 15, 2013
I was working on a client site earlier today and needed to make a few changes, but when I clicked on the “Visual” tab in the editor WordPress acted as if nothing had happened.
Googling the issue led to a variety of solutions, the most common listed below:
1. Try to enable a default theme like Twenty Eleven or Twenty Twelve to quickly rule out any theme-specific issues
2. Disable all plugins to rule out any conflicting PHP issues
3. Try a different browser and/or computer to rule out caching problems
After the above suggested solutions didn’t work, I found a great post in the WordPress Forums which put the problem to rest.
1. Navigate via FTP or CPanel to your root WordPress installation
2. Open wp-config.php (for best practice, be sure to create a backup!)
3. In Notepad or my personal favorite Notepad++, press CTRL+F and search for /* That’s all, stop editing! Happy blogging. */
4. Copy and paste the following code directly above the “That’s all, stop editing! Happy blogging.” line:
define('CONCATENATE_SCRIPTS', false);
This fix worked flawlessly for myself, I hope I was able to help a few of you out who were stuck like me!
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If you have one. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31086 | What do you do when in a process you have a Role such as Approver which can be filled by several positions. How do you show that relationship?. And even more if we use Approver in all the activities that approve something, then when we make a query it'd mean that that "same" person performs a lot of activities when it is actually not correct because in one case it could be done by Manager A, Manager B and Manager C (like in the image below) and in other case it could be Manager C, and Manager D.
Best regards
Holger Oviedo
Tags: ARIS Report Enterprise Architecture |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31100 | Skip to main content
Approved Antennas & Electronics
Approved Antennas and Electronics
To streamline the process of qualifying customers’ equipment accessing AsiaSat satellites, AsiaSat's engineering team type-approves antennas and electronics used in satellite communications systems. This helps ensure equipment used by customer operates at high technical standards and meet AsiaSat's operating performance requirements, also guarantees the equipment of the same model provides consistent performance.
For users who use type-approved antennas or electronics, there is no requirement for on-site testing and qualification, enabling the user to deploy its service more rapidly in particular advantageous for SNG operators.
Type-approved equipment can be used for virtually any application, available for both C- and Ku-band operation, and for either fixed or transportable units. The most typical uses are for fixed VSAT networks and fly-away SNG systems.
Please send an email to us for information on on type-approved procedure.
Approved C-band & Ku-band Antennas and Electronic Equipment |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31121 | Top 10 Performance Cars Under $30,000
Top 10 Performance Cars Under $30,000
Frugal Fun
As the old adage goes, speed costs money and your velocity is directly proportional to the size of your bank account. Going fast usually ain’t cheap.
But fret not if you’ve got a thing for speed and are of modest means. Automakers are providing more fleet yet affordable vehicles than ever before. And these modern performance machines are hardly one-trick ponies; many of them handle and look every bit as good as they accelerate.
SEE ALSO: Top 10 Most Reliable Cars of 2014
You don’t have to bury yourself chin-deep in debt just to enjoy some brisk acceleration. Here are 10 speedy cars that can be had for less than 30 grand. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31138 | Elife (Eli) Krasniqi is an anthropologist, feminist activist and writer. Krasniqi did her M.A. in Sociology at the New School for Social Research in New York. She is a Ph.D. candidate in History and Social Anthropology at Karl Franzens, University of Gras. For more than fifteen years, as a civil society feminist activist she conceptualized, developed and led project mainly on gender issues. Her research interests and publications include studies on family, gender, social history, social movements and collective memory in SEE. Krasniqi is a co-founder and director of Alter Habitus, a feminist institute for studies in society and culture in Prishtina. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31142 | Father and son playing in the park
Nick David/Getty Images
Kindergarten is a time when your child enjoys show-and-tell and nap time. It’s also when you may consider opening a savings account with your son or daughter.
Your child doesn’t have piles of money to stash away into a savings account. Yet, opening an account with your child will help invest in their financial education — regardless of the balance.
“Don’t feel guilty and feel like there has to be some big balance in it,” says Kathleen Craig, founder and CEO of HTMA, a creator of financial apps for children, a mother and a former community banker. “It’s the act of doing it. It’s the act of teaching them that is so important, more important than the balance.”
A savings account is a tangible teaching tool, so long as you keep the child involved.
Among the life lessons they will learn? Realizing the value of money, planning for future expenses, understanding needs versus wants and fulfilling their goals.
Follow these seven strategies to help your child open a savings account and ensure the experience has a lasting influence.
1. Determine the right age
If you want your child to participate in the process of setting up an account, consider his or her age. Multiple experts believe that when it comes to money management, the sooner, the better. But ultimately, you’re the judge of what age is best to open a youth savings account.
“Take them in when you feel they are ready,” Craig says. “Whether that’s 5, whether that’s 7, whether that’s 9 or 10, take them in, show them how to open an account at a bank, talk to them about banks or credit unions and take them through the experience so they start getting comfortable with what it is.”
While you may have already opened a college savings account before your child even knew how to speak, view this other savings account as a means to teach him or her about money.
Crystal Boyer, a lifecycle marketing manager at First State Community Bank in Missouri, says kindergarten is usually about when a child can follow the basic banking concepts.
“Six years old is about the time where they really have that ability to understand their money is out of site but still there,” Boyer says. “Because prior to that, they really get excited when they get to go physically put their money in a piggy bank.”
If you have the means to do so, consider giving your child a weekly or monthly allowance, and suggest he or she put a portion aside.
If your child is older, such as a preteen or teenager, look for signs that he or she is interested in a larger purchase. If you hear talk about buying a car or going on spring break, you might suggest a savings account as the means to work toward his or her goal.
2. Find the right bank
In your search for a bank for your child, look for an account that requires no minimum balances or low ones (think $1 or $5). Also, look for an account that charges few, if any, fees, and rewards kids with prizes from time to time. Some banks will match your child’s first $5 deposit, for instance. Other institutions may hand out a financial reward when a child has made a certain amount of deposits.
If your child is younger, you may want to pick an institution that you already bank with, so that it’s easy to manage.
No matter what, shop around. Check out Bankrate’s list of the best banks.
3. Go to the bank together
While opening a savings account online can take only a handful of minutes of your time, you probably want to visit a bank with a branch with your child. “You want them to be comfortable in a bank,” Craig says.
Bankers typically make an effort to show children how to record transactions and complete the forms for withdrawal and deposit slips. Bankers may even give the child a prize for opening an account as well as ring a bell in the branch to celebrate the milestone.
Depending on the age of your child, bankers might go over the basics of online banking and mobile banking as well.
During the visit, ask about accounts with specific benefits for youngsters. Some institutions may even make a small deposit in their savings account to reward kids for getting good grades.
If they’re older, consider all your financial institutions options, including online-only banks because they typically pay more interest than brick-and-mortar banks. You can compare top online banks on Bankrate.
4. Fund the account
While every institution is different, each bank and credit union will let you fund your child’s account in multiple ways. You could make a deposit via check or cash at a branch. You may be able to fund the account by making a deposit into it at the ATM. You can also make a transfer from your account into your child’s account.
“It’s a mix of everything,” says Danielle Anderson, a youth program supervisor at Altra Federal Credit Union in Onalaska, Wisconsin.
One word of advice: Avoid making it a one-time event. Craig recommends committing to going to the branch at least three times a year to make deposits. Again, don’t sweat making large ones. A couple of dollars will illustrate the lesson just as much as a larger deposit would.
5. Explain the perks of interest
If your child has an interest-bearing account, go over the monthly statement together or check the account balance on a mobile app. Remember, the amount doesn’t have to be large to hit home.
“They can actually see, ‘I didn’t put this money in here. This money came from the bank,’” Boyer says. “Even if it’s a nickel, it’s still something the bank gave me that they didn’t have to put in.”
In addition, your child may be interested in websites that further instill financial basics. A few to try: RichKidSmartKid.com and USA.gov.
You may also consider reading books for kids about money. Boyer suggests “Alexander, Who Used to be Rich Last Sunday” and “Lemonade in Winter: A Book About Two Kids Counting Money.”
6. Set goals
While saving for special items can help your child learn patience and diligence, keep goals age-appropriate. It might be difficult, for instance, for a 5-year-old to save for an entire year before making a purchase.
“For younger kids, smaller goals are good to start with because they are really impatient,” says Denna Lawrence, a software engineer of mobile at bank technology provider MX and a mother.
Then help them visualize their progress.
Consider making a chart, such as a drawing of a vertical tube with different amounts marked on it. Place the goal amount at the top and put the chart on the refrigerator in your kitchen or the child’s bedroom door. Some institutions will give your child a physical moon jar with three buckets — “save,” “spend” and “share” — to help spark conversations on personal finance lessons.
For older children, set longer goals, such as saving for a year for a car. Help your child track progress by regularly checking the account online.
Teenagers might want to segment their savings into two areas: long-term savings for college and short-term savings for items such as a new tablet or game system.
7. Try mobile banking apps
If your children are young, there’s a reasonable chance you don’t want to give them access to money movement features on a mobile banking app. On the other hand, you know your child will want to use an app just as he or she likes to play Angry Birds or My Little Pony.
So, you may want to consider getting your child to use a financial literacy app. RoosterMoney, for example, targets children as young as 4 years old with an app designed to help them keep track of their allowance. Apps such as Savings Spree and Bankaroo also focus on financial literacy lessons. Banker Jr., an app created by Craig and offered through financial institution partners, is another option to train young children to save. On the Banker Jr. app, your children can track allowance and chores, set up financial goals and play games that are designed to teach them about personal finance concepts. For instance, a child could play Piggums Candy Factory in the app, a game designed to teach them about coinage.
Other apps for kids are in the works, too. At MX, Lawrence is helping to build an app designed to train young kids about money. She’s already learned an important lesson in her research.
When choosing a financial literacy app, be mindful of their age — while you might not think two years will make a difference, they will.
“You can have a 6-year-old being like, ‘This app is for babies’ and, you know, it’s like for 4-year-olds,” Lawrence says.
Learn more: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31163 | Belfast Telegraph
Monty Python collaborator Neil Innes dies at 75
The comedian and musician was also famous for performing with The Rutles.
Neil Innes (Ian West/PA)
Neil Innes (Ian West/PA)
By Laura Harding, PA Senior Entertainment Correspondent
Monty Python collaborator and Rutles singer Neil Innes has died at the age of 75, his agent has confirmed.
The comedian and musician died unexpectedly last night, Nigel Morton told the PA news agency. He had not been ill.
A statement released on behalf of his family said: “It is with deep sorrow and great sadness that we have to announce the death of Neil James Innes on December 29 2019.
“He died of natural causes quickly without warning and, I think, without pain.
“His wife Yvonne and their three sons, Miles, Luke and Barney and three grandchildren Max, Issy and Zac give thanks for his life, for his music and for the joy he gave us all.”
Neil Innes has died at the age of 75 (Handout/PA)
Innes wrote music for Monty Python’s albums including Monty Python’s Previous Record and The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief, and performed and penned songs and sketches for the Pythons’ final TV series in 1974 after John Cleese temporarily left.
He also wrote songs for Monty Python And The Holy Grail, appeared in Monty Python’s Life Of Brian, and toured the UK and Canada with the group.
He was one of only two non-Pythons to be credited as a writer for the TV series, alongside Douglas Adams.
After Python’s original run on TV came to an end, he joined Eric Idle on the sketch show Rutland Weekend Television, about a fictional low-budget regional TV station.
This show spawned the band The Rutles, a spoof of The Beatles, in which Innes played the character of Ron Nasty, who was based on John Lennon.
He was also a member of the band The Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band, whose song I’m The Urban Spaceman won him an Ivor Novello award.
He penned the song Death Cab For Cutie, which inspired an American band of the same name, and was used in The Beatles’ 1967 film Magical Mystery Tour, and starred in the TV series The Innes Book Of Records.
Innes became a fixture in children’s entertainment in the 1980s when he voiced The Raggy Dolls and he also composed music for the show, as well as Puddle Lane, The Riddles and Tumbledown Farm.
Actor and writer Mark Gatiss paid tribute to him, writing on Twitter: “Neil Innes has gone. As a Python-obsessed teen I saw him at Darlington Arts Centre & missed my bus home to catch his brilliance.
“I used to record ‘The Innes Book of Records’ on C-60s & marvel at his talent. I still hum ‘I like Cezanne, says Anne’. Sweet dreams, sweet idiot.”
Comedian Diane Morgan added: “Fairwell Neil Innes. One of the nicest people I’ve ever met and a towering talent.”
From Belfast Telegraph |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31188 | Ark of the Covenant - Bible History Online
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January 23 Scripture
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Bible Names A-G: Bar-jona
Bar-Jona in Easton's Bible Dictionary son of Jonah, the patronymic of Peter (Matt. 16:17; John 1:42), because his father's name was Jonas. (See PETER -T0002911.)
Bar-Jona in Hitchcock's Bible Names son of a Jona; of a dove
Bar-Jona in Naves Topical Bible Surname of Peter Mt 16:17
Bar-Jona in Smiths Bible Dictionary (son of Jonah). [PETER]
Bar-Jonah in the Bible Encyclopedia - ISBE bar-jo'-na (Bar-ionas): Simon Peter's patronymic (Mt 16:17). Bar is Aramaic for "son" (compare Bar-timaeus, Bartholomew, etc.), and corresponds to Hebrew ben. Thus we are to understand that Peter's father's name was Jonah. But in Jn 1:42; 21:15-17, according to the best reading, his name is given as John (so the Revised Version (British and American), instead of the King James Version Jona, Jonas). There are two hypotheses to account for this difference: (1) Ionas (Jonah) in Mt 16:17 may be simply a contraction of Ioanes (John); (2) Peter's father may have been known by two names, Jonah and John.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31301 | Dialogue with a Mormon Apologist on the Christian Doctrine of God by Dave Armstrong Part 2
Thursday, March 17, 2005
It is the Mormon conception of God, not the Christian one, which is derived from non-biblical and non-apostolic sources, if we accept the fascinating and quite plausible Mormon arguments in the following works: Joseph Smith and Kabbalah: The Occult Connection, and Joseph Smith: America's Hermetic Prophet (both by Lance S. Owens), D. Michael Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1987), and John L. Brooke, The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644-1844 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Harold Bloom (himself a Jewish Kabbalist), cited in Owens' first article above, expands upon the Gnostic influences upon Joseph Smith:
What is clear is that Smith and his apostles restated what Moshe Idel, our great living scholar of Kabbalah, persuades me was the archaic or original Jewish religion. . . . My observation certainly does find enormous validity in Smith's imaginative recapture of crucial elements, elements evaded by normative Judaism and by the Church after it. The God of Joseph Smith is a daring revival of the God of some of the Kabbalists and Gnostics, prophetic sages who, like Smith himself, asserted that they had returned to the true religion. . . . Either there was a more direct Kabbalistic influence upon Smith than we know, or, far more likely, his genius reinvented Kabbalah in the effort necessary to restore archaic Judaism.
(The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation, New York: Simon & Shuster, 1992, 99, 105; see also Moshe Idel, Kabbalah: New Perspectives [New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988, 260] and Gershom Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism [New York: Schocken Books, 1974, 21] )
Mormon historian Lance S. Owen, in the same article, lays out his case for the occultic, Gnostic, Masonic, and theosophical origins of Joseph Smith's ultra-heterodox doctrine of God. I shall quote it at some considerable length, since it sheds much light on the mysterious origins of Mormon theology. Significantly, this paper was awarded the Mormon History Association's prestigious award for "Best Article in Mormon History":
Though yet little understood, from Joseph's adolescent years forward he had repeated, sometime intimate and arguably influential associations with distant legacies of Gnosticism conveyed by Kabbalah and Hermeticism . . . there is substantial documentary evidence, material unexplored by Bloom or Mormon historians generally, supporting a much more direct Kabbalistic and Hermetic influences upon Smith and his doctrine of God than has previously been considered possible.
. . . new Hermetic philosophers.There are, they suggested, two realms of reality--call them heaven and earth, spirit and matter, God and man--in relation to each other, shadowing each other. What happens in one realm echoes in the other, the Divine life reflects itself in the life of women and men, and they by their intentions and actions affect the Divine.
This idea infused Kabbalah, one example being the image of God as archetypal Man, the Adam Kadmon: Man below reflected the Divine form above. The influentialseventeenth-century Hermetic philosopher Robert Fludd interpreted this idea to imply a spiritual creation which preceded the physical. God's first creation, stated Fludd, was "an archetype whose substance is incorporeal, invisible, intellectual and sempiternal; after whose model and divine image the beauty and form of the real world are constructed." The terms macrocosmos and microcosmos--the outer form and the inner form--also reflected this duality. The outer formed creation of the universe--the macrocosmos--reflected (and was a reflection of) the microcosmos--the inner mystery of creation and seed of God in man. To this view, both microcosmos and macrocosmos ultimately were dual mirrors of the Divine. These concepts resonate in Joseph Smith's theosophy.
[Footnote 33 for this section] In Joseph Smith's translation of the Book of Genesis, begun in 1831, one finds a clear parallel. Smith gives this new reading for Genesis 2:5-9: "For I the Lord God, created all things of which I have spoken, spiritually, before they were naturally upon the face of the earth . . . for in heaven created I them, and there was not yet flesh upon the earth . . . . all things were before created, but spiritually were they created and made, according to my word." In Genesis 6:66 he continues the idea, "And behold, all things have their likeness . . . . both things which are temporal and things which are spiritual; things which are in the heavens above, and things which are on the earth...both above and beneath, all things bear record of me." (Joseph Smith's "New Translation" of the Bible, [Independence, MO: Herald Publishing House, 1970], 30.) Brigham Young developed the idea: "We cannot talk about spiritual things without connecting with them temporal things, neither can we talk about temporal things without connecting spiritual things with them. They are inseparably connected...." Leonard Arrington emphasized the importance of this concept for an understanding of early Mormonism's evolution: "Joseph Smith and other early Mormon leaders seem to have seen every part of life, and every problem put to them, as part of an integrated universe in which materialities and immaterialities were of equal standing, or indistinguishable, in God's kingdom. Religion was relevant to economics, politics, art, and science." (Leonard Arringtion, Great Basin Kingdom: Economic History of the Latter-Day Saints [Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958; reprinted Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press], 5-6.) It is a view closely parallel by the Hermetic tradition . . .
Eighteenth-century Masonry was forcefully shaped by esoteric Hermetic-Kabbalistic traditions . . . during the period of Joseph Smith's life Masonry was not uncommonly believed to be associated with a Rosicrucian legacy of alchemical, Kabbalistic, and Hermetic lore and its reformative religious aspirations . . .
The eighteenth century was a fertile breeding ground for occult societies, almost all of which had groundings in a Hermetic-Kabbalistic framework and upon a bedrock of Masonry and Rosicrucianism . . . Existing orders and lodges were not uncommonly transmuted by the force of strange individuals, new visions, and claims of ever more enlightened, ancient origins. Examples come easily: Adam Weishaupt who sought through his Masonic order of the Illuminati, founded in 1776, to transform German politics and society; the mysterious Comte de Saint-Germain (ca. 1710-85), a devotee of alchemy and occult arts, who widely influenced continental lodges of Masonry; Count Alessandro di Cagliostro (ca. 1743-95) who blended Egyptian and Kabbalistic symbolism into his Egyptian Masonic rite, an order which included men, women, and rumors of ritual sexual liaisons; Martinez de Pasqually (ca. 1715-79) and his Order of Les Elus Cohen (the Elect Priests), claiming a Kabbalistic, Masonic restoration of the ancient priesthood of Judaism, a notion echoed in other esoteric manifestations of Masonry; and Louis Claude de St. Martin (1743-1803), disciple of de Pasqually, who long remained an influence upon French occultism. To these must be added the brilliant Swedish seer Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), founder of a religious movement that touched esoteric Masonry.
[Footnote 72 (partial) ] In his nineteenth-century encyclopedia of Freemasonry, Macoy gives a partial summary of these, listing forty-eight rites or systems of symbolical ceremonies designed to convey "Masonic ideals"; the vast majority of these originating between about 1750 and 1810 (Robert Macoy, General History, Cyclopedia and Dictionary of Freemasonry [New York: Masonic Publishing Co., 1872], reprinted as A Dictionary of Freemasonry [New York: Bell Publishing, 1989], 326-29) . . .
In summary, common threads of a specific mythos weave through these movements and societies, even if they are not of one common cloth. In the occult inclinations of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries one finds a recurrent theme of restoration: restoration of a more perfect, ancient order; of forgotten priesthood; of secret mysteries and rituals; and of lost occult words and powers. Often there mingles in the visionary fabric a practical thread: Man is intrinsically and eternally imbued with uncreated divine intelligence, an elixir by which he may alchemically transmute the dark material world--including its social and political structures--and thus restore Zion upon the earth . . .
. . . D. Michael Quinn's seminal study Early Mormonism and the Magic World View . . . In his introduction [ix-x], Quinn began by exorcising the forgeries and summoning the facts:
. . . Sources [whose authenticity are beyond question] provide
evidence of Joseph Smith's participation in treasure digging;
the possession and use of instruments and emblems of folk
magic by Smith, his family members, and other early LDS
leaders; the continued use of such implements for religious
purposes in the establishment and early years of Mormonism;
and the sincere belief of many early Mormons in the magic
world view.
Subsequently, Quinn moved beyond these simple data. Indeed, "comprehensive" is hardly an adequate description of his survey. Magical rituals, Kabbalah, Hermes Trismegistos, Rosicrucians, Seer's stones, divining rods, Masonic lore, and astrology: Quinn binds them all, by evidence weak and strong, to Joseph . . .
Whatever one concludes about the varied hints of scattered early associations with Hermeticism, Joseph Smith had well-documented connections with one of the tradition's major legacies, Masonry. The prophet's associations with the Masonic tradition are thoroughly documented . . .
The ubiquitous influence of Kabbalah upon the occult traditions of the nineteenth century has been stressed, but its specific import in Masonry requires repeated emphasis. Noted historian of occultism Arthur Edward Waite suggested in his . . . [A New] Encyclopedia of Freemasonry [London: William Rider and Son, 1923, 1:47]. that much of the "great" and "incomprehensible" heart of Masonry came from Kabbalah, "the Secret Tradition of Israel." He finds such important Masonic symbols as the Lost Word, the Temple of Solomon, the pillars Jachin and Boaz, the concept of the Master-Builder, and restoration of Zion, all derived from the lore of Kabbalah. The organizer of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in America, Albert Pike, manifested a similar sentiment and indexed over seventy entries to the subject of Kabbalah in his classic nineteenth-century study, Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry [Charleston, SC, 1871]. Though Pike's work was published in 1871, his views reflected lore already established in Masonry during the period of Joseph Smith's Masonic initiations three decades earlier. Indeed, one of the earliest documentary mentions of Masonry appearing in 1691 specifically linked it with these Jewish traditions.
As Homer notes, the Scottish Rite developed by Pike was an evolution of the eighteenth-century French Masonic Rite de Perfection, which in several degrees wasinfluenced by Kabbalah . . . Given the wide diffusion of a Christianized and Rosicrucian version of Kabbalah into Masonry, Joseph Smith probably heard something about the tradition during the course of his almost twenty-year association with Masons and Freemasonry . . .
With the tools of allegory, symbol, and imagination, and in a format suggesting great mysterious antiquity, men touched by the Masonic mythos began producing new "ancient" rituals. One is reminded of Ireneaus' complaint about the Gnostics responding to the creative muse of their times: "every one of them generates something new, day by day, according to his ability; for no one is deemed mature, who does not develop . . . some mighty fiction." [Adversus haereses, 1.18.1] . . .
In Nauvoo, in 1842 and after, I suggest Joseph Smith encountered a reservoir of myths, symbols, and ideas conveyed in the context of Masonry but with complex and more distant origins in the Western esoteric tradition. They apparently resonated with Smith's own visions, experiences modulating his spiritual life from the time of his earliest intuitions of a prophetic calling. He responded to this stimulus with a tremendous, creative outpouring--the type of creative response Gnostic myth and symbol were meant to evoke, and evidently had evoked across a millennium of history . . .
Van Hale, in his analysis of the [King Follett] discourse's doctrinal impact, notes four declarations made by Joseph Smith which have had an extraordinary and lasting impact on Mormon doctrine: men can become gods; there exist many Gods; the gods exist one above another innumerably; and God was once as man now is. Interestingly, these were all concepts that could, by various exegetical approaches, be found in the Hermetic-Kabbalistic tradition. But even more astoundingly, it appears Joseph actually turned to the Zohar for help in supporting his introduction of these radical doctrinal assertions . . .
. . . Brigham Young's assertion that "Adam is God." Brigham claimed that Joseph had taught him this doctrine--although there is no evidence that Joseph ever publicly avowed such a view.147 In Kabbalah the theme is, however, prominent: Adam Kadmonis indeed "God," and His form is in the image of a Man--as noted earlier. Given the evidence that Joseph did know some elements of Kabbalah and had access both to the Zohar and to a Jew familiar with a wide range of Kabbalistic materials, it seems probable that Brigham heard this concept in some form from Joseph. The Adam-God doctrine may have been a misreading (or simplistic restatement) by Brigham Young of a Kabbalistic and Hermetic concept relayed to him by the prophet . . .
Joseph Smith did indeed bring into America elements of an ancient culture--but that culture was not temporally very distant from the prophet. When Joseph was introduced to Jewish Kabbalah in its classic form in Nauvoo, he found -- consciously or unconsciously -- the fiber of a thread woven throughout the fabric of his life. The magic he met as a youth, the prophetic reinterpretation of scripture and opening of the canon to divine revelation, the Masonic symbol system: all of these were reflections of an heterodox Hermetic religious tradition that had persisted in various occult fashions within the Western religious tradition for centuries, a tradition of which Kabbalah was a most important part . . .
As interwoven into Hermeticism, Kabbalah was a tradition not just of theosophic assertions, but of return to prophetic vision. For a millennium or more--perhaps dating all the way back to the suppressed heresy of the Gnostics--men and women within this larger tradition asserted the reality of their vision . . . Individuals caught in this experience not uncommonly saw themselves as prophets . . . They probed the mystery of Adam and Eve, and primal creation, they embraced rituals and symbols as non-verbal expressions of ineffable insights. Their sexuality was sacralized, and not infrequently their sacred sexual practices ranged beyond the bounds of expression accepted by the societies of their times . . . They authored pseudoepigraphic works, invoking ancient voices as their own . . . When Joseph sought a mirror to understand himself he found reflections in a history not so distant as that of ancient Israel. His story, the prophet's story, lived within the occult legacy of his time. He touched that legacy often, and he saw in it the image--even if dimmed and distorted--of a priesthood he shared.
(Lance S. Owens [Mormon], Joseph Smith and Kabbalah: The Occult Connection, originally published in Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Fall 1994)
What does the Mormon "orthodox establishment" think of all this? Owens writes about that as well:
. . . a fundamental crisis looms before Joseph Smith's church--and the crux of the predicament is Joseph Smith. Late twentieth-century Mormonism is being forced into an uncomfortable confrontation with its early nineteenth-century origins--an inevitable encounter given the preeminent import of the founding prophet to his religion . . . now, one hundred and fifty years after his death, Smith's place in Western religious history is undergoing an important and creative reevaluation. Historians and religious critics alike are examining him anew. And in his history's newest reading, themes unrecognized by its orthodox interpreters are quickly moving to stage center. Quite simply put, modern Mormonism--guardian of the Prophet's story--has no idea what to do with the rediscovered, historical, and rather occult Joseph Smith . . .
Joseph Smith a modern Gnostic prophet? Certainly nowhere within the vast domains of America religion did this proclamation cause more consternation or amazement than within its Mormon provinces and borderlands . . . In the form now foreshadowed, Joseph Smith's story is, of course, almost entirely unknown to his church . . . investigators soon brought to the surface a wealth of unquestionably genuine historical evidence--much of it long available but either misunderstood, suppressed, or ignored--substantiating that Smith and his early followers had multiple involvements with magic, irregular Freemasonry, and traditions generally termed occult.
Though a work still very much "in progress", Joseph Smith's story is now being pieced together in a new and entirely unorthodox fashion . . . between 1822 and 1827 he was enlisted to act as "seer" for several groups engaged in treasure digging. Not only did he possessed a "seer stone" into which he could gaze and locate things lost or hidden in the earth, but it has recently became evident this same stone was probably the "Urim and Thummim" later used to "translate" portions of the Book of Mormon . . .
Three very curious parchments and a dagger owned by Joseph Smith's brother, Hyrum, have been careful preserved by his descendants as sacred relics, handed down from eldest son to eldest son after his death. Family tradition maintained they were religious objects somehow used by Hyrum and Joseph. When finally allowed scrutiny by individuals outside the family, it was recognized they were the implements of a ceremonial magician. The dagger bears the sigil of Mars. The three parchments, each apparently intended for a different magical operation, are inscribed with a variety of magic symbols and sigils. Another heirloom also fell into perspective: a "silver medallion" owned by Joseph Smith and carried on his person at the time of his murder in Carthage jail, was identified to be a talisman. It is inscribed front and back with the magic square and sigil of Jupiter, the astrological force associated with the year of Joseph Smith's birth. All of these items could have been constructed using the standard texts of ceremonial magic available in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century: Agrippa's Occult Philosophy, Sibly's Occult Sciences, and Barrett's The Magus . . .
In the autumn of 1994 pieces of the prophet puzzle began falling into place; a unifying pattern was discerned within the unusual array of historical information outlined above. Joseph Smith's quest for a sacred golden treasure buried in dark earth, his involvement with ceremonial magic, the angelic visitations, the pseudepigraphic texts he "translated", his declaration of Masonry as a remnant of priesthood, and his restoration of a Temple with its central mystery of a sacred wedding--all could be fitted into one very recently recognized context: Hermeticism . . . John L. Brooke, professor of history at Tufts University, has recently explored this subject in a seminal 1994 study of Mormonism and Hermeticism, The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644-1844 [New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994]. Brooke notes the "striking parallels between the Mormon concepts of coequality of matter and spirit, of the covenant of celestial marriage, and of an ultimate goal of human godhood and the philosophical traditions of alchemy and Hermeticism . . . Smith's religion-making imagination was allied in several ways with remnants of an hermetic tradition frequently linked to gnosticism . . .
For a decade, Brooke suggests, Smith's emergent hermetic theology was disguised under the coloring of traditional Christian restorationism and formed as new Christian church. But finally, in the last years of his life, the veil was parted [Brooke, 281]:
At Nauvoo he publicly and unequivocally announced his new theology of
preexistent spirits, the unity of matter and spirit, and the divinization of the faithful, and he privately pursued the consummation of
alchemical-celestial marriage as the ultimate vehicle to this divinity. The alchemical-hermetic term of coniunctio powerfully summarizes the
resolution that Smith had achieved at Nauvoo by the summer of 1844.
He had established a theology of the conjunction--the unification--of the living and the dead, of men and women, of material and spiritual, of secular and sacred, all united in a "new and everlasting covenant" over which he would preside as king and god. In these circumstances the conventional boundary between purity and danger, right and wrong, law and revolution, simply melted away . . . In effect the greater Mormonemergence can be visualized as meta-alchemical experience running from opposition to union, an experience shaped and driven by the personality of Joseph Smith
(From: Joseph Smith: America's Hermetic Prophet, an article which first appeared in Gnosis: A Journal of Western Inner Traditions, Spring 1995)
In a thoroughly hostile Mormon review of Owens' thesis on the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) site (Brigham Young University), William J. Hamblin, while raising many worthy and legitimate points of contention, by and large uses the old lawyer's tactic of "obfuscate and deny everything," with excruciating (though, on one level, brilliant) use of historiographical relative minutiae, a methodology which a skeptical (albeit unsophisticated) observer might regard as not being able to see the forest for the trees. His "give no quarter" approach is illustrated in such passages as the following:
There is no contemporary primary evidence that Joseph himself owned or
used the parchments or dagger; one late source claims he had a
talisman in his pocket at the time of his death. We do not know
why Joseph had the talisman, or even if he really did. And we do
not know -- if he had it -- what he thought of it. We do not know
when, how, or why these items became heirlooms of the Hyrum
Smith family. Again, there is no contemporary primary evidence
that mentions Joseph or anyone in his family using these
artifacts -- as Quinn himself noted, "possession alone may not be
proof of use." There is no evidence that Joseph ever had any
magic books. There is no evidence that Joseph ever had an occult
mentor who helped him make or use these items.
The methodology used by Owens is a classic example of what
one could call the miracle of the addition of the probabilities. The
case of Quinn and Owens relies on a rickety tower of unproven
propositions that do not provide certainty, rather a geometrically
increasing improbability . . .
We now come to the heart of Owens's article, the contention that
Joseph was influenced by Kabbalah. This is the only part of his
argument for which he provides new evidence and analysis. But,
like the rest of his thesis, this argument evaporates under critical
scrutiny . . .
The great methodological problem of Owensï -- again mirrored in Brooke's
method -- is his failure to provide parallels between unique
kabbalistic ideas and Latter-day Saint thought . . .
He provides no solid primary evidence to demonstrate that Joseph Smith had a
profound knowledge of the esoteric traditions . . . The ideas that Joseph
allegedly borrowed from kabbalism are also found in biblical texts,
which Joseph Smith is known to have studied intensely . . . Throughout his
article Owens employs some interesting forms of rhetorical legerdemain in an
attempt to bolster his flimsy case. He is selective in which evidence he presents
and which he ignores . . .
His relatively few references to primary sources are frequently
misrepresentations or misunderstandings. He often simply
asserts his conclusions with no supporting evidence.
My friend Matt Moore aptly described Owens's theory as another
attempt in the grand tradition of Quinn and Brooke at historia ex
nihilo�the creation of history out of nothing. His efforts to pull a
magic rabbi out of his hat to bolster environmental explanations of
Joseph Smith's revelations are simply smoke and mirrors. While
some in the audience may applaud, most will immediately be
able to "bust" the trick.
V. Creation Ex Nihilo (From Nothing)
The idea that God is an eternally indivisible, simple, unchangeable spirit essence is the basis for the mainstream Christian doctrine of creatio ex nihilo�creation from nothing.
We have seen how the Book of Mormon teaches God's eternal immutability or unchangeability, as a "Great Spirit," and that He "created all things" (Alma 18:26-29, Alma 22:9-10, Mormon 9:11-12, 2 Nephi 11:7, Mosiah 4:9) so it is not quite so easy for Dr. Bickmore to draw a Mormon-Christian contrast on this score as he seems to think.
. . . Know ye not that I, the Lord your God, have created all men . . . (2 Nephi 29:7; cf. Jacob 4:9, Mosiah 2:20,23,25, 4:12)
How can God (or gods, as the case may be, depending on which Mormon Scripture one consults) create all men, yet also evolve from men? Is this logical? Or is logic and the law of non-contradiction up for grabs in Mormonism too? So if we ask, "which came first, the chicken [God] or the egg [man]?", does the post-Book of Mormon Mormon say "both"? Perhaps Dr. Bickmore can explain to us baffled outsiders how this sort of thinking (i.e., granting the inspiration of the Book of Mormon for the sake of argument) is to be understood and coherently set forth.
For if there be no Christ there be no God; and if there be no God we are not, for there could have been no creation. (2 Nephi 11:7)
This is nothing less than a spectacular and striking refutation of post-Book of Mormon LDS theology regarding matter and its relation to the Creator-God. For here we have "philosophy," if you will -- the very thing that Dr. Bickmore apparently claims is entirely absent from Mormonism (and that which supposedly fatally corrupted Christianity), as if it has no philosophy. What this establishes -- at least as explicitly as the Holy Bible itself does; perhaps more so -- is the philosophical (very Aristotelian and Scholastic and Thomistic) notion of First Cause, Efficient Cause, or Prime Mover. This is actually a primitive version of the cosmological argument for God's existence (just as Romans 1 offers a primitive teleological argument, or Argument from Design -- another instance of "philosophy" in the Bible; cf. Alma 30:44).
Note that without God there is no creation. It is very simply and eloquently stated. Therefore, God is the causeof creation (or, logically, at least one of the causes or necessary antecedents -- but as no other "god" is mentioned in the Book of Mormon, we can safely assume that this one "God" was the sole cause). Therefore, He Himself must be uncreated, and the universe of matter is not eternal, because it relies on God's existence for its own coming-into-existence, which would appear to support creatio ex nihilo.
All of this flies in the face of "mature" Mormon theology that God is somehow (mysteriously) created (or transformed) like everything else, and that matter is eternal (a denial of the clear biblical doctrine of thetranscendence of God, which the above passage appears to assert or support). In Mormonism, God (at least the "god" of this world, with whom we have to do, whom Brigham Young taught was Adam) is just a few steps further up the ladder of cosmic evolution. There is nothing particularly unique or special about him. He is not different in kind, or qualitatively, from us (not in his essence).
He was once like us, and we shall be like him. He has a body and wives and sex as we do. All of this heresy, however, was developed after the Book of Mormon, so that it blatantly contradicts it. If Mormons regarded the Book of Mormon as less than Scripture, then they wouldn't have to grapple with the massive, insurmountable contradictions here detailed (a stroke of great fortune for Christian apologists such as myself! Such profound internal incoherence makes my job much easier).
That is, if God is "distinct from the world in fact and by essence," as was stated by the Vatican Council, the question naturally arises as to whether matter is another fundamental principle apart from God. On the other hand, Joseph Smith taught that "The pure principles of element are principles which can never be destroyed; they may be organized and re-organized, but not destroyed. They had no beginning, and can have no end." (14)
Aside from severe difficulties with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, whereby the universe is running down -- therefore must have had a beginning, lest it would have endured annihilation billions of years ago, and present Big Bang cosmology, which also holds that the universe of matter that we now know (i.e., according to the presently-understood laws of nature) had a beginning, and is not eternal, this would also seem to contradict the verse above. Dr. Bickmore is a geologist, so I assume he would appreciate these things (and no doubt understand them far better than I do). But how does he square these very strong scientific findings with Joseph Smith's contention that matter is eternal, and that God didn't create, but merely "re-organized" what can't even then be called "creation"?
Creatio ex nihilo is a biblical doctrine, too, even explicitly in at least one instance:
HEBREWS 11:3 (RSV) By faith we understand that the world was created by the word of God, so that what is seen was made out of things which do not appear.
Taken in conjunction with Genesis 1:1, this strongly indicates that creation did not involve pre-existent material, but was indeed out of nothing, by God's Omnipotent Word and Will. Passages having to do with His omnipotence and providence and sustaining of the material universe also support this notion, as well as God's transcendence and essential distinction from (i.e., superiority over, and cause of) His creation:
NEHEMIAH 9:6 . . . thou hast made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host, the earth, and all {things} that {are} therein, . . . and thou preservest them all . . .
ACTS 17:24-25,28 God that made the world and all things therein, seeing that he is Lord of heaven and earth . . . Neither is he worshipped with men's hands, as though he needed any thing, seeing he giveth to all life, and breath, and all things . . . For in him we live, and move, and have our being; . . . For we are also his offspring.
ROMANS 11:36 For of him, and through him, and to him, {are} all things: to whom {be} glory for ever. Amen. (cf. Rom 9:5, Eph 4:6)
COLOSSIANS 1:17 . . . by him all things consist. (cf. Mosiah 3:8)
1 TIMOTHY 6:13 . . . God, who quickeneth all things, . . .
HEBREWS 1:3 . . . upholding all things by the word of his power, . . . (cf. Jacob 4:9)
Thus, biblically speaking, creation was a free act of God, determined by His will alone; in no way a necessary act. God didn't have to create. And if He had chosen not to, there might have been no matter in the universe; only spirit, if that were His will -- since His will, providence, and omnipotence are the ultimate determinants of all things (Col 1:17, Heb 1:3). This is the biblical position. And it refutes the contrary Mormon doctrine of "re-formation" of existing eternal materials.
2 MACCABEES 7:28 (RSV) also explicitly teaches creatio ex nihilo:
Of course, Protestants (and perhaps Mormons as well) will immediately object that this is not Scripture, being part of the so-called Apocrypha, or what Catholics call the Deuterocanonical books (see my paper on why these books are Scripture, and regarded as such by the early Church). Even granting that hostile assumption, however, Dr. Bickmore's contention (see his next lengthy quote below) that creatio ex nihilo came into being around the second century A.D., due to Christian-Gnostic conflicts, and the incursion of "pagan" Greek philosophy into Christianity, is absolutely demolished. For no one denies that 2 Maccabees is a Jewish book, which recounts Jewish history and reflects Jewish beliefs, whether or not it is regarded as Scripture.
Some Jews did regard it as Scripture, since it was included in the Septuagint: translated by Jews in the 2nd century B.C. The book is thought to be an abridgement or epitome of the work of one Jason of Cyrene, who wrote in Egypt, it is thought, around 124 B.C., recounting events which took place from roughly 180-161 B.C. In any event, it far precedes both Christianity and Gnosticism, and shows that Jews accepted creatio ex nihilo (and -- for the early Christians, the Fathers, and Catholics -- that the notion is also explicitly biblical ; in the Old Testament, before Jesus was born).
In his 1990 Presidential address to the British Association for Jewish Studies, Peter Hayman asserted the following:
Nearly all recent studies on the origin of the doctrine of creatio ex nihilo have come to the conclusion that this doctrine is not native to Judaism, is nowhere attested in the Hebrew Bible, and probably arose in Christianity in the second century C.E. in the course of its fierce battle with Gnosticism. The one scholar who continues to maintain that the doctrine is native to Judaism, namely Jonathan Goldstein, thinks that it first appears at the end of the first century C.E., but has recently conceded the weakness of his position in the course of debate with David Winston. (15)
I don't have time to go into this subject more deeply, but I want to note two points about the doctrine of creation before we move on. First, the Christians who wrote the New Testament lived before anyone was teaching a doctrine of creation ex nihilo, so again we have a doctrinal trend going from something like Joseph Smith's doctrine and toward that of mainstream Christianity. Second, there was no reason for the question of the origin of matter to even come up until Christians adopted the concept of a God who is absolutely distinct from the material universe. The fact that the question didn't come up until Christians started explicitly teaching a philosophical concept of God's nature is good corroborating evidence that the original Christian God was anthropomorphic and material, just as in normative Judaism.
This argument can easily be dismissed as of no consequence or merit, given 2 Maccabees 7:28. Anthropomorphism has already been dealt with at length. The Jews believed (with regard to whether God the Father is material or spirit) precisely as Christianity does, and in opposition to the novel Mormon concepts, apparently derived from Greek material polytheism and later Gnostic teaching. St. Paul himself (a Christian Apostle, no less; perhaps the greatest one ever) makes an explicit statement of creatio ex nihilo:
ROMANS 4:17 (RSV) . . . God . . . who gives life to the dead and calls into existence the things that do not exist.
As God can create out of nothing, so He has the corresponding power to "uncreate," obliterate or annihilate matter which He has created (see Psalm 102:25-27, written some ten centuries before Christ). So much for the contention: "the Christians who wrote the New Testament lived before anyone was teaching a doctrine of creation ex nihilo."
As for classic Greek philosophy, and its relation to this question, it is somewhat of a mixed bag, showing some similarity to Mormonism and some to Christianity, but in any event, it is not a simple, straightforward, non-controversial matter of Greek philosophy being a primary cause of the "apostasy" of non-Mormon (i.e., orthodox) Christianity (at least in the latter's doctrine of God), as Dr. Bickmore seems to believe. Concerning Plato's teaching, philosopher and historian of philosophy Bertrand Russell writes:
The world, being sensible, cannot be eternal, and must have been created by God . . . "Finding the whole visible sphere not at rest, but moving in an irregular and disorderly fashion, out of disorder he brought order." (Thus it appears that Plato's God, unlike the Jewish and Christian God, did not create the world out of nothing, but re-arranged pre-existing material).
(A History of Western Philosophy, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1945, 143-144)
And with regard to the view on God and creation of Plato's student and successor, Aristotle, Mortimer J. Adler comments:
Aristotle's God, unlike the God of the Bible, did not create the world. Aristotle would have denied the statement with which the Bible opens: In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." He would have denied it because he saw no reason whatsoever for thinking that the world ever had a beginning . . .
Aristotle came to the conclusion that the prime mover is pure actuality -- a being totally devoid of matter or potentiality. In addition, this immaterial being is a perfect being, a being lacking no perfection that remains for it to attain. This perfect being, which is the prime mover of the universe, Aristotle called God . . .
It is interesting to follow the reasoning that led him to affirm the existence of the immaterial and perfect being that he called God. That reasoning provided a model for later thinkers in their efforts to prove the existence of God -- not Aristotle's God, but the God of Genesis, the God who created the world out of nothing. The conception of God as Prime Mover and the conception of God as Creator are alike in three repects: the immateriality, the immutability, and the perfection of the Divine Being . . . Aristotle did not think it necessary to explain the existence of the universe. Being eternal, it never came into existence.
(Aristotle for Everybody, New York: Bantam Books, 1978, 163, 170-171)
So we see (according to two experts in the history of philosophy, and of ideas) that the denial of creatio ex nihilo, as in Mormonism, is a Platonic, Aristotelian, and Greek concept, over against the Jewish and Christian, precisely the opposite of Dr. Bickmore's conclusions. Plato did not believe in creatio ex nihilo and Aristotle didn't believe in creation at all. That being the case, they can hardly be blamed (as the most influential Greek philosophers) for the orthodox Christian and explicitly biblical doctrine of creation out of nothing. One must go to the Bible to attach blame on that score. In terms of God's non-creative qualities, however, Plato and Aristotle are much closer to Christianity and Judaism, believing God to be non-material, perfect, immutable, etc., as opposed to the earlier Greek polytheistic mythology, where gods had bodies like men, as in Mormonism.
It comes as no surprise to me that Mormonism is, once again, more closely linked theologically to Greek pagan philosophy and mythology than to the Bible and the Jewish monotheistic tradition, but obviously this is not a position that Dr. Bickmore would relish. One can argue all day long about "influences" and precursors, and that endeavor is highly subjective by its very nature. The Bible offers an objective basis for determining orthodoxy and theological truth, and there Mormonism fails miserably, as repeatedly shown.
One feature of the New Testament all Christians must come to terms with is the fact that in some passages the Father is represented as "the only true God," while in others the Son and Holy Spirit are also called "God." How can this apparent contradiction be resolved? Mainstream Christians hold that the members of the Trinity are separate "persons" who share a single "Divine Being" or "Divine Substance." All three persons have always existed in the same relationship to one another, and there is no hierarchy within the Trinity except in a purely "economic" sense. On the other hand, Latter-day Saints believe the members of the Godhead are separate beings, and so in a sense we believe in more than one God.
What "sense" is that? It is polytheism, or tritheism, pure and simple. Dr. Bickmore stated in his letter at the beginning of this dialogue that Mormons "believe in" the "deity [Godhood] of Christ and the Holy Spirit." So all three are regarded as God, but (we are now informed) they are "separate beings." That is polytheism. Period. What else could it be called? Not to mention that in Mormonism, men can become gods (Satan's promise in the Garden of Eden, which brought about the Fall of Mankind). What in the world is this view, if not polytheism?
However, Latter-day Saints also speak of "one God" in two senses. First, the Godhead is "one" in will, purpose, love, and covenant. Second, the Father is the absolute monarch of the known Universe, and all others are subject to Him.
It can readily be seen that these two disparate definitions of God must lead to different conclusions regarding the noted apparent contradiction. For example, if "God" is defined as an eternally indivisible, simple, unique, unchanging spiritual essence, it would make no sense to speak of three separate Beings as one God,
Agreed, which is why we do not do that; this is Dr. Bickmore's confusion (and it begs the question). We speak of one Being; one God, Who subsists in Three Persons. We don't expect that human beings (even those gifted with faith and grace) can totally comprehend this, just as (to use C.S. Lewis' fascinating analogy) a creature who lived in a one-dimensional or even a two-dimensional world would not be expected to conceptualize what a three-dimensional world would be like. The creature of a "square world" probably would have extreme difficulty visualizing a cube. We believe in the Trinity because it is revealed in Holy Scripture, unlike Mormon doctrines. It doesn't surprise us that God's nature would seem fantastic and (for lack of a better term) surreal to us, and "higher than our thoughts." That is totally to be expected, given what God has revealed about others of His extraordinary attributes, by means of legitimate revelation, and natural theology as well (Romans 1).
because that would imply a division in the indivisible, and a plurality of something that is by definition unique. Any sort of hierarchy in the Trinity would imply the same.
Again, Dr. Bickmore assumes what he is trying to prove.
Furthermore, Frances Young wrote, "underlying the most crucial episode in the emergence of the Christian doctrine of God, namely the reply to Arianism, was affirmation of creation out of nothing." (18) The dogma of creation from nothing puts everything into two categories: God, who is eternally unchanging, and everything else, which is created from nothing.
So, if we allow that Jesus Christ is truly divine, rather than in some watered down sense as the Arians taught, He has to be identified with the unique "Divine Being." However, if God is an anthropomorphic Being who is not disconnected from the material universe and did not create everything else from absolute nothingness, it makes perfect sense to speak of three separate Beings who are one God in the sense of absolute mental and moral unity.
Sure, if He is a physical Being. This again assumes what it is trying to prove; hence it is a worthless argument in this context, and is convincing only to Mormon ears, which already accept it. But we have seen ample evidence that none of these heretical notions are biblical; quite the contrary: they are all decisively refuted in Holy Scripture.
Since we have no requirement that God be absolutely "simple," or without parts, and indivisible, we have no problem with the idea of hierarchy within the Godhead.
Of course not. But Mormons do have a huge, insurmountable problem in trying to achieve consistent, coherent biblical exegesis, and with the internal contradictions of the Book of Mormon over against later Mormon doctrines which aren't found in it, and are, indeed, opposed in it.
The historical basis for the Latter-day Saint doctrine of the Divine Unity is very strong, because it was almost universally accepted among Christians before the Nicene Council of 325 A.D. that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost were united in will, but separate in rank and glory.
This poses no problem, because it is a relatively abstract thing (like the filioque clause) and required considerable development to be fully understood, like many Christian doctrines. But the early Christians all thought that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit were God. That is the essence of the doctrine, which is all that legitimate development of doctrine requires to be present from the beginning. Mormon doctrine is demonstrably a corruption of the "Divine Unity" held by the early Church before Nicaea.
J.N.D. Kelly of Oxford University noted that even at the Council of Nicea the majority party believed "that there are three divine hypostases [or 'persons'], separate in rank and glory but united in harmony of will." This doctrine is called "subordinationism", and R.P.C. Hanson wrote, "Indeed, until Athanasius began writing, every single theologian, East and West, had postulated some form of Subordinationism. It could, about the year 300, have been described as a fixed part of catholic theology." Henry Bettenson explained "'subordinationism' was pre-Nicene orthodoxy."
This was answered in my last comment.
For example, Paul wrote that the Father is "the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ," and revealed that after the resurrection Jesus will "be subject unto him that put all things under him, that God may be all in all." Indeed, Jesus Himself said, "My Father is greater than I."
I alluded to the Christian answer to this misunderstanding of "subjection" (a common argument of Jehovah's Witnesses and other modern-day Arians) earlier, but I see that I shall have to cite some earlier work of mine in that regard:
Jesus' subjection to the Father is seen in such verses as John 14:28: ". . . for my Father is greater than I," 1 Corinthians 11:3: ". . .the head of Christ {is} God," and 1 Corinthians 15:28: "And when all things shall be subdued unto him, then shall the Son also himself be subject unto him that put all things under him, that God may be all in all." John 14:28 is to be understood in light of passages such as Philippians 2:5-11, which show us that Christ in John 14:28 was speaking strictly in terms of his office as Messiah, which entailed a giving up, not of the Divine Nature, but of certain prerogatives of glory and Deity which are enjoyed by the Father.
Compare this to what is said of God the Father:
ISAIAH 45:23 . . . unto me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear. (cf. 66:23)
Christ subjected Himself to the Father in order to undertake His role as the Incarnate Son and Mediator between God and man (1 Tim 2:5). Similarly, one might say that "the President of the United States is a greater man than I am," but this would not mean he was necessarily a better man. In any event, he is still a man like us. Since Jesus is still God, even while "humbling" Himself (Phil 2:8), Scripture also indicates that the Father is, in a sense, "subject" to the Son:
JOHN 16:15 All things that the Father hath are mine: therefore said I, that he shall take of mine, and shall shew {it} unto you.
JOHN 16:23 And in that day ye shall ask me nothing. Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name, he will give {it} you.
When the Father is called the "head" of the Son (1 Cor 11:3), this also does not entail any lessening of the equality between the Son and the Father. The Bible also talks about wives being subject to their husbands (1 Pet 3:1,5), even while the two are equals (Gal 3:28, Eph 5:21-22), and indeed, "one flesh" (Mt 19:5-6). Likewise, one Person of the Godhead can be in subjection to another Person and remain God in essence and substance (Phil 2:6-8). Luke 2:51 says that Jesus was "subject" to Mary and Joseph. Yet no orthodox Christian of any stripe would hold that Jesus was lesser in essence than His earthly parents! The same Greek word for "subject" in Luke 2:51 (hupotasso) is used in 1 Cor 15:28, and in 1 Pet 2:18 below. Besides, submissiveness and servanthood is not presented as a sign of weakness or inferiority in Scripture. Quite the contrary:
1 PETER 2:18 Servants, {be} subject to {your} masters with all fear; not only to the good and gentle, but also to the froward.
MATTHEW 23:11 But he that is greatest among you shall be your servant.
The word for "greatest" here is meizon, the same word used in John 14:28. Thus, any notion that submissiveness is a lessening of equality is absolutely unscriptural.
Likewise, in 1 Cor 15:28, the subjection spoken of is that of the Son as incarnate, not the Son as Son in essence. While this verse tells us that God will be "all in all," Colossians 3:11 tells us that ". . . Christ {is} all, and in all." Thus, Jesus' office as Messiah and Mediator will cease in time, but not His Godhood, since Scripture teaches that He will be "all in all" just as His Father is.
Subordinationism took various forms in early Christianity, but one of the most popular depicted the Son and Spirit as sort of "super Archangels," who were worshipped as Divine, but subordinate to the Father. In fact, Larry Hurtado of the University of Edinburgh and others have provided a great deal of evidence that the roots of belief in Jesus' divinity were in earlier Jewish beliefs about a principal angelic helper to God.
An early second century Jewish Christian document, the Shepherd of Hermas, spoke of "the angel of the prophetic Spirit" and Jesus as the "glorious angel" or "most venerable" angel.
Looking up this passage (Commandment 11) online in "ANF" -- Dr. Bickmore's source given in his footnote --, the only time "angel" appears in that section is in the phrase "the angel of the prophetic Spirit": which clause Dr. Bickmore himself does not attribute to Jesus. The alleged references to Jesus as an angel do not appear, nor do the words "glorious" or "venerable," so I can hardly comment on those, without further, more specific primary documentation, able to be examined in context. I'm not going to search through the whole book.
Justin Martyr was a converted philosopher who lived in Rome in the mid-second century, but Robert M. Grant suggested that in passages like the following, he was influenced by the Jewish Christian writings of Hermas, who lived in the same congregation. Justin Martyr wrote that Jesus is "another God and Lord subject to the Maker of all things; who is also called an Angel." He is "distinct from Him who made all things, -- numerically, I mean, not in will." He also asserted the following. "We reverence and worship Him and the Son who came forth from Him and taught us these things, and the host of other good angels who are about Him and are made quite like Him, and the Prophetic Spirit." Robert M. Grant noted, "This passage presents us with considerable difficulties. The word 'other,' used in relation to the angels, suggests that Jesus himself is an angel." Catholic scholar Father William Jurgens admitted that here St. Justin "apparently [made] insufficient distinction between Christ and the created Angels." He continued, "There are theological difficulties in the above passage, no doubt. But we wonder if those who make a great deal of these difficulties do not demand of Justin a theological sophistication which a man of his time and background could not rightly be expected to have."
This is incorrect terminology and bad theology on Justin Martyr's part, but it poses no problem for the Catholic, because we believe that individual Fathers (especially the ones earlier in developmental history) can err. What is binding for us are conciliar and infallible papal decrees.
While Latter-day Saints aren't in the habit of calling the Son and Holy Spirit "angels," such things don't really raise our eyebrows, because we believe Gods and angels are gradations of the same species.
This is where the far greater difficulty lies, rather than with Justin Martyr's early imprecise phraseology, because this notion is flat-out unbiblical. The Bible is inspired and infallible, unlike the writings of Church Fathers. And the Bible says that angels and men are not to be worshiped like God, precisely because they are creatures and not the Creator; therefore on a fundamentally inferior plane (to worship them, then, would be idolatry). St. Peter refuses worship (Acts 10:25-26), as do St. Paul and Barnabas at Lystra (Acts 14:11-15). An angel twice refuses it (Rev 19:10, 22:8-9, cf. 18:1). Colossians 2:18 forbids angel worship. The angels worship Jesus in Hebrews 1:6. If Jesus is some sort of angel ("spirit brother of Lucifer"?), then these angels would be guilty of worshiping another angel (see also Neh 9:6). Further proof that Jesus is not an angel is found in Hebrews 1:4-5,7-8,13. Jude 9 informs us that Michael the Archangel didn't have authority to rebuke Satan, which Jesus certainly had (Mt 4:4,7,10).
Likewise, in the Book of Mormon, angels worship the one true God (1 Nephi 1:8, Alma 36:22), and are called "all his holy angels" (Alma 18:30), implying a difference in essence and a superiority of God over the angels (as well as His "possession" of them). God sends angels to men to "impartheth his word" (Alma 32:23; cf. 39:19) -- precisely their biblical role as heavenly messengers (the literal meaning of angel). The Book of Mormon teaches that God the Father and Jesus are to be worshiped (1 Nephi 17:55, 2 Nephi 25:16,29, Jacob 4:5, Alma 15:17, 21:22, 31:12, 32:5, 34:28, 43:10, 50:39, 3 Nephi 11:17, 17:10, 4 Nephi 1:37).
Dr. Bickmore tells us that Mormons believe in the "deity" of the Holy Spirit; yet I can't find (looking through the topical index) a passage in the Book of Mormon where the Holy Spirit is worshiped as God, even though He -- along with the Father and the Son -- is called "God" (Alma 11:44, 2 Nephi 31:21, 3 Nephi 11:27,36, Mormon 7:7). Perhaps he can inform me where this occurs, if I have missed it, or, conversely, explain why it is absent if indeed that is the case.
Thou shalt have no other God before me. (Mosiah 12:35).
Is all this really consistent with Dr. Bickmore's Mormon notion that "Gods and angels are gradations of the same species"? I think not. Once again, Mormon beliefs contradict the Book of Mormon.
So again we have clear and convincing evidence that the trend in the early Christian doctrine of the Divine Unity went from something very like the LDS doctrine, and toward the mainstream Christian doctrine.
With all due respect, it's not clear and convincing at all. Dr. Bickmore gives inadequate evidence to substantiate his sweeping claim, and little or no scriptural proof at all (whereas I offer much, as usual), yet he confidently asserts that the early Christian doctrine of God in one respect was "something very like the LDS doctrine." The weak nature of his case will be, I trust, evident to the impartial reader.
Again we can point to a transitional period, where even those, like Justin, who adopted a philosophical definition of God, were subordinationists. I want to point out once more that Christians from the New Testament on had taught that Jesus was fully divine. For instance, Paul wrote of Jesus, "Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God." And yet, the idea that Jesus is both fully divine and subordinate to the Father in rank and glory are not compatible with a Greek philosophical definition of God.
As I've shown, it can be demonstrated biblically that there is such a thing as subjection (as well as procession, which I haven't delved into) among the three Divine Persons, without any inequality. I believe I've shown how the doctrines concerning God which Catholics (and virtually all Christians) believe can be vigorously and consistently defended from Holy Scripture, which is objective in a way that the speculations and conjectures of history of ideas (though fun, and one of my own favorite subjects) can never be. It's fine to make strictly historical arguments, but once they delve into theological issues, then Scripture must necessarily enter into the discussion also.
14. Joseph Smith, Teachings, 350�352.
15. Peter Hayman, "Monotheism: A Misused Word in Jewish Studies?", Journal of Jewish Studies 42 (1991): 1-15. See also Jonathan Goldstein, "The Origins of the Doctrine of Creation Ex Nihilo", Journal of Jewish Studies 35 (1984): 127-135; Jonathan Goldstein, "Creation Ex Nihilo: Recantations and Restatements", Journal of Jewish Studies f38 (1987): 187-194; David Winston, "Creation Ex Nihilo Revisited: A Reply to Jonathan Goldstein",Journal of Jewish Studies 37 (1986): 88-91.
16. John 17:3.
17. John 1:1; John 14:26; Acts 13:2.
18. Frances Young, "'Creatio ex Nihilo': A Context for the Emergence of the Christian Doctrine of Creation,"Scottish Journal of Theology 44 (1991): 139�151.
19. J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, Revised Edition (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1978,) 247-248.
20. Hansen, R., "The Achievement of Orthodoxy in the Fourth Century AD," The Making of Orthodoxy: Essays in Honour of Henry Chadwick, edited by Rowan Williams (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 153.
21. Henry Bettenson, The Early Christian Fathers (London: Oxford University Press, 1956), 330. See also Linwood Urban, A Short History of Christian Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 54.
22. Romans 15:6, New English Bible.
23. 1 Corinthians 15:24-8.
24. John 14:28.
25. Larry W. Hurtado, One God, One Lord: Early Christian Devotion and Ancient Jewish Monotheism, Second Edition (Edinburgh, T&T Clark, 1998).
26. -- The Pastor of Hermas, Commandment 11, -- ANF 2:27�28.
27. Specifically, Hermas seems to have identified Jesus with Michael. Jean Danielou, The Theology of Jewish Christianity, translated by John A. Baker (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1964), 123-124. However, this may not be particularly significant, since other Jewish Christian texts speak of Jesus appearing to mortals disguised as one of the archangels. Danielou, The Theology of Jewish Christianity, 131.
28. Robert M. Grant, The Early Christian Doctrine of God (Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1966), 81.
29. Justin Martyr, -- Dialogue with Trypho 56, -- ANF 1:223.
30. Justin Martyr, -- First Apology 6, -- in William A. Jurgens, The Faith of the Early Fathers (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1970), 1:51.
31. Grant, The Early Christian Doctrine of God, 81.
32. Jurgens, The Faith of the Early Fathers, 1:56, n. 1.
33. Philippians 2:6.
We have seen so far that in three important and interconnected areas of doctrine there were definite historical trends that point backward to something similar to LDS doctrine.
I remain thoroughly unconvinced, and I eagerly await Dr. Bickmore's counter-reply to my arguments against his contentions.
I could have multiplied these examples, and in itself I think this is excellent evidence for LDS claims about the apostasy and restoration.
I fervently hope that Dr. Bickmore does multiply his examples. If they are all this weak and insubstantial, then his case will collapse, based on the cumulative weight of strong biblical and historical disproofs and internal incoherence and inconsistency.
But how do the historical facts square with Protestant and Catholic claims? Certainly they do not fit with simplistic notions that any of these groups -- or Mormonism, for that matter -- is exactly like any early Christian groups.
Development occurs, but early Christianity is much more similar to modern-day Catholicism than Protestantism, let alone Gnostic-influenced, polytheistic, Anthropomorphite Mormonism.
Latter-day Saints can easily deal with a few discrepancies by citing our belief in an apostasy, and the fact that God told Joseph Smith He would reveal things that had been "kept hid from before the foundation of the world." I intend to show, on the other hand, that Protestants and Catholics can deal with Christian doctrinal history only with great difficulty.
I would love to see that. But the handy "apostasy" excuse or rationalization for all difficulties will not do, since Mormons also argue that their doctrine is biblical. Furthermore, in this particular exchange, Dr. Bickmore is making various claims as to what early Christians or apostolic-period Jews believed: claims which are susceptible to disproof. He has dozens of serious difficulties to deal with, pertaining to his argument here alone, as far as I am concerned. Anyone can make an argument all by themselves -- even make almost anything sound plausible if they are clever enough and skilled at rhetoric. The real test comes in the interaction with critique: taking on all comers, so to speak. Can Dr. Bickmore do that?
The problem of doctrinal development first came into the full light of day with the 1845 publication of John Henry Newman's Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine.
It was neither a problem, nor anything new. He was merely expanding upon themes present in St. Augustine in the 4th century, and especially St. Vincent of Lerins in the 5th, as I have repeatedly shown in several of my papers (see my Development of Doctrine web page).
Newman had been an Anglican clergyman and had achieved some notoriety for publishing historically sophisticated tracts in favor of Anglicanism and against Roman Catholicism. The Essay on Development was published just before he was formally accepted into the Catholic Church, and represented, at least in part, a justification of his conversion. As an Anglican, Newman argued for the idea that Anglicanism was a return to the Church of the first few centuries, whereas Roman Catholicism had added any number of unwarranted innovations. However, in his historical studies he began to notice that the early Church itself was not static, but showed a definite progression in doctrine and practice. How could this be explained? And on what basis did Anglicans and Protestants reject some doctrinal developments, but accept others?
This is a good summary, and it so happens that this book was instrumental in my own conversion: hence my abiding interest in development of doctrine. My planned fourth book will be devoted entirely to the subject, and I believe I have the most extensive web page on development online, and definitely the largest Newman page.
Certainly this is a powerful argument against Anglicanism or Protestantism, but it does not come without a price for Catholics. Before Newman, a few of the Church Fathers had indicated a belief in some sort of doctrinal progression, but among those who were not posthumously excommunicated and anathematized, this concept did not seem to progress beyond the idea of making logical deductions from the previously established deposit of faith.
Of course, Newmanian development is the same thing (it's a development of earlier notions of development ), though often misunderstood or caricatured as some sort of evolution, which it most assuredly is not.
The vast majority of Catholic writers before Newman had expressed sentiments similar to the following statements by Pope Leo the Great, who died in 461 A.D. In a letter to the Emperor he wrote, "We may not in a single word dissent from the teaching of the Gospels and Apostles, nor entertain any opinion on the Divine Scriptures different to what the blessed Apostles and our Fathers learnt and taught." Leo also wrote, "And in nothing have I departed from the creed of the holy Fathers: because the Faith is one, true, unique, catholic, and to it nothing can be added, nothing taken away."
Sure, but context and interpretation of what he was saying is crucial. The same Pope Leo was also the one who presided over the Council of Chalcedon (451), and was the key force behind the adoption of the Hypostatic Union, or Two Natures of Christ, one of the most notable and consequential theological developments of all time, defined in opposition to the Monophysite heretics. So it scarcely makes any sense to imply that he wasopposed to development.
The Second Council of Nicea in 787 stated, "We take away nothing and we add nothing, but we preserve without diminution all that pertains to the Catholic Church. We keep without change or innovation all the ecclesiastical traditions that have been handed down to us, whether written or unwritten."
Indeed; the essential doctrines as handed down must be preserved. Increased understanding and differentialapplication of them may occur. It's really not that complicated.
Newman, who later became a Cardinal, set out to explain how developments in doctrine might be legitimate. He realized that his arguments did not constitute proof of Roman Catholic claims, but were instead meant to "explain certain difficulties in history." He developed a number of "notes" or "tests" by which one might distinguish authentic from spurious developments.
It is beyond my intention here to examine these criteria, except to note that they go far beyond logical connectedness. Newman used the analogy of organic growth from an original seed, and insisted that at certain stages the Church might not be cognizant of what it "really believes." For instance, in a letter to Giovanni Perrone he wrote, "It can happen that, with regard to one or another part of the deposit, the Church might not be fully conscious of what she felt about a thing." Subsequent Catholic theologians have taken a variety of approaches to the problem raised by Newman. Some have insisted that logical connectedness is the only legitimate criterion, but one of the classic counterexamples is the declaration of the dogma of the Bodily Assumption of Mary by Pius XII in 1950. It is obvious to any clear-thinking person that there is no way to logically deduce such a doctrine from scripture,
It is, to the contrary, quite easy to do so (though not, perhaps, without some difficulty, grasped by someone who has never heard it). In a nutshell: death and decay came about as a result of the Fall. Mary was conceived immaculately (the angel at the Annunciation said: "Hail Mary, full of grace") and without original sin by a miracle of God, so she could bear the God-Man (the miracle of the Virgin Birth, not Greek mythological-like sex with God, as Mormons believe), because the closer one gets to God, the purer they necessarily become. She was the Second Eve, because she had the choice to follow God faithfully and not sin, just as Eve did (but blew it). Mary did not in fact sin.
Therefore, when she died, she didn't have to undergo decay; so she didn't go through the usual process of separation of body and soul. All saved persons will one day be resurrected (1 Cor 15); hers was merely uninterrupted, and was instant at death. Previous examples of persons going to heaven body and soul are Elijah the prophet and Enoch. I know this sounds implausible to those unfamiliar with the reasoning (as I once was, in my Protestant days), but I treat it in great depth in my first book, A Biblical Defense of Catholicism, and in various dialogues, and it is very much based on biblical logical deduction, all down the line. This is not the case, however, with Mormon doctrines, as I think I have shown.
and we find no mention of such a belief in the earliest Christian centuries, even in spurious or heretical writings. Father Luigi Gambero recently wrote, "As far as we know, no Christian author before Epiphanius [who died in 403 A.D.] had ever raised the question of the end of the Blessed Virgin's earthly existence."
It's true that early sources are scarce, but then, this was a slowly developing doctrine. The Church was much more concerned with the far more important Christological doctrines. After they were finalized in 451, then Marian development could more readily occur.
Giovanni Perrone thought that the deposit of faith had been given to the Church in complete form by the Apostles, but in such a way that it was scattered among the local churches, so it had to be gathered together over the centuries. The previously made point about the dogma of the Assumption of Mary applies equally well to this thesis. Modernists like Alfred Loisy and George Tyrrell reasoned that if the Church had already undergone a series of drastic changes, more were to be expected in order to "modernize" the Church. You can probably imagine how well that went over in the Vatican. A number of more moderate theologians, e.g. Karl Rahner, Edward Schillebeeckx, and Yves Congar, have carried on the debate in the spirit of Newman. For instance, Karl Rahner held that one could not formulate exact laws for doctrinal development, but argued that inexact laws could still be found that insured there would not be doctrinal anarchy.
This is basically rambling, subjective analysis, so I feel no particular need to reply to it, except to deny that Schillebeeckx was a moderate!
Let me point out a few reasons why I believe Catholic responses to the fact of doctrinal development have been problematic. First, Catholicism rejects the possibility of new public revelation. However, it has often been asked how doctrinal developments are different than new revelation.
Because they are consistent with what came earlier, and merely expand upon earlier understanding. Trinitarianism is a prime example of this, as is Transubstantiation, which was a more philosophically-sophisticated understanding of what was always believed as the Real Presence, or Substantive Presence of the Body and Blood of Christ, after consecration. It is similar to legal clarification over time: how, e.g., the law in the US Constitution has grown and expanded, while we still have the original "deposit." Some things are corruptions of its intent and content, such as legal abortion.
It's the same with apostolic Christian doctrine. Polytheism and Gnosticism and new Sabellian-tinged "Scriptures" found in a New York hill in the 19th century are clearly corruptions of biblical Christianity (because they were not present at all in the apostolic succession of orthodox Christianity, which was the Fathers' criteria for theological truth), whereas Marian, eucharistic, and trinitarian developments are legitimate developments, because they expand upon and contradict nothing in the essential kernel of earlier understandings and bald, creed-like statements of belief.
Newman wrote, "Supposing the order of nature once broken by the introduction of a revelation, the continuance of that revelation is but a question of degree." Aidan Nichols describes Dominican Francisco Marin-Sola's and Jesuit Henri de Lubac's differing reactions to this question.
So as to guard himself against the charge of denying that revelation is completed with the death of the last apostle, Marin-Sola had revived the ancient Thomist idea that the apostles and they alone of all early Christians, knew all doctrine in an explicit fashion. But, remarks de Lubac, what a price is being paid here in terms of historical verisimilitude! How could the apostles have expressed to themselves truths whose formulation presupposes later habits of thought? How can we explain their refusing or neglecting to pass on these truths to their successors? Or, if they did pass them on, how are we to explain this flood of forgetfulness --, which must have overwhelmed the Church in the second Christian generation?
Our problem admits no resolution until such time as we re-formulate -- so de Lubac contends -- our very idea of revelation itself. The content of revelation is that divine redemptive action which is summed up in God's gift of His Son. -- But this is not to say, de Lubac hastens to add, that propositional truth is alien to revelation. It is simply that such propositions are arrived at on the basis of revelation only by a process of abstraction.
I have no problem with this. We must use our minds, just as we are doing now.
It is difficult to argue against de Lubac's answer to the problem, except to ask how we are to know when propositional truth has been sufficiently "abstracted" from the original revelation to be definitive. This leads us to the next problem -- the Catholic doctrine of infallibility. Since the First Vatican Council, it has been dogmatically defined that certain doctrinal and moral declarations are to be considered infallible. For instance, the Council declared, "It is not permissible for anyone to interpret holy scripture in a sense contrary to -- the unanimous consent of the fathers." When Catholics speak of the "unanimous consent" of the Fathers, it should be admitted, they do not mean literal unanimity, but rather an overwhelming consensus. But when exactly did this infallibility kick in? We have already noted that every orthodox pre-Nicene theologian was a subordinationist,
That's news to me. I saw documentation from Justin Martyr, which I accept, and an incompletely documented example from The Shepherd of Hermas. That's supposed to convince us that "every orthodox pre-Nicene theologian was a subordinationist"?
and that several passages from the New Testament seem to imply this.
No; they imply the subjection of the Messiah, as part of His kenosis, without any loss at all of equality, as I demonstrated in some depth.
Even though this doctrine took different forms, doesn't this count as an overwhelming consensus that the Son and Spirit are subordinate in rank and glory to the Father?
No, because, first of all, it hasn't been shown that "everyone" believed this, let alone decisively demonstrated. Secondly, it is not of the essence of trinitarianism, therefore, poses no problem at all for Newmanian (or Augustinian, Vincentian) development. The barest essence is as follows:
1. The Father is God.
2. The Son is God.
3. The Holy Spirit is God.
4. Yet these three Divine Persons are one God.
This is the essential kernel of trinitarianism, and in this basic form it is quite explicit in Scripture and the early Fathers. From this kernel developed the later complexities of the Two Natures, the Incarnation, reflection on Mary as the Theotokos, and the logical procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son, and various other fascinating theological speculations, which took 400 years to fully work out in the Catholic Church.
A third problem that can be mentioned is the development of the concept of doctrinal development itself. I mentioned earlier that the vast majority of Catholic Fathers had claimed they were teaching exactly what the Apostles taught.
That's right: in essence. We make the same claim today. The difference lies in degree of understanding and complexity of the same doctrine handed down by the Apostles. It isn't esoteric knowledge, as in Gnostic Mormonism, but simply developed thought, similar to natural science as it better understands the processes of nature, through long centuries of thought.
A few exceptions may be noted, but the only pre-Nicene examples I have seen put forward by Catholics on this point are a very shaky foundation. For instance, in support of the proposition that "there is a certain progress in dogma," Father William Jurgens cites one statement by Irenaeus that actually contradicts his point, two from Tertullian during his proto-Montanist and Montanist periods, and one from Origen. It seems significant that the only passages Father Jurgens could cull from the entire pre-Nicene corpus to support the Roman Catholic concept of doctrinal development come from Origen, who was posthumously excommunicated for his doctrinal speculations, and Tertullian, who wrote the relevant passages when he was at least leaning toward the Montanists, who were a pseudo-prophetic sect condemned by the Catholics! At least in Tertullian's case, it is not even clear that he thought the development of doctrine wasn't supposed to happen via new public revelation. If public revelation ceased with the Apostles and the Church was supposed to "develop" that deposit of faith in various other ways, wouldn't the Apostles have passed on at least this knowledge to the next generations?
Well, it isn't pre-Nicene (neither is the canon of Scripture), but the classic and most explicit text on development in the Fathers is found in St. Vincent of Lerins, in his Commonitoria, or Notebooks, from around 451 A.D. (261-266 in vol. 3 of Jurgens). Newman derived virtually all of his ideas from this work; very few really new ideas are added: just a few theoretical particulars which he then tries to test by applying them to Church history. I've cited this text many, many times in my papers. It can be found in the following treatment, which is somewhat similar to the present exchange: Refutation of William Webster's Fundamental Misunderstanding of Development of Doctrine.
And to pursue the matter of legitimate developments vs. corruptions in a bit more depth, see:
Preliminary Dialogue With an Anglican on the Nature of Legitimate Development of Doctrine (Dave Armstrong vs. Edwin Tait)
A fourth problem may be discussed in connection with the third. That is, nobody seems to have known that public revelation was supposed to have ceased with the Apostles until around the turn of the third century. For instance, the early second century Christian document, The Shepherd of Hermas, was a revelation given to Hermas, a prophet who was the brother of the one of the Roman bishops. Several of the pre-Nicene Fathers accepted this document as authoritative scripture, but later it was excluded from the canon because it was not written by one of the Apostles or their associates. So not only are we faced with a situation where Apostles didn't pass on the information that doctrine was supposed to develop upon the basis of the original deposit of faith, but they didn't even pass on the information that the original deposit of public revelation was complete!
That's because the apostolic deposit wasn't regarded so much as a collection of books, as it was a body of knowledge. We think today in terms of fully-literate societies, but that phenomenon has only been possible since the mid-15th century. The Hebrew (and apostolic) culture was primarily oral. Consequently, St. Paul casually places equal authority on oral and written teachings. See my paper: Tradition is Not a Dirty Word.
34. For an excellent survey of how Catholics have confronted the problem, see Aidan Nichols, From Newman to Congar: The Idea of Doctrinal Development from the Victorians to the Second Vatican Council (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1990). For a survey of Protestant thought on the subject, see Peter Toon, The Development of Doctrine in the Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979). The reader will notice that I am heavily indebted to both these authors.
35. D&C 124:41.
36. Pope Leo the Great, Letter 82, The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 2, edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (New York: The Christian Literature Publishing Company, 1890-1900,) 12:67. Hereafter cited as NPNF Series 2. I thank Ted Jones for pointing this reference out to me.
37. Pope Leo the Great, Letter 124, NPNF Series 2, 12:91.
38. Timothy Kallistos Ware, "Christian Theology in the East 600-1453, A History of Christian Doctrine, edited by Hubert Cunliffe-Jones (Edinburgh 1978), 184. I thank Ted Jones for this reference. The documents of the Second Nicene Council can be accessed at: https://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum07.htm.
39. Newman, Essay on Development, vii.
40. John Henry Newman, quoted in "The Newman Perrone Paper on Development; 1847," Gregorianum, edited by T. Lynch ( 1935), 402-447.
41. For a survey of the early development of beliefs about Mary, see Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 490-499.
42. Luigi Gambero, Mary and the Fathers of the Church, translated by Thomas Buffer (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1999), 125.
43. Nichols, From Newman to Congar, 60.
44. Ibid., 6-7, 71-135.
45. Ibid., 217-219.
46. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1994 edition, paragraph 66-67.
47. For example, see Owen Chadwick, From Bossuet to Newman: The Idea of Doctrinal Development(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957), 195.
48. Newman, Essay on Development, 85.
49. Nichols, From Newman to Congar, 210.
50. First Vatican Council, Session 3: Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith, chapter 2, paragraph 9. See https://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum20.htm.
I have quite a bit less to say about the Protestant reaction to the fact of doctrinal development, because it has largely been ignored or dismissed without much of a hearing, or they claim they only adhere to developments that can be logically deduced from scripture. I believe that's why we recently had Evangelicals Carl Mosser and Paul Owen arguing in the FARMS Review of Books that the New Testament is Trinitarian in the same sense as the classical creeds. Such people rarely acknowledge that one can only deduce such things from scripture if we assume a Greek philosophical definition of God.
This doesn't follow. All one needs is logic to make deductions, not a whole edifice of Greek theistic philosophy. Dr. Bickmore uses reason and logic all through his paper, while disparaging Greek philosophy as a contemptible and corrupting influence. Go figure. I've seen this sort of "anti-philosophism" (to coin a term) on many occasions in my now 20-year apologetic career. It's nothing new to me. But I never cease to be amazed at the sheer wrongheadedness of it.
Since most of the early Palestinian Jews, and a large faction of early Christians did not share this assumption, what justification do we have for insisting that the New Testament writers did?
I have made arguments from Scripture which are valid or invalid wholly apart from technical philosophical strains of thought and methodologies.
At least it should be acknowledged that they are incorporating something besides the New Testament text into their formulations.
Everyone interprets . . . no one can escape logic or some sort of hermeneutical framework in their commentary on Scripture, which will inevitably presuppose and utilize philosophy in some sense, however minimal. Dr. Bickmore labors under the self-delusion that he is beyond all that. Yet I doubt that he would deny that he brings to the table various Mormon presuppositions and biases (just as I bring a Catholic bias). And Mormonism, in turn, came from somewhere. It didn't appear in toto out of thin air (or even from New York dirt, if I may be excused an awkward and perhaps "irreverent" play-on-words). If Mormon historian Lance Owens is believed at all, there are numerous occultic, Kabbalistic, Masonic, hermetic, and other esoteric, non-biblical, non-monotheistic influences which operated upon Joseph Smith, helping him to frame his new world view.
Furthermore, there is no historical support for the proposition that the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity was believed by anyone before the fourth century,
Again, this hinges on what the essence of the doctrine was, and how Dr. Bickmore is defining it in the above statement. If indeed it was what I stated above, then it was the overwhelming consensus. Mormon polytheism and extreme anthropomorphism assuredly was not the consensus: that much, anyway, is certain.
so we again have to bring up Henri de Lubac's questions about the neglect of the Apostles in passing on their knowledge, or the great "flood of forgetfulness" that must have occurred.
No; we simply acknowledge the obvious fact that complicated theological doctrines take time to fully understand. It's no different from the development which clearly took place all through the Old Testament era. God worked very slowly with the Jews.
Some Protestants, on the other hand, have acknowledged that a great deal of development has occurred in their own doctrines. For instance, some liberal theologians like Adolf von Harnack have posited some sort of "bare essence" of Christianity that has been obscured by corruptions through the centuries, and has at least partially been uncovered by the Reformation. Naturally, this hasn't proven too popular among Protestants who want to keep doctrines like the Trinity. Others, like the Evangelical scholar Peter Toon, have acknowledged that there have been both legitimate and spurious developments as the Church has moved through time and cultures. But if so, how do we decide which ones are which?
By the patristic formula: apostolic succession; by demonstrating that the doctrine has consistently and widely been held (in its essence), and by recourse to Church and papal authority, which exists precisely to decide such matters.
At least the Catholics have the Pope and councils to decide such matters definitively. Toon laid out several criteria of his own to distinguish legitimate developments, including positive coherence with what has been believed in the past, and especially with scripture. Since Protestants disagree on any number of points about how to interpret scripture, Toon suggests that legitimate developments should not be based on anything that "has not found general acceptance among believing theologians." Of course, that raises the question of who is to be defined as a "believing theologian."
I don't have time to deal with the myriad of Protestant internal inconsistencies and divisions (I have in dozens of papers on my site). I have my hands full with the truckload of Mormon internal difficulties, thank you!
I hope it is clear by now why I think the conservative Protestant reaction to the fact of doctrinal development has been even less satisfactory than that of the Catholics.
I agree with you. It is a large reason why I am a Catholic (I converted in 1990).
To conclude, I want to emphasize again a point I brought up earlier. Whatever one may think about the various explanations Catholics and Protestants have given for the fact of doctrinal development -- and I certainly haven't given them a full treatment here -- I think it has to be admitted that they were formulated after the fact.
But of course, because the theory of development is itself a development, so we would expect it to be "after the fact," by its very nature. Furthermore, to be a theory or philosophy about history, it seems to me, the perspective has to be looking back. It's difficult to construct an explanatory theory about what hasn't occurred yet.
That is, Catholics over the centuries loudly proclaimed that they were teaching exactly what the Apostles explicitly taught, or at least only what could be deduced from it, until a resurgence in historical investigation brought about massive evidence to the contrary.
Funny how Dr. Bickmore and I can look at the same historical data and see such entirely different things.
The Reformers and the vast majority of their followers thought that they were in all essentials returning to New Testament Christianity. Most Protestants still hold to this belief, but certainly there is no historical basis for it.
Now there is something I can wholeheartedly agree with. A refreshing change!
On the other hand, Joseph Smith never made any study of Christian history,
That's quite obvious. He seems not to have studied the Bible much, either (or to have not understood it, if he had).
but he claimed to restore doctrines that now appear to have at least been present among the earliest Christians, and some of them, like subordinationism and creation from chaos, are almost certain to have been the original teaching.
Dr. Bickmore keeps getting more and more certain in his subjectivism. I can only hope that he will make at least an attempt at sustained, serious scriptural argument in his hoped-for counter-reply.
He restored the belief in continuing revelation that the earliest Christians evidently held, and as I believe I have shown, this is really the only principle that can adequately explain doctrinal development within a Christian religious tradition.
Was this shown??!! I must have missed it.
What I hope to have accomplished in this paper is to convince you that Latter-day Saints need to write more than we have about Christian history, because we are in a unique position to tell the story of Christianity. I say this because, frankly, I think we are the only believing Christians who can make any sense out of it.
Then certainly Dr. Bickmore -- who appears quite confident of his positions -- can easily refute the "nonsense" (as opposed to Mormon "sense") that I have submitted to him as an alternative to his perspective on Church history.
51. William Jurgens, The Faith of the Early Fathers (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1970), 415. Father Jurgens' work is a compendium of statements found in early Christian documents, and is heavily used by contemporary Catholic apologists. The reason for this is that it has a "Doctrinal Index" meant to list passages that support current Catholic dogma and practice. The references cited here were taken from under the heading "Tradition."
52. John G. Davies, The Early Christian Church (New York: Anchor Books, 1965), 81; Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, edited by Everett Fergusen (New York: Garland Publishing, 1990), 421.
53. Carl Mosser and Paul Owen, Review of C.L. Blomberg and S.E. Robinson, How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation (Downers Grove, Ill.: Intervarsity, 1997), in FARMS Review of Books 11/2 (1999): -- 102.
54. Adolf von Harnack, What is Christianity?, translated by Thomas B. Saunders (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1957).
55. Toon, The Development of Doctrine in the Church, 105-126.
56. Toon, The Development of Doctrine in the Church, 117-120.
Barker, Margaret, The Great Angel: A Study of Israel's Second God (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992).
Bickmore, Barry, Restoring the Ancient Church (Ben Lomond, California: Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research, 1999).
May, Gerhard, Creatio Ex Nihilo: The Doctrine of "Creation out of Nothing" in Early Christian Thought, translated by A.S. Worrall, (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994).
Stead, Christopher, Philosophy in Christian Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)
Toon, Peter, The Development of Doctrine in the Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979).
For More Catholic and Protestant Critiques of Mormonism, see my Heresies Page. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31305 | skip to Main Content
Patients & Visitors
TOP5 Publications
The following publications are available to download. If you would like hard copies please contact the Carer Support Unit on 02 4320 5556.
PDF Document 3 Tips for an effective TOP5 (199 KB)
Learn more about the TOP5 purpose and processes in this short presentation:
PDF Document TOP5 – A tool to support continuity of care for people with thinking and communication difficulties (447 KB)
TOP5 in hospital for an adult who has dementia, memory loss, or cognitive impairment.
Carer BedsideA nurse will fill out a TOP5 form with you so that your suggestions are understood and agreed as achievable for the ward staff. The tips you give are recorded on the gold coloured TOP5 form and placed on the patient’s bed chart so all clinical staff can quickly access your tips.
Ideally each TOP5 tip will include a reason, an action and a predicted outcome so that staff will know what to do, why, and what to expect.
PDF Document TOP5 information to Patients, Carers and Family brochure (375 KB)
Internal page TOP5 Strategies form (840 KB)
PDF Document Step by Step Process: How to complete a TOP5 (227 KB)
TOP5 in the community.
Carer community. HuggingThe TOP5 processes can assist carers and agencies capture and detail support strategies for use across all community care settings, to help individuals who may receive services from a number of different agencies. If the person also uses community transport and centre-based activities, respite care or therapy, their TOP5 can help staff or volunteers to make the care more specific and interactive.
The TOP5 Community brochure may be downloaded for use to inform new carers and casual staff to the process.
PDF Document TOP5 in the community brochure (355 KB)
PDF Document TOP5 tips for support form (111 KB)
TOP5 for residents of aged care facilities.
Residents of Aged Care FacilityAccessing residential aged care for a person can be an emotional and challenging experience. TOP5 individual resident strategies can be used in everyday situations at the facility and can be transferred with the person should they require hospitalisation. The TOP5 Residential Brochure is offered to the family to explain and reinforce the process.
Residential care staff should send a copy of the person’s TOP5 Residential Form with the ambulance officers for use in transit – the ward staff will incorporate the strategies into the patient care plan in hospital.
PDF Document TOP5 in residential care brochure (354 KB)
PDF Document TOP5 tips for support form (111 KB)
TOP5 for adults living with parent carers.
Parent carerAs a parent carer, you know what staff need to be specifically aware of so that they can appropriately support your adult child. Your TOP5 care tips and unique information about the person you care for will assist all community care workers to better understand their client and his or her needs. TOP5 helps staff working in your home, in day centres, respite care, and in health care settings.
PDF Document TOP5 – A tool to support people with intellectual disability presentation (512 KB)
PDF Document TOP5 at home with parent or carer brochure (375 KB)
PDF Document TOP5 tips for support form (111 KB)
Internal page People with a disability
TOP5 in supported accommodation.
Carer in supported accommodationA TOP5 can be developed for everyday interactions with the client and is an excellent information source for new and casual staff. The TOP5 strategies can move with the client across settings such as supported employment, respite care and be transferred with the person in case of health care emergency and/or hospital admission.
The TOP5 Supported Accommodation brochure is a ready source of information for carers/family/new or casual staff.
PDF Document TOP5 in supported accommodation brochure (341 KB)
PDF Document TOP5 tips for support form (111 KB)
TOP5 for a child with additional needs.
Child with BlocksAs a carer, and perhaps a parent, you hold the key to your child’s communication and behaviour. This information and the specific unique care tips you provide, help staff when working and assisting your child.
Raising awareness of the TOP5 processes with parent-carers and supporting the completion of the Hospital Form can provide health staff with relevant key information on strategies to reduce anxiety and personalise care for the child. In addition, the knowledge that staff are aware of the unique needs of your child if you are unable to be present at the bedside is very comforting to the parent-carer.
Review the TOP5 presentation for more information on the background and rationale for the use of the TOP5 in the Central Coast Local Health District. The Hospital brochure provides an overview of the process and gives parent-carers hints and tips on the development of a TOP5 for their child.
PDF Document TOP5 for children with special needs brochure (557 KB)
PDF Document TOP5 tips for support form (111 KB)
General Resources.
PDF Document How to get a great TOP5 (92 KB)
PDF Document Turning Information into Strategy (52 KB)
PDF Document What to Do, What to Ask (298 KB)
PDF Document TOP5 Algorithm (97 KB)
PDF Document TOP5 Everyone Wins (34 KB)
PDF Document Outcomes and Findings (47 KB)
TOP5 for people not fluent in English.
TOP5 brochures are available in:
PDF Document Arabic (288 KB)
PDF Document Chinese (828 KB)
PDF Document Korean (703 KB)
PDF Document Serbian (281 KB)
PDF Document Spanish (1.1 MB)
PDF Document Thai (807 KB)
PDF Document Vietnamese (278 KB)
The TOP5 brochures were kindly translated into these community languages by The Carer’s Program, Sydney Local Health District.
To communicate effectively with carers who are not fluent in English, please call the Health Care Interpreter Service (HCIS) – Central Coast face-to-face bookings 1800 674 994.
In the event that a health care interpreter cannot be provided on site, telephone interpreting or video conference interpreting, where it is available, should be considered.
The HCIS should be contacted first and if they are not available the Commonwealth Translation and Interpreting Service (TIS) should be contacted on 131 450.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31330 | Interview: Michael Wisner, Eco-conscious Ceramicist
Sweet Paul Mag Summer 2011 Issue Is Out!
Sugar Flower Cake Shop
Back from Buenos Aires – New Restaurant Recommendations
Joe’s Goes Direct
Whenever we think of Miami, we think of those times at Joe's Stone Crab where we shared some delicious plates of Selects with our friends and tossed back a few cold ones. Now, we don't even have to ... [Continue Reading]
Despana Brand Foods
Tapas restaurants are very popular and crowded these days so it's time to take it to the next level by hosting your own tapas party at your pad. Now, this isn't going to be some boring chorizo and ... [Continue Reading]
Le Creuset Double Burner Iron Grill
Animals are delicious. Let no one tell you different. Granted, the Cheeky staff may all be going for colonoscopies in five years time, but we love our grillin'. If you've been treating your meat to ... [Continue Reading]
Darioush Cabernet Sauvignon
The Cheeky does not advocate that people go crazy on wine. If you evaluate it on a serving to serving basis (not ounce to ounce), you can easily see that you will quickly pay the equivalent price of ... [Continue Reading]
Jim Beam Black Label Bourbon
Some folks seem to be confused as to what we're exactly about here at the Cheeky. "Is it all about luxury and expensive items?" "Does being cheeky mean having status items like diamond-encrusted ... [Continue Reading]
Char-Griller Smokin’ Pro Charcoal Grill with Side Smoker
For cooking true Texas-style BBQ on the terrace or in the backyard, look no further than than the Char-Griller Smokin' Pro Charcoal Grill with Side Smoker. This cheeky piece is the ultimate charcoal ... [Continue Reading] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31334 | The Kitchen and adjacent Dining Room are available to hire for meals and breaks during your stay, or for independent use.
Facilities: fully equipped with two ovens, two fridges and plenty of crockery, glasses and cutlery. A kitchen table seats four and the dining table seats 12. Please note: the kitchen does not have a microwave.
Prices: £20 per hour or discounted £120 day rate (9.30-5.30), with any additional time cost negotiated. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31335 | Society tends to think that anyone who is facing criminal charges is guilty of that charge. Many people just assume that prosecutors aren’t going to file charges against someone if the person didn’t do the crime. This is the exact opposite of what should happen.
In the United States, we use a principle of defendants being considered innocent until they are proven guilty. This is where the defense comes into the picture. We need to introduce doubt into the mind of each juror so that you can’t be convicted beyond a reasonable doubt. Doing this is easy in some cases; however, some are more challenging than others.
Determining how to handle a criminal case isn’t always easy. We need to review the circumstances of the case to figure out what options are feasible in the case. One of the most important considerations here is the goal of your case. Are you trying to be found not guilty or are you working on just minimizing the penalties?
In the case of a violent crime charge, we might need to look into the possibility of getting the charge reduced to something that isn’t as serious. This might not happen in every case, but when there is a good chance of a conviction, this could be the option that you choose.
Throughout the case, we need you to take the lead. You are the person who needs to make decisions since the case impacts you. Make sure that you address the charges head on. Trying to avoid them isn’t going to work because they aren’t going to disappear. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31344 | Words on this page
Holy Communion
Home Publications Word of the Lord Year A The Baptism of Christ (The First Sunday of Epiphany)
The Baptism of Christ (The First Sunday of Epiphany)
Prayer for the Week
Faithful and eternal God:
As the New Year unfolds, the baptism of our Lord reminds us that your love is with us in every new beginning. Wash away our cynicism and open our eyes to new possibilities, that we may both find and spread hope and joy in whatever circumstances surround us.
Canon Carol Wardman
Collect for the week
Eternal Father,
who at the baptism of Jesus
revealed him to be your Son,
anointing him with the Holy Spirit:
grant that we who are born again by water and the Spirit
may rejoice to be called your children;
through Jesus Christ your Son our Lord,
who is alive and reigns with you,
in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, now and for ever.
Sunday 12 January 2020
Principal Service:
View the full week:
The Baptism of Christ (Epiphany One [A]) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31361 | What is Black Hat SEO
About Black Hat SEO
Black Hat SEO may look like a shortcut to reach our objectives, but shortcuts are always detrimental. The path of it may look easy and close to our goals but once we get into it, we will have to face those problems which are always hard to overcome and eventually our goals will be out of our reach and we will fall into a deep hole.
SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization which is used to optimize our web pages and websites to get a better ranking on search engines and attract more traffic to it. And doing that in an adverse way or simply can be said as an illegal way or unethical way is known as “Black Hat SEO”.
Black Hat SEO is a thing which must be avoided by everyone because it may give you a better result for a few days or weeks but later it will turn out to be a headache for your web page and website. And doing it violates Google Guidelines and Google’s Webmaster which usually results in websites suspension or ban.
Things which we should avoid as they are part of Black Hat SEO:-
• Keyword Stuffing
• Misleading Redirects
• Cloaking
• Fake Structured Data
• Spamming on other blogs
Now let’s understand this processes of Balck Hat SEO particularly so that we can avoid using it.
• Keyword Stuffing
Keyword stuffing can be understood as filling your blog or article with a repetitive and irrelevant keyword. It is not false that adding keywords increases your ranking on search engines but there is always a better way of doing it.
If you will fill your blog or article with the same keyword again and again to fool the search engine crawlers, then this will in fact lower your page ranks. Remember that you’re first and foremost writing for your readers.
Keep the content flowing and interesting while including relevant keywords in a reader-friendly manner.
• Misleading Redirects
Redirection is done to take the user from one page to another with a click on the links.
It is mostly done when any web page is under maintenance or permanently closed so that the user doesn’t leave the web page by getting frustrated about not getting the expected results. But doing it for misleading the traffic is against Google’s Guidelines and will result in lower ranks or banning of web pages or websites.
To be precise, Black Hat SEO users redirect the traffic by promising something else and once the user gets redirected to those links, they get different unexpected and irrelevant results.
• Cloaking
Sometimes the developers try to trick the search engines by showing different content to users and the crawler.
What the user sees in the content is different from what crawlers see. This process of misleading the crawler is called cloaking.
There is one more thing in cloaking that is the actual content is entirely different from what the title, keyword, and description suggest it should be. So, cloaking should always be avoided as it increases the chance of the web page being banned.
• Fake Structured Data
Structured data are the small packages of information that show in the search results of search engines and they give a clear indication to the user of what the content is all about.
It makes things easier for the user to surf the web page which seems perfect for what they are seeking. But misleading the user by showing fake structured data is considered Black Hat SEO and is against Google’s Guidelines.
In fake structured data, the user will generally see fake reviews, authors, and snippets which might look good to normal users and hence result in gaining more traffic but once caught by the search engines it will be very difficult for the web page or website developers to recover from the penalties.
• Spamming on other blogs
People usually think that adding backlinks of their web page or website in other blogs or content will bring more traffic to them and indeed it will do, but only until the crawlers catch you or the bloggers report your comment as spam.
While creating backlinks most of the new bloggers don’t even know that it falls under Black Hat SEO and is not allowed by Google and its Webmaster.
People should be aware of the general rules and regulations when it comes to publishing content online.
Everyone who does SEO must know what falls under Black Hat SEO so they can avoid processing it and instead bring genuine and organic users to their web page or website.
Drawbacks of using Black Hat SEO
– The first and most hurting drawback of using Black Hat SEO is that at first, it will give a lot of traffic but when caught by crawlers it will result in the disappearance of a web page or website and hence all the other genuine hard work will go to vain.
– Black Hat SEO leads to irrelevant contents and web pages which annoys users because of poor search results.
– Black Hat SEO may lead to a ban of a web page or website and if not that then the lowering of ranks is certain after being caught.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31388 | Contentful vs. WordPress vs. Drupal
Contentful vs. WordPress vs. Drupal - a quick comparison
Contentful has an API-first approach designed to appeal to both developers and content creators. How is this different from using a Content Management System? And what can Contentful offer developers that WordPress and Drupal can't?
Traditional CMSs
When most people think of CMSs, they think of WordPress. One of the main reasons for doing so is that WordPress has been around for over ten years. And in the world of computing, ten years is almost equal to forever. Another good reason to why so many people associate the term CMS with WordPress is because of its large user base and passionate developer community. The open source nature of WordPress makes it possible for developers to customize the platform and its content to their liking. WordPress is possible to run as a self-hosted solution so that you can take responsibility for application and security updates. To their account, WordPress powers 27% of the Internet. WordPress is simply the giant that every other CMS gets compared to.
Another very popular CMS is of course Drupal. The Drupal community has over one million members and is steadily growing. Created as a message board, over the years Drupal has grown to become a fully-fledged CMS used and appreciated by many developers and content creators. Drupal also describes itself as a Web application framework designed to launch, manage, and scale ambitious digital experiences. Just like Wordpress, Drupal is open source and can be modified in a myriad of ways. Also similar to WordPress, Drupal can be put into production using a self-hosted approach.
So how is Contentful different from WordPress and Drupal and why should you care?
Contentful is Content Infrastructure — not a CMS
The way we see it, Contentful is not a CMS. Yes, Contentful can do everything a traditional CMS can do. But Contentful is Content Infrastructure.
Take our Images API for example - not only can you use it to get images into your apps, but you can also use it to resize, crop, change the background color and convert them to different formats in a programmatic way. This is one example of how Contentful gives you access to far more features than traditional CMSs.
If a page-centric CMS was the old way of managing and presenting content, Contentful is the new and developer-friendly way. With Contentful you can develop apps using your favorite stack and visualize it however you want. We take care of the delivery and management of your content so that you have more time for your projects.
API-centric from the ground up
Contentful is API-centric. This means that you as a developer get your data in and out of the Contentful platform using API calls. This is what makes Contentful a headless and decoupled solution for managing content.
Imagine that you’re about to build something with LEGO. Those Danish plastic building blocks are a fun way to materialize your ideas in no time. Writing applications that interact with Contentful is a bit like building something using LEGO.
What this means is that Contentful always makes sure that you have the best possible building blocks to help you build your application. In that sense, Contentful is not a deployment-ready, out-of-the-box solution. Well, Contentful is indeed deployment-ready in terms of storing and delivering content, but applications designed to fetch data from Contentful will still have to be crafted by a developer. This gives you a lot of freedom to build applications without being severely limited by the underlying platform. In short: your Contentful-connected applications will be built your way - by you.
Everything JSON
One key concept of Contentful is that our platform makes it easy for you to distribute your content to any device type. Be it desktop browsers, smartphones, cars or wearables, serving content to those platforms and devices is always just an API call away. So no matter what platform you’re developing for, your data will always be delivered as JSON in a heartbeat. Unlike working with Drupal or WordPress, you don’t need to install any plugins or third party modules to be able to send JSON via our API, it’s simply how Contentful works out of the box. If you know how to handle API calls and JSON, you’ll be up and coding with Contentful in no time.
Now accessing and modifying data using API calls might not be everyone’s preferred way of doing things. Plenty of users, like non-developers responsible for managing content, may prefer to edit content using a more traditional approach with a rich-text editor. That’s why we built our Contentful WebApp. With the app, content editors can use a feature-rich and user-friendly environment to get their job done. And the beauty is that no matter how you get content into Contentful, it can always be fetched using API calls. That’s good news for both developers and non-developers.
Robust and reliable access
Contentful is a hosted solution. In our case, this means that when you use Contentful, your data is stored, processed and later served to you and your users via our reliable CDN. Depending on what type of data you request, our CDN architecture will ensure that the most suitable service is available. An example of this is that we use Fastly to deliver certain types of content. In other words - we’ll make sure that your users can efficiently access the data they need in an instant.
And since Contentful is a hosted solution, we have freed you from the hassle of everything that comes with running an in-house hosting operation. From your perspective, this means no more security patching, no more maintenance windows and no more performance monitoring. Let Contentful take care of all of that while you focus on building great applications.
A side-by-side comparison table between Contentful, WordPress and Drupal
Contentful WordPress Drupal
• API-based from the ground up
• Clear separation between content and visual presentation
• Reliably hosted and accessed via our CDN
• Well-documented SDKs for the most popular programming languages
• Easy to set up and use for smaller projects
• Familiar to developers and users alike
• Self-hosting possible
• Open source
• Countless of visual themes to give you that modern look
• Open source
• Small projects can be deployed with little effort
• Self-hosting possible
• Has been around for years and has a large community of passionate developers
Things to consider
• Developers needed
• Can’t be installed locally
• Proprietary solution / code
• Only available as a headless solution from version 4.7
• Site owners must make sure that security updates are correctly applied
• Historically built with website content in mind, not content in general
• After installing just a few modules, the database can grow substantially
• The generated client-side code can be both lengthy and hard to grasp
• Getting started requires finding a reliable hosting provider (or host the Drupal installation yourself)
• Not an API-centric approach from the ground-up
Thoughts on the side-by-side comparison table
A one-size-fits-all-approach might work for making baseball caps, but it most likely won’t work well enough for building a content management solution. Because while Contentful is ideal for creating apps and services that work by fetching JSON data from API endpoints, it’s probably not the solution you’re looking for if your goal is to quickly put together a web page.
In such a scenario WordPress might be the preferred choice since it’s easy and fast to set up for simple web-based projects. Also, a trivial WordPress-based solution can be built with almost no coding skills at all. This is also the case for smaller projects that run on top of Drupal. This leads us to one of the most fundamental differences between the three - the need for developers.
Contentful is not a one-stop-shop for managing and presenting websites like WordPress. Remember the previously mentioned LEGO bricks? With Contentful, you will most likely need to do more of the coding yourself than compared to WordPress and Drupal. This is especially true if you’re looking to end up with some type of visually pleasing front-end solution.
Since both WordPress and Drupal were initially created around the idea of presenting web content in the form of a web page in a desktop browser, the two of them can do this right out of the box. And changing the visual aspect of the user experience is often as simple as applying or customizing a pre-existing theme. For example, Drupal’s official themes directory currently lists close to 2500 ready-to-apply visual themes. And the number of visual themes available for WordPress is even larger and growing by the day.
So why will a solution built with Contentful most likely require additional hours of coding? If we stick to the front-end example mentioned above, the answer lies in the underlying architectural differences between the three platforms. In a nutshell, Contentful is designed to supply data via API calls and JSON. With Contentful you get to chose exactly how your content gets visualized since the only person responsible for building the front-end stuff is you.
It’s easy to see the benefits with choosing Contentful because of its API-centric approach, but it should in all fairness be mentioned that Drupal provides an API for content handling as well. Drupal’s content API was initially introduced as a third-party plugin with version 7. As of version 8, the content API is a core part of the application. WordPress can also be configured to provide similar functionality by using their REST API plugin (and keep in mind that the plugin is currently in beta). But even though both WordPress and Drupal can be configured to fit into an API-based architecture, they remain a page-centric solution. Their respective API functionality for content is in reality still an afterthought.
Using Contentful is the fast and developer-friendly way to make sure that your apps have immediate access to the content they need. Our vision of the ideal content management platform is API-centric. So regardless if you’re developing for wearables, smartphones or web apps, application content is always just an API call away.
We’ve made sure that our well-documented SDKs can help you build reliable applications using any of today’s top languages. Be it Android, iOS, JavaScript, PHP, Java, Python, Ruby or .NET, we’ve put a lot of effort into our SDKs so that your coding will be as painless as possible.
With Contentful, everything is JSON. So if you know your way around JSON and API calls, you’ll be up and developing apps the Contentful way in no time.
Contentful is a hosted, or cloud-based, solution. This means that we’ll make sure that our high-performing CDN architecture is always ready to serve up your data so that you can solely focus on building great applications.
With Contentful's content infrastructure you can do everything a CMS can and more.
What's next
A good next step would be to run through one of our tutorials—like getting started with Contentful and JavaScript. We also have plenty of interesting stuff to check out at the developer portal. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31389 | What Are 60% of Americans Missing from Their Diet?
It is a common nutrient that most of us have heard about. Some of the sources we can get it from are eggs, beef, fish, chicken and green leafy vegetables. Here is another hint; this nutrient helps reduce the chance of heart disease, reduces inflammation and aids brain function, just to name a few benefits.
Do you give up yet?
The mystery nutrient is omega-3 fatty acids and yes, it is estimated that only 40% of Americans consume adequate amounts regularly. Top that fact off with this startling fact, 20% have so little omega-3 in their blood that it can’t even be detected.
How can that happen in America?
When cattle are taken off grass and put in the feedlot the omega-3s vanish from the fat of the animals within less than 200 days. And guess what cattle are not the only ones with omega-3s disappearing from their bodies. Chickens when housed indoors and deprived of greens, their meat and eggs become low in omega-3s. Eggs from free range hens often contain 10 times more omega-3s than housed hens.
How can this be, grass is better than grain?
Omega-3s are usually thought of in seafood and certain nuts like flaxseeds and walnuts, but as we have seen they can be found in animals that are grassfed. This is because 60% of the fatty acids in grass are omega-3s. Cattle when removed from the grassy pasture and fed omega-3 poor grain lose their omega-3 fat stores very quickly.
So, what am I trying to tell you?
Grass fed animals maintain excellent levels of omega-3s. But wait! The good news does not stop there. Grassfed beef have 4 x higher levels of vitamin E, are higher in beta-carotene, higher in calcium, magnesium, and potassium, in their meat than grain fed beef. WOW, I am sold get me some more grassfed beef!
So, my advice to you is; “Stay away from the grain fed beef, eggs and poultry.”
P.S. There are some great grass fed beef and free range chicken recipes here on Cooking Gods Way, I can attest to that as I am the official food tester here. It’s a tough job, but someone…..
(Information gleaned from EatWild.com)
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Cooking God's Way - www.cookinggodsway.com |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31396 | Why You Still Need to Use Condoms
Freaky research alert: A new study found that women tend to stop using condoms when they go on birth control. Even worse, when they go off the Pill, they don't usually start using condoms again.
For the study, researchers from Stanford University followed 1,194 sexually active women who visited Planned Parenthood for birth control. Scientists asked them how they felt about using condoms (and how their partners felt about it) and tracked them over the course of a year.
In the beginning, 36 percent said they consistently used condoms. It dropped to 27 percent three months later (after they were on birth control). And while some women stopped using hormonal birth control during the year, more than half of that group didn't use condoms after they went off the Pill.
Scarily enough, the biggest factor in whether women used condoms was their partners—if they were with a guy who wasn't that into condom use, they just didn't use them.
Okay, we get it: When you're on birth control, it doesn't seem quite as important to use condoms since you're fairly well protected on the unplanned pregnancy front. But trust us, it is. Condoms help protect you from contracting STDs. Plus, while hormonal birth control is really effective, nothing is 100 percent—condoms help give you backup and peace of mind.
And if a guy you're with isn't willing to respect that, well, clearly he doesn't have your best interests at heart.
Advertisement - Continue Reading Below |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31413 | Your location:
The world is in a 'troubled state' and needs a Grand Strategy - Lord Richards
Lord Richards, one of the speakers for Panel 2 of the Margaret Thatcher Conference on Security, spoke to BBC's Newsnight about possible British support for US intervention in Syria, the effect of social media on our security, and what post-Brexit security relationships look like.
Date added: Tuesday 27th June 2017 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31456 | Jump to content
Server time (UTC): 2020-01-23, 09:33 WE ARE RECRUITING
Robert Joseph
Character information
1. Alias
2. Mental
3. Morale
Morally challenged
4. Date of birth
1997-09-13 (22 years old)
5. Place of birth
Auckland, New Zealand
6. Nationality
New Zealand
7. Ethnicity
8. Languages
9. Religion
1. Height
188 cm
2. Weight
78 kg
3. Build
4. Hair
5. Eyes
6. Alignment
Chaotic Evil
7. Features
Scars along the legs
8. Equipment
Whatever you have when we meet
9. Occupation
Slave Trader
backstory of origin and how I made it to Chernarus
I was born on the 14th of September 1997 in Auckland, New Zealand my mother was native to New Zealand (Maori) and my father Chernarussian but lived in New Zealand with me and my mother. Growing up I was taught many things from my father who was a Veteran soldier he taught me to hunt, fish and other various survival skills, we were always in tune with the natural environment taking regular camping trips in the wilderness of New Zealand. My fathers mother and sister lived in Chernarus, we had always planned to go visit my fathers small town Bogatyrka but never had got around to doing so but in 2016 my fathers sister Agniya had passed away due to cancer and we were expected to attend her funeral. Packing our bags my father told me it could be a long time before we return due to his mother needing care since her daughter who had previously taken care of her was now deceased, I packed alot of things and on 2nd of april 2016 we made our way to Chernarus. Arriving to the country it was a very different atmosphere the people still bared the scars of the bloody civil war, we made our way to the small town of Bogatyrka were I met my dads family and friends. After the funeral we settled in to my grandmothers house making it our new home where I would begin a new part of my life hunting and farming to help support our family. In April of 2017 we heard news of protests and and attacks in the country my mother wanted to return to New Zealand but my father couldn't leave his mother alone so we applied her for a visa so she could return to New Zealand with us, her application was denied to we were to stay and take care of her. Martial Law was implemented on may the 3rd 2017 which led my father to believe another civil war was to occur and we prepared for the worst. On the 11th of July we were told from a friend that a serious infection had begin to spread and we should leave the country as quick as possible, more information on the infected had arose in the small town with reports that the infected become rabid and unresponsive seeking only to attack the ones who had not yet been exposed to the virus. Our whole town began evacuating and fleeing for Elektrozavodsk to seek refuge but my father had told us we should head for east to the forest and camp out there until the infection died down, I didnt understand why we would stay rather than leave but he seemed sure that being in the most populated areas would be a mistake we cannot afford to make so we packed only the essentials and left to set up camp in the forest. The first week went by not making contact with anybody else we fished for food and collected rainwater to drink, the first week was uneventful and slow. The second week was going by slow until we heard screams in the distance we were all in shock not knowing who it could be coming from my father and I decided we need to check it out and see if we could help, we made our way towards the screams they were coming from a man we saw being attacked by a group of other men, my father ran to help him and I stayed close behind him he shouted at them to stop waving his rifle in the air, the group of men stared at my father covered in blood and started running towards him. My father shot his rifle in the air hoping to scare them but they continued to sprint, I watched my father being attacked and ripped apart by these savages so I ran as fast as I could towards our camp to get my mother and grandmother to safety but when I got there I saw bloodstains and my mothers legs covered in blood and a savage on top of her. I grabbed my .22 rifle from my back and prepared to shoot but when I aimed my rifle at the savages head it turned around, it was my grandmother I couldn't shoot my own grandmother, breaking down in tears i quickly sprinted into the distance. I now knew what the infection had become and I made it my mission to kill any infected person I come across.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31470 | New Orleans’ Best Pralines
The city’s signature candy shouldn’t be missed
While a lot of you have probably tried New Orleans’ beignets – hot pieces of fried dough dusted with powdered sugar– have you heard of the city’s other sweet claim to fame, pralines? These Southern traditional treats are made with locally-sourced pecans, butter, cream, and sugar, and typically shaped into patties or discs. Their texture is unusual, too, since they’re slightly crumbly and immediately melt in your mouth. Though there’s lot of businesses doling out this confection, locals recommend Loretta’s Authentic Pralines, Leah’s Pralines, and Aunt Sally’s Pralines for the very best. (Pro tip: they make great souvenirs, too!)
From The Archive
Don’t Miss The Stevenson Farmers’ Market
Don’t Miss The Stevenson Farmers’ Market |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31490 | Top 6 Active Directory Security Groups Best Practices in 2020
Active Directory is essentially a registry containing all the information about a network, including users, groups, computers and printers, and servers. Each of these things, whether physical or virtual, is considered an “object” in Active Directory, and has various attributes assigned to it, such as a name, number, or group membership.
Active Directory is used by network administrators to assign privileges and access to the system, as well as to control how various objects authenticate to the system and show they’re trusted. If Active Directory is compromised, the components keeping your IT system secure could be accessed maliciously, which could result in your organization’s data and assets being compromised. This is why maintaining Active Directory security is absolutely vital for keeping your organization safe from intrusion.
In this article, I define what exactly Active Directory security groups are (including their functions and scope) before sharing my quick guide to Active Directory security groups’ best practices. I also explain why I think SolarWinds® Access Rights Manager is the best tool available on the market today to help support your AD security efforts.
Jump ahead to my 6 AD security groups best practices:
1. Protect default groups and accounts
2. Set up password protections
3. Monitor and audit
4. Minimize excesses
5. Always update
6. Make a plan
What Are Active Directory Security Groups?
In Active Directory, the layout follows a tier structure comprising domains, trees, and forests. A domain is a group of objects (such as users or devices) sharing the same Active Directory database. A tree is a collection of domains, and a forest is a collection of trees. Objects in separate forests can’t interact with each other, and this acts as a structural security boundary. Sometimes people get confused and think domains are the security boundary when they’re management and organizational boundary—the forest is the only real security boundary. Your domains aren’t protected from each other unless they’re in separate forests.
Active Directory groups users, devices, and other objects so they can be managed as a single object. There are two main types of groups in Active Directory: distribution groups and security groups.
Distribution groups are solely for email distribution, for use with Microsoft Exchange or Outlook, for example. You can add or remove users from the group depending on whether you want them to receive the relevant email messages.
Security groups are much more important and need to be protected with clear security protocols, as they govern user and computer access to resources. Some of these resources could be confidential, sensitive, or critical to the organization. As a result, these security groups need to be carefully managed in terms of access, permissions, and auditing.
Functions of Active Directory Security Groups
You can do two main things with Active Directory security groups:
1. Assign user rights. User rights can be assigned to a security group, to determine what the users within the group can do within a domain or forest. For some security groups, user rights are automatically assigned for administration purposes.
2. Assign permissions for resources. User permissions are different than user rights. Rights determine the abilities users have, whereas permissions relate to access to resources. Some permissions are automatically assigned to default security groups, including the Account Operators and Domain Admins groups. These groups are created automatically when you create an Active Directory domain. Due to their automatic security permissions, you need to take extra care in managing these groups.
Scope of Active Directory Security Groups
active directory security group score
Active Directory groups are characterized by their scope. Scope determines which users can belong to the group, as well as where within the forest or domain the group’s permissions can be applied. There are four levels of scope:
1. Local – Local groups are specific to and available only on the computer they were created on.
2. Domain local – Domain local groups can be applied anywhere in the domain and can be useful for managing resource permissions. A domain local group can include members of any type, as well as members from trusted domains. You could, for example, create a domain local group for managers with permissions for various folders on one or more servers.
3. Global – Global groups define collections of domain objects (users, computers, groups), typically based on business roles. They’re usually used as role-based groups of users or computers, e.g., for marketing or HR.
4. Universal – Universal groups are for use in multi-domain forests. You can define roles and set up permissions for resources spread across more than one domain. A universal group is stored in the domain you create it in, but the Group Catalog stores the group membership and replicates this membership forest-wide.
Active Directory security groups include Account Operators, Administrators, DNS Admins, Domain Admins, Guests, Users, Protected Users, Server Operators, and many more. Understanding how to approach all these groups with a best-practice mindset is key to keeping your system secure.
Back to top
Active Directory Security Groups Best Practices 2020
Attackers can enter your system by obtaining the credentials for a user, or by compromising an account using a virus, through which they can then give themselves further user privileges to access resources. If an attacker gains entry to your Active Directory and compromises a vital security group or account, your entire system can quickly be compromised as well.
why should I use active directory security groups
Following these Active Directory security best practices can help ensure your Active Directory can’t be compromised.
1. Protect default groups and accounts. Default security groups are created when you set up an Active Directory domain, and some of these groups have extensive permissions. Take care to manage these groups properly, as gaining access to one means gaining access to a powerful tool. For example, make sure there are no day-to-day accounts in the Domain Admins group, other than the default Domain Administrator user. If another person needs domain admin access, put their account in the group while they need it, and then remove it again when their job is done.
Only use the Domain Administrator account for domain setup and disaster recovery; nobody should use this account for anything other than those purposes. Put the password in a secure location only accessible on a need-to-know basis.
Make sure the Local Administrator account is disabled, as it’s often configured with the same password on every domain and has the same SID across installations, which is often known by attackers. Disable it to prevent it from becoming an access point for intruders.
2. Set up password protections. Make sure all your users have 12-character passphrases (three or more random words put together), not 8-character complex passwords. And if a password is attempted incorrectly three times, the user should be locked out. Use two-factor authentication for extra password protection. You can use Microsoft MFA, or other tools such as Duo and RSA.
3. Monitor and audit. Carefully and continuously monitor your events, logs, and Active Directory access processes. Keep an eye out for unusual or malicious activity, including spikes in bad login attempts or locked-out accounts, changes to any privileged groups, disabled or removed antivirus software, or logon/logoff events.
Also, it’s important to regularly take stock of who has access to what and change or remove permissions whenever necessary to make sure nobody has more security access than they need. My go-to tool for managing user accounts is SolarWinds Access Rights Manager, which can not only manage your security groups but also provide insight into which users are in which groups.
Access Rights Manager equips you to regularly audit your systems and manage, monitor, and analyze your group policy and Active Directory. It enhances security by keeping track of whether changes have been made, when they were made, and by whom, and it helps identify any high-risk accounts.
4. Minimize excesses. Install only the tools and functions you need, and make sure accounts only have the necessary permissions and are part of groups they need to be in. If you give everyone a lot of permissions or access to your system, it makes it much harder to detect internal threats and leaves your system vulnerable if you have a lot of people in high-access security groups.
5. Always update. Use a patch manager to keep all software on your system up-to-date. A good patch manager will let you know if there are vulnerabilities in any of your software, and will also provide information on any threats it detects, including attackers targeting Active Directory loopholes in particular.
6. Make a plan. Develop a clear plan for approaching your Active Directory security groups management, setup, maintenance, and what to do if an account is breached. Cyberattackers can quickly gain access to your system and take down the entire network, and it’s important to have a response plan in place, so everybody knows what to do straightaway. Prioritize server recovery and conduct walkthroughs and training to ensure response times are as fast as possible.
How to Set Up Security Groups in Active Directory
By setting up good security protections, minimizing exposure, and continuously monitoring, you will be well-positioned to keep your systems safe from attack. This is why I recommend using a solution like Access Rights Manager from SolarWinds to support monitoring and managing your Active Directory security groups and help ensure your overall organizational safety.
Related Posts:
Best Active Directory Management Tools in 2020
The Ultimate Guide to Active Directory Best Practices in 2020
Centralized Active Directory Management and Clean-Up |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31491 | XML Sitemap
URLPriorityChange frequencyLast modified (GMT)
https://www.dnsstuff.com/edge-computing-changing-dns20%Monthly2019-03-28 21:10 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31492 | Find Wells Fargo (Acordia) Doctors in Seattle, WA
Go to Provider Search
Use the links below to start your search can help you find a doctor who accepts Wells Fargo (Acordia) insurance in Washington
Statistics for Wells Fargo (Acordia) Providers in Seattle, WA on
Top 10 Wells Fargo (Acordia) Provider Specialties in Seattle, WA:
1. Anesthesiologist (133 providers)
2. Pathologist (67 providers)
3. Internist (61 providers)
4. Radiologist (60 providers)
5. Emergency Doctor (26 providers)
6. Family Doctor (16 providers)
7. Psychiatrist (13 providers)
8. Surgeon (13 providers)
9. Neurologist (12 providers)
10. Pulmonologist (Lung Specialist) (12 providers)
States with the most Wells Fargo (Acordia) Doctors:
1. North Carolina
2. Washington
3. California
4. Arizona
5. Florida
Cities with the most Wells Fargo (Acordia) Doctors:
1. Pittsburgh, PA
2. Seattle, WA
3. Anchorage, AK
4. Tucson, AZ
5. Portland, OR
Aggregate Statistics
Total number of Providers in Seattle, WA on who Accept Wells Fargo (Acordia):438
Most popular medical specialty of providers who accept Wells Fargo (Acordia) in Seattle, WA:Anesthesiologist
Wells Fargo (Acordia) providers in Seattle, WA listed on have been practicing for an average of:25.4 year(s)
Average ProfilePoints™ Score for Providers in Seattle, WA who take Wells Fargo (Acordia):40/80
Average Overall User Rating for providers in Seattle, WA who take Wells Fargo (Acordia):N/A
Seattle, WA Wells Fargo (Acordia) Doctors by Zip Code
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31511 | How to Create a Site Collection in 10 Steps
In this demonstration, we will guide you step by step how to create a Site Collection using SharePoint 2010 Central Administration. Specifically, we will create a Business Intelligence Center site collection.
Step 1 Click start; click the folder Microsoft SharePoint 2010 Products; Click SharePoint 2010 Central Administration:
Step 2 On the SharePoint Central Administration site, under Application Management, click Create a Site Collection:
Here’s an overview of the top section of the Create Site Collection page:
Step 3 Click on the Web Application field and click Change Web Application if you do not want to use the default Web Application:
After you click Change Web Application, the following page will pop up; Click on the Web Application in which you would like to create the Site Collection:
Step 4 Enter values for the Title and Description fields for your new site collection:
Step 5 You can specify the Web Site Address by choosing the default address or selecting /sites/ under the dropdown list and enter an address name in the blank field:
Step 6 In the Template Selection section, there are various existing templates. You can also choose Custom templates:
In our demo, we will choose Business Intelligence Center under the Enterprise tab as our Site Collection Template:
Step 7 In this section, you can set up Primary and Secondary Site Collection Administrator. You can type user name and click Check Names button on the right hand side or click Browse and look up users. Note that only one user can be selected for each role:
The following webpage is for browsing users; enter a user name, click the search icon, select the user and then click ok:
Step 8 In the Quota Template section, you can select a Quota Template for the new Site Collection:
From the dropdown list, you can choose any predefined quota templates. Be very cautious with the no quota selection, as it doesn’t set an upper limit for the resources to be used for this site collection.
After selecting a Quota Template, the storage limit and number of invited users of the template will be displayed.
For instructions on how to set up a Quota Template, please refer to my other blog entry: Manage SharePoint 2010 Quota Templates.
Step 9 Review all the new Site Collection settings and then click OK:
Step 10 Click the URL of the new Site Collection to browse or edit the site collection:
Here’s the default page of the new Site Collection created. From the Site Action dropdown list, you can edit the web page, create a document library, create new sites in the site collection and etc.:
Congratulations! You’ve just created a new SharePoint 2010 Site Collection for a Business Intelligence Center site in Central Administration.
July 17, 2013
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31515 | Filter By:
Living a Life of Holiness
Holiness is a topic you don't hear much about these days. When I scan church websites and look at the volume of sermons preached from pulpits in American churches, I see a lot of topics such as marriage and family, finding fulfillment, discerning God's will, and overcoming anger, fear, disappointment, etc. All of these are important, but I wonder if the reason we struggle so much in marriage and family and finding fulfillment, etc. is because we're not addressing a deeper issue of God working deep in our souls to transform us into the likeness of God Himself (Ephesians 4:24).
Perhaps part of our struggle is that we view "holiness" as either unattainable or unadvisable; unattainable, because we never measure up, and unadvisable, because we don't want to come across as "holier than thou." The harsh reality, however, is that the Bible teaches us we are to strive for holiness, "without which no one will see the Lord" (Hebrews 12:14). So, apparently, holiness is a pretty big deal. If we want to see the Lord, i.e., enter His heavenly kingdom, we must be holy. I don't know about you, but I don't always feel holy. Is holiness a scale of right and wrong, and if you reach the tipping point of, let's say, 80% on the "right" side, then you're holy? Would 85% of right behavior be enough for being labeled holy?
Fortunately for us, holiness is what we become in Jesus Christ, and not what we make of ourselves. Holiness is about the alignment of our lives with the holiness of our Lord and Savior. This is why "holy" people can at times do "unholy" things. The Apostle Paul wrote, "For I do not do the good I want, but the evil I do not want is what I keep on doing" (Romans 7:19). Ever experience that? These inspired words come from the Apostle Paul—if there was ever anyone who walked planet earth whom we would say lived a holy life, in addition to Jesus, it would be Paul.
Herein lies the spiritual reality of growing into our new identity in Jesus Christ. We are new creations in Christ. "The old has passed away; behold, the new has come" (2 Corinthians 5:17). In the Greek text, the old passing away is an "aorist tense" verb which means it has been done away with in one past action—the action of the cross of Jesus Christ. "The new has come" is a "perfect tense" which differs from the aorist in that it emphasizes the continuing result of the action which was completed in past time. In other words, the past action of Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross takes away our old self and it continues to bring results of the new self.
The point is that we are made holy through Jesus Christ, and we continue to become holy through Jesus Christ. Therefore, do not give up and grow weary in doing good, for you will reap a harvest if you do not give up (Galatians 6:9). You are a work of holiness where you continue to yield to the Holy Spirit in your life as He uses His scalpel to remove and infuse. He removes the things from your life that keep you from growing in His holiness, and He infuses you with His holiness. To put this in the words of Oswald Chambers, "A holy man is not one who has his eyes set on his own whiteness, but one who is personally and passionately devoted to the Lord who saved him" (Conformed to His Image, 380).
"For God has not called us for impurity, but in holiness" (1 Thessalonians 4:7). If you ever think that means you have to become a monk living in a monastery, guess again. You can live a life of holiness in the ordinary moments and routines by keeping your eyes on Jesus. There are times we need to narrow our focus in order to have a broader vision. Holiness does not come because we keep all the rules (which is called moralism) but by keeping in step with the Spirit (Galatians 5:25). This is an ongoing process of walking with Jesus (Colossians 1:10), dying to the things of the world (Colossians 2:20), being raised with Christ (Colossians 3:1), and setting your mind on things that are above (Colossians 3:2).
When you're driving down the interstate, it's a whole lot harder to keep your car in between the lines if you're only looking at the lines. It's when you look ahead that you're able to have a greater vision of keeping your car moving in the right direction. Likewise, it's a lot harder to live a holy life if you're only looking at the rules, lines and boundaries. It's far better to keep your chin up and your eyes on Jesus, and He will guide you in the right direction.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31543 | GCE Discovery Pluginedit
The Google Compute Engine Discovery plugin uses the GCE API to identify the addresses of seed hosts.
This plugin can be installed using the plugin manager:
sudo bin/elasticsearch-plugin install discovery-gce
This plugin can be downloaded for offline install from https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch-plugins/discovery-gce/discovery-gce-7.5.2.zip.
The plugin can be removed with the following command:
sudo bin/elasticsearch-plugin remove discovery-gce
The node must be stopped before removing the plugin. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31563 | Lumex Instruments Group
Determination of cations in beverages - Food and Beverage - Beverage
The method enables fast determination of inorganic cations (sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) in the samples of juices, beer, wines, brandies, brandy alcohols, and raw materials by capillary electrophoresis.
The method for evaluation of cations concentration is based on differential migration and separation of cations in electric field due to the difference in their electrophoretic mobility. Identification and quantitative determination of the analyzed cations is performed by indirect detection measuring UV absorption at 254 nm (for “CAPEL® -103RT/104T” systems) or 267 nm (for “CAPEL® -105/105M” systems) wavelength.
The determination is not hindered by the presence of anions of ammonia, lithium, strontuim, barium, manganese, ferrum (II) in the quantities that are typical for the analyzed drinks. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31577 | Dylan Farrell Sail Chandelier
Visit Siteest favourites from Est Lighting
The Dylan Farrell Sail Chandelier is a design that Dylan had always desired to create that might rival the beauty and craftsmanship of an heirloom-quality earring. With that in mind, a multi-tiered form materialised, and mucheffort was placed in designing framework that would conceal the light source entirely so as not to distract from the purity of the form. Dylan envisioned a material that might feel like the slick surface of an illuminated, ice-covered lake that was recently cut in many directions by a mob of ice skaters. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31586 | Sherpa - Kinship
Kin Groups and Descent. The Solu-Khumbu Sherpas are divided into a number of named exogamous patrilineal clans, descended from the original founding families; the clans are subdivided into lineages. Clans can own common land, Forests, mills, temples, or villages, though they do not necessarily do so. Agricultural fields are individual property. There are kindreds joined by mutual aid and participation in life-cycle ceremonies. These usually link several villages in a region.
Kinship Terminology. The terminology is a variant of the Omaha system. Relative ages of siblings are signified by distinct terms. The categories of mother's brother and of in-law are applied to a wide number of people. The standard term of address is "older brother" or "older sister."
Also read article about Sherpa from Wikipedia
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/31613 | Ratha Saptami or Saptami Tithi is devoted to the Lord Surya (Sun God). It is also called Magha Saptami. People believe that Lord Surya began his process of giving light to the entire universe on this special day and this day is also known as date of birth of Lord Surya. This day is also known as Surya Jayanti. This is a very important day and is considered most auspicious if you want to give donations for charitable activities. This day is the best manner in which you can come out of all the sins and mistakes that you have made.
It is a common belief that there are seven types of sins. One of them is known as ‘knowingly done sins’ in which the person knows about the sin or he does it with purpose. Another sin is unknowingly done in which the person does the sin without his knowledge. Yet another type of sin is by mind in which the person has very bad thoughts in his minds. ‘By sin’ is one more type in which the person says bad words. The sixth type is ‘by body sins’, in which the person does the sin by doing some hard to another person. Sometimes the person is liable for the sin that was done in the last birth, is the seventh kind of sin.
Rituals of Ratha Saptami
On the day of ratha saptami the person should take bath before the sun rises. The snan of Ratha Saptami is among the major rituals and it is advised that this has to be done in the period of sun rise only. The Arunodaya time wins through the four types of ghatis. This ghati is the period of half an hour for the places in India provided that we suppose that the duration of ghati is 24 minutes prior to the sun rises. It is believed that if you take bath before the sun rises on this day then you can remain healthy, wealthy and you can get rid of all the illnesses. As you can get in the better health, this day of Ratha Saptami is also named as Arogya Saptami. If you take bath in the river, or canal then it will be better than you take a bath at your house.
If you want to do this then you should take bath in this Arunodaya time period and after this bath you should pray to the Lord Surya at the time of the sunrise and you should also provide the ardhyadan to the Lord Surya. In this ardhyadan, one should offer the water very slowly to the Lord surya with help of a small pot named Kalaash. After this you should enlighten the lamps with pure ghee and offer your prayers too. This day is also known as the Achala Saptami.The Rath means the chariot in which the Lord Surya goes.
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