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fast company magazine embraces that idea this is its cover from november the issue is about the most prominent and influential women in technology editor robert safian told the poynter institute silicon valley is very white and very male but that's not what fast company thinks the business world will look like in the future so it tries to give a picture of where the globalized world is moving by the way apparently wired took all this to heart this was its issue in april
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case in point this march the new york times ran a story by james mckinley about a gang rape of a young girl years old in a small texas town mckinley writes that the community is wondering how could their boys have been drawn into this drawn into this like they were seduced into committing an act of violence and the first person he quotes says these boys will have to live with this the rest of their lives groans laughter you don't hear much about the old victim except that she wore clothes that were a little old for her and she wore makeup the times was deluged with criticism initially it defended itself and said these aren't our views this is what we found in our reporting now here's a secret you probably know already your stories are constructed
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this is what we found in our reporting now here's a secret you probably know already your stories are constructed as reporters we research we interview we try to give a good picture of reality we also have our own unconscious biases but the times makes it sound like anyone would have reported this story the same way i disagree with that so three weeks later the times revisits the story this time it adds another byline to it with erica goode
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this time it adds another byline to it with erica goode what emerges is a truly sad horrific tale of a young girl and her family trapped in poverty she was raped numerous times by many men she had been a bright easygoing girl she was maturing quickly physically but her bed was still covered with stuffed animals it's a very different picture perhaps the addition of ms goode is what made this story more complete the global media monitoring project has found that stories by female reporters are more likely to challenge stereotypes than those by male reporters
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here's the thing wired almost never puts women on its cover oh there have been some gimmicky ones pam from the office manga girls a voluptuous model covered in synthetic diamonds texas state university professor cindy royal wondered in her how are young women like her students supposed to feel about their roles in technology reading wired chris anderson the editor of wired defended his choice and said there aren't enough women prominent women in technology to sell a cover to sell an issue
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the author of the hidden brain how our unconscious minds elect presidents control markets wage wars and save our lives he told the former ombudsman at national public radio who was doing a report on how women fare in npr coverage unconscious bias flows throughout most of our lives it's really difficult to disentangle those strands but he did have one suggestion he used to work for two editors who said every story had to have at least one female source he balked at first but said he eventually followed the directive happily because his stories got better and his job got easier now i don't know if one of the editors was a woman but that can make the biggest difference the dallas morning news won a pulitzer prize in for a series it did on women around the world but one of the reporters told me she's convinced it never would have happened if they had not had a female assistant foreign editor and they would not have gotten some of those stories without female reporters and editors on the ground particularly one on female genital mutilation men would just not be allowed into those situations this is an important point to consider because much of our foreign policy now revolves around countries where the treatment of women is an issue such as afghanistan
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i was told to come here and tell you all stories but what i'd like to do is instead tell you why i'm suspicious of stories why stories make me nervous in fact the more inspired a story makes me feel very often the more nervous i get
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they take a lot of information and they leave some of it out and they keep some of it in but the thing about this filter is that it always leaves the same things in you're always left with the same few simple stories there is the old saying that just about every story can be summed up as a stranger came to town there is a book by christopher booker where he claims there are really just seven types of stories there is monster rags to riches quest voyage and return comedy tragedy rebirth you don't have to agree with that list exactly but the point is this if you think in terms of stories you're telling yourself the same things over and over again there was a study done we asked some people people were asked to describe their lives when asked to describe their lives what is interesting is how few people said mess
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mess can be liberating mess can be empowering mess can be a way of drawing upon multiple strengths but what people wanted to say was my life is a journey wanted to turn his or her life into a story said my life is a battle again that is a kind of story said my life is a novel said my life is a play i don't think anyone said my life is a reality tv show
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that we got tough with the nazis was a good thing but this is again a story we fall back upon all too readily all too quickly when we don't really know why something happened we blame someone and we say we need to get tough with them as if it had never occurred to your predecessor this idea of getting tough i view it usually as a kind of mental laziness it's a simple story you tell we need to get tough we needed to get tough we will have to get tough usually that is a kind of warning signal another kind of problem with stories is you can only fit so many stories into your mind at once or in the course of a day or even over the course of a lifetime so your stories are serving too many purposes for instance just to get out of bed in the morning you tell yourself the story that your job is really important what you're doing is really important and maybe it is but i tell myself that story even when it's not
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i'm not sure i was the bad guy in the sense of having evil intent but it was very hard for me to get away with that story one interesting thing about cognitive biases is they are the subject of so many books these days there's the nudge book the sway book the blink book like the one title book all about the ways in which we screw up and there are so many ways but what i find interesting is that none of these books identify what to me is the single central most important way we screw up and that is that we tell ourselves too many stories or we are too easily seduced by stories why don't these books tell us that it's because the books themselves are all about stories the more of these books you read you're learning about some of your biases but you're making some of your other biases essentially worse so the books themselves are part of your cognitive bias often people buy them as a kind of talisman like i bought this book i won't be
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it's like people want to hear the worst so psychologically they can prepare for it or defend against it it's why there is such a market for pessimism but to think that by buying the book gets you somewhere that's maybe the bigger fallacy it's just like the evidence that shows that the most dangerous people are those who have been taught some financial literacy they're the ones who go out and make the worst mistakes it's the people who realize they don't know anything at all that end up doing pretty well a third problem with stories is that outsiders manipulate us using stories and we all like to think advertising only works on the other guy but of course that's not how it is advertising works on all of us so if you're too attached to stories what will happen is people selling products come along and they will bundle their product with a story you're like hey a free story and you end up buying the product because the product and the story go together
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let's consider two kinds of stories about cars story a is buy this car and you will have beautiful romantic partners and a fascinating life
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so how many of you know the story about george washington and the cherry tree it's not obvious that is exactly what happened the story of paul revere it's not obvious that that is exactly the way it happened so again we should be suspicious of stories we're biologically programmed to respond to them they contain a lot of information
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when we read non fiction books we're really being fed stories non fiction is in a sense the new fiction the book may happen to say true things but again everything's taking the same form of these stories so what are the problems of relying too heavily on stories you view your life like this instead of the mess that it is or it ought to be but more specifically i think of a few major problems when we think too much in terms of narrative first narratives tend to be too simple for the point of a narrative is to strip it away not just into minutes but most narratives you can present in a sentence or two when you strip away detail you tend to tell stories in terms of good versus evil whether it's a story about your own life or a story about politics i know some things actually are good versus evil we all know this right but i think as a general rule we're too inclined to tell the good versus evil story as a simple rule of thumb just imagine that every time you're telling a good versus evil story you're basically lowering your by ten points or more
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usually that is a kind of warning signal another kind of problem with stories is you can only fit so many stories into your mind at once or in the course of a day or even over the course of a lifetime so your stories are serving too many purposes for instance just to get out of bed in the morning you tell yourself the story that your job is really important what you're doing is really important and maybe it is but i tell myself that story even when it's not and you know what that story works it gets me out of bed it's a kind of self deception but the problem comes when i need to change that story the whole point of the story is that i grab onto it and i hold it and it gets me out of bed so when i'm really doing something that is actually just a waste of time in my mess of a life i'm too tied into my story that got me out of bed and ideally i ought to have some very complex story map in my mind you know with and a matrix of computation and the like but that is not how stories work
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so stories will serve dual and conflicting purposes and very often they will lead us astray i used to think i was within the camp of economists i was one of the good guys and i was allied with other good guys and we were fighting the ideas of the bad guys i used to think that and probably i was wrong maybe sometimes i'm one of the good guys but on some issues i finally realized hey i wasn't one of the good guys i'm not sure i was the bad guy in the sense of having evil intent but it was very hard for me to get away with that story
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that is one simple way you can never get out of the pattern of thinking in terms of stories but you can improve the extent to which you think in stories and make some better decisions
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this weird guy came and he said think in terms of stories let me tell you what happened and you tell your story another possibility is you might tell a story of rebirth you might say i used to think too much in terms of stories but then i heard tyler cowen and now i think less in terms of stories that too is a narrative you will remember you can tell to other people and again it may stick you also could tell a story of deep tragedy this guy tyler cowen came and he told us not to think in terms of stories but all he could do was tell us stories about how other people think too much in terms of stories so today which is it is it like quest rebirth tragedy or maybe some combination of the three i'm really not sure and i'm not here to tell you to burn your player and throw out your tolstoy to think in terms of stories is fundamentally human there is a gabriel garcia marquez memoir living to tell the tale that we use memory in stories to make sense of what we've done to give meaning to our lives to establish connections with other people
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i like to think of myself as an honest magician i use a lot of tricks which means that sometimes i have to lie to you now i feel bad about that but people lie every day hold on hey where are you stuck in traffic i'll be there soon you've all done it
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i'll be ready in just a minute darling it's just what i've always wanted you were great deception it's a fundamental part of life now polls show that men tell twice as many lies as women assuming the women they asked told the truth
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the type of magic i like and i'm a magician is magic that uses technology to create illusions so i would like to show you something i've been working on it's an application that i think will be useful for artists multimedia artists in particular it videos across multiple screens of mobile devices i borrowed these three from people here in the audience to show you what i mean and i'm going to use them to tell you a little bit about my favorite subject deception
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similar story around the world in the united states probably the most astonishing statistic is a percent increase in autism and autistic spectrum disorders and other learning disabilities again we're seeing that trend across europe across north america and in europe there's certain parts of europe where we're seeing a four fold increase in certain genital birth defects interestingly one of those birth defects has seen a percent increase in the u s so a real skyrocketing of chronic childhood disease that includes other things like obesity and juvenile diabetes premature puberty so it's interesting for me when i'm looking for someone who can really talk to me and talk to an audience about these things that probably one of the most important people in the world who can discuss toxicity in babies is expert in frogs
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in some cases another species like the north american leopard frog showed that males exposed to grew eggs in their testes and you can see these large up eggs bursting through the surface of this male's testes now my wife tells me and i'm sure penelope can as well that there's nothing more painful than childbirth which that i'll never experience i can't really argue that but i would guess that a dozen chicken eggs in my testicle would probably be somewhere in the top five
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that was the start of my journey to make this film toxic baby and it doesn't take much time to discover some really astonishing statistics with this issue one is that you and i all have between to chemicals in our bodies that our grandparents didn't have and many of these chemicals are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents of chronic childhood disease that we're seeing across industrialized nations i'll show you some statistics so for example in the united kingdom the incidence of childhood leukemia has risen by percent just in a generation very similar statistic for childhood cancer in the u s in canada we're now looking at one in canadian children with asthma
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normally the testes should make testosterone the male hormone but what does is it turns on an enzyme the machinery if you will that converts testosterone into estrogen
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now what's interesting is of course that we're still using million pounds of the number one contaminant in drinking water that does the opposite turns on increases estrogen and promotes tumors in rats and is associated with tumors breast cancer in humans what's interesting is in fact the same company that sold us million pounds of the breast cancer promoter now sells us the blocker the exact same company
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the value of nothing out of nothing comes something that was an essay i wrote when i was years old and i got a b
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and so i'm going to use as the metaphor this association quantum mechanics which i really don't understand but i'm still gonna use it as the process for explaining how it is the metaphor so in quantum mechanics of course you have dark energy and dark matter and it's the same thing in looking at these questions of how things happen there's a lot of unknown and you often don't know what it is except by its absence but when you make those associations you want them to come together in a kind of synergy in the story and what you're finding is what matters the meaning and that's what i look for in my work a personal meaning there is also the uncertainty principle which is part of quantum mechanics as i understand it
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and there's the terrible and dreaded observer effect in which you're looking for something and you know things are happening simultaneously and you're looking at it in a different way and you're trying to really look for the about ness or what is this story about and if you try too hard then you will only write the about you won't discover anything and what you were supposed to find what you hoped to find in some serendipitous way is no longer there now i don't want to ignore the other side of what happens in our universe like many of our scientists have and so i am going to just throw in string theory here and just say that creative people are and there are levels i think of anxiety
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so i also want to explain because dave eggers said he was going to heckle me if i said anything that was a lie or not true to universal creativity and i've done it this way for half the audience who is scientific when i say we i don't mean you necessarily i mean me and my right brain my left brain and the one that's in between that is the censor and tells me what i'm saying is wrong and i'm going do that also by looking at what i think is part of my creative process which includes a number of things that happened actually the nothing started even earlier than the moment in which i'm creating something new and that includes nature and nurture and what i refer to as nightmares now in the nature area we look at whether or not we are innately equipped with something perhaps in our brains some abnormal chromosome that causes this muse like effect
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i think that part of it also begins with a sense of identity crisis you know who am i why am i this particular person why am i not black like everybody else and sometimes you're equipped with skills but they may not be the kind of skills that enable creativity i used to draw i thought i would be an artist and i had a miniature poodle and it wasn't bad but it wasn't really creative because all i could really do was represent in a very one way and i have a sense that i probably copied this from a book and then i also wasn't really shining in a certain area that i wanted to be and you know you look at those scores and it wasn't bad but it was not certainly predictive that i would one day make my living out of the artful arrangement of words
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also one of the principles of creativity is to have a little childhood trauma and i had the usual kind that i think a lot of people had and that is that you know i had expectations placed on me that figure right there by the way figure right there was a toy given to me when i was but nine years old and it was to help me become a doctor from a very early age i have some ones that were long lasting from the age of five to this was supposed to be my side occupation and it led to a sense of failure but actually there was something quite real in my life that happened when i was about and it was discovered that my brother in and then my father six months later had brain tumors and my mother believed that something had gone wrong and she was gonna find out what it was and she was gonna fix it
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it was like don't mess with me i've got a plastic fork don't you know strategic but a later response and much more useful would be to try and deconstruct the message behind the words so when the voices warned me not to leave the house then i would thank them for drawing my attention to how unsafe i felt because if i was aware of it then i could do something positive about it but go on to reassure both them and myself that we were safe and didn't need to feel frightened anymore i would set boundaries for the voices and try to interact with them in a way that was assertive yet respectful establishing a slow process of communication and collaboration in which we could learn to work together and support one another throughout all of this what i would ultimately realize was that each voice was closely related to aspects of myself and that each of them carried overwhelming emotions that i'd never had an opportunity to process or resolve memories of sexual trauma and abuse of anger shame guilt low self worth the voices took the place of this pain and gave words to it and possibly one of the greatest revelations was when i realized that the most hostile and aggressive voices actually represented the parts of me that had been hurt most profoundly and as such it was these voices that needed to be shown the greatest compassion and care it was armed with this knowledge that ultimately i would gather together my shattered self each fragment represented by a different voice gradually withdraw from all my medication and return to psychiatry only this time from the other side ten years after the voice first came i finally graduated this time with the highest degree in psychology the university had ever given and one year later the highest masters which shall we say isn't bad for a in fact one of the voices actually dictated the answers during the exam which technically possibly counts as cheating
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left home for the first time to go to university was a bright day brimming with hope and optimism i'd done well at school expectations for me were high and i gleefully entered the student life of lectures parties and traffic cone theft now appearances of course can be deceptive and to an extent this feisty energetic persona of lecture going and traffic cone stealing was a veneer albeit a very well crafted and convincing one underneath i was actually deeply unhappy insecure and fundamentally frightened frightened of other people of the future of failure and of the emptiness that i felt was within me but i was skilled at hiding it and from the outside appeared to be someone with everything to hope for and aspire to
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nice i don't know how you keep it up chris i really don't so nice all week he's the kind of man you could say to chris i'm really sorry i've crashed your car and it gets worse i crashed it into your house your house has caught fire and what's more your wife has just run off with your best friend and you know that chris would say thank you
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one of the thank you for inviting us one of the things about appearing later on in the ted week is that gradually as the days go by all the other speakers cover most of what you were going to say
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spectroscopy that was another one parallel universes and so this morning i thought oh well i'll just do a card trick
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not only that he's left handed have you noticed this how many people here are left handed you see a lot of the people that i most admire they're great artists great designers great thinkers they're left handed and somebody said to me last night you know being left handed you have to learn to write without the ink and somebody was talking about metaphors on monday
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so he comes over to this country and he says we need a big fiscal stimulus and everyone goes great he leaves the country and the french and the germans go no no forget about that absolutely not nothing happens he goes to strasburg he says we need more boots on the ground in afghanistan and everyone goes great idea he leaves people go no no no we're not going to do that maximum and no rockets no no not going to do it
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about architectural agency what i mean by that is that it's time for architecture to do things again not just represent things this is a construction helmet that i received two years ago at the groundbreaking of the largest project i and my firm have ever been involved in i was thrilled to get it i was thrilled to be the only person standing on the stage with a shiny silver helmet i thought it represented the importance of the architect i stayed thrilled until i got home threw the helmet onto my bed fell down onto my bed and realized inside there was an inscription
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we took is that the freedoms that we provided the ability to move between stage configurations had better be able to be done without relying on operational costs alright the architectural manifestation was frankly just dumb it was to take all the things that are known as front of house and back of house and redefine them as above house and below house at first blush you think hey it's crazy what could you possibly gain we created what we like to call
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move but they can also be disappeared completely the can fly you can bring large objects into the chamber itself but most convincingly when we had to confront the idea of changing costs from architecture to infrastructure is something that is represented by this and again this is not all the of the building that is actually built but at least suggests the ideas this building has the ability in short order to go back to a flat floor organization such that they can rent it out now if there is anyone here from american airlines please consider doing your christmas party here
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as i said this can be done with only two people and with a minimum amount of time this is the first time that actually the changeover was done and so there is literally thousands of people because everyone was excited and wanted to be a part of it so in a way try to disregard all the thousands of ants running around and think of it being done with just a few people again just a couple people are required
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now who do we have to blame we can only blame ourselves over the last years the design and construction industry has gotten much more complex and has gotten much more litigious and we architects are cowards so as we have faced liability we have stepped back and back and unfortunately where there is liability guess what there is power so eventually we have found ourselves in a totally marginalized position way over here
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we're smart cowards and so we redefined this marginalized position as the place of architecture and we announced hey architecture it's over here in this autonomous language we're going to seed control of processes and we were going to do something that was horrible for the profession we actually created an artificial schism between creation and execution as if you could actually create without knowing how to execute and as if you could actually execute without knowing how to create now something else happened
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and that's when we began to sell the world that architecture was created by individuals creating genius sketches and that the incredible amount of effort to deliver those sketches for years and years and years is not only something to be derided but we would merely write it off as merely execution now i'd argue that that is as absurd as stating that minutes of is the creative act and nine months of gestation and god forbid hours of child labor is merely execution so what do we architects need to do we need to stitch back creation and execution and we need to start processes again instead of objects now if we do this i believe we can go back years and start agency social engineering back into architecture
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the first is take core positions with your client i know it's shocking right that architecture would actually say that the second position is actually take positions take joint positions with your client this is the moment in which you as the architect and your client can begin to inject vision and agency
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take joint positions with your client this is the moment in which you as the architect and your client can begin to inject vision and agency but it has to be done together and then only after this is done are you allowed to do this begin to put forward architectural manifestations that manifest those positions and both owner and architect alike are empowered to critique those manifestations based on the positions that you've taken now i believe that one really amazing thing will happen if you do this i'd like to call it the lost art of productively losing control you do not know what the end result is but i promise you with enough brain power and enough passion and enough commitment you will arrive at conclusions that will transcend convention and will simply be something that you could not have initially or individually conceived of
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and one very important piece i made in those days was balkan baroque and this was the time of the balkan wars and i wanted to create some very strong charismatic image something that could serve for any war at any time because the balkan wars are now finished but there's always some war somewhere so here i am washing two and a half thousand dead big bloody cow bones you can't wash the blood you never can wash shame off the wars so i'm washing this six hours six days and wars are coming off these bones and becoming possible an unbearable smell but then something stays in the memory i want to show you the one who really changed my life and this was the performance in moma which i just recently made this performance when i said to the curator i'm just going to sit at the chair and there will be an empty chair at the front and anybody from the public can come and sit as long as they want the curator said to me that's ridiculous you know this is new york this chair will be empty nobody has time to sit in front of you
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this institute is going to happen in hudson upstate new york and we are trying to build with rem koolhaas an idea and it's very simple if you want to get experience you have to give me your time you have to sign the contract before you enter the building that you will spend there a full six hours you have to give me your word of honor it's something so old fashioned but if you don't respect your own word of honor and you leave before that's not my problem but it's six hours the experience and then after you finish you get a certificate of accomplishment so get home and frame it if you want
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after crystal chamber you go to eye gazing chamber after eye gazing chamber you go to a chamber where you are lying down so it's the three basic positions of the human body sitting standing and lying and slow walking and there is a sound chamber and then after you've seen all of this and prepared yourself mentally and physically then you are ready to see something with a long duration like in immaterial art it can be music it can be opera it can be a theater piece it can be film it can be video dance you go to the long duration chairs because now you are comfortable in the long duration chairs you're transported to the big place where you're going to see the work and if you fall asleep which is very possible because it's been a long day you're going to be transported to the parking lot
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and you know sleeping is very important in sleeping you're still receiving art so in the parking lot you stay for a certain amount of time and then after this you just you know go back you see more of the things you like to see or go home with your certificate so this institute right now is virtual right now i am just making my institute in brazil then it's going to be in australia then it's coming here to canada and everywhere and this is to experience a kind of simple method how you go back to simplicity in your own life counting rice will be another thing
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now let's go back in time it's there is the gallery somewhere in the world and there is a young girl age standing in the middle of the space in the front of her is a table on the table there are objects for pleasure and for pain some of the objects are a glass of water a coat a shoe a rose
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on the table there are objects for pleasure and for pain some of the objects are a glass of water a coat a shoe a rose but also the knife the razor blade the hammer and the pistol with one bullet there are instructions which say i'm an object you can use everything on the table on me i'm taking all responsibility even killing me and the time is six hours the beginning of this performance was easy people would give me the glass of water to drink they'd give me the rose
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the beginning of this performance was easy people would give me the glass of water to drink they'd give me the rose but very soon after there was a man who took the scissors and cut my clothes and then they took the thorns of the rose and stuck them in my stomach somebody took the razor blade and cut my neck and drank the blood and i still have the scar the women would tell the men what to do and the men didn't rape me because it was just a normal opening and it was all public and they were with their wives they carried me around and put me on the table and put the knife between my legs and somebody took the pistol and bullet and put it against my temple and another person took the pistol and they started a fight
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started walking towards the public i was a mess i was half naked i was full of blood and tears were running down my face and everybody escaped they just ran away they could not confront myself with myself as a normal human being and then what happened is i went to the hotel it was at two in the morning and i looked at myself in the mirror and i had a piece of gray hair
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what we did but how are we going to do that well for a long time since i was in graduate school i've been messing around making chips that is printing on glass and that's what you see here these little salt spots are just tacked onto glass and so i can put thousands of these on our glass chip and use them as a detection reagent we took our chip over to hewlett packard and used their atomic force microscope on one of these spots and this is what you see you can actually see the strands of lying flat on the glass here so what we're doing is just printing on glass little flat things and these are going to be markers for pathogens ok i make little robots in lab to make these chips and i'm really big on disseminating technology if you've got enough money to buy just a camry you can build one of these too and so we put a deep how to guide on the web totally free with basically order shelf parts you can build a array machine in your garage here's the section on the all important emergency stop switch
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you can actually be making chips in your garage and decoding some genetic programs pretty rapidly it's a lot of fun
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of these chips really looks like and these red spots are in fact signals coming from the virus and each spot represents a different family of virus or species of virus and so that's a hard way to look at things so i'm just going to encode things as a little grouped by family so you can see the results in a very intuitive way what we did is we took tissue culture cells and infected them with and you can see this little yellow next to and likewise we infected them with that's a and you see a little here and then we did respiratory virus that's the scourge of daycare centers everywhere it's like basically
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day zero nothing happening they're healthy they're clean it's amazing actually we thought the nasal tract might be full of viruses even when you're walking around healthy it's pretty clean if you're healthy you're pretty healthy day two we get a very robust pattern and it's very similar to what we get in the lab doing our tissue culture experiment so that's great but again cheap shot right we put a ton of virus up this guy's nose so i mean we wanted it to work
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are two individuals represented by their anonymous id codes they both have we've never seen this pattern in lab we part of their viruses they're new no one's actually even seen remember our evolutionary conserved sequences we're using on this array allow us to detect even novel or viruses because we pick what is conserved throughout evolution here's another guy you can play the diagnosis game yourself here these different blocks represent the different viruses in this family so you can kind of go down the blocks and see where the signal is well doesn't have canine distemper that's probably good
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we started thinking about this project how we would make a single diagnostic assay to screen for all pathogens simultaneously well there's some problems with this idea first of all viruses are pretty complex but they're also evolving very fast this is a these are things that include the common cold and polio things like this you're looking at the outside shell of the virus and the yellow color here are those parts of the virus that are evolving very very fast and the blue parts are not evolving very fast when people think about making pan viral detection reagents usually it's the fast evolving problem that's an issue because how can we detect things if they're always changing but evolution is a balance where you have fast change you also have ultra conservation things that almost never change and so we looked into this a little more carefully and i'm going to show you data now this is just some stuff you can do on the computer from the desktop i took a bunch of these small like the common cold like polio and so on and i just broke them down into small segments
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this is just some stuff you can do on the computer from the desktop i took a bunch of these small like the common cold like polio and so on and i just broke them down into small segments and so took this first example which is called and just break it into small windows and i'm coloring these small windows blue if another virus shares an identical sequence in its genome to that virus these sequences right up here which don't even code for protein by the way are almost absolutely identical across all of these so i could use this sequence as a marker to detect a wide spectrum of viruses without having to make something individual now over here there's great diversity that's where things are evolving fast down here you can see slower evolution less diversity now by the time we get out here to let's say acute bee paralysis virus probably a bad one to have if you're a bee this virus shares almost no similarity to but i can guarantee you that the sequences that are most conserved among these viruses on the right hand of the screen are in identical regions right up here and so we can encapsulate these regions of ultra conservation through evolution how these viruses evolved by just choosing elements or elements in these regions to represent on our chip as detection reagents
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and so what we did and this is a really cool project we just started by making a respiratory virus chip i talked about that you know that situation where you go into the clinic and you don't get diagnosed well we just put basically all the human respiratory viruses on one chip and we threw in herpes virus for good measure i mean why not the first thing you do as a scientist is you make sure stuff works and so what we did is we take tissue culture cells and infect them with various viruses and we take the stuff and fluorescently label the nucleic acid the genetic material that comes out of these tissue culture cells mostly viral stuff and stick it on the array to see where it sticks now if the sequences match they'll stick together and so we can look at spots
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2,444 |
and then she told me that they were actually symbols from the mythology i never knew how this was going to influence the artist that i am today you see as a young child i saw art everywhere i remember the house we lived in in in stadium road we had marble floors and you know i would look at the marble floors and i would see all sorts of patterns and designs in it and i thought everybody could see them so i would call my brother and i would be like come and see this marble design see this pattern see this mask and he would tell me i don't see anything so i would use ink and i would trace out what i saw on the floor and then when my mom noticed she got really upset
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but that didn't stop me i switched from ink to chalk because i got in trouble a lot with my teachers and my parents so i remember my mom said we are christians why don't you draw like other people why don't you draw landscapes or maybe you draw chairs or furniture or maybe even draw jesus you know i could paint the whole house if i had a chance but when i grew up i knew being an artist was not an option so i wanted to be the person my parents wanted me to be so i went to law school of course that's my dad there he was so proud that day and this was what my notebooks looked like in law school
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i was like what how did she even know me i thought this can't be true of course i thought it was a scam the nigerian in me was like nah
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clan whose wealth and resources surpass all that europe ever had whose altar is filled with gold this chant is called the my grandmother used to sing it to me when i was a child in nigeria see an is the song of praise of the people and this particularly speaks of treasures that the west does not have mama that's what i call my grandmother told me many stories about mythology you see the are an ethnic group from the southwestern part of nigeria and i was always fascinated by these stories
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2,449 |
mama that's what i call my grandmother told me many stories about mythology you see the are an ethnic group from the southwestern part of nigeria and i was always fascinated by these stories i was always intrigued and culture has inspired my art since i was a child you see african art is not just what you buy at harlem markets in new york every artist has a name and every artist has a story this is my story see mama had tattoos on her arms and her legs as a child i thought she was born with them with beautiful black lines and detailed symbols
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piece is called so when you zoom into this piece you're going to see a girl child and the accidental birth the fact that our future is controlled by where we are born now the next one you see a man and a man holding hands a woman and a woman holding hands you see in nigeria same sex relationship is criminalized you can actually get years for that with my art i like to tell stories through my art i like to start a conversation so in this one you see the map of africa you see the questions you see crying and there you see syringes plugged into africa and the natural resources being drained out
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2,452 |
so why should we believe the science well scientists don't like talking about science as a matter of belief in fact they would contrast science with faith and they would say belief is the domain of faith and faith is a separate thing apart and distinct from science indeed they would say religion is based on faith or maybe the calculus of wager blaise pascal was a century mathematician who tried to bring scientific reasoning to the question of whether or not he should believe in god and his wager went like this well if god doesn't exist but i decide to believe in him nothing much is really lost maybe a few hours on sunday
| 1 |
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so means having to do with laws and in the ideal case the hypothesis isn't just an idea ideally it is a law of nature why does it matter that it is a law of nature because if it is a law it can't be broken if it's a law then it will always be true in all times and all places no matter what the circumstances are and all of you know of at least one example of a famous law einstein's famous equation which tells us what the relationship is between energy and mass and that relationship is true no matter what now it turns out though that there are several problems with this model the main problem is that it's wrong it's just not true
| 1 |
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but this leads us to one final problem if science is what scientists say it is then isn't that just an appeal to authority and weren't we all taught in school that the appeal to authority is a logical fallacy well here's the paradox of modern science the paradox of the conclusion i think historians and philosophers and sociologists have come to that actually science is the appeal to authority but it's not the authority of the individual no matter how smart that individual is like plato or socrates or einstein it's the authority of the collective community you can think of it is a kind of wisdom of the crowd but a very special kind of crowd science does appeal to authority but it's not based on any individual no matter how smart that individual may be it's based on the collective wisdom the collective knowledge the collective work of all of the scientists who have worked on a particular problem scientists have a kind of culture of collective distrust this show me culture illustrated by this nice woman here showing her colleagues her evidence of course these people don't really look like scientists because they're much too happy
| 1 |
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or as one of my college professors said he clutched for the handrail of faith he made that leap of faith leaving science and behind now the fact is though for most of us most scientific claims are a leap of faith we can't really judge scientific claims for ourselves in most cases and indeed this is actually true for most scientists as well outside of their own specialties
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so what i'd like to argue is yes we should but not for the reason that most of us think most of us were taught in school that the reason we should believe in science is because of the scientific method we were taught that scientists follow a method and that this method guarantees the truth of their claims the method that most of us were taught in school we can call it the textbook method is the hypothetical method according to the standard model the textbook model scientists develop hypotheses they deduce the consequences of those hypotheses and then they go out into the world and they say okay well are those consequences true can we observe them taking place in the natural world and if they are true then the scientists say great we know the hypothesis is correct so there are many famous examples in the history of science of scientists doing exactly this
| 0 |
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my name is joseph a member of parliament in kenya picture a village and one evening government soldiers come surround the village and ask each elder to bring one boy to school that's how i went to school pretty much a government guy pointing a gun and told my father you have to make a choice i walked very comfortably to this missionary school that was run by an american missionary the first thing the american missionary gave me was a candy i had never in my life ever tasted candy so i said to myself with all these hundred other boys this is where i belong
| 1 |
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when everybody else was dropping out my family moved we're nomads it was a boarding school i was seven every time it closed you had to travel to find them miles it doesn't matter you slept in the bush but you kept going and i stayed
| 0 |
2,468 |
was tough in the beginning what what chicken chicken chicken yeah that was it for the first month that was the extent of vocabulary for some reason she has aphasia which is difficulty with communication she latched on to the word chicken which isn't the best but certainly is not the worst
| 1 |
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when we met oddly enough it was the last time we were in vancouver about years ago we met in vancouver at the airport on a trip that we were both taking to china that i would actually from my background i would call it a boondoggle gabby would fact finding mission she would call it an important fact finding mission she was a state senator at the time and we met here at the airport before a trip to china would you describe it as a whirlwind romance no no no
| 1 |
2,470 |
yeah we were friends for a long time yes
| 1 |
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fast pace well it was the way you did it yes yes fast pace i'm not sure people would describe it entirely that way
| 1 |
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you've got to find a replacement for me so i didn't actually resign from being an astronaut but i gave up my job and they found a replacement months later maybe about two months later i started about getting my job back which is something when you become this primary caregiver person which some people in the audience here have certainly been in that position it's a challenging role but at some point you've got to figure out when you're going to get your life back and at the time i couldn't ask gabby if she wanted me to go fly in the space shuttle again but i knew she was yes yes yes she was the biggest supporter of my career and i knew it was the right thing to do and yet i'm trying to imagine mark what that was like going off onto a mission one presumes safely but it's never a guarantee and knowing that gabby is well not only was she still in the hospital on the third day of that flight literally while i was with the space station and you've got two vehicles moving at miles an hour i'm actually flying it looking out the window a bunch of computers gabby was in brain surgery literally at that time having the final surgery to replace the piece of skull that they took out on the day she was injured with a prosthetic yeah which is the whole side of her head now if any of you guys would ever come to our house in tucson for the first time gabby would usually go up to the freezer and pull out the piece of tupperware that has the real skull
| 1 |
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family yes yes and we got him from a prison murder we have a lot of connections with prisons apparently
| 1 |
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yeah it's amazing it's amazing how everything can change for any of us in an instant people don't realize that i certainly didn't gabby giffords yes and on that saturday morning i got this horrible phone call from chief of staff she didn't have much other information she just said gabby was shot a few minutes later i called her back and i actually thought for a second well maybe i just imagined getting this phone call i called her back and that's when she told me that gabby had been shot in the head
| 0 |
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pm gabby what's been the toughest challenge for you during this recovery talking really hard really yeah with aphasia gabby knows what she wants to say she just can't get it out she understands everything but the communication is just very difficult because when you look at the picture the part of your brain where those communication centers are are on the left side of your head which is where the bullet passed through
| 0 |
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a year ago we were invited by the swiss embassy in berlin to present our art projects we are used to invitations but this invitation really thrilled us the swiss embassy in berlin is special it is the only old building in the government district that was not destroyed during the second world war and it sits right next to the federal no one is closer to chancellor merkel than the swiss diplomats
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and this is crucial in another context over the last couple of years we learned that from the roofs of the us and the british embassy the secret services have been listening to the entire district including the mobile phone of angela merkel the antennas of the british are hidden in a white cylindrical while the listening post of the american is covered by radio transparent screens but how to address these hidden and disguised forces with my colleague christoph wachter we accepted the invitation of the swiss embassy and we used this opportunity to exploit the specific situation if people are spying on us it stands to reason that they have to listen to what we are saying
| 1 |
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on the roof of the swiss embassy we installed a series of antennas they weren't as sophisticated as those used by the americans and the british
| 1 |
2,483 |
they were makeshift can antennas not camouflaged but totally obvious and visible the academy of arts joined the project and so we built another large antenna on their rooftop exactly between the listening posts of the and the
| 1 |
2,486 |
is watching we are part of your organizations expect us we will shutdown this is the achilles heel open networks agents what twisted story of yourself will you tell your grandchildren my neighbors are noisy please send a drone strike
| 1 |
2,489 |
the tours visited the restricted zones around the embassies and we discussed the potential and the highlights of communication if we become aware of the constellation the terms and conditions of communication it not only broadens our horizon it allows us to look behind the regulations that limit our our specific social political or aesthetic conventions
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look at an actual example the fate of people living in the makeshift settlements on the outskirts of paris is hidden and faded from view it's a vicious circle it's not poverty not racism not exclusion that are new what is new is how these realities are hidden and how people are made invisible in an age of global and overwhelming communication and exchange such makeshift settlements are considered illegal and therefore those living in them don't have a chance of making their voices heard on the contrary every time they appear every time they risk becoming visible merely gives grounds for further persecution expulsion and suppression
| 0 |
2,491 |
such makeshift settlements are considered illegal and therefore those living in them don't have a chance of making their voices heard on the contrary every time they appear every time they risk becoming visible merely gives grounds for further persecution expulsion and suppression what interested us was how we could come to know this hidden side we were searching for an interface and we found one it's not a digital interface but a physical one it's a hotel we named the project hotel together with roma families we created several hotel in europe for example in in germany in near paris and also in the balkans these are real hotels people can stay there
| 0 |
2,492 |
these are real hotels people can stay there but they aren't a commercial enterprise they are a symbol you can go online and ask for a personal invitation to come and live for a few days in the hotel in their homes eating working and living with the roma families here the roma families are not the travelers the visitors are here the roma families are not a minority the visitors are the point is not to make judgments but rather to find out about the context that determines these disparate and seemingly insurmountable contradictions in the world of globalization the continents are drifting closer to each other
| 0 |
2,493 |
the interception of the boats and the disappearance of the people into the detention system are veiled by the australian authorities these procedures are declared to be secret military operations
| 0 |
2,494 |
armed with this information from the together with some colleagues here at cern we computed the probability that our universe could quantum tunnel into the ultra dense higgs state and we found a very intriguing result our calculations showed that the measured value of the higgs mass is very special it has just the right value to keep the universe hanging in an unstable situation the higgs field is in a wobbly configuration that has lasted so far but that will eventually collapse so according to these calculations we are like campers who accidentally set their tent at the edge of a cliff and eventually the higgs field will undergo a phase transition and matter will collapse into itself so is this how humanity is going to disappear i don't think so our calculation shows that quantum tunneling of the higgs field is not likely to occur in the next to the years and this is a very long time it's even longer than the time it takes for italy to form a stable government
| 1 |
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but for me the biggest surprise of that day was that there was no big surprise in the eye of a theoretical physicist the higgs is a clever explanation of how some elementary particles gain mass but it seems a fairly unsatisfactory and incomplete solution
| 0 |
2,496 |
later when this material was translated into a common european language which is to say latin they simply replaced the greek kai with the latin x and once that happened once this material was in latin it formed the basis for mathematics textbooks for almost years but now we have the answer to our question why is it that x is the unknown x is the unknown because you can't say sh in spanish
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i have the answer to a question that we've all asked the question is why is it that the letter x represents the unknown now i know we learned that in math class but now it's everywhere in the culture the x prize the x files project x where'd that come from about six years ago i decided that i would learn arabic which turns out to be a supremely logical language to write a word or a phrase or a sentence in arabic is like crafting an equation because every part is extremely precise and carries a lot of information
| 0 |
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