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https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AA
|
7,862 |
å
šå°
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æ°åŠã«ãããŠãååãå
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y ã«å¯Ÿã f(x) = y ãšãªããã㪠X ã®å
x ã(äžè¬ã«ã¯è€æ°ãã£ãŠãããã)察å¿ããããããšããåå f ã¯å
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šäœã®æãéåãšãããšãã£ãŠãåãããšã§ãããåå P~: A â A/⌠ã A ã®åå
x ããã®åå€é¡ [x]~ ãžåãå°åœ±ãšããfP: A/⌠â B ã f P ( [ x ] ⌠) := f ( x ) {\displaystyle f_{P}([x]_{\sim }):=f(x)} ã§äžããããããå®çŸ©ãããååãšããã°ããã¯å
šåå°ã§ãf = fP â P~ ãæãç«ã€ã
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https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%B0%84
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7,864 |
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b (ããã¯ãã¡ãã A ã®å
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https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOMA
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7,876 |
GSM
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GSMã¯ãæåã®èŠæ ŒããªãªãŒã¹ãããŠ20幎以äžã«ãªãããã«ãå®è£
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ECSD (Enhanced Circuit Switched Data)ãHSCSDãæ¡åŒµããèŠæ Œãæå€§345.6 kbpsã3åçšåºŠé«éåãããã²ãšã€43.2 kbpsã®åç·äº€æã¹ãããã8ã¹ããããŸã§æããäºãã§ãããè€æ°ã®åç·ã䜿çšããŠããã®ãšåãã§ããã課éãéåžžã«äžå©ãªã®ã§ãã»ãšãã©äœ¿ãããªãã
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)ãGSMã®ãã±ããããŒã¿éä¿¡ãæå€§ã¹ã«ãŒããã171.2 kbpsãã²ãšã€21.4 kbpsã®ãã±ããã¹ãããã8ã¹ããããŸã§æããäºãã§ããã
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) ãããã¯EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS)ãIMT-SC (IMT Single Carrier) ã¯GPRSãæ¡åŒµãããã±ããéä¿¡èŠæ Œãããžã¿ã«å€èª¿æ¹åŒã«å
«äœçžåç§»å€èª¿ (8PSK) ã䜿çšããŠãããæå€§ã¹ã«ãŒããã473.6 kbpsã3åçšåºŠé«éåãããã²ãšã€59.2 kbpsã®ãã±ããã¹ãããã8ã¹ããããŸã§æããäºãã§ããã
3GPPã®release 7ã§è¿œå ããã2æ¬éæ³¢ã䜿ã仿§ãåŸæ¥ã®EDGEãšã®çµã¿åããã®ã¿ã§äœ¿ããåŸæ¥éã8PSKã®ã¿ãªã®ã§ããã¢ã»ã·ãŒã¡ã³ã¹ã®åºå°å±ã®ç¡ç·æ©ã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã¯åããŸãŸãœãããŠã§ã¢ã®ããŒãžã§ã³ã¢ããã®ã¿ã§592 kbpsã«å¯Ÿå¿ã§ããã
EDGE Evolutionã¯EDGEãããã«é«éåãããã®ã3GPPã®release 7ã§è¿œå ããããããžã¿ã«å€èª¿ã«8PSKã®ä»£ããã«16QAMãŸãã¯32QAMãçšããã1 MbpsçšåºŠã®ã¹ã«ãŒããããåŸããããšããŠãããããã¯ç¬¬äžäžä»£æºåž¯é»è©±ã«å¹æµããã¹ããŒãã§ããã2009幎éå§äºå®ã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
|
7,878 |
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7,881 |
UIMã«ãŒã
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UIMã«ãŒã(è±: User Identity Module Card)ãŸãã¯USIMã«ãŒã(è±: Universal Subscriber Identity Module Card)ã¯ãGSMæºåž¯é»è©±ã§äœ¿ãããŠããSIMã«ãŒããããŒã¹ã«ããŠæ¡åŒµããã第3äžä»£ç§»åéä¿¡ã·ã¹ãã ã®ãã¡ãW-CDMA(UMTS)æ¹åŒçšã«çšããããICã«ãŒããç¹ã«åºå¥ããã«ãSIMã«ãŒãããšåŒã°ããããšãããã
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ãªããVoLTE察å¿çããã³LEãšåã®ã€ãã«ãŒãã¯ãCDMAéä¿¡ã«é察å¿ã®ãããæ£åŒãªUIMã«ãŒããšãªãã
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7,883 |
Uniform Resource Identifier
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Uniform Resource Identifier(ãŠããã©ãŒã ãªãœãŒã¹ ã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã¡ã€ã¢ãURI)ãŸãã¯çµ±äžè³æºèå¥å(ãšããã€ãããããã¹ã€ã)ãšã¯ãæœè±¡çãŸãã¯ç©ççãªãªãœãŒã¹ãèå¥ããããã®ã³ã³ãã¯ããªæååã®ããšã§ããããŸããäžå®ã®æžåŒã«ãã£ãŠãªãœãŒã¹(è³æº)ãæã瀺ãèå¥åã§ããã1998幎8æã« RFC 2396 ãšããŠèŠå®ããã2005幎1æã« RFC 3986 ãšããŠæ¹å®ããããURI ã¯Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ã®èãæ¹ãæ¡åŒµãããã®ã§ãããURIã«ãã£ãŠç€ºããããªãœãŒã¹ã¯éå®ãããŠããããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããäžã«ååšããªãå¯Ÿè±¡ãæœè±¡çãªæŠå¿µã瀺ãå Žåãããã
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https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier
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7,884 |
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https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F
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7,886 |
颿°
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https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E6%95%B0
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7,889 |
Concurrent Versions System
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éšãããå€éšãããå¢çãã®æŠå¿µãå®çŸ©ã§ãã:
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ç¹ãå€ç¹ãå¢çç¹) â ( X , O ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}})} ãäœçžç©ºéãšããAãX ã®éšåéåãšããããã®ãšãã
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éšãå€éšãå¢ç) â ( X , O ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}})} ãäœçžç©ºéãšããAãX ã®éšåéåãšããããã®ãšãã
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ããã«éå
ãæ¬¡ã®ããã«å®çŸ©ãã:
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åœé¡ â äœçžç©ºé ( X , O ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}})} ã®ä»»æã®éšåéåAã«å¯Ÿã次ãæç«ãã:
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å
éšã®æŠå¿µã¯ä»¥äžãæºãã:
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éšã®æ§è³ª) â äœçžç©ºéXã®ä»»æã®éšåéåAãBã«å¯Ÿãã以äžãæç«ãã:
A Ì = ( ( A c ) â ) c {\displaystyle {\bar {A}}=((A^{c})^{\circ })^{c}} ã§ããäºãçšããŠã以äžã§è¿°ã¹ãå
éšã«é¢ããçµæããã»ã¢ã«ã¬ã³ã®æ³åã«ããéå
ã®çµæã«ç¿»èš³ã§ãã:
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( X , O ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}})} ãäœçžç©ºéãšãããšãã
æ¬é
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æ žäœçšçŽ ãå®çŸ©ããããéã«äžè¿°ã®æ§è³ªãæºããå
æ žäœçšçŽ ã®æŠå¿µã䜿ã£ãŠäœçžç©ºéãå®çŸ©ããããã䜿ã£ãŠééåãšå®çŸ©ããäºãå¯èœã§ãããããªãã¡ä»¥äžãæç«ãã:
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æ žäœçšçŽ ã«ããäœçžã®ç¹åŸŽã¥ã) â XãéåãšããXã®åªéåããããèªèº«ãžã®åå
ã§ã A â := I n t ( A ) {\displaystyle A^{\circ }:=\mathrm {Int} (A)} ããå®ç(å
æ žäœçšçŽ ã®æ§è³ª)ãã§è¿°ã¹ã4æ§è³ªãæºãããã®ãšããã
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æ žäœçšçŽ ã I n t {\displaystyle \mathrm {Int} } ã«äžèŽãããã®ããã äžã€ååšãã O {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}} ã®ééåç³» O {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}} ã¯å
·äœçã«ã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«æžãã:
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äœçšçŽ ã®çµæã«ç¿»èš³ã§ãã:
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ã§ã A Ì := C l ( A ) {\displaystyle {\bar {A}}:=\mathrm {Cl} (A)} ãã¯ã©ããŠã¹ãã€ã®å
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ãã®ãšãXäžã®äœçžæ§é O {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}} ã§äœçžç©ºé ( X , O ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}})} ã®éå
äœçšçŽ ã A Ì = C l ( A ) {\displaystyle {\bar {A}}=\mathrm {Cl} (A)} ã«äžèŽãããã®ããã äžã€ååšããã O {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}} ã®ééåç³» F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} ã¯å
·äœçã«ã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«æžãã:
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å¯ç®ãªçš å¯éšåéåããã€äœçžç©ºéã¯å¯åã§ãããšãããäŸãã° R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } ã«ãããŠã¯ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } ãå¯ç®ãªçš å¯éšåéåãªã®ã§ã R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } ã¯å¯åã§ããã
æ¬ç¯ã§ã¯è¿åã®å®çŸ©ãè¿°ã¹ããã®åºæ¬çãªæ§è³ªãè¿°ã¹ããåŸè¿°ããããã«è¿åã¯äœçžç©ºéã«ãããåæã®æŠå¿µãå®çŸ©ããã®ã«çšãããããããã以å€ã«ãããç¹xã®åšãã®å±æçãªæ§è³ªãèšè¿°ããéã«åºã䜿ãããŠããã
è¿åã®å®çŸ©ã¯ä»¥äžã®ãšããã§ãã:
å®çŸ© (è¿åç³»ãéè¿åç³») â ( X , O ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}})} ãäœçžç©ºéãšããxãXã®ç¹ãšããããã®ãšãã
ãæºããééåãxã®éè¿å(ãããããŒã, è±: open neighborhood)ãšããã ãŸãX ã®éšåéåNã以äžãæºãããšããNã¯xã® è¿å(ãããŒã, è±: neighborhood)ã§ãããšãã
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è¿åç³»ã®ããšãè¿åãã£ã«ã¿ãŒ(è±: neighborhood filter)ãšãããã
ç¹xã®è¿åNã¯x â O â Nãæºãããè·é¢ç©ºéã«ãããééåO㯠B ε ( x ) â O {\displaystyle B_{\varepsilon }(x)\subset O} ãæºããããããã£ãŠä»¥äžã®ããã«åºæ¬è¿åç³»ã®æŠå¿µãå®çŸ©ãããšãè·é¢ç©ºéã«ãããŠã¯ { B ε ( x ) ⣠ε > 0 } {\displaystyle \{B_{\varepsilon }(x)\mid \varepsilon >0\}} ãåºæ¬è¿åç³»ã«ãªã£ãŠããäºããããããŸãäžè¬ã®äœçžç©ºéã§ãéè¿åå
šäœã®éåãåºæ¬è¿åç³»ã«ãªãäºããããã
å®çŸ© (åºæ¬è¿åç³») â ( X , O ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}})} ãäœçžç©ºéãšããxãXã®ç¹ãšãã N x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}_{x}} ãxã®è¿åç³»ãšããã N x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}_{x}} ã®éšåéå B x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{x}} ã以äžãæºãããšãã B x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{x}} ãxã«ãããåºæ¬è¿åç³»ãšãã:
è¿åæŠå¿µã¯åæãªã©xã®å±æçãªæ¯ãèããèšè¿°ããéã«çšããããã®ã§ãå€ãã®å Žåå
šãŠã®è¿åãèãã代ããã«ãåºæ¬è¿åç³»ã®ã¿ãèããã°ååã§ãããäŸãã°æ¬¡ãæç«ãã:
åœé¡ â B x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{x}} ãäœçžç©ºé ( X , O ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}})} ã®ç¹xã«ãããåºæ¬è¿åç³»ãšããããã®ãšãã
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ç¹ãå€ç¹ãšãã£ãæŠå¿µã¯Îµ-è¿åãçšããŠå®çŸ©å¯èœã§ãããæç§æžã«ãã£ãŠã¯ããã®Îµ-è¿åãçšããå®çŸ©ãè·é¢ç©ºéã«ãããå
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è¿åç³»ã¯ä»¥äžã®æ§è³ªãæºãã:
å®çŸ© (ããŠã¹ãã«ãã®å
¬çç³») â ç¹xã®è¿åç³»ã N x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}_{x}} ã§è¡šããšããXã®ä»»æã®éšåéåNãN'ãMã«å¯ŸããŠä»¥äžãæç«ããã
ããŠã¹ãã«ãã®å
¬çç³»ãæºããè¿åç³»ã¯äœçžãç¹åŸŽã¥ãã:
å®ç (è¿åç³»ã«ããäœçžã®ç¹åŸŽã¥ã) â XãéåãšããXã®å
ã«Xã®åªéåã®åªéåã®å
ã察å¿ãããåå
ãããŠã¹ãã«ãã®å
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·äœçã«ã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«æžãã:
æ¬ç¯ã®ç®æšã¯ãäœçžç©ºéäžã§ã®åææŠå¿µãå®çŸ©ããåææŠå¿µã«ãã£ãŠãããŸã§è¿°ã¹ãŠããæ§ã
ãªæŠå¿µãæãçŽãäºã«ããã äœçžç©ºéã«ãããåææŠå¿µã¯ãè·é¢ç©ºéã«ãããç¹åã®åææŠå¿µãé©åã«ä¿®æ£ããäºã«ããåŸããã:
å®çŸ© (è·é¢ç©ºéã«ãããç¹åã®åæ) â ( X , d ) {\displaystyle (X,d)} ãè·é¢ç©ºéãšãããXã®ç¹å ( x n ) n â N {\displaystyle (x_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }} ãXã®ç¹xã«åæãããšã¯ä»¥äžãæç«ããäºãèšã:
ããã§ã B ε ( x ) = { y â X | d ( y , x ) < ε } {\displaystyle B_{\varepsilon }(x)=\{y\in X|d(y,x)<\varepsilon \}} ã§ããã
äœçžç©ºéã«ãããåæãå®çŸ©ããã«ããããäžè¿°ã®è·é¢ç©ºéã«ãããåæã®å®çŸ©ã«2ã€ã®å€æŽãè¡ã:
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ã ( X , O 2 ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{2})} ã®ééåã§ããäºãæå³ããã 匱ã/匷ãã®ãããã«ç²ã/现ãã(è±: coarse/fine)ãå°ãã/倧ãã(è±: small/large)ãšããèšèã䜿ãããšãããã
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ãŸãäœçžç©ºé ( X , O ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}})} ã«ãããŠã S â P ( X ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}\subset {\mathfrak {P}}(X)} ã O {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}} ãçæãããšãã S {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}} ã O {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}} ã®æºéåº(ãã
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ãã®å®çã¯ããšãŒã«ã»ãã»ãã§ã«ããŒã®åãå ãããããã§ã«ããŒã®ä»ã®äºæ³ãšåããããã§ã«ããŒèªèº«ã«ãã£ãŠèšŒæãäžããããŠããããšã確èªãããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãããã®å®çã«å¯Ÿãã蚌æã¯ãŽããããªãŒãã»ã©ã€ããããã«ãã£ãŠåããŠäžããããã
3éãã®èšŒæã瀺ãã
äºé
å®çãããæ°åŠçåž°çŽæ³ãçšããŠèšŒæããæ¹æ³ã簡䟿ã§ããã
è£é¡:ã ( m + 1 ) p {\displaystyle \left(m+1\right)^{p}} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœã㯠m p + 1 {\displaystyle m^{p}+1} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœãã«çãããã
(è£é¡ã®èšŒæ)
å³èŸºã®äž¡ç«¯ä»¥å€ã®äºé
ä¿æ° p C k {\displaystyle {}_{p}\mathrm {C} _{k}} ã¯ãã¹ãŠ p {\displaystyle p} ã®åæ°ã§ããããªããªãã
ã§ããã p {\displaystyle p} ã¯çŽ æ°ã§ãã£ãŠ k < p {\displaystyle k<p} ãªã®ã§ãååã«å«ãŸãã p {\displaystyle p} ãçŽåãããããšã¯ãªãããã§ããã
ãããã£ãŠã ( m + 1 ) p {\displaystyle \left(m+1\right)^{p}} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœãã¯ã䞡端ã®é
m p + 1 {\displaystyle m^{p}+1} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœãã«çããã(è£é¡ã®èšŒæçµ)
åœé¡ã a p â¡ a ( mod p ) {\displaystyle a^{p}\equiv a{\pmod {p}}} ããã a {\displaystyle a} ã«ã€ããŠã®æ°åŠçåž°çŽæ³ã§èšŒæããã
è£é¡ã« m = 1 {\displaystyle m=1} ã代å
¥ãããšã 2 p = ( 1 + 1 ) p {\displaystyle 2^{p}=\left(1+1\right)^{p}} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœã㯠1 p + 1 = 2 {\displaystyle 1^{p}+1=2} ãšãªãã a = 2 {\displaystyle a=2} ã®ãšãæãç«ã€ã
åœé¡ãã a = k {\displaystyle a=k} ã®ãšãæãç«ã€ãšä»®å®ããã
è£é¡ããã ( k + 1 ) p {\displaystyle \left(k+1\right)^{p}} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœã㯠k p + 1 {\displaystyle k^{p}+1} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœãã«çãããåž°çŽæ³ã®ä»®å®ã«ãã£ãŠ k p {\displaystyle k^{p}} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœã㯠k {\displaystyle k} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœãã«çããããã ( k + 1 ) p {\displaystyle \left(k+1\right)^{p}} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœã㯠k + 1 {\displaystyle k+1} ã p {\displaystyle p} ã§å²ã£ãäœãã«çããã
ãããã£ãŠãåœé¡ã¯ a = k + 1 {\displaystyle a=k+1} ã®ãšããæãç«ã€ã
æ°åŠçåž°çŽæ³ã«ãã£ãŠãåœé¡ã¯ a â§ 2 {\displaystyle a\geqq 2} ã«å¯ŸããŠæãç«ã€ããŸãã a = 0 , 1 {\displaystyle a=0,\ 1} ã®ãšãã¯ã代å
¥ããŠã¿ããšæããã«æãç«ã€ã®ã§ãåœé¡ã¯ a â§ 0 {\displaystyle a\geqq 0} ã«å¯ŸããŠæãç«ã€ã
(蚌æçµ)
äžã®è£é¡ãšåæ§ã«ã ( x + y ) p â¡ x p + y p ( mod p ) {\displaystyle (x+y)^{p}\equiv x^{p}+y^{p}{\pmod {p}}} ã瀺ãããããããã
(蚌æçµ)
p {\displaystyle p} ãçŽ æ°ãšãã a {\displaystyle a} ãš p {\displaystyle p} ãäºãã«çŽ ãšãããšãã«ã
ãæç«ããããšããããã§èšŒæããã
éå { 1 , 2 , 3 , ... , p â 1 } {\displaystyle \left\{1,\ 2,\ 3,\ldots ,\ p-1\right\}} ã¯ãå
šäœãšããŠæ³ p {\displaystyle p} ã®äžã§ { a , 2 a , 3 a , ... , ( p â 1 ) a } {\displaystyle \left\{a,\ 2a,\ 3a,\ldots ,\ \left(p-1\right)a\right\}} ãšååã§ããã(èçæ³ã«ãã蚌æ)ããåŸè
ã®éåå
ã«
ãšãªã i , j {\displaystyle i,\ j} (ãã ãã i â j {\displaystyle i\neq j} )ãååšãããšããããããšã a {\displaystyle a} ãš p {\displaystyle p} ãäºãã«çŽ ãªã®ã§ã i â¡ j ( mod p ) {\displaystyle i\equiv j{\pmod {p}}} ãšãªãã 0 < i , j < p {\displaystyle 0<i,\ j<p} ã§ããããšããã i = j {\displaystyle i=j} ãšãªããççŸããããããã£ãŠãäºã€ã®éåã¯å
šäœãšããŠååã§ããããšãåãã£ãã
ããããã®éåã®èŠçŽ ããã¹ãŠæãåããããšã
ãšãªãã p {\displaystyle p} ãçŽ æ°ã§ããããšããã p {\displaystyle p} ãš ( p â 1 ) ! {\displaystyle \left(p-1\right)!} ãšã¯äºãã«çŽ ãªã®ã§ã
(蚌æçµ)
åŸã«ãªã£ãŠã¬ãªã³ãã«ãã»ãªã€ã©ãŒã¯ãã®å®çãæ¡åŒµãã a {\displaystyle a} ã n {\displaystyle n} ãšäºãã«çŽ ãªæŽæ°ãšãããšã
ãæãç«ã€ããšã瀺ãããããã§ã Ï ( n ) {\displaystyle \varphi (n)} 㯠n {\displaystyle n} æªæºã® n {\displaystyle n} ãšäºãã«çŽ ãªèªç¶æ°ã®åæ°ã衚ãããªã€ã©ãŒé¢æ°ãšåŒã°ããã
ç¹ã« n {\displaystyle n} ãçŽ æ°ã®ãšãã¯ã Ï ( n ) = n â 1 {\displaystyle \varphi (n)=n-1} ããããã§ã«ããŒã®å°å®çã«äžèŽããã
m = Ï ( n ) {\displaystyle m=\varphi (n)} ãšããã°ã a m â¡ 1 ( mod n ) {\displaystyle a^{m}\equiv 1{\pmod {n}}} ã n {\displaystyle n} ãšäºãã«çŽ ãªãã¹ãŠã® a {\displaystyle a} ã«å¯ŸããŠæãç«ã€ãã Ï ( n ) {\displaystyle \varphi (n)} ã¯ãã®æ§è³ªãæºãã m {\displaystyle m} ã®æå°ã®æ°ãšã¯éããªããã«ãŒãã€ã±ã«ã®å®çã¯ãªã€ã©ãŒã®å®çã粟緻åãããã®ã§ããã¹ãŠã® a {\displaystyle a} ã«å¯Ÿã㊠a m â¡ 1 ( mod n ) {\displaystyle a^{m}\equiv 1{\pmod {n}}} ãæç«ãããããªæå°ã® m {\displaystyle m} ãäžããããã ãã n {\displaystyle n} ãšäºãã«çŽ ãª a {\displaystyle a} ãäžãããããšãã«ã a m â¡ 1 ( mod n ) {\displaystyle a^{m}\equiv 1{\pmod {n}}} ãæºããæå°ã® m {\displaystyle m} ã¯ã λ ( n ) {\displaystyle \lambda \left(n\right)} ãšãªããšã¯éããªãã
ããšãã°ã n = 10000 {\displaystyle n=10000} ã®ãšããã«ãŒãã€ã±ã«ã®å®çã«ããã° n {\displaystyle n} ãšäºãã«çŽ ãªãã¹ãŠã® a {\displaystyle a} ã«å¯Ÿã㊠a m â¡ 1 ( mod n ) {\displaystyle a^{m}\equiv 1{\pmod {n}}} ãæºããæå°ã® m {\displaystyle m} ã¯500ã§ããããç¹å®ã® a = 7 {\displaystyle a=7} ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ 7 100 â¡ 1 ( mod n ) {\displaystyle 7^{100}\equiv 1{\pmod {n}}} ãæç«ããã
ã«ãŒãã€ã±ã«é¢æ°(è±èªç) λ ( n ) {\displaystyle \lambda \left(n\right)} ã以äžã®ããã«ååž°çã«å®çŸ©ããã
n = 2 e {\displaystyle n=2^{e}} ãªãã
n {\displaystyle n} ãå¥çŽ æ° p {\displaystyle p} ãçšã㊠n = p e {\displaystyle n=p^{e}} ãšæžãããªãã
n {\displaystyle n} ã p 1 e 1 ... p k e k {\displaystyle p_{1}^{e_{1}}\ldots p_{k}^{e_{k}}} ãšçŽ å æ°åè§£ã§ãããªãã
ããã§ lcm {\displaystyle \operatorname {lcm} } ã¯æå°å
¬åæ°ã
ã«ãŒãã€ã±ã«ã®å®çã¯ã a {\displaystyle a} ãš n {\displaystyle n} ãäºãã«çŽ ãªãšãã
ãæãç«ã€ãšããå®çã§ããã
λ ( n ) {\displaystyle \lambda \left(n\right)} ã n â 1 {\displaystyle n-1} ã®çŽæ°ã§ãããšãã n {\displaystyle n} ã¯ã«ãŒãã€ã±ã«æ°ãšåŒã°ããèªèº«ãšäºãã«çŽ ã§ãããããªãã¹ãŠã®åºã§ãã§ã«ããŒãã¹ããééãã絶察æ¬çŽ æ°ãšãªãã
ãã§ã«ããŒãã¹ãã¯ããã§ã«ããŒã®å°å®çã®å¯Ÿå¶ãçšããŠç¢ºçççŽ æ°å€å®ãè¡ãã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã§ããã
ãã§ã«ããŒã®å°å®çã®å¯Ÿå¶ããšããšãããã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ãèªç¶æ° n ãåææ°ã§ããããã®å忡件ãäžããã
ãã®å忡件ãçšããŠã次ã®ããã«èªç¶æ° n {\displaystyle n} ã®çŽ æ°å€å®ãè¡ãã
ãã§ã«ããŒãã¹ãããåææ°ããšåºåãããšããäžã®ãã§ã«ããŒã®å°å®çã®å¯Ÿå¶ã«ãã£ãŠ n {\displaystyle n} ã¯å®éã«åææ°ã§ãããããããäžã®å¯Ÿå¶ã¯å忡件ãäžããã®ã¿ã§å¿
èŠæ¡ä»¶ãäžãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãã確çççŽ æ°ããšåºåãããå Žåã§ã n {\displaystyle n} ã¯å®éã«çŽ æ°ã§ãããšã¯éããªããçŽ æ°ã§ã¯ãªãã«ããããããã確çççŽ æ°ããšå€å®ãããŠããŸãåææ°ã¯æ¬çŽ æ°ãšåŒã°ããã
çããããã°ãã確çççŽ æ°ããšåºåãããå Žåã«ã¯ãŸãç°ãªã a {\displaystyle a} ãçšããŠåã³ãã¹ããè¡ããååãªåæ°ã ã a {\displaystyle a} ãåãæ¿ããŠç¹°ãè¿ãã°ããã§ã«ããŒãã¹ããã確çççŽ æ°ããšå€å®ããæ°ã¯å®éã«çŽ æ°ã§ããå¯èœæ§ãé«ãã
ããããã«ãŒãã€ã±ã«æ°ãŸãã¯çµ¶å¯Ÿæ¬çŽ æ°ãšåŒã°ãã "åäŸ" ããããã«ãŒãã€ã±ã«æ°ã¯åææ°ã§ããã«ãããããããã»ãšãã©ãããªã a {\displaystyle a} ãçšããŠãã確çççŽ æ°ããšå€å®ãããŠããŸããåŸã£ãŠããã§ã«ããŒãã¹ãã¯å®å
šãªçŽ æ°å€å®æ³ã§ã¯ãªãã
ãã§ã«ããŒãã¹ããæ¹åããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãšããŠã¯ããã©ãŒâã©ãã³çŽ æ°å€å®æ³ãAKSçŽ æ°å€å®æ³ãããã
ãã§ã«ããŒã®å°å®çã»ãªã€ã©ãŒã®å®çã¯äžè¬ã®æé矀ã®å®çã«æ¡åŒµã§ããã G {\displaystyle G} ãäœæ° m {\displaystyle m} ã®æé矀ãšãããšã G {\displaystyle G} ã®ä»»æã®å
g {\displaystyle g} ã«å¯Ÿã㊠g m {\displaystyle g^{m}} ã¯åäœå
ã«äžèŽããããªã€ã©ãŒã®å®ç㯠G {\displaystyle G} ã乿³çŸ€ ( Z / n Z ) à {\displaystyle \left(\mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} \right)^{\times }} ã®ãšãã®å Žåã§ããããã§ã«ããŒã®å°å®çã¯ããã« n {\displaystyle n} ãçŽ æ°ã®å Žåã§ããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E5%B0%8F%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86
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ãŠãŒã¯ãªããã®äºé€æ³
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ãŠãŒã¯ãªããã®äºé€æ³(ãŠãŒã¯ãªããã®ãããã»ããè±: Euclidean Algorithm)ã¯ã2 ã€ã®èªç¶æ°ã®æå€§å
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2 ã€ã®èªç¶æ° a, b (a â§ b) ã«ã€ããŠãa ã® b ã«ããå°äœã r ãšãããšã a ãš b ãšã®æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ã¯ b ãš r ãšã®æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ã«çãããšããæ§è³ªãæãç«ã€ããã®æ§è³ªãå©çšããŠã b ã r ã§å²ã£ãå°äœã 逿° r ããã®å°äœã§å²ã£ãå°äœããšå°äœãæ±ããèšç®ã鿬¡ç¹°ãè¿ããšãå°äœã 0 ã«ãªã£ãæã®é€æ°ã a ãš b ãšã®æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ãšãªãã
æç€ºçã«èšè¿°ãããæå€ã®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãšããŠãç¥ãããçŽå
å300幎é ã«èšããããŠãŒã¯ãªããã®ãåè«ã第 7 å·»ãåœé¡ 1 ãã 3 ãããã§ããã
(åé¡) 1071 ãš 1029 ã®æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ãæ±ããã
ãã£ãŠãæå€§å
¬çŽæ°ã¯21ã§ããã
a, b ã¯èªç¶æ°ã§ a â 0 ãšããã b ã a ã§å²ã£ãåã qãå°äœã r ãšãããš
ä»ãd0 ã a ãš r ã®äž¡æ¹ãå²ãåãèªç¶æ°ãšããã
ãã®ãšã d0 ã¯ç© qa ãå²ãåããããå qa + r ãå²ãåãããqa + r 㯠b ã«çããããããã£ãŠãd0 㯠a ãšb ãå²ãåããããªãã¡ a ãš r ã®å
¬çŽæ°ã¯ãã¹ãŠb ãš aã®å
¬çŽæ°ã§ããã
éã«ãd1 ã b ãš a ã®äž¡æ¹ãå²ãåãèªç¶æ°ãšããã
d1 㯠qa ãå²ãåãããå·® b - qa ãå²ãåãããb - qa 㯠r ã«çããããããã£ãŠãd1 㯠a ãšrãå²ãåããèšãæãããš b ãš a ã®å
¬çŽæ°ã¯ãã¹ãŠa ãš r ã®å
¬çŽæ°ã§ããã
ãããã£ãŠãb ãš a ã®å
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šäœã®éå㯠a ãš r ã®å
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šäœã®éåã«çãããç¹ã« b ãš a ã®æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ã¯ a ãš r ã®æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ã§ãªããã°ãªããªãã
æç¶ãçã«èšè¿°ãããšã次ã®ããã«ãªãã
äžèšã®æé ã¯ãn, m ã«å¯ŸããŠå°äœã®æŒç®ãè¡ãããšãã§ããããšããä»®å®ã ãã«äŸã£ãŠããã®ã§ãæŽæ°ç°ã ãã§ã¯ãªãä»»æã®ãŠãŒã¯ãªããæŽåã«ãããŠãåæ§ã«ããŠæå€§å
¬çŽå åãæ±ããããšãã§ããã
æŽæ° m, n ã®æå€§å
¬çŽæ° (è±: Greatest Common Divisor) ã gcd(m,n) ãšè¡šããšãã«ã(æ¡åŒµããã)ãŠãŒã¯ãªããã®äºé€æ³ãçšããŠãmx + ny = gcd(m, n) ã®è§£ãšãªãæŽæ° x, y ã®çµãèŠã€ããããšãã§ãããäžã®äŸã®å Žåãm = 1071, n = 1029 ã®ãšãã
ã§ãããããgcd(1071, 1029) = 21 ã§ããã
ãšãªãã®ã§ãx = â24, y = 25 ã§ããã
ç¹ã«ãm, n ãäºãã«çŽ (æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ã 1)ã§ããå Žåãmx + ny = 1 ã®æŽæ°è§£ã (x, y) ãšãããšãmx + ny = c ã¯ä»»æã®æŽæ° c ã«å¯ŸããŠæŽæ°è§£ (cx, cy) ããã€ããšãåããã
äžè¬ã«ã m = r 0 , n = r 1 {\displaystyle m=r_{0},n=r_{1}} ã«ãããŠããŠãŒã¯ãªããã®äºé€æ³ã®åéçšãç¹°ãè¿ããŠ
ãåŸããããšãã
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ãããã®éçšã«ãããŠã m = r 0 , n = r 1 {\displaystyle m=r_{0},n=r_{1}} ããŠãŒã¯ãªããã®äºé€æ³ã«ããã r h = gcd ( m , n ) {\displaystyle r_{h}=\gcd(m,n)} ã§ããããã K i â 1 = ( 0 1 1 â k i ) {\displaystyle K_{i}^{-1}={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&-k_{i}\\\end{pmatrix}}} ãèæ
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ãšãªãã
ãšããããŠãŒã¯ãªããã®äºé€æ³ã®åéçšã§åŸããã k 0 {\displaystyle k_{0}} , k 1 {\displaystyle k_{1}} , k 2 {\displaystyle k_{2}} çãçšããŠãå³èŸºãèšç®ããã°ã巊蟺㮠x {\displaystyle x} , y {\displaystyle y} ãæ±ãŸããããã¯ããºãŒã®çåŒ
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å®éãèšç®è€éæ§çè«ã«ãããŠã¯æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ãæ±ããããšã¯ã容æãªåé¡ããšããŠç¥ãããŠãããçŽ å æ°åè§£ã¯ãå°é£ãªåé¡ãã§ããããšèããããŠããã å
¥åããã2ã€ã®æŽæ°ã®ãã¡å°ããã»ãã®æŽæ° n ã®æ¡æ°ã d ãšããã°ããŠãŒã¯ãªããã®äºé€æ³ã§ã¯ O(d) åã®é€ç®ã§æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ãæ±ãããããæ¡æ° d 㯠O(log n) ãªã®ã§ããŠãŒã¯ãªããã®äºé€æ³ã§ã¯ O(log n) åã®é€ç®ã§æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ãæ±ããããã
äžã®äŸã§åºãŠããã1071 ãš 1029 ã®æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ãæ±ããéçšã¯ã次ã®ããã«è¡šããã
ããªãã¡ã
ãããã£ãŠã
ãã®ããã«ã n ãš m (n > m) ã®æå€§å
¬çŽæ°ãæ±ããéã®ãŠãŒã¯ãªããã®äºé€æ³ã®å²ãç®ã®åã¯ãæçæ° n/m ã®é£åæ°å±éã«ãªã£ãŠããã
| false | false | false |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%92%E9%99%A4%E6%B3%95
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7,943 |
楜åš
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楜åš(ãã£ããè±: musical instrumentãããã¯åã«è±: instrument)ãšã¯ãäžè¬çã«ã¯ã鳿¥œã®çŽ æãšããŠã®é³ãçºããããã®éå
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M ãããèªèº«ã M ã®éšåéåãšã¿ãŠæçã§ãããšããd ãæçè·é¢åœæ° (bounded metric) ãšãããM ãæçè·é¢ç©ºé (bounded metric space) ãšåŒã¶ã
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ãŸãåå€ãªç¹åŸŽä»ãšããŠSã®çŽåŸ diam S := sup{d(x, y) | x, y â S} ãæéãšãããã®ãããã
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https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%95%8C
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ã§ãããåŠããèããããã x {\displaystyle x} ã Y {\displaystyle Y} ã®å
ã§ããã° x â Y = Ï ( x ) {\displaystyle x\in Y=\psi (x)} ã§ãããããã Y {\displaystyle Y} ã®å®çŸ©ããã Y {\displaystyle Y} 㯠x â Ï ( x ) {\displaystyle x\notin \psi (x)} ãæºãã x {\displaystyle x} ã®éåã§ããã®ã§ã x â Ï ( x ) {\displaystyle x\notin \psi (x)} ã§ãªããã°ãªãããççŸãããå察ã«ãã x {\displaystyle x} ã Y {\displaystyle Y} ã®å
ã§ãªããã° x â Y = Ï ( x ) {\displaystyle x\notin Y=\psi (x)} ã§ãããã Y {\displaystyle Y} ã®å®çŸ©ã«ããã x â Ï ( x ) {\displaystyle x\notin \psi (x)} ã§ãã x {\displaystyle x} 㯠Y {\displaystyle Y} ã®å
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f: S â T ãé åºåã蟌ã¿ã§ãããšããS 㯠f ã«ãã£ãŠ T ã«(é åºéåãšããŠ)åã蟌ãŸãããšããã ãŸãé åºåå f: S â T ãååšãããšããS ãš T ã¯é åºååãããã¯åã«ååã§ãããšããã
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šäœã®æãéåã察å¿ãããããšã«ããå®ãŸããããã¯é åºãä¿ã€éåã§ãã(ããªãã¡ãx ã y ãå²ããªãã° x ã®åçŽ å æ°ã¯ y ã®çŽ å æ°ã«ããªã)ãåå°ã§ã¯ãªã(äŸãã° 12 ã 6 ããã®ååã§ {2, 3} ã«åã)ããé åºãåæ ãããªã(äŸãã° 12 㯠6 ãå²ããªã)ãå°ãèšå®ãå€ããŠãåèªç¶æ°ã«ãã®çŽ åªå åã®éåã察å¿ãããåå g: N â P(N) ãèããã°ãããã¯é åºãä¿ã¡ããã€é åºãåæ ãããããåŸã£ãŠé åºåã蟌ã¿ã«ãªããäžæ¹ãããã¯é åºååã§ã¯ãªã(å®éãããšãã°åéå {4} ã«ç§»ãæ°ã¯ç¡ã)ãçµåã g ã®å€å g(N) ã«å€æŽããã°é åºååã«ããããšãã§ããããã®ãããªåªéåã®äžãžã®é åºååã®æ§æã¯ãããåºæ±ãªåé
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ããã« [a, b) ããã³ (a, b] ã以äžã®ããã«å®çŸ©ããåéåºéãšåŒã¶:
æç®ã«ãã£ãŠã¯ (a, b), [a, b), (a, b] ã®ããšã ]a, b[, [a, b[, ]a, b] ãšè¡šãå Žåãããã
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šäœã®éå R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } ãéåžžã®å€§å°é¢ä¿ †ã«ããå
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šé åºéåãšèŠãªããæã®é åºäœçžãš A ã®é åºäœçžããèªå°ãããäœçžãšã®2ã€ã®äœçžãå
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