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stringlengths 0
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//package jTraverser;
public class QuadData extends AtomicData
{
long datum;
public static Data getData(long datum, boolean unsigned)
{
return new QuadData(datum, unsigned);
}
public QuadData(long datum, boolean unsigned)
{
if(unsigned)
dtype = DTYPE_QU;
else
dtype = DTYPE_Q;
this.datum = datum;
}
public QuadData(long datum) { this(datum, false); }
public int getInt() {return (int)datum; }
public float getFloat() {return (float) datum; }
}
|
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Solution {
public:
int maxProfit(vector<int>& prices) {
int n = prices.size();
if (n <= 1) return 0;
int x = prices[0];
int res = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
if (prices[i] > prices[i-1]) {
if (i== n-1) {
res += prices[i] - x;
} else
continue;
}
else {
res += prices[i-1] - x;
x = prices[i];
}
}
return res;
}
};
|
add url to the whitelist in cordova.plist file in iphone at runtime with phonegap
i am making an mobile application of the site http://www.turrg.com in phonegap its all working fine with android but in case of iphone i have to add url domain name to the whitelist in cordova.plist file. but in site data is coming from different-2 sites so i have to add the domain name of these sites to the whitelist in cordova.plist file is there any solution that i ads these domain name at dynamically means add automatically when new domain names are added to the turrg site..
added domain name in cordova.plist file like this.
<key>ExternalHosts</key>
<array>
<string>*.facebook.com</string>
</array>
how can i add this type of domain name in that file automatically when site has new domain name.
please help me
Thanks in advance.
why dont you use just * which will allow any url
i have put same in the answer if you can accept
Use wildcard which will allow all the url:
<key>ExternalHosts</key>
<array>
<string>*</string>
</array>
you need to accept the answer by clicking on the green check on left
What are the implications of doing that?
@Irene * or Allow All is suitable in the situation where it is difficult to track all the domains being access from the app, however is not encouraged in the production environment. It is possible best approach when your app is using third party services which internally does series of redirection or serve resources from variety of domains. I do not see any major drawback of using this option when situation demands.
|
In Go, is there a valid reason to turn GO111MODULE off?
I just started working through an online scientific-programming class that uses the Go language, which I have been eager to learn for a while. The instructor strongly recommends setting GO111MODULE=off (i.e. disabling Go modules). He doesn't really explain why, and, as this is an archived course (it was developed a few years ago), the instructor cannot easily be reached for questioning.
Can anyone think of a valid reason to disable such a powerful and useful feature? Is there some drawback to modules in Go that I am unaware of?
No, not really. If and only if you have to work with code that predates modules and doesn't work with modules you can switch back to the legacy old mode. As this course is old it might have made sense then.
[1/2] What Volker said. Basically, the idea is as follows: long time ago Go did not have the concept of "modules" (as sets of packages + tooling for managing versions of these sets and their dependencies), and had plain packages with no built-in support for versioning. In Go 1.11, support for modules was added as an experimental feature, in 1.13 Go would automatically switch into module-aware mode when it were to detect a module, and since 1.16 Go defaults to always work with modules. You swill can explicitly switch Go into legacy mode via GO111MODULE=off ("111" stands for v1.11, FWIW)…
[2/2] …but the only reason to do that is that you really have to work with a very old code using a contemporary Go version (current is 1.21, plus two versions back are still supported). You can look at that code from the course: if it does not contain a file named go.mod anywhere, it's pretty much a piece of legacy code and then the suggestion should be followed. Just be sure to not have this directive active when you're working on a reasonably up-to-date code, or code of your own. Note that the official intro docs suppose module-aware mode.
Well, [3/2] ;-) If you will need to work in legacy mode, take a look there, there and there (that's the same document), and this archived version of "How to write Go code".
|
merge from konsum-frontend-svelte
package.json
chore(deps): add ^2.9.1 remove ^2.9.0 (devDependencies.vite)
:tada: This PR is included in version 1.31.13 :tada:
The release is available on:
v1.31.13
npm package (@latest dist-tag)
GitHub release
Your semantic-release bot :package::rocket:
|
generate_line_box.py fails with empty .txt
Sometimes the test images do not contain text but horizontal etc., so "no text",
but then generate_line_box.py fails.
I'd suggest this:
diff --git a/generate_line_box.py b/generate_line_box.py
index fa8057c..e3aa3d2 100755
--- a/generate_line_box.py
+++ b/generate_line_box.py
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ with io.open(args.txt, "r", encoding='utf-8') as f:
raise ValueError("ERROR: %s: Ground truth text file should contain exactly one line, not %s" % (args.txt, len(lines)))
line = unicodedata.normalize('NFC', lines[0].strip())
+if len(line)==0:
+ line=' '
+
if line:
for i in range(1, len(line)):
char = line[i]
Can you please provide a valid example of the such case?
IMHO empty txt is an error that should be fixed and not accepted (with a workaround).
|
Software bundles
MediaWiki stacks (MediaWiki-bundled-with-AMP)
Below are AMP packages that include MediaWiki, with supported operating system(s) specified:
Bitnami MediaWiki Stack
Canasta
Debian packages
Meza
Docker
See Docker.
MediaWiki software appliances
* TurnKey MediaWiki, based on Debian includes a pre-integrated collection of popular extensions.
Automatic installation
* Installatron.com
* Softaculous.com
Extension packages
* The MediaWiki Language Extension Bundle
MediaWiki enterprise solutions
These are MediaWiki distributions customized and prepackaged for the use of the enterprise.
AMP packages without MediaWiki
Another WAMP package is Uniform Server. See Manual:Installation on Uniform Server (Windows).
|
Call to a member function persist() on null
Try and data to database and get an error.:
Uncaught Error: Call to a member function persist() on null in
public function addNewPostAction()
{
// Create new Post entity..
// $entityManager = $container->get('doctrine.entitymanager.orm_default');
$post = new Post();
$post->setTitle('Top 10+ Books about Zend Framework 3');
$post->setContent('Post body goes here');
$post->setStatus(Post::STATUS_PUBLISHED);
$currentDate = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
$post->setDateCreated($currentDate);
$this->entityManager->persist($post);
$this->entityManager->flush();
}
UPDATE:
Error:
Zend\Mvc\Controller\PluginManager::get was unable to fetch or create an instance for get
public function addNewPostAction()
{
// Create new Post entity..
// $entityManager = $container->get('doctrine.entitymanager.orm_default');
$post = new Post();
$post->setTitle('Top 10+ Books about Zend Framework 3');
$post->setContent('Post body goes here');
$post->setStatus(Post::STATUS_PUBLISHED);
$currentDate = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
$dm = $this->get('doctrine.odm.mongodb.document_manager');
$dm->persist($post);
$dm->flush();
}
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12769982/reference-what-does-this-error-mean-in-php/12769983#12769983
From the 2 samples above, it is obvious you are trying to get doctrine `s entity manager.
1st sample:
$this->entityManager
probably the property $entityManager of the controller is not set, also from the commented code
$entityManager = $container->get('doctrine.entitymanager.orm_default');
it is obvious you are trying to get entity manager.
2nd sample:
$this->get('doctrine.odm.mongodb.document_manager');
I assume this is from a symfony example.
Anyway to get the doctrine manager in your controller, you have to inject it, change your controller constructor to accept it as an argument:
class IndexController extends AbstractActionController
{
private $doctrineManager;
public function __construct($doctrineManager)
{
$this->doctrineManager = $doctrineManager;
}
and then inject the doctrine manager to your controller factory in your module.config.php:
'controllers' => [
'factories' => [
Controller\IndexController::class => function ($container) {
return new Controller\IndexController(
$container->get('doctrine.odm.mongodb.document_manager')
);
},
// ...
],
],
Side note: the error "Zend\Mvc\Controller\PluginManager::get was unable to fetch or create an instance for get" is thrown because zend tries any undefined methods to resolve them to a plugin, eg. if you define a plugin with name myAwesomePlugin, you can access it in your action as:
$this->myAwesomePlugin();
|
This page has moved to
https://alwaysinmind.info
. You will be taken there shortly or click the link.
|
move bot error channel config to env file
What issue is this solving?
Closes #283
Description
Moves setting of the channel for bot errors to the .env file.
Any helpful knowledge/context for the reviewer?
Set the channel in the .env file with the variable BOT_ERROR_CHANNEL_ID. You can add the line below to the .env file:
BOT_ERROR_CHANNEL_ID=ID_FOR_audit-logs
Is a re-seeding of the database necessary? No
Any new dependencies to install? No
Any special requirements to test? No
(e.g., admin perms, alt account, etc.)
Please make sure you've attempted to meet the following coding standards
[X] Code has been tested and does not produce errors
[X] Code is readable and formatted
[X] There isn't any unnecessary commented-out code
Not sure if this is a viable option. This is what I tried earlier and had issues with the bot being in multiple servers sharing the same named channel. It posted the errors in the wrong one.
See
https://discord.com/channels/810930683732033597/810977155130458145/947623394990497883
And
https://discord.com/channels/810930683732033597/810977155130458145/947629493760172113
I modified this to use the error channel ID which now has to be set in the .env file. That should work across servers. Solution found in this discord.js bot: https://github.com/Simpleboy353/REAPER-2.0
|
Chu-Vandermonde Identity/Proof 2
Theorem
Let $r, s \in \R, n \in \Z$.
Then:
* $\displaystyle \sum_k \binom r k \binom s {n-k} = \binom {r+s} n$
where $\displaystyle \binom r k$ is a binomial coefficient.
Proof 2
Special case of Gauss's Hypergeometric Theorem:
where:
* ${}_2F_1$ is the Hypergeometric Series
* $\Gamma \left({n + 1}\right) = n!$ is the Gamma function.
* $\displaystyle \binom n k = (-1)^k \binom {k-n-1} k$
throughout.
|
Matany Airstrip
Matany Airstrip is an airport serving Matany in Moroto District, Uganda. The airport is maintained by Matany Hospital, a private hospital belonging to the Catholic Diocese of Moroto and serving the wider region.
|
import { Compiler } from "../../src/Compiler/Compiler";
import { XpathTokenizer } from "../../src/Tokenizer/XpathTokenizer";
describe('following-sibling axis', function() {
it('should get following nodes after finded node', function() {
let container = document.createElement('li');
let compiler = new Compiler(new XpathTokenizer(`.//div/span[@test='2']/following-sibling::span`));
compiler.compile();
container.innerHTML = `
<div id='with-shadow'>
<span test='2'>3</span>
<span test='3'>4</span>
<span test='2'>5</span>
<span>6</span>
<p>t</p>
</div>
`;
const withShadow = container.querySelector('#with-shadow');
withShadow.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
withShadow.shadowRoot.innerHTML = `
<span test='2'>
<div>
<span test='3'>7</span>
<span test='2'>3</span>
<span test='3'>4</span>
<span test='2'>5</span>
<div>test</div>
</div>
</span>
`;
let response = compiler.process(container);
expect(response.length).to.be.equal(5);
});
});
|
How to change add read write permissions
I have newly installed Windows 8.1 on a new miniDesktop:
Model
Lenovo ThinkCentre
CPU
Intel® Core™ i5-4570T @ 2.90GHz × 4
RAM
3.7 GiB
Disk
32.9 GB
I dual booted it with Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.
Problem is that I am not able to add write permissions to my Windows partitions. I have tried:
sudo chmod -wrx /media/pmay3/Data
All it returns with is
chmod: changing permissions of '/media/pmay3/Data': Read-only file system
Even if the folders are accessed from the graphical interface, and changing their permissions is attempted, it is
Screenshot of Permissions Tab:
Share your expertise please. I have re-installed Ubuntu 20.04 LTS, and 18.04 LTS twice.
Does this answer your question? Unable to mount Windows 10 partition; it "is in an unsafe state" and Unable to mount Windows (NTFS) filesystem due to hibernation
Common issue. Your ntfs volume probably is not "clean", i.e., it has not been properly closed. That is commonly the case if, in Windows, you have fastboot enabled. Part of the measures used to speed up shutting down and booting up is that the file system is not fully closed. Not a problem for Windows because it is designed to work that way, but to another operating system, the file system appears faulty. By default, Ubuntu will mount such file system read only.
Resolution
Boot into Windows
In Windows, disable fast start.
Fully shut down Windows (i.e., no "sleep" or "hibernate" but a full close down).
In the future, you always need to have Windows fully shut down before you access the drive in Ubuntu. In Windows, have the drive now and then checked using the Windows disk checking tools.
|
By the first principles calculations based on the van der Waals density
functional theory, we study the crystal structures and electronic properties of
La-doped phenanthrene. Two stable atomic geometries of La$_1$phenanthrene are
obtained by relaxation of atomic positions from various initial structures. The
structure-\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral1} is a metal with two energy
bands crossing the Fermi level, while the
structure-\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral2} displays a semiconducting
state with an energy gap of 0.15 eV, which has an energy gain of 0.42 eV per
unit cell compared to the structure-\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral1}. The
most striking feature of La$_1$phenanthrene is that La $5d$ electrons make a
significant contribution to the total density of state (DOS) around the Fermi
level, which is distinct from potassium doped phenanthrene and picene. Our
findings provide an important foundation for the understanding of
superconductivity in La-doped phenanthrene.
|
using System;
namespace Bing.Offices.Attributes;
/// <summary>
/// 过滤器特性基类
/// </summary>
public abstract class FilterAttributeBase : Attribute
{
/// <summary>
/// 错误消息
/// </summary>
public virtual string ErrorMsg { get; set; } = "非法";
}
|
Article:AGM Linebackers NFC East Preview
Despite all that, they are the best team in the NFC East 2008 season. The Cowboys bring back the bulk of a squad that went 13-3 last season. Julius Jones is gone which mean teams will see more of Marion Barber III which could be trouble for opposing defenses. Felix Jones was drafted to help take some of the workload off Barber and once he learns the pro game he will look to make an impact with his quick burst.
|
Malnutrition in Kerala
The severity of hunger and malnutrition in Kerala is the lowest in India, according to the India State Hunger Index published by the International Food Policy Research Institute.
According to the India State Hunger Index:
* 9% of children in Kerala are underweight.
* 5.6% of the total population are undernourished
* Infant mortality rate in Kerala is 0.6%: this figure is the lowest among Indian states
|
#ifndef __ROOM_H_
#define __ROOM_H_
#include "lss/game/cell.hpp"
#include "lss/game/terrain.hpp"
#include "lss/generator/mapUtils.hpp"
#include "lss/game/item.hpp"
#include "lss/game/trigger.hpp"
#include "lss/game/content/enemies.hpp"
enum class RoomType {
HALL,
PASSAGE,
CAVERN,
CAVE,
};
enum class RoomFeature { CAVE, DUNGEON, STATUE, ALTAR };
class Room {
public:
Room(RoomType t, Cells c) : type(t) {
height = c.size();
width = c.front().size();
for (auto r : c) {
for (auto cell : r) {
// if (cell->type == CellType::UNKNOWN)
// continue;
cells.push_back(cell);
}
}
}
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Cell>> cells;
RoomType type;
int threat = 0;
std::vector<RoomFeature> features;
int height;
int width;
int x;
int y;
std::shared_ptr<Cell> getCell(int x, int y) {
return cells[x + y * width];
}
void rotate() {
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Cell>> result(cells.size());
auto n = 0;
for (auto c : cells) {
auto cx = n % width;
auto cy = n / width;
auto nx = height - (cy + 1);
auto ny = cx;
auto nn = nx + height*ny;
result[nn] = c;
c->x = nx;
c->y = ny;
n++;
}
cells = result;
auto w = width;
auto h = height;
width = h;
height = w;
}
std::optional<std::shared_ptr<Cell>> getRandomCell(CellSpec type) {
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Cell>> result(cells.size());
auto it = std::copy_if(cells.begin(), cells.end(), result.begin(),
[type](auto cell) { return cell->type == type; });
result.resize(std::distance(result.begin(), it));
if (result.size() == 0) {
// std::cout << rang::fg::red << "FATAL: " << "cannot get random cell with this type" << rang::style::reset << std::endl;
return std::nullopt;
}
auto cell = result[rand() % result.size()];
while (cell->type != type) {
cell = result[rand() % result.size()];
}
return cell;
}
static std::shared_ptr<Room> makeRoom(int hMax = 11, int hMin = 3, int wMax = 15,
int wMin = 3, CellSpec type = CellType::FLOOR) {
auto rh = R::Z(hMin, hMax);
auto rw = R::Z(wMin, wMax);
auto cells = mapUtils::fill(rh, rw, type);
auto room = std::make_shared<Room>(RoomType::HALL, cells);
for (auto c: room->cells) {
c->room = room;
}
return room;
}
static void paste(std::shared_ptr<Room> inner,
std::shared_ptr<Room> outer, int x, int y) {
for (auto cell : inner->cells) {
if (cell->type == CellType::UNKNOWN)
continue;
auto r = y + cell->y;
auto c = x + cell->x;
outer->cells.at(r*outer->width + c) = cell;
cell->x = c;
cell->y = r;
}
}
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Cell>> getNeighbors(std::shared_ptr<Cell> cell) {
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Cell>> nbrs;
if (cell->x > 0) {
if (cell->y > 0) {
nbrs.push_back(cells[(cell->y - 1)*width+(cell->x - 1)]);
nbrs.push_back(cells[(cell->y - 1)*width+(cell->x)]);
nbrs.push_back(cells[(cell->y)*width+(cell->x - 1)]);
if (cell->x < int(width - 1)) {
nbrs.push_back(cells[(cell->y - 1)*width+(cell->x + 1)]);
nbrs.push_back(cells[(cell->y)*width+(cell->x + 1)]);
}
}
if (cell->y < int(height-1)) {
if (cell->x < int(width-1)) {
nbrs.push_back(cells[(cell->y + 1)*width+(cell->x + 1)]);
nbrs.push_back(cells[(cell->y + 1)*width+(cell->x - 1)]);
}
nbrs.push_back(cells[(cell->y + 1)*width+(cell->x)]);
}
}
return nbrs;
}
static std::shared_ptr<Room> makeBlob(std::shared_ptr<Location> location, int hMax = 11, int hMin = 3, int wMax = 15,
int wMin = 3, CellSpec type = CellType::FLOOR, CellSpec outerType = CellType::UNKNOWN, bool smooth = true) {
auto room = Room::makeRoom(hMax, hMin, wMax, wMin, outerType);
auto outerRoom = Room::makeRoom(room->height+2, room->height+2, room->width+2, room->width+2, outerType);
for (auto c : room->cells) {
if (R::R() > 0.35) {
c->type = type;
c->passThrough = type.passThrough;
c->seeThrough = type.seeThrough;
}
}
Room::paste(room, outerRoom, 1, 1);
for (auto c : room->cells) {
auto n = outerRoom->getNeighbors(c);
auto vn =
std::count_if(n.begin(), n.end(), [type](std::shared_ptr<Cell> nc) {
return nc->type == type;
});
vn += 8 - n.size();
if (c->type == type) {
if (vn < 4) {
c->type = outerType;
c->passThrough = outerType.passThrough;
c->seeThrough = outerType.seeThrough;
} else if (c->type != type) {
if (vn >= 6) {
c->type = type;
c->passThrough = type.passThrough;
c->seeThrough = type.seeThrough;
}
}
}
}
if (smooth) {
for (auto n = 0; n < 5; n++) {
for (auto c : room->cells) {
if (c->type == outerType) {
auto n = outerRoom->getNeighbors(c);
auto fn =
std::count_if(n.begin(), n.end(), [=](std::shared_ptr<Cell> nc) {
return nc->type == type;
});
if (fn == 0) {
c->type = CellType::UNKNOWN;
} else if (fn >= 3) {
c->type = type;
}
}
}
}
}
// room->print();
return room;
}
static void printRoom(std::shared_ptr<Location> location, std::shared_ptr<Room> room) {
auto n = 0;
fmt::print("Room stats: {}x{} = {} @ {}.{}\n", room->width, room->height, room->cells.size(), room->x, room->y);
for (auto c : room->cells) {
if (n % room->width == 0 && n > 0) {
fmt::print("\n");
}
auto o = location->getObjects(c);
if (o.size() > 0) {
fmt::print("o");
n++;
continue;
}
if (c->type == CellType::WALL) {
fmt::print("#");
} else if (c->type == CellType::FLOOR) {
fmt::print(".");
} else if (c->type == CellType::UNKNOWN) {
fmt::print(" ");
} else if (c->type == CellType::VOID) {
fmt::print("⌄");
} else if (c->type == CellType::WATER) {
fmt::print("=");
} else {
fmt::print("?");
}
n++;
}
fmt::print("\n");
}
};
typedef std::function<std::shared_ptr<Room>(std::shared_ptr<Location>)> RoomGenerator;
class RoomTemplate {
RoomGenerator generator;
public:
RoomTemplate(RoomGenerator g) : generator(g) {}
std::shared_ptr<Room> generate(std::shared_ptr<Location> location) {
return generator(location);
}
};
namespace RoomTemplates {
const auto ALTAR_ROOM = std::make_shared<RoomTemplate>(
/*
.....
.&.&.
.*_*.
.....
*/
[](std::shared_ptr<Location> location) {
auto room = Room::makeRoom(4, 4, 5, 5, CellType::FLOOR);
auto cell = room->getCell(1, 1);
auto s = std::make_shared<Terrain>(TerrainType::STATUE);
s->setCurrentCell(cell);
location->addObject<Terrain>(s);
cell = room->getCell(3, 1);
s = std::make_shared<Terrain>(TerrainType::STATUE);
s->setCurrentCell(cell);
s->setName("statue");
location->addObject<Terrain>(s);
room->features.push_back(RoomFeature::STATUE);
cell = room->getCell(2, 2);
s = std::make_shared<Terrain>(TerrainType::ALTAR);
s->setCurrentCell(cell);
location->addObject<Terrain>(s);
room->features.push_back(RoomFeature::ALTAR);
for (auto n : location->getNeighbors(cell)) {
if (R::R() < 0.3) {
n->features.push_back(CellFeature::BLOOD);
}
}
if (R::R() < 0.5) {
cell = room->getCell(2, 3);
auto enemy = mapUtils::makeEnemy(location, cell, EnemyType::CULTIST);
location->addObject<Enemy>(enemy);
}
cell->triggers.push_back(std::make_shared<UseItemTrigger>(Prototype::QUEST_ITEM->type, [=](std::shared_ptr<Creature> actor){
return Triggers::ALTAR_TRIGGER(cell, location);
}));
cell = room->getCell(1, 2);
s = std::make_shared<Terrain>(TerrainType::TORCH_STAND);
s->setCurrentCell(cell);
location->addObject<Terrain>(s);
cell = room->getCell(3, 2);
s = std::make_shared<Terrain>(TerrainType::TORCH_STAND);
s->setCurrentCell(cell);
location->addObject<Terrain>(s);
auto n = rand() % 4;
for (auto i = 0; i < n; i++) {
room->rotate();
}
return room;
});
const auto STATUE_ROOM = std::make_shared<RoomTemplate>(
/*
...
.&.
...
*/
[](std::shared_ptr<Location> location) {
auto room = Room::makeRoom(3, 3, 3, 3, CellType::FLOOR);
auto cell = room->getCell(1, 1);
auto s = std::make_shared<Terrain>(TerrainType::STATUE);
s->setCurrentCell(cell);
location->addObject<Terrain>(s);
room->features.push_back(RoomFeature::STATUE);
for (auto n : location->getNeighbors(cell)) {
n->features.push_back(CellFeature::BLOOD);
if (R::R() < 0.2 && n->type == CellType::FLOOR) {
auto bones = std::make_shared<Item>(ItemType::BONES, 1);
bones->setCurrentCell(n);
location->addObject<Item>(bones);
}
}
return room;
});
const auto TREASURE_ROOM = std::make_shared<RoomTemplate>(
/*
###
#(#
###
*/
[](std::shared_ptr<Location> location) {
auto innerRoom = Room::makeRoom(3, 1, 3, 1, CellType::FLOOR);
auto room = Room::makeRoom(innerRoom->height+2, innerRoom->height+2, innerRoom->width+2, innerRoom->width+2, CellType::WALL);
Room::paste(innerRoom, room, 1, 1);
// room->print();
auto cell = room->getRandomCell(CellType::FLOOR);
auto box = LootBoxes::LOOT_TIER_3;
for (auto item : box.open(true)) {
item->setCurrentCell(*cell);
location->addObject<Item>(item);
}
// for (auto c: innerRoom->cells) {
// mapUtils::updateCell(c, CellType::FLOOR, {CellFeature::BLOOD});
// }
return room;
});
const auto HEAL_STAND_ROOM = std::make_shared<RoomTemplate>(
/*
.*.
.&.
...
*/
[](std::shared_ptr<Location> location) {
auto room = Room::makeRoom(3, 3, 3, 3, CellType::FLOOR);
auto cell = room->getCell(1, 1);
auto s = std::make_shared<UsableTerrain>(TerrainType::ALTAR);
s->setCurrentCell(cell);
location->addObject<Terrain>(s);
cell = room->getCell(1, 0);
auto fb = std::make_shared<Terrain>(TerrainType::ACID_LIGHT_FOREVER, -1);
fb->setCurrentCell(cell);
fb->setName("heal_light");
location->addObject(fb);
s->triggers.push_back(std::make_shared<UseTrigger>([=](std::shared_ptr<Creature> actor){
auto hero = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Player>(actor);
return Triggers::HEAL_STAND_TRIGGER(hero, s);
}));
auto n = rand() % 4;
for (auto i = 0; i < n; i++) {
room->rotate();
}
return room;
});
const auto MANA_STAND_ROOM = std::make_shared<RoomTemplate>(
/*
.*.
.&.
...
*/
[](std::shared_ptr<Location> location) {
auto room = Room::makeRoom(3, 3, 3, 3, CellType::FLOOR);
auto cell = room->getCell(1, 1);
auto s = std::make_shared<UsableTerrain>(TerrainType::ALTAR);
s->setCurrentCell(cell);
location->addObject<Terrain>(s);
cell = room->getCell(1, 0);
auto fb = std::make_shared<Terrain>(TerrainType::MAGIC_LIGHT_FOREVER, -1);
fb->setCurrentCell(cell);
fb->setName("mana_light");
location->addObject(fb);
s->triggers.push_back(std::make_shared<UseTrigger>([=](std::shared_ptr<Creature> actor){
auto hero = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Player>(actor);
return Triggers::MANA_STAND_TRIGGER(hero, s);
}));
auto n = rand() % 4;
for (auto i = 0; i < n; i++) {
room->rotate();
}
return room;
});
const auto BONES_FIELD = std::make_shared<RoomTemplate>(
/*
%%
%%%%
%%%
*/
[](std::shared_ptr<Location> location) {
auto room = Room::makeBlob(location, 8, 3, 8, 3, CellType::FLOOR, CellType::UNKNOWN, false);
for (auto c : room->cells) {
if (c->type != CellType::FLOOR) {
continue;
}
auto bones = std::make_shared<Item>(ItemType::BONES, rand() % 3 + 1);
bones->setCurrentCell(c);
location->addObject<Item>(bones);
}
return room;
});
const auto ICE = std::make_shared<RoomTemplate>(
/*
%%
%%%%
%%%
*/
[](std::shared_ptr<Location> location) {
auto room = Room::makeBlob(location, 10, 5, 10, 5, CellType::EMPTY, CellType::UNKNOWN, true);
for (auto c : room->cells) {
c->addFeature(CellFeature::FROST);
}
return room;
});
const auto CORRUPT = std::make_shared<RoomTemplate>(
/*
%%
%%%%
%%%
*/
[](std::shared_ptr<Location> location) {
auto room = Room::makeBlob(location, 13, 5, 13, 5, CellType::EMPTY, CellType::UNKNOWN, true);
for (auto c : room->cells) {
c->addFeature(CellFeature::CORRUPT);
}
return room;
});
};
#endif // __ROOM_H_
|
4 AN GIOSPERMAE DICOTYLEDON ES
anthers dehisce, so that the flowers are in the first or male condition, in which they yield pollen to insects, but are incapable of retaining on their stigmas any that may be brought. Automatic self-pollination is equally impossible at this stage. The outward curving and dehiscing of the stamens progresses centripetally, but before the innermost ones have dehisced the stigmas have matured, and are liable to be touched by such pollen-covered insects as may alight in the middle of the flower. Bees collecting the abundant pollen almost invariably alight in the centre according to Hermann Mtiller's observations while pollen-devouring flies are very erratic in their mode of settling and, creeping about the flowers, may effect either cross- or self-pollination. Failing insect-visits, self-pollination may easily be effected by contact of the stigmas which remain receptive with the innermost stamens.
Visitors. Hermann Miiller observed the following. A. Coleoptera. Scara baeidae: i. Trichius fasciatus L., devouring the anthers. B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae : 2. Prosena siberita F.; (&) Syrphidae: 3. Eristalis arbustorum Z.; 4. E. sepulcralis Z.; 5. Helophilus floreusZ.; 6. Syrphus pyrastriZ.; 7. Syritta pipiensZ.; 8. Xylota ignava Pz.; 9. X. lenta Mg.; all po-dvg. C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 10. Andrena albicans Mull. 5 ; 1 1. A. gwynana K. $ ; 12. Apis mellifica Z. $ > x 3- Bombus terrester Z. 5; 14. Halictus sexnotatus K. 5; 15. Osmia rufa Z. 5; 16. Prosopis signata Pz. 5 ; all po-cltg. (5) Sphegidae : 1 7. Gorytes mystaceus Z., perhaps only hunting flies; 18. Oxybelus uniglumis Z., po-dvg. (c) Vespidae: 19. Odynerus parietum Z. 5, as 17. Handlirsch mentions as a visitor the fossorial wasp Gorytes mystaceus Z.
3. C. Viticella L. (Knuth, ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen ') is nectarless like the preceding, despite its very large dark-violet, blue, or red pollen flowers. I have only once observed the honey-bee collecting pollen on plants that were grown in Kiel for the purpose of covering a bower. No observations are available from the Mediterranean region, which is the home of this form.
4. C. balearica Rich. (=C. cirrhosa Z.) is a nectar flower indigenous in the Mediterranean region. The outer stamens according to Delpino are modified into spoon-shaped nectaries. The same observer mentions Bombus and Xylocopa as visitors of this species.
5. C. integrifolia L. is also a nectar flower. According to Delpino (' Appli cazione d. teoria Darwiniana,' p. 8) the inner stamens secrete nectar. The pendulous flowers according to Kerner ('Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 349-50) are protogynous for a short time, and therefore adapted for cross-pollination at the beginning of flowering. The stamens lie close together so as to form a short tube, in the base of which the numerous still immature stigmas are situated, while the outer anthers have already dehisced, thus furthering cross-pollination. The anthers of the inner stamens gradually dehisce, but, owing to the pendulous position of the flower, would be unable to effect self-pollination were there not an elongation of the carpels during the last two days of flowering, so that if pollination has not been effected by insects, the stigmas spreading out to some extent receive some of the pollen still adhering to the stamens.
|
Update definition of the SE density for SR1 WIMP
Before you submit this PR: make sure to put all operations-related information in a wiki-note, a PR should be about code and is publicly accessible
What does the code in this PR do / what does it improve?
Update the se_density calculated for the hotspot veto cut to use a score based on the distance and position reconstruction resolution.
Can you briefly describe how it works?
Can you give a minimal working example (or illustrate with a figure)?
Please include the following if applicable:
[ ] Update the docstring(s)
[ ] Update the documentation
[ ] Tests to check the (new) code is working as desired.
[ ] Does it solve one of the open issues on github?
Notes on testing
Until the automated tests pass, please mark the PR as a draft.
On the XENONnT fork we test with database access, on private forks there is no database access for security considerations.
All italic comments can be removed from this template.
Hi @chnlkx thanks for this nice PR, but please let the PR remain as "draft" and only mark it as ready when the automatic tests are passed.
Also please make sure that only the files that you intend to update are changed. At first glance, there are some change, for example, in veto_interval, which are not relevant. Please resolve that so that we can proceed.
|
Board Thread:Roleplay/@comment-24376783-20150821192335/@comment-26142892-20150829224116
Sally: (eats the curry)
Lydia: (finishes) Thank you for the meal.
Mammon: That was fast.
|
Disposable water container/bowl for pets
ABSTRACT
The technology described herein provides a portable bagged water container having an embedded reinforcement rim to hold drinking water for a pet. In one embodiment, the technology includes portable fluid container for a pet having a fluid bag configured to contain a potable fluid, to be prefilled with the potable fluid and stored and sealed for subsequent consumption by a pet for hydration and an attachment device for attaching the fluid bag to the pet. The fluid bag is sealed in an original state. The fluid bag includes a perforation tear line from which to tear open a top edge of the bag and provide access to a resealable zip closure to open and access the prefilled fluid and to enable the pet to consume the fluid within the bag.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
The present non-provisional patent application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/063,993, which is entitled “DISPOSABLE WATER CONTAINER/BOWL FOR PETS”, which was filed on Feb. 8, 2008, and which is incorporated in full by reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The technology described herein relates generally to sealed water containers from which the contained water can be consumed. More specifically, this technology relates to a bagged water container having an embedded reinforcement rim to hold drinking water for a pet that upon initial use a seal is broken and a zip closure opened to enable access to the contained water, that can be reused and resealed multiple times with a zip closure, and that is an animal waste bag at the end of its use as a water container.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Pets are known to accompany their owners on various trips, outdoor activities, fitness exercises, and the like. By way of example, a dog often enjoys accompanying its owner while he or she is walking, jogging, or bicycling. It is imperative for not only the owner, but also the pet, to maintain adequate hydration during such activities.
Related patents known in the art include the following: U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,772, issued to Noyes on Jan. 25, 2000, discloses a multiple function collar/harness/belt/leash having a collapsible cup/bowl portion. U.S. Pat. No. 6,516,748, issued to Jackson on Feb. 11, 2003, discloses a combination pet collar and water bowl. U.S. Published Patent application No. 2006/0065201 filed by Cogliano et al. and published on Mar. 30, 2006, discloses a combination water reservoir and dog collar. U.S. Published Patent application No. 2007/0163507 filed by Lynch and published on Jul. 19, 2007, discloses a portable pet bowl.
The foregoing patent and other information reflect the state of the art of which the inventor is aware and are tendered with a view toward discharging the inventor's acknowledged duty of candor in disclosing information that may be pertinent to the patentability of the technology described herein. It is respectfully stipulated, however, that the foregoing patent and other information do not teach or render obvious, singly or when considered in combination, the inventor's claimed invention.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In various exemplary embodiments, the technology described herein provides a bagged water container having an embedded reinforcement rim to hold drinking water for a pet.
In one exemplary embodiment, the technology described herein provides a portable fluid container for a pet. The container includes a fluid bag configured to contain a potable fluid, such as water, to be prefilled with the potable fluid and stored and sealed for subsequent consumption by a pet for hydration. The fluid bag is sealed in an original state. The fluid bag includes a perforation tear line from which to tear open a top edge of the bag and provide access to a resealable zip closure to open and access the prefilled fluid and to enable the pet to consume the fluid within the bag. The portable fluid container includes an attachment device for attaching the fluid bag to the pet.
The portable fluid container includes a reinforcement rim disposed with the fluid bag to provide rigidity and structural integrity to the bag such that it contains the potable fluid in an upright, contained manner consumable by the pet.
The attachment device can further include at least one strap for connectivity to a pet collar, wherein the fluid bag is configured to be attached to a pet collar and worn around the neck of the pet. Alternatively, the attachment device can further include at least one integral loop disposed on the fluid bag for connectivity to a pet collar. Attachments means can include the use of fasteners such as hook-and-loop fasteners and snaps. The fluid bag also is configured for attachment to a leash.
The portable fluid container is configured to be resealed when the potable fluid contained within is not consumed by the pet. Alternatively, upon consumption of the fluid contained within the bag, the bag is configured to be used to pick up a waste product of the pet and resealed for disposal.
In another exemplary embodiment, the technology described herein provides a portable combination water container and bowl for a pet includes a sealed, water-filled bag to be stored and sealed for subsequent consumption by a pet for hydration, an attachment device for attaching the bag, and a reinforcement rim disposed with the bag to provide rigidity and structural integrity to the bag such that it contains the water in an upright, contained manner as a bowl to facilitate ease in consumption of the water by the pet.
The bag is sealed in an original state. The bag includes a perforation tear line from which to tear open a top edge of the sealed bag and provide access to a resealable zip closure to open and access the prefilled water and to enable the pet to consume the water within the bag.
The bag is configured to be resealed when the water contained within is not consumed by the pet. Upon consumption of the fluid contained within the bag, the bag is configured to be used to pick up a waste product of the pet and resealed for disposal. The combination water container and bowl for a pet is configured for attachment to a leash.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the technology described herein provides a method for hydrating a pet. The method includes utilizing a fluid bag configured to contain a potable fluid, to be prefilled with the potable fluid and stored and sealed for subsequent consumption by a pet for hydration and selectively attaching the fluid bag to the pet for transport.
The fluid bag is sealed in an original state. The fluid bag includes a perforation tear line from which to tear open a top edge of the bag and provide access to a resealable zip closure to open and access the prefilled fluid and to enable the pet to consume the fluid within the bag.
The method also includes selectively removing the fluid bag from the pet, tearing open the fluid bag along the perforation tear line to open the top edge of the bag, separating the zip closure to open the fluid bag and make the contained potable fluid available to the pet, and presenting the potable fluid to the pet.
The method also includes resealing the zip closure of the fluid bag when the fluid contained within has not been fully consumed by the pet and selectively reattaching the fluid bag to the pet for transport.
The method also includes utilizing the fluid bag, when the fluid contained within has been fully consumed by the pet, for waste disposal, picking up a waste product of the pet with the emptied fluid bag, and resealing the zip closure of the fluid bag for disposal of the fluid bag.
The method can also include utilizing a fluid bag further comprising a reinforcement rim disposed with the fluid bag to provide rigidity and structural integrity to the bag such that it contains the potable fluid in an upright, contained manner consumable by the pet and presenting the fluid bag to the pet in a bowl-like manner as the fluid bag is supported by the reinforcement rim.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the technology in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are additional features of the technology that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the technology in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The technology described herein is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technology described herein.
Further objects and advantages of the technology described herein will be apparent from the following detailed description of a presently preferred embodiment which is illustrated schematically in the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The technology described herein is illustrated with reference to the various drawings, in which like reference numbers denote like device components and/or method steps, respectively, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a front view of a disposable water container for pets, illustrating, in particular, the sealed water contained within the container, the sealed zip closure, and an attachment means, according to an embodiment of the technology described herein;
FIG. 2 is a front view of the disposable water container for pets depicted in FIG. 1, shown in use on a dog, according to an embodiment of the technology described herein;
FIG. 3 is a top view of the disposable water container for pets depicted in FIG. 1, shown in use secured to a pet collar, and illustrating, in particular, the embedded reinforcement rim, according to an embodiment of the technology described herein;
FIG. 4 is a side view of the disposable water container for pets depicted in FIG. 1, illustrating, in particular, an integrated loop utilized to slide over a pet collar or leash, according to an embodiment of the technology described herein;
FIG. 5 is a top perspective view of the disposable water container for pets depicted in FIG. 1 illustrating, in particular the container in a sealed, unopened state;
FIG. 6 is a top perspective view of the disposable water container for pets depicted in FIG. 1 illustrating, in particular the container in an open, unsealed state;
FIG. 7 is a bottom view of the disposable water container for pets depicted in FIG. 1, shown in use prior to being secured to a pet collar, and illustrating, in particular, the use of snaps as an attachment means, according to an embodiment of the technology described herein;
FIG. 8 is a close-up view of the seal and zip closure of the disposable water container for pets depicted in FIG. 1, according to an embodiment of the technology described herein; and
FIG. 9 is a top view of the disposable water container for pets depicted in FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Before describing the disclosed embodiments of this technology in detail, it is to be understood that the technology is not limited in its application to the details of the particular arrangement shown here since the technology described is capable of other embodiments. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.
In various exemplary embodiments, the technology described herein provides a bagged water container having an embedded reinforcement rim to hold drinking water for a pet. Pets are known to accompany their owners on various trips, outdoor activities, fitness exercises, and the like. By way of example, a dog often enjoys accompanying its owner while he or she is walking, jogging, or bicycling. It is imperative for not only the owner, but also the pet, to maintain adequate hydration during such activities. This technology provides for a portable device that already contains a fluid to hydrate a pet.
Referring now to the Figures, a container 10 is shown. In one embodiment, the container 10 is a portable fluid container for a pet. In at least one alternative embodiment, the container 10 is a portable combination water container and bowl for a pet. The container 10 includes fluid bag 18 configured to contain a potable fluid 16, to be prefilled with the potable fluid 16 and stored and sealed for subsequent transport and consumption by a pet 28 for hydration. The fluid 16 stored and sealed within the fluid bag 18 is a potable fluid such as spring water, or the like. The fluid 16 contained in the fluid bag 18 can be varied to accommodate varied consumer and pet interests. The fluid bag 18 can be manufactured from a plastic, waterproof material. In a preferred embodiment, the fluid bag 18 is manufactured from a biodegradable, environmentally-friendly material. The container 10 can be sold in a retail environment individually or packaged in multiples.
The fluid bag 18 is sealed in its original state and contains a prefilled fluid 16, such as water. The fluid bag 18 can include a perforation tear line 36 from which to tear open a top edge 26 of the bag 18 and provide access to a resealable zip closure 20 to open and access the prefilled fluid 16 and to enable the pet 28 to consume the fluid 16 within the bag 18.
The resealable zip closure 20 can be opened and closed selectively by the user. As depicted specifically in FIGS. 5 and 6, the resealable zip closure 20 is shown closed (in FIG. 5) and opened (in FIG. 6), with zipper sides 20 a, 20 b shown separated one from another. The zip closure 20 can be resealed when the contained water is not fully consumed. Additionally, when an emptied bag 18 is subsequently used to collect pet waste, the bag 18 can be resealed with the zip closure 20 to discard.
The container 10 includes various means of attachment. In various embodiments, the container 10 can be carried as is, attached to a collar 30 to be worn around the neck by a pet 28, attached to a leash (not shown), and so forth. Other means of attachment can be utilized to secure the container 10 to a person, pet 28, or other object.
It at least one embodiment, the fluid bag 18 further includes at least one aperture 24 located on a tab 22 on an edge of the bag 18 and through which an attachment strap 12 is placed. The tab 22 is external to the fluid holding section of the bag 18 and does not interfere with the ability of the bag 18 to contain and seal a fluid 16. The attachment strap 12 is utilized to attach the container 10 to a person, pet 28, or object.
The ends of the attachment strap 12 can include fasteners 14 a, 14 b. For example, fasteners 14 a, 14 b can be hook-and-loop fasteners. Alternatively, fasteners 14 a, 14 b can be snaps. By way of example, the attachment strap 12 can be utilized for connectivity to a pet collar 30 and worn around the neck of the pet 28.
In yet another alternative embodiment, the container 10 includes snaps, or other integral fasteners, integral to the fluid bag 18. As depicted specifically in FIGS. 7 and 9, snap components 38 a, 38 b can snap together one to another in pairs to secure the bag 18 to a pet collar 30, leash, or the like.
The container 10 includes a reinforcement rim 32 disposed with the fluid bag 18 to provide rigidity and structural integrity to the bag 18 such that it contains the potable fluid 16 in an upright, contained manner as a bowl to facilitate ease in consumption of the potable fluid 16 by the pet 28.
In at least one embodiment, the container 10 further includes at least one integral loop 34 generally disposed on a base side of the fluid bag 18. The loop 34 provides a means of connectivity to attach the container 10 to a pet collar 30, or the like. More than one loop 34 can be utilized on the fluid bag 18. The loop 34 can be made of the same material as the fluid bag 18 and can be integrally formed with the fluid bag 18.
In operation, and by way of example, a pet can be hydrated with the following methods steps: utilizing a fluid bag 18 configured to contain a potable fluid 16, to be prefilled with the potable fluid 16 and stored and sealed for subsequent consumption by a pet 28 for hydration and selectively attaching the fluid bag 18 to the pet 28 for transport; selectively removing the fluid bag 18 from the pet 28, tearing open the fluid bag 18 along the perforation tear line 36 to open the top edge 26 of the bag 18, separating the zip closure 20 to open the fluid bag 18 and make the contained potable fluid 16 available to the pet 28, and presenting the potable fluid 16 to the pet 28; resealing the zip closure 20 of the fluid bag 18 when the fluid 16 contained within has not been fully consumed by the pet 28 and selectively reattaching the fluid bag 18 to the pet 28 for transport; utilizing the fluid bag 18, when the fluid 16 contained within has been fully consumed by the pet 28, for waste disposal, picking up a waste product of the pet with the emptied fluid bag 18, and resealing the zip closure 20 of the fluid bag 18 for disposal of the fluid bag 18; and utilizing a fluid bag 18 further containing a reinforcement rim 32 disposed within the fluid bag 18 to provide rigidity and structural integrity to the bag 18 such that it contains the potable fluid 16 in an upright, contained manner consumable by the pet 28 and presenting the fluid bag 18 to the pet 28 in a bowl-like manner as the fluid bag 18 is supported by the reinforcement rim 32.
Although this technology has been illustrated and described herein with reference to preferred embodiments and specific examples thereof, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments and examples can perform similar functions and/or achieve like results. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the spirit and scope of the invention and are intended to be covered by the following claims.
1. A portable fluid container for a pet, the container comprising: a fluid bag, the fluid bag configured to contain a potable fluid, to be prefilled with the potable fluid and stored and sealed for subsequent consumption by a pet for hydration; wherein the fluid bag is sealed in an original state; and wherein the fluid bag comprises a perforation tear line from which to tear open a top edge of the bag and provide access to a resealable zip closure to open and access the prefilled fluid and to enable the pet to consume the fluid within the bag; and an attachment device for attaching the fluid bag to the pet.
2. The fluid container of claim 1, further comprising: a reinforcement rim disposed with the fluid bag to provide rigidity and structural integrity to the bag such that it contains the potable fluid in an upright, contained manner consumable by the pet.
3. The fluid container of claim 1, wherein the attachment device further comprises an at least one strap for connectivity to a pet collar and wherein the fluid bag is configured to be attached to a pet collar and worn around the neck of the pet.
4. The fluid container of claim 1, wherein the attachment device further comprises an at least one integral loop disposed on the fluid bag for connectivity to a pet collar and wherein the fluid bag is configured to be attached to a pet collar and worn around the neck of the pet.
5. The fluid container of claim 1, wherein the attachment device further comprises an at least one set of fasteners.
6. The fluid container of claim 5, wherein the at least one set of fasteners comprises hook and loop fasteners.
7. The fluid container of claim 5, wherein the at least one set of fasteners comprises snaps.
8. The fluid container of claim 1, wherein the potable fluid is water.
9. The fluid container of claim 1, wherein the fluid bag is configured to be resealed when the potable fluid contained within is not consumed by the pet.
10. The fluid container of claim 1, wherein, upon consumption of the fluid contained within the bag, the bag is configured to be used to pick up a waste product of the pet and resealed for disposal.
11. The fluid container of claim 1, wherein the fluid bag is configured for attachment to a leash.
12. A portable combination water container and bowl for a pet, comprising: a sealed, water-filled bag to be stored and sealed for subsequent consumption by a pet for hydration, wherein the bag is sealed in an original state, and wherein the bag comprises a perforation tear line from which to tear open a top edge of the sealed bag and provide access to a resealable zip closure to open and access the prefilled water and to enable the pet to consume the water within the bag; an attachment device for attaching the bag; and a reinforcement rim disposed with the bag to provide rigidity and structural integrity to the bag such that it contains the water in an upright, contained manner as a bowl to facilitate ease in consumption of the water by the pet.
13. The portable combination water container and bowl for a pet of claim 12, wherein the bag is configured to be resealed when the water contained within is not consumed by the pet.
14. The portable combination water container and bowl for a pet of claim 12, wherein, upon consumption of the fluid contained within the bag, the bag is configured to be used to pick up a waste product of the pet and resealed for disposal.
15. The portable combination water container and bowl for a pet of claim 12, wherein the combination water container and bowl for a pet is configured for attachment to a leash.
16. A method for hydrating a pet, the method comprising: utilizing a fluid bag, the fluid bag configured to contain a potable fluid, to be prefilled with the potable fluid and stored and sealed for subsequent consumption by a pet for hydration; wherein the fluid bag is sealed in an original state; and wherein the fluid bag comprises a perforation tear line from which to tear open a top edge of the bag and provide access to a resealable zip closure to open and access the prefilled fluid and to enable the pet to consume the fluid within the bag; and selectively attaching the fluid bag to the pet for transport.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: selectively removing the fluid bag from the pet; tearing open the fluid bag along the perforation tear line to open the top edge of the bag; separating the zip closure to open the fluid bag and make the contained potable fluid available to the pet; and presenting the potable fluid to the pet.
18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: resealing the zip closure of the fluid bag when the fluid contained within has not been fully consumed by the pet; and selectively reattaching the fluid bag to the pet for transport.
19. The method of claim 17, further comprising: utilizing the fluid bag, when the fluid contained within has been fully consumed by the pet, for waste disposal; picking up a waste product of the pet with the emptied fluid bag; and resealing the zip closure of the fluid bag for disposal of the fluid bag.
20. The method of claim 16, further comprising: utilizing a fluid bag further comprising a reinforcement rim disposed with the fluid bag to provide rigidity and structural integrity to the bag such that it contains the potable fluid in an upright, contained manner consumable by the pet; and presenting the fluid bag to the pet in a bowl-like manner as the fluid bag is supported by the reinforcement rim.
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ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO FRUIT TREES. 21
young black scales showed that it is an important factor in the causes of death. Several hundred young black scales were liberated on white cardboard in the sun with a temperature of 94 to 100 ; at the end of two hours they were unharmed by the heat. A similar experi ment is recorded with a temperature of 106 to no. At 106 the scales were lively, but as the temperatures increased, they moved more slowly, and at 110 almost all movement ceased, although a two hours' exposure did not kill them.
Several hundred just emerged black scales liberated on soil with a temperature of 108 to 110 were active for about one hour, but at the end of that period some were dead, and at the end of one and a half hours nearly all had been killed. A check lot in the shade were not affected. A large number of young placed upon a board with a temperature of 180, all died in five minutes. Scales exposed in sun on soil w r hen temperature was 119 to 122 died within fifteen minutes. Under similar conditions, with the temperature of 130, death resulted in five minutes. A check lot in the shade were not affected."
The distances travelled by P. vitis v. ribcsiae are considerably shorter than those reported by Mr. Quayle, e.g., on smooth paper; in two hours the Black Scale (Saissetia oleae, Bern.), at a temperature f 73-5 F., travelled a distance of 71.5 inches; at 80, 76.5 inches; at 83, 123.33 inches; and at 90, 151.33 inches. The Red Scale (Chrysomphalus aurantii, Mask.) at 66 travelled 31.12 inches, and at 91, in inches. The Purple Scale (Lepidosaplies beckii, Newm.) at 62, 19.16 inches; at 68, 32.87 inches; and at 89, in inches.
and distance of travel.
On looking through a number of the leading works on the Coccidae I have been unable to find any reference as to the length of time the larvae will live when separated from their food plant. As the subject is one of considerable economic importance, the following observations may prove useful and interesting.
On July 6th I received a cutting from a Black Currant bush badly attacked with the White Woolly Currant Scale (P-idvinaria vitis var. ribesiae, Sign.). On the afternoon of the same day large numbers of the orange-red coloured larvae were noticed dispersing over the laboratory bench, some two hundred of which invaded a cardboard box.
|
Uncaught Error: Class 'PDO' not found
I had a perfectly working installation, but needed to upgrade PHP 7.3 to 7.4 due to EOL.
Since then, I have an error :
Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Class 'PDO' not found in /usr/local/www/nextcloud/lib/private/DB/Connection.php:103
Stack trace:
#0 /usr/local/www/nextcloud/lib/private/AppConfig.php(341): OC\DB\Connection->getQueryBuilder()
#1 /usr/local/www/nextcloud/lib/private/AppConfig.php(109): OC\AppConfig->loadConfigValues()
#2 /usr/local/www/nextcloud/lib/private/AppConfig.php(300): OC\AppConfig->getApps()
#3 /usr/local/www/nextcloud/lib/private/legacy/OC_App.php(972): OC\AppConfig->getValues(false, 'installed_versi...')
#4 /usr/local/www/nextcloud/lib/private/Server.php(691): OC_App::getAppVersions()
#5 /usr/local/www/nextcloud/lib/private/AppFramework/Utility/SimpleContainer.php(160): OC\Server->OC\{closure}(Object(OC\Server))
#6 /usr/local/www/nextcloud/3rdparty/pimple/pimple/src/Pimple/Container.php(118): OC\AppFramework\Utility\SimpleContainer->OC\AppFramework\Utility\{closure}(Object(Pimple\Container))
#7 /usr/local/www/nextcloud/lib/private/AppFramework/Utility/SimpleContainer.php(127): Pimple\Container->offsetGet('OC\\Memcac in /usr/local/www/nextcloud/lib/private/DB/Connection.php on line 103
However, module PDO is present and loaded :
php -m | grep -i pdo
PDO
pdo_mysql
PDO_ODBC
pdo_pgsql
pdo_sqlite
Tried to reinstall the whole PHP stuff, with no success.
Note that all occ commands succeed.
My config:
FreeBSD 13
Nextcoud 23.0
PHP 7.4
But is it present and loaded for PHP CGI? (Or mod_php, or whichever you're using on the web server.) Often there are separate php.ini configurations for the PHP CLI, for PHP CGI, for Apache2 mod_php, for PHP-FPM...
I use php-fpm, and it loads OK
php -i
...
PDO
PDO support => enabled
PDO drivers => mysql, odbc, pgsql, sqlite
pdo_mysql
PDO Driver for MySQL => enabled
Client API version => mysqlnd 7.4.27
My point is that php -i is not PHP-FPM, it's PHP-CLI, with a different configuration. You need to check PHP-FPM itself.
Finally upgraded the whole PHP stuff to 8.0, it fixed the problem
|
What memory stick should I get for my XBox 360?
I recently got a new 4GB Xbox 360, and I wonder if I should get some more memory using a memory stick. Are these fast enough to store game data on or should they just be used for backup?
Are there any limitations on storage size, transfer speed etc?
BTW: USB 3.0 is not supported, so a USB 2.0 storage device is sufficient.
USB flash drives are fast enough to store data, and yes, there are limitations.
Using a compatible flash drive over 1 GB, you can reserve a maximum of 16 GB for profiles, game saves, and downloadable content. To use USB storage, you'll need to configure it first. Plug it in and go to System Settings, Memory, then select your device to start setting it up.
Supporting USB storage devices up to 16GB in size is a huge increase in storage over any solid state memory storage solutions currently available for Xbox 360. Users that need more storage have options in the Xbox 360 hard drives, which are available for purchase separately.
You may want to read the official help page for more info.
Thanks a lot! One follow-up question: I also have a PS3. If I have a memory stick with 32GB, can I assign one partition to the xbox and one partition to the PS3?
I'm not sure if that can be done. I recommend you asking a new question about this. BTW, you're welcome.
|
import { CanActivate, ActivatedRouteSnapshot, RouterStateSnapshot, Router, Route, CanLoad } from '@angular/router';
import { Injectable, Inject } from '@angular/core';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';
@Injectable()
export class AuthGuardService implements CanActivate, CanLoad {
constructor(private router: Router, @Inject('auth') private authService) {}
canActivate(route: ActivatedRouteSnapshot, state: RouterStateSnapshot): Observable<boolean> {
const url = state.url;
return this.authService.getAuth().map(auth => !auth.hasError);
}
canLoad(route: Route): Observable<boolean> {
const url = `/${route.path}`;
return this.authService.getAuth().map(auth => !auth.hasError);
}
checkLogin(url: string): boolean {
if (localStorage.getItem('userId') !== null) {
return true;
}
localStorage.setItem('redirectUrl', url);
this.router.navigate(['/login']);
return false;
}
}
|
WITH lcp AS (
SELECT
_TABLE_SUFFIX AS client,
url AS page,
JSON_VALUE(payload, '$._performance.lcp_elem_stats.url') AS url
FROM
`httparchive.pages.2022_06_01_*`
)
SELECT
client,
CASE
WHEN NET.HOST(url) = 'data' THEN 'other content'
WHEN NET.HOST(url) IS NULL THEN 'other content'
WHEN NET.HOST(page) = NET.HOST(url) THEN 'same host'
ELSE 'cross host'
END AS lcp_same_host,
COUNT(0) AS pages,
SUM(COUNT(0)) OVER (PARTITION BY client) AS total,
COUNT(0) / SUM(COUNT(0)) OVER (PARTITION BY client) AS pct
FROM
lcp
GROUP BY
client,
lcp_same_host
|
Data from database not same in java string
Here is my data when i view in SQL Developer tool
introduction
topic 1
topic end
and after i read it using a ResultSet,
ResultSet result = stmt.executeQuery();
result.getString("description")
and display in JSP page as
<bean:write name="data" property="description" />
but it will display like this
introduction topic 1 topic end
how can i keep the display same as in the SQL Developer?
Does it look correct if you use "view source" on the HTML page? If so, it's just the browser ignoring line feeds, as it should.
Newlines aren't preserved in HTML. You need to either tell the browser it's preformatted:
<pre>
<bean:write name="data" property="description"/>
</pre>
Or replace the newlines with HTML line breaks. See this question for examples.
how can i keep the display same as in the SQL Developer?
The data presumably contains line breaks, e.g. "\r\n" or "\n". If you look at the source of your JSP, you'll probably see them there. However, HTML doesn't treat those as line breaks for display purposes - you'll need to either use the <br /> tag, or put each line in a separate paragraph, or something similar.
Basically, I don't think this is a database problem at all - I think it's an HTML problem. You can experiment with a static HTML file which you edit locally and display in your browser. Once you know the HTML you want to generate, then work on integrating it into your JSP.
|
The Fifth Element
"You no trouble. Me... Fifth element... supreme being... me, protect you... Hmm? Sleep."
- Leeloo, The Fifth Element
Tropes used include:
"Dallas: Anyone else want to negotiate?
* Action Girl/Action Girlfriend: Leeloo
* Aerith and Bob: In the same character's name, no less. Jean-Baptiste Emmanuel... Zorg?
* Even weirder with his Deep South accent.
Fog: Where did he learn to negotiate like that?
President (with a glance toward the General): I wonder."
""I might as well or and pretend my child is suffocating me...""
* Always Chaotic Evil: The Mangalores
* Always Lawful Good: The Mondoshawans
* Arc Words: "Time not important. Only life important." "Four elements gathered around a fifth."
I am a meat popsicle."
* A Villain Named Zrg: Jean-Baptiste Emmanuel Zorg.
* Ax Crazy: Zorg.
* Badass: Dallas.
* Bad Liar: David the apprentice priest
* Bad Boss: Never disappoint Zorg.
* And even if you don't, he'll still fire you, just for kicks, as Dallas found out.
* Bald Black Leader Guy: Lindberg, the President of Earth, played by Tom Lister, Jr.
* Big Applesauce: Of all the places to bring a Supreme Being, it's of course New York City.
* Birthmark of Destiny: Leeloo carries the symbols of the four elements in her wrist.
* Brick Joke: When the Mangalore fail to deliver the stones to Zorg, (See Karmic Death below.).
* Bullethole Door
* Car Cushion
* Card Carrying Villain: Zorg
* The Casanova: Ruby Rhod
* Catch Phrase
* Zorg: "I am... disappointed."
* Ruby Rhod: "Are we green?" and "BZZZZZZZZ!"
* Chance Activation: David does this with the Air element stone.
* Clone Jesus: Leeloo, though she isn't really cloned per se.
* Closet Shuffle
* Colony Drop: Well, a huge moon-like thing, anyway.
* Conspicuous CG: The arms of the machine that reconstruct Leeloo are rather blatant.
* Cosmic Keystone: Leeloo, who acts as a super weapon against evil.
* Costume Porn: Literally. Costumes by Jean-Paul Gaultier!
* Creepy Monotone: The attendant that introduces Korben to his room.
* Except when she talks about Ruby Rhod, then she gets all excited.
* Crash Into Hello: Leeloo literally crashes through the roof of Dallas's car.
* Description Cut / Gilligan Cut: Oh, honey. The movie lives on these two tropes.
* Complete with Air Vent Passageway escape by Leeloo.
* Down to The Last Match
* Earth That Used to Be Better
* Eldritch Abomination: The Great Evil
* Evil Laugh: Zorg gets one and breaks down in tears.
* Evil Only Has to Win Once
* Exactly What It Says On the Tin: "Sleep regulators, which will regulate your sleep."
* Fictionary
* Five Bad Band:
* Big Bad / Evil Genius: Jean-Baptiste Emmanuel Zorg
* The Dragon: Right Arm
* The Brute: Aknot
* Bigger Bad: "Mr. Shadow"
* Five Man Band:
* The Hero: Korben Dallas
* The Lancer: Leeloo
* The Smart Guy: Priest Vito Cornelius
* The Chick: David
* Sixth Ranger: Ruby Rhod
* Flat What: Zorg gets a couple of these.
* Floating Head Syndrome: The poster on this page.
* Flying Cars
* From a Single Cell: This happens to Leeloo in the beginning.
* Fun Personified: Ruby Rhod.
* Future Music: The techno-rock-opera fusion performed by the Diva.
* Homage
* Earth's military spaceships look a lot like bloated Star Destroyers.
* Hostage Situation: "Anyone else want to negotiate?"
* Hot Pursuit: How many police cars does it take to stop one taxi?
* I'm Dying Please Take My MacGuffin: The four element stones are held by.
* And the Mondoshawan, twice: once with the key to the temple, and once with Leeloo herself.
* Jewish Mother: Korben Dallas's mother seems to be this.
* Karmic Death:, and.
* Further emphasized by the fact that
* Large Ham : Zorg, Ruby Rhod
(Cue massive fanfare, followed by Ruby Rhod sliding into the scene wearing a mic/headset)
"Zorg: Oh, no."
* Little No:
"Mangalore: "For the honor...""
* The Load: Ruby.
* Made of Evil: Mr. Shadow.
* Magical Girlfriend: Leeloo, natch.
* Mandatory Unretirement: Note: Never join the military in the Future.
* Memetic Sex God: Ruby Rhod, in-universe.
* Mobile Kiosk: An amusing flying Chinese restaurant/boat.
* Motor Mouth: Ruby Rhod.
* My Beloved Smother: Korben's mother.
* Neck Lift: Korben does one to Ruby Rhod.
* One Scene Wonder: The alien opera diva.
* The Only One Allowed to Defeat You: Again, Leeloo.
* Outrun the Fireball: Korben in the ship as the Mangalore bomb blows up the ship above Phloston.
* Yes, she knows it's a Multipass!
* Overly Long Scream: Ruby Rhod is prone to these when things get hectic.
* Playing Against Type
* Please Put Some Clothes On: Said to Leeloo.
* Does that mean the beam that is Leeloo having the ultimate immodest orgasm?
* Product Placement: McDonald's. Could that sign be any bigger?
* Maybe if the camera crashed into... oh nevermind.
* Professional Butt Kissers: Ruby Rhod's entourage.
* Readings Are Off the Scale: Leeloo's DNA.
* Retired Badass: Korben is this, up until he's unretired.
* Schmuck Bait
* The little red button on the ZF-1 is a powerful self-destruct. Lampshaded.
"Cornelius: It's a - it's a - it's a - it's a - it's a - it's a...
* Screams Like a Little Girl: Ruby Rhod. A lot.
* Sealed Good in A Can: New and Improved, it's Sealed Good in a Rock!
* Sighted Guns Are Low Tech: Justified with the ZF-1.
* Sissy Villain: Zorg.
* Space Clothes: The film has a plethora of clothing made out of plastic and rubber.
* Space Sailing
* Star Making Role: Milla Jovovich, in her first lead after Return to The Blue Lagoon.
* Stealth Pun: The cop at the McDonalds Drive-Thru is played by Mac McDonald.
* Stolen MacGuffin Reveal
* Stripperiffic:
* The uniforms worn by the stewardesses, and McDonald's waitresses.
* Zorg's male guards get in on the act, with tiny biker shorts.
* Leeloo's "thermal bandages".
* Swiss Army Weapon: Again, the ZF-1.
* Tempting Fate:
[the alarms go off]"
""I. WANT. THE. STONES.""
* The Taxi: Dallas's job.
"Right-Arm: Sorry, sir, this will never happen again.
* "I! AM! VERY! DISAPPOINTED!"
* Treasure Chest Cavity: Plava Laguna keeps the stones inside her chest for safe keeping.
* Not her chest, her stomach. There's a couple of things in the way for them to be in her chest.
* Two Scenes One Dialogue: Twice.
* Both times used to hilarious effect.
* The Voice: Korben Dallas's mother is heard but never seen.
* Waif Fu: And another Leeloo trope. We are not at home to Mr Newton, no sir.
* We Do the Impossible: Korben.
* You Have 48 Hours:
* They have 48 hours before the Big Bad Ultimate Evil could attack.
* Zorg also gives such an ultimatum to one of his underlings.
* You Have Failed Me: Used by Zorg on the poor underling who failed to impersonate Dallas.
Zorg: I know.
BOOM!"
|
Visa on Arrival in Jakarta
Apparently Indonesia has recently suspended their Visa exemption for short stays. It looks like the only way to get in at the moment is an e-Visa (which requires a local sponsor) or Visa On Arrival, which seems to be difficult and cumbersome.
Does anyone has recent experience with Visa on Arrival in Jakarta or
any other entry point in Indonesia?
Does anyone know whether the Visa exemption has actually been suspended or not? Most website seem to say that it's still in place. I tried the Indonesian Embassy chatbot which gave me link to the the qualifying countries (https://www.imigrasi.go.id/id/foreign_passport/) The link is big old 404.
It it matters I was planning to travel with an US or German passport, whatever is easier.
See:
https://kemlu.go.id/bern/en/news/17810/entering-indonesia-updated-on-27-april-2022#:~:text=Due%20to%20the%20Covid%2D19,are%20suspended%20until%20further%20notice.
I think if you follow that steps and you are vaccinated, you won't have any issues.
The only websites that I found recommended against it because there way long lines and it was very time consuming. However, I have no idea how old this information is.
@NeanDerThal: where do you upload the vax info? I downloaded the app but so far haven't figure out how to upload stuff.
|
Thread:<IP_ADDRESS>/@comment-22439-20140925130542
Hi, welcome to ! Thanks for your edit to the Weapons page.
Please leave me a message if I can help with anything!
|
Geraldine Ives et al., Appellants, v Richard G. Correle, Respondent.
[621 NYS2d 179]
Mercure, J.
Appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court (Rose, J.), entered October 8, 1993 in Broome County, upon a verdict rendered in favor of defendant with the exception of an award to plaintiffs for lost wages.
In this action, plaintiffs seek to recover for injuries sustained by plaintiff Geraldine Ives (hereinafter plaintiff) in a November 30, 1990 automobile accident. It is undisputed that the accident occurred when defendant drove his vehicle into the rear of plaintiff’s vehicle, which was stopped at a traffic light at the time. Defendant conceded liability, and a jury trial was conducted on the issue of damages. Following deliberations, the jury found that plaintiff had not sustained a serious injury and awarded only $158.40 to compensate for plaintiff’s lost wages. Plaintiffs appeal.
We affirm. Initially, it is our view that Supreme Court did not abuse its broad discretion (see, Thompson v Connor, 178 AD2d 752, 753, lv dismissed 80 NY2d 826) in denying plaintiffs’ motion, made four days prior to trial, to amend the complaint to assert a claim for punitive damages. Notably, the trial had been previously postponed and the note of issue stricken because of plaintiffs’ day-of-trial motion to amend the complaint to assert a derivative cause of action, and plaintiffs offered no excuse for their obviously excessive delay in making the present application (see, F.G.L. Knitting Mills v 1087 Flushing Prop., 191 AD2d 533, 534; Pellegrino v New York City Tr. Auth., 177 AD2d 554, 557, lv denied 80 NY2d 760). We also note that the claim for punitive damages, based upon defendant’s intoxication and failure to brake or take evasive measures in an effort to avoid the accident, was of questionable merit (see, Taylor v Dyer, 190 AD2d 902).
We also reject plaintiffs’ assertions of error as they relate to the issue of whether plaintiff sustained a serious injury. Clearly, in the absence of evidence that any bone was broken, the fact that plaintiff suffered a deviated septum when her head struck the steering wheel did not support a finding that she sustained a fracture. Similarly, plaintiffs failed to competently establish that a fracture plaintiff sustained one month after the accident, when she twisted her ankle on an uneven area outside her house, was causally related to the events of November 30, 1990. We are of the further view that the evidence of soft-tissue injuries resulting in intermittent pain and a slight limitation of motion of plaintiff’s back and neck by no means compelled a finding that plaintiff sustained a serious injury within any of the categories set forth in Insurance Law § 5102 (d) (see, e.g., Baker v Donahue, 199 AD2d 661; Melino v Lauster, 195 AD2d 653, affd 82 NY2d 828; Lanuto v Constantine, 192 AB2d 989, lv denied 82 NY2d 654). Under the circumstances, we conclude that Supreme Court did not err in refusing to direct a verdict in favor of plaintiffs, in refusing to charge the jury that plaintiff’s deviated septum constituted a fracture and in refusing to submit the issue of plaintiff’s ankle injury to the jury. Finally, the jury’s verdict was by no means against the weight of the evidence (see, Wierzbicki v Kristel, 192 AB2d 906; Nicastro v Park, 113 AB2d 129, 134). Plaintiffs’ remaining contentions have been considered and are either unnecessary for resolution or without merit.
Cardona, P. J., White, Casey and Peters, JJ., concur. Ordered that the judgment is affirmed, with costs.
|
Pit Lord (Malorne's Nightmare)
Pit Lords are found in Malorne's Nightmare.
Abilities
* Cleave - Cleave the target and all nearby enemies, dealing 100% weapon damage.
* Fel Firestorm - Channels a fierce fel firestorm, inflicting Fire damage to all enemies.
|
Creating weapons and armor from giant crab remains?
I'm playing a Gnome Berserker in a pirate themed Pathfinder campaign, and we recently killed a giant coconut crab. Being a gnome of somewhat less than average height, the crab was described to me as being as large as, if not larger, than me. So, after we killed the creature, I had the idea to strip the (skin?) off of the crab to use as plating for a fist weapon and maybe some sort of armor. I thought it would be awesome to be this little Gnome Berserker running around on deck in crab armor with his right arm encased in the hollowed out pincer of a giant crab.
Now that I have described my intentions, what sort of options would I have? I don't really have any experience with getting custom armor crafted like this and I would appreciate some ideas, guidance, or even just some references to read up on.
Thanks!
The crafting rules can help you with the mechanics. You may need the help of a person with Craft (Armorer). Use of unusual materials is something you would have to consult your DM about. The AC value and cost of crab armor will need to be determined for the craft skill to be used.
That Pathfinder crafting page is perfect. I appreciate the constructive answer, even though my question was a bit broad. Thanks!
The Bone material is the one to use. Quote: "Other animal-based materials like horn, shell, and ivory also use the rules for bone weapon and armor."
As indicated the crafting rules are a good place to start.
To give you some context on how this materials would function, take a look at the page on Special Materials. There are official rules for a few types of related materials along with some 3rd-party materials for exactly your question.
Taking a quick look at the various crabs, the big ones deal either 1d4 or 1d6 + Str with the claws. Based on your description (as tall as your gnome), it seems like you faced a Giant Crab, which has the d4 variety.
Obviously, your DM is going to have to make something up (isn't that the fun part of roleplaying?), but that provides some guidelines / context.
|
//
// Extensions.swift
// KanjiRyokucha
//
// Created by German Buela on 11/26/16.
// Copyright © 2016 German Buela. All rights reserved.
//
import UIKit
extension UIAlertController {
class func alert(_ message: String) -> UIAlertController {
let ac = UIAlertController(title: nil, message: message, preferredStyle: .alert)
let OKAction = UIAlertAction(title: "OK", style: .default, handler: nil)
ac.addAction(OKAction)
return ac
}
}
extension UIViewController {
func showAlert(_ message: String) {
showAlert(message, completion: nil)
}
func showAlert(_ message: String, completion: (() -> ())?) {
self.present(UIAlertController.alert(message), animated: true, completion: completion)
}
}
|
All that I Want Tour
Set list
* 1) "Gypsy Woman"
* 2) "Running Away"
* 3) "Try"
* 4) "Mistakes"
* 5) "In Another Life"
* 6) "Flaws"
* 7) "He Ain't You"
* 8) "Not Too Late"
* 9) "Trouble"
* 10) "Soldier Boy"
* 11) "I'll Be Right Here"
* 12) "Play On"
* 13) "Believe "
* 14) "Thinking About Us"
* 15) "It's OK! Even It's Not Alright"
* 16) "All that Girls Want"
|
<?php
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;
use App\Http\Controllers\JadwalUjianController;
use App\Http\Controllers\DaftarBimbinganController;
use App\Http\Controllers\PengajuanSuratKetKPController;
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Web Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!
|
*/
Route::get('/', function () {
return view('welcome');
});
Route::middleware(['auth:sanctum', 'verified'])->get('/dashboard', function () {
return view('dashboard');
})->name('dashboard');
Route::get('/home', function () {
return view('home');
});
// ------ Jadwal Ujian -------------------------------------------------------------------
Route::get('/dosen/jadwalujian',[JadwalUjianController::class, 'getAllJadwalUjian']);
Route::get('/dosen/jadwalujian/vcreate',[JadwalUjianController::class, 'vCreateJadwalUjian']);
Route::post('/dosen/jadwalujian/create',[JadwalUjianController::class, 'createJadwalUjian']);
Route::get('/dosen/jadwalujian/vedit/{id}',[JadwalUjianController::class, 'vEditJadwalUjian']);
Route::post('/dosen/jadwalujian/edit/{id}',[JadwalUjianController::class, 'editJadwalUjian']);
Route::get('/dosen/jadwalujian/delete/{id}',[JadwalUjianController::class, 'deleteJadwalUjian']);
// ------ Daftar Bimbingan -------------------------------------------------------------------
Route::get('/dosen/daftarbimbingan',[DaftarBimbinganController::class, 'getAllDaftarBimbingan']);
Route::get('/dosen/daftarbimbingan/vcreate',[DaftarBimbinganController::class, 'vCreateDaftarBimbingan']);
Route::post('/dosen/daftarbimbingan/create',[DaftarBimbinganController::class, 'createDaftarBimbingan']);
Route::get('/dosen/daftarbimbingan/vedit/{id}',[DaftarBimbinganController::class, 'vEditDaftarBimbingan']);
Route::post('/dosen/daftarbimbingan/edit/{id}',[DaftarBimbinganController::class, 'editDaftarBimbingan']);
Route::get('/dosen/daftarbimbingan/delete/{id}',[DaftarBimbinganController::class, 'deleteDaftarBimbingan']);
// ------ Pengajuan Surat Ket KP -------------------------------------------------------------------
Route::get('/mahasiswa/pengajuansuratketkp',[PengajuanSuratKetKPController::class, 'getAllPengajuanSuratKetKP']);
Route::get('/mahasiswa/pengajuansuratketkp/vcreate',[PengajuanSuratKetKPController::class, 'vCreatePengajuanSuratKetKP']);
Route::post('/mahasiswa/pengajuansuratketkp/create',[PengajuanSuratKetKPController::class, 'createPengajuanSuratKetKP']);
Route::get('/mahasiswa/pengajuansuratketkp/vedit/{id}',[PengajuanSuratKetKPController::class, 'vEditPengajuanSuratKetKP']);
Route::post('/mahasiswa/pengajuansuratketkp/edit/{id}',[PengajuanSuratKetKPController::class, 'editPengajuanSuratKetKP']);
Route::get('/mahasiswa/pengajuansuratketkp/delete/{id}',[PengajuanSuratKetKPController::class, 'deletePengajuanSuratKetKP']);
|
[hotfix][docs] fix some typos
What is the purpose of the change
I have updated some typos in the docs/content/docs/custom-resource/autoscaler.md file.
Verifying this change
I checked the changes.
Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:
Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (no)
The public API, i.e., is any changes to the CustomResourceDescriptors: (no)
Core observer or reconciler logic that is regularly executed: (no)
Documentation
Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (no)
If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable / docs / JavaDocs / not documented)
Hi, @mbalassi please take a look in your free time, thanks!
Thank you for contributing!
@mxm @gyfora Thank you for your patience, it gives me a lot of encouragement!
|
Session+1
2.2: Reflect on the last two days
* How can technology help you to learn history?
Answers.
* My technology ability i think is perfect I dont know every answer but I know how to find it.
|
Qt: Custom QML module Android APP
I am trying to use a custom QML module in an Android application that I'm developing using Qt.
I have installed de module by adding it to the QML2_IMORT_PATH environment variable and also doing it in the main.cpp file like this:
main.cpp:
engine.addImportPath(QStringLiteral("./qml/jbQuick/Charts"));
engine.addImportPath(QStringLiteral("./qml"));
Application.pro:
QML2_IMPORT_PATH += /qml/jbQuick/Charts
The directory structure is like this:
trunk
|- Application.pro
|- main.cpp
|- resources/views/main.qml
|- qml
|- jbQuick
|- Charts
|- QChart.qml
|- qmldir
|- QChart.js
The application compiles succesfully, but at runtime it gives the error "module "jbQuick.Charts" is not installed".
What is the right way to install the module?
Thanks in advance,
I do use qrc. How should I install the modules in that case? The custom QML modules are already added to the qrc.
Did you look at this: https://github.com/jwintz/qchart.js/issues/3
I actually did. That method works when I use the module for a desktop application. However, when deploying to an Android device it does not work.
|
Add restore from csv backup functionality
With the functionality of #4 it is possible to dump all counters into a csv file. However, it is not yet possible to import counters from such a csv file (or I have missed that, then I am sorry).
I can also make an attempt of implementing this if you like. Some thoughts I have:
All entries of the import csv file are added to the list of counters, so already existing counters keep existing.
What should happen if an already existing counter has the same name as a counter of the import csv file? Maybe skip the redundant counters during import and print a warning afterwards that they were skipped.
Hi, great app, any news about this feature request?
|
Alice Virginia Meyer
Alice Virginia Meyer (née Kliemand; 1921 - May 12, 2017) was an American educator and politician who served as member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 135th District for the Republican Party between 1976 and 1993 being succeeded by John Stripp.
Life
Meyer was born in 1921 in New York City to Martin Gotthard Kliemand (1892-1970) and Marguerite Helene Kliemand (née Houze; 1894–1976). She was of German and French ancestry, with three out of four grandparents born in Europe.
|
import './HW_10.scss';
const addCommentButton = document.querySelector('#addCommentButton'),
newElements = document.querySelector('#newElements'),
userName = document.querySelector('#userName'),
commentField = document.querySelector('#commentField');
function addComment() {
const newName = document.createElement('h3'),
newComment = document.createElement('div'),
newUserName = userName.value,
newUserComment = commentField.value;
userName.value = '';
commentField.value = '';
console.log(newUserName);
console.log(newComment);
newName.classList.add('name-view');
newComment.classList.add('comment-view');
newName.innerHTML = newUserName;
newComment.innerHTML = newUserComment;
newElements.appendChild(newName);
newElements.appendChild(newComment);
}
addCommentButton.addEventListener('click', addComment);
|
<?php
namespace app\index\controller;
use think\Controller;
use think\Db;
class Login extends Controller{
//登录验证
public function index(){
$username = $this->request->param('username'); //用户名
$password = $this->request->param('password'); //密码
$db = Db::table('user')->where('name',$username)->where('password',md5($password))->find();
if ($db==true){
$res['errno'] = 200;
$res['Explain'] = "登录成功";
$res['url']='';
return json_decode($res);
}else{
$res['errno'] = 500;
$res['Explain'] = "登录失败";
return json_decode($res);
}
}
//注册
public function add(){
$str='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890';
$randStr = str_shuffle($str);//打乱字符串
$secretk = substr($randStr,0,32);//substr(string,start,length);返回字符串32位
$tel = $this->request->param('tel'); //手机号码
$sql =Db::table('user')->where('name',$tel)->find();
if (strlen($tel)!=11){
$re['error']=1000;
$re['Explain']="请正确输入手机号码";
return json_decode($re);
}
if ($sql==true){
$re['error']=1000;
$re['Explain']="此手机号码已注册,请登录";
return json_decode($re);
}
$password = $this->request->param('password'); //密码
$code = $this->request->param('code'); //确认密码
if ($password!=$code){
$re['error']=1000;
$re['Explain']="两次输入密码不一样";
return json_decode($re);
}
$Nickname = $this->request->param('Nickname'); // 昵称
if ($password==null&&$tel==null&&$Nickname==null){
$re['error']=1000;
$re['Explain']="请填写完整信息";
return json_decode($re);
}
$user['tel']=$tel;
$user['pass']=md5($password);
$user['Nickname']=$Nickname;
$user['secretk']=md5($secretk);
$user_insert =Db::table('auto_user')->insert($user);
if ($user_insert==true){
$re['error']=0;
$re['Explain']="注册成功";
$re['url']='';
return json_decode($re);
}else{
$re['error']=1000;
$re['Explain']="注册失败";
return json_decode($re);
}
}
}
|
Monster School: Obstacle Course
Start of Class
Zombie Pigman
Skeleton
Spider
Creeper
Zombie
Ghast
Enderman and Slime
End of Class
Herobrine removes the obstacle course, puts up the grades, and the video ends.
Trivia
* Skeleton and Ghast received an F for the obstacle course.
* Creeper and Zombie received an C for the obstacle course.
* Spider received a B for the obstacle course.
* Zombie Pigman, Enderman, and Slime received an A for the obstacle course.
* The thumbnail shows Enderman and Slime hopping through the lava parkour.
|
class Solution:
def removeDuplicates(self, nums):
x = sorted(set(nums))
for i in range(len(x)):
nums[i] = x[i]
return len(x)
|
ELB audit flapping due to changes in policies
The ELB auditing is notifying of changes to all of our ELBs due to the following "change" seen below with different results at two times this morning:
Nov 20, 2015 7:58:30 AM
"policies": [
{
"reference_security_policy": "ELBSecurityPolicy-2015-05",
"type": "SSLNegotiationPolicyType",
"name": "ELBSecurityPolicy-2015-05"
}
],
Nov 20, 2015 11:59:16 AM
"policies": [
{
"name": "ELBSecurityPolicy-2015-05"
}
],
I'm not able to see the reference_security_policy or type attributes when I request the ELB config using the AWS API. No other changes to the ELBs are occurring.
I've seen this too. I'll prioritize this bug. I find it super annoying.
@AlexClineBB - Are other apps in your account hitting the ELB API's especially hard?
@monkeysecurity, yes we are using the ELB APIs pretty heavily - for instance attaching and configuration checking.
Could you see if the current develop branch exhibits this same behavior? It better handles rate limiting in the botocore calls and doesn't give up as easily, which may help fix the problem. I'm testing the develop branch as well and will update this ticket with what I find.
Fixed in #265
This has been merged to master in release v0.4.0
@monkeysecurity I've deployed v0.4.0 internally and can see a big improvement in the number of messages being sent. Thanks for the quick fix!
|
/*
Copyright (c) 2005-2023, Carlos Amengual.
SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
Licensed under a BSD-style License. You can find the license here:
https://css4j.github.io/LICENSE.txt
*/
package io.sf.carte.doc.style.css.awt;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Font;
import java.awt.font.TextAttribute;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import org.w3c.dom.DOMException;
import io.sf.carte.doc.style.css.CSSComputedProperties;
import io.sf.carte.doc.style.css.CSSPrimitiveValue;
import io.sf.carte.doc.style.css.CSSTypedValue;
import io.sf.carte.doc.style.css.CSSUnit;
import io.sf.carte.doc.style.css.CSSValue.CssType;
import io.sf.carte.doc.style.css.CSSValue.Type;
import io.sf.carte.doc.style.css.RGBAColor;
import io.sf.carte.doc.style.css.property.CSSPropertyValueException;
/**
* AWT helper methods.
*
* @author Carlos Amengual
*
*/
public class AWTHelper {
/**
* Create an AWT Font object from a computed style.
*
* @param computedStyle
* the computed style.
* @return the font.
*/
public static Font createFont(CSSComputedProperties computedStyle) {
String fontfamily = computedStyle.getUsedFontFamily();
float sz = computedStyle.getComputedFontSize();
// Font style
String stylename = computedStyle.getPropertyValue("font-style");
int style = Font.PLAIN;
if (stylename.length() > 0) {
stylename = stylename.toLowerCase();
if (stylename.equals("italic")) {
style = Font.ITALIC;
}
}
String fontweight = computedStyle.getFontWeight();
if (fontweight != null) {
fontweight = fontweight.toLowerCase();
if (fontweight.equals("bold")) {
if (style != Font.ITALIC) {
style = Font.BOLD;
} else {
style = Font.ITALIC & Font.BOLD;
}
}
}
Map<TextAttribute, Object> textAttrs = new HashMap<TextAttribute, Object>();
String decoration = computedStyle.getPropertyValue("text-decoration");
if (decoration.length() > 0) {
decoration = decoration.toLowerCase();
if (decoration.equals("underline")) {
textAttrs.put(TextAttribute.UNDERLINE, TextAttribute.UNDERLINE_ON);
} else if (decoration.equals("line-through")) {
textAttrs.put(TextAttribute.STRIKETHROUGH, TextAttribute.STRIKETHROUGH_ON);
}
}
//
Font font = new Font(fontfamily, style, Math.round(sz));
return font.deriveFont(textAttrs);
}
/**
* Gets the AWT color as obtained from the given CSS primitive value.
*
* @param cssColor the primitive color value, which can contain an RGB color, a
* number or an identifier.
* @return the AWT color object, or null if the color was specified as an
* unknown identifier.
* @throws CSSPropertyValueException if a color cannot be derived from the CSS
* value.
*/
public static Color getAWTColor(CSSTypedValue cssColor) throws CSSPropertyValueException {
Color awtcolor = null;
if (cssColor != null) {
switch (cssColor.getPrimitiveType()) {
case COLOR:
case IDENT:
RGBAColor color;
try {
color = cssColor.toRGBColor();
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
CSSPropertyValueException ex = new CSSPropertyValueException(
"Cannot obtain a RGB color.", e);
ex.setValueText(cssColor.getCssText());
throw ex;
}
double[] rgb;
try {
rgb = color.toNumberArray();
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
CSSPropertyValueException ex = new CSSPropertyValueException(
"Cannot obtain the color components.", e);
ex.setValueText(cssColor.getCssText());
throw ex;
}
CSSPrimitiveValue prialpha = color.getAlpha();
if (prialpha.getCssValueType() != CssType.TYPED) {
CSSPropertyValueException ex = new CSSPropertyValueException(
"Unsupported alpha channel.");
ex.setValueText(cssColor.getCssText());
throw ex;
}
float alpha = normalizedAlphaComponent((CSSTypedValue) prialpha);
try {
awtcolor = new Color((float) rgb[0], (float) rgb[1], (float) rgb[2], alpha);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
CSSPropertyValueException ex = new CSSPropertyValueException("Unknown color.",
e);
ex.setValueText(cssColor.getCssText());
throw ex;
}
break;
case NUMERIC:
if (cssColor.getUnitType() == CSSUnit.CSS_NUMBER) {
return new Color((int) cssColor.getFloatValue(CSSUnit.CSS_NUMBER));
}
default:
CSSPropertyValueException ex = new CSSPropertyValueException("Unknown color");
ex.setValueText(cssColor.getCssText());
throw ex;
}
}
return awtcolor;
}
/**
* Normalize the alpha component to a [0,1] interval.
*
* @param typed the component.
* @return the normalized component.
*/
private static float normalizedAlphaComponent(CSSTypedValue typed) {
float comp;
short unit = typed.getUnitType();
if (unit == CSSUnit.CSS_PERCENTAGE) {
comp = typed.getFloatValue(CSSUnit.CSS_PERCENTAGE) * 0.01f;
} else if (unit == CSSUnit.CSS_NUMBER) {
comp = typed.getFloatValue(CSSUnit.CSS_NUMBER);
} else if (typed.getPrimitiveType() == Type.IDENT) {
comp = 0f;
} else {
throw new DOMException(DOMException.TYPE_MISMATCH_ERR,
"Wrong component: " + typed.getCssText());
}
return Math.max(Math.min(1f, comp), 0f);
}
}
|
Azure: defer endpoint creation until after VM creation.
@skschneider / @ehankland - could you take a look?
LGTM.
The lock is probably unnecessary.
Checked test errors, and they're caused by #723. Okay to merge.
test this please
test this please.
Looks like the AWS firewall depends on the VM's group id:
https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/PerfKitBenchmarker/blob/master/perfkitbenchmarker/providers/aws/aws_network.py#L67
|
Multiple threads invoking the UI thread: locking needed for form data?
I don't have a problem (yet), since my application works, but I want to understand what's going on so I don't get into trouble later. (I'm primarily a database/web application programmer, so threads aren't normally my thing!)
Short version: does the UI need to lock form data when multiple threads are updating it?
I have a simple Winforms application (using DataGridViews) that scans files for certain content and displays the results to the user. I at first did this all in the UI thread but learned that was not a good idea and settled on using ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem for [ProcessorCount] collections of items. This works fine, using delegates and BeginInvoke functionality to fire results to the UI as they are found. (Though sometimes there are too many results and the UI still lags, but that's another problem.)
The worker threads are completely isolated, doing their own thing. I understand the concept of multiple threads and needing to be aware of accessing shared data at the same time. What I'm not entirely clear on, however, is what happens when the various threads call the UI thread to update it. Only the UI will be updating controls (and form-level variables) but since the calls come from the other threads, how does this play out? For example, if I'm adding items to a List or incrementing a counter, can a call from one worker thread interrupt another? Each BeginInvoke is it's own call, but modifying the data seems like it could still be a problem.
None of the examples of BeginInvoke I've found mention any need for locking in the UI. These two topics are related but still don't give the exact answer I'm looking for:
Using Control.Invoke() in place of lock(Control)
What's the difference between Invoke() and BeginInvoke()
Why is why you should do all UI manipulation from a single thread: the UI thread.
For example, if I'm adding items to a List or incrementing a counter,
can a call from one worker thread interrupt another? Each BeginInvoke
is it's own call, but modifying the data seems like it could still be
a problem.
No, an invoke call cannot be interrupted by another such call. In fact, it cannot be interrupted by any other operation on the UI thread. This is the reason that if you put your UI thread to work the UI itself "hangs" (input and paint messages get queued for processing, but they cannot interrupt the work you are doing).
However, adding items to a List<T> (is that what you mean?) or incrementing a counter are not UI manipulations. Why are you doing them on the UI thread?
It's true that invoking such operations on the UI thread gives you thread-safe locking as a side effect, but it's not really free: it's much more expensive than doing a simple lock on the worker thread.
You should consider switching to this approach, which will also solve your "too many updates = lag" problem:
Data variables (lists, counters, whatever) are manipulated directly by worker threads. Use appropriate locking constructs (lock, Interlocked methods, concurrent collections, whatever) to provide thread-safety.
Whenever a worker thread modifies a data variable, it also sets a global modified flag to true.
Nothing gets marshalled to the UI thread (invoked).
Meanwhile, the UI thread sets up a timer to fire every e.g. half second. Whenever the timer fires, the UI thread checks the value of modified and resets it to false (you can do this lock-free with Interlocked.CompareExchange).
If the UI thread finds that data has been modified, it locks all data variables and repaints the UI as necessary.
This way you only get at most one (expensive!) UI update on every timer tick, and the UI will not lag no matter how much data is coming in from the worker threads. Plus, you can pick the timer interval to be as short or as long as you like.
Thanks, sounds like that's what I should do. I'm adding to Lists/changing counters on the UI simply because it was convenient and I don't have much experience with it, I guess. :) I need certain bits of data for UI actions (caching the results, for example) and it seemed to make sense to store it directly in the form once I had gotten them from the other threads. But the worker threads could just as easily store them elsewhere for the UI to retrieve, as you suggest.
|
from lib.query import FinnhubQuery, OldDataQuery
from lib.persistent import SaveData
from datetime import datetime
from lib.messages import EmailNotification, SMSNotification
from finnhub import FinnhubAPIException, FinnhubRequestException
import sys
import csv
import pytz
import sched
import time
import logging
from lib import config
conf = config.get("APP")
logging.basicConfig(filename=conf['log_file'], level=logging.DEBUG)
est = pytz.timezone('US/Eastern')
def getCurrentTick(symbols, resolution, latest_tick, api: str = 'api'):
finnhub = FinnhubQuery()
now = datetime.now().astimezone(est).replace(tzinfo=None)
now_seconds = int((now - datetime(1970, 1, 1)).total_seconds())
result = []
try:
if(api == 'api'):
result = finnhub.api_candles(symbols, resolution, latest_tick, now_seconds)
else:
result = finnhub.restful_candles(symbols, resolution, latest_tick, now_seconds)
except FinnhubAPIException as error:
logging.warn(error)
except FinnhubRequestException as error:
logging.warn(error)
except Exception as error:
logging.error(error)
return result
def load_and_etl(symbol, resolution, api):
db_tick_index = 6
# db_open_index = 1
tick_index = 5
# open_index = 0
latest_candle = OldDataQuery().latest_candle(symbol, resolution)
if(latest_candle is not None and len(latest_candle) > 0):
# Get latest tick time, compare it with retrieved tick and detect split/merge
latest_tick = latest_candle[0][db_tick_index]
logging.debug("loading " + symbol)
candles_data = getCurrentTick(symbol, resolution, latest_tick, api)
# same_tick_candle_data = list(filter(lambda x: (x[tick_index] == latest_tick), candles_data))
# if(len(same_tick_candle_data) > 0):
# new_open = Decimal(same_tick_candle_data[0][open_index])
# old_open = latest_candle[0][db_open_index]
# if (abs(new_open - old_open) > 0.01):
# factor = new_open / old_open
# : update
save_data = list(filter(lambda x: (x[tick_index] > latest_tick), candles_data))
if(len(save_data) > 0):
logging.debug("saving data for " + symbol)
SaveData(resolution).candles(symbol, save_data)
else:
logging.debug("no new data")
else:
print("yes")
start_tick = str(int((datetime(2021, 1, 22) - datetime(1970, 1, 1)).total_seconds()))
candles_data = getCurrentTick(symbol, resolution, start_tick)
print(candles_data)
SaveData(resolution).candles(symbol, candles_data)
if __name__ == "__main__":
args = config.getArgs(sys.argv[1:])
resolution = args['resolution']
api = 'api'
if ('api' in args):
api = args['api']
s = sched.scheduler(time.time, time.sleep)
logging.debug("Getting candle data in " + resolution)
with open('sec_list_1000.csv', newline='') as csvfile:
spamreader = csv.reader(csvfile, delimiter=' ', quotechar='|')
delay = 0
for row in spamreader:
s.enter(delay, 1, load_and_etl, argument=(row[0], resolution, api))
delay = delay + 1
if(delay % 60 == 59): # just in case
delay = delay + 1
s.run()
msg = 'Finished loading daily level stock candles.'
if(resolution == '1'):
msg = 'Finished loading 1 minute level stock candles.'
try:
EmailNotification().send('[email protected]', msg)
SMSNotification().send('+16475220400', msg)
except Exception as error:
logging.error('Failed to send message out')
logging.error(error)
|
Setup blog page on initial launch
Create a setup blog screen when the site is run for the first time.
Create user
Sign-in user
Create blog settings
Create default category
This needs revamp I'm reopening this.
|
Portal:Speculative fiction/Did you know/1514
* ... that in the children's book I Like Pumpkins, the narrator sees Frankenstein and his pet alligator buying pumpkins?
|
In this work we present a scheme to control the optical dipole trap potential
in an N-type four-level atomic system by using chirped femtosecond Gaussian
pulses. The spatial size of the trap can be well controlled by tuning the beam
waist of the Gaussian pulse and the detuning frequency. The trapping potential
splits with increasing Rabi frequency about the center of the trap, a behavior
analogous to the one observed experimentally in the context of trapping of
nanoparticles with femtosecond pulses. An attempt is made to explain the
physics behind this phenomenon by studying the spatial probability distribution
of the atomic populations.
|
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
use Stickee\Instrumentation\Exporters\Events\LaravelLog;
it('can write to the laravel log for an event', function (string $event, array $tags): void {
Log::shouldReceive($event)->once()->andReturnNull();
$log = new LaravelLog($event);
$log->event($event, $tags);
})->with('valid rfc 5424 events', 'writable values');
it('can write to the laravel log for a count', function (string $event, array $tags): void {
Log::shouldReceive($event)->once()->andReturnNull();
$log = new LaravelLog($event);
$log->count($event, $tags);
})->with('valid rfc 5424 events', 'writable values');
it('can write to the laravel log for a gauge', function (string $event, array $tags): void {
Log::shouldReceive($event)->once()->andReturnNull();
$log = new LaravelLog($event);
$log->gauge($event, $tags, 1.0);
})->with('valid rfc 5424 events', 'writable values');
it('will crash if given an invalid event', function (): void {
$this->expectException(Throwable::class);
$log = new LaravelLog('1234');
$log->event('Event');
});
|
User:Diamonique6065
To contact her or to see her pictures, click here. Her username is Diamonique6065.
Self-summary
Where is my life headed
Working part time.
Something private to share
To contact her or to see her pictures, click here. Her username is Diamonique6065.
|
Timbaa
Timbaa is the slash ship between Timon and Pumbaa from the The Lion King fandom.
Canon
The Lion King 3
Children
Simba
Behind the Scenes
- Nathan Lane, Timon's voice actor in "The Lion King" (1994) movie.
- Billy Eichner, Timon's voice actor in the latest "The Lion King" movie (2019)
Fanon
Fandom
FAN FICTION
|
(dev) - Nav-J
Journey Content Guide
Welcome Guide
* Game Synopsis
* Supported Platforms
* Controller Schematics
* Robes
* Scarfs
* Chirping and Chiming
* Orbs / Symbols
* Player Symbols
* Shrines
* NPC's (Non-Playable Characters)
* Game Levels
* Online Interactions
* Glossary (Basic)
Walk-throughs
* Platform Achievements Lists
* Orb Locations Guide
* Shrine Locations Guide
* Platform Achievements Guide
* Full Run-Through Videos
|
Roller Assembly for Collecting Debris
ABSTRACT
A roller assembly for collecting debris comprising a roll holder adapted for mounting a cylindrical roll wound by adhesive sheets for collecting debris. A pin may be inserted into a bore of the roll holder, and the roll holder may rotate about the pin. A first end of the pin may be screwed into a pin holder supported by a housing. An indentation for securing a fastener on the surface of the pin may be located near the first end of the pin. The second end of the pin may have an enlarged member. The roll holder may be retained on the pin between the fastener and the enlarged member. The enlarged member may be turned by hand so that the pin may be screwed in and out of the pin holder. A connecting member may connect the housing to a handle.
This non-provisional patent application claims priority to, and incorporates herein by reference, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/020,497 filed on Jul. 3, 2014 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/129,314 filed on Mar. 6, 2015.
This application includes material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The presently disclosed invention relates in general to the field of rollers for collecting debris, and in particular to a cleaning or lint roller assembly.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Roller-type cleaning devices for picking up lint, hair and dust are known in the art. Such cleaning rollers having replaceable rolls havebeen described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,158,887 which was filed in Sep. 3,1963. This publication is incorporated herein by reference. Such roller-type devices, however, are problematic for providing assemblies for the easy exchange of roll holders which are durable and capable of utilizing replaceable rolls of varying sizes. The presently disclosed roller assembly addresses such limitations, inter alias, by providing an improved assembly an interchangeable roll holder to enable the support of rolls having a range of lengths.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The presently disclosed invention may be embodied in a roller assembly for collecting debris. An embodiment may comprise a roll holder that maybe adapted for a cylindrical roll to be mounted on the outer-surface ofthe roll holder. The outer-surface of the cylindrical roll may be wound by adhesive sheets that may be adapted to collect debris. The rollholder may have a bore along the longitudinal axis of the roll holder.This bore may have a first opening on one end of the roll holder and a second opening on the opposite end of the roll holder. An embodiment may comprise a pin that may be adapted to be inserted into the bore of the roll holder. The roll holder may rotate about the pin, and the outer-surfaces of the adhesive sheets may collect debris. An embodiment may also comprise a pin holder having a cavity that may be adapted to hold a first end of the pin. An indentation adapted for securing a fastener on the outer surface of the pin may be located near the first end of the pin. The second end of the pin may have an enlarged member.The roll holder may be retained on the pin by the fastener on one end and by the enlarged member on the other end. A housing may have a first end that may be adapted to support the pin holder, and the housing mayhave a second end that may be adapted to connect to a connecting member.The connecting member may further be adapted to connect to a handle.
The fastener may be an U-shape washer, in accordance with some embodiments. In an embodiment, the first end of the pin and the pin holder may have corresponding threads operable for screwing the first end of the pin into the pin holder. The enlarged member may be adapted to be turned by hand so that the pin may be screwed in, and unscrewedout of, the pin holder.
In some embodiments, a replacement roll holder may be mounted on areplacement pin. Accordingly, the roll holder may be replaced with thereplacement roll holder. Further, an indentation adapted for securing a fastener on the outer surface of the replacement pin may be located near the first end of the replacement pin, and the second end of thereplacement pin may have an enlarged member, so that the replacement roll holder may be retained on the replacement pin by the fastener andthe enlarged member. In order to replace the roll holder with thereplacement roll holder, the pin may first be unscrewed from the pin holder so that the pin and the retained roll holder may be removed fromthe roller assembly, and then the replacement pin may be screwed intothe pin retainer. In an embodiment, the replacement roll holder may havea different length than the roll holder.
In some embodiments, a roller assembly to collect debris may comprise a roll holder adapted for a cylindrical roll to be mounted on the outer-surface of the roll holder, and the outer-surface of the cylindrical roll may be wound by adhesive sheets adapted to collect debris. The roll holder may have a bore along the longitudinal axis ofthe roll holder, and the bore may have a first opening on one end of the roll holder and a second opening on the opposite end of the roll holder.A pin may be adapted to be inserted into the bore of the roll holder sothat the roll holder may rotate about the pin and the outer-surfaces ofthe adhesive sheets collect debris. A pin holder may have a cavity adapted to hold a first end of the pin. In addition, a pin retainer may adapted to be mounted on a second end of the pin. The second end of thepin and the pin retainer may have corresponding threads operable for screwing the pin retainer onto the second end of the pin. A first end ofa housing may be adapted to support the pin holder. A connecting member may be adapted to connect to a second end of the housing. The connecting member may further be adapted to connect to a handle.
In certain embodiments, the roller may be reusable with a replacement roll. The cylindrical roll may be removed from the roll holder and thereplacement roll may be mounted on the roll holder. The outer-surface ofthe replacement roll may be wound by adhesive sheets that may be adapted to collect debris.
In some embodiments, the roll holder may be replaceable with areplacement roll holder. The pin retainer may be unscrewed from the second end of the pin, and the roll holder may be removed from the pin.The replacement roll holder may be mounted on the pin, and the pin retainer may be screwed onto the second end of the pin.
In an embodiment, the roll holder may be interchangeable with areplacement roll holder having a different length than the roll holder.The replacement roll holder may be adapted for a replacement roll having a length corresponding to the length of the replacement roll holder. A replacement pin may also have a length corresponding to the length ofthe replacement roll holder. Accordingly, the first end of thereplacement pin may be adapted to be mounted in the cavity of the pin holder, and the second end of the replacement pin may have threadsoperable for screwing the pin retainer onto the second end of thereplacement pin, such that the outer-surface of the replacement roll maybe wound by adhesive sheets that may be adapted to collect debris.
In certain embodiments, the replacement roll holder may be ten inches long and the roll holder may be six inches long. In some embodiments,the first end of the housing may comprise the pin holder. In alternative embodiments, the pin holder may be a nut securely supported by the housing. The housing may comprise an upper housing member and a lower housing member, in accordance with certain embodiments. The upper housing member and the lower housing member may be fused together or secured together by screws, nails, adhesives or any other means. In certain embodiments, the housing may be a solid piece.
In an embodiment, the roller assembly may further comprise a means for connecting the upper housing member and the lower housing member. In some embodiments, the handle may comprise a telescopic handle. The handle may be made of aluminum.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings,in which reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the various views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation from a prospective-view of a roller assembly, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded-view diagrammatic representation of components fora roller assembly, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
FIGS. 3-6 are cross-sectional diagrammatic representations of a roller assembly and its components, in accordance with certain embodiments ofthe invention.
FIGS. 7-9 are prospective-view diagrammatic representations of two roll holders having different lengths, in accordance with certain embodiment sof the invention.
FIGS. 10-11 are an exploded-view and a prospective-view diagrammaticrepresentations of a roller assembly and two roll holders having different lengths, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 12 illustrates components of an embodiment of a roller assembly ina pre-assembled condition, in accordance with certain embodiments of the invention.
FIGS. 13-15 are prospective-view diagrammatic representations of a rollholder, a pin and a fastener, in accordance with certain embodiments ofthe invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the presently disclosed invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
One of the objects for embodiments may be a roller assembly or kit that includes a roll holder, such as a roller head, supported by a pin that allows for the easy exchange of roll holders without compromising the durability of the assembly. One end of the pin may be adapted to be mounted to a pin holder. The pin holder may be supported by a housing,or one end of the housing may comprise the pin holder. In certain embodiments, the opposite end of the pin may be adapted for a screw-on retainer. The roll holder may be retained on the pin in between the screw-on retainer at one end and the pin holder at the other end.Alternatively, some embodiments may comprise a pin having one enlarged or tapering end and a indentation, slot or groove near the other end adapted for a fastener. The indentation, slot or groove may form a ring along the outer circumference of the pin, and may be adapted for anU-shape washer or fastener. In such embodiments, the roll holder may be retained on the pin in between the enlarged end and the fastener near the other end. The end of the pin having the fastener may be adapted tobe mounted to a pin holder.
The object for certain embodiments may concern such an application which enables the interchange of roll holders having varying lengths to support different sized rolls. Embodiments may not be limited, however,to any one application, purpose, example or object. The embodiments maybe applicable in virtually any application in which debris may be collected by an adhesive tape wound around a roll mounted on a rollholder assembly. The embodiments of the present devices are well suited for implementation on a telescopic stick for cleaning ceilings and walls.
Existing roller-type solutions for picking up lint fail to provide durable roll holders which may be repeatedly exchanged over an extensive period of time. Prior approaches rely on clip-on roll holders, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,055,695 which was filed on Jun. 24,1998. This may work well while the clips continue to retain their structural integrity; however, when applied to repeated use and replacing of rolls, the durability of such roll holders is compromised.In contrast, an embodiment of the present invention may provide the integrity necessary for extended use. Further, an object of an embodiment of the present invention may include the interchangeabilityof roll holders having varying lengths. An advantage of an embodiment for the presently disclosed invention which does not require same-sized replacement rolls may be appreciated when cleaning locations of limited space and accessibility.
A prospective-view of an embodiment of a roller assembly is shown in FIG. 1. As illustrated in the exploded-view of the components for an embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the roller assembly may include an upper housing member 1, a lower housing member 2, a pin holder 3, a rollholder or roller head 4, a pin retainer 5, a pin 6, a connecting member7, a handle 8, an extension assembly 9, and a handle cover 10. FIGS. 3-6illustrate cross-sectional views of embodiments of a roller assembly and its components. In certain embodiments, roll holders having different lengths may be utilized with the roller assembly, as shown in FIGS.7-11.
In a certain embodiment, a roller assembly to collect debris may include a roll holder 4 which is adapted for a cylindrical roll 11 (not shown)that may be mounted on the outer-surface of the roll holder 4. The outer-surface of the cylindrical roll 11 may be wound by a plurality of adhesive sheets 12 (not shown) that are adapted to collect debris. The roll holder 4 may have a bore along the longitudinal axis of the rollholder 4. The bore may have a first opening on one end of the rollholder 4 and a second opening on the opposite end of the roll holder 4.A pin 6 may be adapted to be inserted into the bore of the roll holder4. The roll holder 4 may be adapted to be rotate about the pin 6. The outer-surfaces of the adhesive sheets 12 that are wound around the cylindrical roll 11 may be adapted to collect debris such as lint, hair,cobwebs and dust. A pin holder 3 may have a cavity that is adapted to hold one end of the pin 6. A pin retainer 5 may be adapted to be mounted on the opposite end of the pin 6. The opposite end of the pin 6 and thepin retainer 5 may have corresponding threads that are operable for screwing the pin retainer 5 onto the opposite end of the pin 6. The pin holder 3 may be adapted to be supported by a housing 1′. The housing 1′may comprise an upper housing member 1 and a lower housing member 2. A means for connecting the upper housing member 1 and the lower housing member 2 may include fasteners, clips, screws or adhesives. A connecting member 7 may be adapted to connect the housing 1′ to a handle 8. In certain embodiments, the housing 1′ may comprise a single member, a first end of the housing 1′ may comprise the pin holder 3 that is adapted to hold one end of the pin 6, and the second end of the housing1′ may be adapted to be secured to the connecting member 7. In some embodiments, the upper housing member 1 may comprise a portion of thepin holder 3 and the lower housing member 2 may comprise the remaining portion of the pin holder 3, and the pin holder 3 may be adapted to hold one end of the pin 6 when the upper housing member 1 and the lower housing member 2 are connected to form the housing 1′.
In some embodiments, the roller assembly may be reusable with areplacement roll 11′ (not shown). The cylindrical roll 11 may be removed from the roll holder 4 and a replacement roll 11′ may be mounted on the roll holder 4. The outer-surface of the replacement roll 11′ may be wound by a plurality of adhesive sheets 12 adapted to collect debris.
In an embodiment of the disclosed roller assembly, the roll holder 4 maybe replaceable with a replacement roll holder 4′. The pin retainer 5 maybe unscrewed from the opposite end of the pin 6 and the roll holder 4may be removed from the pin 6. The replacement roll holder 4′ may be mounted on the pin 6 and the pin retainer 5 may be screwed onto the opposite end of the pin 6.
In some embodiments, the roll holder 4 is interchangeable with areplacement roll holder 4′ having a different length than the original roll holder 4. The replacement roll holder 4′ may be adapted for areplacement roll 11′ having a length corresponding to the length of thereplacement roll holder 4′. A replacement pin 6′ may have a length corresponding to the length of the replacement roll holder 4′. One endof the replacement pin 6′ may be adapted to be mounted in the cavity ofthe pin holder 3. The opposite end of the replacement pin 6′ may have threads that are operable for screwing the pin retainer 5 onto the opposite end of the replacement pin 6′. The outer-surface of thereplacement roll 11′ may be wound by a plurality of adhesive sheets 12that are adapted to collect debris.
In certain embodiments, the replacement roll holder 4′ may be ten inches long and the roll holder 4 may be six inches long, or vice versa. The roll holder 4 may be made of pure polystyrene or acrylonitrile butadienestyrene (ABS). The handle 8 may comprise a telescopic handle, in accordance with some embodiments. In certain embodiments, the handle 8may be made of aluminum. In some embodiments, the handle 8 may be powdercoated.
In accordance with certain embodiments, one end of the pin 6 may be adapted to retain the roll holder 4 even when the pin 6 is not mounted on the housing 1′. The pin 6 may be adapted for mounting a washer or fastener 13 near the end of the pin 6 that is adapted for the pin holder3. The fastener 13 may prevent the roll holder 4 from sliding off of that end of the pin 6. The opposite end of the pin 6 may be enlarged or tapered in order to prevent the roll holder 4 from sliding off of that end of the pin 6. In such embodiments, a pin retainer 5 would not be necessary for retaining the roll holder 4 onto the pin 6. While the rollholder 4 already mounted on the pin 6, the pin 6 along with the rollholder 4 may be secured onto the housing 1′. In certain embodiments, the roller assembly may include two sets of a roll holder 4 and a pin 6. One set may comprise a ten-inch roll holder 4 along with a corresponding pin6. The other set may comprise a six-inch roll holder 4 along with a corresponding pin 6. A person using the roller assembly may swap betweenthe two sets by unscrewing one set out of the pin holder 3 and then screwing the other set into the pin holder 3. The enlarged end of thepin 6 may have a flattened shape in order to be adapted for screwing andunscrewing the pin 6 by hand.
FIG. 12 shows components of an embodiment of a roller assembly or kit ina pre-assembled condition. The kit may comprise one or more roll holders4 (which may having varying lengths), one or more pins 6 (which may having varying lengths), and an upper housing member 1. As illustrated in FIG. 12, the kit may also comprise the following components in an assembled condition: a lower housing member 2, a pin holder 3, a connecting member 7, a handle 8, an extension assembly 9, and a handle cover 10. A pin 6 retaining a roll holder 4 may be attached to this partially assembled roller assembly, as shown in FIG. 1. A cylindrical roll 11 (not shown) may be mounted on the outer-surface of the rollholder 4 in order to put the roller assembly in use-ready condition to collect debris on the outer-surfaces of the adhesive sheets 12 (not shown) that are wound around the cylindrical roll 11.
FIGS. 13-15 show perspective views of a pin 6 which may be inserted into a roll holder 4 and secured by a fastener 13 on one end of the pin 6 and by an enlarged member 14 of the pin 6 at the other end. The fastener 13may slide along an indentation or groove 15 near the former end of thepin 6. That end may also comprise threads 16 operable for screwing thepin 6 into the pin holder 3, which may have corresponding threads. The enlarged member 14 of the pin 6 at the other end may be rotated to turn and mount the pin 6 into the pin holder 3.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to an embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.The most obvious variations to the present invention include variation in: the length of pins 6, roll holders 4 and rolls 11; the screw-on pin retainer 5; and, the fastener 13 and enlarged end of the pin 6. It is neither necessary, nor intended for this patent to outline or define every possible combination or embodiment. It is understood that the above description and drawings are merely illustrative of the present invention and that changes in components, composition, structure and procedure are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A roller assembly to collect debris, comprising:a roll holder adapted for a cylindrical roll to be mounted on the outer-surface of the roll holder, the outer-surface of the cylindrical roll wound by a plurality of adhesive sheets adapted to collect debris;the roll holder having a bore along the longitudinal axis of the rollholder, the bore having a first opening on one end of the roll holder and a second opening on the opposite end of the roll holder; a pin adapted to be inserted into the bore of the roll holder, whereby the roll holder rotates about the pin and the outer-surfaces of the adhesive sheets collect debris; a pin holder having a cavity adapted to hold a first end of the pin; an indentation on the outer surface of the pin,the indentation located adjacent to the first end of the pin, the indentation adapted for securing a fastener, the second end of the pin having an enlarged member, whereby the roll holder is retained on thepin by the fastener and the enlarged member; a first end of a housing adapted to support the pin holder; and, a connecting member adapted to connect to a second end of the housing, the connecting member further adapted to connect to a handle.
2. The roller assembly of claim 1,wherein the fastener is an U-shape washer.
3. The roller assembly of claim 1, wherein the first end of the pin and the pin holder have corresponding threads operable for screwing the first end of the pin into the pin holder , wherein the enlarged member is adapted to be turned by hand, and whereby the pin may be screwed in, and unscrewed outof, the pin holder.
4. The roller assembly of claim 1, further comprising: a replacement roll holder mounted on a replacement pin,wherein the roll holder is replaceable with the replacement roll holder;an indentation on the outer surface of the replacement pin, the indentation located adjacent to the first end of the replacement pin,the indentation adapted for securing a fastener, the second end of thereplacement pin having an enlarged member, whereby the replacement rollholder is retained on the replacement pin by the fastener and the enlarged member; and, whereby the pin is unscrewed from the pin holder,the pin and the retained roll holder are removed from the roller assembly, and the replacement pin is screwed into the pin retainer. 5.The roller assembly of claim 4, wherein the replacement roll holder hasa different length than the roll holder.
6. A roller assembly to collect debris, comprising: a roll holder adapted for a cylindrical roll to be mounted on the outer-surface of the roll holder, the outer-surface ofthe cylindrical roll wound by a plurality of adhesive sheets adapted to collect debris; the roll holder having a bore along the longitudinal axis of the roll holder, the bore having a first opening on one end ofthe roll holder and a second opening on the opposite end of the rollholder; a pin adapted to be inserted into the bore of the roll holder,whereby the roll holder rotates about the pin and the outer-surfaces ofthe adhesive sheets collect debris; a pin holder having a cavity adapted to hold a first end of the pin; a pin retainer adapted to be mounted ona second end of the pin, the second end of the pin and the pin retainer having corresponding threads operable for screwing the pin retainer onto the second end of the pin; a first end of a housing adapted to support the pin holder; and, a connecting member adapted to connect to a second end of the housing, the connecting member further adapted to connect toa handle.
7. The roller assembly of claim 1 or 6, wherein the roller is reusable with a replacement roll, whereby the cylindrical roll is removed from the roll holder and the replacement roll is mounted on the roll holder, and the outer-surface of the replacement roll wound by a plurality of adhesive sheets adapted to collect debris.
8. The roller assembly of claim 6, wherein the roll holder is replaceable with areplacement roll holder, whereby the pin retainer is unscrewed from the second end of the pin and the roll holder is removed from the pin andthe replacement roll holder is mounted on the pin and the pin retainer is screwed onto the second end of the pin.
9. The roller assembly of claim 6, wherein the roll holder is interchangeable with a replacement roll holder having a different length than the roll holder, thereplacement roll holder adapted for a replacement roll having a length corresponding to the length of the replacement roll holder, areplacement pin having a length corresponding to the length of thereplacement roll holder, the first end of the replacement pin adapted tobe mounted in the cavity of the pin holder, the second end of thereplacement pin having threads operable for screwing the pin retainer onto the second end of the replacement pin, the outer-surface of thereplacement roll wound by a plurality of adhesive sheets adapted to collect debris.
10. The roller assembly of claims 5 and 9, wherein thereplacement roll holder is ten inches long and the roll holder is six inches long.
11. The roller assembly of claim 1 or 6, wherein the first end of the housing comprises the pin holder.
12. The roller assembly of claim 1 or 6, wherein the housing comprises an upper housing member anda lower housing member.
13. The roller assembly of claim 1 or 6, wherein the housing comprises a solid member.
14. The roller assembly of claim 1or 6, wherein the pin holder is a nut securely supported by the first end of the housing, wherein the nut has threads adapted to engage threads on the first end of the pin.
15. The roller assembly of claim12, further comprising: a means for connecting the upper housing member and the lower housing member.
16. The roller assembly of claim 1 or 6,wherein the handle comprises a telescopic handle.
17. The roller assembly of claim 1 or 6, wherein the handle is made of aluminum.
|
Thread:<IP_ADDRESS>/@comment-22439-20130327110644
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Mention of a commercial product does not constitute an endorsement by the Department of Commerce or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Use for publicity or adver tising purposes of information from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products is not authorized.
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Loaded the file but throwing error.
I used your sample code:
import FolioReaderKit
class StoryboardFolioReaderContrainer: FolioReaderContainer {
required init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder) {
super.init(coder: aDecoder)
let config = FolioReaderConfig()
config.scrollDirection = .horizontalWithVerticalContent
guard let bookPath = Bundle.main.path(forResource: "wonderland", ofType: "epub") else { return }
setupConfig(config, epubPath: bookPath)
}
}
I could successfully load and return the path.
but the app got crushed.
I am not sure why this happened but, that's is probably a malformed book, try to run it on ePub Validator http://validator.idpf.org
You can also send me the book and I might take a look when I have some time.
I still can't. i am using Xcode 9.2. deployment target 11.2. swift.
there is the first I am trying to open. thanks.
fatcat.epub.zip
is it possible to let me catch the error?
in the future, I don't want my app just crushes. I want to catch the error if I bump against malformed ebooks.
I have just used the master version, Xcode 9.2, iOS 11 and I can normally open the book you send me.
There are more implementation options on the example project https://github.com/FolioReader/FolioReaderKit/tree/master/Example
thanks. my own problem. fixed.
|
import math
from pytest import approx
from allennlp.common.testing import AllenNlpTestCase
from allennlp.models.archival import load_archive
from allennlp.predictors import Predictor
class TestTextClassifierPredictor(AllenNlpTestCase):
def test_uses_named_inputs(self):
inputs = {
"sentence": "It was the ending that I hated. I was disappointed that it was so bad."
}
archive = load_archive(
self.FIXTURES_ROOT / "basic_classifier" / "serialization" / "model.tar.gz"
)
predictor = Predictor.from_archive(archive, "text_classifier")
result = predictor.predict_json(inputs)
logits = result.get("logits")
assert logits is not None
assert isinstance(logits, list)
assert len(logits) == 2
assert all(isinstance(x, float) for x in logits)
probs = result.get("probs")
assert probs is not None
assert isinstance(probs, list)
assert len(probs) == 2
assert all(isinstance(x, float) for x in probs)
assert all(x >= 0 for x in probs)
assert sum(probs) == approx(1.0)
label = result.get("label")
assert label is not None
assert label in predictor._model.vocab.get_token_to_index_vocabulary(namespace="labels")
exps = [math.exp(x) for x in logits]
sum_exps = sum(exps)
for e, p in zip(exps, probs):
assert e / sum_exps == approx(p)
def test_batch_prediction(self):
batch_inputs = [
{"sentence": "It was the ending that I hated. I was disappointed that it was so bad."},
{"sentence": "This one is honestly the worst movie I've ever watched."},
]
archive = load_archive(
self.FIXTURES_ROOT / "basic_classifier" / "serialization" / "model.tar.gz"
)
predictor = Predictor.from_archive(archive, "text_classifier")
results = predictor.predict_batch_json(batch_inputs)
assert len(results) == 2
for result in results:
logits = result.get("logits")
assert logits is not None
assert isinstance(logits, list)
assert len(logits) == 2
assert all(isinstance(x, float) for x in logits)
probs = result.get("probs")
assert probs is not None
assert isinstance(probs, list)
assert len(probs) == 2
assert all(isinstance(x, float) for x in probs)
assert all(x >= 0 for x in probs)
assert sum(probs) == approx(1.0)
label = result.get("label")
assert label is not None
assert label in predictor._model.vocab.get_token_to_index_vocabulary(namespace="labels")
exps = [math.exp(x) for x in logits]
sum_exps = sum(exps)
for e, p in zip(exps, probs):
assert e / sum_exps == approx(p)
def test_predictions_to_labeled_instances(self):
inputs = {
"sentence": "It was the ending that I hated. I was disappointed that it was so bad."
}
archive = load_archive(
self.FIXTURES_ROOT / "basic_classifier" / "serialization" / "model.tar.gz"
)
predictor = Predictor.from_archive(archive, "text_classifier")
instance = predictor._json_to_instance(inputs)
predictor._dataset_reader.apply_token_indexers(instance)
outputs = predictor._model.forward_on_instance(instance)
new_instances = predictor.predictions_to_labeled_instances(instance, outputs)
assert "label" in new_instances[0].fields
assert new_instances[0].fields["label"] is not None
assert len(new_instances) == 1
|
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace JfheinrichEu\LaravelMakeCommands\Tests\Units\Facades;
use JfheinrichEu\LaravelMakeCommands\Facades\Hydrator;
use JfheinrichEu\LaravelMakeCommands\Tests\PackageTestCase;
use JfheinrichEu\LaravelMakeCommands\Tests\Stubs\Test;
use ReflectionClass;
final class HydratorCreateAsExpectedTest extends PackageTestCase
{
public function test_creates_our_data_transfer_object_as_we_would_expect(): void
{
$name = 'Jimi Hendirx';
$studio = 'Electric Lady Studios';
/** @var Test $test */
$test = Hydrator::fill(
Test::class,
['name' => $name, 'studio' => $studio],
);
$reflection = new ReflectionClass(
objectOrClass: $test,
);
self::assertObjectHasProperty('name', $test, 'Property name not found');
self::assertObjectHasProperty('studio', $test, 'Property studio not found');
self::assertEquals($name, $test->name, 'Property name has not the expected value');
self::assertEquals($studio, $test->studio, 'Property studio has not the expected value');
}
}
|
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Fun:NASA
From RationalWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tired of laughing? RationalWiki has a slightly more serious article about NASA.
NASA is an evil machine of liberal deceit which wastes decent, hardworking, Christian tax dollars on "proving" that Earth is, get this, round, and orbits the sun. No really, that's exactly what these loopnuts believe. Pray for them, that they might point their telescopes to Heaven. George C. Deutsch, the NASA spokesperson under President Bush II, said so!
Their ludicrous claims[edit]
NASA claims to do many things, ALL OF THEM LIES:
• NASA has claimed to have landed on the moon but we all know why that isn't possible.
• According to NASA, the Moon is an airless, dry world. FALSE!. It has oceans, forests, is inhabited by among other things man-bats, unicorn-like goats, and more!. After discovering that they destroyed ALL available records and the telescopes used, so nobody will know the truth.
• NASA claims to launch rockets into space. Only that said rockets are actually holographic projections.
• NASA claims to have sent space probes to all Solar System planets. Lies!. Planets do not exist, they're just stars fixed to a dome-shaped sky, the so-called images of them are FALSE! and it uses holograms plus having made pacts with all telescope manufacturers to hide that (even the ISS is that and the Columbia accident was FAKE!). Martian rovers are also false, they're running in a study located in a Godforsaken desert. They claim also that four of their probes are now in interstellar space. FALSE!. They actually collided with the sphere of the stars and were destroyed and of course NASA is not going to reveal that.
• NASA claims no extraterrestrials have ever contacted with them. LIES!. They're hiding that have contacted with extraterrestrials, giving them human resources in exchange for some of their technologies (Errr... never mind the fact that their probes still take years to reach their destinations and one at least was lost due to mess up with unit systems. Oh, well, MORE LIES!. The decimal system is also EVIL! and that's why NASA uses it). The X-COM videogames as well as so many others similar plus movies cannot be wrong!
• NASA tells the sheeps there's no intelligent life anywhere in the Solar System but here, as well as that both Venus and Mars are uninhabitable for us. FALSE!. THEY do not want you to know Venus is actually a lush world inhabited by beautiful, elf-like, women, nor that Mars has channels with running water and a thriving civilization of real men. Being nerds they'll NEVER accept that factWell, maybe the existence of smoking hot Venusian chicks.
• NASA claims no humans have gone beyond the Moon. BULLSHIT!. They've setup a super-secret base in Mars from which they're researching how to create a new, false, Jesus to enslave the human population!.
• NASA says the Hubble is just a harmless space telescope. FALSE!. Those images they release are fake, as there're no galaxies and stars would appear out of focus if that really was a telescope. It's instead a device to collect the waves of Project HAARP and use them against a given city or territory to either mind control the population or provocate natural disasters, from earthquakes to hurricanes. It's also used as an orbital weapons platform to both destroy and spy those who know the TRUTH™ behind the EEEEVIL NASA.
• NASA claims climate change is real. Everyone who is not a NWO/NASA/Illuminati-paid shill knows climate change are lies spread by the NWO to establish a New Agey, pagan, nature-worshipping faith!. Even the former President knows THAT!.
• NASA claims the Universe was born in the Big Ben. LIES!. Read the Bible and learn how everything was really created.
• According to NASA, the Sun is a humongous sphere of plasma, the Moon a ball of rock with the size of US, the planets another worlds, and the stars another Suns. FALSE!. They are just reflections of metal disks located in the center of the Universe. They DO NOT WANT you to know we live inside of Earth. MASSARAKSH!
• All those pretty pictures of outer space released by NASA are as pretty as FALSE. NOTHING of what appears on them exists outside the computers (not even living artists, NASA does not even pay them!) that create them.
• NSA = NASA without the first "A". WAKE UP!
The truth[edit]
NASA is formed by Satan worshippers, who have pacted with him (remember, science is EVIL!) explaining why their launches follow numerological, arcane patterns (there've been 666 launches and spacecrafts have exactly 666 components. The Number of the Beast is EVERYWHERE at NASA!), and is involved with the Illuminati plot to take over the world and install New World Order as the world government, and then kill 80% of the population! They plan to do this through Project Blue Beam, and then they will put everyone in FEMA concentration camps NASA has converted the planets Jupiter and Saturn into stars by launching into them nuclear missiles disguised as space probes! They look as plain, old, Jupiter and Saturn because they're using holographic technology to hide that fact!. They do not reveal that is the ONLY space agency of the world. All others (ESA, JAXA, Roscosmos, CNSA, whatever) are just fake organizations set up by them! NASA even means deceive in hebrew! Wonder what the red means in their logo? Why it's a serpent's tongue of course! They might also try to use Mind control to take over the world, everyone put on your Tinfoil hats!
WAKE UP, SHEEPLES!!
|
File:Exposiciones forum.png
Summary
Promotional Poster for the Exhibits of the 2007 Universal Forum of Cultures
|
Drop rate/Birthday Present/Fourth year
This article tracks the drop rate for Fourth Year Birthday Presents.
The Tally
Fourth Annual Series [[ edit drop information]]
The Drops
{|
Eye of Janthir
* 1) La Marisa 22:17, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
* 2) Arsen Vardamir
* 3) --OTL 01:29, October 26, 2009 (UTC)
* 4) I'm not a user. I got one though. 12/27 Locke Yggdrasill
* 5) Wajones67 21:27, February 14, 2010 (UTC)
Flame Djinn
* 1) Special:Contributions/<IP_ADDRESS> 15:42, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
Dagnar Stonepate
* 1) INKED 06:48, March 6, 2010 (UTC)
* 2) --Venom20 13:31, March 22, 2010 (UTC)
Flowstone Elemental
* 1) ---Ezekiel [Talk] 02:17, 20 June 2009 (UTC)
* 2) [[Image:Sunsmoonsig.jpg]] talk & cont
* 3) —Dr Ishmael Diablo_the_chicken.gif 16:33, May 1, 2010 (UTC)
* 4) RingoSK 23:46, May 4, 2010 (UTC)
Jora
* 1) ---Ezekiel [Talk] 02:17, 20 June 2009 (UTC)
* 2) Wajones67 21:28, February 14, 2010 (UTC)
Nian
* 1) RingoSK 23:46, May 4, 2010 (UTC)
Abomination
* 1) Viruzzz 13:49, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
* 2) [[Image:Sunsmoonsig.jpg]] talk & cont
* 3) RingoSK 23:46, May 4, 2010 (UTC)
Desert Griffon
* 1) --Shadofox21 15:50, 19 May 2009 (UTC)
* 2) —Dr Ishmael [[Image:Diablo_the_chicken.gif]] 19:36, October 29, 2009 (UTC)
Dredge Brute
* 1) Special:Contributions/<IP_ADDRESS> 15:42, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
* 2) —Dr Ishmael [[Image:Diablo_the_chicken.gif]] 19:36, October 29, 2009 (UTC)
* 3) Gotcha Bitch.
Krait Neoss
* 1) <IP_ADDRESS> 01:57, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
* 2) <IP_ADDRESS> 1:51pm, 26 may, 2009
* 3) [[Image:Sunsmoonsig.jpg]] talk & cont
Kveldulf
* 1) <IP_ADDRESS> 01:56, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
* 2) —Dr Ishmael [[Image:Diablo_the_chicken.gif]] 19:36, October 29, 2009 (UTC)
* 3) —Dr Ishmael Diablo_the_chicken.gif 14:19, April 28, 2010 (UTC)
* 4) RingoSK 23:46, May 4, 2010 (UTC)
Quetzal Sly
* 1) --MRA 19:12, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* 2) --[[Image:Kirbman sig.png]] Kirbman 09:30, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
Terrorweb Dryder
* 1) <IP_ADDRESS> 01:56, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
* 2) -- F1Sig.png † F1 © Talk 17:52, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
* 3) [[Image:Sunsmoonsig.jpg]] talk & cont
* 4) --Venom20 13:31, March 22, 2010 (UTC)
* 5) RingoSK 23:46, May 4, 2010 (UTC)
Word of Madness
* 1) --MRA 19:07, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* 2) --[[Image:Kirbman sig.png]] Kirbman 00:29, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
* 3) --La Marisa 22:17, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
* 4) --Callisto Von Drake 18:26, 27 June 2009 (UTC)
* 5) Wajones67 21:27, February 14, 2010 (UTC)
* 6) --Venom20 03:49, May 4, 2010 (UTC)
* }
|
package softuni.advanced.generics.GenericArrayCreator;
/**Description:
* We have to create a class with a method and a single overload to it:
* static T[] create(int length, T item)
* static T[] create(Class<T> class, int length, T item)
*/
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer[] array = ArrayCreator.create(13,13);
String[] strings = ArrayCreator.create(String.class, 13, "Java");
for (Integer integer: array) {
System.out.println(integer);
}
}
}
|
Burchard v. Seber, Appellant.
Argued November 17, 1964.
Before Bell, C. J., Musmanno, Jones, Cohen, Eagen, O’Brien and Roberts, JJ.
Stuart A. Culbertson, with him Paul E. Allen, for appellant.
Fred C. Kiebort, with him F. Joseph Thomas, and Humes & Kiebort, for appellees.
March 16, 1965:
Opinion by
Me. Justice O’Beien,
Bichard A. Burchard, Donald Beuchat and Charles J. Eoae, on October 30, 1959, were passengers in an automobile owned and being operated by Harold W. Seber.. While Seber was driving east on Route 27, between 7:30 and 8:00 a.m., he came into collision with a truck owned by Duane Troyer and operated by Michael Bailey. The truck had suffered engine trouble and was parked partially on the highway in Seber’s lane of travel.
As a result of the collision, Burchard was killed and Beuchat and Roae were injured. Burchard’s administratrix and Beuchat brought actions of trespass against Seber, Troyer and Bailey, and Roae brought an action of trespass against Troyer and Bailey, who joined Seber as an additional defendant. The cases were consolidated for trial and resulted in jury verdicts for Burchard’s administratrix, under the Wrongful Death and Survival Acts, and for Beuchat and Roae, against Troyer and Bailey only, Seber being exonerated of liability by the jury.
Troyer and Bailey moved for judgments n.o.v. and for new trials, and the plaintiffs moved for new trials as to Seber. Subsequently, Troyer’s insurance carrier paid the verdicts, up to the limit of its coverage, leaving a portion of the verdicts unpaid. Troyer and Bailey were then in the position of pursuing their new trial motions in order to try to salvage contribution from Seber, and the plaintiffs were in the position of pursuing their new trial motions in order to collect that portion of their verdicts not accounted for by the payment made by Troyer’s carrier. The court below held that the verdict exonerating Seber was contrary to the evidence and ordered new trials limited to the issue of the negligence of Seber; these appeals followed.
There is no significant dispute as to the facts of the case, they being well summarized in the opinion of the court below, as follows: “. . . the defendant Michael Bailey was operating a tractor trailer loaded with lumber in an easterly direction on Route 27 which is the main highway between Meadville and Titusville in Crawford County. The highway is concrete covered with asphalt, but only sixteen feet wide according to the State Policeman who investigated the accident.
“While Mr. Bailey was so proceeding he came around a sharp curve to the right and then proceeded up a long, fairly steep grade known as the Chapman-ville Hill. According to the state policeman, there is a straight stretch up the grade 1000 feet in length before the road again curves to the left. As Mr. Bailey proceeded up the hill, the motor of his tractor began sputtering and finally stopped. He tried to get it started again but it wouldn’t start, so he left the outfit drift backward and off on the berm as far as he could get and stopped again. Witnesses differed as to how far up the hill this equipment was when it stopped; the state policeman estimated the distance at 850 feet while several other witnesses including the defendant Seber said it was 500 to 600 feet, but no one testified that it was less than 500 feet. Witnesses also differed as to how much of the tractor trailer extended onto the hard surfaced portion of the road. The state policeman said two feet and five inches while several other witnesses testified that it took up at least half of the eastbound lane which would be approximately four feet. In any event, the tractor trailer was disabled and parked partly on the hard surface portion of the highway.
“Unfortunately for motorists proceeding easterly toward Titusville that morning, the rising sun struck them squarely in the eyes as they rounded the curve and it was difficult to see going up the hill. At least a half dozen such motorists testified that they came up the hill and nearly struck the truck because of being blinded by the sun but fortunately saw it in time to avoid an accident. Not so, however, with Mr. Beber. He came along with Mr. Burchard riding in the front seat and Mr. Beuchat and Mr. Roae in the rear seat and ran smack into the left rear corner of the trailer, and as a result, Mr. Burchard was killed and Mr. Beuchat and Mr. Boae received extremely serious injuries. The impact was so great that it not only demolished Mr. Seber’s car, but also apparently moved the trailer sideways although it was loaded with 26,800 pounds of lumber and weighed 10,500 pounds itself. The impact also tore out and broke the back axle of the trailer.”
From this fact situation, we must determine whether the court below properly granted a new trial limited to the issue of Seber’s negligence. In so determining, we are bound by the oft-stated rule that the grant or refusal of a new trial will not be reversed on appeal, absent an abuse of discretion or error of law which controlled the outcome of the ease. Cinciripini v. Harmony Short Line, 416 Pa. 231, 205 A. 2d 860 (1965); Weed v. Kerr, 416 Pa. 233, 205 A. 2d 858 (1965), and cases cited therein.
The court below found that the negligence of Seber was clearly established by the evidence and that justice dictated a new trial on that issue. This holding is virtually compelled by the testimony of Seber himself. On direct examination by his counsel, he testified as follows: “Q. Now, as you rounded this curve, what if anything, happened, did you notice or were you aware of? A. As soon as I rounded the bend, why the sun hit me in the eyes. Q. The sun hit you in the eyes. And what kind of a morning was it that morning? A. It was a nice morning. Q. A nice morning. A. For fall. Q. All right, now what did you do when you rounded the curve, at the bottom of the curve the right curve and noticed the sun hitting you in the eyes as you call it, you say you slowed down? A. Well, when the sun hit me in the eyes, I slowed down and I was following the white line to make sure I didn’t cross into the traffic — of oncoming traffic. Q. Could you see anything ahead of you on that highway other than the white line? A. Yes, I could see the portion of the highway, I couldn’t see too far ahead of me. Q. You couldn’t see too far ahead of you, because of the sun? A. That’s right. Q. All right, and could you see down at the side of you on the berm, see the berm on the right? A. On the right side. Q. The right side. A. I believe so, yes. Q. Now, after you slowed your car down after you went around this curve and were confronted with the sun, and said you saw a white line, what if anything, happened as you started up the hill? Did you see anything as you went on up the hill and were watching the white line to see that you didn’t get over onto the other side? A. I don’t remember of seeing the truck I hit. A. Well, did you see it at all before you struck? A. I don’t remember of seeing it, no.”
On cross-examination, Seber testified as follows: “Q. You went into this curve, if I understand you, about 50 miles an hour? ... A. Before the curve, I was driving probably 50 miles an hour and when I went around the curve 40 to 45. Q. Around the turn at 40 to 45? A. That’s right. Q. And that’s the turn at the foot of the hill? A. That’s right. Q. Then you proceeded at that rate up the hill? A. No, I slowed down when the sun hit me in the eyes. Q. Slowed down to what? A. I don’t know, I wasn’t watching the speedometer, I was watching the road. Q. Were you watching the road on the side or ahead of you? A. Ahead of me. Q. And you didn’t see anything? A. No, I didn’t. Q. This accident happened on a straight road, didn’t it? A. Yes, it did. Q. And why didn’t you watch ahead of you? A. I was watching ahead of me, as far as I could see. Q. But you couldn’t see this truck? A. I didn’t see it, no. Q. You didn’t see it— but you did hit it? A. I did hit it. ... Q. I believe you said you couldn’t see too far ahead as you went up the hill. A. That’s right. Q. Nevertheless, you kept right on going? Mr. Culbertson: I object to this, there is no law that says he has to stop. Court: Objection overruled. Q. You kept on going, didn’t you? A. I kept on going, but I was slowing down at the same time. Q. A. I didn’t see the truck. Q. You didn’t see it? A. No. Q. Why didn’t you see it? Mr. Culbertson: I object to this as being argumentative. Q. You ought to have some explanation why you didn’t see it, if it was there. A. The sun was in my eyes. Q. The sun didn’t flash suddenly in your eyes, did it? A. It did when I rounded the bend at the bottom of the hill. Q. You mean it was just a flash of sun? A. No, it wasn’t a flash. Q. The sun was in your eyes all the way up the hill, was it? A. Yes, it was.”
In light of this testimony, we must agree with the court below that the exoneration of Seber by the jury was in capricious disregard of the evidence. This is not a case where a driver is suddenly and momentarily blinded. Here, Seber continued to drive his automobile for at least 500 feet, and possibly as far as 850 feet, at a time when, by his own admission, he was blinded by the sun. He continued to drive under these adverse conditions at a rate of speed sufficient to move an 18% ton loaded trailer and demolished his own vehicle.
“ ‘Where a trial Judge or Court sees and hears the witnesses, it has not only an inherent fundamental and salutary power, but it is its duty, to grant a new trial when it believes the verdict was capricious or was against the weight of the evidence and resulted in a miscarriage of justice . . .’ ”. Bohner v. Eastern Express, Inc., 405 Pa. 463, 175 A. 2d 864 (1961) and cases cited therein. Here, the court below properly executed its duties.
The only remaining question is whether error can be found in limiting the new trial in the manner of the order of the court below. We find no such error. The liability of defendants Troyer and Bailey is not in issue and a full and fair determination of the damages has already been made. The only question remaining is Sober’s negligence and, that being the situation, it is proper to limit the new trial to that sole issue. Cf. Nakles v. Union R. E. Co. of Pgh., 415 Pa. 407, 204 A. 2d 50 (1964); Berkeihiser v. DiBartolomeo, 413 Pa. 158, 196 A. 2d 314 (1964); Daugherty v. Erie R. R. Co., 403 Pa. 334, 169 A. 2d 549 (1961).
Order affirmed.
Mr. Justice Roberts, with whom Mr. Chief Justice Bell and Mr. Justice Jones join, dissents and would reverse the grant of the limited new trial.
|
How to push a package from a flight to a submission using UWP Microsoft Store Services API
We are building a UWP application. We already have the first version of the CI/CD pipeline. The pipeline does the following
Builds the *.msixupload bundle
Pushes it to the package flight called "Staging" for internal testing
The thing it doesn't currently do is automate the release of the app. Every time our QAs are done testing and we want to push the app from Staging to the production environment we do the following
We open the UWP partner center
Select the production submission and click update
We update the necessary release notes and screenshots if needed
For the package, we select a package that we had inside the "Staging" flight. We actually do not upload a new package, which I think makes sense - you want to release the build that was already tested and you do not actually want to rebuild the app for production with a different version
The problem is that I can't find a way to automate the 4th step. In this example you can see a flow for creating a new submission. However, it actually involves re-uploading an *.msixupload bundle. I can't find a sample that would mimic what we are doing - instead of uploading a new bundle we select an existing bundle from a package flight.
Is there a way to create a new submission using a previously published package from another flight without having to upload a new bundle through the API?
P.S.
You can't re-upload the same bundle with the same version to the new submission that was previously used inside the package flight. It will result in a conflict error. So, you will have to rebuild a new package, which is not acceptable.
Is there a way to create a new submission using a previously published package from another flight without having to upload a new bundle through the API?
I have to say that there is no way the get the bundle you uploaded from the package flight back once you've uploaded it. I understand your requirement but currently, there is no such API that could do it even in the partner center dashboard website. You still need to upload a new bundle for submission.
Thanks, Roy for the answer. But I can do that from the Partner center. Essentially, you select the package source to be the "Alpha" package flight, and it brings the package that was already uploaded into the public submission. I would assume that Partner Center uses the same set of APIs. If it's possible in the partner center why wouldn't it be possible with teh APIs?
@kyurkchyan The submission API is just designed for simple general submission scenarios like automatic upload for an existing package file. You could submit a feature request in the Feedback Hub if you want to add this feature.
Thanks Roy. We really wanted to have a fully automated deployment process without manual intervention. One last question before I give up. I understand that the only way is uploading a package from scratch. Is there a way to overcome the "Conflict" that's caused by uploading a duplicate bundle? I can see the following options
Somehow deleting it from the package flight before pushing it to the public submission
Somehow changing the version of the *.msixupload without having to rebuild the package so it's not actually a duplicate
Or perhaps some other strategy that you could suggest?
Thanks Roy. That makes sense. Really appreciate your support. Our build of UWP takes about 30 minutes. It would be really cool if we could change the version number inside the msixupload without having to rebuild the app. Is there any tool that can do that?
I know this is a different question, perhaps I should ask it in a separate thread.
@kyurkchyan ops, I missed one thing, there is a delete function in the package flight submission API. Here it is:Delete a package flight submission
@kyurkchyan You could try this to make sure if the flight submission could be deleted and then try to upload the same package to the Store. This should work to avoid the Conflict issue.
Thanks a lot Roy. I will play with it. BTW, I just tried re-uploading the same package that existed in the Flight to the Store, and it didn't cause conflict on the Portal. Perhaps, it works with API. But I do believe that I have seen conflict, perhaps I have done something wrong. Anyway, for the current thread all is nice and clean. Thanks again for the support.
|
Add link from GraphQL types to Strawberry types
Description
I'm toying with strawberry internals, and I often need to find the links between GraphQLTypes and their strawberry definitions.
For now I have been using Schema.get_type_by_name(graphql_type.name) and similar funcions, but it feels a bit clumsy.
Instead, this PR takes advantage of GraphQLNamedTypes (and others) "extensions" to store links back to the originating strawberry type.
Types of Changes
[ ] Core
[ ] Bugfix
[x] New feature
[ ] Enhancement/optimization
[ ] Documentation
Checklist
[x] My code follows the code style of this project.
[ ] My change requires a change to the documentation.
[ ] I have updated the documentation accordingly.
[x] I have read the CONTRIBUTING document.
[x] I have added tests to cover my changes.
[x] I have tested the changes and verified that they work and don't break anything (as well as I can manage).
Hi, thanks for contributing to Strawberry 🍓!
We noticed that this PR is missing a RELEASE.md file. We use that to automatically do releases here on GitHub and, most importantly, to PyPI!
So as soon as this PR is merged, a release will be made 🚀.
Here's an example of RELEASE.md:
Release type: patch
Description of the changes, ideally with some examples, if adding a new feature.
Release type can be one of patch, minor or major. We use semver, so make sure to pick the appropriate type. If in doubt feel free to ask :)
Here's the tweet text:
🆕 Release (next) is out! Thanks to Paulo Costa for the PR 👏
Get it here 👉 https://github.com/strawberry-graphql/strawberry/releases/tag/(next)
Merged latest strawberry changes :)
@paulo-raca thanks for this PR! Me and @BryceBeagle spent a bit of time refactoring the tests and we also updated the release notes to make it easier to understand what this release adds.
Thank you for looking into those!
|
Series 1: Episode 10
The Pole With a Hole
* 62% of pupils believe that teachers like them.
* 30% of Scottish women have stolen alcohol.
* 16 % of medical students have been by bullied nurses.
* The average British man spends £13 a year on underwear.
What's the Poll
The following appeared on the "most searched words on the internet" poll:
* Dogs
* The Olympics
* Mobile phones
* The Tweenies
* Paris Hilton
And the Winner Is...
* Greates food innovation of the 20th century: Frozen food
* Rudest people in Europe: Germans
Final scores
Dave's team defeated Sean's team 8 points to 5.
|
User talk:Hollosch
CAPTCHA for WikiForum
Heya, I'm working on a CAPTCHA solution for WikiForum now. UltrasonicNXT (talk)
* Cool, i am patient. hollosch (talk) 14:48, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
|
Find robust approach to draw bokeh grid axes
hmap = hv.HoloMap({str(i)+'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa':hv.Curve([1,2,3*i]) for i in range(3)})
hmap.add_dimension('dummy',0,0).grid()
results in
Javascript error adding output!
Error: unsatisfiable constraint
See your browser Javascript console for more details.
in the notebook
Bokeh: BokehJS plotting callback run at Tue Jul 04 2017 12:48:52 GMT+0200 (CEST)
VM1113:121 [bokeh] WidgetBox mode is fixed, but no width specified. Using default of 300.
main.min.js:21348 Error: unsatisfiable constraint
at t.addConstraint (eval at append_javascript (main.min.js:21632), <anonymous>:177:863)
at t.add_constraint (eval at append_javascript (main.min.js:21632), <anonymous>:94:6935)
at e.r.CanvasView.e.set_dims (eval at append_javascript (main.min.js:21632), <anonymous>:117:22590)
at e.r.PlotCanvasView.e.render (eval at append_javascript (main.min.js:21632), <anonymous>:123:6361)
at e.r.PlotCanvasView.e._layout (eval at append_javascript (main.min.js:21632), <anonymous>:123:5779)
at e.r.LayoutDOMView.e._layout (eval at append_javascript (main.min.js:21632), <anonymous>:121:12321)
at e.r.LayoutDOMView.e._layout (eval at append_javascript (main.min.js:21632), <anonymous>:121:12321)
at e.r.LayoutDOMView.e._layout (eval at append_javascript (main.min.js:21632), <anonymous>:121:12321)
at e.r.LayoutDOMView.e._layout (eval at append_javascript (main.min.js:21632), <anonymous>:121:12321)
at e.r.LayoutDOMView.e._layout (eval at append_javascript (main.min.js:21632), <anonymous>:121:12321)
Have fixed the concrete issue above but the code that computes the appropriate sizes for the grid axes is somewhat brittle regardless. I've therefore repurposed this issue to find a better approach to draw the GridSpace axes with an appropriate size.
|
PHEASANTS IN COVERT AND AVIARY
once they are hatched. I have always noticed that wild Pheasant chicks are a shade wilder and quicker than those hatched from penned eggs, and I am quite sure that besides being the only difference this wilder trait is a distinct dis advantage. It is nothing as long as the fronts are on, but if one has to rear on a bare field and has both kinds of chicks, he will soon know which he prefers when they are let away. It is a dreary job counting a row of wild Pheasants at feeding-time and as dreary a job getting them shut up at nights after they are any size. There is no real proof that the wild chicks grow better or quicker than the others ; many a rearer imagines they do so because he wishes them to be so, though that is not quite the same thing. I know also that the wild birds die just like the others when any of the real troubles come to the rearing field ; it is no argument to say that they do not die from like causes outside, as the conditions are very widely different. Finally, no one can say the wild birds fly a bit better or higher than the others on shooting days, if they are fed the same, and somehow I have a conviction that they retain their wandering propensities till the day of their death. To my mind there is no comparison possible between the two kinds of eggs ; if time, trouble, and the certainty of getting the best results from outlay and work are all taken into proper consideration, the penned eggs have it easily. And what can there really be in the question of Stamina? We all know that even our breeds of domestic fowls give of their best only when they are specially fed and sheltered ; more especially is this true from the point of view of either quantity or fertility, and why the identically same treatment should be wrong for the less hardy Pheasant beats me to understand. I know that there are men who invite disease even in their Pheasant pens, through the
|
NOTICE.
This Work will contain six similar parts forming a thick Volume of over 600 pages, the price of which is $ 5 for Subscribers or Contributors, or Booksellers, each number One Dollar, or the whole volume $ 6 to others. The Flora Telluriana is a companion to this, same form, size and price.
Sets of Monographs and Florulas of rare American plants— $ 10 for each 100 Specimens large folio, $7 smaller folio, $5 portable small size.
SAME AUTHOR.
Herbarium Rafinesquianum $1 — Analysis y of Nature $1 — Atlantic Journal $2 — Precis' 25 cents — Neogenyton 10 cents — Roses and other monographs 50 cents — Medical Flora of the United States $ 3 — New Plants of Sicily, and other Works— American Nations before Columbus— Life and Travels — Philosophy of Instability — Fishes of Ohio, — -The Universe — Celestial Wonders— Safe Banking $*c.
|
Fuwa Fuwa☆Yumeiro Sandwich
is a song by Hello, Happy World!
It is the gift song for the event A Fair and Fluffy Competition.
It was written by Oda Asuka, and arranged and composed by Kasai Yuta.
Video
Single Preview = The song starts from 01:56.
|
import {app, dialog, BrowserWindow, Dialog, ipcRenderer} from 'electron';
import {channel} from './constants';
export function getDialog(): Dialog {
if (dialog) {
return dialog;
}
return require('@electron/remote').dialog; // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires
}
export function getCurrentWindow(): BrowserWindow {
const {getCurrentWindow} = require('@electron/remote'); // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires
return getCurrentWindow();
}
export function setMainWindowTitle(title: string): void {
const fullTitle = 'Oracle SQL Browser' + (title.length > 0 ? ` - ${title}` : '');
ipcRenderer.send(channel.setMainWindowTitle, fullTitle);
}
export function isPackaged(): boolean {
return app ? app.isPackaged : isPackagedRemote();
}
function isPackagedRemote(): boolean {
const isPackaged = ipcRenderer.sendSync(channel.appIsPackaged);
if (typeof isPackaged !== 'boolean') {
throw new Error(`Error in ipc channel "${channel.appIsPackaged}"`);
}
return isPackaged;
}
|
Reverse parking sensors
I've been thinking on fitting an after-market reverse parking sensors for my car, and I found 2 options:
Electromagnetic
Ultrasonic
The Electromagnetic doesn't require to make holes in the bumper, works at shorter distances and it seems cheaper, so it seems the best option.
My question is, is there any drawbacks with the electromagnetic sensors? Are they easy to fit or do I need to go to a garage?
I would get a reversing camera instead. You can get the type that is mounted on the license plate and then you can either get a radio/headunit which supports backup cams or get a rearview mirror which has a backup display. Personally I would try to get a rearview mirror one. I think you can get the mirror for about ~$500 with the camera but I don't remember the exact price.
As for the two options supplied I would probably go ultrasonic.
Hi @mike-saull. Thanks for the camera suggestion.. I'll search about it, though the option of the rear view mirror is not going to be cheap as I have auto-dimming mirror. Any opinion why you choose the ultrasonic? I read it last less because it's "outside" to weather conditions.
The replacement mirror is also an autodimming mirror I believe. I am thinking about the Gentex reverse mirrors for example here http://www.amazon.com/Gentex-GENK332-Auto-dimming-Hi-Definition-Display/dp/B004J0I19E. The only part that might be expensive would be the install but if you have the ability to install yourself it would not be very expensive. I believe you can get different models which also include compass and homelink in addition to the camera feature. The amazon one I linked doesn't look to have the camera included but you can find those easily.
I chose the ultrasonic version because I have had more experience with it personally. My father's vehicle has it and it works well. Although I think it is possible for an electromagnetic version to sense things other than metal I have a hard time believing you could get one powerful enough to fit into the bumper cover and still sense a squishy little dog or something. Seeing is believing though maybe you can test drive a vehicle which has it installed and make your decision that way. I have no prejudices against the electromagnetic version but I would have to see it in action to trust it.
My worry about the electromagnetic one is that while it is good at picking up metal objects that you may hit, they aren't so good at organic objects.
Ultrasonic reversing sensors are good at detecting solid objects, but not so good at soft objects.
As solid objects are important to identify, whether or not they are metal, the ultrasonic sensors are, in my opinion, the best ones to install. They are also very cheap, so unless you have cost as an essential priority, ignore pricing as a factor here.
Most home fit kits make the placing of the sensors very simple - the small holes through the bumper are easy to do and will not impact the safety of the bumper in any measurable way.
|
galactosylsphingosine
Noun
* 1) The galactosyl derivative of sphingosine (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(E,2S,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-enoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
|
Method and Apparatus for TV Program Recommendation
ABSTRACT
A method of assisting selection of a TV channel in a linear IPTV service where a prompt to switch a TV channel to another TV channel is generated based on measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to IPTV, in general, and in particular to a method and an apparatus for providing recommendations to a user for a TV program or programs broadcast as linear TV programs.
BACKGROUND
Over the last decades, the steady increase in the available number of television channels has caused users to be overwhelmed by the amount of available linear TV content, especially delivered in Internet Protocol TV (IPTV) service. The term “linear TV” refers to TV service in which the viewer has to watch a TV program at the particular time the program is broadcast and on the specific channel it is presented on. Sometimes the term “live TV” is used with reference to the above discussed “linear TV”. This increase made it hard to find TV content that would be relevant to the user amongst huge number of programs broadcast simultaneously. This results in random “channel surfing” behaviour where users scan for relevant content by hopping between different TV channels. The resulting user experience is inefficient (users will often miss interesting content) and therefore frustrating.
Existing audio-video content recommendation solutions focus mainly on on-demand content (e.g. Netflix or LoveFilm), providing recommendations to the users; typically giving users the option to act on those recommendations, e.g. by clicking a recommended movie. Video services like YouTube go one step further and construct personalized “channels” by concatenating recommended on-demand assets, operating without user intervention.
Companion services like www.zee box.com offer simple analytics results for the popularity of linear TV content based on metrics like, for example, the number of tweets.
SUMMARY
It is the object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for producing recommendations of TV programs in linear TV in real time or near real time.
Accordingly, the invention seeks to preferably mitigate, alleviate or eliminate one or more of the disadvantages mentioned above singly or in any combination.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of assisting selection of a TV channel in a linear IPTV service. The method comprises monitoring control commands received by TV devices from users and determining measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels by analysing the control commands received by TV devices from users. The method further comprises delivering the determined measures as an input for generating of the prompt to select a TV channel based on the measures.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for use in a network delivering TV channels in a linear IPTV service to TV devices. The apparatus comprises a processor and a memory, said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said apparatus is operative to monitor control commands received by TV devices from users and to determine measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels by analysing the control commands received by TV devices from users. Said apparatus is further operative to deliver the determined measures as an input for generating a prompt to select a TV channel based on the measures.
According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a TV device adapted to receive TV channels broadcast in a linear IPTV service. The TV device comprises a processor and a memory. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor whereby said TV device is operative to receive a prompt to select a TV channel. Said prompt is generated based on measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels. Said measures are determined by analysing control commands received by TV devices from users.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a TV device adapted to receive TV channels broadcast in a linear IPTV service. The TV device comprises a processor and a memory, said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said TV device is operative to receive a set of measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels. Said measures are determined by analysing control commands received by TV devices from users. Said TV device is operative to generate a prompt to select a TV channel based on said measures.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for use in a network delivering TV channels in a linear IPTV service to TV devices. The apparatus comprises a monitoring unit adapted to monitor control commands received by TV devices from users and a determining unit adapted to determine measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels by analysing the control commands received by TV devices from users. The apparatus further comprises a delivering unit adapted to deliver the determined measures as an input for generating a prompt to select a TV channel based on the measures.
According to a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided a TV device adapted to receive TV channels broadcast in a linear IPTV service. The TV device comprises a prompt receiver operative to receive a prompt to select a TV channel, wherein said prompt is generated based on measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear
TV channels. Said measures are determined by analysing control commands received by TV devices from users.
According to a seventh aspect of the present invention there is provided a TV device adapted to receive TV channels broadcast in a linear IPTV service. The TV device comprises a receiver operative to receive a set of measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels. Said measures are determined by analysing control commands received by TV devices from users. Said TV device further comprises a prompt generator operative to generate a prompt to select a TV channel based on said measures.
According to a eighth aspect of the present invention there is provided a network for delivering TV channels in a linear IPTV service comprising an apparatus as defined in the second or fifth aspects of the present invention.
Further features of the present invention are as claimed in the dependent claims.
The present invention provides the benefit of improved user experience by getting more relevant content to the user. More specific advantages of the invention are discussed in the detailed description section.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:
FIG. 1-FIG. 3 show flowcharts illustrating a method of assisting selection of a TV channel in various embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates a list of TV programs generated in accordance with one embodiment of the method of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an apparatus for use in a network delivering TV channels in a linear IPTV service in one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a TV device adapted to receive TV channels broadcast in a linear IPTV service in one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating IPTV network adapted to deliver TV channels in a linear IPTV service in one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 shows flowchart illustrating delivering a TV program in one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an apparatus for use in a network delivering TV channels in a linear IPTV service in one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 are diagrams illustrating a TV device adapted to receive TV channels broadcast in a linear IPTV service in alternative embodiments of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the invention with unnecessary details.
Reference throughout the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearance of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Further, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
The invention in its various embodiments allows users to engage and disengage an auto-pilot mode for controlling live TV experience. While in this mode live TV channels may change automatically without user interaction via a remote control, intelligently guiding the user to relevant live TV content in real time. Depending on embodiment such an auto-pilot controlled live content can either be presented in the main video window or a small “real-time recommendation” PIP (picture-in-picture) window, which the user can conveniently toggle to the main-screen when desired or only a recommendation to change the TV channel may be displayed on a separate companion device. In this last embodiment automation of the switching is replaced with a recommendation to switch.
Preferably the invention introduces a suitable delay between live and viewed content such that the latency related to the processing of analytics data is hidden from the user. For instance, the system may start delayed playback on a channel broadcasting football match a short period of time before a goal based on analytics information obtained after the goal. Similarly, the system may tune away from a delayed version of a channel broadcasting a commercial break at the exact start time of the commercial break, based, on a change in analytics data obtained after the break.
With reference to FIG. 1 an embodiment of a method of assisting selection of a TV channel in a linear IPTV service is presented. Selection of a TV channel includes changing a channel from one currently watched to a different one, a recommendation to switch the channel as well as turning on a TV channel in a situation when a TV device was not switched on or was used for other functions (e.g. gaming or watching video-on-demand). The method comprises monitoring 102 control commands received by TV devices from users and determining 106 measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels. The audience watching TV programs delivered via IPTV services is large and large number of users watch the TV programs at the same time. The users control their TV devices by sending control commands using remote controls and by analysing these control commands it is possible to determine the measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs. Instantaneous means that the delay between the time when the measure indicative of relevance is determined and the time period it relates to is negligible from the point of view of viewing experience. The delay in determining the relevance measure is compensated by an optional delayed playback of the program described in embodiments of the present invention.
In linear TV programs are broadcast according to a schedule and once a program or its part is delivered the next opportunity to watch the program or its part will be at the next scheduled time, which may be anytime from minutes to days later. In some situations the value of the information contained in the program strongly depends on its novelty, for example a goal scored in a match, news in a TV bulletin, etc. In linear TV a plurality of TV programs are transmitted at the same time and selecting the most interesting, most valuable or, to put it simply, the most relevant to a particular user is difficult. In the case of movies, documentary films relevance of the TV program is relatively static, i.e. it does not change much over time, although some variation is possible. On the other hand sport events, news, reality TV shows have relevance that is very dynamic, a goal scored in football match, medal won at Olympic Games will increase relevance of this particular TV program. Therefore, relevance of TV programs broadcast in linear TV service changes over time and this is why instantaneous relevance is an important indicator for a user watching linear TV programs.
The measures indicative of instantaneous relevance are determined 106 by analysing 104 the control commands received by TV devices from users. Once the measures are determined, 106, the method comprises delivering 107 the determined measures as an input for generating 108 the prompt to select a TV channel based on said measures. In one embodiment the prompt is generated at the network side, preferably on the IPTV service provider side. In this embodiment the measures may be delivered 107 within the same device between different modules or different processes running in a processor 502 of the device 500, as shown in FIG. 5, which determines the measures and generates the prompt. Alternatively, the measures may be delivered 107 to TV devices (e.g. set-top-boxes, TVs with a IPTV module, home computer (desktop, laptop), tablet or smartphone running application for receiving IPTV service) of the individual users and the prompts may be generated locally in the users' TV devices. The prompt to select may take a form of a list of channels 400, as illustrated in FIG. 4, arranged in a descending order based on the measures indicative of instantaneous relevance associated with the TV channels or it may be a prompt to select the channel with highest measure indicative of instantaneous relevance.
In a preferred embodiment the measure indicative of instantaneous relevance of a TV program is a numerical value. An IPTV provider monitors commands that users send to their TV devices (set top boxes or other IPTV receivers). Each monitored command has a point value. For example, a user switching to a particular channel results in 1 point for the program broadcast on this channel. Here the parameter monitored is “switch to a particular channel” (S) command. To determine the measure of instantaneous relevance of a TV program in one embodiment a score is determined by counting all “switch to a particular channel” commands in a defined period of time. The period of time may be, for example, 1 minute. The shorter the time period the more instantaneous the measure is and the longer the time period is the more averaged the measure is. For example, if in the period of 1 minute 9658 users switch their TV devices to channel 4 then the measure indicative of instantaneous relevance of the TV program broadcast on channel 4 in this particular minute is M=9658. Other user commands and other factors may be included in determining the measures. Some of the commands or factors may be considered as more important than others and weight factors are used in the formula determining the measure. Preferably, the measure indicative of instantaneous relevance is determined periodically. Depending on the computing power the measure could be calculated with very short interval (e.g. in the range of milliseconds or even shorter). There will be some minimum interval, but preferably it will be reduced with increase of the computing power. In an alternative embodiment a scheduled determination of relevance may be implemented. In this embodiment, for example, the measure indicative of instantaneous relevance is determined twice five minutes after the program starts and twelve minutes after the program starts. If viewers stay tuned the program is good, if they drift away it means that it is not interesting. The measure is produced based on equation 1 or another alternative formula and the average of these two values may be used for the rest of the TV program.
Additional control commands or information derived from analysis of control commands that may be used in determining the measure of instantaneous relevance include the following. Possible ways of allocating points based on the commands or information are also suggested. However, many other schemes for allocating points can be envisaged.
- - Length of time a user stays on a TV channel (T_(On) _(_) _(channel)). Clearly, if viewers do not drift away to other channels and stay long on the same channel it signifies that its relevance is relatively high. Minutes spent watching a channel may be converted into points. - Changing volume—number of changes of volume (V). Changing volume up +1 point, changing volume down −1 point. - Recording of a TV program (R). Number of users that record or start manual recording of a program while watching. The latter would catch programs that unexpectedly turn interesting. - Total number of users watching a TV channel (A). - Rate and direction of change of number of users watching a TV channel (dA/dt). If the number of users watching the program rapidly increases it signifies that the relevance of TV the program is high and it is higher than relevance of a TV program with growing number of viewers in which the growth of audience is slower. In turn, a rapid drop of number of users watching the program means that its relevance is lower than of another program whose audience drops slower.
If we consider the various factors discussed above that can be derived and analysed from commands the users send to their TV devices one embodiment of a formula for determining the measure of instantaneous relevance of a TV program is:
M=x ₁ *S+x ₂ *T _(On) _(_) _(Channel) +x ₃ *V+x ₄ *R+x ₅ *A+x ₆*(dA/dt) (1)
Where x₁-x₆ are weights associated with the parameters discussed above. The more of these factors are considered the more accurate the determined measure will be. Of course this is just one example of a formula to determine the measure of instantaneous relevance and other formulas can equally be used.
There may be more factors that can be used in determining the measure. These factors may be considered independently (then a threshold may be set for individual factor crossing of which may cause generation of the prompt) or in combination with other factors discussed above. In this situation the value M defined in equation 1 triggers generation of the prompt if the value M crosses a threshold. Some of the additional factors are listed below:
- - Total number of users tuned to the channel. If considered on its own then it is checked against certain absolute or relative threshold. - Change in the number of users tuned to the channel exceeds a certain absolute or relative threshold. - Number of users tuning away from a specific channel in a period of time. If the number falls below a specific absolute or relative threshold it indicates increase of the relevance (i.e. users choose to stay focussed on the channel, for instance around when a goal is scored in a football match). - Number of tweets/messages per time unit about the content exceeds a threshold. - Historical viewing data for the user or specific demographic groups, e.g. the user or the user's peer group always watch X-factor and it starts now on channel 123.
In a preferred embodiment, in the step of determining the measures, 106, a rating provided in real time by a population of users during the program is taken into account.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention user tracking information is taken into account in the step of determining the measures indicative of instantaneous relevance. Preferably, the user tracking information is anonymised and all content from the information is removed. For example, if a user watches a football match transmission and a goal is scored then he/she may speak louder or even shout in excitement, however what the user said is not relevant and is not recorded in any way, what is tracked is the level of noise generated in the room. Similarly, tracking user's motion may be limited to detecting if the user sits in the front of the screen (which may suggest that the program is interesting) of if the user moves around the room or leaves the room (which may suggest that the program is not interesting or there is a commercial break). No video footage needs to be recorded and/or transmitted in order to achieve this. In some embodiments the user tracking information used in determining the measure may also be derived from other aspects of physical behaviour of users like eye tracking or detecting that a user is sitting forward, etc. When the population of users is large then this information may provide valid input for determining the relevance of a TV program. Assigning a weight to this information will keep it in balance with the other factors.
In a preferred embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the prompt is generated 108 if the highest measure M_(Max) is equal or exceeds, 202, a first threshold, Th1. The advantage of this embodiment is that there always will be a program with a highest measure, but if all programs are not very interesting then this should not trigger generation of the prompt. In yet another alternative embodiment the prompt is generated only if the highest measure is for a channel other than the one being watched and the measure exceeds the first threshold.
In one embodiment the prompt may be presented to a user who tries to change a channel if he is trying to leave the channel currently having the highest measure indicative of instantaneous relevance that exceeds the threshold. In some cases users may be watching particular channel for too short period of time and inadvertently switch to channel that will be less interesting, this embodiment has the benefit of warning the users before drifting away from a relevant TV program.
In another preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 the prompt is generated 108 if a difference between a first measure of instantaneous relevance of a TV program with the highest measure of instantaneous relevance M_(Max) and a second measure of instantaneous relevance of the currently watched TV program M_(current) is equal or exceeds, 302, a second threshold, Th2. The advantage of this embodiment is that it allows detecting situations in which the current channel drops in relevance, e.g. due to a commercial break. The measure indicative of instantaneous relevance of a TV program fluctuates (e.g. due to the presence of commercial breaks) and the embodiment of the present invention prevents too frequent generation of prompts caused by these fluctuations. It can be said that this embodiment protects the user's choice of program and suggests change only when this is justified by significantly higher measure of instantaneous relevance of other TV programs.
Preferably, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the prompt is generated if the measure of instantaneous relevance of the currently watched TV program stays at or above the first threshold, Th1 for at least, 204, a defined period of time, T1. In the alternative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 the prompt is generated if the difference between a first measure of instantaneous relevance of a TV program with the highest measure indicative of instantaneous relevance and a second measure indicative of instantaneous relevance of the currently watched TV program stays at or above, 304, the second threshold Th2 for at least a defined period of time, T2.
M _(Max) −M _(Current) ≧Th2 (2)
The advantage of these two alternative embodiments is that they prevent too frequent generation of the prompts caused by statistical fluctuation affecting the relevance. The operation of step 204 illustrated in FIG. 2 deals with temporary increase of relevance of a TV program other than the watched one whereas the operation of step 304 illustrated in FIG. 3 deals with both temporary increase of relevance of a TV program other than the watched one and temporary decrease of relevance of the watched TV program.
In addition to the objective and easily quantifiable factors discussed above in embodiments of the present invention other factors may also be taken into account in the step of determining the measure indicative of instantaneous relevance. In one embodiment in the step of determining the measures indicative of instantaneous relevance 106 a user profile is taken into account. In this way the measures, and in consequence the prompts, are tailored for individual user. After determining the measure using equation 1 or any other formula based on quantifiable factors the measure, in a preferred embodiment, is personalised for each individual user. For example, the user profile may include user preferences. These preferences may be defined by a user or may be determined based on statistics from historical data on the user's program choices. The user preferences may indicate that a particular user likes sport programs, action movies, specific actor, specific football club. For example, if the user defines in his preferences the following keywords: football (1.1), Manchester City (1.2) and action movies (1.1) then the relevance determined based on formula 1 or similar is multiplied by factors associated with the keywords—the factors are given above in the brackets. For example, if channel 1 broadcasts a football match from the Bundesliga the relevance determined by formula 1 will be multiplied by 1.1. If channel 2 broadcasts a football match in which one of the sides is Manchester City the relevance determined by formula 1 will be multiplied by 1.1*1.2=1.32 (this is a football match and it includes Manchester City, so the relevance is higher than for any other football match not involving Manchester City). Of course other multiplying factors can be envisaged. In different embodiments user's preferences may be recorded as a flat list, where all keywords have the same weight or as a ranked list where the keywords at the top weight more.
In an alternative embodiment only control commands from a population of users matching a specific characteristics are considered in the step of determining 106 the measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs. In this embodiment a certain characteristics from the user profile is used to filter a part of population of users watching the IPTV service. In this embodiment control commands from the population of users matching the characteristics is considered in determining the measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs. In one embodiment it will be users within specified age range and/or matching interests, etc. This embodiment prevents large population of viewers in the general population producing very high measure that cannot be later affected in generating personalised measure. For example, if on Saturday evening a large population of viewers watch a music contest the objective measure indicative of instantaneous relevance of this program will be very high and the measure of this program may still be the highest even after determining the personal measure for a user who prefers programs other than music contests. However, if the general population of users is first filtered based on the certain characteristics from the user profile then this domination of general population will be prevented.
Preferably the user preferences can be changed by the user to adjust the likely recommendation to particular needs or wishes of the user. For example the method of generating the prompts may be configured in a way that gives priority (higher weight) to specific information sources like experts, friends, general user base, specific demographics. Moreover the user may define a subset of channels to monitor, i.e. blacklist or whitelist. The user may change the threshold for generating the prompts, e.g. only disturb me for major events with measure above a certain threshold. The user may also decide and modify which of his/her social networks is to be used in determining the measure or decide on social network friends or groups to share watching patterns with .
Furthermore, in some embodiments the user profile may include his/her age. In these embodiments, in determining the measure of instantaneous relevance demographics of the users is analysed to filter only the part of the viewer's population that match the user's age. In calculating the value M in equation 1 only commands from this matching population are used. Alternatively or additionally the user profile may contain information about the user's gender and/or location.
Alternatively or in addition social network of the user is taken into account in determining the measure, i.e. only members of the user's social network are considered a population from which commands are used in calculating the value M in equation 1. Preferably, only part of a social network may be considered, for example family. Since the social network today includes not only people that personally know each other, but often includes celebrities or other people of special social status it is possible to base the relevance on recommendations from some specialists or TV content expert(s). This may be a team of professional TV content experts monitoring TV channels and signalling interesting events. Once the expert(s) are added as friends on Facebook or followed on Twitter they are part of the user's social network (although he may not know them in person) and their TV program recommendations may receive relevance boost. Of course, the link to the expert or experts recommending TV programs can be achieved via any other social network or via some special service, for example TV reviews provided in on-line versions of newspapers or magazines.
The embodiments discussed above allow for determining a measure indicative of instantaneous relevance of a TV program broadcast in live TV across large population of users, which is an objective measure based on the discussed earlier objective and easily quantifiable factors. The objective measure may be used as an input to determine a personalised measure indicative of instantaneous relevance of the same live TV program by applying subjective factors individual for each user based on the user's preferences, for example the various preferences defined in user profile. The advantage of this embodiment is live TV tailored for individual user.
In one embodiment the objective measures of the instantaneous relevance of the TV programs are delivered 107 to the TV devices 716-720 where the subjective (or personalised) measures are determined based on the users' profiles. For an individual user the prompt is generated based on the locally determined subjective measures. In this embodiment the user profile including preferences is stored locally in the TV devices 716-720. In an alternative embodiment the users' profiles are stored remotely at the linear IPTV service provider side and the subjective measures are determined remotely, and the prompts are delivered to individual users.
Once the prompt is generated there may be different embodiments allowing for handling of the prompt. In one embodiment the generated 108 prompt is displayed as a picture-in-picture on a screen. In alternative embodiment the prompt is displayed on a companion device, which may be a mobile phone, tablet or a computer. The way the prompt is delivered to the companion device may also be different in different embodiments, it may be a text message (SMS) or an instant message received via one of many instant messenger applications, a message displayed by a specialist application. It may even be an email message, but this may be considered as slow compared to the other embodiments. In yet another embodiment the prompt may trigger automatic switch to the channel indicated by the prompt. This is the most invasive embodiment, but it may be beneficial in certain situations if the user does not want to delay the switching (e.g. switching to “second best” or another specific channel when a commercial break is detected). In alternative embodiments the system may work autonomously but the user has the ability to override it, e.g. by “locking” the current channel and disabling the prompts or by temporarily taking control, by changing to channels that were not necessarily recommended. Alternatively, the user controls the system, but the prompts are generated in exceptional circumstances, e.g. a major news event with high relevance measure for the user.
In a preferred embodiment the user, after switching on the TV device is greeted with a recommendations landing page, which is a start screen showing highlights of relevant channels (e.g. in PIP form) based on the determined measure.
In a preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8, if the TV channel is switched 802 in response to the prompt the TV program broadcast on the TV channel indicated by the prompt is delivered to a TV device 716-720 from a buffer 740 with a delay 804. In a preferred embodiment the buffer 740 is located in the “cloud”, which may be in a server farm that sits behind the access network through which the user accesses the IPTV service. In various embodiments the switch can be done automatically or initiated by the user in response to the prompt. Delivering the TV program with a delay has the advantage that the user can watch the part of the program that he or she would miss otherwise. If the measure of instantaneous relevance grew in response to a goal scored in a match then simple switching the channel to the one broadcasting the match would not allow watching the goal, but if the video stream is delivered from a buffer with a delay then the user can watch the action as it was originally presented. The delay must be long enough to include contents from before the increase in the measure indicative of the instantaneous relevance of the TV program. When there is a large population of viewers then the collected information shows, if analysed in time domain, when the measure indicative of instantaneous relevance started to increase. In a fast flowing sport a delay of tens of seconds should be enough to catch the action that led to the increase of the measure. In a slow flowing sport longer delay may be needed. The delay values may be manually set by the service provider or determined based on analysis of historical data for the same kind of sport.
In an alternative embodiment the delay introduced is long enough to include contents from the beginning of the program. The advantage of this embodiment is that it allows watching the program from the beginning with a relatively small delay rather than waiting for retransmission in the future. This embodiment is intended to cover a situation in which the user missed the beginning of a good movie or beginning of another program which scores high in the measure indicative of instantaneous relevance.
In yet another embodiment when accepting the prompt to switch the channel the user may be given options of how long delay should be applied in delivering the program to his/her TV device. The delay can range from 0 (no delay, acceptance of the prompt brings the user to the current position in the live broadcast) to “to the beginning of the program” with other values of the delay between these extremes.
In another embodiment by applying delay in delivering the program from the buffer 740 it is possible to remove commercial breaks and deliver the program to the TV device 716-720 with commercials removed.
For the comfort of use of the live (linear) TV service described in this disclosure the user may disable future prompts following acceptance of an earlier prompt. This way, if the user accepted a prompt and want to watch the selected program disabling future prompts will let him watch the program undisturbed.
Furthermore, for the comfort of use there may also be specific modes predefined for easy selection, like:
- - Most watched—always switches to the most watched channel - Most watched by demographics—most watched by people in my area or age group - Best rated content—based on user provided real-time ratings (stars, thumbs up, etc.) - Follow specific friends, e.g. my brother, my school class, a selected group of friends or the kids. - Follow a specific person or group—e.g. watch what my favourite celebrity is watching. - Follow a specific subject matter expert—e.g. let the New York Times TV critic control your TV. - Auto pilot for specific genre only—e.g. select “news” to move to CNN if there is a sudden rise in viewing numbers. - Random channel changes. - Using personalised historical data about viewing habits.
With reference to FIG. 5 illustrating an apparatus 500 for use in a network delivering TV channels in a linear IPTV service to TV devices 716-720 is herein disclosed in one embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus 500 comprises a processor 502 and a memory 504, wherein said memory 504 contains instructions executable by said processor 502. In operation said apparatus 500 is operative to monitor control commands received by TV devices from users and determine measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels. The measure is determined by analysing the control commands received by TV devices 716-720 from users. Once the measures are determined they are delivered as an input for generating a prompt to select a TV channel based on the measures. In a preferred embodiment the apparatus 500 is operative to generate the prompt. The apparatus 500 communicates wih the network via interface 506. In a preferred embodiment the apparatus 500 is part of the server farm operating in the cloud. It receives from TV devices 716-720 data about received control commands and sends to said TV devices 716-720 the measures of the instantaneous relevance of the TV programs and/or the prompts.
In preferred embodiments the apparatus 500 is adapted to carry out the operations of to the method illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 and FIG. 8 and described above.
With reference to FIG. 6 illustrating a TV device 600, 716-720 adapted to receive TV channels broadcast in a linear IPTV service is herein disclosed. The TV device comprises a processor 602 and a memory 604. Said memory 604 contains instructions executable by said processor 602 and said TV device 600, 716-720 is operative to receive a prompt to select a TV channel. Said prompt is generated based on measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels wherein said measures are determined by analysing control commands received by TV devices 600, 716-720 from users. The TV device 600 communicates with the network via interface 606 and with the user via user interface 608 (e.g. screen, remote control).
In various embodiments the TV device may be a set-top-box or a TV with an IPTV module, a home computer (desktop, laptop), tablet or smartphone running application for receiving IPTV service.
In preferred embodiments the TV device is adapted to receive a prompt generated as explained in description of embodiments of the method discussed above.
FIG. 7 illustrates a network 700 for delivering TV channels in a linear IPTV service comprising apparatus 500 and TV devices 600, 716-720. The network comprises an encoder 702 which receives TV signals and encodes these signals into packet video bitstreams for delivery to end users. When video-on-demand (VOD) services are offered a VOD server 704 sends packet video bitstreams for delivery to end users. The encoded TV and VOD signals are sent to CA & DRM (Conditional Access & Digital Rights Management) server 706 where Electronic Program Guide is added to the bitstream by an EPG server 708. EPG is preferably out of band for IPTV and in alternative embodiments TV devices 716-720 get EPG information from a separate EPG server. In a preferred embodiment the EPG server 708 may be in a server farm “in the cloud” which performs all control functions like support for metadata browsing, DRM access control, routing control, analytics, etc. The embodiment with EPG server and the other control functions implemented in the cloud is not illustrated. The bitstream is then transmitted and delivered over access lines (for example Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL), Passive Optical Network (PON), Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) or wireless access) to the end users. In a preferred embodiment the set-top-boxes and TV devices 720-724 are connected to these access lines via home gateways 760-764.
With reference to FIG. 9 an alternative embodiment of an apparatus 900 for use in a network 700 delivering TV channels in a linear IPTV service to TV devices 716-720 is disclosed herein. The apparatus 900 comprises a monitoring unit 902 adapted to monitor control commands received by TV devices from users and a determining unit 904 adapted to determine measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels by analysing the control commands received by TV devices 716-720 from users. The apparatus 900 further comprises a delivering unit 906 adapted to deliver the determined measures as an input for generating a prompt to select a TV channel based on the measures. The units of the apparatus 900 may be implemented as a software units or modules, or, alternatively as dedicated hardware units configured to perform the functions described above. The apparatus 900 communicates wih the network via interface 1006.
Preferably the apparatus 900 is adapted to operate in accordance with the method described earlier.
With reference to FIG. 10 an alternative embodiment of a TV device 1000 is described herein. The TV device 1000 comprises a TV bitstream receiver 1002 adapted to receive TV channels broadcast in a linear IPTV service. The device 1000 comprises a prompt receiver 1004 operative to receive a prompt to select a TV channel, wherein said prompt is generated based on measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels. Said measures are determined by analysing control commands received by TV devices from users. Preferably the prompt is displayed on a screen, which may be part of a user interface 1008 of the TV device 1000. The units of the TV device 1000 may be implemented as software units or modules, or, alternatively, as dedicated hardware units configured to perform the functions described above. The TV device 1000 communicates wih the network via interface 1006 and with the user via the user interface 1008.
With reference to FIG. 11 an alternative embodiment of a TV device 1100 is described herein. The TV device 1100 comprises a TV bitstream receiver 1102 adapted to receive TV channels broadcast in a linear IPTV service. The TV device comprises a receiver 1104 operative to receive a set of measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels. Said measures are determined by analysing control commands received by TV devices from users. Said TV device 1100 further comprises a prompt generator 1106 operative to generate a prompt to select a TV channel based on said measures. The units of the TV device 1100 may be implemented as software units or modules, or, alternatively, as dedicated hardware units configured to perform the functions described above. The TV device 1100 communicates wih the network via interface 1108 and with the user via the user interface 1110.
1. A method of assisting selection of a TV channel in a linear IPTV service comprising: monitoring control commands received by TV devices from users; determining measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels by analysing the control commands received by TV devices from users; delivering the determined measures as an input for generating of a prompt to select a TV channel based on the measures.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of generating a prompt is generated to change the TV channel to a TV channel having the highest measure of instantaneous relevance.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the prompt is generated if the highest measure is equal or exceeds a first threshold.
4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the prompt is generated if a difference between a first measure of instantaneous relevance of a TV program with the highest measure of instantaneous relevance and a second measure of instantaneous relevance of the currently watched TV program is equal or exceeds a second threshold.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the information on the control commands includes at least one of the following: length of time a user stays on a TV channel; changing volume; recording of a TV program; total number of users watching a TV channel; a rate and direction of change of number of users watching a TV channel.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of determining the measures indicative of instantaneous relevance a user profile is taken into account.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the user profile includes at least one of age and social network.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the user profile includes user preferences.
9. The method according to claim 1 wherein rating provided by a population of users during the program is taken into account in the step of determining measures indicative of instantaneous relevance.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step of determining measures indicative of instantaneous relevance user tracking information is taken into account.
11. The method according to claim 1 wherein if more than one factor is taken into account in the step of determining measures indicative of instantaneous relevance then the factors are given relative weights.
12. The method according to claim 3, wherein the prompt is generated if the measure stays at or above the first threshold for at least a defined period of time or if the difference between a first measure of instantaneous relevance of a TV program with the highest measure of instantaneous relevance and a second measure of instantaneous relevance of the currently watched TV program stays at or above the second threshold for at least a defined period of time.
13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the generated prompt is displayed as a picture-in-picture on a screen or on a companion device or the prompt triggers automatic switch to the channel indicated by the prompt.
14. The method according to claim 1, wherein if the channel is switched in response to the prompt the TV program broadcast on the TV channel indicated by the prompt is delivered to a TV device from a buffer with a delay.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the TV program is delivered to a TV device with removed commercials.
16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the user disables future prompts following acceptance of a prompt.
17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the delay is long enough to include contents from before an increase in the measure indicative of the instantaneous relevance of the TV program. 18-19. (canceled)
20. The method according to claim 1 comprising generating the prompt to select a TV channel based on the received measures.
21. (canceled)
22. An apparatus for use in a network delivering TV channels in a linear IPTV service to TV devices, the apparatus comprising a processor and a memory, said memory containing instructions executable by said processor whereby said apparatus is operative to: monitor control commands received by TV devices from users; determine measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels by analysing the control commands received by TV devices from users; deliver the determined measures as an input for generating a prompt to select a TV channel based on the measures.
23. (canceled)
24. A TV device adapted to receive TV channels broadcast in a linear IPTV service comprising a processor and a memory, said memory containing instructions executable by said processor whereby said TV device is operative to receive a prompt to select a TV channel, wherein said prompt is generated based on measures indicative of instantaneous relevance of TV programs concurrently broadcast in a plurality of linear TV channels, wherein said measures are determined by analysing control commands received by TV devices from users. 25-32. (canceled)
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这就是皇帝的代码？
This is the emperor's codes?
No,it's redhat's blue hat.hhhhhhhh
So, this code is awesome!
baozi is 不服ing
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Low residue aqueous hard surface cleaning and disinfecting compositions
ABSTRACT
Aqueous based cleaning compositions simultaneously featuring low residue deposition, sanitization and/or disinfecting of treated hard surfaces, and good cleaning characteristics are provided. The compositions include the following ingredients: (a) a quaternary ammonium surfactant compound having germicidal properties; (b) a surfactant system which includes at least one amine oxide surfactant and at least one further surfactant selected from carboxylates and N-acyl amino acid surfactants; (c) a solvent system containing an alkylene glycol ether solvent further with a C 1 -C 6 alcohol; (d) an alkalizing agent; and (e) water.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/GB00/01860, filed May 19, 2000, which was published in the English language on Nov. 30, 2000 under International Publication No. WO00/71662 A1 and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Cleaning compositions are commercially important products and enjoy a wide field of utility in assisting in the removal of dirt andgrime from surfaces, especially glass and glossy hard surfaces (i.e.,glazed ceramic tiles, polished metals, enameled metal surfaces, glazed porcelain). While the art is replete with various formulations which provide some cleaning benefit and perhaps some disinfecting benefit to surfaces, there is a real and continuing need for such further formulations.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Thus, it is among the objects of the invention to provide improved aqueous cleaning compositions, which are especially useful in cleaning, especially hard surfaces particularly glass and other glossy hard surfaces. Such a composition is particularly useful for use “as-is”by the ultimate user. It is a further object of the invention to provide a process for cleaning hard surfaces, which process comprises the step of: providing an aqueous cleaning composition as outlined herein, and applying an effective amount of the same to a surface, especially a hard surface requiring such cleaning treatment.
[0004] According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided an aqueous cleaning composition which provides sanitizing and/or disinfecting and cleaning characteristics to treated surfaces,particularly hard surfaces, which comprises the following constituents:
[0005] (A) a quaternary ammonium surfactant compound having germicidalproperties;
[0006] (B) a surfactant system which includes at least one amine oxide surfactant, and at least one further surfactant selected fromcarboxylates and N-acyl amino acid surfactants, especially sarcosinates;
[0007] (C) a solvent system containing an alkylene glycol ether solvent further with a C₁-C₆ alcohol, especially where the C₁-C₆ alcohol isisopropanol;
[0008] (D) an alkalizing agent such as an alkanolamide, especially analkyl amine in particular diethylamine; and
[0009] (E) water.
[0010] The compositions may include one or more further optional additive constituents, sometimes referred to as adjuvants, in minor, but effective amounts. By way of non-limiting example, such optional additives include: coloring agents such as dyes and pigments,fragrances, other pH adjusting agents, pH buffer compositions, chelatingagents, rheology modification agents as well as one or more further surfactant compounds, in particular nonionic, amphoteric or zwitterionicsurfactant compounds. Desirably, in order to reduce the likelihood ofundesired buildup upon treated surfaces, especially hard surfaces, the amounts of these additive constituents are present in only minor amounts, i.e., less than 10%, preferable less than 5% wt. based on the total weight of the aqueous cleaning composition being provided herein.The compositions are characterized in providing a disinfecting effect.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The compositions according to the invention include (A) one or more quaternary ammonium surfactant compounds having germicidalproperties. Exemplary useful quaternary ammonium compounds and salts thereof include quaternary ammonium germicides which may be characterized by the general structural formula:
[0012] where at least one of R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ is a alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl substituent of from 6 to 26 carbon atoms, and desirably the entire cation portion of the molecule has a molecular weight of at least165. The alkyl substituents may be long-chain alkyl, long-chainalkoxyaryl, long-chain alkylaryl, halogen-substituted long-chainalkylaryl, long-chain alkylphenoxyalkyl, arylalkyl, etc. The remainingsubstituents on the nitrogen atoms other than the abovementioned alkylsubstituents are hydrocarbons usually containing no more than 12 carbon atoms. The substituents R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ may be straight-chained or maybe branched, but are preferably straight-chained, and may include one or more amide, ether or ester linkages. The counterion X may be any salt-forming anion which permits water solubility of the quaternary ammonium complex. Exemplary counterions include halides, for example chloride, bromide or iodide, or methosulfate or counterions based onsaccharides.
[0013] Exemplary quaternary ammonium salts within the above description include the alkyl ammonium halides such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, alkyl aryl ammonium halides such as octadecyl dimethyl benzylammonium bromide, N-alkyl pyridinium halides such as N-cetyl pyridiniumbromide, and the like. Other suitable types of quaternary ammonium salts include those in which the molecule contains either amide, ether or ester linkages such as octyl phenoxy ethoxy ethyl dimethyl benzylammonium chloride, N-(laurylcocoaminoformylmethyl)-pyridinium chloride,and the like. Other very effective types of quaternary ammonium compounds which are useful as germicides include those in which the hydrophobic radical is characterized by a substituted aromatic nucleus as in the case of lauryloxyphenyltrimethyl ammonium chloride,cetylaminophenyltrimethyl ammonium methosulfate, dodecylphenyltrimethylammonium methosulfate, dodecylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride,chlorinated dodecylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, and the like.
[0014] Preferred quaternary ammonium compounds which act as germicidesand which are be found useful in the practice of the present invention include those which have the structural formula:
[0015] wherein R₂ and R₃ are the same or different C₈-C₁₂ alkyl, or R₂is C₁₂₋₁₆ alkyl, C₈₋₁₈ alkylethoxy, C₈₋₁₈ alkyl phenolethoxy and R₃ isbenzyl, and X is a halide, for example chloride, bromide or iodide, ormethosulfate. The alkyl groups recited in R₂ and R₃ may be straight-chained or branched, but are preferably substantially linear.
[0016] Particularly useful quaternary germicides include compositions which include a single quaternary compound, as well as mixtures of two or more different quaternary compounds. Particularly useful quaternarygermicides include which are described as being a blend of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides; BARDAC® 205M, BARDAC® 2050, BARDAC®2080, BARDAC® 2250, BTC® 812, BTC® 818 and BTC® 1010 which are described as being based on dialkyl(C₈-C₁₀)dimethyl ammonium chloride; BARDAC®2250 and BARDAC® 2280 or BTC® 1010 which are described as being a composition which includes didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; BARDAC®LF and BARDAC® LF 80 which are described as being based on dioctyldimethyl ammonium chloride; BARQUAT® MB-50, BARQUAT® MB-80, BARQUAT®MX-50, BARQUAT® MX-80, BARQUAT® OJ-50, BARQUAT® OJ-80, BARDAC® 208M,HYAMINE® 3500, HYAMINE® 3500-NF, BTC® 50, BTC® 824, BTC® 835, BTC® 885,BTC® 2565, BTC® 2658, BTC® 8248 or BTC® 8358 each described as being based on alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (benzalkoniumchloride); BARQUAT® 4250, BARQUAT® 4280, BARQUAT® 4250Z, BARQUAT® 4280Z,BTC® 471, BTC® 2125, or BTC® 2125M each described as being a composition based on alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride and/or alkyl dimethylethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; BARQUAT® MS-100 or BTC®324-P-100 each described as being based on myristyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; HYAMINE® 2389 described as being based onmethyldodecylbenzyl ammonium chloride and/ormethyldodecylxylene-bis-trimethyl ammonium chloride; HYAMINE® 1622described as being an aqueous solution of benzethonium chloride; as wellas BARQUAT® 1552 or BTC® 776 described as being based on alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride and/or dialkyl methyl benzyl ammonium chloride,BARQUAT® 50-MAB described as being based on alkyl dimethylethyl ammonium bromide and LONZABAC®-12.100 described as being based on an alkyl tertiary amine. Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts based on thesemonomeric structures are also considered desirable for the present invention. One example is POLYQUAT® described as being a2-butenyldimethyl ammonium chloride polymer. (Each of these recited materials are presently commercially available from Lonza, Inc.,Fairlawn, N.J. and/or from Stepan Co., Northfield Ill.).
[0017] In the cleaning compositions according to the invention, the quaternary ammonium compound constituent is required to be present in amounts which are effective in exhibiting satisfactory germicidalactivity against selected bacteria sought to be treated by the cleaning compositions. Such efficacy may be achieved against less resistant bacterial strains with only minor amounts of the quaternary ammonium compounds being present, while more resistant strains of bacteria require greater amounts of the quaternary ammonium compounds in order to destroy these more resistant strains. The quaternary ammonium compound need only pre present in germicidally effective amounts, and usually is present in an amount of from about 0.001% wt. to about 5% wt. Desirablythe quatemary ammonium compound is present in an amount of from about0.0025% wt. to about 0.5% wt, and yet more desirably from 0.0025% wt. to0.3% wt. based on the total weight of the inventive compositions being taught herein.
[0018] The compositions of the invention further include a (B)surfactant system which includes at least one amine oxide surfactant,and at least one further surfactant selected from carboxylates andN-acyl amino acid surfactants.
[0019] Exemplary useful amine oxide surfactants which may be used in the present compositions include many of which are known to the art. One general class of useful amine oxides include alkyl di(lower alkyl) amine oxides in which the alkyl group has about 10-20, and preferably 12-16carbon atoms, and can be straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated. The lower alkyl groups include between 1 and 7 carbon atoms. Examples include lauryl dimethyl amine oxide, myristyl dimethylamine oxide, dimethyl cocoa mine oxide, dimethyl (hydrogenated tallow)amine oxide, and myristyl/palmityl dimethyl amine oxide.
[0020] A further class of useful amine oxides includes alkyl di (hydroxy lower alkyl) amine oxides in which the alkyl group has about 10-20, and preferably 12-16 carbon atoms, and can be straight or branched chain,saturated or unsaturated. Examples are bis(2-hydroxyethyl) cocoa mine oxide, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) tallow amine oxide, and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)stearylamine oxide.
[0021] Further useful amine oxides include those which may be characterized as alkylamidopropyl di(lower alkyl) amine oxides in whichthe alkyl group has about 10-20, and preferably 12-16 carbon atoms, and can be straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated. Examples are cocoamidopropyl dimethyl amine oxide and tallowamidopropyl dimethylamine oxide.
[0022] Additional useful amine oxides include those which may be referred to as alkylmorpholine oxides in which the alkyl group has about10-20, and preferably 12-16 carbon atoms, and can be straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated. Surfactant compositions basedon amine oxides include those which are presently commercially available and include those under the trade name Ammonyx® (Stepan Co., Chicago Ill.), as well as Barlox® (Lonza Inc., Fairlawn N.J.).
[0023] Particularly advantageous are lauryl dialkyl amine oxides,particularly lauryl dimethyl amine oxides. The amine oxide surfactantsare advantageously present in an amount of from about 0.001% wt. to about 5% wt. Desirably however they are present in amount of from 0.01%wt. to 1% wt., but most advantageously they are present in amounts of from 0.05-0.5% wt.
[0024] In addition to the at least one amine oxide surfactant the inventive compositions further include at least one further surfactant selected from carboxylates and N-acyl amino acid surfactants.
[0025] Exemplary useful carboxylates include alkyl ethercarboxylates.Useful alkyl ethercarboxylate surfactants include compounds according tothe formula:
[0026] where:
[0027] R is a C₄-C₂₂ linear or branched alkyl group, preferably C₈-C₁₅linear or branched alkyl group, and yet more preferably a C₁₂₋₁₅ linear or branched alkyl group;
[0028] X is an integer from 1 to 24,
[0029] R₁, R₂ and R₃ is a group selected from H, lower alkyl radicals including methyl and ethyl radicals, carboxylate radicals including acetate and propionate radicals, succinate radicals, hydroxysuccinateradicals, or mixtures thereof wherein at least one R₁, R₂ or R₃ is acarboxylate, succinate or hydroxysuccinate radical; and,
[0030] M⁺ is a counterion including an alkali metal or ammoniumcounterion.
[0031] Free acid forms of the alkyl ethercarboxylate compounds noted above may also be used.
[0032] Preferably, the alkyl ethercarboxylate compound is one wherein: Ris C₁₂-C₁₅, x is an integer from 1-20 inclusive, and R₁, R₂, and R₃,which may be the same or different, are preferably selected from H andcarboxylate radicals. Most preferred are alkyl ethercarboxylatecompounds, wherein: R is C₁₂-C₁₅, x is an integer from 5-15 inclusive,and R₁ and R₂ are both hydrogen, and R₃ is a CH₂COO— radical, and M⁺ isa counterion selected from sodium, potassium and ammonium counterions.
[0033] Such alkyl ethercarboxylate compounds are per se known and are available in commercial preparations wherein they are frequently provided with an aqueous carrier. Examples of such presently available commercial preparations include SURFINE WLG (Fine tex Inc., Elmwood Park N.J.), SANDOPAN LS-24 (Clariant Chem.Co., Charlotte N.C.) in salt forms,and in free acid forms include those marketed under the tradename NEODOX(Shell Chemical Co., Houston Tex.).
[0034] When present in the inventive compositions, thealkyl ethercarboxylates are present in an amount of from about 0.001% wt.to about 0.1% wt, and yet more desirably from 0.0025% wt. to 0.50% wt.,and still most preferably in an amount of from 0.01% wt. to 0.3% wt.based on the total weight of the inventive compositions being taught herein.
[0035] The present inventive composition may include an N-acyl aminoacid surfactants as part of the (B) surfactant system. N-acyl amino acidsurfactants, for purposes hereof, include N-acyl hydrocarbyl acids and salts thereof, such as those represented by the following formula:
[0036] wherein:
[0037] R₁ is a C₈-C₂₄ alkyl or alkenyl radical, preferably a C₁₂-C₁₈alkyl or alkenyl radical;
[0038] R₂ is hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, phenyl, or —CH₂COOM, but preferably is C₁-C₄ alkyl;
[0039] R₃ is —CR′₂— or C₁-C₂ alkoxy, wherein each R′ independently is hydrogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl or alkyl ester;
[0040] n is from 1 to 4, preferably 1 or 2; and,
[0041] M is hydrogen or a cation such as such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, but preferably is an alkali metal such as sodium or potassium.
[0042] According to certain particularly preferred embodiments, theN-acyl amino acid surfactants are those according to the formula indicated above, wherein R₂ is methyl, R₃ is —CH₂— and n is 1. Such compounds are know to the art as N-acyl sarcosinates, and acids thereof.
[0043] Specific examples of such N-acyl sarcosinates include lauroylsarcosinate, myristoyl sarcosinate, coco yl sarcosinate, and oleoylsarcosinate, preferably in their sodium and potassium salt forms. Ofthese, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate is particularly preferred. By way of non-limiting example, certain preferred and commercially availablesarcosinates include sodium lauroyl sarcosinates commerically available as Maprosyl® 30 (ex. Stepan Co.); Van seal® NALS-30 (ex. R.T. Vanderbilt Co.) and Hamposyl® L-30 (ex. Hampshire Chemical Co.). These are frequently supplied as salts, especially as alkaline or alkaline earth metal salts.
[0044] For the purposes of the surfactants described herein, it shouldbe understood that the terms “alkyl” or “alkenyl” include mixtures of radicals which may contain one or more intermediate linkages such as ether or polyether linkages or non-functional substituents such ashydroxyl or halogen radicals wherein the radical remains of hydrophobic character.
[0045] According to certain preferred embodiments, either thealkyl ethercarboxylate or the N-acyl amino acid surfactant, but not both,are present in the (B) surfactant system which however at all times includes the amine oxide.
[0046] The compositions of the invention include (C) a solvent system containing an alkylene glycol ether solvent and a C₁-C₆ alcohol,especially isopropanol. Particularly useful alkylene glycol ethersinclude C₃-C₂₀ glycol ethers. Specific illustrative examples of usefulalkylene glycol ether solvents include: propylene glycol methyl ether,dipropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether,propylene glycol isobutyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol ethyl ether, ethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol phenyl ether, propylene glycol phenol ether, and mixtures thereof.Preferably, the (C) solvent system includes propylene glycol n-butyl ether and in certain especially preferred embodiments propylene glycol n-butyl ether is the sole glycol ethers of the (C) solvent system.Propylene glycol n-butyl ether is known to the art. It is commercially available as Dowanol® PnB (ex. Dow Chem. Co., Midland, Mich.). Thepropylene glycol n-butyl ether may be present in amounts of from 0.01%wt.-10% wt., however is advantageously present in amounts of from0.01-6% wt.
[0047] The inventors find that the compositions of the present application will have the typical and desirable evaporation and drying properties (e.g., no streaking, no mottling, uniform drying) normally found with hard surface cleaners.
[0048] The compositions of the invention also include a C₁-C₆ alcohol aspart of the (C) solvent system. Such include for example methanol,ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol as well as the various positionalisomers of butanol, pentanol and hexanol. The inclusion of such alcohol shave been found by the present inventors to even further improve in the evaporation of the inventive composition in a relatively even manner such that it tends to form a relatively uniform film layer during the drying process. This effect has been generally described above inconjunction with glycol n-butyl ethers. A further benefit of the inclusion of such alcohols is in the solvency which they may provide to certain stains as well. Of these, the inclusion of isopropanol is most preferred. The C₁-C₆ alcohol may be present in amounts of from 0.01%wt.-10% wt., however is advantageously present in amounts of from0.01-6% wt.
[0049] According to certain particularly preferred embodiments, the solvent system (C) consists solely of propylene glycol n-butyl ether andisopropanol to the exclusion of other C₁-C₆ alcohols.
[0050] The inventive compositions also include (D) one or morealkalizing agents, including alkyl amines, such as, for example, mono-,di- and tri- alkyl amines. By way of non-limiting example, these include:methylamine, dimethylamine, methylethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine,1-amino propane, propylamine, di-n-propylamine, 2-amino propane,diisopropylamine, 1-aminobutane, di-n-butylamine, 2-aminobutane,isobutylamine, diisobutylamine as well as others. Other alkalizingagents which may also be used are alkanolamines, such as, for example,mono-, di-, and trialkanolamines such as monoethanolamine,diethanolamine, triethanolamine and isopropanolamine. In the inventive compositions, the alkyl amine is most desirably diethylamine. Thealkyl amines are present in the inventive compositions in amounts of from0.001% wt.-10% wt., but more preferably are present in amounts of from0.001% wt.-3% wt.
[0051] As is noted above, the compositions according to the invention are aqueous in nature. Water is added in order to provide to 100% by weight of the compositions of the invention. The water may be tap water,but is preferably distilled and is most preferably deionized water.
[0052] Certain preferred embodiments of compositions according to the invention may be categorized as “broad spectrum” disinfectingcompositions as they exhibit antimicrobial efficacy against at least Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter aerogenes in accordance with the“ASTM Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Sanitizers Recommended forInanimate Non-Food Contact Surfaces” (E 1153-87) known to those skilled in the art. The testing is performed generally in accordance with the protocols outlined in the aforementioned, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
[0053] In preferred and especially in most preferred embodiments of the invention the compositions may be characterized in forming a substantially uniform film during drying from a hard surface. More particularly, when preferred compositions of the invention are applied to a hard surface and then formed into a film, such as will be performed by wiping the composition so to generally uniformly spread it onto the hard surface in a thin layer and then permitted to dry, the compositions dry without portions of the uniform film coalescing into droplets orrivulets. The uniform film of the compositions tend to dry in a uniform pattern, generally with noticeable drying beginning at the edges or margins of the uniform film, and proceeding to the central region of the uniform film.
[0054] This description may of course vary, particularly where the film formed of the inventive compositions are wiped onto a hard surface but is not formed into a film of generally uniform thickness; in which case drying generally begins at the edges and proceeds to the thicker parts of the film which do not necessarily need to be in the center region.The overall drying effect, that of uniform drying without coalescinginto droplets or rivulets however remains the same. Such a behavior is particularly advantageous in the cleaning and/or disinfecting treatment of a hard surface in need of said treatment. Subsequent to application,the composition then tends to dry in a generally uniform manner from a film as described above. This is particularly true where subsequent toan application on a hard surface, such as by spraying, the consumer spreads the deposited composition over a broader area of the hard surface such as by wiping with a rag, towel, paper towel, or the like,which form the composition into a thin film.
[0055] The benefits of drying without coalescing into rivulets or droplets also ensures that substantial visually discernible deposits of non-evaporable constituents of the composition do not form. This is a problem with many compositions in the prior art, as during drying form acoalesced rivulet or droplet frequently any non-evaporable constituents deposit at the edges of the coalesced rivulet or droplet and are visible subsequent to drying as an outline of the now evaporated coalescedrivulet or droplet. This results in visibly discernible streaks or amottled appearance when dried on a hard surface, especially on a highly reflective hard surface such as glazed tile or polished metal surfaces.This is unattractive to the consumer and usually requires a post application buffing or polishing step by the user of a product. This undesirable characteristic is generally avoided by the compositions ofthe invention, especially in preferred embodiments thereof.
[0056] As noted, the compositions may include one or more optional additives which by way of non-limiting example include: coloring agents such as dyes and pigments, fragrances and fragrance solubilizers, pH adjusting agents, pH buffering agents, chelating agents, rheologymodification agents, as well as one or more further nonionic surfactant compounds. Desirably, in order to reduce the likelihood of undesiredbuildup upon treated surfaces, especially hard surfaces, the total amounts of such optional additives is less than about 2.5% wt. but aredesirably significantly less, such as less than about 1% wt., and especially less than about 0.5% wt. based on the total weight of the aqueous cleaning and disinfecting composition being provided herein.Optimally, the amounts of such further optional additives is kept to a minimum in order to minimize the amounts of non-volatile constituents inthe compositions as a whole, which tend to contribute to an undesiredstreaky or mottled appearance of the composition during drying.
[0057] Useful as chelating agents include those known to the art,including by way of non-limiting example; aminopolycarboxylic acids and salts thereof wherein the amino nitrogen has attached thereto two or more substituent groups. Preferred chelating agents include acids and salts, especially the sodium and potassium salts ofethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid,N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid, and of which the sodium salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid may be particularlyadvantageously used. Such chelating agents may be omitted, or they maybe included in generally minor amounts such as from 0-0.5% wt. based onthe weight of the chelating agents and/or salt forms thereof. Desirably,such chelating agents are included in the present inventive composition in amounts from 0-0.5% wt., but are most desirably present in reduced weight percentages from about 0-0.2% wt.
[0058] The compositions according to the invention optionally butdesirably include an amount of a pH adjusting agent or pH buffer composition. Such compositions include many which are known to the art and which are conventionally used. By way of non-limiting example pH adjusting agents include phosphorus containing compounds, monovalent andpolyvalent salts such as of silicates, carbonates, and borates, certain acids and bases, tart rates and certain acetates. Further exemplary pH adjusting agents include mineral acids, basic compositions, and organic acids, which are typically required in only minor amounts. By way of further non-limiting example pH buffering compositions include the alkali metal phosphates, polyphosphates, pyrophosphates, triphosphates,tetraphosphates, silicates, metasilicates, polysilicates, carbonates,hydroxides, and mixtures of the same. Certain salts, such as the alkaline earth phosphates, carbonates, hydroxides, can also function as buffers. It may also be suitable to use as buffers such materials asaluminosilicates (zeolites), borates, alumina tes and certain organic materials such as gluconates, succinates, maleates, and their alkali metal salts. Desirably the compositions according to the invention include an effective amount of an organic acid and/or an inorganic salt form thereof which may be used to adjust and maintain the pH of the compositions of the invention to the desired pH range. Particularly useful is citric acid and metal salts thereof such as sodium citrate which are widely available and which are effective in providing these pH adjustment and buffering effects. These should be screened however to ensure that they do not undesirably complex with or in other waysdeactivate the quaternary ammonium compound(s).
[0059] Further optional, but advantageously included constituents are one or more coloring agents which find use in modifying the appearance of the compositions and enhance their appearance from the perspective ofa consumer or other end user. Known coloring agents may be incorporated in the compositions in any effective amount to improve or impart to compositions a desired appearance or color. Such a coloring agent or coloring agents may be added in a conventional fashion, i.e., ad mixing to a composition or blending with other constituents used to form a composition.
[0060] Further optional, but desirable constituents include fragrances,natural or synthetically produced. Such fragrances may be added in any conventional manner, ad mixing to a composition or blending with other constituents used to form a composition, in amounts which are found tobe useful to enhance or impart the desired scent characteristic to the composition, and/or to cleaning compositions formed therefrom.
[0061] In addition to a fragrance, it is frequently desirable to include a fragrance solubilizer which assists in the dispersion, solution or mixing of the fragrance constituent in an aqueous base. These include known art compounds, including condensates of 2 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide with sorbitan mono- and tri-C₁₀-C₂₀ alkanoic acid known to be useful as nonionic surfactants. Further examples of such suitablesurfactants include water soluble nonionic surfactants of which many are commercially known and by way of non-limiting example include the primary aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates, secondary aliphatic alcoholethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates and ethylene-oxide-propylene oxidecondensates on primary alkanols, and condensates of ethylene oxide withsorbitan fatty acid esters. This fragrance solubilizer component is added in minor amounts, particularly amount which are found effective in aiding in the solubilization of the fragrance component, but not in any significantly greater proportion, such that it would be considered as a detergent constituent. Such minor amounts recited herein are generally up to about 0.3% by weight of the total composition but is more generally an amount of about 0.1% by weight and less, and preferably is present in amounts of about 0.05% by weight and less.
[0062] As a further optional constituent the present inventors have found that where the compositions include an alkyl ethercarboxylate, the properties of the compositions are improved by the addition of a minor amount of an ethylene glycol monohexyl ether (Hexyl Cello solve®, ex.Union Carbide Corp.), as well as other surfactants which can be used forsolubilization, or both. One example of such other surfactants can be able nd of cationic surfactants, such as, for example, Vid et® QX9, which has been identified as a proprietary blend of cationic surfactants(available from VITECH International, Jamesville, Wis.). When the ethylene glycol mono butyl ether is present, it can be present in an amount of from 0.0-5.0% wt. but most desirably is present in an amount of from 0.0-0.50% wt. When the additional surfactant is present, it is present in an amount of from 0.0-2.0% wt. but most desirably is present in an amount of from 0.0-0.050% wt. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the inventive composition includes analkyl ethercarboxylate, ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, the Vid et® QX9surfactant but does not include an N-acyl amino acid surfactant.
[0063] As an optional constituent, the compositions may include one or more nonionic surfactant compounds in amounts which are effective in improving the overall cleaning efficacy of the compositions being taught herein, while at the same time in amounts which do not undesirablydiminish the germicidal efficacy of the inventive compositions or whichundesirably increase the likelihood to form or deposit surface residues onto the treated surfaces. Such nonionic surfactant compounds are known to the art. Practically any hydrophobic compound having a carboxy,hydroxy, amido, or amino group with a free hydrogen attached to the nitrogen can be condensed with ethylene oxide or with the polyhydrationproduct thereof, polyethylene glycol, to form a water soluble nonionicsurfactant compound. Further, the length of the polyethylenoxyhydrophobic and hydrophilic elements may be varied. Exemplary nonioniccompounds include the polyoxyethylene ethers of alkyl aromatic hydroxy compounds, e.g., alkylated polyoxyethylene phenols, polyoxyethyleneethers of long chain aliphatic alcohols, the polyoxyethylene ethers of hydrophobic propylene oxide polymers, and the higher alkyl amine oxides.
[0064] To be mentioned as particularly useful nonionic surfactants arealkoxylated linear primary and secondary alcohols such as those commercially available under the tradenames PolyTergent® SL series (Olin Chemical Co., Stamford Conn.), Neo dol® series (Shell Chemical Co.,Houston Tex.); as alkoxylated alkyl phenols including those commercially available under the tradename Triton® X series (Union Carbide Chem. Co.,Danbury Conn.).
[0065] Such constituents as described above as essential and/or optional constituents include known art compositions, include those described inMcCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergents (Vol. 1), McCutcheon 's Functional Materials (Vol. 2), North American Edition, 1991;Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Ed., Vol. 22, pp.346-387, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
[0066] In accordance with a certain preferred embodiment of the inventive composition, there is provided low residue ready to use aqueous hard surface cleaning and broad spectrum sanitizing and/ordisinfecting composition comprising per 100% wt., (preferably consisting essentially of), per 100% wt:
[0067] (A) 0.0025-0.30% wt. of a quaternary ammonium surfactant compound having germicidal properties;
[0068] (B) an surfactant system which includes 0.05-0.50% wt. of atleast one amine oxide surfactant, and at least one further surfactant selected from alkyl ether carboxylates and N-acyl amino acid surfactants;
[0069] (C) a solvent system containing 0.01-6.0% wt. of propylene glycol n-butyl ether further with 0.01-6% wt. of a C₁-C₆ alcohol, especiallyisopropanol;
[0070] (D) 0.001-0.10% wt. of an alkyl amine, especially diethylamine;and
[0071] (E) to 100% wt. water.
[0072] wherein the compositions are characterized by forming a substantially uniform film during evaporative drying after being applied to a hard surface, and which may further include from 0.0-10% wt. of one or more optional additives.
[0073] In accordance with a further preferred embodiment of the inventive composition, there is provided a low residue ready to use aqueous hard surface cleaning and broad spectrum disinfectingcomposition comprising per 100% wt., (preferably consisting essentially of), per 100% wt:
[0074] (A) 0.0025-0.30% wt. of a quaternary ammonium surfactant compound having germicidal properties;
[0075] (B) an surfactant system which includes 0.05-0.50% wt. of atleast one amine oxide surfactant, and at least one alkyl ethercarboxylatesurfactant;
[0076] (C) a solvent system containing 0.01-6.0% wt. of propylene glycol n-butyl ether further with 0.01-6% wt. of a C₁-C₆ alcohol, especiallyisopropanol;
[0077] (D) 0.001-0.10% wt. of an alkyl amine, especially diethylamine;and
[0078] (E) to 100% wt. water, an ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, andVid et® QX9 surfactant.
[0079] wherein the compositions are characterized by forming a substantially uniform film during evaporative drying after being applied to a hard surface, and which may further include from 0.0-10% wt. of one or more optional additives.
[0080] According to a still further certain preferred embodiment of the inventive composition, there is provided low residue ready to use aqueous hard surface cleaning and broad spectrum disinfectingcomposition comprising per 100% wt., (preferably consisting essentially of), per 100% wt:
[0081] (A) 0.0025-0.30% wt. of a quaternary ammonium surfactant compound having germicidal properties;
[0082] (B) an surfactant system which includes 0.05-0.50% wt. of atleast one amine oxide surfactant, and a N-acyl amino acid surfactant,preferably a sarcosinate surfactant.
[0083] (C) a solvent system containing 0.01-6.0% wt. of propylene glycol n-butyl ether further with 0.01-6% wt. of a C₁-C₆ alcohol, especiallyisopropanol;
[0084] (D) 0.001-0.10% wt. of an alkyl amine, especially diethylamine;and
[0085] (E) to 100% wt. water.
[0086] wherein the compositions include no further organic solvents,especially no further glycol ethers, and are characterized by forming a substantially uniform film during evaporative drying after being applied to a hard surface, and which may further include from 0.0-10% wt. of one or more optional additives.
[0087] The compositions of the invention can be prepared in a conventional manner such as by simply mixing the constituents in orderto form the ultimate aqueous cleaning composition. The order of addition is not critical.
[0088] The compositions according to the invention are useful in the cleaning and/or sanitizing of surfaces, especially hard surfaces, having deposited soil thereon. The compositions are particularly effective inthe removal of oleophilic soils (viz., oily soils) particularly of the type which are typically encountered in kitchens and other food preparation environments. In such a process, cleaning and disinfectingof such surfaces comprises the step of applying a soil releasing anddisinfecting effective amount of a composition as taught herein to sucha soiled surface. Afterwards, the compositions are optionally butdesirably wiped, scrubbed or otherwise physically contacted with the hard surface, and further optionally, may be subsequently rinsed from such a cleaned and disinfected hard surface.
[0089] The hard surface cleaner composition provided according to the invention can be desirably provided as a ready to use product in a manually operated spray dispensing container and is thus ideally suited for use in a consumer “spray and wipe” application. In such an application, the consumer generally applies an effective amount of the cleaning composition using the pump and within a few moments thereafter,wipes off the treated area with a rag, towel, or sponge, usually a disposable paper towel or sponge. To ensure effective sanitization or disinfection, a longer contact time, generally of 10 minutes is required.
[0090] In a yet a further embodiment, the compositions according to the invention may be formulated so that they may be useful in conjunction with an “aerosol” type product wherein they are discharged from apressurized aerosol container. If the inventive compositions are used inan aerosol type product, it is preferred that corrosion resistant aerosol containers such as coated or lined aerosol containers be used.Such are preferred as they are known to be resistant to the effects of acidic formulations. Known art propellants such as liquid propellants aswell as propellants of the non-liquid form, i.e., pressurized gases,including carbon dioxide, air, nitrogen, hydrocarbons as well as others may be used. Also, while satisfactory for use, fluorocarbons may be used as a propellant but for environmental and regulatory reasons their use is preferably avoided.
[0091] The composition of the present invention, whether as described herein or in a concentrate or super concentrate form, can also be applied to a hard surface by using a wet wipe. The wipe can be of aw oven or non-woven nature. Fabric substrates can include nonwoven or woven pouches, sponges, in the form of abrasive or non-abrasive cleaning pads. Such fabrics are known commercially in this field, and are often referred to as wipes. Such substrates can be resin-bonded,hydro-entangled, thermally bonded, melt-blown, needle-punched or any combination of the former.
[0092] The nonwoven fabrics may be a combination of wood pulp fibers and textile length synthetic fibers formed by well known dry-form or wet-lay processes. Synthetic fibers such as rayon, nylon, or lon and polyester aswell as blends thereof can be employed. The wood pulp fibers should comprise about 30 to about 60 percent by weight of the nonwoven fabric,preferably about 55 to about 60 percent by weight, the remainder being synthetic fibers. The wood pulp fibers provide for absorbency, abrasion and soil retention whereas the synthetic fibers provide for substrate strength and resiliency.
[0093] The substrate of the wipe may also be a film forming material such as a water soluble polymer. Such self-supporting film substrates may be sandwiched between layers of fabric substrates and heat sealed to form a useful substrate. The free standing films can be extruded utilizing standard equipment to devolatilize the blend. Casting technology can be used to form and dry films, or a liquid blend can be saturated into a carrier and then dried in a variety of known methods.
[0094] The compositions of the present invention are absorbed onto the wipe to form a saturated wipe. The wipe can then be sealed individually in a pouch, which can then be opened when needed, or a multitude of wipes can be placed in a container for use on an as-needed basis. The container, when closed, is sufficiently sealed to prevent evaporation ofany components from the compositions.
[0095] Whereas the present invention is intended to be produced and provided in the “ready-to-use” form described above, nothing in this specification shall be understood as to limit the use of the composition according to the invention with a further amount of water to form a cleaning solution therefrom. The aqueous compositions according to the invention may be used, and are preferably used “as-is” without further dilution, they may also be used with a further aqueous dilution. Suchdilutions include ratios (w%/w%, or v%/v%) of composition:water concentrations of from 1:0, to extremely dilute dilutions such as1:10,000. Desirably however, in order to ensure disinfection, the compositions should be used “as is”, that is to say without further dilution.
[0096] The following examples illustrate the superior properties of the formulations of the invention and particular preferred embodiments ofthe inventive compositions. The terms “parts by weight” or “percentage weight” are used interchangeably in the specification and in thefollowing Examples wherein the weight percentages of each of the individual constituents are indicated in weight percent based on the total weight of the composition of which it forms a part, unless indicated otherwise.
EXAMPLES 1-4
[0097] Exemplary formulations illustrating certain preferred embodiment sof the inventive compositions and described in more detail in Table 1below were formulated generally in accordance with the following protocol.
[0098] Into a suitably sized vessel, a measured amount of water was provided after which the constituents were added in the following sequence: surfactants, solvents followed by the remaining constituents,including any optional constituents. All of the constituents were supplied at room temperature, and mixing of the constituents was achieved by the use of a mechanical stirrer with a small diameter propeller at the end of its rotating shaft. Mixing, which generally lasted from 5 minutes to 120 minutes was maintained until the particular exemplary formulation appeared to be homogeneous. The exemplary compositions were readily pourable, and retained well-mixed characteristics (i.e., stable mixtures) upon standing. It is to be noted that the constituents might be added in any order, but it is preferred that water be the initial constituent provided to a mixing vessel or apparatus as it is the major constituent and addition of the further constituents thereto is convenient.
[0099] The exact compositions of the example formulations are listed on Table 1, below wherein are indicated the weight percentages of the individual constituents, based on a total weight of 100% weight. TABLE 1Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 quaternary ammonium 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 sodium ether carboxylate 0.05 0.05 0.05 — sodium lauryl sarcosinate — — — 0.008lauryl amine oxide 0.050 0.05 0.10 0.10 VIDET QX9 0.05 0.05 — — ethylene glycol monohexyl 0.50 0.50 — — ether propylene glycol n-butyl 1.50 0.252.00 2.00 ether isopropanol 3.50 5.75 3.50 3.50 diethylamine 0.05 0.050.10 0.05 di water q.s. q.s. q.s. q.s.
[0100] The amounts indicated on Table 1 relating to each constituent indicate the “active basis” weight of the constituent in a commercial preparation. The amount of the actives portion within each of the commercial preparations may be less than, or equal to 100% wt., and the actual amounts of the actives present within each commercial preparation is indicated on Table 2, following. The specific identity of the particular constituents recited in Table 1 are also disclosed in Table 2below. TABLE 2 quaternary Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, BTC ®ammonium 1010, 50% wt. actives (ex., Stepan Co.) sodium ether Sandopan ®LS-24, 69% wt. actives (ex. Clariant carboxylate Corp.) sodium laurylMaprosyl ® 30, 30% wt. actives (ex. Stepan Co.) sarcosinate lauryl amineAmmonyx ® LO, 30% wt. actives (ex., Stepan Co.) oxide VIDET QX9Proprietary cationic surfactant blend, 90% wt. actives (ex., VITECHInternational) Hexyl Cello solve Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, 100%wt. actives (ex. Union Carbide) propylene glycol Supplied as Dowanol ®PnB, 100% wt. actives, (ex., n-butyl ether Dow Chemical Co.) isopropanolIsopropanol, 100% wt. actives diethylamine Diethylamine, 100% wt.actives (ex., BASF) di water Deionized water
[0101] The compositions of Table 1 were evaluated in accordance with one or more of the further tests described below.
[0102] Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy:
[0103] Several of the exemplary formulations of Table 1 above were evaluated in order to evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive type pathogenic bacteria) (ATCC6538), and Enterobacter aerogenes aureus (gram negative type pathogenic bacteria) (ATCC 13048) in accordance with the “ASTM Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Sanitizers Recommended for Inanimate Non-Food Contact Surfaces, E 1153-87). As is appreciated by the skilled practitioner inthe art, the results of this test indicates log reduction of test organisms which are subjected to a test composition. The results of the antimicrobial testing are indicated on Table 3, below. TABLE 3 Formula:Log 10 recovery Log 10 reduction Enterobacter aerogenes Ex. 1 0 5.46 Ex.2 0 5.46 Ex. 3 0 5.46 Ex. 4 0 5.46 Control 5.46 n/a Staphylococcus aureus Ex. 1 2.6 3.29 Ex. 2 0 5.89 Ex. 3 0 5.89 Ex. 4 1.02 4.87 Control5.89 n/a
[0104] As a control, (“Control” in Table 3) an aqueous composition containing 0.01% wt. of an ethoxylated phenolic surfactant(Triton-X100®, ex. Union Carbide) was also tested. As may be seen fromthe results indicated above, the compositions according to the invention provide excellent sanitization of hard surfaces, while the compositions based on the ethoxylated phenolic surfactant performed poorly.
[0105] Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy:
[0106] The compositions according the invention are expected to provide good cleaning.
[0107] Evaluation of Evaporation and Drying Characteristics:
[0108] The compositions according to the invention are expected to have good evaporation and drying characteristics.
[0109] While described in terms of the presently preferred embodiments,it is to be understood that the present disclosure is to be interpreted as by way of illustration, and not by way of limitation, and that various modifications and alterations apparent to one skilled in the art may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.
We claim:
1. A low residue aqueous cleaning and sanitizing and/ordisinfecting composition which comprises: (A) a quaternary ammonium surfactant compound having germicidal properties; (B) a surfactant system which includes at least one amine oxide surfactant and at least one further surfactant selected from carboxylates and N-acyl amino acidsurfactants; (C) a solvent system containing an alkylene glycol ether solvent further with a C₁-C₆ alcohol; (D) an alkalizing agent; and (E)water.
2. The low residue aqueous hard surface cleaning and disinfectingcomposition according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant (B) is solely an amine oxide and an alkyl ethercarboxylate.
3. The low residue aqueous hard surface cleaning and disinfecting composition according to claim 1,wherein the surfactant (B) is solely an amine oxide and an N-acyl aminoacid surfactant.
4. The low residue aqueous hard surface cleaning anddisinfecting composition according to claim 3, wherein the N-acyl aminoacid surfactant is a sarcosinate.
5. A low residue aqueous hard surface cleaning and disinfecting composition according to claim 1, wherein the solvent system (C) consists solely of propylene glycol n-butyl ether andisopropanol.
6. The low residue aqueous hard surface cleaning anddisinfecting composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkalizingagent is an alkyl amine.
7. The low residue aqueous hard surface cleaning and disinfecting composition according to claim 6, wherein the alkalizing agent is an diethylamine.
8. The low residue hard surface cleaning and disinfecting composition according to claim 1, wherein the quaternary ammonium germicide is accordance with the following general structural formula:
where: at least one of R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ is a alkyl, aryl or alkylarylsubstituent of from 6 to 26 carbon atoms, which may include one or moreamide, ether or ester linkages; remaining R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are straight-chained or branched, hydrocarbons usually containing not morethan 12 carbon atoms, which may include one or more amide, ether or ester linkages; and X is a salt-forming anion.
9. The low residue hard surface cleaning and disinfecting composition according to claim 8,wherein the quaternary ammonium germicide is accordance with thefollowing general structural formula:
where: R₂, R₃ may be C₈-C₁₂ alkyl, or when R₂ is C₁₂₋₁₆ alkyl, C₈₋₁₈alkylethoxy, C₈₋₁₈ alkyl phenolethoxy, R₃ is benzyl; and X is a halide.10. A composition according to claim 1, further characterized in thatthe composition forms a substantially uniform film during evaporativedrying subsequent to application on a hard surface.
11. A composition according to claim 1, comprising per 100% wt.: (A) 0.0025-0.30% wt. of a quaternary ammonium surfactant compound having germicidal properties;(B) an surfactant system which includes 0.05-0.50% wt. of at least one amine oxide surfactant, and at least one further surfactant selected from alkyl ether carboxylates and N-acyl amino acid surfactants; (C) a solvent system containing 0.01-6.0% wt. of propylene glycol n-butyl ether further with 0.01-6% wt. of a C₁-C₆ alcohol; (D) 0.001-0.10% wt.of an alkalizing agent; and (E) to 100% wt. water.
12. A composition according to claim 1, comprising per 100% wt.: (A) 0.0025-0.30% wt. of a quaternary ammonium surfactant compound having germicidal properties;(B) an surfactant system which includes 0.05-0.50% wt. of at least one amine oxide surfactant, and a N-acyl amino acid surfactant, preferably asarcosinate surfactant. (C) a solvent system containing 0.01-6.0% wt. ofpropylene glycol n-butyl ether further with 0.01-6% wt. of a C₁-C₆alcohol, especially isopropanol; (D) 0.001-0.10% wt. of an alkalizingagent; and (E) to 100% wt. water.
13. The composition according to claim11, wherein the composition is characterized by forming a substantially uniform film during evaporative drying after being applied to a hard surface.
14. The composition according to claim 12, wherein the composition is characterized by forming a substantially uniform film during evaporative drying after being applied to a hard surface.
15. A process for the cleaning and sanitizing and/or disinfecting of a hard surface in need of such treatment which comprises the step of: applying an effective amount of the composition according to claim 1.
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2.2: 2.01-1 Moral Relativism
The principles of morality can be viewed as either relativist or absolutist (Souryal, 2011). Moral relativism refers to the differences in morality from culture to culture. A moral relativist’s perspective would state that what is moral in one culture may not be moral in another culture, depending upon the culture. This is important for police officers to understand in a pluralistic society in which many cultures and religions make up the community where the police officer works. It is important for officers to appreciate that what may be immoral in a traditional Canadian sense may not be moral to members of a culture traditionally found outside of Canada. In realizing this, officers may be able to withhold judgment, or at the very least empathize with the members from that community for what in the officer’s perspective may be an immoral act.
Morality in policing is, in most cases, relativistic since police officers are prone to accept moral standards that allow them to achieve goals within the police subculture, often at times contrary to the morals within mainstream society (Catlin and Maupin, 2002). It is moral relativism that enables police officers to accept lying to suspects in interviews in order to gain confessions, or to witnesses to gain compliance. In this instance, an officer may believe that lying is not morally permissible in certain circumstances, but is permissible in other situations. Another example in which a moral relativist perspective may assist an officer is in understanding circumstances surrounding physical punishment of children who misbehave. A culture may maintain that physical puinishment is morally permissible, even though in Canada the same punishment may be in violation of the Criminal Code. It is helpful for officers to understand this while investigating these offences, so that they can build rapport and empathize with suspects, and use moral relativity as a theme in interviews to alleviate the guilt the suspect may feel.
Contrary to relativism, moral absolutism refers to the belief that morality is the same throughout all cultures; that what is right in one culture is right in all cultures and what is wrong in one culture is wrong in every culture. Here, the immoral act is always wrong, no matter the culture, because there are universal rules governing morality. Police officers who are absolutists would reject lying, relying instead on a deontological perspective in which the consequences of the lie do not matter.
Moral relativism is a meta-ethical theory because it seeks to understand whether morality is the same in different cultures. Proponents of moral relativism do not observe universal rules governing moral conduct; rather, moral rules are contingent on at least one of:
- Personality (McDonald, 2010)
- Culture (McDonald, 2010)
- Situations (Catlin and Maupin, 2010).
The difficulty with applying relativism to the police culture is that it does not take into account the diversity of individuals that make up the police culture (Westmarland, 2008). One of the initiatives of community policing is that police agencies now recruit from a wide range of ethnic and cultural backgrounds (Barlow and Barlow, 2009; Kalunta-Crumpton, 2009). This diversity within law enforcement is reflected by the wide array of attitudes that police have toward various issues and the change that has occurred within policing (Newburn and Reiner, 2007). The ability of cultural norms to change is ever-present, and norms can and do change to reflect the values of other cultures (Groarke, 2011). Ultimately, cultural relativism reflects the notion that what is right is permissible in the culture the actor is within and that moral principles are not universal (McDonald, 2010). Within the policing context, the moral underpinnings of members of the police subculture are often in step with the morals of mainstream society, but at times they are not.
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Talk:Anti-God/@comment-25901431-20141221013319/@comment-24053170-20141221013527
the darkness doesn't count, as its not an Anti God. its merely a simple aspect of reality.
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Sancho
Proper noun
* 1) The nine of trumps in the game of Sancho Pedro.
* 2) An assistant or sidekick, from Cervantes’.
Etymology
. Alternatively, possibly from the, from.
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Graphical image convolution using multiple pipelines
ABSTRACT
A parallel processor which is capable of partitioned multiplication and partitioned addition operations convolves multiple pixels in parallel. The parallel processor includes a load and store pipeline of a load and store unit which retrieves data from and stores data to memory and one or more arithmetic processing pipelines of an arithmetic processing unit which aligns data and performs partitioned multiplication and partitioned addition operations. A patch of pixels from a source image are convolved substantially simultaneously in the arithmetic processing pipeline of the processor by execution of the partitioned multiplication and partitioned addition operations. At substantially the same time, a subsequent patch of pixels from the source image are read by the load and store unit of the processor. The subsequent patch of the source image is a patch which is aligned with respect to a secondary index and is incremented along a primary index to avoid excessive cache misses when retrieving pixel data for convolution. Reading of pixel data is performed in the load and store pipeline of the processor while the arithmetic processing pipeline substantially simultaneously performs partitioned arithmetic operations on the pixel data to thereby convolve the pixel data.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to graphical image processing in acomputer system and, in particular, to a particularly efficientconvolution mechanism implemented in a computer having a processor capable of performing multiple arithmetic operations simultaneously andin parallel.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Convolution is a type of image processing and is used, for example, to blur or sharpen graphical images or to enhance edges in a graphical image. Convolution is well-known but is described briefly for completeness. Generally, a source image is convolved to produce a resulting image. Each pixel of the resulting image is a weighted combination of a corresponding pixel of the source image and pixels in proximity to the corresponding pixel of the source image. For example,to convolve a pixel at the center of a matrix of pixels of three rows by three columns, each of the pixels of the matrix is multiplied by a corresponding scalar coefficient of a convolution matrix having three rows by three columns of coefficients and the resulting products are summed to produce a pixel in the resulting image.
The particular coefficients of the convolution matrix determine the particular effect on the source image of the convolution. For example,if coefficients near the center of the convolution matrix are relatively small and coefficients far from the center of the convolution matrix are relatively large, the source image is blurred in the resulting image. Ifthe coefficient at the center of the convolution matrix is relatively large and coefficients near but not at the center are relatively small and negative, the source image is sharpened.
Convolution of a graphical image requires substantial resources. Forexample, even using a relatively small convolution matrix which has only three rows and three columns of scalar coefficients requires nine (9)multiplication operations and eight (8) addition operations for each pixel. In addition, nine (9) read operations are required to obtain a three-row by three-column matrix of pixels from the source image.Graphical images typically include a rectangular grid of pixels and canbe as large as one thousand or more columns of one thousand or more rows of pixels. Thus, source images having as many as one million or more pixels are convolved. Furthermore, pixels of color graphical images typically have three (3) components, namely, red, green, and blue. Toconvolve a color image, each component of the color image must beconvolved. Each component is typically convolved independently of other components. Thus, convolution of a large color source image can involve as many as 27 million read operations, 27 million multiplication operations, 24 million addition operations, and 27 million store operations. Accordingly, some conventional convolution systems require as many as 105 million instruction cycles to convolve a color graphical image having one million pixels using a colvolution matrix having three columns and three rows. Convolution involving larger convolutionmatrices, e.g., matrices which have five rows and five columns of scalar coefficients or matrices which have seven rows and seven columns of scalar coefficients, require considerably more processing.
Because of the substantial computer resources required to convolvegraphical images, a need for ever increasingly efficient convolutionsystems persists in the industry.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, a processor which is capable of performing partitioned multiplication and partitioned addition operations convolves multiple pixels in parallel. The processor includes a load and store pipeline of a load and store unit which retrieves data from and stores data to memory and one or more arithmetic processing pipelines of an arithmetic processing unit which aligns data and performs partitioned multiplication and partitioned addition operations.A number of pixels from a source image, which collectively are a patch of pixels, are convolved substantially simultaneously in the arithmetic processing pipeline of the processor by execution of the partitioned multiplication and partitioned addition operations. At substantially thesame time, a subsequent patch of pixels from the source image are read by the load and store unit of the processor. The source image is a graphical image prior to convolution of the graphical image. A patch is generally a rectangular grid of spatially contiguous pixels of the source image. Convolution of the source image requires convolution of anumber of patches of the source image in sequence. A subsequent patch isa patch which is convolved substantially immediately subsequent to themost recently convolved patch of the source image.
The subsequent patch of the source image is a patch which is aligned with respect to a secondary index and is incremented along a primary index to avoid excessive cache misses when retrieving pixel data forconvolution. Ordinarily, incrementing along the primary index ratherthan along the secondary index results in redundant reading and alignment of pixel data. However, in accordance with the present invention, reading of pixel data is performed in the load and store pipeline of the processor while the arithmetic processing pipeline substantially simultaneously performs partitioned arithmetic operations on the pixel data to thereby convolve the pixel data. As a result,redundant reading of data does not slow the convolution of pixel data while cache misses are substantially reduced over conventionalconvolution mechanisms.
The substantially simultaneous reading and convolving of pixel data in parallel pipelines of the processor and the selecting of subsequent patches along the primary index of the pixel data to minimize cache misses achieve a degree of efficiency in convolution of graphical images not yet achieved in the prior art.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system which includes an image processor in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the source image of FIG. 1 in greater detail.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of the convolution matrix of FIG. 1 in greater detail.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a patch of pixel data retrieved fromthe source image of FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are diagrams of a sixteen-byte stream of pixel data and illustrate the alignment of pixel data with an eight-byte boundary.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relation to the source image of FIGS. 1and 2 of the patch of FIG. 4 and a subsequently retrieved patch of pixeldata.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing in greater detail the processor of FIG. 1.
FIGS. 8A and 8B are a logic flow diagram illustrating the convolution of source image pixel data by various pipelines of the processor of FIGS. 1and 7 in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a logic flow diagram illustrating the convolution of the source image of FIGS. 1 and 2 in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In accordance with the present invention, multiple pipelines through a parallel processor are used in a novel manner to more efficientlyconvolve a source image 110 (FIG. 1) to produce a resulting image 112. Acomputer system 100 within which source image 110 is convolved is generally of the structure shown. Computer system 100 includes a processor 102 which is coupled to a memory 104 through a bus 106.Processor 102 is described in greater detail below and (i) fetches from memory 104 and executes computer instructions and (ii) reads data from and writes data to memory 104 in accordance with the fetched and executed instructions.
Processor 102 includes a cache memory 120 in which data and/or instructions previously retrieved from memory 104 are stored. Accessing data in memory 104 requires approximately 20 cycles of the clock signal of processor 102, and accessing data in cache memory 120 requires approximately 2 to 3 cycles of the clock signal of processor 102.Therefore, to retrieve data from memory 104, processor 102 first determines whether a copy of the data is stored in cache memory 120 and,if so, retrieves the data from cache memory 120 rather than from memory104. Retrieving data from cache memory 120 rather than from memory 104is generally called a cache hit. Determining that no copy of the data is stored in cache memory 120 and retrieving the data from memory 104 is generally called a cache miss.
Memory 104 can include generally any type of memory, including without limitation randomly accessible memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), and secondary storage including storage media such as magnetic and optical storage devices. Stored within memory 104 are (i) source image 110, (ii)resulting image 112, and (iii) a convolution matrix 114. In addition, animage processor 130 is a computer process which executes within processor 102 from memory 104. Image processor 130, in a manner described more completely below, (i) reads pixel data from source image110, (ii) convolves the pixel data using convolution matrix 114 to produce new pixel data, and (iii) stores the new pixel data in resulting image 112.
In accordance with computer instructions fetched from memory 104 and executed by processor 102, processor 102 receives from one or more input devices 140 command signals generated by a user and sends to computer display device 142 display data and control signals. Each of input devices 140 can be any computer input device, including without limitation a keyboard, a keypad, or a pointing device such as atrackball, an electronic mouse, thumb wheels, a light pen, or a digitizingtablet. Computer display device 142 can include any type of computer display device, including without limitation a cathode ray tube (CRT), alight-emitting diode (LED) display, or a liquid crystal display (LCD).Image processor 130 sometimes prompt a user to select particular characteristics or individual coefficients of convolution matrix 114 and establishes specific values of the coefficients of convolution matrix114 in response to control signals received through processor 102 from input devices 140. Image process 102, after convolving source image 110to produce resulting image 112, displays resulting image 112 in computer display device 142 to display to the user resulting image 112.
Source image 110 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2. Source image 110is a rasterized image, i.e., is generally a rectangular grid of pixeldata. Each pixel of source image 110 is represented by a single instanceof pixel data which represent pixels of source image 110 and which are logically organized as a rectangular grid as shown. In one embodiment,each pixel is represented by a single byte. Source image 110 can be an entire greyscale graphical image or can be a component, i.e., red,green, or blue, of a color graphical image. While source image 110 is shown as a rectangular grid of pixel data, source image 110 is stored sequentially. Specifically, source image 110 has a primary index and a secondary index. For example, source image 110 has a primary index whichis used to specify the horizontal component of the location of a particular pixel, and a secondary index which is used to specify the vertical component of the location of the pixel. Herein, a particular pixel in source image 110 is referred to as s(i,j) in which i refers toa particular value of the primary index and j refers to a particular value of the secondary index. For example, s(i,j) can refer to a pixel of source image 110 at the i^(th) column and the j^(th) row. A rectangular block of pixels of source image 110 having minimum and maximum primary index values of a and b, respectively, and minimum and maximum secondary index value of c and d, respectively, is sometimes represented herein as s(a..b,c..d). Similarly, a particular pixel in resulting image 112 is referred to as r(i,j) in which i refers to a particular value of the primary index and j refers to a particular valueof the secondary index. A rectangular block of pixels of resulting image112 having minimum and maximum primary index values of a and b,respectively, and minimum and maximum secondary index value of c and d,respectively, is sometimes represented herein as r(a..b,c..d).
Source image 110 is stored as a sequence of pixel data corresponding tothe following locations in the following order: s(0,0), s(1,0), s(2,0),. . . s(i-1,0), s(i,0), s(i+1,0), . . . s(n-1,0), s(0,1), s(1,1), . . .s(n-1,j), s(0,j+1), . . . s(n-1,m-1). The entirety of source image 110is alternatively represented by the notation s(0..n-1,0..m-1). Thenumber of pixels along the direction of the primary index, e.g., thenumber of columns, of source image 110 is n, and the number of pixels along the direction of the secondary index, e.g., the number of rows, of source image 110 is m. A few observations above the particular order ofthe pixels in source image 110 should be noted. First, a pixel s(i+1,j)is stored in memory 104 at a location which immediately follows the location of pixel s(i,j). Second, a pixel s(0,j+1) is stored in memory104 at a location which follows the location of pixel s(n-1,j)relatively closely and can immediately follow the location of pixels(n-1,j). In some instances, a few bytes of "pad" data are inserted between pixel s(n-1,j) and pixel s(0,j+1) to enhance performance, e.g.,to ensure that pixel s(0,j+1) is aligned with an eight-byte boundary.However, such pad data is usually short in length relative to the length of a line of pixel data corresponding to a particular value of the secondary index, i.e., is substantially less than n bytes in length.Third, a pixel s(i,j+1) is stored in memory 104 at a location which is generally n memory locations, plus any memory locations occupied by pad data, following the location of pixel s(i,j). Thus, each horizontal line of source image 110 is stored as a contiguous sequence of pixel data andthe contiguous horizontal lines are stored substantially contiguouslyend-to-end such that the last pixel of a horizontal line is followed substantially immediately by the first pixel of the next horizontal line. Resulting image 112 (FIG. 1) is directly analogous to source image110 and is therefore equally accurately represented by FIG. 2.
Convolution matrix 114 (FIG. 1) is shown in greater detail in FIG. 3.Convolution matrix 114 has three rows and three columns of scalar coefficients k₁, k₂, k₃, k₄, k₅, k₆, k₇, k₈, and k₉. In response to computer instructions of image processor 130 (FIG. 1) so directing,processor 102 performs partitioned arithmetic operations, e.g., (i) a partitioned multiplication operation in which a sixteen-bit fixed-point operand of a partitioned lower or upper half of a 32-bit word is multiplied by four (4) partitioned eight-bit integer operands of a32-bit word simultaneously and in parallel to produce four (4)partitioned sixteen-bit fixed-point products and (ii) a partitioned addition operation in which four partitioned sixteen-bit fixed-point operands of a 64-bit word are added to four (4) respective partitioned sixteen-bit fixed-point operands of a second 64-bit word. Thus, to take advantage of the partitioned operations performed by processor 102,image processor 130 convolves eight (8) pixels of source image 110 areconvolved simultaneously. When executed by processor 102, image processor 130 reads a patch 110P (FIG. 4) of ten (10) pixels by three(3) pixels to produce eight (8) pixels in resulting image 112.
The dimensions of patch 110P are determined by the number of pixels tobe convolved at once and the size of convolution matrix 114. In general,the size of patch 110P is one less than the sum of the number of pixels to be convolved at once and the width of convolution matrix 114 in the direction of the primary index and the height of convolution matrix 114in the direction of the secondary index. For example, if sixteen pixels are to be convolved at once using a convolution matrix which has five columns and five rows, patch 110P would include a rectangular area of pixels having 20 pixels in the direction of the primary index and five pixels in the direction of the secondary index.
The eight (8) pixels r(i..i+7,j) are convolved from patch 110P, i.e.,pixels s(i-1..i+8,j-1..j+1) according to the following equations.##EQU1##
It can be seen from equations (1)-(8) that each coefficient ofconvolution matrix 114 is multiplied by eight pixels. For example,coefficient k₃ is multiplied by pixels s(i+1,j-1), s(i+2,j-1),s(i+3,j-1), s(i+4,j-1), s(i+5,j-1), s(i+6,j-1), s(i+7,j-1), ands(i+8,j-1). Image processor 130 multiplies each coefficient by eight pixels of patch 110P two partitioned multiplication operations performed by processor 102, each of which multiplies a coefficient by four pixels of patch 110P simultaneously and in parallel. Prior to performing the partitioned multiplication operations, image processor 102 must generally read from memory 104 and align eight pixels In response to computer instructions of image processor 130, processor 102 retrieves sixteen (16) contiguous pixels, e.g., sixteen pixel stream 500 (FIG. 5A)from source image 110 (FIG. 2) which are aligned with an eight-byte boundary, e.g., eight-byte boundary 502. An eight-byte boundary is an address of memory 104 which is an integer multiple of eight. As shown in FIG. 5A, pixels s(i+1..i+8,j-1) are offset from eight-byte boundary 502by two bytes. Image processor 130 aligns sixteen pixel stream 500 by shifting sixteen pixel stream 500 to the left by two bytes to produce a sixteen pixel stream 500B (FIG. 5B) in which the eight pixels s(i+1..i+8,j-1) are aligned with eight-byte boundary 502. Once the pixels are read from memory 104 and are aligned, image processor 130performs partitioned multiplication and partitioned addition operations within processor 102 in accordance with equations (1) as described more completely below to produce eight pixels of resulting image 112simultaneously and in parallel.
In conventional convolution systems implemented using a parallel processor which is capable of partitioned arithmetic operations,redundant retrieval of pixel data from source image 110 and redundant alignment of such pixel data are avoided by convolving pixels of source image 110 in a direction transverse to the primary index of source image110, i.e., in the direction of the secondary index of source image 110.For example, after convolving patch 110P of pixels s(i-1..i+8,j-1..j+1)to produce pixels r(i..i+7,j), such a conventional system would convolvea patch of pixel data of source image 110 which is offset from patch110P by one increment in the secondary index, i.e., a patch of pixels s(i-1..i+8,j..j+2). In most graphical display systems in use today, sucha subsequent patch is in vertical alignment with patch 110P and is offset from patch 110P by one pixel in the vertical direction.Convolution of a patch of pixels s(i-1..i+8,j..j+2) produces pixels r(i..i+7,j+1) whereas convolution of patch 110P of pixels s(i-1..i+8,j-1..j+1) produces pixels r(i..i+7,j). By doing so, pixeldata stored within source image 110 at a location having a secondary index of j or j+1 have already been read and aligned by the processor.Thus, redundant reading and alignment of pixel data is obviated by sucha conventional convolution implementation using a parallel processor.
However, such conventional convolution systems suffer from theinefficiency of a cache miss during reading of pixel data from a location within source image 110 having a secondary index of j+2 in the subsequent convolution. Pixel s(i,j+2) is displaced from pixel s(i,j+1)in source image 110 within memory 104 by approximately n pixels, where nis the number of pixels in the direction of the primary index, e.g.,where n is the width of source image 110. As a result, the processor must typically retrieve pixel data from memory rather than from cache memory each time another patch of source image 110 is convolved to produce eight bytes of pixel data in resulting image 112.
In accordance with the present invention, following convolution of patch110P, which includes pixels s(i-1..i+8,j-1..j+1), to produce eight pixels s(i..i+7,j), image processor 130 retrieves a patch 110P2 (FIG. 6)of pixel data from source image 110 which is offset from patch 110P by one increment in the direction of the primary index of source image 110.Specifically, patch 110P2 includes pixels s(i..i+9,j-1..j+1). Image processor 130 convolves pixel data in patch 110P2 to produce pixels r(i+1..i+8,j). By incrementing the primary index of patch 110P to select subsequent patch 110P2, pixel data corresponding to patch 110P2 can frequently be found in cache memory 120 (FIG. 1) and can therefore be retrieved by processor 102 by a cache hit rather than a cache miss.
For example, if patch 110P includes s(i-1..i+8,j), patch 110P2 includes s(i..i+9,j) and, in particular, includes s(i+9,j) which is not included in patch 110P. Since patch 110P2 is offset by one increment in the primary index, s(i+9,j) is adjacent to s(i+8,j) in memory 104. In one embodiment, cache memory 120, in response to a cache miss, retrieves from memory 104 and stores 64 contiguous bytes of data, which is generally referred to as a cache line. Therefore, s(i+9,j) will frequently be found in cache memory 120 and result in a cache hit when retrieved. Generally, in convolving source image 110, retrieval of pixeldata results in a cache miss approximately once on average duringconvolution of each 64 pixels of source image 110.
Such is true even when considering instances in which the end of source image 110 in the direction of the primary index is reached.Specifically, when the primary index is incremented to its maximum value, e.g., when the entire width of source image 110 has beenconvolved, the primary index is reset and the secondary index isincremented in a manner described more completely below. Most commonly,source image 110 is a rectangular image, the primary index is horizontal and increases from left to right, and the secondary index is vertical and increases from top to bottom. In such a source image, when a horizontal line of pixels of the source image have been convolved suchthat the right edge of the source image is reached, the next pixel to beconvolved is the leftmost pixel of the horizontal line of pixels immediately below the horiztontal line of pixels most recentlyconvolved. As described above, each horizontal line of source image 110is stored as a contiguous sequence of pixel data and the contiguous horizontal lines are stored substantially contiguously end-to-end suchthat the last pixel of a horizontal line is substantially immediately followed by the first pixel of the next horizontal line with perhaps only a few bytes of pad data between. Thus, after convolving the last pixel in a line of pixels, the first pixel in the next line of pixels is frequently retrieved from cache memory 120 in a cache hit.
As described above, convolving pixels along the primary index ratherthan convolving pixels of the source image transverse to the primary index results in redundant reading of and alignment of pixel data.However, novel use of multiple pipelines through a parallel processor,e.g., parallel processor 102, causes substantially simultaneous (i)retrieval of pixel data and (ii) partitioned multiplication and addition operations involving the pixel data to convolve the pixels represented by the pixel data.
To facilitate understanding and appreciation of the present invention,the structure of processor 102 is described more completely. Processor102 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 7 and is described briefly herein and more completely in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/236,572 by Timothy J. Van Hook, Leslie Dean Kohn, and Robert Yung, filed Apr. 29,1994 and entitled "A Central Processing Unit with Integrated Graphics Functions" (the '572 application) which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. Processor 102 includes a prefetch and dispatch unit(PDU) 46, an instruction cache 40, an integer execution unit (IEU) 30,an integer register file 36, a floating point unit (FPU) 26, a floating point register file 38, and a graphics execution unit (GRU) 28, coupled to each other as shown. Additionally, processor 102 includes two memory management units (IMMU & DMMU) 44a-44b, and a load and store unit (LSU)48, which in turn includes data cache 120B, coupled to each other andthe previously described elements as shown. Together, the components of processor 102 fetch, dispatch, execute, and save execution results of computer instructions, e.g., computer instructions of image processor130, in a pipelined manner.
PDU 46 fetches instructions from memory 104 (FIG. 1) and dispatches the instructions to IEU 30 (FIG. 7), FPU 26, GRU 28, and LSU 48 accordingly.Prefetched instructions are stored in instruction cache 120A.Instruction cache 120A and data cache 120B are collectively cache memory120 (FIG. 1). IEU 30 (FIG. 7), FPU 26, and GRU 28 perform integer,floating point, and graphics operations, respectively. In general, the integer operands/results are stored in integer register file 36, whereas the floating point and graphics operands/results are stored in floating point register file 38. Additionally, IEU 30 also performs a number of graphics operations, and appends address space identifiers (ASI) to addresses of load/store instructions for LSU 48, identifying the address spaces being accessed. LSU 48 generates addresses for all load and store operations. The LSU 48 also supports a number of load and store operations, specifically designed for graphics data. Memory references are made in virtual addresses. MMUs 44a-44b map virtual addresses to physical addresses.
PDU 46, IEU 30, FPU 26, integer and floating point register files 36 and38, MMUs 44a-44b, and LSU 48 can be coupled to one another in any of anumber of configurations as described more completely in the '572application.
As described more completely in the '572 application with respect to FIGS. 8a-8d thereof, GRU 28 is an arithmetic processing unit and performs a partitioned multiplication operation and a partitioned addition operation. Performance of the partitioned multiplication operation multiplies each of four partitioned eight-bit unsigned integers in a 32-bit word by an upper or lower partitioned sixteen-bit fixed-point number of a 32-bit word to produce four partitioned sixteen-bit fixed-point products in a 64-bit word. Performance of the partitioned addition operation adds respective partitioned 16-bit fixed-point numbers of two 64-bit words to produce four respective partitioned 16-bit fixed-point sums in a 64-bit word.
As described above, processor 102 includes four (4) separate processing units, i.e., LSU 48, IEU 30, FPU 26, and GRU 28. Each of these processing units is described more completely in the '572 application.These processing units operate in parallel and can each execute a respective computer instruction while others of the processing units execute different computer instructions. GRU 28 executes the partitioned multiplication and partitioned addition operations described above. As described in the '572 application, GRU 28 has two separate execution paths and can execute two instructions simultaneously. GRU 28 can execute a partitioned addition operation while simultaneously executing a partitioned multiplication operation. By pipelining the various operations described above in a manner described more completely below,performance in convolving pixels of source image 110 (FIG. 1) is enhanced.
GRU 28 (FIG. 7) cannot execute more than one partitioned multiplication operation or more than one partitioned addition operation at a time but can perform one partitioned multiplication operation and one partitioned addition operation substantially simultaneously. By appropriatelypipelining instructions to achieve such parallelism, processor 102 is more completely used and convolution of source image 110 is performed more efficiently.
Table A shows computer instructions of image processor 130 pipelined soas to achieve the level of parallelism in processor 102 described above.In Table A, processor 102 (FIG. 1), in response to computer instructions fetched from image processor 130 and executed, retrieves from source image 110 a patch of pixels, e.g., patch 110P (FIG. 4), of the dimensions ten (10) pixels in the direction of the primary index and three (3) pixels in the direction of the secondary index. Further in Table A, processor 102 (FIG. 1) convolves those pixels to produce pixels r(i:i+7,j) of resulting image 112.
In instruction cycle 1, IEU 30 (FIG. 7) aligns an address within source image 110 (FIG. 1) of pixels s(i-1..i+6,j-1) to produce an address of a sixteen-byte stream which is aligned on an eight-byte boundary and which includes pixels s(i-1..i+6,j-1). In instruction cycles 2 and 3 of Table A, LSU 48 (FIG. 7) reads the first and second eight bytes, respectively,of the sixteen-byte stream at the address produced in instruction cycle 1. In instruction cycle 4, GRU 28 aligns pixels s(i-1..i+6,j-1) by shifting the sixteen-byte stream until pixel s(i-1,j-1) is represented by the first byte of the sixteen-byte stream, thereby causing the first eight bytes of the sixteen-byte stream to represent pixels s(i-1..i+6,j-1). In instruction cycle 5, IEU 30 aligns an address within source image 110 (FIG. 1) of pixels s(i-1..i+6,j) which are the next pixels tobe processed by GRU 28.
Beginning with instruction cycle 6, processor 102 reads a second series of pixel data for eight pixels while simultaneously performing arithmetic operations on the previously read series of pixel data for eight pixels. In instruction cycle 6, GRU 28 of processor 102 performs a partitioned multiplication operation on four bytes of data representing pixels s(i-1..i+2,j-1) by coefficient k₁ of convolution matrix 114 (FIG.3) to produce a 64-bit word of four (4) partitioned sixteen-bit fixed-point products. Specifically, the partitioned products are equal to k₁ ·s(i-1,j-1), k₁ ·s(i,j-1), k₁ ·s(i+1,j-1), and k₁ ·s(i+2,j-1),which are the first components of equations (1)-(4), respectively.Coefficient k₁ is stored within processor 102 as a sixteen-bit fixed-point number. GRU 28, in instruction cycle 7, adds the partitioned products to a first part of a partitioned running total which is initialized prior to the processing represented in Table A and which includes two parts, each of which is a 64-bit word of four (4)partitioned sixteen-bit fixed-point numbers.
Substantially simultaneously and in a different pipeline through GRU 28,GRU 28 performs a partitioned multiplication operation on four bytes of data representing pixels s(i+3..:i+6,j-1) by coefficient k₁ ofconvolution matrix 114 (FIG. 1) to produce the partitioned products k₁·s(i+3,j-1), k₁ ·s(i+4,j-1), k₁ ·s(i+5,j-1), and k₁ ·s(i+6,j-1), whichare the first components of equations (5)-(8), respectively. In instruction cycle 10, GRU 28 adds the partitioned products produced in instruction cycle 7 to the second part of the partitioned running total.Thus, in instruction cycles 6, 7, and 10, GRU 28 multiplies each of eight bytes by coefficient k₁ to produce the first component of equations (1)-(8) and adds the first components of equations (1)-(8) toa partitioned running total.
Substantially simultaneously, in instruction cycles 6 and 7, LSU 48reads the sixteen-byte stream of pixel data at the aligned address determined in instruction cycle 5. In instruction cycle 8, the sixteen-byte stream of pixel data is aligned by GRU 28 such that thefirst byte of the sixteen-byte stream represents pixel s(i-1,j). In instruction cycles 10, 11, and 14, GRU 28 processes the first eight bytes of the sixteen-byte stream in a manner that is directly analogous to the processing of GRU 28 in instructions cycles 6, 7, and 10 as described above. The result of processing by GRU 28 in instruction cycles 10, 11, and 14 includes partitioned products of coefficient k₄and each of the bytes of the aligned sixteen-byte stream, i.e., the fourth components of equations (1)-(8) above, and addition of the partitioned products to the partitioned running total.
Each of the nine (9) components of equations (1) through (8) above is produced in an analogous manner using partitioned multiplication and partitioned addition operations and accumulated in the partitioned running total as shown in Table A. Convolution according to the present invention does not suffer from the disadvantage of redundant reading of pixel data of source image 110 (FIG. 1) since processor 102 reads pixeldata while processor 102 substantially simultaneously processes previously read and aligned pixel data in different pipelines. As shown in Table A, eight (8) pixels in resulting image 112 are produced byconvolution of pixels of source image 110 in 39 instruction cycles,i.e., about five (5) instruction cycles per convolved pixel. Thus, by reading pixel data in a pipeline of a parallel processor while previously read data are substantially simultaneously processed in a different pipeline of the parallel processor achieves a degree of efficiency and speed in convolution never before achieved in the prior art.
For added clarity, processing by image processor 130 in processor 102according to Table A is represented in logic flow diagram 800 (FIGS. 8Aand 8B). Each column of logic flow diagram 800 represents a pipeline of processor 102 and steps in logic flow diagram 800 which are aligned horizontally are performed substantially simultaneously. In step 802(FIG. 8A), IEU 30 aligns an address of eight bytes of pixel data withthe last preceding eight-byte boundary. Processing transfers to step 804in which LSU 48 reads a sixteen-byte stream of pixel data as described above. In step 806, to which processing transfers from step 804, GRU 28aligns the pixel data as described above. Processing transfers from step806 to step 810 in which GRU 28 performs partitioned multiplication involving the first four bytes of the aligned data. From step 810,processing transfers to steps 812 and 814 which are performed substantially simultaneously and in which respectively GRU 28 performs,in one pipeline, partitioned addition involving the first four bytes ofthe aligned data and, in another pipeline, partitioned multiplication involving the second four bytes of the aligned data. From step 812,processing of the first four bytes of the data aligned in step 806terminates. From step 814, processing transfers to step 816 (FIG. 8B) inwhich GRU 28 performs partitioned addition involving the second four bytes of the data aligned in step 806 (FIG. 8A) and thereafter processing of the second four bytes of data aligned in step 806terminates.
Prior to step 810, EEU 30 aligns an address of a second collection of eight bytes of pixel data in step 818. In step 820, which is performed substantially simultaneously with step 810, LSU 48 reads a sixteen-byte stream of pixels data at the address aligned in step 818 in the manner described above. Next, GRU 28 aligns the pixel data in step 822 in the manner described above. From step 822, processing transfers to steps 824(FIG. 8B), 826, 828, and 830 in which GRU 28 performs partitioned multiplication and partitioned addition operations involving the first eight bytes of the data aligned in step 822 in the manner described above with respect to steps 810 (FIG. 8A), 812, 814, and 816. Step 824is performed by GRU 28 in one pipeline substantially simultaneously with step 816 described above which is performed in the other pipeline of GRU28. Prior to step 824 FIG. 8B), IEU 30 aligns a third address in the manner described above. Thus, as shown in logic flow diagram 800 and in Table A, processor 102 (FIG. 1) reads and aligns data substantially simultaneously with arithmetic processing of previously read and aligned data.
Convolution of the entirety of source image 110 (FIG. 1) by image processor 130 is shown in logic flow diagram 900 (FIG. 9). Processing begins with loop step 902 which, in conjunction with next step 916,defines a loop in which image processor 130 convolves each line of pixels of source image 110 (FIG. 1) along the direction of the primary index for each increment of the secondary index of source image 110. Forexample, if source image 110 has m horizontal lines and the secondary index specifies a particular horizontal line, the loop defined by loop step 902 and next step 916 is performed once for each of the m horizontal lines of source image 110. For each of the lines along the direction of the primary index, processing transfers from loop step 902to loop step 904. During each iteration of the loop defined by loop step902 and next step 916, the particular line processed is referred to asthe secondary index line. Once each of the lines along the direction ofthe primary index of source image 110 is processed according to the loop defined by loop step 902 and next step 916, processing according to logic flow diagram 900 terminates and convolution of source image 110 to produce resulting image 112 is complete.
Loop step 904, in conjunction with next step 914, defines a loop inwhich processor 102 convolves each contiguous collection of eight pixels of the secondary index line of source image 110 (FIG. 1). For example,if source image 110 has n pixels in the secondary index line, the loop defined by loop step 904 and next step 914 is performed once for each contiguous collection of eight pixels of the n pixels. For each such contiguous collection of eight pixels, processing transfers from loop step 904 to step 906. During each iteration of the loop defined by loop step 904 and next step 914, the particular eight pixels processed are referred to as the subject eight pixels. Once all of the pixels of the secondary index line are processed according to the loop defined by loop step 904 and next step 914, processing transfers from loop step 904 to next step 916 and the next secondary index line is processed accordingto the loop defined by loop step 902 and next step 916 as described above.
In step 906, image processor 130 (FIG. 1) determines the starting addresses of patch 110 which must be read from memory 104 to convolvethe subject eight pixels. Processing transfers to step 908 (FIG. 9) inwhich image processor 130 initializes each partitioned sixteen-bit fixed-point number of the partitioned running total which includes eight such partitioned numbers as described above. In one embodiment, each partitioned number of the partitioned running total is initialized to zero. In an alternative embodiment, each partitioned number of the partitioned running total is initialized to 0.5 to round off, ratherthan truncate, each partitioned running total prior to scaling and packing each partitioned into an eight-bit unsigned integer to form a corresponding pixel of resulting image 112. From step 908 (FIG. 9),processing transfers to step 910 in which image processor 130 (FIG. 1)convolves the eight subject pixels of source image 110 to produce eightconvolved pixels of resulting image 112 in accordance with the processing shown in Table A as described above and as shown in part in logic flow diagram 800 (FIGS. 8A and 8B). As a result of processing in accordance with Table A, each of the eight (8) sixteen-bit fixed-point numbers of the partitioned running total contains data representing the solution of equations (1)-(8) above. From step 910 (FIG. 9), processing transfers to step 912 in which image processor 130 (FIG. 1) clips and packs each of the eight (8) partitioned sixteen-bit fixed-point numbers of the running total into a respective byte of resulting image 112 which corresponds to a respective one of the subject eight bytes. In one embodiment, clipping and packing includes execution of a partitioned pack instruction by GRU 28 such that such clipping and packing of four of the partitioned sixteen-bit fixed-point numbers are packed in each of two successive instruction cycles.
From step 912 (FIG. 9), processing transfers to next step 914 in whichthe next iteration of the loop defined by loop step 904 and next step914 is performed. As described above, after each pixel of the secondary index line is processed and after each secondary index line is processed, processing according to logic flow diagram 900 terminates and resulting image 112 (FIG. 1) contains the resulting pixel data fromconvolution of the pixel data of source image 110.
The above description is illustrative only and is not limiting. Forexample, it is described above that eight pixels of source image 110 areconvolved substantially simultaneously to produce eight convolved pixels of resulting image 112. However, it is appreciated that fewer or more pixels of source image 110 can be convolved substantially simultaneously to produce an equal number of convolved pixels of resulting image 112without deviating from the underlying principles of the foregoing description. In addition, convolution matrix 114 is described as having three columns and three rows of scalar coefficients. However, it is appreciated that the principles described above can be readily adapted to convolve pixels of source image 110 using convolution matrices of different sizes. Furthermore, it is appreciated that arithmetic operations involving operands of precisions and formats other than eight-bit unsigned integer and sixteen-bit fixed-point numbers can beused without deviating substantially from the teachings of the foregoing description. The present invention is limited only by the claims which follow.
TABLE A __________________________________________________________________________ IC LSU 48 IEU 30 GRU 28 GRU 28 __________________________________________________________________________ 1 align address for s(i - 1, j - 1): vis.sub.-- alignaddr() 2 read first 8 bytes: din0 = s 0! 3 read second 8 bytes: din1 = s 1! 4 align data: vis.sub.-- faligndata() 5 align address for s(i - 1, j): vis.sub.-- alignaddr() 6 read first 8 bytes: partitioned mult: tmp0 = k.sub.1 · s(i - 1 . . i + 2, j - 1) din0 = s 0! 7 read second 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp0 to part 1 of the partitioned mult: tmp1 = k.sub.1 · s(i + 3 . . i + 6, j - 1) din1 = s 1! total 8 align data: vis.sub.-- faligndata() 9 align address for s(i - 1, j + 1): vis.sub.-- alignaddr() 10 read frst 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp1 to part 2 of the partitioned mult: tmp0 = k.sub.4 · s(i - 1 . . i + 2, j) din0 = s 0! total 11 read second 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp0 to part 1 of the partitioned mult: tmp1 = k.sub.4 · s(i - 3 . . i + 6, j) din1 = s 1! total 12 align data: vis.sub.-- faligndata() 13 align address for s(i, j - 1): vis.sub.-- alignaddr() 14 read first 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp1 to part 2 of the partitioned mult: tmp0 = k.sub.7 · s(i - 1 . . i + 2, j + 1) din0 = s 0! total 15 read second 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp0 to part 1 of the partitioned mult: tmp1 = k.sub.7 · s(i - 3 . . i + 6, j + 1) din1 = s 1! total 16 align data: vis.sub.-- faligndata() 17 align address for s(i, j): vis.sub.-- alignaddr() 18 read first 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp1 to part 2 of the partitioned mult: tmp0 = k.sub.2 · s(i . .i + 3, j - 1) din0 = s 0! total 19 read second 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp0 to part 1 of the partitioned mult tmp1 = k.sub.2 · s(i + 4 . . i + 7, j - 1) din1 = s 1! total 20 align data: vis.sub.-- faligndata() 21 align address for s(i, j + 1): vis.sub.-- alignaddr() 22 read first 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp1 to part 2 of the partitioned mult: tmp0 = k.sub.5 · s(i . . i + 3, j) din0 = s 0! total 23 read see ond 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp0 to part 1 of the partitioned mult: tmp1 = k.sub.5 · s(i + 4 . . i + 7, j) din1 = s 1! total 24 align data: vis.sub.-- faligndata() 25 align address for s(i + 1, j - 1): vis.sub.-- alignaddr() 26 read first 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp1 to part 2 of the partitioned mult: tmp0 = k.sub.8 · s(i . . i + 3, j + 1) din0 = s 0! total 27 read second 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp0 to part 1 of the partitioned mult: tmp1 = k.sub.8 · s(i + 4 . . i + 7, j + 1) din1 = s 1! total 28 align data: vis.sub.-- faligndata() 29 align address for s(i + 1, j): vis.sub.-- alignaddr() 30 read first 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp1 to part 2 of the partitioned mult: tmp0 = k.sub.3 · s(i + 1 . . i + 4, j - 1) din0 = s 0! total 31 read second 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp0 to part 1 of the partitioned mult: tmp1 = k.sub.3 · s(i + 5 . . i + 8, j - 1) din1 = s 1! total 32 align data: vis.sub.-- faligndata() 33 align address for s(i + 1, j + 1): vis.sub.-- alignaddr() 34 read first 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp1 to part 2 of the partitioned mult: tmp0 = k.sub.6 · s(i + 1 . . i + 4, j) din0 = s 0! total 35 read second 8 bytes: partitioned add tmp0 to part 1 of the partitioned mult: tmp1 = k.sub.6 · s(i + 5 . . i + 8, j) din1 = s 1! total 36 align data: vis.sub.-- faligndata() total 37 partitioned add tmp1 to part 2 of the partitioned mult: tmp0 = k.sub.9 · s(i + 1 . . i + 4, j - 1) total 38 partitioned add tmp0 to part 1 of the partitioned mult: tmp1 = k.sub.9 · s(i + 5 . . i + 8, j - 1) 39 partitioned add tmp1 to part 2 of the running total __________________________________________________________________________
What is claimed is:
1. A method for convolving pixzels represented by pixel data of a source image in a computer readable memory using acomputer processor which includes (i) a load and store unit which includes a load and store pipeline in which data are loaded from and stored to the computer readable memory and (ii) an arithmetic processing unit which includes one or more arithmetic processing pipelines in which arithmetic operations are performed on data, the method comprising:convolving previously read pixel data of the source image inthe arithmetic processing unit; and substantially simultaneously reading subsequent pixel data of the source image in the load and store unit;convolving a first patch of pixel data which includes the previously read pixel data and the subsequent pixel data and which has a first range in a primary index and a second range in a secondary index; and substantially immediately thereafter convolving a second patch of pixeldata which has a third range in the primary index, which in turn isincremented from the first range, and a fourth range in the secondary index, which in turn is equal to the second range.
2. A method forconvolving pixels represented by pixel data of a source image in acomputer readable memory using a computer processor which includes (i) aload and store unit which includes a load and store pipeline in which data are loaded from and stored to the computer readable memory and (ii)an arithmetic processing unit which includes one or more arithmetic processing pipelines in which arithmetic operations are performed on data, the method comprising:convolving previously read pixel data of the source image in the arithmetic processing unit; and substantially simultaneously reading subsequent pixel data of the source image in the load and store unit; wherein the step of convolvingcomprises:multiplying in a first pipeline of the arithmetic processing unit a first portion of the previously read pixel data by a coefficient;and substantially simultaneously with the step of multiplying,accumulating by performance of an addition operation in a second pipeline of the arithmetic processing unit previously produced products of the coefficient and a second portion of the previously read pixeldata.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the first portion comprises a partitioned data word representing two or more pixels; andfurtherwherein the step of multiplying comprises multiplying each partitioned portion of the partitioned word by the coefficient substantially simultaneously.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the previously produced products of the coefficient and the second portion comprises a partitioned data word which includes two or more partitioned products;andfurther wherein the step of accumulating comprises accumulating each partitioned product substantially simultaneously.
5. A computer program product including a computer usable medium having computable readable code embodied therein for causing convolution of pixels in a computer processor which includes a load and store unit and an arithmetic processing unit, wherein the computer readable code comprises:(a)computer readable program code devices configured to cause the arithmetic processing unit to convolve previously read pixel data; and(b) computer readable program code devices configured to cause the load and store unit to substantially simultaneously read subsequent pixeldata; (c) computer readable program code configured to convolve a first patch of pixel data which includes the previously read pixel data andthe subsequent pixel data and which has a first range in a primary index and a second range in a secondary index; and (d) computer readable program code configured to substantially immediately thereafter convolvea second patch of pixel data which has a third range in the primary index, which in turn is incremented from the first range, and a fourth range in the secondary index, which in turn is equal to the second range.
6. A computer program product including a computer usable medium having computable readable code embodied therein for causing convolutionof pixels in a computer processor which includes a load and store unit and an arithmetic processing unit, wherein the computer readable code comprises:(a) computer readable program code devices configured to cause the arithmetic processing unit to convolve previously read pixel data;and (b) computer readable program code devices configured to cause the load and store unit to substantially simultaneously read subsequent pixel data; wherein computer readable program code (a) comprises:(i)computer readable program code configured to multiply in a first pipeline of the arithmetic processing unit a first portion of the previously read pixel data by a coefficient; and (ii) computer readable program code configured to accumulate, substantially simultaneously withthe multiplying of computer readable program code (i), by performance ofan addition operation in a second pipeline of the arithmetic processing unit previously produced products of the coefficient and a second portion of the previously read pixel data.
7. The computer program product of claim 6 wherein the first portion comprises a partitioned data word representing two or more pixels; andfurther wherein computer readable program code (a)(i) comprises computer readable program code configured to multiply each partitioned portion of the partitioned word by the coefficient substantially simultaneously.
8. The computer program product of claim 6 wherein the previously produced products of the coefficient and the second portion comprises a partitioned data word which includes two or more partitioned products; andfurther wherein computer readable program code (a)(ii) comprises computer readable program code configured to accumulate each partitioned product substantially simultaneously.
9. An image processor comprising:aconvolution module configured to convolve previously read pixel data inan arithmetic processing unit of a computer processor; and a data loading module which is operatively coupled to the convolution module and which is configured to read subsequent pixel data in a load and store unit of the computer processor substantially simultaneously withthe convolution of the previously read pixel data; a next patch selector which is operatively coupled to the convolution module and which is configured to provide, substantially immediately following convolutionby the convolution module of a first patch of pixel data which includes the previously read pixel data and the subsequent pixel data and which has a first range in a primary index and a second range in a secondary index, to the convolution module for convolution a second patch of pixeldata which has a third range in the primary index, which in turn isincremented from the first range, and which has a fourth range in the secondary index, which in turn is equal to the second range.
10. Animage processor comprising:a convolution module configured to convolvepreviously read pixel data in an arithmetic processing unit of acomputer processor; and a data loading module which is operativelycoupled to the convolution module and which is configured to read subsequent pixel data in a load and store unit of the computer processor substantially simultaneously with the convolution of the previously read pixel data; wherein the convolution module comprises:a multiplication module configured to multiply in a first pipeline of the arithmetic processing unit a first portion of the previously read pixel data by a coefficient; and an accumulation module which is operatively coupled tothe multiplication module and which is configured to accumulate by performance of an addition operation in a second pipeline of the arithmetic processing unit previously produced products of the coefficient and a second portion of the previously read pixel data;wherein the multiplication module and the accumulation module are configured to operate substantially simultaneously.
11. The image processor of claim 10 wherein the first portion comprises a partitioned data word representing two or more pixels; andfurther wherein the multiplication module comprises a partitioned multiplication module configured to multiply each partitioned portion of the partitioned word by the coefficient substantially simultaneously.
12. The image processor of claim 10 wherein the previously produced products of the coefficient and the second portion comprises a partitioned data word which includes two or more partitioned products; andfurther wherein the accumulation module comprises a partitioned accumulation module configured to accumulate each partitioned product substantially simultaneously.
13. Acomputer system comprising:a computer processor which includes:a load and store unit; and an arithmetic processing unit, operatively coupled to the load and store unit; a convolution module, which is operativelycoupled to the arithmetic processing unit and which is configured toconvolve previously read pixel data in an arithmetic processing unit ofa computer processor; and a data loading module, which is operativelycoupled to the convolution module and to the load and store unit and which is configured to read subsequent pixel data in a load and store unit of the computer processor substantially simultaneously with theconvolution of the previously read pixel data, a next patch selector which is operatively coupled to the convolution module and which is configured to, substantially immediately following convolution by theconvolution module of a first patch of pixel data which includes the previously read pixel data and the subsequent pixel data and which has a first range in a primary index and a second range in a secondary index,provide to the convolution module for convolution a second patch of pixel data which has a third range in the primary index, which in turn is incremented from the first range, and which has a fourth range in the secondary index, which in turn is equal to the second range.
14. Acomputer system comprising:a computer processor which includes:a load and store unit; and an arithmetic processing unit, operatively coupled to the load and store unit; a convolution module, which is operativelycoupled to the arithmetic processing unit and which is configured toconvolve previously read pixel data in an arithmetic processing unit ofa computer processor; and a data loading module, which is operativelycoupled to the convolution module and to the load and store unit and which is configured to read subsequent pixel data in a load and store unit of the computer processor substantially simultaneously with theconvolution of the previously read pixel data; wherein the convolutionmodule comprises:a multiplication module configured to multiply in a first pipeline of the arithmetic processing unit a first portion of the previously read pixel data by a coefficient; and an accumulation module which is operatively coupled to the multiplication module and which is configured to accumulate, by performance of an addition operation in a second pipeline of the arithmetic processing unit, previously produced products of the coefficient and a second portion of the previously read pixel data; wherein the multiplication module and the accumulation module are configured to operate substantially simultaneously.
15. The computer system of claim 14 wherein the first portion comprises a partitioned data word representing two or more pixels; andfurtherwherein the multiplication module comprises a partitioned multiplication module configured to multiply each partitioned portion of the partitioned word by the coefficient substantially simultaneously. 16.The computer system of claim 14 wherein the previously produced products of the coefficient and the second portion comprises a partitioned data word which includes two or more partitioned products; andfurther wherein the accumulation module comprises a partitioned accumulation module configured to accumulate each partitioned product substantially simultaneously.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the primary index specifies particular column of the source image.
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Effect of Azilsartan on clinical blood pressure reduction compared to other angiotensin receptor blockers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Background: Hypertension has significantly contributed to morbidity and mortality, necessitating effective management. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have emerged as a cornerstone in hypertension treatment. Azilsartan, a relatively recent addition to the ARB family, offers unique characteristics, including prodrug activation. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate Azilsartan’s role in reducing clinical blood pressure compared to other ARBs and determine the most effective dosage. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov. Eligible studies included adult hypertensive patients receiving Azilsartan compared to other ARBs, with clinical systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) outcomes. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed, and statistical analysis employed comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software. Results: Eleven randomized controlled trials encompassing 18 studies involving 6024 patients were included. Azilsartan demonstrated significant reductions in clinical SBP (mean difference=−2.85 mmHg) and DBP (mean difference=−2.095 mmHg) compared to other ARBs. Higher doses of Azilsartan showed greater efficacy, with 80 mg exhibiting the most substantial reduction in SBP. The analysis emphasized the need for more studies investigating lower Azilsartan doses (10 and 20 mg). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis underscore Azilsartan’s effectiveness in reducing SBP and DBP. Dose-dependent effects emphasize the importance of optimal dosing when prescribing Azilsartan. These findings provide valuable insights for clinicians in managing hypertension effectively and call for further research, primarily focusing on lower Azilsartan doses and a more diverse patient population.
Introduction
Essential hypertension, currently defined as the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of equal to or more than 130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of more than 80 mm Hg, has proved to be one of the most investigated problems in the previous century provided its link with multiple diseases including myocardial infarction, renal failure, and stroke [1] .Hence, it also stands as a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality.It is estimated that every year, at least 10 million people succumb to this preventable disease alone, with even more due to its fatal consequences [2] .
Multiple treatment and management options have been devised to deal with HTN.Among the various classes of antihypertensive medications available, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have emerged as a cornerstone and one of the first-line antihypertensive to be prescribed for managing hypertension [3] .
ARB's mechanism of action can be understood by dissecting the renin-angiotensin activating system (RAAS).Renin is secreted by the kidney's juxtaglomerular cells and catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (ATI) in the liver.Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and other non-ACE
HIGHLIGHTS
• Compared to other angiotensin receptor blockers, Azilsartan is statistically significant in reducing the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive patients.• The dose-dependent effects of Azilsartan highlight the importance of considering the optimal dosing regimens when prescribing to hypertensive patients.• The findings of this research will prove valuable to clinicians for their everyday practice in managing hypertension effectively.
mechanisms convert ATI to angiotensin II (ATII).The main vasoactive peptide in the RAAS is ATII, which activates two receptors, AT1 and AT2.Increased blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, sympathetic activity, sodium (Na), and water retention due to enhanced Na reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule are all effects of ATII activation of AT1 receptors.ARBs antagonize the effect of AII on AT1 receptors [4,5] .Common adverse effects associated with ARBs include dizziness, headache, and gastrointestinal disturbances [3] .Rarely, they may lead to more severe adverse events such as hyperkalemia, kidney dysfunction, and angioedema.Many drugs are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), including Candesartan, Eprosartan, Irbesartan, Losartan, Olmesartan, Telmisartan, and Valsartan.Azilsartan, a relatively recent addition to the ARB family, was approved in 2011 [6] .Like other ARBs, Azilsartan works on the same mechanism, however, its effects are dose related.Studies have shown that repeating doses of Azilsartan medoxomil increases the plasma concentrations of angiotensin I, as well as angiotensin II, alongside Renin activity also increased, and at the same time decreases plasma aldosterone levels [7] .It has a unique prodrug feature that implies it is initially delivered in an inactive form and then metabolically converted in the body to its active form, Azilsartan medoxomil.When compared to other ARBs, this prodrug characteristic provides for better absorption and a longer duration of action [8] .
Another factor that works in favour of Azilsartan is its safety profile.Azilsartan has been demonstrated to be well-tolerated with the most common adverse event presenting after its usage being diarrhoea.Other adverse events reported are hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, asthenia, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, muscle spasm, and cough.The laboratory parameters do not differ significantly as well among groups and includes slight rise in creatine at maximum dose (80 mg), that have been attributed to decrease in BP and low haematocrit [7] .While multiple studies have assessed and compared Azilsartan with different hypertensive drugs, there needs to be more cohesive information and comparison of the drug with other ARBs.And the most effective dose of the drug.This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to critically evaluate Azilsartan's role in reducing blood pressure compared to other ARBs and analyze the best dose, providing valuable insights into its clinical utility and safety profile for hypertensive patients.
Materials and methods
Our present meta-analysis was pre-registered on PROSPERO and performed according to guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines [9] .The work has been reported in line with AMSTAR (Assessing the methodological quality of systematic reviews) guidelines.
Literature search
A thorough search on Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.govwas performed to identify relevant articles from inception to August 2023.Bibliographies of the identified studies were also searched for other relevant articles.The following search terms were employed: "Azilsartan", "azilsartan medoxomil", "Angiotensin Receptor Blockers", "ARBs," "Hypertension", "High Blood Pressure," "Blood Pressure Reduction", "Blood Pressure Control", "Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists"
Eligibility criteria
The eligibility criteria followed the PICOS strategy: Population: Adult patients with Hypertension and taking any form of ARBs.
Intervention: Azilsartan.Comparators: Other drugs of the same class (ARBs).Study design: Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies comparing both drugs.
Outcome: Studies that reported clinical SBP and DBP between the groups after intervention.
Our exclusion criteria were as follow: Non-English Language Studies: Studies published in languages other than English were excluded.
Non-Human Studies: Studies conducted on animals or in vitro experiments were excluded, as our primary interest was adult patients with hypertension.
Studies with Incomplete Data: Studies that lacked essential data on clinical blood pressure measurements.
Non-comparative studies: Studies that did not have a comparative design were excluded, as our aim was to assess the effectiveness of azilsartan compared to other ARBs.
Duplicate publications: Duplicate publications of the same study were removed.
Study selection and data extraction
All titles and abstracts were screened for inclusion according to the abovementioned criteria.Full texts of selected articles were screened for in-depth review by two investigators, and data were extracted from eligible articles into a pre-structured Microsoft Excel data sheet (Version 2019, Microsoft).Disagreements were resolved by consultation with another author.The following data were extracted from the studies: First Author, the year of publication, country of origin, study design, sample size, age, sex, dosage of the drugs, follow-up time, presence of Diabetes and dyslipidemia, and finally, outcomes of interest.
Quality assessment
The quality of our included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias (RoB2) tool [10] , as all included studies were RCTs.Two independent reviewers performed the quality assessment, and any discrepancy was resolved by consultation with another author.
Statistical analysis
Data analysis was performed using CMA version 3.0.Dichotomous data are presented as odds ratios (ORs) and continuous data as mean differences (MDs).Authors were emailed in case of missing data.A random-effects model was used to deal with the heterogeneity of included studies.An I 2 index greater than 75% is demonstrated as high heterogeneity.A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all analyses.
Study characteristics
The characteristics of the included studies are shown in Table 1.There were 3590 patients in the Azilsartan group and 2434 in the control group; hence a total of 6024 patients are included in this meta-analysis.The included studies were conducted in 4 countries.Of these studies, two had Olmesartan as a control [11,12] , three studies reported Valsartan [12,13,21] and Candesartan [14,16,19] as control, while four studies had Telmisartan as control [15,17,18,20] .
Risk of bias assessment
According to the RoB2 tool, all our studies were low risk for Random sequencing and selective reporting.For Allocation concealment, White et al. [12] were marked high risk, while for blinding of outcome assessor, five of our studies were marked high risk [11,13,14,18,20] .For incomplete data, all studies had low risk of bias while for other sources, only one was marked unclear [12] .The quality assessment of the eleven RCTs is tabulated in detail in Table 2.
Publication bias
The publication bias between studies is illustrated in Fig. 2.
The outcome is illustrated in Fig. 3.
The outcome is illustrated in Fig. 4.
The outcome is illustrated in Figure 6(B).
Discussion
The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis shed significant light on the clinical effectiveness of Azilsartan in managing hypertension, particularly concerning its impact on clinical SBP and DBP.Our analysis revealed a substantial reduction in SBP (mean reduction = − 2.85 mmHg) and DBP (mean reduction = − 2.095 mmHg) among patients treated with Azilsartan, highlighting its efficacy as an antihypertensive medication.This is consistent with previously reported studies that proved its efficacy.However, these studies also had diuretics as a control, or the sample size was limited to a specific geographical location [22][23][24][25] .
In another analysis, azilsartan medoxomil 80 mg topped with a 99% chance of being the best in class for systolic blood pressure reduction, followed by azilsartan medoxomil 40 mg, and irbesartan 300 mg (85%) [26] .These findings are consistent with our analytic trend, suggesting that higher doses of Azilsartan may be necessary to achieve optimal blood pressure control in some patients.
The high efficacy of Azilsartan compared to other drugs of this ARB can be explained by its mechanism of action.Azilsartan inhibits angiotensin II-induced vascular contractions and has an inverse agonism against AT1.The fact that one drug of the same class worked better than others could be explained and attributed to its "insurmountaiblity" or longer half-life, that is the formation of tight complexes that take longer to eliminate from the body, thus providing longer action [27,28] .This translates into producing significant and long-lasting antihypertensive effects.Hence, the observed reductions in SBP and DBP in our analysis further strengthen the position of Azilsartan as an effective therapeutic option for hypertensive patients, potentially contributing to improved patient outcomes and quality of life.
It is worth mentioning that there were fewer studies investigating the effects of lower doses, precisely 10 mg and 20 mg of Azilsartan [11,16,19] .Hence, we could not critically analyze them.This discrepancy in the available literature highlights an important area for future research.A more comprehensive understanding of the clinical outcomes associated with lower doses of Azilsartan could provide valuable insights into dose-dependent effects and help tailor treatment regimens to individual patient needs.
Introducing Azilsartan in regular practice may not only bring clinical benefits but can also be cost-effective.It is estimated that $93.5 billion per year are spent only to manage hypertension and its related disorders like stroke and cardiovascular events [29] .A one-month stock of azilsartan medoxomil at its highest potency (80 mg ) is more affordable compared to any other alternative ARBs currently present in the market.While other ARBs cost $113-$134, the maximum cost of Azilsartan rounds up to $90, thus making it an exceptionally budget-friendly option within its drug category [7] .
Like any other study, our paper has some limitations.Firstly, the restriction of data to four countries only highlights the need for more geographical variance for the study.Secondly, some studies did not report exact numbers, and eventually, data had to be extracted, which could have led to some numerical errors.Thirdly, many of the ARBs were not used as controls in our studies, highlighting the need for more trials of Azilsartan with every drug of its class.The clinical characteristics of our included study populations, including age, gender, baseline health status, and co-morbidities were variable, and the follow-ups of our studies were at different time points, leading to potential heterogeneity.Moreover, the side effect profile of each drug needed to be analyzed, paving the way for future research.We also observed a need for more data regarding lower Azilsartan doses, precisely 10 mg, and 20 mg, in the available literature.As a result, the findings for these lower doses are less robust.While our subgroup analysis highlighted the effectiveness of 40 mg and 80 mg of Azilsartan, it's essential to consider variations in dosing regimens across different studies.Additionally, the studies included in this meta-analysis do not fully represent all patient populations or clinical scenarios.Moreover, while Azilsartan demonstrates better efficacy in our included population, two trials have reported it to have no superior benefit compared to other drugs of its class of diabetic patients.The drug had no effect on insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with concurring diabetes type II [15,17] .This warrants the need for trials, that focus on co-morbidities of the cohort, while analyzing the data.Lastly, our primary aim was to assess the clinical impact of Azilsartan in reducing BP in hypertensive patients within the context of routine clinical practice.We prioritized clinical SBP and DBP measurements taken under standard conditions over ambulatory BP as they directly relate to the management of hypertension.
Conclusion
Our systematic review and meta-analysis highlight the significant clinical benefits of Azilsartan in reducing SBP and DBP.The observed trends in dose-dependent effects highlight the importance of considering the optimal dosing regimens when prescribing Azilsartan to hypertensive patients.These findings will prove valuable to clinicians for their everyday practice in managing hypertension effectively and will lay the groundwork for future research in this field.
Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart of literature search.
Table 2
Risk of bias of included studies.
Study name Subgroup within study Outcome Statistics for each study Difference in means and 95% CI Difference in means Standard error Lower limit Upper limit
Forest plot for clinical systolic blood pressure.Forest plot for clinical diastolic blood pressure.
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shift ground
Verb
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- Confronted now with a growing list of unhelpful textual clues, Mr. Pereida seeks to shift ground.
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Efficiently renaming dataframe columns with complex logic
I have two issues here is the first one I want to concat sheets on xlsx for the below code:
import os
import pandas as pd
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS = r'Shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS.xlsx'
sheet_names = ['client31_KPN', 'client32_T-Mobile', 'client33_Vodafone']
cols = ['A:AB', 'A:AB', 'A:AB']
df = {}
for ws, c in zip(sheet_names, cols):
df[ws] = pd.read_excel(shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS, sheet_name = ws, usecols = c)
the second issue I want to read all columns in the sheet instead using the below line:
cols = ['A:AB', 'A:AB', 'A:AB']
Note that:
the columns in the sheets with the same names
as also I want to perform a code as the below with better and shorter way:
# shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns.str.replace(' ', '_')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns.str.replace('\n', '')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns.str.replace(r"[^a-zA-Z\d\_]+", "")
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns = map(str.lower, shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns)
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns.str.replace(' ', '_')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns.str.replace('\n', '')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns.str.replace(r"[^a-zA-Z\d\_]+", "")
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns = map(str.lower, shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns)
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns.str.replace(' ', '_')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns.str.replace('\n', '')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns.str.replace(r"[^a-zA-Z\d\_]+", "")
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns = map(str.lower, shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns)
dataframes2 = [shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1, shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2, shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3]
join2 = pd.concat(dataframes2).reset_index(drop=True)
and the previous code is belong to my old code before updating as the below one:
import os
import pandas as pd
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS = 'Shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS.xlsx'
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1 = pd.read_excel(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS), sheet_name='client31_KPN')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2 = pd.read_excel(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS), sheet_name='client32_T-Mobile')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3 = pd.read_excel(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS), sheet_name='client33_Vodafone')
#shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns.str.replace(' ', '_')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns.str.replace('\n', '')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns.str.replace(r"[^a-zA-Z\d\_]+", "")
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns = map(str.lower, shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1.columns)
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns.str.replace(' ', '_')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns.str.replace('\n', '')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns.str.replace(r"[^a-zA-Z\d\_]+", "")
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns = map(str.lower, shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2.columns)
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns.str.replace(' ', '_')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns.str.replace('\n', '')
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns = shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns.str.replace(r"[^a-zA-Z\d\_]+", "")
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns = map(str.lower, shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3.columns)
dataframes2 = [shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df1, shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df2, shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS_df3]
join2 = pd.concat(dataframes2).reset_index(drop=True)
#Edited:
I tried to create something to near what I want as the below code:
for ws, c in zip(sheet_names, cols):
df[ws] = pd.read_excel(shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS, sheet_name = ws, usecols = c)
df[ws].columns = df[ws].columns.str.replace(' ', '_')
df[ws].columns = df[ws].columns.str.replace('\n', '')
df[ws].columns = df[ws].columns.str.replace(r"[^a-zA-Z\d\_]+", "")
df[ws].columns = map(str.lower, df[ws].columns)
join2 = pd.concat(ws).reset_index(drop=True)
but I found the below error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "D:/Python Projects/MyAuditPy/pd_read.py", line 29, in <module>
join2 = pd.concat(ws).reset_index(drop=True)
File "C:\Users\DELL\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38-32\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\reshape\concat.py", line 271, in concat
op = _Concatenator(
File "C:\Users\DELL\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38-32\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\reshape\concat.py", line 306, in __init__
raise TypeError(
TypeError: first argument must be an iterable of pandas objects, you passed an object of type "str"
This is more of a "Code Review". There is a more specific website for that, but you can do things like str.replace(['1','2','3'],['a','b','c'], regex=True).map(...)
@DavidErickson thanks for your suggestion I have just post the answer could you check please may you have how to better perform this code
Honestly, the question could be a bit more focused and is too confusing. Also, it is not a minimum reproducible example with input and expected output for the data. It looks like someone was kind enough to look at your code and post an answer.
First, I try to avoid assigning the .columns attribute directly. Too much risk in getting things wrong.
Here's what I would do:
def renamer(c):
# I'm assuming this does what you want. hard to tell without knowing
# what your input and output looks like.
return (
c.strip().split(' ')[-1].lower()
)
df = pd.concat([
pd.read_excel(shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS, sheet_name=ws, usecols=c)
.rename(columns=renamer)
for ws, c in zip(sheet_names, cols)
], ignore_index=True).reset_index(drop=True)
thanks for your answer but I have a question do I have to rename all columns one bye one? I have more than 100 of columns :d
I don't need to create a dictionary
@MahmoudHarooney you don't need a dictionary and one is not created in this answer. The .rename method maps the passed function to all of the columns names.
about this part .rename(columns=renamer) what the renamer refers to?
@MahmoudHarooney whoops. there's a typo in my answer. I meant to call the function I define at the top renamer, not renames. I've corrected that.
wow that's brilliant bro :D best answer I got thanks alot you saved my time :D... I got the idea now :D
Ok Good I think I may have solved it like the below code and it works fine:
import os
import pandas as pd
shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS = r'Shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS.xlsx'
sheet_names = ['client31_KPN', 'client32_T-Mobile', 'client33_Vodafone']
cols = ['A:AB', 'A:AB', 'A:AB']
df = {}
for ws, c in zip(sheet_names, cols):
df[ws] = pd.read_excel(shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS, sheet_name = ws, usecols = c)
df[ws].columns = df[ws].columns.str.replace(' ', '_')
df[ws].columns = df[ws].columns.str.replace('\n', '')
df[ws].columns = df[ws].columns.str.replace(r"[^a-zA-Z\d\_]+", "")
df[ws].columns = map(str.lower, df[ws].columns)
join2 = pd.concat(df, ignore_index=True).reset_index(drop=True)
join2.to_csv("shared_BM_NL_Q2_DNS.csv")
Please give me some suggestions
|
196 So. 741
Henry McPHERSON v. STATE.
4 Div. 150.
Supreme Court of Alabama.
June 6, 1940.
Thos. S. Lawson, Atty. Gen.,, and Prime F. Osborn, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the motion.
W. L. Lee and Alto V. Lee, III,' both of Dothan, opposed.
KNIGHT, Justice.
This cause is before us on petition of the State of Alabama, on relation of the Attorney General, for writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals to review and revise the opinion and judgment of said court in the case of McPherson v. State of Alabama, 196 So. 739.
Writ-denied.
All the Justices concur.
|
Update release checklist issue template
Fix a few small issues that were noticed during the v0.8.0 process. This checklist is likely to change again for v0.9.0, but we might as well fix it now.
I took out the notes about how you can switch the dependencies to your own branches for testing. I think this is good advice, but not required for doing a release.
Let's wait until we get through everything to merge this.
cc: @portersrc
Ok, let's try to get this in before we forget what happened in v0.8.0
@confidential-containers/confidential-containers-maintainers
|
# system
from __future__ import print_function
import os
import sys
#
import tensorflow as tf
# third party
import trimesh
# self
_curr_path = os.path.abspath(__file__) # /home/..../face
_cur_dir = os.path.dirname(_curr_path) # ./
_tf_dir = os.path.dirname(_cur_dir) # ./
_tool_data_dir = os.path.dirname(_tf_dir) # ../
_deep_learning_dir = os.path.dirname(_tool_data_dir) # ../
print(_deep_learning_dir)
sys.path.append(_deep_learning_dir) # /home/..../pytorch3d
from .HDF5IO import *
from .trimesh_util import *
class BFM_singleTopo():
#
def __init__(self, path_gpmm, name, batch_size, rank=80, gpmm_exp_rank=64, mode_light=False, CVRT_MICRON_MM = 1000.0):
self.path_gpmm = path_gpmm
self.name = name
self.hdf5io = HDF5IO(path_gpmm, mode='r')
self.batch_size = batch_size
self.rank = rank
self.gpmm_exp_rank = gpmm_exp_rank
self.CVRT_MICRON_MM = CVRT_MICRON_MM
self._read_hdf5()
self._generate_tensor(mode_light)
def _read_hdf5(self):
CVRT_MICRON_MM = self.CVRT_MICRON_MM
name = self.name
"""
Shape
Origin Unit of measurement is micron
We convert to mm
pcaVar is eignvalue rather Var
"""
hdf5io_shape = HDF5IO(self.path_gpmm, self.hdf5io.handler_file['shape' + name])
self.hdf5io_pt_model = HDF5IO(self.path_gpmm, hdf5io_shape.handler_file['model'])
self.hdf5io_pt_representer = HDF5IO(self.path_gpmm, hdf5io_shape.handler_file['representer'])
pt_mean = self.hdf5io_pt_model.GetValue('mean').value
pt_mean = np.reshape(pt_mean, [-1])
self.pt_mean_np = pt_mean / CVRT_MICRON_MM
pt_pcaBasis = self.hdf5io_pt_model.GetValue('pcaBasis').value
self.pt_pcaBasis_np = pt_pcaBasis / CVRT_MICRON_MM
pt_pcaVariance = self.hdf5io_pt_model.GetValue('pcaVariance').value
pt_pcaVariance = np.reshape(pt_pcaVariance, [-1])
self.pt_pcaVariance_np = np.square(pt_pcaVariance)
self.point3d_mean_np = np.reshape(self.pt_mean_np, [-1, 3])
"""
Vertex color
Origin Unit of measurement is uint
We convert to float
pcaVar is eignvalue rather Var
"""
hdf5io_color = HDF5IO(self.path_gpmm, self.hdf5io.handler_file['color' + name])
self.hdf5io_rgb_model = HDF5IO(self.path_gpmm, hdf5io_color.handler_file['model'])
rgb_mean = self.hdf5io_rgb_model.GetValue('mean').value
rgb_mean = np.reshape(rgb_mean, [-1])
self.rgb_mean_np = rgb_mean / 255.0
rgb_pcaBasis = self.hdf5io_rgb_model.GetValue('pcaBasis').value
self.rgb_pcaBasis_np = rgb_pcaBasis / 255.0
rgb_pcaVariance = self.hdf5io_rgb_model.GetValue('pcaVariance').value
rgb_pcaVariance = np.reshape(rgb_pcaVariance, [-1])
self.rgb_pcaVariance_np = np.square(rgb_pcaVariance)
self.rgb3d_mean_np = np.reshape(self.rgb_mean_np, [-1, 3])
uv = self.hdf5io_rgb_model.GetValue('uv').value
self.uv_np = np.reshape(uv, [-1, 2])
if 0:
import cv2
texMU_fore_point = self.rgb3d_mean_np
image = np.zeros(shape=[224, 224, 3])
for i in range(len(texMU_fore_point)):
color = texMU_fore_point[i] * 255.0
uv = self.uv_np[i]
u = int(uv[0] * 223)
v = int((1 - uv[1]) * 223)
image[v, u, :] = color
image = np.asarray(image, dtype=np.uint8)
image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2BGR)
cv2.imshow("Image Debug", image)
k = cv2.waitKey(0) & 0xFF
if k == 27:
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
list_uvImageIndex = []
for i in range(len(self.rgb3d_mean_np)):
uv = self.uv_np[i]
u = int(uv[0] * 224)-1
v = int((1 - uv[1]) * 224)-1
if u < 0:
u = 0
if v < 0:
v = 0
idx = v * 224 + u
list_uvImageIndex.append(idx)
self.uvIdx_np = np.array(list_uvImageIndex)
"""
Expression
Origin Unit of measurement is micron
We convert to mm
pcaVar is eignvalue rather Var
"""
hdf5io_exp = HDF5IO(self.path_gpmm, self.hdf5io.handler_file['expression' + name])
self.hdf5io_exp_model = HDF5IO(self.path_gpmm, hdf5io_exp.handler_file['model'])
# self.exp_mean = self.hdf5io_exp_model.GetValue('mean').value
exp_pcaBasis = self.hdf5io_exp_model.GetValue('pcaBasis').value
self.exp_pcaBasis_np = exp_pcaBasis / CVRT_MICRON_MM
exp_pcaVariance = self.hdf5io_exp_model.GetValue('pcaVariance').value
exp_pcaVariance = np.reshape(exp_pcaVariance, [-1])
self.exp_pcaVariance_np = np.square(exp_pcaVariance)
# self.exp3d_mean_np = np.reshape(self.exp_mean, [-1, 3])
"""
Tri
Index from 1
"""
mesh_tri_reference = self.hdf5io_pt_representer.GetValue('tri').value
mesh_tri_reference = mesh_tri_reference - 1
self.mesh_tri_np = np.reshape(mesh_tri_reference.astype(np.int32), [-1, 3])
# Here depend on how to generate
# Here depend on how to generate
# Here depend on how to generate
if 'idx_sub' in self.hdf5io_pt_representer.GetMainKeys():
idx_subTopo = self.hdf5io_pt_representer.GetValue('idx_sub').value
idx_subTopo = idx_subTopo # Here depend on how to generate
self.idx_subTopo_np = np.reshape(idx_subTopo.astype(np.int32), [-1])
self.idx_subTopo = tf.constant(self.idx_subTopo_np, dtype=tf.int32)
self.nplist_v_ring_f_flat_np = self.hdf5io_pt_representer.GetValue('vertex_ring_face_flat').value
# used in tensor
self.nplist_ver_ref_face_num = self.hdf5io_pt_representer.GetValue('vertex_ring_face_num').value
self.nplist_v_ring_f, self.nplist_v_ring_f_index = \
self._get_v_ring_f(self.nplist_v_ring_f_flat_np, self.nplist_ver_ref_face_num)
"""
lm idx
"""
if 'idx_lm68' in self.hdf5io_pt_representer.GetMainKeys():
idx_lm68_np = self.hdf5io_pt_representer.GetValue('idx_lm68').value
idx_lm68_np = np.reshape(idx_lm68_np, [-1])
self.idx_lm68_np = idx_lm68_np.astype(dtype=np.int32)
def _generate_tensor(self, mode_light=False):
rank = self.rank
gpmm_exp_rank = self.gpmm_exp_rank
if mode_light:
pass
else:
"""
Vertex
"""
self.pt_mean = tf.constant(self.pt_mean_np, dtype=tf.float32)
self.pt_pcaBasis = tf.constant(self.pt_pcaBasis_np[:, :rank], dtype=tf.float32)
self.pt_pcaVariance = tf.constant(self.pt_pcaVariance_np[:rank], dtype=tf.float32)
"""
Vertex color
"""
self.rgb_mean = tf.constant(self.rgb_mean_np, dtype=tf.float32)
self.rgb_pcaBasis = tf.constant(self.rgb_pcaBasis_np[:, :rank], dtype=tf.float32)
self.rgb_pcaVariance = tf.constant(self.rgb_pcaVariance_np[:rank], dtype=tf.float32)
self.uv = tf.constant(self.uv_np[:rank], dtype=tf.float32)
"""
Expression
"""
self.exp_pcaBasis = tf.constant(self.exp_pcaBasis_np[:, :gpmm_exp_rank], dtype=tf.float32)
self.exp_pcaVariance = tf.constant(self.exp_pcaVariance_np[:gpmm_exp_rank], dtype=tf.float32)
"""
Generate normal presplit
"""
self.nplist_v_ring_f_flat = [item for sublist in self.nplist_v_ring_f for item in sublist]
max_padding = max(self.nplist_v_ring_f, key=len)
max_padding = len(max_padding)
self.nplist_v_ring_f_index_pad = []
for sublist in self.nplist_v_ring_f:
def trp(l, n):
return np.concatenate([l[:n], [l[-1]] * (n - len(l))])
sublist_pad = trp(sublist, max_padding)
self.nplist_v_ring_f_index_pad.append(sublist_pad)
self.nplist_v_ring_f_index_pad = np.array(self.nplist_v_ring_f_index_pad, dtype=np.int32)
self.nplist_v_ring_f_index_flat = [item for sublist in self.nplist_v_ring_f_index for item in sublist]
self.mesh_vertex_refer_face = tf.constant(self.nplist_v_ring_f_flat, dtype=tf.int32) # vertex_num*[2/3...8]
self.mesh_vertex_refer_face_pad = tf.constant(self.nplist_v_ring_f_index_pad, dtype=tf.int32) # vertex_num, max_padding
self.mesh_vertex_refer_face_index = tf.constant(self.nplist_v_ring_f_index_flat, dtype=tf.int32) # vertex_num*[2/3...8]
self.mesh_vertex_refer_face_num = tf.constant(self.nplist_ver_ref_face_num, dtype=tf.float32) # vertex_num
# tri
self.mesh_tri = tf.constant(self.mesh_tri_np, dtype=tf.int32)
# uv
self.uvIdx = tf.constant(self.uvIdx_np, dtype=tf.int32)
def _get_v_ring_f(self, v_ring_f_flat, v_ring_f_num):
list_v_ring_f = []
list_v_ring_f_index = []
idx_start = 0
for i in range(len(v_ring_f_num)):
vf_num = v_ring_f_num[i]
v_ring_f = v_ring_f_flat[idx_start:idx_start+vf_num]
list_v_ring_f.append(v_ring_f)
v_ring_f_index = np.zeros([len(v_ring_f)], dtype=np.int32) + i
list_v_ring_f_index.append(v_ring_f_index)
idx_start = idx_start+vf_num
return np.array(list_v_ring_f), np.array(list_v_ring_f_index)
def instance(self, coeff_batch, coeff_exp_batch=None):
"""
:param coeff_batch: shape=[bs, 80]
:param coeff_exp_batch: shape=[bs, 64]
:return:
"""
"""
Vertex
"""
coeff_var_batch = coeff_batch * tf.sqrt(self.pt_pcaVariance)
coeff_var_batch = tf.transpose(coeff_var_batch)
#coeff_var_batch = tf.expand_dims(coeff_var_batch, -1)
mesh_diff = tf.matmul(self.pt_pcaBasis, coeff_var_batch)
#mesh_diff = tf.squeeze(mesh_diff, axis=-1)
mesh_diff = tf.transpose(mesh_diff) # shape=[bs, 80]
"""
Exp
"""
if coeff_exp_batch is not None:
coeff_var_batch = coeff_exp_batch * tf.sqrt(self.exp_pcaVariance)
coeff_var_batch = tf.transpose(coeff_var_batch)
#coeff_var_batch = tf.expand_dims(coeff_var_batch, -1)
exp_diff = tf.matmul(self.exp_pcaBasis, coeff_var_batch)
#exp_diff = tf.squeeze(exp_diff, axis=-1)
exp_diff = tf.transpose(exp_diff)
mesh = self.pt_mean + mesh_diff + exp_diff
else:
mesh = self.pt_mean + mesh_diff
mesh = tf.reshape(mesh, [self.batch_size, -1, 3])
return mesh
def instance_color(self, coeff_batch):
coeff_var_batch = coeff_batch * tf.sqrt(self.rgb_pcaVariance)
coeff_var_batch = tf.transpose(coeff_var_batch)
#coeff_var_batch = tf.Print(coeff_var_batch, [coeff_batch, coeff_var_batch], summarize=256, message='instance_color')
#coeff_var_batch = tf.expand_dims(coeff_var_batch, -1)
mesh_diff = tf.matmul(self.rgb_pcaBasis, coeff_var_batch)
mesh_diff = tf.transpose(mesh_diff) # shape=[bs, 80]
#mesh_diff = tf.squeeze(mesh_diff, axis=-1)
mesh = self.rgb_mean + mesh_diff
#mesh = tf.Print(mesh, [self.rgb_mean[:10], mesh_diff[:10]], summarize=256, message='mesh_color')
mesh = tf.clip_by_value(mesh, 0.0, 1.0)
mesh = tf.reshape(mesh, [self.batch_size, -1, 3])
return mesh
# np only
def get_mesh_mean(self):
pt_mean_3d = self.pt_mean_np.reshape(-1, 3)
rgb_mean_3d = self.rgb_mean_np.reshape(-1, 3)
mesh_mean = trimesh.Trimesh(
pt_mean_3d,
self.mesh_tri_np,
vertex_colors=rgb_mean_3d,
process = False
)
return mesh_mean
class BFM_TF():
#
def __init__(self, path_gpmm, rank=80, gpmm_exp_rank=64, batch_size=1, full=False):
# 0. Read HDF5 IO
self.path_gpmm = path_gpmm
self.rank = rank
self.gpmm_exp_rank = gpmm_exp_rank
self.batch_size = batch_size
"""
Read origin model, np only
"""
self.h_curr = self._get_origin_model()
if full:
self.h_full = self._get_full_model()
self.h_fore = self._get_fore_model()
"""
Tri
"""
# self.mesh_idx_fore = tf.constant(self.mesh_idx_fore_np, dtype=tf.int32) # 27660
# self.mesh_tri_reference_fore = tf.constant(self.mesh_tri_reference_fore_np, dtype=tf.int32) # 54681, 3
"""
LM
"""
self.idx_lm68 = tf.constant(self.h_curr.idx_lm68_np, dtype=tf.int32)
def _get_origin_model(self):
return BFM_singleTopo(self.path_gpmm, name='', batch_size=self.batch_size)
def _get_full_model(self):
return BFM_singleTopo(self.path_gpmm, name='_full', batch_size=self.batch_size, mode_light=False)
def _get_fore_model(self):
return BFM_singleTopo(self.path_gpmm, name='_fore', batch_size=self.batch_size, mode_light=True)
def instance(self, coeff_batch, coeff_exp_batch=None):
return self.h_curr.instance(coeff_batch, coeff_exp_batch)
def instance_color(self, coeff_batch):
return self.h_curr.instance_color(coeff_batch)
def instance_full(self, coeff_batch, coeff_exp_batch=None):
return self.h_full.instance(coeff_batch, coeff_exp_batch)
def instance_color_full(self, coeff_batch):
return self.h_full.instance_color(coeff_batch)
def get_lm3d_instance_vertex(self, lm_idx, points_tensor_batch):
lm3d_batch = tf.gather(points_tensor_batch, lm_idx, axis=1)
return lm3d_batch
def get_lm3d_mean(self):
pt_mean = tf.reshape(self.pt_mean, [-1, 3])
lm3d_mean = tf.gather(pt_mean, self.idx_lm68)
return lm3d_mean
# np only
def get_mesh_mean(self, mode_str):
if mode_str == 'curr':
return self.h_curr.get_mesh_mean()
elif mode_str == 'fore':
return self.h_fore.get_mesh_mean()
elif mode_str == 'full':
return self.h_full.get_mesh_mean()
else:
return None
def get_mesh_fore_mean(self):
pt_mean_3d = self.pt_mean_np.reshape(-1, 3)
rgb_mean_3d = self.rgb_mean_np.reshape(-1, 3)
mesh_mean = trimesh.Trimesh(
pt_mean_3d[self.mesh_idx_fore_np],
self.mesh_tri_reference_fore_np,
vertex_colors=rgb_mean_3d[self.mesh_idx_fore_np],
process=False
)
return mesh_mean
def get_lm3d(self, vertices, idx_lm68_np=None):
if idx_lm68_np is None:
idx_lm = self.idx_lm68_np
else:
idx_lm = idx_lm68_np
return vertices[idx_lm]
def get_random_vertex_color_batch(self):
coeff_shape_batch = []
coeff_exp_batch = []
for i in range(self.batch_size):
coeff_shape = tf.random.normal(shape=[self.rank], mean=0, stddev=tf.sqrt(3.0))
coeff_shape_batch.append(coeff_shape)
exp_shape = tf.random.normal(shape=[self.gpmm_exp_rank], mean=0, stddev=tf.sqrt(3.0))
coeff_exp_batch.append(exp_shape)
coeff_shape_batch = tf.stack(coeff_shape_batch)
coeff_exp_batch = tf.stack(coeff_exp_batch)
points_tensor_batch = self.instance(coeff_shape_batch, coeff_exp_batch)
coeff_color_batch = []
for i in range(self.batch_size):
coeff_color = tf.random.normal(shape=[self.rank], mean=0, stddev=tf.sqrt(3.0))
coeff_color_batch.append(coeff_color)
coeff_color_batch = tf.stack(coeff_color_batch)
points_color_tensor_batch = self.instance_color(coeff_color_batch)
# mesh_tri_shape_list = []
# for i in range(batch):
# points_np = points_tensor_batch[i]
# tri_np = tf.transpose(self.mesh_tri_reference)
# points_color_np = tf.uint8(points_color_tensor_batch[i]*255)
#
#
# mesh_tri_shape = trimesh.Trimesh(
# points_np,
# tri_np,
# vertex_colors=points_color_np,
# process=False
# )
# #mesh_tri_shape.show()
# #mesh_tri_shape.export("/home/jx.ply")
# mesh_tri_shape_list.append(mesh_tri_shape)
return points_tensor_batch, points_color_tensor_batch, coeff_shape_batch, coeff_color_batch
if __name__ == '__main__':
path_gpmm = '/home/jshang/SHANG_Data/ThirdLib/BFM2009/bfm09_trim_exp_uv_presplit.h5'
h_lrgp = BFM_TF(path_gpmm, 80, 2, full=True)
tri = h_lrgp.get_mesh_mean('curr')
#tri.show()
tri.export("/home/jshang/SHANG_Data/ThirdLib/BFM2009/bfm09_mean.ply")
tri = h_lrgp.get_mesh_mean('fore')
tri.export("/home/jshang/SHANG_Data/ThirdLib/BFM2009/bfm09_mean_fore.ply")
tri = h_lrgp.get_mesh_mean('full')
tri.export("/home/jshang/SHANG_Data/ThirdLib/BFM2009/bfm09_mean_full.ply")
"""
build graph
"""
ver, ver_color, _, _ = h_lrgp.get_random_vertex_color_batch()
ver_color = tf.cast(ver_color*255.0, dtype=tf.uint8)
lm3d_mean = h_lrgp.get_lm3d_mean()
lm3d_mean = tf.expand_dims(lm3d_mean, 0)
print(lm3d_mean)
# test normal
from tfmatchd.face.geometry.lighting import vertex_normals_pre_split_fixtopo
vertexNormal = vertex_normals_pre_split_fixtopo(
ver, h_lrgp.mesh_tri_reference, h_lrgp.mesh_vertex_refer_face,
h_lrgp.mesh_vertex_refer_face_index, h_lrgp.mesh_vertex_refer_face_num
)
"""
run
"""
sv = tf.train.Supervisor()
config = tf.ConfigProto()
config.gpu_options.allow_growth = True
with sv.managed_session(config=config) as sess:
fetches = {
"ver": ver,
"ver_color": ver_color,
"vertexNormal": vertexNormal,
"lm3d_mean":lm3d_mean
}
"""
********************************************* Start Trainning *********************************************
"""
results = sess.run(fetches)
ver = results["ver"]
ver_color = results["ver_color"]
vertexNormal_np = results["vertexNormal"]
lm3d_mean_np = results["lm3d_mean"]
print(lm3d_mean_np)
# # normal test
# for i in range(len(vertexNormal_np)):
# ver_trimesh = trimesh.Trimesh(
# ver[i],
# h_lrgp.mesh_tri_reference_np,
# vertex_colors=ver_color[i],
# process=False
# )
# vn_trimesh = ver_trimesh.vertex_normals
# vn_tf = vertexNormal_np[i]
# print(vn_trimesh[180:190])
# print(vn_tf[180:190])
#
# error = abs(vn_trimesh - vn_tf)
# error = np.sum(error)
# print(error)
|
still supposed to swagger. Eton boys swagger in their own little village ; undergraduates swagger. The putting on of ' side,' by the way, is a peculiarly modern form of swagger : it is the assumption of certain qualities and powers which are considered as deserving of respect. Swagger, fifty years ago, was a coarser kind of thing. Officers swaggered ; men of rank swaggered ; men of wealth swaggered ; gentlemen in military frogs — there are no longer any military frogs — swaggered in taverns, clubs, and in the streets. The adoption of quiet manners ; the wearing of rank with unobtrusive dignity ; the possession of wealth without ostentation ; of wit without the desire to be always showing it — these are points in which we are decidedly in advance of our fathers. There was a great deal of cuff and collar, stock and breastpin about the young fellows of the day. They were oppressive in their gallantry: in public places they asserted themselves ; they were loud in their talk. In order to understand the young man of the day, one may study the life and career of thai gay and gallant gentleman, the Count d'Orsay, model and paragon for all young gentlemen of his time.
They were louder in their manners, and in their conversation they were insulting, especially the wits. Things were said by these gentlemen, even in a duelhng age, which would be followed in these days by a violent personal assault. In fact, the necessity of fighting a duel if you kicked a man seems to have been the cause why men were constantly allowed to call each other, by
IN SOCIETY 113
implication, Fool, Ass, Knave, and so forth. So very disagreeable a thing was it to turn out in the early morning, in order to be shot at, that men stood anything rather than subject themselves to it. Consider the things said by Douglas Jerrold, for instance. They are always witty, of course, but they are often mere insults. Yet nobody seems ever to have fallen upon him. And not only this kind of tiling was permitted, but things of the grossest taste passed unrebuked. For instance, only a few years before our period, at Holland House — not at a club, or a tavern, or a tap-room, but actually at Holland House, the most refined and cultured place in London — the folio vmig conversation once passed.
They were asking who was the worst man in the whole of history — a most unprofitable question ; and one man after the other was proposed. Among the company present was the Prince Eegent himself. ' I,' said Sydney Smith — no other than Sydney Smith, if you please — ' have always considered the Duke of Orleaus, Regent of France, to have been the worst man in all history ; and he,' looking at the illustrious guest, ' was a Prince.' A dead silence followed, broken by the Prince himself. ' For my own part,' he said, ' I have always considered that he was excelled by his tutor, the Abbe Dubois ; and he was a priest, Mr. Sydney.' Considering the reputation of the Prince, and the kind of
pudence and the bad taste to make such a speech.
We still constantly hear, in the modern School for Scandal, remarks concerning the honour, the virtue, the cleverness, the abihty, the beauty, the accomphshments of our friends. But it is behind their backs. We no longer try to put the truth openly before them. We stab in the back ; but we no lonjrer attack in front. One ought not to stab at all ; but the back is a portion of the frame which feels nothino-. So far the change is a distinct gain.
Society, again, fifty years ago, was exclusive. You belonged to society, or you did not ; there was no overlapping, there were no circles which intersected. And if you were in society you went to Almack s. If you did not go to Almack's you might be a very interesting, praiseworthy, well-bred creature ; but you could not claim to be in society. Nothing could be more simple. Therefore, everybody ardently desired to be seen at Almack's. This, however, was not in everybody's power. Almack's, for instance, was far more exclusive than the Court. Riff-raff might go to Court ; but they could not get to Almack's, for at its gates there stood, not one angel with a fiery sword, but six in the shape of English ladies, terrible in turbans, splendid in diamonds, magnificent in satin, and awful in rank.
They were the Ladies Jersey, Londonderry, Cowper, Brownlow, Willoughby d'Eresby, and Euston. These ladies formed the dreaded Committee. They decided
IN SOCIETY
wlio should be admitted within the circle ; all applications had to be made direct to them ; no one was allowed to bring friends. Those who desired to go to the balls — Heavens ! what lady did not ardently desire? — were obliged to send in a personal request to be allowed the honour. Not only this, but they w^ere also
obliged to send for the answer, which took the form of a voucher — that is, a ticket — or a simple refusal, from which there was no appeal. Gentlemen were admitted in the same way, and by the same mode of application, as the ladies. In their case, it is pleasing to add, some regard was paid to character as well as to birth and rank, so that if a man openly and flagrantly insulted
ii6 FIFTY YEARS AGO
society he was supposed not to be admitted ; but one asks with some trembUnj? how far such rigour would be extended towards a young and unmarried Duke. Ahnack's was a sort of Royal Academy of Society, the Academic diploma being represented by the admitted candidate's pedigree, his family connections, and his family shield. The heartburnings, jealousies, and maddening envies caused by this exclusive circle were, I take it, the cause of its decline and fall. Trade, even of the grandest and most successful kind, even in the persons of the grandchildren, had no chance wliatever ; no self-made man was admitted ; in fact, it was not recognised that a man could make himself; either he belonged to a good family or he did not — genius was not considered at all ; admission to Almack's was like admission to the Order of the Garter, because it pretended no nonsense about merit ; wives and daughters of simple country squires, judges, bishops, generals, admirals, and so forth, knew better than to apply ; the intrigues, backstairs influence, solicitation of friends, were as endless at Almack's as the intrigues at the Admiralty to procure promotion. Admission could not, however, be bought. So far the committee were beyond suspicion and beyond reproach ; it was whispered, to be sure, that there was favouritism — awful word ! Put yourself in the position, if you have imagination enough, of a young and beautiful debutante. Admission to Almack's means for you that you can see your right and title clear to a coronet. What will you not do — what
cringing, supplication, adulation, hypocrisies — to secure that card ? And oh ! the happiness, the rapture, of sending to Wilhs's Eooms and finding a card waiting for you! and the misery and despair of receiving, instead, the terrible letter which told you, without reason assigned, that the Ladies of the Committee could not grant your request !
it was called. Quadrilles were also danced. It may be interesting to those who have kept the old music to learn that in the year 1836 the favourite quadrilles were LEclair and La Tele de Bronze^ and the favourite valse was Le Beraede contre le Sommeil. They had also Strauss's waltzes.
ii8 FIFTY YEARS AGO
elusive, but excluded more than was politic. The only chance for the continued existence of such an institution is that it should be constantly enlarging its boundaries, just as the only chance for the continued existence of such an aristocracy as ours is that it should be always admitting new members. Somehow the kind of small circle which shall include only the creme de la creme is always falling to pieces. We hear of a club which is to contain only the very noblest, but in a year or two it has ceased to exist, or it is like all other clubs. Moreover, a great social change has now passed over the country. The stockbroker, to speak in allegory, has got into Society. Eespect for Eank, fifty years ago universal and profound, is rapidly decaying. There are still many left who believe in some kind of superiority by Divine Eight and the Sovereign's gift of Eank, even though that Eank be but ten years old, and the grandfather's shop is still remembered. We do not pretend to believe any longer that Eank by itself makes people cleverer, more moral, stronger, more religious, or more capable ; but some of us still believe that, in some unknown way, it makes them superior. These thinkers are getting fewer. And the decay of agriculture, which promises to continue and increase, assists the decay of Eespect for Eank, because such an aristocracy as that of these islands, when it becomes poor, becomes contemptible.
IN SOCIETY 119
equality, nothing of woman suffrage ; there were no women on Boards, there were none who lectured and spoke in public, there were few who wrote seriously. Women regarded themselves, and spoke of themselves, as inferior to men in understanding, as they were in bodily strength. Their case is not likely to be understated by one of themselves. Hear, therefore, what Mrs. John Sandford — nowadays she would have been Mrs. Ethel Sandford, or Mrs. Christian-and maiden-name Sandford — says upon her sisters. It is in a book called
' There is something unfeminine in independence. It is contrary to Nature, and therefore it offends. A really sensible woman feels her dependence ; she does what she can, but she is conscious of inferiority, and therefore grateful for support^ The italics are mine.
* In everything that women attempt they should show their consciousness of dependence. . . . They should remember that by them influence is to be obtained, not by assumption, but by a delicate appeal to affection or principle. Women in this respect are something like children — the more they show their need of support, the more engaging they are. The appropriate expression of dependence is gentleness.* The whole work is executed in this spirit, the keynote being the inferiority of woman. Heavens! with what a storm would such a book be now received !
I20 FIFTY YEARS AGO
English people, which he afterwards published. From this book one learns a great deal concerning the manners of the time. For instance, he went to a dinner-party given by a certain noble lord, at which the whole service was of silver, a silver hot-water dish being placed under every plate ; the dinner lasted until midnight, and the German guest drank too much wine, though he missed ' most of the healths.' It was then the custom at private dinner-parties to go on drinking healths after dinner, and to sit over the wine till midnight. He goes to an 'At Home' at Lady A.'s. Of what colour were the coloured waistcoats, and of what colour the coats which were not black, and how were the other men dressed.^ Perhaps one or two may have been Bishops in evening dress. Now the evening dress of a Bishop used to be blue. I once saw a Bishop dressed all in blue — he was a very aged Bishop, and it was at a City Company's dinner — and I was told it had formerly been the evening dress of Bishops, but was now only worn by the most ancient among them. Herr Eaumer mentions the ' countless ' carriages in Hyde Park, and observes that no one could afford to keep a carriage who had not 3,000/. a year at least. And at fashionable dances he observes that they dance nothing but waltzes. The English ladies he finds beautifid, and of the men he observes that the more they eat and drink the colder they become — because they drank
IN SOCIETY 121
port, no doubt, under the influence of which, though the heart glows more and more, there comes a time when the brow clouds, and the speech thickens, and the tongue refuses to act.
The dinners were conducted on primitive principles. Except in great houses, where the meat and game were carved by the butler, everything was carved on the table. The host sat behind the haunch of mutton, and * helped ' with zeal ; the guests took the ducks, the turkey, the liare, and the fowls, and did their part, conscious of critical eyes. A dinner was a terrible ordeal for a young man who, perhaps, found himself called upon to dissect a pair of ducks. He took up the knife with burning cheeks and perspiring nose ; now, at last, an impostor, one who knew not the ways of polite society, would be discovered ; he began to feel for the joints, while the cold eyes of his hostess gazed reproachfully upon him — ladies, in those days, knew good carving, and could carve for themselves. Perhaps he had, with a ghastly grin, to confess that he could not find those joints. Then the dish was removed and given to another guest, a horribly self-reliant creature, who laughed and talked while he dexterously sliced the breast and cut off the legs. If, in his agony, the poor wretch would take refuge in the bottle, he had to wait until some one invited him to take wine — horrible tyranny ! The dinner-table was ornamented with a ereat epergne of silver or glass ; after dinner the cloth was removed, showing the table, deep in colour, lustrous,
the bottle after the ladies had gone.
Very httle need be said about the Court. It was then in the hands of a few families. It had no connection at all with the hfe of the country, which went on as if there were no Court at all. It is strange that in these fifty years of change the Court should have altered so little. Now, as then, the Court neither attracts, nor attempts to attract, any of the leaders in Art, Science, or Literature. Now, as then, the Court is a thing apart from the life of the country. For the best class of all, those who are continually advancing the country in science, or keeping alight the sacred lamp of letters, who are its scholars, architects, engineers, artists, poets, authors, journalists, who are the merchant adventurers of modern times, who are the preachers and teachers, the Court simply does not exist. One states the fact without comment. But it should be stated, and it should be clearly understood. The whole of those men who in this generation maintain the greatness of our country in the ways where alone greatness is desirable or memorable, except in arms, the only men of this generation whose memories will live and adorn the Victorian era, are strangers to the Court. It seems a great pity. An ideal Court should be the centre of everything — Art, Letters, Science, all.
As for the rest of society — how the people had drums and routs and balls; how they angled for husbands; now they were hollow and unnatural, and so forth —
IN SOCIETY 123
you may read about it in the pages of Thackeray. And I, for one, have never been able to understand how Thackeray got his knowledge of these exclusive circles. Instead of dancing at Almack's he was taking his chop and stout at tlie Cock ; instead of gambling at Crockford's he was writing ' copy ' for any paper which woidd take it. When and where did he meet Miss Newcome and Lady Kew and Lord Steyne ? Per-
WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY
haps lie wrote of them by intuition, as Disraeli wrote the ' Young Duke.' ' My son, sir,' said the elder Disraeli proudly, ' has never, I believe, even seen a Duke.'
One touch more. There is before me a beautiful, solemn work, one in wliich the writer feels his responsibihties almost too profoundly. It is on no less important a subject than Etiquette, containing Eules for the
' If you have drunk wine with every one at the table and wish for more ' — Heavens ! More ! And after drinking wiih every one at the table ! — ' wait till the cloth is removed.'
AT THE PLAY AND THE SHOW.
Fifty years ago the Theatre was, far more than al present, the favourite amusement of the Londoners. It was a passion with them. They did not go only to laugh and be pleased as we go now ; they went as critics ; the pit preserves to this day a reputation, long since lost, for critical power. A large number of the audience went to every new performance of a stock piece in order to criticise. After the theatre they repaired to the Albion or the Cock for supper, and to talk over the performance. Fifty years ago there were about eighteen theatres, for a London of two millions.-^ These theatres were not open all the year round, but it was reckoned that 20,000 people went every night to the theatre. There are now thirty theatres at least open nearly the whole year round. I doubt if there are many more than 20,000 at all of them
' The following were the London theatres in the year 1837: Her Majesty's, formerly the King's: Drury Lane, Covent Garden, the * Siimmev House,' or Haymarket; the Lyceum, the Prince's (now St. James's), the Adelplii, the City of London (Norton Folgate), the Surrey, Astley's, the Queen's (afterwards the Prince of Wales's), the Olympic, and the Strand, the Cohurg (originally opened as the Victoria in 18.33), Sadler's Wells, the Royal Pavilion, the Garrick, and the Clarence (now the King's Cross).
.126 FIFTY YEARS AGO
toijetlier on an averaa;e in one nif]i;ht. Yet London has doubled, and the visitors to London have been multiphed by ten. It is by the visitors that the theatres are kept up. The people of London have in great measure lost their taste for the theatres, because they have gone to live in the suburbs. Who, for instance, that lives in Hampstead and wishes to get up in good time in the morning can take his wife often to the theatre ? It takes an hour to drive into town, the hour after dinner. The play is over at a little after eleven ; if he takes a cab, the driver is sulky at the thought of going up the hill and getting back again without another fare ; if he goes and returns in a brougham, it doubles the expense. Formerly, when everybody lived in town, they could walk. Again, the price of seats has enormously gone up. Where there were two rows of stalls at the same price as the dress circle — namely, four shillings — there are now a dozen at the price of half a guinea. And it is very much more the fashion to take the best places, so that the dress circle is no longer the same highly respectable part of the house, while the upper boxes are now ' out of it' altogether, and, as for the pit, no man knoweth whether there be any pit still.
Besides, there are so many more distractions ; a more widely spread habit of reading, more music, more art, more society, a fuller life. The theatre was formerly — it is still to many — the only school of conversation, wit, manners, and sentiment, the chief excitement which took them out of their daily lives, the most delightful,
AT THE FLAY AND THE SHOW 127
the most entrancing manner of spending the evening. If the theatre were the same to the people of London as it used to be, the average attendance, counting the visitors, would be not 20,000 but 120,000.
The reason why some of the houses were open for six months only was that the Lord Chancellor grantea a licence for that period only, except to the patent houses. The Haymarket was a summer house, from April to October ; the Adelphi a winter house, from October to April.
The most fashionable of the houses was Her Majesty's, where only Italian Opera was performed. Everybody in society was obliged to have a box for the season, for which sums were paid varying with the place in the house and the rank and wealth of the tenant. Thus the old Duke of Gloucester used to pay three hundred guineas for the season. On levee days and drawingrooms the fashionable world went to the Opera in their Court dresses, feathers, and diamonds, and all — a very moving spectacle. Those who only took a box in order to keep up appearances, and because it was necessary for one in society to have a box, used to sell seats — commonly called bones, because a round numbered bone was the ticket of admission — to their friends ; sometimes they let their box for a single night, a month, or the whole season, by means of the agents, so that, except for the honour of it, as the man said when the bottom of his sedan-chair fell out, one might as well have had none at all.
128 FIFTY YEARS AGO
The prices of admission to the theatres were very much less than obtain at the present day. At Drury Lane the boxes and stalls, of which there were two or three rows only, were Is. each ; the pit was 05. 6c?., the upper boxes 25., and the gallery \s. At Co vent
Garden, where they were great at spectacle, with performing animals, the great Bunn being lessee, the prices were lower, the boxes being 4s., the pit 2*., the upper boxes \s. 6d^., and gallery Is. At the Haymarket the boxes were 5s., the pit 3s., and the gallery Is. 6<:/.
AT THE PLAY AND THE SHOW 129
the Haymarket they had Farren, Webster, Buckstone, Mrs. Glover, and Mrs. Humby. At the Olympic, Elhston, Liston, and Madame Vestris. Helen Faucit made her first appearance in 1835 ; Miss Fanny Kemble hers in 1830. Charles Mathews, Harley, Macready, and Charles Kean were all playing. I hardly think that in fifty years' time so good a hst will be made of actors of the present day whose memory has lasted so long as those of 1837. The salaries of actors and singers varied greatly, of course. Malibran received 125Z. a night, Charles Kean 50/. a night, Macready 30/. a week, Farren 20/. a week, and so on, down to the humble chorister — they then called her a figurante — with her 125. or I85. a week.
As for the national drama, I suppose it had never before been in so wretched a state. Talfourd's play of ' Ion ' was produced about this time ; but one good play — supposing ' Ion ' to be a good play — is hardly enough to redeem the character of the age There were also tragedies by Miss Mitford and Miss Baillie — strange that no woman has ever written even a tolerable play — but these failed to keep the stage. One Mr. Maturin, now dying out of recollection, also wrote tragedies. The comedies and farces were written by Planche, Reynolds, Peake, Theodore Hook, Dibdin, Leman Eede, Poole, Maddison Morton, and Moncrieff. A really popular writer, we learn with envy and astonishment, would make as much as 30/., or even 40/., by a good piece. Think of making 30/. or 40/. by a good piece at the
theatre ! Was not that noble encouragement for the playwrights ? Thirty pounds for one piece ! It takes one's breath away. Would not Mr. Gilbert, Mr. Wills, and Mr. George Sims be proud and happy men if they could get 30/. — a whole lump of 30/. — for a single _ . piece ? We can ima-
difficulty of getting
copies of his work. Shorthand writers used to try- — they still try — to take down, unseen, the dialogue. Generally, however, they are detected in the act and desired to withdraw. As a rule, if the dramatist did not print the plays, he was safe, except from treachery on the part of the prompter. The low prices paid for dramatic work were the chief causes of the decline — say, ratlier, the dreadful decay, dry rot, and galloping consumption — of the drama fifty years ago. Who, for instance, would ever expect good fiction to be produced if it was
AT THE PLAY AND THE SHOW 131
rewarded at the rate of no more than 30/., or even 300/., a novel ? Great prizes are incentives for good work. Good craftsmen will no longer work if the pay is bad ; or, if they work at all, they will not throw their hearts into the work. The great success of Walter Scott was the cause why Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, Charles Eeade, and the many second-rate novelists chose fiction rather than the drama for their energies. One or two of them, Dickens and Reade, for instance, were always hankerinor after the stasre. Had dramatists received the same treatment in England as in France, many of these writers would have seriously turned their attention to the theatre, and our modern dramatic literature would have been as rich as our work in fiction. The stage now offers a great fortune, a far greater fortune, won much more swiftly than can be got by fiction, to those who succeed.
As for the pieces actually produced about this period, they were chiefly adaptations from novels. Thus, we find ' Esmeralda ' and ' Quasimodo,' two plays from Victor Hugo's ' Hunchback of Notre Dame ; ' * Lucillo,' from ' The Pilgrims of the Rhine,' by Lytton ; Bulwer, indeed, was continually being dramatised ; ' Paul Clifford ' and 'Rienzi,' among others, making their appearance on the stage. For other plays there were ' Zampa ' or ' The Corsair,' due to Byron ; ' The Waterman,' ' The Irish Tutor,' ' My Poll and my Partner Joe,' with T. P. Cooke, at the Surrey Theatre. The comedy of the time is very well illustrated by Lytton's ' Money,' stagey and
drome at Bayswater, the Colosseum, the Diorama in Eegent's Park, the Panorama in Leicester Squarewhere you could see ' Peru and the Andes, or the Village engulfed by the Avalanche ' — and the Panorama in Eeoent Street attracted the less frivolous and those
who came to town for the improvement of their minds. For Londoners themselves there were the Vauxhall Gardens first and foremost — the most dehghtful places of amusement that London ever possessed except, perhaps, Belsize. Everybody went to Vauxhall ; those who were respectable and those who were not. Far more beautiful than the electric lights in the Gardens
VAUXHALL GAKDENS
of the ' Colonies ' were the two hundred thousand variegated oil lamps, festooned among the trees of Vauxhall ; there was to be found music, singing, acting, and dancing. Hither came the gallant and golden youth from the West End ; here were seen sober and honest merchants with their wives and daughters ; here were ladies of doubtful reputation and ladies about whose reputation there could be no doubt ; here there
134 FIFTY YEARS AGO
were painted arbours wliere they brought you the famous Vauxhall ham — ' sHced cobwebs ; ' the famous Vauxhall beef — ' book musUn, pickled and boiled ; ' and the famous Vauxhall punch — Heavens ! how the honest folk did drink that punch !
I have before me an account of an evening spent at Vauxhall about this time by an eminent drysalter of the City, his partner, a certain Tom, and two ladies, the drysalter's wife and his daughter Lydia ; ' a laughter-loving lass of eighteen, who dearly loved a bit of gig.' Do you know, gentle reader, what is a ' bit of gig ' ? This young lady laughs at everything, and cries, ' What a bit of gig ! ' There was singing, of course, and after the singing there were fireworks, and after the fireworks an ascent on the rope. ' The ascent on the rope, which Lydia had never before witnessed, was to her particularly interesting. For the first time during the evening she looked serious, and as the mingled rays of the moon (then shining gloriously in the dark blue heavens, attended by her twinkling handmaidens, the stars), which ever and anon shot down as the rockets mounted upwards, mocking the mimic pyrotechnia of man, and the flashes of red fire played upon her beautiful white brow and ripe lips — blushing like a cleft cherry — we thought for a moment that Tom was a happy blade. While we were gazing on her fine face, her eye suddenly assumed its wonted levity, and she exclaimed in a laughing tone — " Now, if the twopenny postman of the rockets were to mistake one of the directions and dehver it among the
Another delightful place was the Surrey Zoological Gardens, which occupied fifteen acres, and had a large lake in the middle, very useful for fireworks and the showing off of the Mount Vesuvius they stuck up on one side of it. The carnivorous animals were kept in a single building, under a great glazed cupola, but the elephants, bears, monkeys, &c., had separate buildings of their own. Flower shows, balloon ascents, fireworks, and all kinds of exciting things went on at the Surrey Zoo.
The Art Galleries opened every year, and, besides the National Gallery, there were the Society of British Artists, the Exhibition of Water Colours, and the British Institution in Pall Mall. At the Eoyal Academy of 1837, Turner exhibited his ' JuHet,' Etty a ' Psyche and Venus,' Landseer a 'Scene in Chillingham Park,' Wilkie the ' Peep o' Day Boy's Cabin,' and Eoberts the ' Chapel of Ferdinand and Isabella at Granada.'
There were Billiard Eooms, where a young man from the country who prided himself upon his play could get very prettily handled. There were Cigar Divans, but as yet only one or two, for the smoking of cigars was a comparatively new thing — in fact, one who wrote in the year 1829 thought it necessary to lay down twelve solemn rules for the right smoking of a cigar ; there were also Gambling Hells, of which more anon.
136 FIFTY YEARS AGO
Fifty years ago, in short, we amused ourselves very well. We were fond of shows, and there were plenty of them ; we liked an al fresco entertainment, and we could have it ; we were not quite so picksome in the matter of company as we are now, and therefore we endured the loud vulgarities of the tradesman and his family, and shut our eyes when certain fashionably dressed ladies passed by showing their happiness by the loudness of their laughter ; we even sat with our daughter in the very next box to that in which young Lord Tomnoddy was entertaining these young ladies with cold chicken and pink champagne. It is, we know, the privilege of rank to disregard morals in public as well as in private. Then we had supper and a bowl of punch, and so home to bed.
Those who are acquainted with the doings of Corinthian Tom and Bob Logic are acquainted with the Night Side of London as it was a few years before 1837. Suffice it to say that it was far darker, far more vicious, far more dangerous fifty years ago than it is now. Heaven knows that we have a Night Side still, and a very ugly side it is, but it is earlier by many hours than it used to be, and it is comparatively free from gambling. houses, from bullies, blackmailers, and sharks.
IN THE HOUSE.
On November 20, 1837, the young Queen opened her first Parhament in person. The day was brilhant with sunshine, the crowds from Buckingham Palace to the House were immense, the House of Lords was crammed with Peers and the gallery with Peeresses, who occupied every seat, and even ' rushed ' the reporters' gallery, three reporters only having been fortunate enough to take their places before the rush.^
there was the rush from the Lower House.
' Her Majesty having taken the oath against Popery, which she did in a slow, serious, and audible manner, proceeded to read the Royal Speech ; and a specimen of more tasteful and effective elocution it has never been my fortune to hear. Her voice is clear, and her enunciation distinct in no ordinary degree. Her utterance is timed with admirable judgment to the ear : it is the happy medium between too slow and too rapid.
Nothing could be more accurate than her pronunciation ; while the musical intonations of her voice imparted a peculiar charm to the other attributes of her
IN THE HOUSE 139
elocution. The most perfect stillness reigned through the place while Her Majesty was reading her Speech. Not a breath was to be heard : had a person, unblessed with the power of vision, been suddenly taken within hearing of Her Majesty, while she was reading her Speech, he might have remained some time under the impression that there was no one present but herself. Her self-possession was the theme of universal admiration.
* In person Her Majesty is considerably below the average height. Her figure is good ; rather inclined, as far as one could judge from seeing her in her robes of state, to the slender form. Every one who has seen her must have been struck with her singularly fine bust. Her complexion is clear, and has all the indications of excellent health about it. Her features are small, and partake a good deal of the Grecian cast. Her face, without being strikingly handsome, is remarkably pleasant, and is indicative of a mild and amiable disposition.*
In the House of Lords the most prominent figures were, I suppose, those of Lord Brougham and the Duke of Wellington. The debates in the Upper House, enlivened by the former, and by Lords Melbourne, Lyndhurst, and others, were lively and animated, compared with the languor of the modern House. The Duke of Eutland, the Marquis of Bute, the Marquis of Camden (who paid back into the Treasury every year the salary he received as Teller of the Exchequer), the
Earls of Stanhope, Devon, Falmouth, Lords Strangford, Eolls, Alvanley, and Eedesdale were the leaders of the Conservatives. The Marquis of Sligo, the Marquis of Northampton, the Earls of Eosebery, Gosford, Minto, Shrewsbury, and Lichfield, Lords Lynedoch and Portman were the leaders of the Liberals. With the
LORD MELBOURNE
exceptions of Wellington, Brougham, Melbourne, and Eedesdale, it is melancholy to consider that these illustrious names are nothing more than names, and» convey no associations to the present generation.
Among the members of the Lower House were many more who have left behind them memories which are not likely to be soon forgotten. Sir Eobert Peel,
IN THE HOUSi
Lord Stanley, Thomas Macaulay, Cobbett, Lord John Russell, Sir John Cam Hobhouse, Lord Palmerston, Sir Francis Burdett, Hume, Roebuck, O'Connell, Lytton Bulwer, Benjamin D'Israeli, and last sole' survivor, William Ewart Gladstone, were all in the Parliaments
Accession.
If you would like to know how these men impressed their contemporaries, read the following extracts from Grant's ' Random Recollections.'
a brilliant, if not a very long Parliamentary career. He was one of those men who at once raised himself to the first rank in the Senate. His maiden speech electrified the House, and called forth the highest compliments to the speaker from men of all parties. He was careful to preserve the laurels he had thus so easily and suddenly won. He was a man of shrewd
LOKD PALMEESTON
mind, and knew that if he spoke often, the probability was he would not speak so well ; and that consequently there could be no more likely means of lowering him from the elevated station to which he had raised himself, than frequently addressing the House.
144 FIFTY YEARS AGO
thinker — the close and powerful reasoner. You scarcely knew which most to admire — the beauty of his ideas, or of the language in which they were clothed '
' Lord John Eussell is one of the worst speakers in the House, and but for his excellent private character, his family connections, and his consequent influence in the political world, would not be tolerated. There are many far better speakers, who, notwithstanding their innumerable efforts to catch the Speaker's eye in the course of important debates, hardly ever succeed ; or, if they do, are generally put down by the clamour of honourable members.. His voice is weak and his enunciation very imperfect. He speaks in general in so low a tone as to be inaudible to more than one-half of the House. His style is often in bad taste, and he stammers and stutters at every fourth or fifth sentence. When he is audible he is always clear ; there is no mistaking his meaning. Generally his speeches are feeble in matter as well as manner ; but on some great occasions I have known him make very able speeches, more distinguished, however, for the clear and forcible way in which he put the arguments which would most naturally suggest themselves to a reflecting mind, than for any striking or comprehensive views of the sub ject.'
'Of Lord Palmerston, Foreign Secretary, and member for Tiverton, I have but little to say. The situation he fills in the Cabinet gives him a certain degree of prominence in the eyes of the country, which
IN THE HOUSE 145
he certainly does not possess in Parliament. His talents are by no means of a high order. He is very irregular in his attendance on his Parliamentary duties, and, when in the House, is by no means active in defence either of his principles or his friends. Scarcely anything calls him up except a regular attack on himself, or on the way in which the department of the public service with which he is entrusted is administered.
' In person, Lord Palmerston is tall and handsome. His face is round, and is of a darkish hue. His hair is black, and always exhibits proofs of the sldll and attention of the perruqiiier. His clothes are in the extreme of fashion. He is very vain of his personal appearance, and is generally supposed to devote more of his time in sacrificing to the Graces than is consistent with the duties of a person who has so much to do with the destinies of Europe. Hence it is that the " Times " newspaper has fastened on him the sobriquet of Cupid.'
' Mr. O'Connell is a man of the highest order of genius. There is not a member in the House who, in this respect, can for a moment be put in comparison with him. You see the greatness of his genius in almost every sentence he utters. There are others — Sir Eobert Peel, for example — who have much more tact and greater dexterity in debate ; but in point of genius none approach to him. It ever and aiion bursts forth with a brilliancy and effect which are quite overwhelming. You have tiot well recovered from the
146 FIFTY YEARS AGO
overpowering surprise and admiration caused by one of his brilliant efTusions, when another flashes upon you and produces the same effect. You have no time, nor are you in a condition, to weigh the force of his arguments ; you are taken captive wherever the speaker chooses to lead you from beginning to end.'
DANIEL O CONNELL
' One of the most extraordinary attributes in Mr. O'Connell's oratory is the ease and facility with which he can make a transition from one topic to another. " From grave to gay, from lively to severe," never costs him an effort. He seems, indeed, to be himself insensible of the transition. I have seen him begin his speech by alluding to topics of an affecting nature, in such a
IN THE HOUSE
manner as to excite the deepest sympathy towards the sufferers in the mind of the most unfeehng person present. I have seen, in other words — I speak with regard to particular instances — the tear hterally ghstening in the eyes of men altogether unused to the
melting mood, and in a moment afterwards, by a transition from the grave to the humorous, I have seen the whole audience convulsed with laughter. On the other hand, I have often lieard him commence his speech in a strain of most exquisite humour, and, by a sudden transition to deep pathos, produce the stillness
148 FIFTY YEARS AGO
of death in a place in which, but one moment before, the air was rent with shouts of laughter. His mastery over the passions is the most perfect I ever witnessed, and his oratory tells with the same effect whether he addresses the "first assembly of gentlemen in the world," or the ragged and ignorant rabble of Dublin.'
' The most distinguished literary man in the House is Mr. E. L. Bulwer, member for Lincoln, and author of " Pelham," " Eugene Aram," &c. He does not speak often. When he does, his speeches are not only previously turned over with great care in his mind, but are written out at full length, and committed carefully to memory. He is a great patron of the tailor, and he is always dressed in the extreme of fashion. His manner of speaking is very affected : the management of his voice is especially so. But for this he would be a pleasant speaker. His voice, though weak, is agreeable, and he speaks with considerable fluency. His speeches are usually argumentative. You see at once that he is a person of great intellectual acquirements.'
' Mr. D'Israeh, the member for Maidstone, is perhaps the best known among the new members who have made their debuts. As stated in my " Sketches in London," his own private friends looked forward to his introduction into the House of Commons as a circumstance which would be immediately followed by his obtaining for himself an oratorical reputation equal to that enjoyed by the most popular speakers in that assembly. They thought he would produce an extra-
IN THE HOUSE 149
ordinary sensation, both in the House and in the country, by the power and splendour of his eloquence. But the result differed from the anticipation.
' When he rose, which he did immediately after Mr. O'Connell had concluded his speech, all eyes were fixed on him, and all ears were open to listen to his eloquence ; but before he had proceeded far, he furnished a striking illustration of the hazard that attends on highly wrought expectations. After the first few minutes he met with every possible manifestation of opposition and ridicule from the Ministerial benches, and was, on the other hand, cheered in the loudest and most earnest manner by his Tory friends ; and it is particularly deserving of mention, that even Sir Robert Peel, who very rarely cheers any honourable gentleman, not even the most able and accomplished speakers of his own party, greeted Mr. DTsraeli's speech with a prodigality of applause which must have been severely trying to the worthy baronet's lungs.
' At one time, in consequence of the extraordinary interruptions he met with, Mr. D'IsraeU intimated his willingness to resume his seat, if the House wished him to do so. He proceeded, however, for a short time longer, but was still assailed by groans and under-growls in all their varieties ; the uproar, indeed, often became so great as completely to drown his voice.
' At last, losing all temper, which until now he had preserved in a wonderful manner, he paused in the midst of a sentence, and, looking the Liberals indignantly
I50 FIFTY YEARS AGO
in the face, raised his hands, and, opening his mouth as wide as its dimensions would permit, said, in remarkably loud and almost terrific tones — "Though I sit down now, the time will come when you will hear me." Mr. D'Israeli then sat down amidst the loudest uproar.
' The exhibition altogether was a most extraordinary one. Mr. DlsraeH's appearance and manner were very singular. His dress also was peculiar ; it had much of a theatrical aspect. His black hair was long and flowing, and he had a most ample crop of it. His gesture was abundant ; he often appeared as if trying with what celerity he could move his body from one side to another, and throw his hands out and draw them in again. At other times he flourished one hand before his fiice, and then the other. His voice, too, is of a very unusual kind ; it is powerful, and had every justice done to it in the way of exercise ; but there is something peculiar in it which I am at a loss to cliaracterise. BU.S utterance was rapid, and he never seemed at a loss for words. On the whole, and notwithstanding the result of his first attempt, I am convinced he is a man who possesses many of the requisites of a good debater. That he is a man of great literary talent, few will dispute.'
stone. The italics are my own,
' Mr. Gladstone, the member for Newark, is one of the most rising young men on the Tory side of the House. His party expect great things from him ; and
IN THE HOUSE 151
certainly, when it is remembered that his age is only twenty-five, the success of the Parhamentary efforts he has already made justifies their expectations. He is well informed on most of the subjects which usually oc cupy the attention of the Legislature, and he is happy in turning his information to a good account. He is ready, on all occasions which he deems fitting ones, with a speech in favour of the policy advocated by the party with whom he acts. His extemporaneous resources are ample. Few men in the House can improvisate better. It does not appear to cost him an effort to speak. He is a man of very considerable talent, but has nothing approaching to genius. His abilities are much more the result of an excellent education, and of mature study, than of any prodigahty on the part of Nature in the distribution of mental gifts. / have no idea that he will ever acquire the reputation of a great statesman. His views are not sufficiently profound or enlarged for that ; his celebrity in the House of Com mons will chiefly depend on his readiness and dexterity as a debater, in conjunction with the excellence of his elocution, and the gracefulness of his manner when speaking. His style is polished, but has no appearance of the effect of previous preparation. He displays considerable acuteness in reptying to an opponent ; he is quick in his perception of anything vulnerable in tlie speech to which he replies, and happy in laying the weak point bare to the gaze of the House. He now and then indulges in sarcasm, which is, in most cases, very felici-
152 FIFTY YEARS AGO
tous. He is plausible even when most in error. When it suits himself or his party, he can apply himself with the strictest closeness to the real point at issue; when to evade that point is deemed most politic^ no man can wander from it more widely.
* The ablest speech he ever made in the House, and by far the ablest on the same side of the question, was when opposing, on the 30th of March last, Sir George Strickland's motion for the abolition of the negro apprentictship system on the 1st of August next. Mr. Gladstone, I should here observe, is himself an extensive West India planter.
' Mr. Gladstone's appearance and manners are much in his fa\"our. He is a fine-looking man. He is about the usual height, and of good figure. His countenance is mild and pleasant, and has a highly intellectual ex pression. His eyes are clear and quick. His eyebrows are dark and rather prominent. There is not a dandy in the House but envies what Truefitt would call his ' fine head of jet-black hair.' It is always carefully parted from the crown downwards to his brow, where it is tastefully shaded. His features are small and regular, and his complexion must be a very unworthy witness, if he does not possess an abundant stock of health.'
So the ghost of the first Victorian Parliament vanishes. All are gone except Mr. Gladstone himself. Whether the contemporary judgment has proved well founded or not, is for the reader to determine. For my
.IN THE HOUSE 153
own part, I confess that my opinion of the author of * Eandom Eecollections ' was greatly advanced wlien I had read this judgment on the members. We who do not sit in the galleries, and are not members, lose the enormous advantage of actually seeing the speakers and hearing the debates. The reported speech is not the real speech ; the written letter remains ; but the fire of the orator flames and burns, and passes away. Those know not Gladstone who have never seen him and heard him speak.
And as for that old man eloquent, when he closes his eyes in the House where he has fought so long, the voices around him may well fall unheeded on his ear, wliile a vision of the past shows him once more Peel and Stanley, Lord John and Palmerston, O'Connell and Eoebuck, and, adversary worthiest of all, the man whom the House at his first attempt hooted down and refused to hear — the great and illustrious Dizzy.
AT SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY.
The great schools had no new rivals ; all the modern public schools — Cheltenham, Clifton, Marlborough, and the like — have sprung into existence or into importance since the year 1837. Those who did not go to the public schools had their choice between small grammar schools and private schools. There were a vast number of private schools. It was, indeed, recognised that when a man could do nothing else and had failed in everything that he had tried, a private school was still possible for him. The sons of the lower middleclass had, as a rule, no choice but to go to a private school. At the grammar school they taught Greek and Latin — these boys wanted no Greek and no Latin ; they wanted a good ' commercial ' education ; they wanted to learn bookkeeping and arithmetic, and to write a good hand. Nothing else Avas of much account. Again, all the grammar schools belonged to the Church of England ; sons of Nonconformists were, therefore, excluded, and had to go to the private school.
mended for his cheapness as much as for his success in teaching. As for the latter, indeed, there were no local examinations held by the Universities, and no means of showing whether he taught well or ill. Probably, in the five or six years spent at his school, boys learned what their parents mostly desired for them, and left school to become clerks or shopmen. The school fees were sometimes as low as a guinea a quarter. The classes were taught by wretchedly paid ushers ; there was no attention paid to ventilation or hygienic arrangements ; the cane was freely used all day long. Everybody knows the kind of school ; you can read about it in the earlier pages of ' David Copperfield,' and in a thousand books besides.
In the pubhc schools, where the birch flourished rank and tall and in tropical luxuriance, Latin and Greek were the only subjects to which any serious attention was given. No science was taught ; of modern languages, French was pretended ; history and geography were neglected ; mathematics were a mere farce. As regards the tone of the schools, perhaps we had better not inquire Yet that the general hfe of the boys was healthy is apparent from the affection with which elderly men speak of their old schools. There were great Head Masters before Arnold ; and there were pubhc schools where manliness, truth, and purity were cultivated besides Rugby. One thing is very certain — that the schools turned out splendid scholars, and their powers of writing Latin and Greek verse
156 FIFTY YEARS AGO
were, wonderful. A year ago we were startled by learning that a girl had taken a First Class in the Classical Tripos at Cambridge. This, to some who remembered the First Class of old, seemed a truly wonderful thing. Some even wanted to see her iambics. Alas ! a First Class can now be got without Greek iambics. What would they have said at Westminster fifty years ago if they had learned that a First Class could be got at Cambridj^e without Greek or Latin verse ? What is philology, which can be crammed, compared with a faultless copy of elegiacs, which no amount of cramming, even of the female brain, can succeed in producing ?
The Universities were still wholly in the hands of the Church. No layman, with one or two exceptions, could be Head of a College ; all the Fellowships — or very nearly all — were clerical ; the country hving was the natural end of the Fellowship ; no Dissenters, Jews, or Catholics were admitted into any College unless they went through the form of conforming to the rules as regards Chapel ; no one could be matriculated without signing the Thirty-nine Articles — nearly twenty years later I had, as a lad of seventeen, to sign that unrelenting definition of Faith on entering King's College, London. Perhaps they do it still at that seat of orthodoxy. Tutors and lecturers were nearly all in orders. Most of the men intended to take orders, many of them in order to take family livings.
AT SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY 157
of that now standing on the College books. And the number of reading men — those who intended to make their University career a stepping-stone or a ladder — was far less in proportion to the number of ' poll ' men than at the present day. The ordinary degree was obtained with even less difficulty than at present.
There were practically only two Triposes at Cambridge — the Mathematical and the Classical — instead of the round dozen or so which now offer their honours to the student. No one could get a Fellowship except through those two Triposes. As for the Fellowships and Scholarships, indeed, half of them were close — that is to say, confined to students from certain towns, or certain counties, or certain schools ; while at one College, King's, both Fellowships and Scholarships were confined to ' collegers ' of Eton, and the students proceeded straight to Fellowships without passing through the ordeal of the Senate House.
Dinner was at four — a most ungodly hour, between lunch and the proper hour for dinner! For the men who read, it answered pretty well, because it gave them a long evening for work ; for the men who did not read, it gave a long evening for play.
158 FIFTY YEARS AGO
punch and songs. I wonder if they have the milkpunch still ; the supper I think they cannot have, because they all dine at seven or half-past seven, after which it is impossible to take supper.
In those days young noblemen went up more than they do at present, and they spread themselves over many colleges. Thus at Cambridge they were found at Trinity, John's, and Magdalene. A certain Cabinet thirty years ago had half its members on the books of St. John's. In these days all the noblemen who go to Cambridge flock like sheep to Trinity. There seems also to have been gathered at the University a larger proportion of county people than in these later years, when the Universities have not only been thrown open to men of all creeds, but when men of every class find in their rich endowments and prizes a legitimate and laudable way of rising in the world. ' The recognised way of making a gentleman now,' says Charles Kingsley in 'Alton Locke,' 'is to send him to the University.' I do not know how Charles Kingsley was made a gentleman, but it is certainly a very common method of advancing your son if he is clever. Formerly it meant ambition in the direction of the Church. Now it means many other things — the Bar — Journahsm — Education — Science — Archaeology — a hundred ways in which a ' gentleman ' may be made by first becoming a scholar. Nay, there are dozens of men in the City who have begun by taking their three years on the banks of the Cam or the Isis. For what purposes do the Univer-
AT SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY 159
sities exist but for the encouragement of learning ? And if the country agree to call a scholar a gentleman — as it calls a solicitor a gentleman — by right of his profession, so much the better for the country. But Kingsley was born somewhere about the year 1820, which was still very much in the eighteenth century, when there were no gentlemen recognised except those who were gentlemen by birth.
With close Fellowships, tied to the Church of England, with little or no science, Art, archgeology, philology. Oriental learning, or any of the modern branches of learning, with a strong taste for port, and undergraduates drawn for the most part from the upper classes, the Universities were different indeed from those of the present day.
As for the education of women, it was like unto the serpents of Ireland. Wherefore we need not devote a chapter to this subject at all.
THE TAVERN.
The substitution of the Restaurant for the Tavern is of recent origin. In the year 1 837 there were restaurants, it is true, but they were humble places, and confined to the parts of London frequented by the French ; for Eng:lish of every degree there was the Tavern. Plenty of the old Taverns still survive to show us in what places our fathers took their dinners and drank their punch. The Cheshire Cheese is a survival ; the Cock, until recently, was another. Some of them, like the latter, had the tables and benches partitioned off*; others, like the former, were partly open and partly divided. The floor was sanded ; there was a great fire kept up all through the winter, with a kettle always full of boiling water ; the cloth was not always of the cleanest ; the forks were steel ; in the evening there was always a company of those who supped — for they dined early — on chops, steaks, sausages, oysters, and Welsh rabbit, of those who drank, those who smoked their long pipes, and those who sang. Yes — those who sang. In those days the song went round. If three or four Templars supped at the
Coal Hole, or the Cock, or the Rainbow, one of them would presently lift his voice in song, and then be followed by a rival warbler from another box. At the Coal Hole, indeed — where met the once famous Wolf Club,
EDMUND KEAN AS RICHARD THE THIRD
Edmund Kean, President — the landlord, one Rhodes by name, was not only a singer but a writer of songs, chiefly, I apprehend, of the comic kind. I suppose that the comic song given by a private gentleman in character — that is, with a pocket-handkerchief for a white apron.
1 62 FIFTY YEARS AGO
or his coat off, or a battered hat on his head — is almost unknown to the younger generation. They see the kind of thing, but done much better, at the music-halls.
Eeally, nothing marks the change of manners more than the fact that fifty years ago men used to meet together every evening and sing songs over their pipes and grog. Not young men only, but middle-aged men, and old men, would all together join in the chorus, and that joyfully, banging the tables with their fists, and laughing from ear to ear — the roysterers are always represented as laughing with an absence of restraint impossible for us quite to understand. The choruses, too, were of the good old ' Whack-fol-de-rol-de-rido' character, which gives scope to so much play of sentiment and lightness of touch.
Beer, of course, was the principal beverage, and there were many more varieties of beer than at present prevail. One reads of 'Brook clear Kennett' — it used to be sold in a house near the Oxford Street end of Tottenham Court Eoad ; of Shropshire ale, described as 'dark and heavy ; ' ot the ' luscious Burton, innocent of hops ; ' of new ale, old ale, bitter ale, hard ale, soft ale, the ' balmy ' Scotch, mellow October, and good brown stout. All these were to be obtained at taverns which made a specialite, as they would say now, of any one kind. Thus the best stout in London was to be had at the Brace Tavern in the Queen's Bench Prison, and the Cock was also famous for the same beverage, served in pint glasses. A rival of the Cock, in this respect, was the Eain-
THE TAVERN
bow, long before the present handsome room was built. The landlord of the Eainbow was one William Colls, formerly head-waiter at the Cock, predecessor, I take it, of Tennyson's immortal friendo But he left the Cock to better liimself, and as at the same time Mary — the incomparable, the matchless Mary, most beautiful of barmaids — left it as
period of decline, but
was again popular and well frequented. Mention may also be made of Clitter's, of Offley's, famous for its lamb in spring ; of the Kean's Head, whose landlord was a great comic singer ; of the Harp, haunt of aspiring actors ; of the Albion, the Finish, or the Royal Saloon, Piccadilty, where one looked in for a ' few goes of max ' — wliat was
supply.
It is the fashion to lament the quantity of money still consumed in drink. But our drink-bill is nothing, in proportion, compared with that of fifty years ago. Thus, the number of visitors to fourteen great gin shops in London was found to average 3,000 each per diem ; in Edinburgh there was a gin-shop for every fifteen families ; in one Irish town of 800 people there were eighty-eight gin-shops ; in Sheffield, thirteen persons were killed in ten days by drunkenness ; in London there was one public-house to every fifty-six houses ; in Glasgow one to every ten. Yet it was noted at the time that a great improvement could be observed in the drinking habits of the people. In the year 1742, for instance, there were 19,000,000 gallons of spirits consumed by a population of 6,000,000 — that is to say, more than three gallons a head every year ; or, if we take only the adult men, something like tAvelve gallons for every man in the year, which may be calculated to mean one bottle in five days. But a hundred years later the population had increased to 3 6,000,000, and the consumption of spirits had fallen to 8,250,000 gallons, w^iich represents a Httle more than half a gallon, or four pints, a head in the year. Or, taking the adult men only, their average was two gallons and one sixteenth a head, so that each man's pint bottle would have lasted him for three weeks. In Scotland, however, the general average was twentyseven pints a head, and, taking adults alone, thirteen
THE TAVERN 165
gallons and a half a head ; and in Ireland six and a half gallons a head. It was noted, also, in the year 1837, that the multiplication of coiTee-houses, of which there were 1,600 in London alone, proved the growth of more healthy habits among the people.
But though there was certainly more moderation in drink than in the earlier years of the century, the drinkbill for the year 1837 was prodigious. A case of total abstinence was a phenomenon. The thirst for beer was insatiable ; with many people, especially farmers, and the working classes generally, beer was taken with breakfast. Even in my own time — that is to say, when the Queenhadbeen reigning for one-and- twenty years or so — there were still many undergraduates at Cambridge who drank beer habitually for breakfast, and at every breakfast-party the tankard was passed round as a finish. In country houses, the simple, hght, home-brewed ale, the preparation of which caused a most delightful anxiety as to the result, was the sole beverage used at dinner and supper. Every farmhouse, every large country house, and many town house keepers brewed their own beer, just as they made their own wines, their own jams, and their own lavender water. Beer was universally taken with dinner; even at great dinner-parties some of the guests would call for beer, and strong ale was always served with the cheese. After dinner, only port and sherry, in middle-class houses, were put upon the table. Sometimes Madeira or Lisbon appeared, but, as a rule, wine meant port or sherry, unless, which some-
i66 FIFTY YEARS AGO
times happened, it meant cowslip, ginger, or gooseberry. Except among the upper class, claret was absolutely unknown, as were Burgundy, Rhone wines, Sauterne, and all other French wines. In the restaurants every man would call for bitter ale, or stout, or half-and-half with his dinner, as a matter of course, and after dinner would either take his pint of port, or half- pint of sherry, or his tumbler of grog. Champagne was regarded as the drink of the prodigal son. In the family circle it never appeared at all, except at weddings, and perhaps on Christmas Day.
In fact, when people spoke of wine in these days, they generally meant port. They bought port by the hogshead, had it bottled, and laid down. They talked about their cellars solemnly ; they brought forth bottles which had been laid down in the days when George the Third was king ; they were great on body, bouquet, and beeswing ; they told stories about wonderful port which they had been privileged to drink ; they looked forward to a dinner chiefly on account of the port which followed it; real enjoyment only began when the cloth was removed, the ladies w^ere gone, and the solemn passage of the decanter had commenced.
There lingers still the old love for this wine — it is, without doubt, the king of wines. I remember ten years ago, or thereabouts, dining with one — then my partner — now, alas ! gathered to his fathers — at the Blue Posts, before that old inn was burned down. The room was a comfortable old-fashioned first floor, low of
THE TAVERN 167
ceiling ; with a great fire in an old-fashioned grate ; set with four or five tables only, because not many frequented this most desirable of dining-places. We took with dinner a bottle of light claret ; when we had got through the claret and the beef, the waiter, who had been hovering about uneasily, interposed. ' Don't drink any more of that wash,' he said ; 'let me bring you something fit for gentlemen to sit over.' He brought us, of course, a bottle of port. They say that the taste for port is reviving ; but claret has got so firm a hold of our affections that I doubt it.
As for the drinking of spirits, it was certainly much more common then than it is now. Among the lower classes gin was the favourite — the drink of the women as much as of the men. Do you know why they call it ' blue ruin ' ? Some time ago I saw, going into a public-house, somewhere near the West India Docks, a tall lean man, apparently five-and-forty or thereabouts. He was in rags ; his knees bent as he walked, his hands trembled, his eyes were eager. And, wonderful to relate, the face was perfectly blue — not indigo blue, or azure blue, but of a ghostly, ghastly, corpse-hke kind of blue, which made one shudder. Said my companion to me, ' That is gin.' We opened the door of the pubhc-house and looked in. He stood at the bar with a full glass in his hand. Then his eyes brightened, he gasped, straightened himself, and tossed it down his throat. Then he came out, and he sighed as one who has just had a glimpse of some earthly Paradise. Then he walked away with swift and
t68 FIFTY YEARS AGO
resolute step, as if purposed to achieve something mighty. Only a few yards farther along the road, but across the way, there stood another public-house. The man walked straight to the door, entered, and took another glass, again with the quick grasp of anticipation, and again with that sigh, as of a hurried peep through the gates barred with the sword of lire. This man was a curious object of study. He went into twelve more public-houses, each time with greater determination on his lips and greater eagerness in his eyes. The last glass, I suppose, opened these gates for him and suffered him to enter, for his lips suddenly lost their resolution, his eyes lost their lustre, he became limp, his arms fell heavily — he was drunk, and his face was bluer than ever.
This was the kind of sight whicb Hoo-arth could see every day when he painted ' Gin Lane.' It was in the time when-drinking-shops had placards stuck outside to the effect that for a penny one might get drunk, and blind drunk for twopence. But an example of a ' blue ruin,' actually walking in the flesh, in these days one certainly does not expect to see. Next to gin, rum was the most popular. There is a full rich flavour about rum. It is afiectionately named after the delicious pineapple, or after the island where its production is the most abundant and the most kindly. It has always been the drink of Her Majesty's Navy; it is still the favourite beverage of many West India Islands, and many millions of sailors, niggers, and coolies. It is hallowed by histo-
THE TAVERN 169
rical associations. But its effects in the good old days were wonderful and awe-inspiring. It was the author and creator of those flowers, now almost extinct, called grog-blossoms. You may see them depicted by the caricaturists of the Rowlandson time, but they survived until well past the middle of the century.
The outward and visible signs of rum were indeed various. First, there was the red and swollen nose ; next, the nose beautifully painted with grog-blossoms. It is an ancient nose, and is celebrated by the bacchanahan poet of Normandy, Olivier Basselin, in the fifteenth century. There was, next, the bottle nose in all its branches. I am uncertain, never having walked the hospitals, whether one is justified in classifying certain varieties of the bottle nose under one head, or whether each variety was a species by itself. All these noses, with the red and puffy cheeks, the thick lips, the double chins, the swelling, aldermanic corporation, and the gouty feet, in list and slippers, meant Eum — Great God Rum. These symptoms are no longer to be seen. Therefore, Great God Rum is either deposed, or he hath but few worshippers, and those half-hearted.
The decay of the Great God Rum, and the Great Goddess Gin his consort, is marked in many other ways. Formerly, the toper half filled a thick, short rummerwith spirit, and poured upon it an equal quantity of water. Mr. Weller's theory of drink was that it should be equal. The ancient drank his grog hot, with lemon and sugar, and sometimes spice. This made a serious business of the nightly grog. The modern takes his cold, even with ice, and without any addition of lemon. Indeed, he squashes his lemon separately, and drinks the juice in Apollinaris, without any spirit at all — a thing abhorrent to his ancestor.
Again, there are preparations of a crafty and cryptic character, once greatly in favour, and now clean forgotten, or else fallen into a pitiable contempt, and doomed to a siumbling, halt, and broken-winged existence. Take, for instance, the punch-bowl. Fifty years ago it was no mere ornament for the sideboard and the china cabinet. It was a thin" to be brought forth and filled with a fragrant mixture of rum, brandy, and cura9oa, lemon, hot water, sugar, grated nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon. The preparation of the bowl was as much a labour of love as that of a claret cup, its degenerate successor. The ladles were beautiful works of art in silver — where are those ladles now, and what purpose do they serve ? -Shrub, again — rum shrub — is there any living man who now calls for shrub .? You may still see it on the shelf of an old-fashioned inn ; you may even see the announcement that it is for sale painted on door-posts, but no man regardeth it. I beheve that it was supposed to possess valuable medicinal properties, the nature of which I forget. Again, there was purl — early purl. Once there was a club in the neiu;hbourhood of Covent Garden, which existed for
THE TAVERN 171
the purpose of arising betimes, and drinking purl before breakfast. Or there was dog's-nose. Gentle reader, you remember the rules for making dog's-nose. They were explained at a now famous meeting of the Brick Lane Branch of the Grand Junction Ebenezer Temperance Association. Yet I doubt whether dog's-nose is still in favour. Again, there was copus — is the making of copus- cup still remembered ? There was bishop : it was a kind of punch, made of port wine instead of rum, and was formerly much consumed at the suppers of undergraduates ; it was remarkable for its power of making men's faces red and their voices thick ; it also made them feel as if their legs and arms, and every part of them, were filled out and distended, as with twice the usual quantity of blood. These were, no doubt, valuable qualities, considered medicinally, yet bishop is no longer in demand. Mulled ale is still, perhaps, cultivated. They used to have pots made for the purpose of warming the ale : these were long and shaped like an extinguisher, so that the heat of the fire played upon a large surface, and warmed the beer quickly. When it was poured out, spice was added, and perhaps sugar, and no doubt a dash of brandy. Negus, a weak compound of sherry and warm water, used to be exhibited at dancing parties, but is now, I should think, unknown save by name. I do not speak of currant gin, damson brandy, or cherry brandy, because one or two such preparations are still produced. Nor need we consider British wines, now almost extinct. Yet in country towns one may
172 FIFTY YEARS AGO
here and there find shops where they provide for tastes still simple — the cowslip, delicate and silky to the palate ; the ginger, full of flavour and of body ; the red currant, rich and sweet — a ladies' wine ; the gooseberry, possessing all the finer qualities of the grape of Epernay ; the raisin, with fine Tokay flavour ; or the raspberry, full of bouquet and of beeswing. But their day is passed — the British wines are, practically, made no more. All these drinks, once so lovingly prepared and so tenderly cherished, are now as much forgotten as the toast in the nutbrown ale, or the October humming ale, or the mead drunk from the gold-rimmed horn — they still drink something out of a gold-rimmed horn in the Hall of Corpus Christi, Cambridge ; or the lordly ' ypocras ' wherewith Sir Richard Whittington entertained his Sovereign, what day he concluded the banquet by burning the King's bonds ; or the once-popular mixture of gin and noyau ; or the cup of hot saloop from the stall in Covent Garden, or on the Fleet Bridge.
The Tavern ! We can hardly understand how large a place it filled in the lives of our forefathers, who did not live scattered about in suburban villas, but over their shops and offices. When business was over, all of every class repaired to the Tavern. Dr. Johnson spent the evenings of his last years wholly at the Tavern ; the lawyer, the draper, the grocer, the bookseller, even the clergy, all spent their evenings at the Tavern, going home in time for supper with their families. You may see the kind of Tavern life in any small country town
to this day, where the shopkeepers assemble every evening to smoke and talk together. The Tavern was far more than a modern club, because the tendency of a club is to become daily more decorous, while the Tavern atmosphere of freedom and the equahty of all comers prevented the growth of artificial and conventional restraints. Something of the Tavern life is left still in London ; but not much. The substantial tradesman is no longer resident ; there are no longer any clubs which meet at Taverns ; and the old inns, with their sanded
FLEET STREET
floors and great fireplaces, are nearly all gone. The Swan with Two Necks, the Belle Sauvage, the Tabard, the George and Vulture, the Bolt-in-Tun — they have either ceased their existence, or tlieir names call forth no more associations of good company and good songs. The Dog and Duck, the Temple of Flora, Apollo's Gardens, the Bull in the Pound, the Blue Lion of Gray's Lm Lane — what memories linger round tliese names ? What man is now living who can tell us where they were ?
Club-land Tvas a comparatively small country, peopled by a most exclusive race. There were twenty-five clubs in all,^ and, as many men had more than one club, and the average membership was less than a thousand, there were not more than 20,000 men altogether who belonged to clubs. There are now at least 120,000, with nearly a hundred clubs, to which almost any man might belong. Besides these, there are now about sixty second-class clubs, together with a great many clubs which existfor special purposes — betting and racing clubs, whist clubs, gambling clubs, Press clubs, and so forth.
Of the now extinct clubs may be mentioned the Alfred and the Clarence, which were literary clubs. The Clarence was founded by Campbell on the ashes of the extinct Literary Club, which had been dissolved in consequence of internal dissensions. The Athenaeum had
* The following is the complete list of clubs, taken from the Keir Monthly Magazine of the year 1835 : — Albion, Alfred, Arthur's, Athenaeum, Boodle's, Brookes's, Carlton, Clarence, Cocoa-tree, Crockford's, Garrick, Graham's, Guards', Orieutal, Oxford and Cambridge, Portland, Royal Naval, Travellers, Union, United Service, Junior Umred Service, University, West Indian, White's, Windham.
the character which it still preserves ; one of the few things in this club complained of by the members of 1837 was the use of gas in the dining-room, which produced an atmosphere wherein, it was said, no animals ungifted with copper lungs could long exist. The Garrick Club was exclusively theatrical. The Oriental was,
OXFORD AND CiMBEIDGE CLUB, PALI, MALL
of course, famous for curry and Madeira, the Union had a sprinkling of City men in it, the United University was famous for its iced punch, and the Windham was the first club which allowed strangers to dine within its walls. Speaking generally, no City men at all, nor any who were connected in any way with trade, were ad-
mitted into the clubs of London. A barrister, a physician, or a clergyman might be elected, and, of course, all men in the Services ; but a merchant, an attorney, a surgeon, an architect, might knock in vain.
The club subscription was generally six guineas a year, and if we may judge by the fact that you could dine off the joint at tlie Carlton for a shilling, tlie clubs were much cheaper than they are now. They were
also quite as dull. Thackeray describes tlie dulness of the club, the pride of belonging to it, the necessity of having at least one 2:ood club, the habitues of the cardroom, the talk, and the scandal. But the new clubs of our day are larger : their members come from a more extended area ; there are few young City men who have not their club ; and it is not at all necessary to know a man because he is a member of your club And when
178 FIFTY YEARS AGO
one contrasts the cold and silent coffee-room of the new great club, where the men glare at each other, with the bright and cheerful Tavern, where every man talked with his neighbour, and the song went round, and the great kettle bubbled on the hearth, one feels that civilisation has its losses.
We have our gambling clubs still. From time to time til ere comes a rumour of high play, a scandal, or an action in the High Court of Justice for the recovery of one's character. Baccarat is played all night by the young men ; champagne is flowing for their refreshment, and sometimes a few hundreds are lost by some young fellow who can ill afford it. But these things are small and insignificant compared with the gambling club of fifty years ago.
He who speaks of gambling in the year Thirty-seven, speaks of Crockford's. Everything at Crockford's was magnificent. The subscription was ten guineas a year, in return for which the members had the ordinary club and coffee-rooms providing food and wine at the usual club charges — these were on the ground floor — and the run of the gambling-rooms every night, to which they could introduce guests and friends. These rooms were on the first floor : they consisted of a saloon, in which there was served every night a splendid supper, with wines of the best, free to all visitors. Crockford paid his chef 3^ thousand guineas a year, and his assistant five hundred, and his cellar was reputed to be worth 70,000/. There were two card-rooms, one in which whist, ^carte,
and all other games were played, and a second smaller room, in which hazard alone was played. Every night at eleven the banker and proprietor himself took his seat at his desk in a corner ; his croupier, sitting opposite to him in a high chair, declared the game, paid the winners, and raked in the money. Crockford's ' Spiders ' — that is, the gentlemen who had the run of the establishment under certain implied conditions — introduced their
i8o FIFTY YEARS AGO
in which the players play against the bank. Thousands were every night lost and won. As much as a million of money has been known to change hands in a single night, and the banker was ready to meet any stake offered. Those who lost borrowed more in order to continue the game, and lost that as well. But Crockford seems never to have been accused of any dishonourable practices. He trusted to the chances of the table, which were, of course, in his favour. In his ledgers — where are they now ? — he was accustomed to enter the names of those who borrowed of him by initials or a number. He began life as a small fishmonger just within Temple Bar, and, fortunately for himself, discovered that he was endowed with a rare talent for rapid mental arithmetic, of which he made good use in betting and card-playing. The history of his gradual rise to greatness from a beginning so unpromising would be interesting, but perhaps the materials no longer exist. He was a tall and corpulent man, lame, who never acquired the art of speaking English correctly, — a thing which his noble patrons — the Duke of WelHngton was a member of his club — passed over in him.
Everybody went to Crockford's. Everybody played there. That a young fellow just in possession of a great estate should drop a few thousands in a single night's play was not considered a thing worthy of remark ; they all did it. We remember how Disraeli's ' Young Duke ' went on playing cards all night and all next day — was
it not all the next night as well? — till he and his companions were up to their knees in cards, and the man who was waiting on them was fain to lie down and sleep for half an hour. The passion of gambling — it is one of those other senses outside the five old elementary endowments — possessed everybody. Cards played a far more important part in hfe than they do now ; the evening rubber was played in every quiet house ; the club card-tables were always crowded ; for manly youth there were the fiercer joys of lansquenet, loo, vingt-et-un, and ecarte ; for the domestic circle there were the whisttable and the round table, and at the latter were played a quantity of games, such as Pope Joan, Commerce, Speculation, and I know not what, all for money, and all depending for their interest on the hope of winning and the fear of losing. Family gambling is gone. K in a genteel suburban villa one was to propose a round game, and call for the Pope Joan board, there would be a smile of wonder and pity. As well ask for a glass of negus, or call for the Caledonians at a dance !
Scandals there were, of course. Men gambled away the whole of their great estates ; they loaded their property with burdens in a single night which would keep their children and their grandchildren poor. They grew desperate, and became hawks on the lookout for pigeons ; they cheated at the card-table (read the famous case of Lord De Eos in this very year) ; they were always being detected and expelled, and so could no more show their faces at any place where gentlemen
i82 FIFTY YEARS AGO
congregated ; and sank from Crockford's to the cheaper hells, such as the cribs where the tradesmen used to gamble, those frequented by City clerks, by gentlemen's servants, and even those of the low French and Italians. They were illegal cribs, and informers were always getting money by causing the proprietors to be indicted. It was said of Thurtell, after he was hanged for murdering Weare, that he had offered to murder eight Irishmen, who had informed against these hells, for the consideration of 40/. a head. When they were suffered to proceed, however, the proprietors always made their fortunes. No doubt their descendants are now country gentry, and the green cloth has long since been folded up and put away in the lumber-room, with the rake and the croupier's green shade and his chaii, and the existence of these relics is forgotten.
WITH THE WITS.
The ten years of the Thirties are a period concerning whose literary history the ordinary reader knows next to nothing, let a good deal that has survived for fifty years, and promises to live longer, was accomplished in that period. Dickens, for example, began his career in the year 1837 with his ' Sketches by " Boz " ' and the ' Pickwick Papers ; ' Lord Lytton,then Mr. Lytton Biilwer, had already before that year published five novels, including 'Paul Chfford' and 'The Last Days of Pompeii.' Tennyson had already issued the ' Poems, by Two Brothers,' and ' Poems chiefly Lyrical.' Disraeli had written ' The Young Duke,' ' Vivian Grey,' and ' Venetia.' Browning had published ' Paracelsus ' and ' Strafford ; * Marryat began in 1834 ; Carlyle published the ' Sartor Resartus ' in 1832. But one must not estimate a period by its beginners. All these writers belong to the following thirty years of the century. If we look for those who were flourishing — that is, those who were producing their best work — it will be found that this decade was singularly poor. The principal name is
1 84 FIFTY YEARS AGO
that of Hood. There were also Hartley Coleridge, Doiicflas Jerrold, Procter, Sir Archibald Alison, Theodore Hook, G. P. E. James, Charles Knight, Sir Henry Taylor, Milman, Ebenezer Elliott, Harriet Martinea.ii, James Montgomery, Talfourd, Henry Brougham, Lady Bles-
sington, Harrison AinsAvorth, and some others of lesser note. This is not a very imposing array. On the other hand, nearly all the great writers whom we associate with the first thirty j^ears of the century were living, though their best Avork was done. After sixty, I take it, the hand of the master may still work with the old
WITH THE WITS
cunning, but his designs will be no longer new or bold. Wordsworth was sixty in 1830. and, though he lived for twenty years longer, and published the 'Yarrow Eevisited,' and, I think, some of his ' Sonnets,' he hardly added to his fame. Southey was four years younger. He published his ' Doctor ' and ' Essays ' in this decade, but his best work was done already. Scott died in 1832 ; Coleridge died in 1834; Byron was already dead ; James Hogg died in 1835 ;
himself.
than any of them, had entirely concluded his poetic career. It is wonderful to think that he began to write in 1783 and died in 1855. Beckford, whose ' Yathek ' appeared in 1786, was living until 1844. AmouCT others who were still living in 1837 were James and Horace Smith, Wilson Croker, Miss Edgeworth, Mrs. Trollope, Lucy Aikin, Miss Opie (who lived to be eighty-five), Jane Porter (prematurely cut ofi" at seventy-
four), and Harriet Lee (whose immortal work, the ' Errors of Innocence,' appeared in 1786, when she was already thirty) lived on till 1852, when she was ninetysix. Bowles, that excellent man, was not yet seventy, and meant to live for twenty years longer. De Quincey was fifty-two in 1837, Christopher North was in full vio-our, Thomas Love Peacock, who published his first
THOMAS MOORE
novel in 1810, was destined to produce a last, equally good, in 18G0; Landor, born in 1775, was not to die until 1864; Leigh Hunt, who in 1837 was fifty-three years of age, belongs to the time of Byron. John Keble, whose ' Christian Year ' was published in 1827, was forty-four in 1837 ; 'L. E. L.' died in 1838. In America, Washington Irving, Emerson, Channing, Bryant, Whittier, and Longfellow, make a good group. In France, Chateau-
briand, Lamartine, Victor Hugo, Beranger, Alfred de Musset, Scribe, and Dumas were all writing, a group much stronger than our English team.
It is difficult to understand, at first, that between the time of Scott, Wordsworth, Byron, and Keats, and tliat of Dickens, Thackeray, Marryat, Lever, Tennyson,
Browning, and Carlyle, there existed this generation of wits, most of them almost forgotten. Those, however, who consider the men and women of the Thirties have to deal, for the most part, with a literature that is third-rate. This kind becomes dreadfully flat and stale when it has been out for fifty years ; the dullest, flattest, dreariest reading that can be found on
the Thirties.
A blight had fallen upon novels and their writers. The enormous success that Scott had achieved tempted hundreds to follow in his path, if that were possible.
It was not possible ; but this they could not know, because nothing seems so easy to write as a novel, and no man, of tliose destined to fail, can understand in what respects his own work falls short of Scott's. That is the chief reason why he fails. Scott's success, however,
produced another effect. It greatly enlarged the number of novel readers, and caused them to buy up eagerly anythmg new, in the hope of finding another Scott. Thus, about the year 1826 there were produced as many as 250 tliree- and four- volume novels a year — that is to say, about as many as were published in 1886, when the area of readers has been multiplied by ten. We are also told that nearly
splendid hauls. But I think
that we must take these figures with considerable deductions. There were, as yet, no circulating libraries of any importance ; their place was supplied by book-clubs, to which the pubhshers chiefly looked for the purchase of their books. But one cannot believe that the book-clubs would take copies of all the rubbish that came out. Some of these novels I have read ; some of them actually stand on my shelves ; and I declare that anything more dreary and unprofitable it is
difficult to imacfine. At last there was a revolt : the public would staud this kind of stufT no longer. Down droj)ped the circulation of the novels. Instead of 2,000 copies subscribed, the dismayed publisher now read 50, and the whole host of novelists vanished like a swarm of midges. At the same time poetry went down too.
LOED BYEON
The drop in poetry was even more terrible than that of novels. Suddenly, and without any warning, the people of Great Britain left off reading poetry. To be sure, they had been flooded with a prodigious quantity of trash. One anonymous ' j^opular poet,' whose name will never now be recovered, received 100/f. for his last poem from a publisher who thought, no doubt, that the
' boom ' was going to last. Of this popular poet's work he sold exactly fifty copies. Another, a ' humorous ' bard, who also received a large sum for his immortal poem, showed in the unhappy publisher's books no more than eighteen copies sold. This was too ridiculous, and from
that day to this the trade side of poetry has remained under a cloud. That of novelist has, fortunately for some, beenredeemed from contempt by the enormous success of Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, and by the solid, though substantial, success of the lesser lights. Poets have now to pay for the publication of their own works, but nove-
who do not have to pay for the production of their works.
The popular taste, thus cloyed with novels and poetry, turned to books on popular science, on statistics, on health, and on travel. Barry Cornwall's * Life of Kean,' Campbell's ' Life of Siddons,' the Lives of Sale, Sir Thomas Picton, and Lord Exmouth, for example, were all well received. So Eoss's ' Arctic Seas,' Lamartine's ' Pilgrimage,' Macfarlane's ' Travels in the East,' Holman's ' Pound the World,' and Quin's 'Voyage down the Danube,' all commanded a sale of 1,000 copies each at least Works of religion, of course, always succeed, if they are written with due regard to the rehgious leanincf of the moment. It shows how reliojious fashions change when we find that the copyright of the works of Eobert Hall realised 4,000/. and that of Charles Simeon's books 5,000Z. ; while of the Eev. Alexander Fletcher's ' Book of Family Devotions,' published at 24^., 2,000 copies were sold on the day of publication. I dare say the same thing would happen again to-day if another Mr. Fletcher were to hit upon another happy thought in the way of a rehgious book.
I think that one of the causes of the decay of trade as regards poetry and fiction may have been the badness of the annuals. You will find in any old-fashioned library copies of the ' Keepsake,' the ' Forget-me-Not,' the ' Book of Beauty,' ' Flowers of Loveliness,' Finden's * Tableaux,' 'The Book of Gems,' and others of that now extinct tribe. They were beautifully printed on the
194 FIFTY YEARS AGO
they were published at a guinea. As for their contents, they were, to begin with, written ahnost entirely by ladies and gentlemen with handles to their names, each number containing in addition two or three papers by commoners — mere literary commoners — just to give a flavouring of style. In the early Thirties it was fashionable for lords and ladies to dash off these trifles. Byron was a gentleman ; Shelley was a gentleman ; nobody else, to be sure, among the poets and wits was a gentleman — yet if Byron and Shelley condescended to bid for fame and bays, why not Lord Eeculver, Lady Juliet de Dagenham, or the Hon. Lara Clonsilla ? I have before me the 'Keepsake' for the year 1831. Among the authors are Lord Morpeth, Lord Nugent, Lord Porchester. Lord John Eussell, the Hon. George Agar Ellis, the Hon. Henry Liddell, the Hon. Charles Phipps, the Hon. Robert Craddock, and the Hon. Grantley Berkeley. Among the ladies are the Countess of Blessington, 'L. E. L.,' and Agnes Strickland. Theodore Hook supplies the professional part. The illustrations are engraved from pictures and drawings by Eastlake, Corbould, Westall, Turner, Smirke, Flaxman, and other great artists. The result, from the literary point of view, is a collection much lower in point of interest and ability than the worst number of the worst shilling magazine of the present day. I venture to extract certain immortal lines contributed by Lord John Russell, who is not generally known as a poet. They are ' written at Kinneil, the residence of the late Mr. Dugald Stewart.'
WITH THE WITS 195
To distant worlds a guide amid the night, To nearer orbs the source of life and light ; Each star resplendent on its radiant throne Gilds other systems and supports its own. Thus we see Stewart, in his fame reclined, Enlighten all the universe of mind ; To some for wonder, some for joy appear, Admired when distant and beloved when near. 'Twas he gave rules to Fancy, grace to Thought, Taught Virtue's laws, and practised what he taught.
Dear me ! Something similar to the last line one remembers written by an earlier bard. In the same way Terence has been accused of imitating the old Eton Latin Grammar.
Somewhere about the year ]837 the world began to kick at the ' Keepsakes,' and they gradually got extinguished. Then the lords and the countesses put away their verses and dropped into prose, and, to the infinite loss of mankind, wrote no more until editors of great monthlies, anxious to show a hst of illustrious names, began to ask them again.
As for the general literature of the day, there must have been a steady demand for new works of all kinds, for it was estimated that in 1836 there were no fewer than four thousand persons living by literary work. Most of them, of course, must have been simple publishers' hacks. But seven hundred of them in London were journalists, kl the present day there are said to be in London alone fourteen thousand men and women who live by writing. And of this number I shoukl think til at thirteen thousand are in some way or other con-
196 FIFTY YEARS AGO
nected with journalism. Publishers' hacks still exist — that is to say, the unhappy men who, without genius or natural aptitude, or the art of writing pleasantly, are eternally engaged in compihng, steahng, arranging, and putting together books which maybe palmed off upon an uncritical pubhc for prize books and presents. But they are far fewer in proportion than they were, and perhaps the next generation may live to see them extinct. What did they write, this regiment of 3,300 litterateurs ? Novehsts, as we have learned, had fallen
criticism, and a hundred other things. Yet, making allowance for everything, I cannot but think that the 3,300 must have had on the whole an idle and unprofitable time. However, some books of the year may be recorded. First of all, in the ' Annual Register ' for 1837 there appears a poem by Alfred Tennyson. I have copied a portion of it : —
In the silent woody places
Of the land that gave me birth, We stood tranced in long embraces, JMixt with kisses sweeter, sweeter
My whole soul out to thee.
Books, indeed, there were in plenty. Lady Blessington produced her ' Victims of Society ' and ' Sunday at the Zoo ; ' Mr. Lytton Bulwer his ' Duchesse de la Valliere,' ' Ernest Maltravers,' and ' Athens, its Else and Fall ; ' Miss Mitford her ' Country Stories ; ' Cottle his ' Eecollections of Coleridge ; ' Harrison Ainsworth, ' Crichton ; ' Disraeli, ' Venetia ; ' Talfourd, ' The Life
198 FIFTY YEARS AGO
and Letters of Charles Lamb ; ' Babbage, a * Bridgwater Treatise ; ' Hool^, ' Jack Brag ; ' Haynes Bay ley, liis * Weeds of Witchery ' — a thing as much forgotten as the weeds in last year's garden ; James, his ' Attila ' and ' Louis XIV. ; ' Miss Martineau, her ])ook on 'American Society.' I find, not in the book, which I have not read, but in a review of it, iwo stories, which I copy. One is of an American traveller who had been to Rome, and said of it, ' Eome is a very fme city, sir, but its public buildings are out of repair.' The other is the following : " Few men,' said the preacher in his sermon, ' when they build a house, remember that there must some day be a coffin taken downstairs.' ' Ministers,' said a lady who had been present, ' have got into the strangest way of choosing subjects. True, wide staircases are a great convenience, but Christian ministers might find better subjects for their discourses than narrow staircases.'
In addition to the above. Hartley Coleridge wrote the ' Lives of Northern Worthies ; ' the complete poetical works of Southey appeared — he himself died at the beginning of 1842 ; Dion Boucicault produced his first play, being then fifteen years of age ; Carlyle brought out his 'French Eevolution ; ' Lockhart his ' Life of Scott ; ' Martin Tupper the first series of the ' Proverbial Philosophy ; ' Hallam his ' Literature of Europe ; ' there were the usual travels in Arabia, Armenia, Italy, and Ireland ; with, no doubt, the annual avalanche of sermons, pamphlets, and the rest. Above
WITH THE WITS 199
all, however, it must be remembered that to this time belong the ' Sketches by " Boz " ' (1836) and the 'Pickwick Papers ' (1837-38). Of the latter, the Athenceum not unwisely remarked that they were made up of * three pounds of Smollett, three ounces of Sterne, a handful of Hook, a dash of a grammatical Pierce Egan ; the incidents at pleasure, served with an original sauce
piquante We earnestly hope and trust that
nothing we have said will tend to refine Boz.' One could hardly expect a critic to be ready at once to acknowledge that here was a genius, original, totally unlike any of his predecessors, who knew the great art of drawing from life, and depicting nothing but what he knew. As for Thackeray, he was still in the chrysalis stage, though his Hkeness appears with those of the contributors to Fraser's Majazine in the portrait group of Fraserians published in 1839. His first independently published book, I think, was the ' Paris Sketch Book,' which was not issued until the year 1840.
Here, it will be acknowledged, is not a record to be quite ashamed of, with Carlyle, Talfourd, Hallam, and Dickens to adorn and illustrate the year. After all, it is a great thing for any year to add one enduring book to English Literature, and it is a great deal to show so many works which are still read and remembered. Lytton's ' Ernest Maltravers,' though not his best novel, is still read by some ; Talfourd's ' Charles Lamb ' remains ; Disraeli's ' Venetia ; ' Lockhart's ' Life of Scott '
is the best biography of the novehst and poet ; Carlyle's ' French Eevokition ' shows no si^n of being forgotten. Between the first and the fiftietli years of Victoria's reign there arose and flourished and died a new generation of great men. Dickens, Thackeray, Lytton, in his later and better style ; George Eliot, Charles Eeade, George Meredith, Nathaniel Hawthorne, stand in the very front rank of novelists ; in the second line are Charles
Kingsley, Mrs. Gaskell, Lever, Trollope, and a few living men and women. Tennyson, Browning, Swinburne, Matthew Arnold, are the new poets. Carlyle, Freeman, Froude, Stubbs, Green, Lecky, Buckle, have founded a new school of history ; Maurice has broadened the old theology ; Darwin, Huxley, Tyndall, Lockyer, and many others have advanced the boundaries of science ; philology has become one of the exact sciences ; a great school of pohtical economy has arisen, flourished.
WITH THE WITS 201
and decayed. As to the changes that have come upon the hterature of the country, the new points of view, the new creeds, these belong to another chapter.
There has befallen literature of late years a grievous, even an irreparable blow. It has lost the salon. There are no longer grandes dames de par le monde^ who
CHAELES DAEWIN
attract to their drawing-rooms the leaders and the lesser Hghts of literature ; there are no longer, so far as I know, any places at all, even any clubs, whicli are recognised centres of literature ; there are no longer any houses where one will be sure to find great talkers, and to hear them talking all nicrht loncf. There are no longer any great talkers — that is to say, many men
202 FIFTY YEARS AGO
there are who talk well, but there are no Sydney Smiths or Macanlays, and in houses where the Sydney Smith of the day would go for his talk, he would not be encouraged to talk much after midnight. In the same way, there are clubs, like the Athenaium and the Savile, where men of letters are among the members, but they do not constitute the members, and they do not give altogether its tone to the club.
Fifty years ago there were two houses which, each in its own way, were recognised centres of literature. Every man of letters went to Gore House, which was open to all ; a,nd every man of letters who could get there went to Holland House.
The former establishment was presided over by the Countess of Blessington, at this time a widow, still young and still attractive, though beginning to be burdened with the care of an estabhshment too expensive for her means. She was the author of a good many novels, now almost forgotten — it is odd how well one knows the name of Lady Blessington, and how Httle is generally known about her history, literary or personal — and she edited every year one of the ' Keepsakes ' or ' Forget-me-Nots.' From certain indications, the bearing of which her biographer, Mr. Madden, did not seem to understand, I gather that her novels did not prove to the publishers the literary success which they expected, and I also infer — from the fact that she was always changing them — that a dinner at Gore House and the society of all the wits after dinner were
not always attractions strong enough to loosen their purse-strings. This lady, whose maiden name was Power, was of an Irish family, her father being engaged, when he was not shooting rebels, in unsuccessful trade. Her hfe was adventurous and also scandalous. She was married at sixteen to a Captain Farmer, from whom she speedily separated, and came over to London, where she lived for some years — her biographer does not explain liow she got money — a grass widow. When Lord
HOLLAND HOUSE
Blessington lost his wife, and Mrs. Farmer lost her husband — the gallant Captain got drunk, and fell out of a window — they were married, and went abroad travelhng in great state, as an English milor of those days knew how to travel, with a train of lialf-a-dozen carriages, his own cook and valet, the Countess's women, a whole hatterie de cuisine, a quantity of furniture, couriers, and footmen, and his own great carriage. With them went the Count d'Orsay, then about two-
and patron of the drama.
After Lord Blessington died it was arranged that Count d'Orsay should marry his daughter. But the Count separated from his wife a week or two after the wedding, and returned to the widow, whom he never afterwards left, always taking a lodging near her house, and forming part of her household. The Countess d'Orsay, one need not explain, did not visit her stepmother at Gore House.
Here, however, you would meet Tom Moore, the two Bulwers, Campbell, Talfourd, James and Horace Smith, Landseer, Theodore Hook, Disraeli the elder and the younger, Eogers, Washington Irving, N. P. Willis, Marryat, Macready, Charles Dickens, Albert Smith, Forster, Walter Savage Laudor, and, in short, nearly every one who had made a reputation, or was likely to make it. Hither came also Prince Louis Napoleon, in whose fortunate star Count d'Orsay always firmly beheved. The conversation was lively, and the evenings were prolonged. As for ladies, there were few ladies who went to Gore House. Doubtless they had their reasons. The outer circle, so to speak, consisted of such men as Lord Abinger, Lord Durham, Lord Strangford, Lord Porchester, Lord Nugent, writers and poetasters who contributed their illustrious names and their beautiful productions to Lady Blessington's ' Keepsakes.' Thackeray was one of the ' intimates ' at Gore
WITH THE WITS 205
House, and when the crash came in 1849, and the place was sold up by the creditors, it is on record that the author of ' Vanity Fair ' was the only person who showed emotion. ' Mr. Thackeray also came,' wrote the Countess's valet to his mistress, who had taken refuge in Paris, ' and he went away with tears in his eyes ; he is perhaps the only person I have seen really affected at your departure.' In 1837 he was twenty-six years of age, but he had still to wait for twelve years before he was to take his real place in literature, and even then and until the day of his death there were many who could not understand his greatness.
As regards Lady Blessington, her morals may have been deplorable, but there must have been something singularly attractive about her manners and conversation. Her novels, so far as I have been able to read them, show no remarkable ability, and her portrait shows amiability rather than cleverness ; yet she must have been both clever and amiable to get so many clever men around her and to fix them, to make them come again, come often, and regard her drawing-room and her society as altogether charming, and to write such verses upon her as the following : —
She rivets on the whites.
The following lines are in another strain, more artificial, with a false ring, and curiously unlike any style of the present day. They are by N. P. Willis, who, in his ' Pencillings,' describes an evening at Gore House ; —
So seems of Heaven the dearest light. Men murmur where that shape is seen ; My youth's angelic dream was of that face and mien.
Gore House was a place for men ; there was more than a touch of Bohemia in its atmosphere. The fair chatelaine distinctly did not belong to any noble house, though she was fond of talking of her ancestors ; the constant presence of Count d'Orsay, and the absence of Lady Harriet, his wife ; the coldness of ladies as regards the place ; the whispers and the open talk ; tliese things did not, perhaps, make the house less delightful, but they placed it outside society.
Holland House, on the other hand, occupied a different position. The circle was wide and the hospitable doors were open to all who could procure an introduction ; but it was presided over by a lady the
WITH THE WITS 207
opposite to Lady Blessington in every respect. She ruled as well as reigned ; those who went to Holland House were made to feel her power. The Princess Marie Liechtenstein, in her book on Holland House, has given a long list of those who were to be found there between the years 1796 and 1840. Among them were Sydney Smith, Macaulay, Byron, 'Monk' Lewis, Lord Jeffrey, Lords Eldon, Thurlow, Brougham, and Lyndhurst, Sir Humphry Davy, Count Eumford, Lords Aberdeen, Moira, and Macartney, Grattan, Curran, Sir Samuel Eomilly, Washington Irving, Tom Moore, Calonne, Lally Tollendal, Talleyrand, the Duke of Clarence, the Due d'Orleans, Metternich, Canova, the two Erskines, Madame de Stael, Lord John Eussell, and Lord Houghton. There was no such agreeable house in Europe as Holland House. 'There was no professional claqueur ; no mutual puffing ; no exchanged support. There, a man was not unanimously applauded because he was known to be clever, nor was a woman accepted as clever because she was known to receive clever people.'
The conditions of Hfe and society are so much changed that there can never again be another Holland House. For the first thing which strikes one who considers the history of this place, as well as Gore House, is that, though the poets, wits, dramatists, and novelists go to these houses, their wives do not. In these days a man who respects himself will not go to a house where his wife is not asked. Then, again, London is so much
2o8 FIFTY YEARS AGO
greater in extent, and people are so much scattered, that it would be difficult now to get together a circle consisting of literary people who lived near enough to frequent the house. And another thing : people no longer keep such late hours. They do not sit up talking all night. That is, perhaps, because there are no wits to talk with ; but I do not know : I think that towards midnight the malice of Count d'Orsay in drawing out the absurd points in the guests, the rollicking fun of Tom Moore, or his sentimental songs, the repartee of James Smith, and the polished talk of Lytton Bulwer, all collar, cuff, diamond pin, and wavy hair, would have begun to pall upon me, and when nobody was taking any notice of so obscure an individual, I should have stolen down the stairs, and so out into the open air beneath the stars. For the wits were very witty, but they must have been very fatiguing. ' Quite enough of that, Macaulay,' Lady Holland would say, tapping her fan upon the table. 'Now tell us about something else.'
JOURNALS AND JOURNALISTS.
There was no illustrated paper in 18o7 : there was no Punch. On the other hand, there were as many London papers as there are to-day, and nearly as many magazines and reviews. The Times ^ which is reported to have then had a circulation not exceeding 10,000 a day, was already the leading paper. It defended Queen Caroline, and advocated the Eeform Bill, and was reported to be ready to incur any expense for early news. Thus, in 1834, on the occasion of a great dinner given to Lord Durham, the Times spent 200Z. in having an early report, and that up from the North by special messenger. This is not much in comparison with the enterprise of telegraph and special correspondents, but it was a great step in advance of other journals. The other morning papers were the Morning Herald^ the Morning Chronicle, the Morning Post, of which Coleridge was once on the staff, the Morning Aduertiser, which already represented the interest of which it is still the organ, and the old Public Ledger, for which Goldsmith had once written.
The evening papers were the Globe, which had absorbed six other evening papers ; the Courier ; the Standard, once edited by Dr. Maginn ; and the True Sun.
The weekhes were tlie Examiner, edited by the two Hunts and Albany Fonblanque ; the Spectator^ whose price seems to have varied from ninepence to a shilHng ; the Atlas ; Observer ; BeWs Life ; BeWs Weekly Messenger ; John Bull, which Theodore Hook edited ; the New WeeJcly Messenger ; the Sunday Times ; the Age ; the Satirist ; the Mark Lane Express ; the County Chroiiide ; the Weekly Dispatch, sometimes sold for 8JdI., sometimes for Qd. ; the Patriot ; the Christian Advocate ; the Watchman ; the Court Journal ; the Naval and Military Gazette ; and the United Service Gazette.
Among the reporters who sat in the Gallery, it is remarkable that two-thirds did not write shorthand ; they made notes, and trusted to their memories ; Charles Dickens sat with them in the year 1836.
The two great Quarterlies still continue to exist, but their power has almost gone ; nobody cares any more what is said by either, yet they are as well written as ever, and their papers are as interesting, if they are not so forcible. The Edinburgh Review is said to have had a circulation of 20,000 copies; the Quarterly is said never to have reached anything like that number. Among those who wrote for the latter fifty years ago, or thereabout, were Southey, Basil Hall, John Wilson Croker, Sir Francis Head, Dean Milman, Justice Cole ridge, Henry Taylor, and Abraham Hayward. The West-
JO URNA LS AND JO URN A LISTS 2 1 1
minster, which also included the London, was supported by such contributors as the two Mills, father and son, Southwood Smith, and Roebuck. There was also the Foreign Quarterly, for which Scott, Southey, and Carlyle wrote.
The monthlies comprised the Gentleman s [^\a\\ living), the Monthly Review ; the Monthly Magazine ; the Eclectic ; the New Monthly ; Fraser ; the Metropolitan ; the Monthly Repository ; the Lady's ; the Court ; the Asiatic Journal ; the East Lndia Revieiv ; and the United Service Journal.
The weekly magazines were the Literary Gazette ; the Parthenon — absorbed in the Literary in 1842 ; the Athenceum, which Mr. Dilke bought of Buckingham, reducing the price from 8c?. to 4c?. ; the Mirror ; Chambers's Journal ; the Penny Magazine ; and the Saturday Magazine, a religious journal with a circulation of 200,000.
All these papers, journals, quarterlies, monthlies, and weeklies found occupation for a great number of journalists. Among those who wrote for the magazines were many whom we know, and some whom we have forgotten. Mr. Cornish, editor of the Monthly Magazine, seems forgotten. But he wrote ' Songs of the Loire,' the ' Gentleman's Book,' ' My Daughter's Book,' the 'Book for the Million,' and a 'Volume of the Affections.' Mr. Peter Gaskill, another forgotten worthy, wrote, besides his contributions to the monthly press, three laudable works, called ' Old Maids,' ' Old Bache-
212 FIFTY YEARS AGO
lors,' and ' Plebeians and Patricians.' John Gait, James and Horace Smith, Allan Cunningham, Sir Egertou Brydges, Sheridan Knowles, Eobert Hall, John Foster, James Montgomery, S. C. Hall, Grattan — author of ' Highways and Byways ' — Marryat, John Mill, Peacock, Miss Martineau, Ebenezer Elliott, and Warren — author of ' A Diary of a Late Physician ' — all very respectable writers, sustained this mass of magazine literature.
It will be seen, then, that London was as well sup plied with papers and reviews as it is at present — considering the difference in population, it was much better supplied. Outside London, however, the demand for a daily paper was hardly known. There were in the whole of Great Britain only fourteen daily papers ; and in Ireland two. There are now 171 daily papers in Great Britain and fifteen in Ireland In country places, the weekly newspaper, pubhshed on Saturday night and distributed on Sunday morning, provided all the news that was required, the local intelligence being by far the most important.
As to the changes which have come over the papers, the leading article, whose influence and weight seems to have culminated at the time of the Crimean War, was then of httle more value than it is at present. The news — there were as yet, happily, no telegrams — was still by despatches and advice ; and the latest news of markets was that brought by the last ship. We will not waste time in pointing out that Edinburgh was practically as far off as Gibraltar, or as anything else
JOURNALS AND JOURNALISTS 213
you please. But consider, if you can, your morning paper without its telegrams ; could one exist without knowing exactly all that is going on all over the world at the very moment ? We used to exist, as a matter of fact, very well indeed without that knowledge ; when we had it not we were less curious, if less well informed : there was always a pleasing element of uncertainty as to what might arrive : everything had to be taken on trust ; and in trade the most glorious fortunes could be made and lost by the beautiful uncertainties of the market. Now we watch the tape, day by day, and hour by hour : we anticipate our views : we can only speculate on small differences : the biggest events are felt, long beforehand, to be coming. It is not an unmixed gain for the affairs of the whole world to be carried on under the fierce light of electricity, so that everybody may behold whatever happens day after day, as if one were seated on Olympus among the Immortal Gods.
THE SPORTSMAN.
There were many various forms of sport open to the Englishman fifty years ago which are now wholly, or partly, closed. For instance, there was the P. E., then flourishing in great vigour — they are at this moment trying to revive it. A prize-fight was accompanied by every kind of blackguardism and villainy; not the least was the fact that the fights, towards the end of the record, were almost always conducted on the cross, so that honest betting men never knew where to lay their money. At the same time, the decay of boxing during the last twenty-five years has been certainly followed by a great decay of the national pluck and pugnacity, and therefore, naturally, by a decay of national enterprise. We may fairly congratulate ourselves, therefore, that the noble art of self-defence is reviving, and promises to become as great and favourite a sport as before. Let all our boys be taught to fight. Fifty years ago there was not a day in a public school when there was not a fight between two of the boys ; there was not a day when there was not a street fight ; did not
THE SPORTSMAN 215
the mail-coach drivers who accompanied Mr. Samuel Weller on a memorable occasion leave behind them one of their number to fight a street porter in Fleet Street ? There was never a day when some young fellow did not take off his coat and handle his fives for a quarter of an hour with a drayman, a driver, a worldng man. It was a disgrace not to be able to fight. Only the other day I read that there are no fights at Eton any more because the boys ' funk each other.' Eton boys funk each other ! But we need not believe it. Let there be no nonsense listened to about brutahty. The world belongs to the men who can fight.
There were, besides the street fights, which kept things lively and gave animation to the dullest parts of the town, many other things which we see no longer. The bear who danced : the bull who was baited : the pigeons which were shot in Battersea Fields : the badger which was drawn : the dogs which were fought : the rats which were killed : the cocks which were fought : the cats which were thrown into the ponds : the ducks which were hunted — these amusements exist no longer; fifty years ago they afforded sport for many.
Hunting, coursing, horse-racing, shooting, went on bravely. As regards game preserves, the laws were more rigidly enforced, and there was a much more bitter feeling towards them on the part of farmers then than now. On the other hand, there were no such wholesale battues ; sport involved uncertainty ; gentlemen did not
they should be.
The sporting instincts of the Londoner gave the comic person an endless theme for fun. He was always hiring a horse and coming to grief; he was perpetually tumbling off, losing his stirrups, letting his whip fall, having his hat blown off and carried away, and generally disgracing himself in the eyes of those with whom he wished to appear to the best advantage. There was the Epping Hunt on Easter Monday, where the sporting Londoners turned out in thousands ; there were the ponies on hire at any open place all round London — at Clapham Common, Blackheath, Hampstead, Epping. To ride was the young Londoner's greatest ambition : even to this day there is not one young man»in ten who will own without a blush that he cannot ride. To ride in the Park was impossible for him, because he had to be at his desk at ten ; a man who rides in the Park is inde pendent of the City ; but there were occasions on which everyone would long to be able to sit in the saddle.
saddle.
It seems certain, unless the comic papers all lie, that fifty years ago every young man also wanted to go shooting. Pemember how Mr. Winkle — an arrant Cockney, though represented as coming from Bristol — not only pretended to love the sport, but always went
THE SPORTSMAN 217
about attired as one ready to take the field. The Londoner went out into the fields, which then lay within liis reach all round the City, popping at everything. Let us illustrate the subject with the following description of a First of September taken from the 'Comic Almanack ' of 1837. Perhaps Thackeray wrote it : —
' Up at six. — Told Mrs. D. I'd got wery pressing business at Woolwich, and off to Old Fish Street, where a werry sporting breakfast, consisting of jugged hare, partridge pie, tally-ho sauce, gunpowder tea, and-csetera, vos laid out in Figgins's warehouse ; as he didn't choose Mrs. F. and his young hinfant family to know he vos a-goin to hexpose himself vith fire-harms. — After a good blowout, sallied forth vith our dogs and guns, namely Mrs. Wiggins's French poodle, Miss Selina Higgins's real Blenheim spaniel, young Hicks's ditto, Mrs. Figgins's pet bull-dog, and my little thoroughbred tarrier ; all vich had been smuggled to Figgins's warehouse the night before, to perwent domestic disagreeables. — Got into a Paddington bus at the Bank. — Row with Tiger, who hobjected to take the dogs, unless paid hextra. — Hicks said we'd a rights to take 'em, and quoted the hact. — Tiger said the hact only allowed parcels carried on the lap.^- Accordingly tied up the dogs in our pockethandkerchiefs, and carried them and the guns on our knees.— Got down at Paddington ; and, after glasses round, valked on till ve got into the fields, to a place vich Higgins had baited vith corn and penny rolls every day for a month past. Found a covey of birds feeding. Dogs wery eager, and barked beautiful. Birds got up and turned out to be pigeons. Debate as to vether pigeons vos game or not. Hicks said they vos made game on by the new hact. Fired accordingly, and half killed two or three, vich half fell to the ground ; but suddenly got up again and flew off. Reloaded, and pigeons came round again. Let fly a second time, and tumbled two or three more over, but didn't bag any. Tired at last, and turned in to the Dog and Partridge, to get a snack. Landlord laughed, and asked how ve vos hoff for tumblers. Didn't understand him, but got some waluable hinformation about loading our guns ; vich he strongly recommended mixing the powder and shot well up together before putting into the barrel ; and showed Figgins how to
2i8 FIFTY YEARS AGO
cliarge his percussion ; vich being Figgins's first attempt under the new system, he had made the mistake of putting a charge of copper caps into the barrel instead of sticking von of 'em atop of the touchhole. — Left the Dog and Partridge^ and took a nortli-easterly direction, so as to have the adwantage of the vind on our backs. Dogs getting wery riotous, and refusing to answer to Figgins's vhistle, vich had unfortunately got a pea in it. — Getting over an edge into a field, Hicks's gun haccidently hexploded, and shot Wiggins behind; and my gun going off hunexpectedly at the same moment, singed avay von of my viskers and blinded von of my heyes. — Carried Wiggins back to the inn : dressed his wound, and rubbed my heye mth cherry brandy and my visker with bear's grease. — Sent poor W. home by a short stage, and resumed our sport. — Heard some pheasants crowing by the side of a plantation. Resolved to stop their cockadoodledooing, so set off at a jog-trot. Passing thro' a field of bone manure, the dogs unfortunately set to work upon the bones, and we couldn't get 'em to go a step further at no price. Got vithin gun-shot of two of the birds, vich Higgins said they vos two game cocks : but Hicks, who had often been to Yestminster Pit, said no sitch thing ; as game cocks had got short square taDs, and smooth necks, and long military spurs ; and these had got long curly tails, and necks all over hair, and scarce any spurs at all. Shot at 'em as pheasants, and believe we killed 'em both ; but, hearing some orrid screams come out of the plantation immediately hafter, ve all took to our 'eels and ran avay vithout stopping to pick either of 'em up. — After running about two miles, Hicks called out to stop, as he had hobserved a covey of wild ducks feeding on a pond by the road side. Got behind a haystack and shot at the ducks, vich svam avay hunder the trees. Unfortunately bank failed, and poor F. tumbled up to his neck in the pit. Made a rope of our pocket-handkerchiefs, got it round his neck, and dragged him to the Dog and Doublet, vere ve had him put to bed, and dried. Werry sleepy with the hair and hexercise, so after dinner took a nap a-piece. — Woke by the landlord coming in to know if ve vos the gentlemen as had shot the hunfortunate nursemaid and child in Mr. Smithville's plantation. Swore ve knew nothing about it, and vile the landlord was gone to deliver our message, got out of the back vindow, and ran avay across the fields. At the end of a mile, came suddenly upon a
THE SPORTSMAN 219
strange sort of bii'd, vich Hicks declared to be the cock-of-the- woods. Sneaked beliind him and killed him. Turned out to be a peacock. Took to our heels again, as ve saw the lord of the manor and two of his servants vitli bludgeons coming down the gravel valk towards us. Found it getting late, so agreed to shoot our vay home. Didn't know vere ve vos, but kept going on. — At last got to a sort of plantation, vere ve saw a great many birds perching about. Gave 'em a broadside, and brought down several. Loaded again, and killed another brace. Thought ve should make a good day's vork of it at last, and vas preparing to charge again, ven two of the new police came and took us up in the name of the Zolorogical Society, in whose gardens it seems ve had been shooting. Handed off to the Public Hoffice, and werry heavily fined, and werry sewerely reprimanded by the sitting magistrate. — Coming away, met by the landlord of the Dog and Doublet, who charged us with running off without paying our shot ; and Mr. Smithville, who accused us of manslaughtering his nurse-maid and child ; and, their wounds not having been declared immortal, ve vos sent to spend the night in prison — and thus ended my last First of September.'
IN FACTOKY AND MINE.
I DO not know any story, not even that of the slavetrade, which can compare, for brutahty and callousness of heart, with the story of the women and children employed in the factories and the mines of this realm. There is nothing in the whole history of mankind which shows more clearly the enormities which become possible when men, spurred by desire for gam, are left uncontrolled by laws or the weight of public opinion, and placed in the position of absolute mastery over their fellow-men. The record of the slavery time is black in the West Indies and the United States, God knows ; but the record of the English mine and factory is blacker still. It is so black that it seems incredible to us. We ask ourselves in amazement if, fifty years ago, these things could be. Alas ! my fiiends, there are cruelties as great still going on around us in every great city, and wherever women are forced to work for bread. For the women and the children are inarticulate, and in the dark places, where no light of publicity penetrates, the hand of the master is ^rmed with a scourge
of scorpions. Let us therefore humble ourselves, and read the story of the children in the mines with shame as well as with indignation. The cry of the needlewomen is louder in our ears than the cry of the children in the mines
year 1801 — the overcrowding of the factories and mills, the neglect of the simplest sanitary precautions, the long hours, the poor food, and insufficient rest, caused the outbreak of a dreadful epidemic fever, which alarmed even the mill-owners, because if they lost their hands they lost their machinery. The hands are the producers, and tlie aim of the masters was to regard the producers as so many machines. Now if your machine is laid low with fever it is as good as an engine out of repair.
226 FIFTY YEARS AGO
conscience awakened, but the House of Commons was called upon to act in tlie interests of health, public morals, humanity, and justice. Strange, that the world had been Christian for so long, yet no law had been passed to protect women and children. In the Year of Grace 1802 a beginning was made.
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import com.jaamsim.basicsim.ErrorException;
import com.jaamsim.input.ExpError;
import com.jaamsim.input.ExpEvaluator;
import com.jaamsim.input.ExpParser;
import com.jaamsim.input.ExpParser.Expression;
import com.jaamsim.input.ExpResType;
import com.jaamsim.input.ExpResult;
public class EntityProvExpression<T extends Entity> implements EntityProvider<T> {
private final Expression exp;
private final Entity thisEnt;
private final ExpEvaluator.EntityParseContext parseContext;
private final Class<T> entClass;
private final static String BAD_RESULT_TYPE = "Incorrect result type returned by expression: '%s'%n"
+ "Received: %s, expected: %s";
private final static String BAD_RESULT_CLASS = "Incorrect class returned by expression: '%s'%n"
+ "Received: %s, expected: %s";
public EntityProvExpression(String expString, Entity ent, Class<T> aClass) throws ExpError {
thisEnt = ent;
parseContext = ExpEvaluator.getParseContext(thisEnt, expString);
exp = ExpParser.parseExpression(parseContext, expString);
ExpParser.assertResultType(exp, ExpResType.ENTITY);
entClass = aClass;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Override
public T getNextEntity(double simTime) {
T ret = null;
try {
ExpResult result = ExpEvaluator.evaluateExpression(exp, simTime);
if (result.type != ExpResType.ENTITY) {
thisEnt.error(BAD_RESULT_TYPE, exp.source, result.type, "ENTITY");
}
if (!entClass.isAssignableFrom(result.entVal.getClass())) {
thisEnt.error(BAD_RESULT_CLASS, exp.source,
result.entVal.getClass().getSimpleName(), entClass.getSimpleName());
}
ret = (T)result.entVal;
}
catch(ExpError e) {
throw new ErrorException(thisEnt, e);
}
return ret;
}
public void appendEntityReferences(ArrayList<Entity> list) {
try {
ExpParser.appendEntityReferences(exp, list);
}
catch (ExpError e) {}
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return parseContext.getUpdatedSource();
}
}
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Table of Contents Author Guidelines Submit a Manuscript
Clinical and Developmental Immunology
Volume 2011, Article ID 549023, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/549023
Research Article
HLA-57 and Gender Influence the Occurrence of Tuberculosis in HIV Infected People of South India
1Rotary-TTK Blood Bank, Bangalore Medical Services Trust (BMST), Bangalore 560075, India
2HIV Services, Seva Free Clinic, Bangalore 560042, India
3Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
4Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
5Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
6Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
7HLA Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0550, USA
8Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics (MRDG), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, India
Received 28 April 2010; Accepted 2 June 2011
Academic Editor: Stephan Schwander
Copyright © 2011 Latha Jagannathan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background. Substantial evidence exists for HLA and other host genetic factors being determinants of susceptibility or resistance to infectious diseases. However, very little information is available on the role of host genetic factors in HIV-TB coinfection. Hence, a longitudinal study was undertaken to investigate HLA associations in a cohort of HIV seropositive individuals with and without TB in Bangalore, South India. Methods. A cohort of 238 HIV seropositive subjects were typed for HLA-A, B, and DR by PCR-SSP and followed up for 5 years or till manifestation of Tuberculosis. HLA data of 682 HIV Negative healthy renal donors was used as control. Results. The ratio of males and females in HIV cohort was comparable (50.4% and 49.6%). But the incidence of TB was markedly lower in females (12.6%,) than males (25.6%). Further, HLA-B*57 frequency in HIV cohort was significantly higher among females without TB (21.6%, 19/88) than males (1.7%, 1/59); ; . CD4 counts also were higher among females in this cohort. Conclusion. This study suggests that HIV positive women with HLA-B*57 have less occurrence of TB as compared to males.
1. Introduction
India has the world's highest number of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections for any country outside Africa with estimated 2.47 million infections. The commonest mode of transmission of infection is through heterosexual contact and the majority of the HIV infections (89%) are in the age group of 15–49 years. Karnataka is one of the four states in Southern India which has a high prevalence of HIV infection (0.81%), especially amongst ante-natal mothers who are considered as low-risk group [1]. A recent study from South India has indicated that HIV 1 clade C accounts for over 90% of all HIV infections in the country [2]. Amongst the 256 samples tested from South India, 253 were identified as HIV 1 clade C using a subtype-specific PCR [2]. The predominant opportunistic infection noted among AIDS patients in India is tuberculosis (TB) and it is the most potent risk factor associated with disease progression. An HIV positive person is six times (50 to 60% lifetime risk) more likely to develop TB disease as compared to an HIV negative person (10% lifetime risk) [3]. Notwithstanding such a high risk of developing TB, it has been observed by us that there is a subset of HIV infected individuals who do not develop TB over a number of years (unpublished observations at Seva free clinic, an HIV care centre at Bangalore). Taken together, this suggests that certain “innate factors” could indeed influence the manifestation of TB in HIV infected individuals. Interactions between HIV and the innate immune system have recently caught the attention of several researchers [4]. In particular, the importance of differential Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7) mediated signaling leading to increased interferon-α production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) noted in HIV infected women as compared to men thereby explaining how viral loads are better controlled in women [5].
There is substantial epidemiological evidence that host genetic factors such as Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) and closely linked genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) as well as non-MHC factors such as chemokine receptors are important determinants of susceptibility or resistance to infectious diseases [68]. Human Leukocyte Antigens are central to the recognition and presentation of pathogens to the immune system and therefore are a fundamental part of the human immune system. Several studies on HLA and disease association with HIV have been reported in different ethnic populations [68]. Little information is available on HIV infected individuals in South India with special reference to the incidence of TB and association with HLA. Therefore, this study was undertaken in a cohort of HIV positive individuals to investigate the association of HLA and TB.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
The study was prospective in design and included 263 drug naive HIV seropositive individuals who attended Seva Free Clinic (HIV care centre at Bangalore). The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committees of Seva clinic and Bangalore Medical Services Trust. Most patients visited the clinic with the onset of symptoms and the duration of HIV infection was thus self-reporting. HIV infection was confirmed by demonstration of anti-HIV antibodies in serum as per the National AIDS Control Organization’s guidelines using rapid HIV tests. All subjects underwent a detailed clinical evaluation by the treating physicians (Bhuthaiah Satish, Kadappa Shivappa Satish, and Parthasarathy Satishchandra). TB was diagnosed in the study subjects based on clinical examination and/or routine laboratory investigations such as sputum smear examination, X-ray chest, and haemogram. Sputum smear and/or culture positivity was considered as confirmatory evidence of TB, whilst chest X-ray, raised erythrocyte sedimentation rates and response to anti-TB treatment were considered highly suggestive of TB. After obtaining informed consent, subjects were recruited into the study and referred to the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS) for CD4 enumeration. Those subjects who did not any confirmatory and/or clinical evidence of TB were followed up for a period of five years or till manifestation of TB, whichever was earlier. During the follow-up period, 25/263 HIV positive individuals were excluded from the study as their CD4 counts declined below 200 cells/μL and therefore had to be initiated on antiretroviral therapy. No separate controls were recruited for this study, However, the sociodemographic and HLA frequency distribution details available in a healthy renal donor database with BMST, Bangalore, were used for comparative analysis and interpretation of the data obtained from study subjects. None of these donors were HIV positive and showed any signs of active systemic tuberculosis upon clinical examination. Their age, sociodemographic features, and ethnic background (Dravidian race) were comparable to those of the HIV infected group.
2.2. HLA Typing
HLA A, B, and DR typing was carried out at Bangalore Medical Services Trust Immunophenotyping laborator. HLA typing for the HIV positive cohort was done by PCR-SSP low-to-intermediate resolution typing employing commercial kits (Genovision, Biotest, and One Lambda, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. We compared the frequency distribution of HLA antigens among the HIV infected subjects with that of a 682 healthy renal donor database on South Indians available at our center. HLA typing for some of the renal donors was done by serological methods employing commercial kits (One Lambda, USA). The rest of the controls were typed by PCR-SSP methods. Briefly, 2 mL of whole blood was collected in ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid- (EDTA-) coated vaccutainer tubes and DNA extracted using a commercial DNA extraction kit (Qiagen, GmbH, Germany). The purified DNA was added to the master mix containing Taq polymerase and dNTP-buffer, dispensed into the 96-well Micro SSP DNA Typing tray, which was precoated with primer pairs specific for the different HLA Class I and II, alleles, and amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction. The amplified DNA fragments were separated using agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized by staining with ethidium bromide and exposure to UV light. Interpretation of the results was based on presence or absence of a specific amplified DNA fragment. Results were interpreted using specific interpretation work sheet and specific software provided by the kit manufacturer. The HLA typing was carried out for the following alleles: twenty two HLA Class I A locus antigens (1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 43, 66, 68, 69, 74, and 80), thirty six HLA Class I B locus antigens (7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 27, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71, 75, and 81), and eighteen HLA Class II DR locus antigens (1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18).
2.3. CD4 Counts
CD4 counts were enumerated at the WHO accredited laboratory at the Department of Neurovirology, NIMHANS, using a nonlysis method on a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sort Count (FACSCount, Becton Dickenson, USA). Briefly, 50 μL each of whole peripheral venous blood was pipetted into a pair of reagent tubes containing the CD4/CD3 and CD8/CD3 fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies, respectively. The sample was vortexed for a few seconds and incubated at room temperature for one hour. Following the incubation period, 50 μL of formalin fixative solution was added to each of the reagent tube pairs and the counts were analyzed on the FACS count machine using the specialized software provided by the manufacturer.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 15.0 and Epistat software. The tests used were Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact probability test, and Student’s -test, wherever necessary Odds Ratios were computed. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Profile of Study Population
Amongst the 238 subjects enrolled in this study, 120 (50.4%) were males and 118 (49.6%) were females. Of these, 161 were from lower socioeconomic strata, 46 from middle, and 1 from upper socioeconomic strata. The socioeconomic status data for the rest (30 individuals) was not available. 74 of the 118 females gave their occupation as housewife. The age of the HIV positive subjects ranged from 23 to 72 years with a median age of 30 years. Most patients visited the clinic to seek medical intervention for signs and symptoms of illness. The precise duration of HIV infection could not be determined precisely as they were either referred from other health care facilities or sought medical consultation voluntarily. The duration of HIV infection was therefore estimated as at least from the first date of attendance at Seva clinic. This ranged from 1 to 12 years and in 101/238 it ranged from 4 to 5 years prior to recruitment in this study.
Amongst the 682 apparently healthy renal donor populations whose socio-demographic details were available in the BMST database, it was observed that the age ranged from 21 to 70 years with a median of 39 years and a male : female ratio of 1.21 : 1. All the renal donors were from South India and from a similar ethnic origin as those study subjects.
3.2. Incidence of TB in HIV Positive Subjects
Table 1 depicts the details of occurrence of TB in the study population. Amongst the 238 subjects enrolled into this study 83 (34.9%) were diagnosed to have TB (56 males and 27 females) at the time of recruitment. Amongst the 83 subjects diagnosed to have TB, 13 were positive for acid fast bacilli (AFB) on sputum () and CSF () smear examination, 24 had typical findings of pulmonary TB on X-ray examination (which included 4 with pleural effusion), 11 were positive for AFB on fine needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes, 3 had evidence of abdominal TB, and the remaining 32 showed excellent clinical response top anti-TB treatment (resolution of abnormal X-ray chest findings or lymph node enlargement). In the 155 HIV positive subjects who had no evidence of TB at the time of recruitment, eight developed TB during the five-year follow-up period (5 males and 3 females). On the other hand, the gender distribution amongst the 147 subjects who did not manifest TB at recruitment or during the subsequent follow-up period showed that women constituted 60% (88/147) while males accounted for 40% (59/147). Overall, the incidence of TB was markedly lower among female subjects (25.42%; 30/118) as compared to male subjects (50.83%; 61/120).
Table 1: Occurrence of TB amongst HIV positive subjects.
3.3. Comparison of HLA Frequencies among the HIV Positive Cohort and Healthy Renal Donors
The following Class I and Class II, HLA Antigens were identified in the samples in our study: HLA A: 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 68, and 74; HLA B: 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 27, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71, 75, and 81; HLA DR:1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18.
Tables 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c) depict the frequency distribution of the HLA A, B, and DR alleles, respectively, among the healthy renal donors and the HIV positive subjects. Interestingly, HLA-A*2 (31%), HLA-B*35 (26%), and HLA-DRB1*15 (20%) were found to be the most frequently occurring alleles in both HIV positive cohort and the healthy renal donors. Amongst the healthy renal donors, the incidence of individual HLA antigens did not show any significant differences between males and females. With respect to HIV positive cohort the following observations were made: (i) frequency of HLA-A*2 was higher among TB positive women (Table 2(a)), (ii) frequency of HLA-B*35 was lower among TB negative women, (iii) HLA-B*52 and HLA-B*62 alleles were not detected among TB positive women, (iv) frequency of HLA-B*61 was higher among TB positive women (Table 2(b)), (v) HLA-DRB1*4 and HLA-DRB1*15 frequencies were higher among HIV positive subjects as compared to the healthy renal donors, and (vi) frequency of HLA-DRB1*8 was higher among TB positive men (Table 2(c)). However, none of these differences were statistically significant. On the other hand, there was a significantly different distribution of HLA-B*57 among HIV positive TB negative female subjects as compared to HIV positive males as well as male and female healthy renal donors (controls).
Table 2: (a) Frequency distribution of HLA A alleles among HIV positive subjects with and without TB and among healthy renal donors (control sample). (b) Frequency distribution of HLA B alleles among HIV positive subjects with and without TB and among healthy renal donors (control sample). (c) Frequency distribution of HLA DR alleles among HIV positive subjects with and without TB and among healthy renal donors (control sample).
3.4. Frequency Distribution of HLA-B*57 (Table 2(b))
Among the 682 healthy, HIV negative, renal donors, the frequency distribution of HLA-B*57 in the males and females was comparable (9.48% and 12.77%, resp.). The incidence of HLA-B*57 among HIV Positive males was low, being only 4.2% (), but the difference as compared to the renal donor data was not statistically significant. Though the proportion of HIV positive females with HLA-B*57 was more (17.8%, ) as compared to 12.77% among healthy female renal donors, it did not reach statistical significance (Chi-square =1.50; = 1 ). The frequency of HLA-B*57 amongst HIV positive males with TB (6.55%; 4/61) and females with TB (6.66%; 2/30) showed no statistical difference. However, the frequency distribution of HLA-B*57 in HIV positive, TB Negative females was 21.59%, (19/88), significantly higher ( with an Odds Ratio of 3.80) than that in HIV positive TB negative males (1.7%; 1/59). Thus the frequency distribution of HLA-B*57 antigen among the HIV population was proportionately more amongst women who did not develop TB as compared to men who did not develop TB. In other words, the relative risk (RR) of HIV positive HLA-B*57 females developing TB was significantly lower (0.26) as compared to males (4.07). When calculated with Haldane-modified Woolf's formula the RR of HIV positive HLA-B*57 females developing TB was significantly lower (0.31) as compared to males (3.87).
3.5. CD4 Counts
The CD4 counts were estimated in 227 subjects (115 females and 112 males) and ranged from 2 to 1155 /μL. In 11 HIV positive subjects (3 females and 8 males) CD4 counts were not estimated. Overall females had higher CD4 counts than males with 26 females and 14 males having CD4 counts >500/μL, 66 females and 57 males from 200 to 500/μL, and 23 females and 41males <200/μL. HIV positive individuals with TB had lower CD4 counts than HIV positive individuals without TB.
3.6. CD4 Counts in Subjects with HLA-B*57
Amongst the TB positive HLA-B*57 subjects, CD4 counts in 2 females were <200/μL while in 3 out of 4 males they were from 201 to 500/μL and >501/μL in 1out of 4 males. Amongst the TB negative HLA-B*57 subjects, CD4 counts in 1 out of 19 females were less than 200/μL, from 201 to 500/μL in 7 out of 19 females, and >501 μL in 11/19 females. The lonly HLA-B*57 male who was TB negative had a CD4 count of 374/μL. Overall CD4 counts in the HLA-B*57 females were higher than those in HLA-B*57 males.
4. Discussion
Several studies in different ethnic populations have noted associations between HLA alleles and HIV infection disease progression to AIDS. These studies have demonstrated that the host immune response to HIV infection is influenced by the MHC repertoire of the individual. While some HLA alleles notably HLA-B57 and HLA-B27 were associated with favourable outcomes, others including HLA-B35 and HLA-B22 were associated with unfavourable outcomes [69]. Of the many alleles implicated, HLA-B57 has presented a remarkably consistent protective effect in HIV positive individuals in various ethnic populations of the world resulting in low viremia, high CD4 counts, and a Long-Term Nonprogressor (LTNP) state [10, 11]. Both innate and adaptive protective immune mechanisms play a part in Long-Term Nonprogressors, mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) and Natural Killer (NK) cell responses in the context of HLA alleles. HLA B*57-restricted HIV-1-specific CTL responses and protective Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) alleles in combination with the HLA-B*57 alleles have been demonstrated in LTNPs [1214]. Other related HLA genes have been shown to contribute to the protective effect mediated by sharing of HLA-B57/B58-restricted CTL epitopes [15, 16]. Several studies have noted that there is significant correlation between HIV-1-specific CD8 T-cell proliferation and HIV replicative capacity, resulting in low viral load and therefore slower progression [1719]. A study in France in an HIV-1 cohort of slow and rapid progressors found among others an association of HLA DR11 with rapid progression but only among women [7]. While some studies have noted a slower disease progression but a higher rate of death in HIV positive women than in men [20], others have noted a faster disease progression to AIDS [21].
Several studies have also investigated the possible role of HLA alleles in the incidence and progression of TB. For instance, some studies from India and other countries have reported different HLA alleles that are associated with incidence and progression of TB [6, 2224], particularly the association of DRB*1501 with advanced disease and failure to respond to drug therapy. Other studies from India and elsewhere have noted a lower incidence of TB disease among adult females than in adult males, compared to children and adolescents. Smoking has been implicated in the increased incidence of TB among men and gender inequalities and socioeconomic factors for the differences in the epidemiology of TB, HIV, and other diseases in men and women [2529]. Nevertheless biological factors also have been seen to be associated with the gender differences of these diseases. All these studies have contributed to the better understanding of the possible role of HLA genes in HIV disease progression and/or occurrence of TB in the population. However none of them have addressed the important aspect of HIV-TB coinfections. Since TB is one of the common opportunistic infections encountered in HIV infected subjects, studying the possible role of host genetic elements involved in the occurrence of TB is critical. Therefore, in this study we undertook HLA typing in a cohort of HIV infected individuals with and without TB to investigate whether host genetics would explain the paradoxical clinical observation of absence of TB amongst HIV infected subjects in South India.
In our HIV positive study population, the incidence of TB among females was significantly lower than in males. Although there was a higher incidence of TB among the men who reported tobacco use (23/45 TB positive males and data related to smoking was unavailable in the remaining 16 TB positive males), it was not statistically significant. Therefore, smoking alone cannot explain the higher incidence of TB among the men in our study. The present study on HLA association in an Indian HIV positive cohort confirms the LTNP protective effect of HLA-B57, which has been reported in various parts of the world [914]. The proportion of HIV positive females with HLA-B*57 who did not develop TB in our study was significantly high (). This observation assumes greater significance given that the male-to-female ratio in the HIV positive cohort was comparable (50.4% males to 49.6% females). The females with HLA-B*57 also possessed higher CD4 counts. It is possible that this may be indicative of HLA-B*57 having a protective effect in females with HIV and slower progression of HIV disease. Yet, this protective influence of HLA-B*57 was not clearly apparent in the male HIV positive individuals. Hormonal influence on noninfectious diseases like cardiovascular disorders is known. But some studies on HIV disease progression, including our own, are suggestive of hormone-mediated adaptive immune responses in the control of infectious diseases [9]. Alternatively, the higher CD4 counts in females may be because of the lower rates of TB in HIV positive women noted in this study, especially because the duration of HIV infection is unknown in our subjects.
Mutations in HIV-1 due to founder effects and HLA class I-mediated immune mutations contribute to viral gene diversity, which in turn may impact the HLA diversity at the population level [3032]. The HLA A1-B57 haplotype is of greater frequency in the Indian population suggestive of a possible survival advantage [33]. HLA-B*57 is present in a significant proportion of the population in India and in our control sample it was 11.1% (data not presented). The HIV pandemic in India is still in a state of expansion. In conclusion, this initial study highlights the association of gender, presence of HLA-B*57, and slow progression of HIV infection. However, larger prospective studies are needed to clearly define the role played by HLA mediated and other non-HLA immune mechanisms for susceptibility (risk) or protection which can be used for immunogenetic profiling, risk assessment, therapeutic decisions, and for future vaccine development and treatment.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by Sir Dorabji Tata Center for Research in Tropical Diseases, Bangalore, India. The authors acknowledge the technical support of the following personnel: Ms. Siby Pothen, Samuel Jonathan Calib, Elsy Mathew, Jose Thomas, and Nicy Joy, laboratory technicians; Rotary-TTK Blood Bank, Bangalore Medical Services Trust; Dr. Chandrika Rao, Counselor, Seva Free Clinic; and Mahesh, laboratory technician, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore.
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Energy conversion device and energy conversion arrangement
ABSTRACT
An energy conversion device for converting water energy, in some cases water energy from waves and/or a flow such as an ocean current, into electric energy, comprises at least one rotor having a rotor rotational axis, the alignment of which is in some cases fixed by a supporting frame, and a flow housing which comprises a rotor shell which surrounds the rotor radially to the rotor rotational axis.
BACKGROUND Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an energy conversion device for converting water energy, in some cases water energy from waves and/or a flow, such as an ocean current, into electric energy. The present disclosure further relates to an energy conversion arrangement having several energy conversion devices.
Description of the Related Art
To date, there have not been any hydroelectric power plants which can harness strong currents and/or high waves in order to generate electricity with little outlay. In some cases, steep rock faces by these a, against which high waves strike, are not considered to be a suitable location for generating electricity.
Thus, there is accordingly a need to provide an energy conversion device for converting water energy into electric energy, which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art. There is further a need to provide an energy conversion device which provides an efficient conversion of water energy. In some cases there is further a need to provide an energyconversion device which is suitable for extracting electric energy from strong currents and/or high waves. Alternatively or additionally, thereis a need to provide an energy conversion device which is location-independent and/or which can be deployed at any installation site. In some cases, there is further a need to provide an energyconversion device of any size. In some other cases there is a need toprovide an energy conversion device which is easily feasible for anyone,such as laymen, untrained users and private users. Furthermore, in some even other cases there is a need to provide an energy conversion system which can be produced and/or which is to be operated in an environmentally friendly manner.
BRIEF SUMMARY
Accordingly, the present disclosure provides an energy conversion device for converting water energy into electric energy, which comprises atleast one rotor and a flow housing. In some cases, the energy conversiondevice is provided for converting water energy from waves into electric energy. Alternatively or additionally, the energy conversion device canbe provided for converting water energy of a flow, such as an ocean current, into electric energy. In contrast to conventional offshore windpower plants, the energy conversion device according to the present disclosure makes it possible to extract energy constantly around the clock. Unlike wind which occasionally ceases or wind which blows too strongly for conventional wind power plants, waves and water currents,such as ocean currents, are constantly available regardless of the weather.
The at least one rotor has a rotor rotational axis, the alignment ofwhich is fixed. In some cases, the alignment of the rotor rotationalaxis is fixed by a supporting frame. In some further cases the rotor is fixed to the supporting frame by a mechanical connection. The fixing ofthe rotor determines the alignment of the rotor rotational axis. It is clear that the rotor can be rotated; the fixing of the rotor, forexample to the supporting frame, supports the basic functionality of therotor and does not adversely affect it. In order to fix the rotor to the supporting frame, known mechanical devices such as radial bearings,axial bearings and/or plain bearings can be provided. The at least one rotor can comprise several rotor blades extending radially to the rotorrotational axis. In some cases, the rotor is adapted and arranged to harness power or electric energy as so-called “blue energy” from theinexhaustible energy source in the form of water in the sea or other moving bodies of water with the aid of the resistance principle. It is clear that the term rotor in the present disclosure comprises impellersand/or turbines and the like, which are adapted and arranged to capture water energy and to transfer it into a rotational movement for conversion into electric energy, in some cases by means of a generator.
The flow housing comprises a rotor mantle which surrounds the rotorradially to the rotor rotational axis. In some cases, the rotor mantle fully surrounds the rotor. In some further cases, the rotor mantle is tubular. In some even further cases, the rotor mantle completely surrounds the area spanned by the rotor blades of the rotor, in somecases without contact. In some cases, the flow housing is adapted and arranged to guide the water moving in the flow housing in order to drive the rotor, in some cases according to the resistance principle.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
Further features and advantages of the present disclosure are set out bythe following description, in which embodiments of the present disclosure are explained by way of example on the basis of schematic drawings, without restricting the present disclosure, wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an energy conversion deviceaccording to the present disclosure having a vertical rotor rotationalaxis on a rock face;
FIG. 2 a shows a lateral view of an energy conversion device having a catching apparatus with a rectangular cross section;
FIG. 2 b shows a front view of the energy conversion device according to FIG. 2 a;
FIG. 2 c shows a top view of the energy conversion device according to FIG. 2 a;
FIG. 3 a shows a lateral view of an energy conversion device having a catching apparatus with a round cross section;
FIG. 3 b shows a front view of the energy conversion device according to FIG. 3 a;
FIG. 3 c shows a top view of the energy conversion device according to FIG. 3 a;
FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of an energy conversion deviceaccording to the present disclosure having a horizontal rotor rotationalaxis on a strand shore;
FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of an energy conversion deviceaccording to the present disclosure having an oblique rotor rotationalaxis on a steep shore;
FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of an energy conversion deviceaccording to the present disclosure having a vertical rotor rotationalaxis in a waterfall;
FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of an energy conversion deviceaccording to the present disclosure having a horizontal rotor rotationalaxis on a dam wall;
FIG. 8 shows a schematic representation of an energy conversion deviceaccording to the present disclosure having a horizontal rotor rotationalaxis on a float;
FIG. 9 shows a schematic representation of an energy conversion deviceaccording to the present disclosure having a horizontal rotor rotationalaxis under a float;
FIG. 10 shows a schematic representation of an energy conversion deviceaccording to the present disclosure having a horizontal rotor rotationalaxis at the bottom of a body of water;
FIGS. 11 to 22 show various schematic representations of energyconversion devices according to the present disclosure having different catching apparatuses;
FIG. 23 a shows a front view of an energy conversion device according tothe present disclosure, the rectangular catching apparatus of which is formed by a sail;
FIG. 23 b shows a lateral view of the energy conversion device accordingto FIG. 23 a;
FIG. 23 c shows a top view of the energy conversion device according to FIG. 23 a;
FIG. 23 d shows a perspective representation of the energy conversiondevice according to FIG. 23 a ; and
FIG. 24 shows a perspective representation of an energy conversiondevice according to the present disclosure, the round catching apparatus of which is formed by a sail.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
According to at least one embodiment on an energy conversion apparatus,a flow housing comprises a catching apparatus upstream of a rotor mantle, which is adapted and arranged to guide a movement of water tothe rotor. In some cases, the catching apparatus is stationary with respect to the rotor mantle. The rotor mantle and the catching apparatus can be formed in one piece. The catching apparatus can, for example, be funnel-like. With the aid of the rotor mantle and the catching apparatus, a forced flow through the rotor surface can be achieved. By guiding the movement of water to the rotor, a high yield of the energyconversion apparatus can be achieved.
In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the catching apparatus extends like a channel, in some cases in a cylindrical orcuboidal manner, from the rotor mantle. Alternatively or additionally,the catching apparatus has a round, in some cases circular or elliptical, cross section or angular, in some cases polygonal, in someother cases square, cross section. The cross-sectional shape and/or channel extension of the catching apparatus in some cases is adapted tothe local conditions of the energy conversion device. In some cases, thecross-sectional shape and/or channel extension can be adapted and arranged to guide and/or divert water from a prevailing direction of movement in order to align the rotor rotational axis. For example, therotor rotational axis can be vertically aligned and the channel-like catching apparatus can extend obliquely from the rotor mantle in orderto guide a surface wave movement toward the rotor.
Another further embodiment of the energy conversion device having a catching apparatus, which can be combined with the previous ones,provides that at least one, in some cases funnel-shaped, in some other cases continual or stepped, cross-sectional tapering is arranged at the end of the catching apparatus facing the rotor mantle. A stepped cross-sectional tapering can be produced in a simple and, therefore,inexpensive manner. A continual (step-free) cross-sectional tapering canbe provided in order to produce a continual deflection of a flow. In some cases, the cross-sectional tapering is stationary with respect tothe rotor mantle and/or the catching apparatus. The cross-sectionaltapering has an inlet cross section and an outlet cross section. In somecases, the inlet cross section and the outlet cross section have thesame cross-sectional shape. The inlet cross section is larger than the outlet cross section. In some cases, a diagonal extension of the inlet cross section is 1.1 to 10 times, in some other cases 1.5 to 5 times, in some even further cases approximately 2 times as large as a diagonal extension of the outlet cross section. In some cases, thecross-sectional tapering comprises an inflow opening formed by the catching apparatus, which is larger than the cross-sectional area of therotor mantle. The speed of the water in the region of the rotor can be significantly increased by the cross-sectional tapering, compared to the speed in the surroundings of the energy conversion device, in some cases by at least 20%, in some other cases by at least 40%, in some even other cases by at least 60%. By increasing the water speed, a high yield canbe achieved with the energy conversion unit according to the present disclosure.
Alternatively or additionally, in one further embodiment of an energyconversion device, the catching apparatus can comprise at least one manifold. In some cases, the manifold has an inner manifold wall and an outer manifold wall. The inner manifold wall is shorter than the outer manifold wall. In some cases, the inner manifold wall is rounded or angular. Alternatively or additionally, the outer manifold wall has around ed or angular progression. In some cases, the manifold is adapted and arranged to deflect a flow of water from a first direction of movement at the inlet of the manifold into a second direction of movement. In some further cases, the manifold produces a deflection ofthe first direction of movement in the range of 30° to 180°, in somecases in the range of 45° to 135°, in some further cases in the range of70° to 110°, in some even further cases in the range of 90°±10°. Forexample, an essentially horizontal flow movement can be converted into an essentially vertical flow movement with the manifold. In some cases,the catching apparatus comprises a manifold and a cross-sectionaltapering. In some cases, a transition from the manifold to thecross-sectional tapering can be continual. In some cases, the manifold and the cross-sectional tapering have the same, for example round, in some cases oval or circular, or angular, in some other cases rectangular or polygonal, cross-sectional shape. The manifold and thecross-sectional tapering can be executed in a functional union, i.e.,the catching apparatus can be formed by a manifold having an integrated cross-sectional tapering at least in sections. The cross-sectionaltapering can be formed by inner and outer manifold walls alignedobliquely with one another. Alternatively, the manifold of thecross-sectional tapering can be upstream or downstream with respect tothe direction of movement. The inner and the outer manifold walls can be aligned space parallel to one another. With the aid of a catching apparatus which is equipped with a manifold and/or a cross-sectionaltapering, an energy conversion device having a high yield and a compact design can be achieved. The low material requirement during production,as well as low production and maintenance costs of the energy conversiondevice according to the present disclosure, advantageously further serve to protect resources. For example, it is possible to refrain from using rare metals.
In at least one embodiment, an energy conversion device according to thepresent disclosure comprises a mounting, on which a supporting frame ismovably held transversely, in particular orthogonally, and/or parallel to the direction of the rotor rotational axis. The rotor is fixed to the supporting frame. In some cases, the mounting is a rail mounting. The supporting frame fixes the rotor and, therefore, the alignment of therotor rotational axis. With the aid of the mounting, the supporting frame can be vertically movable, for example, in order to adapt the alignment of the rotor rotational axis to a prevailing water level, in some tidal height. In this case, the orientation of the rotor rotationalaxis can remain constant and a in some cases an exclusively translational mov ability in the vertical direction and/or horizontal direction can be provided with the aid of the mounting. Such an energyconversion device can be deployed, for example, on rocks, in some cases steep rock faces, and/or near the beach. In principle, it is conceivable to install or erect the energy conversion device according to thepresent disclosure in any location, for example on land.
In another embodiment of an energy conversion device, which can be combined with the previous ones, the rotor can be displaced in the vertical direction and/or in the horizontal direction, in some casestransversely, in some other cases orthogonally, or parallel to the rotorrotational axis, in some further cases between at least two rotor positions with parallel rotational axis alignments and/or relative tothe supporting frame. The rotor can, for example, be displaced relative to the supporting frame in order to bring it, on the one hand, into an operating position in contact with the water and, on the other hand,into a resting and/or service position outside the water. Alternatively or additionally, the rotor can be displaceable in order to guarantee an adaptation to the prevailing flow and/or the prevailing water level.
Alternatively or additionally, in at least one embodiment of an energyconversion device, the rotor is movable in a swiveling mannertransversely to the rotor rotational axis, in some cases about a vertical swiveling axis and/or in some other cases about a horizontal tilting axis. The rotor can be moved in a swiveling manner about several axes, for example about a swiveling axis and a tilting axis orthogonal thereto. The swiveling axis and/or the tilting axis are alignedtransversely, in some cases orthogonally, with respect to the rotorrotational axis. In some cases, the rotor can be swiveled between atleast two rotor orientations, in some cases relative to the supporting frame, for example by approximately 45° or approximately 80°. In somecases, the rotor can be rotated about the swiveling axis and/or aboutthe tilting axis by at least 15°, in some cases at least 45°, in someother cases at least 60°, and/or by not more than 360°, in some cases not more than 180°, in some other not more than 120°. A rotor orientation can be determined on the basis of the angle alignment of therotor rotational axis. For example, the rotor orientation can be pivotedabout an essentially vertical swiveling axis, in order to be adaptable to prevailing flow conditions, for example on a beach. Alternatively or additionally, the rotor orientation can be pivoted about an essentially horizontal tilting axis, in order to be adaptable to a prevailing water level, for example a tidal height.
According to an expedient embodiment of the present disclosure, the energy conversion device comprises an actuating device which is adapted and arranged to adjust the rotor position and/or the rotor orientation.In some cases, the actuating device is mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic and/or manual.
In another expedient embodiment of an energy conversion device accordingto the present disclosure, the rotor rotational axis is aligned in the horizontal direction. In some cases the alignment of the rotorrotational axis can be constantly aligned in the horizontal direction.The alignment of the rotor rotational axis can be fixed for a single determined horizontal direction. Alternatively, a mov ability of therotor rotational axis with a constant horizontal alignment can be provided. For example, the rotor rotational axis can be movable in a translational manner with a constant horizontal alignment. Alternatively or additionally, the rotor rotational axis can be movable in a swivelingmanner with a constant horizontal alignment, in some cases about a vertical swiveling axis.
According to another expedient embodiment of an energy conversiondevice, the rotor rotational axis is aligned in the vertical direction.In some cases, the energy conversion device is adapted and arranged to convert water energy from a waterfall or waves on a steep shore. The alignment of the rotor rotational axis can be directed vertically upward for a waterfall. When used on a steep shore, the alignment of the rotorrotational axis can be directed vertically downward. In some cases, the alignment of the rotor rotational axis can be constantly aligned in the vertical direction. The alignment of the rotor rotational axis can be fixed for a single determined vertical direction. Alternatively, amov ability of the rotor rotational axis with a constant vertical alignment can be provided. For example, the rotor rotational axis can be movable in a translational manner with a constant vertical alignment.
In at least one embodiment of an energy conversion device, the flow housing can in some cases comprise at least one sail which, at least in sections, forms a surface of the flow housing, in some cases of the catching apparatus, in some other cases of a, in particular funnel-shaped, cross-sectional tapering and/or of the rotor mantle. In some cases, the flow housing can be formed from one or more sails. Such an embodiment can be implemented in an inexpensive manner.
In one other embodiment of an energy conversion device according to thepresent disclosure, the energy conversion device comprises a float suchas a boat, ship, barge, pontoon, a buoy, an oil drilling platform or the like, to which a supporting frame, to which the rotor is fixed, is fastened. In some cases, the supporting frame fastened to the float canbe executed like the supporting frame described above.
According to another embodiment of an energy conversion device, a supporting frame is provided, to which the rotor is fixed. The supporting frame is fastened to a foundation on the bottom, such as aseabed, a shore, a steep bank, a rock face or a rock bed. It is clear that this embodiment can be combined with the aforementioned embodiment which includes a mounting, in some cases a rail mounting.
In an expedient embodiment of the energy conversion device, a supporting frame of the energy conversion device is fastened to a dam wall, such asa dam, a weir, a hydroelectric power plant or the like. The rotor is fixed to the supporting frame. The energy conversion device is suitable,for example, for equipping or retrofitting existing dam walls of any kind.
According to an embodiment of an energy conversion device, which can be combined with the previous ones, a plurality of rotors arranged behind one another, in some cases having coaxial rotor rotational axes, in someother cases a single coaxial rotor rotational axis, is provided.Alternatively or additionally, the plurality of rotors arranged behind one another can be connected to the same rotor shaft, in some cases inorder to drive the same generator(s) in order to generate electric energy. The plurality of rotors can be similar or different, for example have variously shaped rotor blades, different rotor blade numbers,different rotor diameters and the like. Several or all of the plurality of rotors can be housed in the same rotor mantle.
Additionally or alternatively, an embodiment of an energy conversiondevice, which can be combined with the previous ones, can comprise atleast one retaining apparatus, arranged in some cases behind the rotor.The retaining apparatus can be formed, for example, as an individual retaining flap or several retaining flaps. The retaining apparatus, in some cases the retaining flap, is adapted and arranged to allow a flow of water in a first direction through the flow housing, and to prevent a flow of water in a second direction opposite to the first direction. Inthis way, it can be guaranteed that water flows towards the rotor exclusively in a single predetermined direction of movement.
The present disclosure also relates to an energy conversion arrangement which comprises several (i.e., a plurality of) energy conversion devices. According to an expedient embodiment, the several energyconversion devices are arranged at least partially behind one another,in some cases parallel to the rotational axis. Alternatively or additionally, the several energy conversion devices can be arranged atleast partially above one another and/or next to one another, in somecases parallel to the rotational axis. By using several energyconversion devices in combination with one another, a high yield of electric energy from water energy can be extracted at suitable locations.
Turning now to the drawings and for ease of reading, the same or similar reference numerals are used for the same or similar components in various embodiments in the following description of embodiments of thepresent disclosure.
The energy conversion device 1 is adapted and arranged according to thepresent disclosure to convert water energy into electric energy. An energy conversion device 1 according to the present disclosure comprises, as main components, a rotor 3 and a flow housing 5, in whichthe rotor 3 is housed. The rotor 3 has a rotor rotational axis D, the alignment of which is fixed with respect to, for example, the horizontal H and the vertical V. For this purpose, the rotor 3 can be held, forexample, by a supporting frame 7. The flow housing 5 is equipped with a rotor mantle 53 which surrounds the rotor 3 radially to the rotorrotational axis D.
FIG. 1 shows an energy conversion device 1 on a rock face 93. The rockface 93 extends essentially in the vertical direction V. On the rockface 93, a foundation 9 is provided, to which a supporting frame 7 ofthe energy conversion device 1 is anchored.
The rotor 3 is fixed, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , with a rotorrotational axis D oriented in the vertical direction V. The configuration of the rotor 3 is such that water moving in the vertical direction V upward through the rotor mantle 53 flows into it and drives it. In order to feed the waves 94 to the rotor 3 and to deflect the movement of the water into an essentially vertically upwardly directed direction of movement, the flow housing 5 is adapted and arranged upstream of the rotor mantle 53. To this end, the flow housing 5 is equipped with a catching apparatus 51. The catching apparatus 51 is composed of a manifold 57 and a funnel-shaped cross-sectional tapering52. The catching apparatus 51, i.e., the manifold 57 and thecross-sectional tapering 52, as well as the rotor mantle 53 are fastened to the supporting frame 7 rigidly and in a stationary manner relative toone another. The flow housing 5 can, for example, be embodied like theone described below with respect to FIGS. 2 a to 2 c . Downstream of therotor mantle 53, a retaining apparatus, which is not shown in greater detail, for example a retaining flap, can be provided, which allows water to move upward in the vertical direction V through the flow housing 5 and which prevents water from flowing downward in the vertical direction V through the flow housing 5.
The supporting frame 7 is equipped with a rail mounting 8. The rail mounting 8 enables the energy conversion device 1 to be moved in the vertical direction V. Depending on the currently prevailing tidal height, the position of the energy conversion device 1 and in somecases, the rotor position can be adjusted with the aid of the mounting 8in order to optimally capture the energy of the waves 94, for example depending on the tidal height and/or the prevailing waves. In an exemplary embodiment, the rotor orientation, i.e., the alignment of therotor rotational axis D, is constantly fixed in accordance with the vertical direction V. Alternatively, the energy conversion device can beswiveled about a first horizontal swiveling axis S and/or a second horizontal tilting axis (in the direction of the drawing plane) in orderto be adjustable to a prevailing flow direction.
FIGS. 2 a to 2 c show various views of the flow housing 5 of an energyconversion device 1. The rotor mantle 53 has a circular cross section.The manifold 57 of the catching apparatus 51 has a square cross section.The cross-sectional tapering 52 is funnel-shaped and has the same square cross section as the manifold 57 at the inlet and the same circular cross section as the rotor mantle 53 at the outlet. The rectangular cross section of the manifold 57 is offset by approximately 60° on the outlet side (in the direction of the rotor 3) in relation to the rectangular cross section 54 of the manifold 57 on the inlet side(facing the waves 94). The manifold 57 produces a deflection of the direction of movement of the water starting from the horizontal direction H of the waves 94 into an essentially vertical, upwardlydirected direction V by approximately 90°.
FIGS. 3 a to 3 c show an alternative configuration of a flow housing 5for an energy conversion device 1. The flow housing 5 shown in FIGS. 3 ato 3 c differs essentially from the flow housing 5 described above with respect to FIGS. 2 a to 2 c essentially only in the continually circular cross section 55. In other respects, reference is made to the previous embodiments.
As shown in FIGS. 2 a to 3 c , a swiveling axis S and a tilting axis K orthogonal thereto can be provided, relative to which the flow housing 5can be moved in a swiveling manner. An actuating device, which is not shown in greater detail, which can be actuated, for example,mechanically, pneumatically, hydraulically or manually, can produce an alignment of the flow housing 5 with respect to the tilting and/orswiveling axis K, S.
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of an energy conversion device 1according to the present disclosure, which is arranged on a flat beach92. Similarly to the embodiments described above with respect to FIG. 1, a rail mounting 8 is provided, which is anchored with a foundation 9to the seabed 90 or beach 92. The supporting frame 7 can be moved along the rail mounting 8, for example to transport the energy conversiondevice 1 in accordance with a prevailing tidal height and/or in accordance with prevailing waves 94 into an optimal rotor position. The rail mounting 8 has an inclination such that, during the movement of the supporting frame 7 along the rail mounting 8, the rotor position is displaced in the vertical direction V and the horizontal direction H. It can additionally be provided that the flow housing 5 can be pivotedabout a vertical swiveling axis S and/or a horizontal tilting axis K(oriented in the direction of the blade plane) in order to be able to achieve an optimal rotor orientation.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 , the flow housing 5 is formed by rotor mantles 53 which are coaxial with regard to the rotor rotationalaxis D, a circular funnel-shaped cross-sectional tapering 52 and a catching apparatus 51 like a cylindrical channel. In the rear outlet ofthe rotor mantle 53, several retaining flaps 56 are arranged, which are adapted and arranged to allow a flow through the flow housing 5 only ina predetermined direction of movement in accordance with the rotorrotational axis D, but not in the opposite direction.
FIG. 5 shows another embodiment in which the energy conversion device 1is fastened to a steep shore 95. In contrast to the embodiments according to FIGS. 1 and 4 , the supporting frame 7 is anchoredimmovably with a foundation 9 to a steep shore 95. The rotor rotationalaxis D is oblique, aligned at an angle of approximately 45° with respect to the horizontal H and the vertical V. In an actuating device, which isnot shown in greater detail, it can be provided that the rotor 3 is aligned together with the flow housing 5 relative to the supporting frame 7, for example to pivot about a horizontal tilting axis K (running in the direction of the blade plane). Additionally or alternatively, anactuating device can be provided, which allows the rotor 3, together with the flow housing 5, to pivot about a swiveling axis S which is aligned perpendicularly to the rotor rotational axis D as well as,optionally, to the tilting axis K. The shape of the flow housing 5 can essentially correspond to that previously described with regard to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 .
FIG. 6 shows a further embodiment of an energy conversion device 1, inwhich the energy conversion device 1 is fastened to a rock face 93 inorder to extract water energy from the flow of water 96 of a waterfall91. The rotor rotational axis D is aligned vertically V downward. The rotor 3 and the flow housing 5 are rigidly fastened to a supporting frame 7 which is anchored with a foundation 9 in a stationary manner tothe rock face 93. The shape of the flow housing 5 can correspond to that shown in FIG. 4 .
FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of an energy conversion device 1 which is fastened to a dam wall 73 in order to convert water energy of a flow of water 96 from a reservoir into electric energy. The rotor rotationalaxis D is aligned in the horizontal direction H. The dam wall 73 acts ina functional union as a supporting frame 7 which carries the flow housing 5 and fixes the rotational axis D of the rotor 3. The shape ofthe flow housing 5 can correspond to that shown in FIG. 4 .
FIG. 8 shows an energy conversion device 1, which is carried on a float71, which is anchored with chains to the bottom 90 of the sea or another body of water. A supporting frame 7 is provided on the float 71, which supporting frame carries the flow housing 5 and the rotor 3. Waves 94 onthe surface of the body of water are guided through the flow housing 5to the rotor 3 in order to drive the latter and to thus extract electric energy with the aid of a generator driven by the rotor 3, which is not shown in greater detail. The shape of the flow housing 5 can correspond to that shown with respect to FIG. 4 .
FIG. 9 shows an energy conversion device 1 which is carried below afloat 71 by the latter in order to convert water energy from a flow 96in the body of water into electric energy. The shape of the flow housing5 can correspond to that shown in FIG. 4 . A large volume of water canbe collected with the aid of the flow housing 5, and fed to the rotor 3with the aid of the funnel-shaped cross-sectional tapering 52. The flowrate accelerates so that the yield can be increased.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10 , the supporting frame 7 is fastened with a foundation 9 to the bottom 90 of the water. Like the embodiment shown in FIG. 9 , the energy conversion device 1 shown in FIG. 10 also serves to convert water energy from a flow 96 of the body of water, forexample an ocean current or the flow of a river, into electric energy.The shape of the flow housing 5 can correspond to that shown n FIG. 4 .
FIGS. 11 to 22 show a plurality of various configurations for flow housings 5 of various energy conversion devices 1 according to thepresent disclosure. The ideal flow housing configuration can be selected depending on the local conditions. The selection of the flow housing configuration can also be made from an economic point of view, forexample in terms of a simple and, therefore, inexpensive production and/or assembly. The cross-sectional shape is not shown in detail. It is clear that the flow housing 5 can be of various shapes, for example it can be shaped, at least in certain sections or completely, with a round,in some cases circular or elliptical, cross section, or with, at least in certain sections or completely, an angular, in some cases rectangular, in some other cases square, or polygonal, cross section.The water inlet direction is identified with a thick, black arrow.
FIG. 11 shows an energy conversion device 1 having a catching apparatus51 which has a larger cross-sectional width than the diagonal of therotor mantle 53. The step-like transition between the catching apparatus51 and the rotor mantle 53 forms a cross-sectional tapering 52 which produces a forced flow through the rotor 3 with an increased flow rate.This applies equally to the embodiment according to FIG. 13 . The energyconversion devices 1 in FIGS. 11 and 13 essentially only differ in that,in the embodiment according to FIG. 13 , the rotor mantle 53 is arrangedcoaxially and centrally at the outlet of the catching apparatus 51 ofthe flow housing 5, whereas the rotor mantle 53 is arranged axiallyparallel, but unsymmetrically offset at the outlet of the flow housing 5shown in FIG. 11 . In some embodiments, an alternative configuration having another water inlet direction is shown in accordance with ada shed arrow. In these alternative embodiments, the flow housing 5 also has a manifold 57.
FIG. 12 shows an energy conversion device without a cross-sectionaltapering, in which the cross-sectional width of the catching apparatus51 corresponds to the diagonal of the rotor mantle 53.
FIG. 14 shows an energy conversion device 1, in which the flow housing 5essentially only consists of a funnel-shaped cross-sectional tapering 52which forms the catching apparatus 51 in a functional union. In contrast thereto, in the embodiment according to FIG. 15 , a channel-like catching apparatus 51 is upstream of the funnel-shaped cross-sectionaltapering 52. The embodiment according to FIG. 16 differs from the energyconversion device 1 shown in FIG. 14 in that the funnel-shaped cross-sectional tapering 52 is asymmetrical.
The energy conversion devices 1, which are shown in FIGS. 17 to 22 ,have flow housings 5 having various manifolds 57 and different cross-sectional constrictions 52. The manifolds 57 are each composed ofan inner manifold wall 57 i and an outer manifold wall 57 a. In the case of the energy conversion devices 1 according to FIGS. 19 and 21 , both the inner manifold wall 57 i and the outer manifold wall 57 a are continually shaped in a curved manner in an arc shape.
The cross-sectional tapering 52 of the energy conversion device 1according to FIG. 19 is formed in a functional union by the manifold 57.In the case of the energy conversion device 1 according to FIG. 20 aswell as those according to FIG. 21 and FIG. 22 , a funnel-shaped cross-sectional tapering 52 is arranged between the manifold 57 and therotor mantle 53.
The energy conversion device 1 according to FIG. 18 has a straight inner manifold wall 57 i and a continual outer manifold wall 57 a running inthe form of a quarter-circular arc. The energy conversion devices 1according to FIGS. 17 and 20 each have an outer manifold wall 57 a whichis shaped with angles. In the case of the energy conversion devices 1 of FIGS. 17 and 18 , the cross-sectional tapering 52 is formed as previously described with respect to FIG. 11 .
The manifold 57 according to FIG. 22 is formed in that the inner manifold wall 57 i is shorter than the outer manifold wall 57 a. The inner manifold wall 57 i and the outer manifold wall 57 a are essentially aligned parallel to one another. However, the different lengths result in another alignment of the inlet cross section compared to the outlet cross section.
It is clear that, instead of the flow housing configurations described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 4 to 10 , another flow housing configuration can be deployed, in some cases one according to one of FIGS. 11 to 22 .
FIGS. 23 a to 23 d show an energy conversion device 1 for converting water energy into electric energy, in which the flow housing 5 is formed by a sail 58. The sail 58 can be supported by a plurality of struts which form the supporting frame 7 in the manner of a truss. The supporting frame 7 having the sail 58 can, for example, be provided as a kit in order to provide an energy conversion device 1 in a simple and inexpensive manner. A flow housing 5 is formed by the sail or sails 58,which flow housing forms a catching apparatus 51 having a rectangular cross section 54, which immediately forms a funnel-shaped cross-sectional tapering 52 toward a cylindrical rotor mantle 53. The rotor mantle 53 can likewise be realized by a sail 58.
FIG. 24 shows another embodiment of an energy conversion device 1, inwhich the flow housing 5 is formed by a sail 58, but with the difference that the inlet of the catching apparatus 51 and the funnel-shaped cross-sectional tapering 52 have a round cross section 55.
The features of the present disclosure disclosed in the preceding description, the claims as well as the drawings can be essential, both individually and in any combination, for the realization of the present disclosure in its various embodiments.
The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, inthe following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS
1 Energy conversion device
3 Rotor
5 Flow housing
7 Supporting frame
8 Rail mounting
9 Foundation
51 Catching apparatus
52 Cross-sectional tapering
53 Rotor mantle
54 Angular cross section
55 Round cross section
56 Retaining flap or valve
57 Manifold
57 i Inner manifold wall
57 a Outer manifold wall
58 Sail
71 Float
73 Dam wall
90 Seabed
91 Waterfall
92 Beach or shore
93 Rock face
94 Waves
95 Steep shore or bank
96 Flow of water
D Rotational axis
H Horizontal direction
K Tilting axis
V Vertical direction
S Swiveling axis
1. An energy conversion device for converting water energy into electric energy, comprising: at least one rotor having a rotor rotational axis; and a flow housing which comprises a rotor mantle which surrounds the at least one rotor radially to the rotor rotational axis.
2. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the flow housing comprises a catching apparatus upstream of the rotor mantle, which is adapted and arranged to guide a movement of water to the at least one rotor.
3. The energy conversion device according to claim 2, wherein the catching apparatus extends channel-like from the rotor mantle.
4. The energy conversion device according to claim 2, wherein the catching apparatus has a round cross section or angular cross section.
5. The energy conversion device according to claim 2, wherein at least one cross-sectional tapering is arranged at an end of the catching apparatus facing the rotor mantle.
6. The energy conversion device according to claim 2, wherein the catching apparatus comprises at least one manifold.
7. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, comprising a mounting, on which a supporting frame, to which the at least one rotor is fixed, is movably held transversely and/or parallel to the direction of the rotor rotational axis.
8. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rotor is displaceable in a vertical direction and/or in a horizontal direction.
9. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rotor is movable in a swiveling manner transversely to the rotor rotational axis.
10. The energy conversion device according to claim 8, comprising at least one actuating device which is adapted and arranged to adjust a position and/or orientation of the at least one rotor.
11. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the rotor rotational axis is aligned in a horizontal direction or the rotor rotational axis is aligned in a vertical direction.
12. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, comprising a float to which a supporting frame, to which the at least one rotor is fixed, is fastened.
13. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, wherein a supporting frame, to which the at least one rotor is fixed, is fastened to a foundation on the bottom of a body of water.
14. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, wherein a supporting frame, to which the at least one rotor is fixed, is fastened to a dam wall.
15. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, comprising a plurality of rotors arranged behind one another.
16. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, comprising at least one retaining apparatus which is adapted and arranged to allow a flow of water in a first direction through the flow housing, and to prevent a flow of water in a second direction opposite to the first direction.
17. An energy conversion arrangement comprising a plurality of energy conversion devices according to claim
1. 18. The energy conversion device according to claim 17, wherein the plurality of energy conversion devices are arranged behind one another and/or the plurality of energy conversion devices are arranged above one another and/or next to one another.
19. The energy conversion device according to claim 1, wherein an alignment of the at least one rotor is fixed by a supporting frame.
20. The energy conversion device according to claim 5, wherein at least one cross-sectional tapering is funnel shaped.
21. The energy conversion device according to claim 6, wherein the at least one manifold has an inner manifold wall and an outer manifold wall, wherein the inner manifold wall is shorter than the outer manifold wall, and wherein the inner manifold wall has a rounded or angular progression and/or wherein the outer manifold wall has a rounded or angular progression.
22. The energy conversion device according to claim 15, wherein the plurality of rotors have coaxial rotor rotational axes and/or are connected to the same rotor shaft.
23. The energy conversion device according to claim 16, wherein the at least one retaining apparatus is arranged behind the at least one rotor.
24. The energy conversion device according to claim 18, wherein the plurality of energy conversion devices are arranged behind one another and parallel to the rotor rotational axis, and/or next to one another and parallel to the rotor rotational axis.
|
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\Backend;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use App\Backend\Addpatient;
use App\Backend\Prescription;
use App\Backend\PatientMedicine;
use App\Backend\PatientTest;
use App\Backend\PatientAdvice;
use DB;
class PrescriptionController extends Controller
{
/**
* Display a listing of the resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function index()
{
$prescription = DB::table('prescriptions')->get();
return view('backend.prescription.index',compact('prescription'));
}
/**
* Show the form for creating a new resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function create()
{
$addpatient = Addpatient::all();
return view('backend.prescription.create',compact('addpatient'));
}
/**
* Store a newly created resource in storage.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function store(Request $request)
{
$this->validate($request,[
'addpatient_id' => 'required',
'addpatient_name' => 'required',
'addpatient_phone' => 'required',
'blood' => 'required',
'cc' => 'required',
'weight' => 'required',
'bp' => 'required',
'ex' => 'required',
'pd' => 'required',
]);
$customer = new Prescription;
$customer->addpatient_id = $request->addpatient_id;
$customer->addpatient_name = $request->addpatient_name;
$customer->addpatient_phone = $request->addpatient_phone;
$customer->blood = $request->blood;
$customer->cc = $request->cc;
$customer->weight = $request->weight;
$customer->bp = $request->bp;
$customer->ex = $request->ex;
$customer->pd = $request->pd;
$id = $customer->save();
if($id !=0)
{
foreach ($request->type as $key => $v) {
$id = $customer->id;
$data = array(
'prescription_id' => $id,
'type' => $request->type [$key],
'mdname' => $request->mdname [$key],
'mgml' => $request->mgml [$key],
'dose' => $request->dose [$key],
'day' => $request->day [$key],
'mcomment' => $request->mcomment [$key],
);
PatientMedicine::insert($data);
}
}
if($id !=0)
{
foreach ($request->diseasename as $key => $v) {
$id = $customer->id;
$data = array(
'prescription_id' => $id,
'diseasename' => $request->diseasename [$key],
'tname' => $request->tname [$key],
);
PatientTest::insert($data);
}
}
// patient advice
if($id !=0)
{
foreach ($request->advice as $key => $v) {
$id = $customer->id;
$data = array(
'prescription_id' => $id,
'advice' => $request->advice [$key],
);
PatientAdvice::insert($data);
}
}
return redirect('dashboard/prescription');
}
/**
* Display the specified resource.
*
* @param int $id
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function show($id)
{
$prescription = Prescription::find($id);
return view('backend.prescription.show',compact('prescription'));
}
/**
* Show the form for editing the specified resource.
*
* @param int $id
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function edit($id)
{
//
}
/**
* Update the specified resource in storage.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @param int $id
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function update(Request $request, $id)
{
//
}
/**
* Remove the specified resource from storage.
*
* @param int $id
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function destroy($id)
{
//
}
}
|
How LastModifiedby (field) updated for true changes
I have a field named LastmodifiedBy that have a lookup with the objet User and it changes and takes the name of the user without making any changes or modification in my record , I just have to navigate through the panes of my record without making any changes and I find it changing ( I find that the field take the name of the current user even if he did not make any change ).
Does this have a solution?
I want him to take the username if only he made a modification
When you say "navigate through the panes of my record" do you mean in a standard Lightning Record Page or is this in a custom Visualforce page? If a Lightning Record Page, do you have some custom LWC(s) on the page? Basically what you report makes me think you have some custom processing that is causing a DML operation to be performed as a side-effect, perhaps setting field(s) to their current value(s), and that the solution will be to identify this processing and update the custom work to avoid doing this.
@Phil W When I say "navigate through the panes of my record" I you mean in a custom lightning web component , I have 3 components and when I just navigate to one of them and i return to the details page ( Page layout ) I find that the LastmodifiedBy is changed even if I did not make any change
If you wrote those components, check for inappropriate DML in one of the Apex methods that these LWCs invoke. If someone else wrote them, check with them.
@Phil W , ok , thank you , I will verify the DML
@Phil W , I tried to check the DML and checked all the method , but As I am new in salesforce , I could not find the issus , could you please give me more details
Who wrote the components? Can you talk to them? In the context of "inappropriate updates", the DML you are looking for would be calls to Database.update(...), Database.upsert(...) or use of the update or upsert keywords.
@Phil W thank you for your help , I checked all the method , The trigger also and now I fond that the problem is with a flow that make the update of the record
|
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