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and so i suddenly realized two very simple things first the effect was not restricted to husbands and wives and second it was not restricted to pairs of people and i started to see the world in a whole new way like pairs of people connected to each other and then i realized that these individuals would be connected into with other pairs of people nearby and then in fact these people were embedded in other sorts of relationships marriage and spousal and friendship and other sorts of ties and that in fact these connections were vast and that we were all embedded in this broad set of connections with each other so i started to see the world in a completely new way and i became obsessed with this i became obsessed with how it might be that we're embedded in these social networks and how they affect our lives so social networks are these intricate things of beauty and they're so elaborate and so complex and so ubiquitous in fact that one has to ask what purpose they serve
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and then i realized that these individuals would be connected into with other pairs of people nearby and then in fact these people were embedded in other sorts of relationships marriage and spousal and friendship and other sorts of ties and that in fact these connections were vast and that we were all embedded in this broad set of connections with each other so i started to see the world in a completely new way and i became obsessed with this i became obsessed with how it might be that we're embedded in these social networks and how they affect our lives so social networks are these intricate things of beauty and they're so elaborate and so complex and so ubiquitous in fact that one has to ask what purpose they serve why are we embedded in social networks i mean how do they form how do they operate and how do they effect us so my first topic with respect to this was not death but obesity it had become trendy to speak about the obesity epidemic and along with my collaborator james fowler we began to wonder whether obesity really was epidemic and could it spread from person to person like the four people i discussed earlier
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it had become trendy to speak about the obesity epidemic and along with my collaborator james fowler we began to wonder whether obesity really was epidemic and could it spread from person to person like the four people i discussed earlier so this is a slide of some of our initial results it's people in the year every dot is a person we make the dot size proportional to people's body size so bigger dots are bigger people in addition if your body size if your your body mass index is above if you're clinically obese we also colored the dots yellow so if you look at this image right away you might be able to see that there are clusters of obese and non obese people in the image but the visual complexity is still very high
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the second desire path i wanted to share is at the university of california and it reminds me that sometimes the best way to come up with a great design is just to launch it now university campuses are fantastic for spotting desire paths i think it's because students are always late and they're pretty smart so they're dashing to lectures they'll always find the shortcut and the designers here knew that so they built the buildings and then they waited a few months for the paths to form they then paved them
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i think our job is often to pave these emerging desire paths if we look back at the one in north london again that desire path hasn't always been there the reason it sprung up is people were traveling to the mighty arsenal football club stadium on game days from the underground station you see on the bottom right so you see the desire path if we just wind the clock back a few years when the stadium was being constructed there is no desire path so our job is to watch for these desire paths emerging and where appropriate pave them as someone did here someone installed a barrier people started walking across and round the bottom as you see and they paved it
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there's georgian buildings around the side but then there's this mud trap that cuts across the middle
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there's georgian buildings around the side but then there's this mud trap that cuts across the middle people clearly don't want to walk all the way around the edge instead they want to take the shortcut and that shortcut is self reinforcing now this shortcut is called a desire path and it's often the path of least resistance i find them fascinating because they're often the point where design and user experience diverge now at this point i should apologize because you guys are going to start seeing these everywhere but today i'm going to pick three i find interesting and share what actually it reminds me about launching new products and services the first is in the capital city of brazil brasilia
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innovation is not about creating a vision and inspiring others to execute it but what do we mean by innovation an innovation is anything that is both new and useful it can be a product or service it can be a process or a way of organizing it can be incremental or it can be breakthrough we have a pretty inclusive definition how many of you recognize this man put your hands up keep your hands up if you know who this is
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of you may be sitting there and saying to yourselves right now we don't know how to do those things in my organization so why do they know how to do those things at pixar and why do they know how to do those things at when many of the people that worked for bill told us in their opinion that bill was one of the finest leaders in silicon valley we completely agreed the man is a genius leadership is the secret sauce but it's a different kind of leadership not the kind many of us think about when we think about great leadership one of the leaders i met with early on said to me linda i don't read books on leadership all they do is make me feel bad
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at this point some of you may be wondering what does that leadership really look like at pixar they understand that innovation takes a village the leaders focus on building a sense of community and building those three capabilities how do they define leadership they say leadership is about creating a world to which people want to belong what kind of world do people want to belong in at pixar a world where you're living at the frontier what do they focus their time on not on creating a vision instead they spend their time thinking about how do we design a studio that has the sensibility of a public square so that people will interact let's put in a policy that anyone no matter what their level or role is allowed to give notes to the director about how they feel about a particular film what can we do to make sure that all the all the minority voices in this organization speak up and are heard and finally let's bestow credit in a very generous way i don't know if you've ever looked at the credits of a pixar movie but the babies born during a production are listed there
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i use the methods of anthropology to understand the questions in which i'm interested so along with three co conspirators i spent nearly a decade observing up close and personal exceptional leaders of innovation
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my first visit to pixar was in when they were working on that provocative movie about a rat becoming a master chef computer generated movies are really mainstream today but it took ed and his colleagues nearly years to create the first full length c g movie in the years hence they've produced movies i was recently at pixar and i'm here to tell you that number is sure to be a winner when many of us think about innovation though we think about an einstein having an moment
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so what did i learn well here i am inside biosphere making a pizza so i am harvesting the wheat in order to make the dough and then of course i have to milk the goats and feed the goats in order to make the cheese it took me four months in biosphere to make a pizza here in biosphere well it takes me about two minutes because i pick up the phone and i call and say hey can you deliver the pizza so biosphere was essentially a three acre entirely sealed miniature world that i lived in for two years and minutes
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and over the ensuing few years there were great sagas about designing biosphere but by we finally had this thing built and it was time for us to go in and give it a go we needed to know is life this malleable can you take this biosphere that has evolved on a planetary scale and jam it into a little bottle and will it survive big questions and we wanted to know this both for being able to go somewhere else in the universe if we were going to go to mars for instance would we take a biosphere with us to live in it we also wanted to know so we can understand more about the earth that we all live in well in it was finally time for us to go in and try out this baby let's take it on a maiden voyage will it work or will something happen that we can't understand and we can't fix thereby negating the concept of man made biospheres so eight of us went in four men and four women more on that later
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the day i walked into biosphere i was for the first time breathing a completely different atmosphere than everybody else in the world except seven other people at that moment i became part of that biosphere and i don't mean that in an abstract sense i mean it rather literally when i breathed out my fed the sweet potatoes that i was growing and we ate an awful lot of the sweet potatoes
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back in the when we were designing biosphere we had to ask ourselves some pretty basic questions i mean what is a biosphere back then yes i guess we all know now that it is essentially the sphere of life around the earth right well you have to get a little more specific than that if you're going to build one and so we decided that what it really is is that it is entirely materially closed that is nothing goes in or out at all no material and energetically open which is essentially what planet earth is this is a chamber that was the size of biosphere that we called our test module and the very first day that this fellow john allen walked in to spend a couple of days in there with all the plants and animals and bacteria that we'd put in there to hopefully keep him alive the doctors were incredibly concerned that he was going to succumb to some dreadful toxin or that his lungs were going to get choked with bacteria or something fungus but of course none of that happened and over the ensuing few years there were great sagas about designing biosphere
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since i was a kid i've had a terrible rote memory and i didn't like following instructions i was no good at following instructions but i loved to figure out how things worked for myself when i was i hated school but i fell in love with trading the markets i at the time earned about five dollars a bag and i took my money and i put it in the stock market and that was just because the stock market was hot at the time and the first company i bought was a company by the name of northeast airlines northeast airlines was the only company i heard of that was selling for less than five dollars a share
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for example a creative thinker who is unreliable might be matched up with someone who's reliable but not creative knowing what people are like also allows us to decide what responsibilities to give them and to weigh our decisions based on people's merits we call it their believability here's an example of a vote that we took where the majority of people felt one way but when we weighed the views based on people's merits the answer was completely different this process allows us to make decisions not based on democracy not based on autocracy but based on algorithms that take people's believability into consideration yup we really do this
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and i figured i could buy more shares and if it went up i'd make more money so it was a dumb strategy right but i tripled my money and i tripled my money because i got lucky the company was about to go bankrupt but some other company acquired it and i tripled my money and i was hooked and i thought this game is easy
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and those algorithms would be embedded in computers and the computers would make decisions along with me and so in parallel we would make these decisions and i could see how those decisions then compared with my own decisions and i could see that those decisions were a lot better and that was because the computer could make decisions much faster it could process a lot more information and it can process decisions much more less emotionally so it radically improved my decision making eight years after i started bridgewater i had my greatest failure my greatest mistake it was late i was years old and i had calculated that american banks had lent much more money to emerging countries than those countries were going to be able to pay back and that we would have the greatest debt crisis since the great depression and with it an economic crisis and a big bear market in stocks it was a controversial view at the time people thought it was kind of a crazy point of view
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for us edge cases those rare situations that are unlikely to occur are more like norms say percent of pose no risk to anyone there's no threat involved maybe people are documenting travel landmarks like australia's heart reef or about a concert they're attending or sharing pictures of cute baby animals after you take out that percent that tiny percentage of remaining works out to roughly per month the sheer scale of what we're dealing with makes for a challenge you know what else makes my role particularly challenging people do weird things
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if you saw a tweet that only said this you might think to yourself that looks like abuse after all why would you want to receive the message yo bitch now i try to stay relatively hip to the latest trends and so i knew that yo bitch was also often a common greeting between friends as well as being a popular breaking bad reference i will admit that i did not expect to encounter a fourth use case it turns out it is also used on when people are role playing as dogs
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now given the sorts of challenges i'm up against it's crucial that i not only predict but also design protections for the unexpected and that's not just an issue for me or for it's an issue for you it's an issue for anybody who's building or creating something that you think is going to be amazing and will let people do awesome things so what do i do i pause and i think how could all of this go horribly wrong i visualize catastrophe and that's hard there's a sort of inherent cognitive dissonance in doing that like when you're writing your wedding vows at the same time as your prenuptial agreement
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could this picture lead to my death well here's one possibility there's more in that picture than just a cat there's when you take a picture with your or digital camera there's a lot of additional information saved along in that image in fact this image also contains the equivalent of this more specifically this sure it's not likely that someone's going to try to track me down and do me harm based upon image data associated with a picture i took of my cat but i start by assuming the worst will happen that's why when we launched photos on we made the decision to strip that out if i start by assuming the worst and work backwards i can make sure that the protections we build work for both expected and unexpected use cases given that i spend my days and nights imagining the worst that could happen it wouldn't be surprising if my was gloomy
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so okay determining whether or not something is abusive without context definitely hard let's look at spam here's an example of an account engaged in classic behavior sending the exact same message to thousands of people while this is a i put together using my account we see accounts doing this all the time seems pretty straightforward we should just automatically suspend accounts engaging in this kind of behavior
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seems pretty straightforward we should just automatically suspend accounts engaging in this kind of behavior turns out there's some exceptions to that rule turns out that that message could also be a notification you signed up for that the international space station is passing overhead because you wanted to go outside and see if you could see it you're not going to get that chance if we mistakenly suspend the account thinking it's spam okay let's make the stakes higher back to my account again exhibiting classic behavior this time it's sending the same message and link
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are million totally blind people on our planet but those of us who've shared in the technological changes mainly come from north america europe japan and other developed parts of the world computers have changed the lives of us all in this room and around the world but i think they've changed the lives of we blind people more than any other group and so i want to tell you about the interaction between computer based adaptive technology and the many volunteers who helped me over the years to become the person i am today it's an interaction between volunteers passionate inventors and technology and it's a story that many other blind people could tell but let me tell you a bit about it today when i was five i went to school and i learned braille it's an ingenious system of six dots that are punched into paper and i can feel them with my fingers in fact i think they're putting up my grade six report i don't know where julian morrow got that from
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when you leave the opera house you'll find there's braille signage in the lifts look for it have you noticed it i do i look for it all the time
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when i was at school the books were transcribed by transcribers voluntary people who punched one dot at a time so i'd have volumes to read and that had been going on mainly by women since the late century in this country but it was the only way i could read when i was in high school i got my first reel tape recorder and tape recorders became my sort of pre computer medium of learning i could have family and friends read me material and i could then read it back as many times as i needed and it brought me into contact with volunteers and helpers for example when i studied at graduate school at queen's university in canada the prisoners at the collins bay jail agreed to help me i gave them a tape recorder and they read into it as one of them said to me ron we ain't going anywhere at the moment
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i saw my first apple computer in and i thought to myself this thing's got a glass screen not much use to me how very wrong i was in in the month our eldest son gerard was born i got my first blind computer and it's actually here see it up there and you see it has no what do you call it no screen
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are many people who have helped me in my life and many that i haven't met one is another american inventor ted ted was a motorcycle racer but in he had a car accident and lost his sight which is devastating if you're trying to ride motorbikes he then turned to being a and was a champion disabled but in he teamed up with bill joyce to develop a program that would read out what was on the computer screen from the net or from what was on the computer it's called jaws job access with speech and it sounds like this
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or four years old i remember my mum reading a story to me and my two big brothers and i remember putting up my hands to feel the page of the book to feel the picture they were discussing and my mum said darling remember that you can't see and you can't feel the picture and you can't feel the print on the page and i thought to myself but that's what i want to do i love stories i want to read little did i know that i would be part of a technological revolution that would make that dream come true
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i was born premature by about weeks which resulted in my blindness some years ago the condition is known as and it's now very rare in the developed world little did i know lying curled up in my prim baby in that i'd been born at the right place and the right time that i was in a country where i could participate in the technological revolution there are million totally blind people on our planet but those of us who've shared in the technological changes mainly come from north america europe japan and other developed parts of the world computers have changed the lives of us all in this room and around the world but i think they've changed the lives of we blind people more than any other group and so i want to tell you about the interaction between computer based adaptive technology and the many volunteers who helped me over the years to become the person i am today it's an interaction between volunteers passionate inventors and technology and it's a story that many other blind people could tell
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sadly he died in a light plane crash in but his memory lives on in my heart it meant for the first time i could read back what i had typed into it
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now the kurzweil reader is simply a program on my laptop that's what it's shrunk to and now i can scan the latest novel and not wait to get it into talking book libraries i can keep up with my friends there are many people who have helped me in my life and many that i haven't met one is another american inventor ted
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i grew up with family friends reading to me and i loved the warmth and the breath and the closeness of people reading do you love being read to and one of my most enduring memories is in mary reading to me and the children down near manly beach harry potter and the stone isn't that a great book i still love being close to someone reading to me but i wouldn't give up the technology because it's allowed me to lead a great life of course talking books for the blind predated all this technology after all the long playing record was developed in the early and now we put talking books on cds using the digital access system known as daisy but when i'm reading with synthetic voices i love to come home and read a racy novel with a real voice now there are still barriers in front of we people with disabilities many we can't read using jaws and the other technologies
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when you enter a cave you have to completely forget what you know about caves classic limestone caves or the caves that you can visit in several places in the world because what seems a simple here is not made by calcium carbonate but is made by opal and one of those can require tens of millions of years to be formed but you can find even stranger forms like these mushrooms of silica growing on a boulder and you can imagine our talks when we were exploring the cave we were the first entering and discovering those unknown things things like those monster eggs and we were a bit scared because it was all a discovery and we didn't want to find a dinosaur we didn't find a dinosaur
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so you're basically yes you can even keep the shutter open for one minute and then paint the environment the final result is what you want to achieve you spray the environment with light and that's what you get maybe we can try this at home someday i don't know
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and so i just came two days ago from the himalayas to your kind invitation so i would like to invite you also for a while to the himalayas themselves and to show the place where like me who began with being a molecular biologist in pasteur institute and found their way to the mountains so these are a few images i was lucky to take and be there there's mount kailash in eastern tibet wonderful setting this is from marlboro country
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this is a turquoise lake a this is the hottest day of the year somewhere in eastern tibet on august and the night before we camped and my tibetan friends said we are going to sleep outside and i said why we have enough space in the tent they said yes but it's summertime
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so now we are going to speak of happiness as a frenchman i must say that there are a lot of french intellectuals that think happiness is not at all interesting
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i just wrote an essay on happiness and there was a controversy and someone wrote an article saying don't impose on us the dirty work of happiness
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we don't care about being happy we need to live with passion we like the ups and downs of life we like our suffering because it's so good when it ceases for a while
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this is what i see from the balcony of my hermitage in the himalayas it's about two meters by three and you are all welcome any time
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well that would be fine if it was just a secondary preoccupation in life but now if it is something that is going to determine the quality of every instant of our life then we better know what it is have some clearer idea and probably the fact that we don't know that is why so often although we seek happiness it seems we turn our back to it although we want to avoid suffering it seems we are running somewhat towards it and that can also come from some kind of confusions one of the most common ones is happiness and pleasure but if you look at the characteristics of those two pleasure is contingent upon time upon its object upon the place it is something that changes of nature beautiful chocolate cake first serving is delicious second one not so much then we feel disgust
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the brain was thought to be more or less fixed all the nominal connections in numbers and quantities were thought until the last years to be more or less fixed when we reached adult age now recently it has been found that it can change a lot a violinist as we heard who has done hours of violin practice some area that controls the movements of fingers in the brain changes a lot increasing reinforcement of the connections so can we do that with human qualities with loving kindness with patience with openness so that's what those great have been doing some of them who came to the labs like in madison wisconsin or in berkeley did to hours of meditation they do like three years' retreat where they do meditate hours a day and then the rest of their life they will do three or four hours a day they are real olympic champions of mind training
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now compassion is supposed to be put in action that's what we try to do in different places just this one example is worth a lot of work this lady with bone tb left alone in a tent was going to die with her only daughter one year later how she is different schools and clinics we've been doing in tibet and just i leave you with the beauty of those looks that tells more about happiness than i could ever say
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look at the waves coming near the shore when you are at the bottom of the wave you hit the bottom you hit the solid rock when you are surfing on the top you are all elated so you go from elation to depression there's no depth now if you look at the high sea there might be beautiful calm ocean like a mirror there might be storms but the depth of the ocean is still there unchanged
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when you are surfing on the top you are all elated so you go from elation to depression there's no depth now if you look at the high sea there might be beautiful calm ocean like a mirror there might be storms but the depth of the ocean is still there unchanged so now how is that it can only be a state of being not just a fleeting emotion sensation even joy that can be the spring of happiness but there's also wicked joy you can rejoice in someone's suffering so how do we proceed in our quest for happiness very often we look outside we think that if we could gather this and that all the conditions something that we say everything to be happy to have everything to be happy
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to have everything if we miss something it collapses and also when things go wrong we try to fix the outside so much but our control of the outer world is limited temporary and often illusory so now look at inner conditions aren't they stronger isn't it the mind that translates the outer condition into happiness and suffering and isn't that stronger we know by experience that we can be what we call a little paradise and yet be completely unhappy within the dalai lama was once in portugal and there was a lot of construction going on everywhere so one evening he said look you are doing all these things but isn't it nice also to build something within and he said without that even if you get a high tech flat on the floor of a super modern and comfortable building if you are deeply unhappy within all you are going to look for is a window from which to jump so now at the opposite we know a lot of people who in very difficult circumstances manage to keep serenity inner strength inner freedom confidence so now if the inner conditions are stronger of course the outer conditions do influence and it's wonderful to live longer healthier to have access to information education to be able to travel to have freedom
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so now at the opposite we know a lot of people who in very difficult circumstances manage to keep serenity inner strength inner freedom confidence so now if the inner conditions are stronger of course the outer conditions do influence and it's wonderful to live longer healthier to have access to information education to be able to travel to have freedom it's highly desirable however this is not enough those are just auxiliary help conditions the experience that translates everything is within the mind so then when we ask oneself how to nurture the condition for happiness the inner conditions and which are those which will undermine happiness so then this just needs to have some experience we have to know from ourselves there are certain states of mind that are conducive to this flourishing to this well being what the greeks called flourishing
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we have to know from ourselves there are certain states of mind that are conducive to this flourishing to this well being what the greeks called flourishing there are some which are adverse to this well being and so if we look from our own experience anger hatred jealousy arrogance obsessive desire strong grasping they don't leave us in such a good state after we have experienced it and also they are detrimental to others' happiness so we may consider that the more those are invading our mind and like a chain reaction the more we feel miserable we feel tormented at the opposite everyone knows deep within that an act of selfless generosity if from the distance without anyone knowing anything about it we could save a child's life make someone happy we don't need the recognition we don't need any gratitude
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so is that possible to change our way of being to transform one's mind aren't those negative emotions or destructive emotions inherent to the nature of mind is change possible in our emotions in our traits in our moods for that we have to ask what is the nature of mind and if we look from the experiential point of view there is a primary quality of consciousness that's just the mere fact to be cognitive to be aware consciousness is like a mirror that allows all images to rise on it you can have ugly faces beautiful faces in the mirror the mirror allows that but the mirror is not tainted is not modified is not altered by those images likewise behind every single thought there is the bare consciousness pure awareness this is the nature it cannot be tainted intrinsically with hatred or jealousy because then if it was always there like a dye that would permeate the whole cloth then it would be found all the time somewhere we know we're not always angry always jealous always generous
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so because the basic fabric of consciousness is this pure cognitive quality that differentiates it from a stone there is a possibility for change because all emotions are fleeting that is the ground for mind training mind training is based on the idea that two opposite mental factors cannot happen at the same time you could go from love to hate but you cannot at the same time toward the same object the same person want to harm and want to do good you cannot in the same gesture shake hand and give a blow so there are natural to emotions that are destructive to our inner well being
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so that would be really great if you could add that to the production capacity in tanzania it would really boost the economy just to go back to the states if you translate the amount of power or electricity this computer uses to the amount of households in the states you get households in the u s that's how much power this computer uses now let's compare this with the brain this is a picture of actually rory girlfriend's brain rory is a graduate student at stanford he studies the brain using and he claims that this is the most beautiful brain that he has ever scanned
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that compare with the way computers work in the computer you have all the data going through the central processing unit and any piece of data basically has to go through that bottleneck whereas in the brain what you have is these neurons and the data just really flows through a network of connections among the neurons there's no bottleneck here it's really a network in the literal sense of the word the net is doing the work in the brain if you just look at these two pictures these kind of words pop into your mind this is serial and it's rigid it's like cars on a freeway everything has to happen in lockstep whereas this is parallel and it's fluid information processing is very dynamic and adaptive so i'm not the first to figure this out this is a quote from brian eno the problem with computers is that there is not enough africa in them
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i got my first computer when i was a teenager growing up in and it was a really cool device you could play games with it you could program it in basic and i was fascinated so i went into the library to figure out how did this thing work i read about how the is constantly shuffling data back and forth between the memory the ram and the alu the arithmetic and logic unit
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i stunk at sports i didn't like to play them i didn't like to watch them so this is what i did i went fishing and for all of my growing up i fished on the shores of connecticut and these are the creatures that i saw on a regular basis but after i grew up and went to college and i came home in the early this is what i found
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the expressive potential of the new tools that we have in my own case i'm an artist and i'm really interested in expanding the vocabulary of human action and basically empowering people through interactivity i want people to discover themselves as actors as creative actors by having interactive experiences a lot of my work is about trying to get away from this this a photograph of the desktop of a student of mine and when i say desktop i don't just mean the actual desk where his mouse has worn away the surface of the desk if you look carefully you can even see a hint of the apple menu up here in the upper left where the virtual world has literally punched through to the physical so this is as joy mountford once said the mouse is probably the narrowest straw you could try to suck all of human expression through
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i'm at carnegie mellon we've got a great robotics institute there i'd like to show you thing called snout which is the idea behind this project is to make a robot that appears as if it's continually surprised to see you
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for you nerds here's a little behind it's got a computer vision system and it tries to look at the people who are moving around the most those are its targets up there is the skeleton which is actually what it's trying to do it's really about trying to create a novel body language for a new creature hollywood does this all the time of course but also have the body language communicate something to the person who is looking at it this language is communicating that it is surprised to see you and it's interested in looking at you
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but i still fall into this weird crack where people don't seem to understand me and i was looking around and i found this wonderful picture it's a letter from in saying we can't imagine ever doing a special issue on electronics or computers in art and they still haven't and lest you think that you all as the are more enlightened i went to the apple app store the other day where's art i got productivity i got sports and somehow the idea that one would want to make art for the which my friends and i are doing now is still not reflected in our understanding of what computers are for so from both directions there is kind of i think a lack of understanding about what it could mean to be an artist who uses the materials of his own day or her own day which i think artists are obliged to do is to really explore the expressive potential of the new tools that we have
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how can we get away from the mouse and use our full bodies as a way of exploring aesthetic experiences not necessarily utilitarian ones so i write software and that's how i do it and a lot of my experiences resemble mirrors in some way because this is in some sense the first way that people discover their own potential as actors and discover their own agency
| 0 |
5,267 |
and that's how i do it and a lot of my experiences resemble mirrors in some way because this is in some sense the first way that people discover their own potential as actors and discover their own agency by saying who is that person in the mirror oh it's actually me and so to give an example this is a project from last year which is called the fragment processor and it allows people to explore the negative shapes that they create when they're just going about their everyday business so as people make shapes with their hands or their heads and so forth or with each other these shapes literally produce sounds and drop out of thin air basically taking what's often this kind of unseen space or this undetected space and making it something real that people then can appreciate and become creative with so again people discover their creative agency in this way and their own personalities come out in totally unique ways
| 0 |
5,284 |
but we think about games as fun and that's completely reasonable but let's just think about this so this one here this is the olympics now i don't know where you guys were but i was in my living room it was practically a religious event and this is when the americans beat the russians and this was yes it was technically a game hockey is a game but really was this a game i mean people cried i've never seen my mother cry like that at the end of monopoly
| 1 |
5,286 |
this is an expression of culture right and this is actually from his degradation series and what was most fascinating to me about this series is just look at that little boy there can you imagine we can see that's a traditional native american now i just want to change that guy's race just imagine if that's a black guy so honey come here let's get you a picture with the black guy right like seriously nobody would do this it baffles the mind and so zig being indian likewise it baffles his mind his favorite photograph my favorite photograph of his which i don't have in here is indian taking picture of white people taking pictures of indians
| 1 |
5,289 |
maybe you're ticked off or maybe you're looking forward to a new game you've been up too late playing a game all these things happen to me but when we think about games a lot of times we think about stuff like this first person shooters or the big what we would call aaa games or maybe you're a game player this is one my partner and i worked on
| 0 |
5,290 |
but when we think about games a lot of times we think about stuff like this first person shooters or the big what we would call aaa games or maybe you're a game player this is one my partner and i worked on maybe you play games and that's what we're making right now this is a lighter form of game maybe you think about the tragically boring board games that hold us hostage in thanksgiving situations this would be one of the tragically boring board games that you can figure out or maybe you're in your living room playing with the with the kids and there's this whole range of games and that's very much what i think about i make my living from games i've been lucky enough to do this since i was which also qualifies as i've never really had a real job but we think about games as fun and that's completely reasonable but let's just think about this
| 0 |
5,292 |
i happened to be living in springfield at the time and the best part of it was you would close the women's door in the bathroom and i remember seeing go sox and i thought really or the houses you'd come out because every game well i think almost every game went into overtime right so we'd be outside and all the other lights are on in the whole block and kids the attendance was down in school kids weren't going to school but it's ok it's the red sox right i mean there's education and then there's the red sox and we know where they're stacked so this was an amazing experience and again yes it was a game but they didn't write newspaper articles people didn't say you know really i can die now because the red sox won and many people did so games it means something more to us it absolutely means something more so now this is an abrupt transition here there was three years where i actually did have a real job sort of i was the head of a college department teaching games so again it was sort of a real job and now i got to talk about making them as opposed to making them
| 0 |
5,294 |
out casual word i invented the placebo camera
| 1 |
5,296 |
dear sir good day compliments of the day and my best wishes to you and family i know this letter will come to you surprisingly but let it not be a surprise to you for nature has a way of arriving unannounced and as an adage says originals are very hard to find but their echoes sound so i decided to contact you myself for you to assure me of safety and honesty if i have to entrust any amount of money under your custody i am mr micheal the son of late mr who was the minister of finance in sierra leone but was killed during the civil war
| 1 |
5,297 |
you know when chris first approached me to speak at ted i said no because i felt like i wasn't going to be able to make that personal connection you know that i wanted to it's such a large conference but he explained to me that he was in a bind and that he was having trouble finding the kind of sex appeal and star power that the conference was known for so i said fine ted i mean chris i'll come on two conditions one i want to speak as early in the morning as possible
| 0 |
5,299 |
these that allow people to get together doing fun things they actually get to know each other and it's sort of like low threshold peripheral activities that i think are the key to bringing up some of our bonding social capital that we're lacking and very very quickly i love puppets here's a puppet it dances to music lotte an amazing shadow puppeteer in the that started doing more elaborate things
| 0 |
5,300 |
i'm going to start by actually sharing with you a new friend of mine libby somebody i've become quite attached to over the last six months this is libby or actually this is an ultrasound image of libby this is the kidney transplant i was never supposed to have now this is an image that we shot a couple of weeks ago for today and you'll notice on the edge of this image there's some dark spots there which was really concerning to me so we're going to actually do a live exam to sort of see how doing this is not a wardrobe malfunction i have to take my belt off here don't you in the front row worry or anything
| 1 |
5,301 |
this is a portable ultrasound it can plug into a it can plug into a tablet is up in redmond washington and they kindly trained me to actually do this on myself they're not approved to do this patients are not approved to do this this is a concept demo so i want to make that clear all right i gotta gel up now the people in the front row are very nervous
| 1 |
5,302 |
i want to share some personal friends and stories with you that i've actually never talked about in public before to help illustrate the idea and the need and the hope for us to reinvent our health care system around the world twenty four years ago i had a sophomore in college i had a series of fainting spells no alcohol was involved and i ended up in student health and they ran some and came back right away and said kidney problems and before i knew it i was involved and thrown into this six months of tests and trials and tribulations with six doctors across two hospitals in this clash of medical titans to figure out which one of them was right about what was wrong with me and i'm sitting in a waiting room some time later for an ultrasound and all six of these doctors actually show up in the room at once and i'm like uh oh this is bad news
| 0 |
5,303 |
now with the gravity of this doomsday diagnosis it just sucked me in immediately as if i began preparing myself as a patient to die according to the schedule that they had just given to me until i met a patient named verna in a waiting room who became a dear friend and she grabbed me one day and took me off to the medical library and did a bunch of research on these diagnoses and these diseases and said eric these people who get this are normally in their and they don't know anything about you wake up take control of your health and get on with your life and i did now these people making these proclamations to me were not bad people
| 0 |
5,305 |
so after being at mit for a few years i realized that writing academic papers is not that exciting you know i don't know how many of those you read but it's not fun to read and often not fun to write even worse to write so i decided to try and write something more fun and i came up with an idea that i would write a cookbook and the title for my cookbook was going to be dining without crumbs the art of eating over the sink
| 1 |
5,306 |
turned out to be quite fun in two ways first of all i enjoyed writing but the more interesting thing was that i started learning from people it's a fantastic time to write because there's so much feedback you can get from people people write to me about their personal experience and about their examples and where they disagree and their nuances and even being here i mean the last few days i've known heights of obsessive behavior i never thought about
| 1 |
5,307 |
i will tell you a little bit about irrational behavior and i want to start by giving you some examples of visual illusion as a metaphor for rationality so think about these two tables and you must have seen this illusion if i asked you what's longer the vertical line on the table on the left or the horizontal line on the table on the right which one seems longer can anybody see anything but the left one being longer no right it's impossible but the nice thing about visual illusion is we can easily demonstrate mistakes so i can put some lines on it doesn't help i can animate the lines and to the extent you believe i didn't shrink the lines which i didn't i've proven to you that your eyes were deceiving you now the interesting thing about this is when i take the lines away it's as if you haven't learned anything in the last minute
| 1 |
5,308 |
but again it's the same story that if we take the background away the illusion comes back there is no way for us not to see this illusion i guess maybe if you're colorblind i don't think you can see that i want you to think about illusion as a metaphor vision is one of the best things we do we have a huge part of our brain dedicated to vision bigger than dedicated to anything else we use our vision more hours of the day than anything else we're designed to use vision and if we have these predictable repeatable mistakes in vision which we're so good at what are the chances we won't make even more mistakes in something we're not as good at for example financial decision making
| 1 |
5,309 |
the netherlands is on the left and belgium is on the right and finally depending on your particular version of european similarity you can think about the u k and france as either similar culturally or not but it turns out that with organ donation they are very different by the way the netherlands is an interesting story you see the netherlands is kind of the biggest of the small group it turns out that they got to percent after mailing every household in the country a letter begging people to join this organ donation program you know the expression begging only gets you so far it's percent in organ donation
| 1 |
5,316 |
now in some ways given that you can have rome with coffee why would you possibly want rome without coffee it's like having your car stolen it's an inferior option but guess what happened the moment you add rome without coffee rome with coffee becomes more popular and people choose it the fact that you have rome without coffee makes rome with coffee look superior and not just to rome without coffee even superior to paris
| 1 |
5,318 |
so i decided to do the experiment that i would have loved the economist to do with me i took this and i gave it to mit students i said what would you choose these are the market shares most people wanted the combo deal thankfully nobody wanted the dominant option that means our students can read
| 1 |
5,319 |
one more example of this people believe that when we deal with physical attraction we see somebody and we know immediately whether we like them or not if we're attracted or not this is why we have these four minute dates so i decided to do this experiment with people i'll show you images here no real people but the experiment was with people i showed some people a picture of tom and a picture of jerry and i said who do you want to date tom or jerry but for half the people i added an ugly version of jerry i took and i made jerry slightly less attractive
| 1 |
5,321 |
i tried other people and everybody said the same thing cute not for us until somebody said look if you're serious about this you have to write about your research first you have to publish something then you'll get the opportunity to write something else if you really want to do it you have to do it i said i don't want to write about my research
| 0 |
5,323 |
you can't look at this and say now i see reality as it is right it's impossible to overcome this sense that this is indeed longer our intuition is really fooling us in a repeatable predictable consistent way and there is almost nothing we can do about it aside from taking a ruler and starting to measure it here's another one
| 0 |
5,324 |
thank you the bottom one yellow
| 0 |
5,325 |
yellow turns out they're identical can anybody see them as identical very very hard i can cover the rest of the cube up if i cover the rest of the cube you can see that they are identical if you don't believe me you can get the slide later and do some arts and crafts and see that they're identical but again it's the same story that if we take the background away the illusion comes back
| 0 |
5,326 |
and this is one of my favorite plots in social sciences it's from a paper by johnson and goldstein
| 0 |
5,328 |
we open the refrigerator and we feel that we decide what to eat what this is actually saying is that many of these decisions are not residing within us they are residing in the person who is designing that form
| 0 |
5,329 |
it's because we care it's difficult and it's complex
| 0 |
5,331 |
this is from a paper by and and they said would this effect also happens to experts people who are well paid experts in their decisions and who make a lot of them and they took a group of physicians they presented to them a case study of a patient they said here is a patient he is a old farmer he's been suffering from right hip pain for a while and then they said to the physicians you decided a few weeks ago that nothing is working for this patient all these medications nothing seems to be working so you refer the patient for hip replacement therapy
| 0 |
5,335 |
was happening was the option that was useless in the middle was useless in the sense that nobody wanted it but it wasn't useless in the sense that it helped people figure out what they wanted in fact relative to the option in the middle which was get only the print for the print and web for looked like a fantastic deal and as a consequence people chose it the general idea here by the way is that we actually don't know our preferences that well and because we don't know our preferences that well we're susceptible to all of these influences from the external forces the defaults the particular options that are presented to us and so on one more example of this people believe that when we deal with physical attraction we see somebody and we know immediately whether we like them or not if we're attracted or not this is why we have these four minute dates
| 0 |
5,336 |
it finally began to get resolved in because of this guy bill koch is a florida billionaire who owns four of the jefferson bottles and he became suspicious and he ended up spending over a million dollars and hiring ex and ex scotland yard agents to try to get to the bottom of this there's now ample evidence that hardy is a con man and that the jefferson bottles were fakes but for those years an unbelievable number of really eminent and accomplished figures in the wine world were sort of drawn into the orbit of these bottles i think they wanted to believe that the most expensive bottle of wine in the world must be the best bottle of wine in the world must be the rarest bottle of wine in the world i became increasingly kind of interested in the question of you know why do people spend these crazy amounts of money not only on wine but on lots of things and are they living a better life than me so i decided to embark on a quest with the generous backing of a magazine i write for sometimes i decided to sample the very best or most expensive or most coveted item in about a dozen categories which was a very grueling quest as you can imagine
| 1 |
5,337 |
s where you can try real kobe and one of them is wolfgang restaurant cut in los angeles i went there and i ordered the eight ounce rib eye for dollars and it arrived and it was tiny and i was outraged it was like dollars for this and then i took a bite and i wished that it was tinier because kobe beef is so rich it's like foie gras it's not even like steak i almost couldn't finish it i was really happy when i was done
| 1 |
5,338 |
to try this i went to a mario restaurant in manhattan del the waiter you know came out with the white truffle knob and his shaver and he shaved it onto my pasta and he said you know would signore like the truffles and the charm of white truffles is in their aroma it's not in their taste really it's not in their texture it's in the smell these white flakes hit the noodles this haunting wonderful nutty smell wafted up seconds passed and it was gone and then i was left with these little ugly flakes on my pasta that you know their purpose had been served and so i'm afraid to say that this was also a disappointment to me there were several several of these items were disappointments
| 1 |
5,340 |
m pei it comes with its own rolls royce and driver it comes with its own wine cellar that you can draw freely from when i took the tour it actually included some opus one i was glad to see dollars for a night in a hotel this is soap that's made from silver which have antibacterial properties i washed my face with this this morning in preparation for this and it you know tickled a little bit and it smelled good but i have to say that nobody here has complimented me on the cleanliness of my face today
| 1 |
5,341 |
but then again nobody has complimented me on the jeans i'm wearing these ones did spring for i own these but i will tell you not only did i not get a compliment from any of you i have not gotten a compliment from anybody in the months that i have owned and worn these i don't think that whether or not you're getting a compliment should be the test of something's value but i think in the case of a fashion item an article of clothing that's a reasonable benchmark that said a lot of work goes into these they are made from handpicked organic zimbabwean cotton that has been shuttle loomed and then hand dipped in natural indigo times but no compliments
| 1 |
5,342 |
and he goes to great lengths to protect the olive oil from oxygen and light he uses tiny bottles the glass is tinted he tops the olive oil off with an inert gas and he actually once he releases a batch of it he regularly conducts molecular analyses and posts the results online so you can go online and look at your batch number and see how the are developing and you know gauge its freshness i did a blind taste test of this with people and five other olive oils it tasted fine it tasted interesting it was very green it was very but in the blind taste test it came in last the olive oil that came in first was actually a bottle of whole foods olive oil which had been oxidizing next to my stove for six months
| 1 |
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