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Quick Answer: What Does Egg Mean Sexually? How can you tell a good egg? How can you tell a good egg from a bad egg? Should you wash your hands after touching an egg? Because hands are the primary vehicle for spreading pathogens in the kitchen, USDA and the Partnership for Food Safety recommend that consumers wash their hands before and after handling raw eggs. … An estimated 64 percent of outbreaks between 1998-2008 caused by Salmonella enteriditis were attributed to eggs. Does poop on eggs mean chickens have worms? Seeing poop on eggs is not a sign that a chicken has worms. Worms can – and often will – transfer from one bird to another via their poop, however. Chickens are susceptible to various types of worms. They can have worms at any time without showing any symptoms or suffering any ill-effects. What does she’s a good egg mean? Good egg is a friendly, old-fashioned way to talk about a good guy or a kind person. When you call your next door neighbor a good egg, it’s clear that you’re fond of her. The expression originally came from its opposite, bad egg, British public school slang from the 1800’s for someone who was not nice. Should you wash poop off eggs? How dirty are egg shells? Key Points to Note: Shell eggs need not be washed as any process that wets the shell may facilitate the entry of microorganisms. It is not surprising to find bacteria on egg shells since eggs can come into contact with bacteria during release and following exposure to the environment. Why is there poop on my chicken eggs? What is a dirty egg? Dirty egg means an egg that has a shell that is unbroken and has adhering dirt or foreign material. What does getting egged mean? Egging refers to the act of throwing eggs at houses, cars, or people. Egging is a criminal offence in most areas. The eggs are usually raw, but are sometimes hard-boiled or rotten. … In some more serious cases where injuries due to egging is presented, perpetrators may be charged with assault and fined. Why you should not wash eggs? What happens if your car gets egged? As harmless as eggs seem, they can actually wreak havoc on vehicle paint surfaces and cause long-lasting, permanent damage. … Not only are the shells a danger, but the actual yolk and egg white are extremely corrosive to paint surfaces, and can actually eat into the car’s surface if left on too long. Will good eggs float or sink? If eggs sink to the bottom of a bowl of cold water and lie flat on their sides, they are very fresh. If they are less fresh but still good to eat, they will stand on one end at the bottom. If they float to the surface, they are no longer fresh enough to eat. Is egging a car illegal? Like egging buildings, egging cars is vandalism, and the same laws against criminal mischief apply. However, note that the damage done to a car from eggs can be extensive. … Damage from just a few eggs could call for an entirely new paint job, which can cost more than $250, meaning this kind of egging may be a felony. Do eggs need to be refrigerated? Should I wash my eggs before refrigerating? Eggshells are porous, so when you wash them you’re removing that natural barrier. Unwashed eggs can sit on your kitchen counter at room temperature for a couple of weeks and they’ll still be edible. But once they’ve touched water, they need to be refrigerated. Is egging a house illegal? Is egging illegal in California? Vandalism and Egging Vandalism is illegal in the state of California under Penal Code (PC) 594. PC 594 defines vandalism as maliciously defacing, damaging, or destroying another person’s property.
Because we use MASKING instead of data encryption. When we talk about data security, we are well aware of the importance and responsibility of delivering an effective and valuable service to our Customers. Thus, the use of the most appropriate technology to the specific needs, as is the case of masking in face of data encryption, allows us to comply with this requirement. In today’s article, we differentiate these two techniques, so that you understand why DATAPEERS uses data masking as a safe and effective formula to protect your data. In a simplified way, data encryption consists of encrypting messages or documents using a key that is necessary to be able to decrypt or decrypt, and as such is only available to those who should have access to that information. Its main objective is to protect digital data when sending or storing, ensuring its integrity and non-adulteration of the content. Encryption or encryption is commonly used, for example, in the storage of passwords. The encrypted information will thus be unreadable for those who do not have the encryption key, thus rendering it unusable for people and programs. But what to do when we need to protect information and at the same time maintain its readability so that it can be used freely, without jeopardizing security? The answer lies in masking or anonymizing data. It is a means of protecting information that creates a version with a structure very similar to the original data. The values are changed without changing the original format, allowing them to be read and used in tests or shared, in a completely safe and anonymous way. When, for example, you access your account on an E-commerce site and your credit card appears as XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-9630, it means that the number has been masked, only revealing the last four digits, in order to protect your your personal data from viewing by third parties, and still allow you to validate that it is actually your card. In other words, this simple masking gave him the necessary protection but allowed him, nonetheless, to use the information. There are numerous masking techniques, such as mixing letters or replacing words, or even generating random data. Whichever method is chosen, masking prevents the original data from being revealed and accessed by anyone. The objective achieved is the same as that of encryption, with the additional advantage of maintaining the readability and usability of the information, even though it is fictitious information. This is a completely secure solution that allows to ensure the compliance of any organization with all data protection directives, whether personal or any other. An information leak, however small, may compromise the reputation and financial health of any business, since its current and future customers will know that it does not give due importance to the security of the information it has in its possession. Tools such as DATAPEERS guarantee confidentiality in all non-productive databases in your organization, using the most advanced and complete masking techniques that are made available to you. These masking techniques can be so perfect that whoever accesses the masked data thinks it is real information, although it is not. 1 thought on “Because we use MASKING instead of data encryption. Leave a Reply
Exploring Detail Engineering Challenges in Microgrid Implementations Share Button Microgrids offer a number of interesting and valuable capabilities to their owners, operators and customers. Increased impact of renewable sources, increased electric reliability, and increased resiliency are just a few of the positive attributes microgrids bring. Among the most critical performance issues are the following: • Voltage and frequency stability: Does the microgrid include the correct mix of real and reactive power sources and sinks to generate and deliver energy with necessary stability? How fast must non-critical loads be shed to maintain stability when unintentional islanding occurs or when an in-grid source is lost? • Protective relaying performance: How fast must faults be cleared from the islander microgrid to prevent loss or microgrid collapse? How quickly do voltage and frequency recover after successful fault clearing? How do topology changes impact fault detection and protective device coordination? • Ground source arrangement: Where are the microgrid ground sources? Are they available during islander operation • Arc flash hazards: How are they different in islanded operation and what can be done to mitigate increased flash hazards. The challenges above are exacerbated when constraints such as project cost, original system electrical topology, and available physical space seem to limit placement options for microgrid apparatus in new or existing systems. An upcoming paper and Microgrid 2017 Conference presentation by John Kumm, director of SCADA and analytical Services at POWER Engineers, will explore the topics above in detail. microgrid implementations John Kumm, POWER Engineers A typical microgrid topology Figure 1 below presents the representative topology of a microgrid the authors contributed to. In this case, the original microgrid designers met cost and physical constraints by connecting a traditional critical power Genset Bus to the Main Bus and to the Critical Load Bus. The Main Bus connection supports microgrid operation. The connection to the Critical Load Bus is through an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) which provides more traditional functionality for critical backup power. Other microgrid elements, including a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), a small combined heat and power (CHP) unit, and a solar photovoltaic (PV) array, were each connected to physically nearby buses as cost containment. While the design met economic and physical constraints, the topology yielded several performance challenges: • Fault current sources, magnitudes, and pathways through the system are dramatically different under islanded versus parallel operation. • Traditional time-overcurrent protection elements employed take longer to clear faults that occur during islanded operation, so fault clearing times vary widely depending on whether the microgrid is islanded or parallel. • Stable fault ride-through for utility faults near the microgrid or normally-cleared, non-generator faults within the microgrid depends on the complex interplay between: • Fault clearing time • Generator inertia and initial loading, • Synchronous generator excitation response, and • Load response to both fault application and clearance. • Arc flash hazards, present for workers near energized apparatus, depend on fault current and fault clearing time, among other factors that are not variable for a given system. Flash hazards will depend on whether the microgrid is islander or parallel and each viable topology should be reviewed to identify worst case flash hazards. microgrid implementations Figure 1: A Typical Microgrid Topology Resolving typical microgrid topology challenges When a microgrid must be implemented using a similar topology to that shown in Figure 1, consider the following analyses. When possible, use differential or communication-aided protection to improve fault sensitivity and decrease tripping delays. This may increase equipment cost but offers the benefits of faster fault clearing, more stable microgrid operation, and reduced arc flash hazards. When coordinating time-overcurrent protection devices, identify all ground sources, generation sources, and coordination paths from to the fault. Protective devices close to the fault will often see the largest fault current. Be aware that CT ratios and current pickup sensitivities both influence device tripping speed. Coordination that works in one topology may not work when sources are added or subtracted. You may wish to install transformer neutral grounding switches that selectively insert or remove microgrid ground current sources, depending on microgrid topology. If microgrid slanging removes the only microgrid ground source, this is required for effective grounding at the point of interconnect voltage level. After protection coordination is complete, analyze arc flash hazards for all foreseeable microgrid topologies. Develop a plan to keep electrical workers safe and informed regarding the hazards for different topologies. Consider arc detecting relays for indoor or metalclad switchgear. These can speed clearance of arcing faults and reduce arc flash hazards. Carefully analyze arc flash maintenance modes. We have found that accelerated overcorrect tripping does not always yield reduced flash hazards due to fixed breaker operating times. [clickToTweet tweet=”Analyze arc flash hazards for all foreseeable #microgrid topologies.” quote=”Analyze arc flash hazards for all foreseeable #microgrid topologies.”] Standardized topology reduces engineering cost, complexity We are looking forward to November when we can share more technical details regarding the topics above and a standardized and modular microgrid topology. This topology can be employed to both improve microgrid performance and reduce engineering costs. See us in Boston November 6-8 at the Microgrid 2017 Conference for more information on engineering challenges in microgrid implementations! Dan Jones is a project engineer; Doug Jones is a senior project engineer and department manager; and John Kumm is director, SCADA and Analytical Services at POWER Engineers. POWER Engineers is a global consulting and engineering firm specializing in the delivery of integrated solutions. Share Button
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John locke essay summary John locke essay summary Taken together, they comprise an extremely long and detailed theory of knowledge starting from the very basics and building up. Book I, "Of Innate Ideas," is an attack on the Cartesian view of knowledge, which holds that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their mind. Once he feels secure that he has sufficiently argued the Cartesian position, Locke begins to construct his own theory of the origins of knowledge. The short answer is: The long answer is Book II. He argues that everything in our mind is an idea, and that all ideas take one of two routes to arrive in our mind: He also classifies our ideas into two basic types, simple and complex with simple ideas being the building blocks of complex ideasand then further classifies these basic types into more specific subcategories. The vast majority of this book is spent analyzing the specific subcategories of our ideas. Though Book II is primarily an attempt to account for the origin of all our ideas, it also includes two other very important discussions, only tangentially related to the subject of the origin of ideas. He attempts to show that there are two very different sorts of relations that can hold between the qualities of the outside world and our ideas about those qualities. Rawls, John \| Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy The relation between primary qualities e. In contrast, the relation between secondary qualities e. In chapter XXIII, Locke tries to give an account of substance that allows most of our intuitions without conceding anything objectionable. Ideas, however, are still an important part of the picture. According to the theory of meaning that Locke presents, words do not refer to things in the external world but to the ideas in our heads. Locke, relying heavily on his theory of ideas, attempts to give an account of how we form general terms from a world of particular objects, which leads him into a lengthy discussion of the ontology of types that is, the question of whether there are any natural kinds out in the world or whether all classifications are purely conventional. Locke begins with a strict definition of knowledge, one which renders most sciences all but mathematics and morality ineligible. Knowledge, according to Locke, is the perception of strong internal relations that hold among the ideas themselves, without any reference to the external world. The remainder of the book is spent discussing opinion or belief, which is the best we can hope for from nearly all our intellectual endeavors. Locke is very careful to refrain from speaking as if opinion is "mere opinion;" he is not a skeptic and does not believe that science is futile. On the contrary, he is very eager to claim in the last chapters of theEssay, that we should be satisfied with this level of certitude and that we should continue collecting scientific data with gusto. Gaining a better and better opinion of the world is a worthy goal, and one that he shares. John locke essay summary He does ask, however, that we be aware that as good as our opinions become, they are never going to reach the level of knowledge.This is the full text of Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay, leslutinsduphoenix.comn uses several words that are not in common use today. You'll find the definitions of those words by . The Two Beasts: 1: And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, Dan. having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy. Locke's Political Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Rev. 2: And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: Dan. and the dragon gave. This is the first comprehensive biography in half a century of John Locke -“a man of versatile mind, fitted for whatever you shall undertake”, as one of his many good friends very aptly described him. JOHN LOCKE (–) ← An Essay Concerning Human Understanding → John Locke’s Essay presents a detailed, systematic philosophy of mind and thought. L'Abbat, maître d'armes Locke, John: A Letter Concerning Toleration A look at A Letter Concerning Toleration, written in the s by John Locke, who advocated religious toleration. Courtesy of Folger Shakespeare Library; CC-BY-SA ; Theory of ideas. A dominant theme of the Essay is the question with which the original discussion in Exeter House began: What is the . John Locke (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First Impressions Matter First Impressions Matter In Thinking Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman describes a research study that shows the power of the halo effect. The halo effect is the phenomenon where positive traits in a person outshines the negative traits or characteristics of the individual, or cause us to project additional positive traits onto them. For example, think of your favorite celebrity. You know they are good looking, talented at whatever they do, and you most likely also ascribe a number of positive traits to them that you don’t really have evidence for. You probably believe they have the same political beliefs as you, that they probably pay their taxes and don’t litter. If you discovered they did one of these things, your brain would want to discredit that information, or you might face some cognitive dissonance as you square the negative characteristic with the fact that the person looks good and is talented. The study Kahneman references shows the power of the halo effect by giving people 6 descriptions of a fictitious person. Some people were shown 3 positive characteristics followed by 3 negative traits. Another group of people were shown a different fictitious person, with the same 6 traits, but listed in reverse, with the negative traits first followed by the positive. Kahneman writes, “The sequence in which we observe characteristics of a person is often determined by chance. Sequence matters, however, because the halo effect increases the weight of first impressions, sometimes to the point that subsequent information is mostly wasted.” The study shows that first impressions matter a lot, even when we are not actually meeting someone in person. When the first thing we learn about a person is something positive, it can be easy to overlook negative traits that we discover later, and this is true in reverse. This idea is part of what drove Malcolm Gladwell to write his new book Talking to Strangers. I have not read Gladwell’s book, but I have listened to him talk about it on several podcasts. He discusses the death of Sandra Bland, and the interaction she had with law enforcement that led to her arrest and subsequent suicide. First impressions matter, and the first impression she made on the police officer who pulled her over was negative, shaping the entire interaction between Sandra and the officer, and ultimately causing her arrest. Gladwell would also argue, I believe, that first impressions can be formed before you have even met someone, simply by absorbing racial or other stereotypes. Gladwell also discusses Bernie Madoff in his book. A savvy conman who relied on the halo effect to swindle millions. He charmed people and seemed successful, so people who trusted him with investments had trouble seeing through the lies. They wanted to believe the positive traits they first observed from him, and any hints of fraud were easily missed or ignored. The best we can hope for is awareness of the halo effect, and remembering how much our very first impressions can matter. How we put ourselves forward can shape the interactions we have with others. But we can remember to give people a break, and give people second chances when our first impressions of them are not great. Remember to look beyond the first observed trait to see the whole picture of other people in your life, and try to set up situations so that you don’t judge people immediately on their appearance, and can look further to know and understand them a little better. The Cost of Outliers The Cost of Outliers
Happy to serve? Management - Employee Relationship: HAPPY TO SERVE 😄 One very frequently used term is Duty. What is Duty? According to dictionaries, duty is "A moral or legal obligation; a responsibility". Duty is also synonymous with Service. This is quite frequently used words in our society. You meet a Software Engineer or an army or labor and ask his profession, he will say "Service". Now comes, a bit difficult to swallow word, "The Servant". According to dictionaries, a servant is "A person who performs duties for others". But let me, with your permission, modify this definition. "A person who has been allotted any duty is a servant". What I mean to say will be clear by this example, let's say you have hired a person. You have allotted some responsibilities to him. Since you have allotted some duties (service - to serve you) he is your servant. Even if he is idle and chooses not to fulfill his duties, he will still be a servant, a lazy/idle servant. Therefore, a person who has been allotted any duty is a servant. If we ask anyone, "Are you a servant?" The majority answer would be, "No, I have a job", "No, I have a business", "How dare you ask me this question, do you know who I am?" But, in reality, each one of us are a servant. 😱 How? With our birth, we have untold duties towards our parents, family, relatives, society, country. Hence we are a servant. We may, shut our brain, eyes, ears and choose not to deliver our duties, but it doesn't matter, we would still be a servant, an idle servant. 👀 Just small observations, all the big aristocratic individuals, the politicians, the union leaders are nothing but "a public servant". Even they admit it, at least during an election campaign. 😄 Individuals employed in the service of a government ‘a government servant’, a member of the civil service is 'a civil servant', Judge, Teachers, Software Engineers, Farmers, Maids, Businessman, anyone and everyone is a servant. How about a husband-wife? Are they not each other's servants? If they have a kid, are they not their kid's servant? 😮 If you happen to see a man (however rich he might be or let him be the king of the world) walking his dog in the morning, please ask this question to yourself (not to that person), "Isn't he a servant of his dog??" 😜 Actually, slavery is nothing foreign to our nature. 😇 The svarupa, or actual identity of the living entity, is described by Lord Caitanya. Jīvera 'svarupa' haya-kṛṣṇera 'nitya-dāsa': the real identity of the living entity is that he is eternally a servitor of the Supreme Lord. (Chaitanya Charitamrita Madhya 20.108) But there is a difference between a servant in the material world vs a servant in the spiritual world. 😕 Service in the material world is centered around self-satisfaction. The person we serve, his goal is to be happy himself (by our service). Our goal is to be happy ourselves (by the salary we receive). This is why in corporate sectors employees frequently switch companies, choosing on the basis of salary increment. This selfish, self-centered mentality worsens even more in Kaliyug. As predicted in Srimad Bhagavatam 12.3.36: Srimad Bhagavatam 12.3.42: [In Kali Yuga] Men will no longer protect their elderly parents, their children or their respectable wives. Thoroughly degraded, they will care only to satisfy their own bellies and genitals. [At times there is a need to flip through the pages of scriptures just to understand how self-centered and fallen we are, and, what we think/is taught as practicality is nothing but inhumanity. 🙍] Why be sarcastic and blame others. We ourselves can not imagine serving the "human" who is working at our home - maid. Can we wash his / her feet and welcome them to our home? No right? 😥 But Krishna did!!! He washed the feet of Sudama. Sudama even though a devotee and friend of Krishna, he is still a jiva-atma, spirit-soul, while Krishna is The Supreme Personality of Godhead. He is The Only Purusha, The Only Enjoyer, The Master of all Demi-Gods and Spirit Souls, The Ruler of entire manifestation - Jagannath! Yogis do austerities birth after birth just to get a little glimpse of his lotus feet and here is Krishna, washing the feet of his Devotee!! It's like a VVIP like president of a nation serving an ordinary citizen by washing his feet. 😯 This is the spiritual world!! The world where Krishna enjoys being at the service of his servants (devotees) and His devotees enjoy being at service of Krishna. Where else can we find The Emperor carrying the shoes of his servant on his head like Krishna did for Nand Maharaj? Or can a King become a driver for his servants like Krishna did for Arjuna? Every pastime that Krishna did with his devotees is nothing but a short promo /ad/trailer of the Mega Movie running eternally at Goloka Vrindavan. It is very difficult for an ordinary brain to conceive or understand the amount of pleasure Krishna gets by serving His dear devotees and vice versa. Therefore being a servant, here in the material world, is very different from the spiritual world. The Material world is the world of Exploitation. The spiritual world is a world of pure service. [HH Bhakti Charu Swami Maharaj.] Now we understand we all are servants (even if we desire or ignorantly assume our self to be the boss) and serving in Material World can never give happiness (since it is always centered around exploitation), unlike Spiritual World where to-serve is more blissful than to-be-served. Hence intelligent souls opt to serve in spiritual platforms more than in material platforms. How to serve in the platform of the spiritual life? To chant the holy name and dance in ecstasy is so easy and sublime that one can achieve all the benefits of spiritual life simply by following this process. .... The Sankirtana movement we have started offers the best process for becoming purified of all sinful reactions and coming immediately to the platform of spiritual life. [Srimad Bhagavatam 6.2.11, His Devine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.] In the devotional service of the Lord, the only qualification required is surrender. Surrendering oneself is in one’s hand. If one likes, he can surrender immediately, without delay and that begins his spiritual life. [His Devine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.] One must seek the association of persons who are Krishna Conscious and who engage in devotional service. Without such association one cannot make advancement. [His Devine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.] Thus in a summary, if we want to feel the glimpse of the spiritual world, we need to do the following: • Surrender our self to Krishna, understanding the fact we are His mere servants. • Chant the holy name - Hare Krishna Hare Krishna * Krishna Krishna Hare Hare * Hare Rama Hare Rama * Rama Rama Hare Hare. • Seek the association of persons who are Krishna Conscious and who engage in devotional service. Thank you for reading this article. If You have Liked it, then please share it with your friends and loved ones. Please feel free to suggest how can we further improve our service. For more interesting articles please check - https://www.padaseva.in/p/sitemap.html Hare Krishna! Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Leave a Reply Enjoy this blog? Please spread the word :)
Basic safety Measures to Control the Limitation of Occupational Publicity to be able to Hazardous Drugs Hazardous Medicines possess toxic substances just like cytotoxic and antinoeplastic real estate agents since the important constituents. These kinds of compounds are potential resources of numerous overall health dangers and have the chance to cause options of disease when exposed to living microorganisms. Several surveys own been executed to identify the amount of these drugs being in use in various cure strategies and the frequency of the exposure to healthcare employees. Some sort of correlation between workers handling these drugs and even disorders including short and long term has been recently addressed simply by several review reports. Often the disastrous outcomes of exposure to toxic chemicals on people handling options well known to medical care organizations. However, as these kinds of drugs are used to cure various disorders and plays critical purpose inside lives associated with people suffering from condition malocclusions, measures cannot end up being taken up stop their employ. Therefore , pharmaceutical companies together with health-related industries are passing along extra emphasis to handle exposures by utilizing distinct security techniques. Prescription engineers will be involved in major jobs to design preventive devices together with minimal costs connected with their operation, so the fact that they are reasonably priced by way of every healthcare field. Drugs mainly get exposed during their preparation and transfer from a single box to other. Consequently, utilization of closed systems to get carrying out different production process together with transferring actions related to dangerous supplements are to be caused in most medical centers and pharmaceutical drug industries. agapetc.com/what-happens-during-a-xanax-overdose/ can certainly also be confronted with toxicants and aerosols which are leaked out during patient’s government and drug disposal procedure. The closed medicine copy devices with their drip free and air tight specifications have shown a good remarkable reduction in surface contaminants within the nearby environment. Thus, their own implementation can easily significantly aid in decreasing this number of cases involving worker’s exposure. Different some other advanced safety programs will be under development process which could benefit in the safe handling of hazardous medications. Their very own design aspects generally worries on to enable reliable, cost-effective, and easy to use and problem free systems. All these types of techniques when used inside proper techniques will always be effective in manipulating the limit of worker’s experience of risky drugs.
Guidance on the use of images to illustrate content online. Selecting images Using images will help to break up text and provide points of interest in the layout of pages but care should be taken to ensure that images are always relevant to the content. Using generic or incorrect images can have a negative impact and create confusion, for example, if a web page is about using public transport and the content relates specifically to the train network but an image of buses is displayed on the site, users may glance at the image and assume they are in the wrong location. We recommend that if images are used on a site, they should form part of routine user testing to ensure that the assumptions made about their suitability correspond to the view of the users. In addition, images selected for resources should always be quality assured, images should never be pixelated, stretched, squashed, blurred or over/under exposed. The DPI (dots per inch varies for screen media and traditional print, web images should be saved at 72dpi to ensure site efficiency. Responsive sites may require a suite of pre-sized images tailored to the viewport size and layout of the site. It is also essential when selecting and using images to ensure that you have the appropriate copyright permissions from the owner. Images can be sourced from either commercial image banks for which a fee will be payable or via a creative commons licence where an attribution will usually be required, indicating the owner of the image and licence arrangement. Design theory Images are a powerful means of communicating messages. The human brain recognises visual representations of objects in a matter of milliseconds, where reading and processing a text-based description of a similar objects would take much longer to comprehend. This speed of recognition can be used to orientate users and communicate topics covered in the content of web pages at a quick glance. Images also help to engage users and will hold the attention of visitors for longer when used in combination with text. For example, studies have shown that a post on social media is 10 times more likely to receive engagement if it includes a picture. Many users will also be visual learners, finding it easier to retain information which is communicated in illustrated form, this has led to a rise in the use of infographics to deliver complex content. In the communication of public services this must be balanced with alternatives for users who are blind or visually impaired. Images used on responsive sites will require resizing to fit the viewport used to access content. This can be achieved by manually re-sizing images in software such as Photoshop, or freeware such as GIMP or PIXLR. File formats suitable for the web are .jpeg .png and .gif, all images must be 72dpi (dots per inch) and set to RGB (red, green, blue) colour values. Image files should be named in a meaningful way that will allow for easy identification without the need to preview. Use files names such as NicolaSturgeon.Mobile.jpeg instead of DCIM109778x.jpg. The site has image sizes and naming conventions pre-defined, these can be accessed in the image guide in the /design-standards/resources/. Image selection should also capture the spirit of public services and include real people, reflecting a mix of ethnicity, age, sex and physical ability wherever possible. Images provide visual clues to the content and can help to better communicate ideas and messages to certain groups of users, such as those with dyslexia and autism. Images should always be relevant to the content and tagged for assistive technology, this is achieved through the use of alt attributes which provide a description of images should they fail to load on screen or where images have been switched off or are accessed by the use of a screen reader. Images should not include text as this can easily be missed by some users and the often uneven backdrop of images behind the text renders it hard to read. Text in images is also fixed and cannot be either translated or easily magnified by users.
Tag Archives: Octopus Giant Pacific Octopus Art © 2011 by Tammy Carter Bronson The giant Pacific octopus is a mollusk that lives in coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean. This octopus has two large eyes that can watch for predators by turning backward or forward. Since the octopus does not have any bones, it can squeeze into tiny spaces to hide from predators. If its hiding place is found, the octopus will squirt black ink so the predator will not see them make a quick escape. Predators of the giant octopus include eels, seals, dolphins, sharks and whales. This giant likes to feed on other mollusks like clams and snails. Crabs are another favorite food, but a crab can snap off the end of the octopus’s tentacle. No worries! The giant Pacific octopus has the ability to regenerate or regrow a lost limb. This is even more astonishing when you consider how complex their limbs are. Each tentacle has two rows of tiny suckers that can hold, taste, and manipulate objects, and a tentacle may have as many as 280 suckers. That means the number of suckers on all eight tentacles can total 2,240! The female giant octopus will lay as many as 50,000 eggs all at once. She does not eat or sleep while she guards her eggs, and when the eggs hatch, she dies. The largest giant Pacific octopus ever found lived in the North Pacific and had tentacles 33 feet long! Like the sea horse and leafy sea dragon, an octopus can change the color and texture of its skin in order to blend perfectly with its environment. This camouflage helps protect them from predators. “Sea Horse, run!” BOOK NOTES: Featured on the cover and found on pages 12, 26, and 31 of the book. Royal British Columbia Museum, 2004 Monterey Bay Aquarium This page has a great video of the giant Pacific octopus in action. Royal British Columbia Museum I visited this museum during a trip from Seattle to Victoria, BC in May of 2004. Yes, that is me squinting at the camera while standing beside a very “Egyptian” killer whale. Gentle Giant Octopus Text ©1998 by Karen Wallace, Illustrations ©1998 by Mike Bostock Published by Candlewick Press, Somerville, Massachusetts.
You are here Swift Parrot - Preservation of Breeding Habitat Dr Rosalie Woodruff MP Dr Rosalie Woodruff MP - Thursday, 4 June 2020 Tags: Swift Parrot, Threatened Species, Native Forest Logging Swift Parrot - Preservation of Breeding Habitat: Rosalie Woodruff, 4 June, 2020 There are fewer than 1000 breeding pairs of the world's fastest parrot - the critically endangered swift parrot - left in the wild. It is essential we protect every nest hollow and flowering gum that they need to survive. Their biggest threat is habitat and food loss from illegal land clearing and native forest logging, as well as predation by the sugar glider. The previous failed environment minister, Matthew Groom, refused to be an active state party member to the national swift parrot recovery plan and did not act to stop habitat destruction, or fund protection activities. Are we still even a party to the swift parrot recovery plan? If we are, what is this year's resourcing towards it, and when will you announce a native forest logging ban for Bruny Island and the other southern and south-eastern forests that have to be protected to save that special parrot? Madam Speaker, I thank the member for her question about the swift parrot. The population size of the swift parrot is very difficult to assess. It is estimated, as I understand and am advised, to be about 2500, with perhaps only 1000 breeding pairs. In response to the numerous threats faced by the species, the Tasmanian Government is implementing a whole-of-government approach to ensure that management of the swift parrot habitat in this state is consistent and effective. This will build on actions that we have undertaken previously to address threats to the swift parrot and its habitat. We have provided $150 000 to trial methods of trapping sugar gliders, a major threat to the birds. Dr Woodruff - That was in 2015. That was five years ago. Madam SPEAKER - Order, please. Mr JAENSCH - This project has been successfully completed. The findings have enabled NRM South to leverage $700 000 of Australian Government funding for further swift parrot conservation work over the next three years. In the past three years, staff of my department have worked with local governments, regional NRM organisations, Tasmania Police, Sustainable Timber Tasmania and other stakeholders to tackle the problem of illegal firewood harvesting, which has impacted several breeding sites. My department is cooperating with the forestry industry and regulators to apply the latest technology to identify and manage those places critical to the swift parrot, and to put in place a formal agreement that supports this more sophisticated approach to habitat conservation. My department has also undertaken programs to control invasive rainbow lorikeets, which compete with swift parrots for nest hollows - Dr WOODRUFF - Madam Speaker, point of order. Relevance. This is a whole lot of material which is historical information. We asked a specific question about today, are we a party to the recovery plan, and is there funding towards protecting it now? Madam SPEAKER - As you know, under the old rules, that is not a point of order, but under our cooperative approach, I urge the minister to be as relevant to the question as possible. Unless he wishes to advise the House later. Mr JAENSCH - Thank you, Madam Speaker. Most recently, this has included assisting volunteers and landholders to manage the impacts of the birds, including by providing bird traps. My department also works closely with the Commonwealth to ensure that research findings provide practical conservation benefits for the swift parrot, and that conservation tools, such as the swift parrot recovery plan, are up to date. The plan is currently under review by the Australian Government. Furthermore, my department's collaboration with other agencies and organisations helped to secure $297 000 for researchers from the Australian National University to continue vital monitoring of swift parrot migration and breeding in Tasmania until 2021. I have provided answers. There are questions regarding the status of the Australian Government's review of the swift parrot recovery plan, and I suggest the Greens direct their question there.
Mental and Emotional Causes of Inflammation Mental and Emotional Causes of Inflammation \| Conscious Diet Types of Inflammation If anybody tells you they have arthritis or something else that ends with -itis, they have inflammation, a very common problem nowadays. In some forms of inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis, you feel heat, pain, redness and swelling. In other forms, such as diabetes and heart disease, you can only know you have inflammation after some tests. In acute inflammation, such as appendicitis and cellulitis, inflammation is the body’s response to injury or infection, and it will subside when the infection or injury goes away. However, the body’s immune system can trigger inflammation in the absence of invaders or injury, and such inflammation tends to be chronic. This leads to many chronic diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and possibly fibromyalgia. It also leads to many mental health problems such as depression, psychosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Mental and Emotional Causes Besides commonly known or suspected dietary causes, there are emotional and mental causes of inflammation such as stress and unresolved emotions. When you become stressed, the body responds by turning on the sympathetic nervous system and you enter the state of allostasis. This is the fight-or-flight response in times of danger. When the danger passes, your body returns to homeostasis, where every system is in balance. When you are constantly stressed, the body is constantly in fight-or-flight mode and the stress interferes with the body’s ability to shut down its own immune response and the body fails to return to homeostasis. Constant nervous system activation like this causes chronic inflammation. Unresolved emotions Negative emotions such as fear, anger, sadness, shame and disgust can cause inflammation in the multiple parts of the body. If prolonged, the inflammation can turn into persistent pain such as unexplained headaches in people with unresolved anger or grief. Vegan Foods That Lower Inflammation While medication will help, the best way to deal with inflammation is to remove the cause. You can lower inflammation through emotional therapy, seeking the company of people who accept you, or managing your stress. You can also lower inflammation by eating certain vegan foods. Fruits and vegetables Eat a variety of raw fruits and vegetables in a variety of colors. Example of colorful fruits include blueberries, cherries, blackberries, raspberries, and strawberries. Beets and carrots are examples of colored vegetables. The substance that gives them their colors reduces inflammation. Green leafy vegetables Eat raw or moderately cooked green leafy vegetables. Studies have found that the vitamin K in spinach, broccoli, cabbage, and kale reduces inflammation. Vitamins C and E are antioxidants that destroy free radicals that also cause inflammation. Eat them in green salads, coleslaw, sauerkraut, kimchi, smoothies, juices, soups, stews, raw wraps (use the leaf as a wrap instead of using a flat bread). Add baby spinach to your pesto, guacamole or hummus. Colored vegetables Colored vegetables like beets contain a compound called betaine that fights inflammation. Beans and lentils and other legumes are great sources of amino acids and fiber. They are also loaded with antioxidants and other anti-inflammatory compounds. Sprout them and eat them in salads. Or soak them and cook them in a variety of dishes. Make sure you include avocados in your salads or smoothies or regularly make guacamole. They contain healthy fatty acids that stop inflammation. Whole grains Brown rice, oatmeal, whole-wheat flour and other unrefined grains are high in fiber which also helps to fight inflammation. Nuts and seeds Eat a handful of a variety of nuts and seeds every day. They contain essential fatty acids that reduce inflammation. For example, pumpkin seeds contain an anti-inflammatory oil. Research found pumpkin seed oil reduced symptoms of arthritis better than the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Indomethacin. Healthy oils Your diet is not complete without healthy plant fats that contain compounds that reduce inflammation. Olive oil is rich in anti-oxidants that fight inflammation and perform many other roles in the body. Flaxseed oil is a good source of alpha linoleic acid (ALA), an omega-3 essential fatty acid, which reduces inflammation. Use it raw in salads. Hemp oil controls pH levels in the body and fights chronic inflammation through its rich content of gamma linoleic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid that fights inflammation, and other anti-inflammatory compounds. People with multiple sclerosis (a chronic inflammatory disorder) were given hemp seed oil and evening primrose oil in a study, and their symptoms improved. Coconut oil, when taken orally, can reduce inflammation related to Crohn’s disease. Consider supplementing with the following: Turmeric: It as been used for centuries for lowering inflammation. Its absorption can be improved when combined with black pepper. Elderberry & Vitamin C: Both contain potent antioxidants which are key in the process of cellular regeneration. Probiotics and prebiotics: They improve gut health and prevent inflammation of the digestive system. Make sure you include the following herbs in your cooking. Ginger: It’s a well-known traditional medicine for pain and inflammation. In one study, it reduced the pain of osteoarthritis of the knee in 247 people, and they needed less pain killers. Use it in cooking or drink ginger tea. Garlic: It prevents the production of compounds that cause inflammation. Eat it raw in your salads. Moringa: it’s a well-known anti-inflammatory in its raw form or in powder. You can add it to smoothies. It has a strong flavor. Foods to Avoid To make sure you beat inflammation, avoid inflammatory foods such as animal flesh, dairy, sugar and highly processed foods which acidify the body and cause inflammation. Read more Foods That Help You Balance Your Hormones \| Conscious Diet Foods That Help You Balance Your Hormones
Latest from our Blog How drones are regulated around the world? Updated: Apr 30 With the appearance of drones, it was quickly imminent that regulations are needed to ensure the safety and security of people and deliveries. While the law and restrictions related to drones may differ from country to country, there is one significant global commonality: drones are differentiated as recreational and commercial flights. Recreational drones Given the nature of owning a hobby drone, fewer restrictions and regulations are related to their use. The focus is on the safety of the people operating them and people present in their catchment area. The maximum height for hobby drones is around 120m to ensure they do not in any way interfere with any aircraft. Generally, the same rules apply to operating a drone than flying a car, such as one must not be under the influence of alcohol, drugs, and any other kind of substance. Drones should be operated during daylight and not allowed or only allowed to fly with special permissions during the night. Delivery drones The most significant difference between recreational and commercial drones is that these later need to be officially registered. In the USA, the actual drone has to be registered, and the pilot receives a certification from the FAA. In Europe, the drone is not required to be registered, but the pilot has to get a certification number from the Civil Aviation Authority. The European Aviation Safety Agency keeps track of three different types of drones: - Open, the restrictions are most similar to the recreation drones. - Specific and Certified, the much high restrictions and certified drones may even carry passengers or dangerous goods. Within Europe, the regulations may vary, but recreational drones are required to stay in sight of the operator at all times. In some countries, such as Austria, the owner may require drone insurance for recreational and commercial use. In France, the drones are required to be tested before flying both recreational and commercial and may not pass over Paris without an extra permit. In Germany, bigger-size drones require a skill test before flying, and the bigger drones must be labeled with the owner’s details. In the Netherlands, recreational drones aren’t allowed to fly over a group of people or overpopulated living areas, and these can only be operated in green, no-fly areas. In Spain, drones cannot be operated within an 8 km radius from the airport. In The United Kingdom, drones cannot fly over 500 meters, but they can obtain special permission to be able to fly beyond visual line of sight. Drones over 29g require special approval, and the machines have to be labeled. Operating recreational drones can be great fun, but these regulations ensure that the machines are operated safely, and they don’t impose a health hazard to the owner or bystanders. Commercial drones need to be carefully regulated to ensure safe deliveries, public safety and to avoid the misuse of drone services.
Genesis Begins Again Book review by Barbara Saunders, Common Sense Media Genesis Begins Again Book Poster Image Teen learns to love herself in uplifting tale of misfits. Parents say No reviews yetAdd your rating Kids say age 10+ Based on 2 reviews Did this review miss something on diversity? A lot or a little? The parents' guide to what's in this book. Educational Value The love of music is a major thread in the novel. Music connects Genesis to her father, and a music teacher leads Genesis to find the talent for singing that helps raise her self-esteem and increase her popularity. Through conversations with the teacher, kids learn about the life stories of great 20th-century musical artists Billie Holiday, Etta James, Ella Fitzgerald, and Miles Davis. Positive Messages Compassion heals. It heals both the one who receives it, and the one who offers it. If you accept other people with all their imperfections, you will find it easier to accept yourself. Parents are people; they make mistakes. Just because a parent does something that hurts you doesn't mean they don't love you. Positive Role Models & Representations The author skillfully creates nuanced positive role models. The main character, an African American girl, moves from Detroit to the suburbs, where she ends up at a diverse school. There she befriends a girl from a big Greek family and a black boy who plays classical violin and excels at math. She encounters supportive teachers of different races and personalities. Genesis' mother works hard and protects her daughter both physically and emotionally, and makes efforts to return to school herself. Her father, though sometimes mean and usually unreliable, shows his love by making Genesis her favorite foods and eventually sharing his stories about traumatic experiences. The grandmother's door is always open to the family when they need her, even though she disapproves of their choices. Negative behaviors and attitudes -- bullying, "colorism," substance abuse, lying, cheating, and financial irresponsibility -- are all shown to have consequences. A character's mental illness -- obsessive-compulsive disorder -- is presented with sensitivity. In a drunken outburst, genesis' dad throws a beer bottle against a wall. Genesis makes many attempts to lighten her skin, which escalates to unintentional self-injury: She bathes in bleach, rubs lemons on her skin, and scrubs with exfoliant to the point of creating scars. Finally she uses commercial lightening cream until her skin develops splotches. Occasional "damn," "hell," and "Oh, God!" from the parents when they're angry. There are also slurs and mean nicknames about people's skin color. Very occasional mentions of brand names, such as "iPod," are relevant to the context. Drinking, Drugs & Smoking Genesis' father, Emory, is addicted to alcohol and gambling. Genesis' mother demands he go to Alcoholics Anonymous; he goes for a while and then stops because he doesn't believe he has a problem. In one scene, Genesis pours his booze down the drain and hides the bottles. He says mean things while drinking and, in one scene, throws a beer bottle. There's a suggestion that his alcoholism stems from traumatic experiences. He's also a smoker and occasionally defies rules not to smoke in the house. What parents need to know Parents need to know that Genesis Begins Again, the debut novel by Alicia D. Williams, received a 2020 Newbery Honor and the 2020 Coretta Scott King/John Steptoe Award for New Talent (Author). It's about a 13-year-old African American girl in Detroit who learns to love herself despite two main problems: her father's gambling and alcohol addictions, which lead to the family's repeated evictions, and her family's "tradition" of prizing the light skin of her mother and grandmother and looking down on the dark skin of Genesis and her father. There are some potentially disturbing scenes of Genesis trying to lighten her skin by rubbing lemons on it, scrubbing herself raw with exfoliant, bathing in bleach, and using commercial skin-bleaching creams. There's occasional strong language by the parents ("damn," "hell," "Oh, God!" ) and slurs and mean nicknames about people's skin color. User Reviews • Parents say • Kids say Teen, 15 years old Written bydark.artist096 January 10, 2021 Teen, 13 years old Written byKitty_Meow_Meow May 20, 2019 Really good loved it <3 What's the story? In the opening chapter of GENESIS BEGINS AGAIN, 13-year-old Genesis has finally gotten the cool girls to come to her house in Detroit. When they arrive, her family's furniture is outside and there's a lock on the door. They've been evicted -- again. Her father gambled away the rent money. Her mother takes them to stay at her grandmother's. Her father shows up, saying he has a new job, and his boss will rent them his nice home in the suburbs. In her new school, Genesis discovers different kinds of people: kids who don't tease her about being "too black" and teachers who help her discover her smarts and talents. Her new surroundings and eccentric group of friends help Genesis begin to love herself and gain some understanding of her parents, too. Is it any good? This uplifting story shows a middle school girl getting though family problems, discovering her unique talent, and moving beyond concerns about her skin color to finally love herself. Author Alicia D. Williams is a teacher, and it shows. In Genesis Begins Again, she does a great job capturing the way young teens think and act like adults one moment and like children the next. For example, when Genesis realizes neither of her parents is effective in breaking the cycle of hope and eviction, she takes matters into her own hands: She heads out to her father's job site to try and work something out with the boss-landlord. Yet once she gets on the bus, she becomes afraid at taking such a long ride by herself and relies on the driver for direction and reassurance. The other middle-schoolers also seem authentic in what excites them and what makes them upset. Williams also does a good job of showing how parents look through their kids' eyes. Genesis' gradual understand ing of her parents' humanity is moving. Talk to your kids about ... • Families can talk about "the paper bag test" described in Genesis Begins Again. Why do you think it was so hurtful to the people in Genesis' family? How is "colorism" related to racism? • In music, Genesis finds comfort, connection with others, and a talent. What kinds of things help you feel better when you're sad or angry? What are some special things you share with your parents and grandparents? What are you really good at? • Genesis' friend Sophia has a condition that makes her feel very anxious when the paper towels run out or her desk isn't lined up with the marks on the floor. What does it mean to have a mental illness? Book details Our editors recommend For kids who love girls with big hearts Themes & Topics Browse titles with similar subject matter. Top advice and articles See how we rate About these links Read more Learn how we rate
Welcome to Decision-Making-Solutions.com Decision Fatigue Don't let decision fatigue prevent effective decision making Picture showing loss of willpowerDo we get tired of making decisions? An article from The New York Times points to some research that takes a closer look at the idea of decision fatigue. The article provides the results from a number of studies and experiments by brain researchers that suggests our ability to make good choices degrades after long periods of thoughtful decision making. We, in essence, experience a loss in willpower resulting from decision fatigue. This can lead to surrendering to choices we might otherwise avoid. What is decision fatigue? If you have ever been involved in a day long set of meetings that had goals of reaching conclusion on a number of critical decisions, you may already have an understanding of decision fatigue. Early decisions receive careful scrutiny and thoughtful deliberation, but as the end of the day is reached, people are ready to accept expeditious alternatives to end the meeting and head off to dinner. Research has been active in this area for some time, and similar effects have also been referred to as brain fatigue, mental or mind fatigue, and ego depletion. There seems to be broad agreement on the symptoms. However, a quick scan of the research indicates that there is not agreement on the cause. Examples from some of the studies The studies identify a number of examples that are used to demonstrate decision fatigue. Cases include: • Parole board decision making by judges reviewing cases for Israeli prisons • Quarterback's questionable choices made late in the game • Doing arithmetic problems after shopping at the mall. (This one reminds me of trying to help my son with math homework after a trying day at work.) • Choosing and configuring features for a computer • Picking options for a new car • Weighing the options for items purchased on a tight budget during shopping and how it can lead to impulse purchases (see more on consumer decision making) • Resisting the urge to eat a cookie that affects deciding between two jobs (using your willpower to resist eating the cookie negatively impacts your ability to make a sound choice between the two jobs) It should be pointed out that these studies distinguish decision or brain fatigue from physical fatigue. Participants in the studies and experiments indicate that they are not physically tired. Conclusions suggest that our mental resources used for decision making are consumed or exhausted, causing our ability to decide between options to suffer after repeated decision tasks over an extended period of time. Possible implications Picture of adding decision making energyThe suggestion from much of the research is that our decision making energy can be exhausted. Our willpower will diminish as we continue to make decisions, even small ones. John Tierney's New York Times article points to a brain glucose connection where sugar provided by lemonade appeared to mitigate decision fatigue. However, the studies are not fully conclusive, and another researcher, Carol Dweck, questions the theory. She provides evidence that suggests that our beliefs about willpower actually determine how long we can stick to challenging mental tasks that include decision making. What can we do to help prevent decision fatigue? While the research provides some compelling evidence, conclusions can be risky due to lack of a proven cause-effect relationship. However, here are some ideas to consider that can help avoid the irrational biases that are suggested by decision fatigue. 1. Take advantage of our decision making tips - Many of the tips on prioritization, timing, and process can help avoid brain fatigue and provide the discipline that might maintain willpower. 2. Accommodate people needs when planning extended decision making sessions - We already know people's thought processes degrade when physically fatigued. Planning for group decision making can also accommodate mental fatigue by having breaks, providing refreshments, and having agenda changes that vary which mental resources are required. 3. Build habits that avoid temptation - If willpower is a resource that can be exhausted, structuring routines that avoid undesired enticements can reserve energy for difficult decision making. 4. Use the process - Following a decision making process helps prevent errors. If you start to short circuit the process, it probably suggests that physical or mental fatigue may have set in. 5. Choose your beliefs about willpower - Willpower may go farther than we expect. A little research on this topic could change what you believe and increase your ability to stay engaged during lengthy decision efforts. 6. Add some delay and get some rest - Time and some sleep can reduce emotions that lead to thinking errors and poor choices. The research into the concept of decision fatigue, while still evolving, does point to behavior we commonly experience. Using the tips above can help you avoid a loss in integrity in your decision making effectiveness. Brian Tracy quote on willpower Return from Decision Fatigue to Articles on Decision Making
• oiscainquiries What's Cooking? Once a month, each class at Oisca has their own cooking class. While some might think kids of such an early age do not need to be learning cooking, we beg to differ. The cooking classes, like many group projects and activities foster a strong sense of communication and cooperation for the students. A myriad of skills is learned and practiced during a cooking class. On the language side, they are exposed to specific food and cooking and practical vocabulary such as "recipe' 'kitchen' 'ingredients' 'stir', 'heat', 'cut', mix', 'wash', 'measure' and so on. By looking at a list of ingredients, they see basic amounts and quantities that are needed invoking quantitative skills. Physically, they are practicing many fine motor skills by preparing the cooking equipment, the ingredients, and the meal itself. Students, especially the older ones who have use complicated recipes and tools, learn practical safety - such as around knives and stoves. Even our youngest class of 2-3 year olds can enjoy a cooking class by simple exercises such as washing , peeling, and eventually slicing a banana. What makes it more fun is they get to top the banana off with a cherry and chocolate sauce...and perhaps most enjoyable of all - they get to eat their own creations! #oiscainternationalbangkok #kindergarten #Internationalschoolbangkok #bangkokschool 24 views0 comments Recent Posts See All
Why Use React? Written on July 29, 2017 To a beginner, the advantages of React are not immediately obvious. Here are a few reasons to use React. 1. You can always tell how your component will look render by looking at one source file. If you know the state, you know the rendered output. You don’t have to trace program flow. When working on complex applications, especially in teams, this is critically important. 2. Bundling the view and functionality together makes sense. It’s easier to articulate the functionality of a self-contained component, rather than switching between HTML and Javascript files. UI code is readable and maintainable. Componentized UI is the future of web development, and you need to start doing it now. Sidenote - What is Flux? The concept “Flux” is simply that 1. your view triggers an event (say, after user types a name in a text field) 2. that event updates a model 3. then the model triggers an event 4. the view responds to that model’s event by re-rendering with the latest data. That’s it. This one way data flow / decoupled observer pattern is designed to guarantee that your source of truth always stays in your stores / models. It’s a Good Thing™.
Ammonia Can Officially Work As Jet Fuel And it doesn't require an extreme aircraft redesign—just a better propulsion system. airplane engine WaitforlightGetty Images • A government-startup collaboration in the U.K. finds ammonia could power jets. • The same experiments are being done for cargo ships and other applications. • The engine design uses carbon neutral heat to turn ammonia and hydrogen into jet fuel. Could ammonia be the next great hope for carbon-neutral aircraft flight? Researchers have finished an early feasibility study of how the noxious chemical might be concentrated and used as propulsion fuel. The project is a collaboration between the startup Reaction Engines and U.K. Research and Innovation’s Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). ✈ You like badass planes. So do we. Let's nerd out over them together. The prototype examined in the report uses a blend of hydrogen and ammonia that burns just like conventional jet fuel, the researchers say. Ammonia is one of the most plentiful chemicals that humans produce, because it’s massively used as a fertilizer. And while ammonia requires considerable energy to make, the process is already at an enormous scale because of how much is required by farmers around the world. “It would have the potential to efficiently crack the ammonia fuel using heat harvested from the jet engine through Reaction Engines’ ground-breaking heat exchangers to provide a zero-carbon fuel blend of ammonia and hydrogen that burns stably just like jet fuel,” Reaction Engines explains in a press release. (Cracking is the chemical reaction that uses heat to blast complex hydrocarbons into simpler ones that are often more useful in chemistry applications.) The release continues: “As one of the nine bodies of U.K. Research and Innovation, STFC’s research seeks to understand the Universe from the largest astronomical scales to the tiniest constituents of matter, yet creates impact on a very tangible, human scale,” STFC says in its “Vision.” In this case, that means investing in next generation experimental technology that revolves around physics but includes topics across dozens of disciplines. 📩 Make your inbox more awesome. In its release, Reaction Engines explains an idea that many “far out” energy researchers are reiterating now. “Decarbonizing the aviation industry is one of the great challenges of our age,” the company explains, but no single solution makes complete sense yet: Is energy-costly ammonia the best way forward? Well, Reaction and others argue that we need more seed ideas, not less, and the ability to heat the ammonia blend to cracking without adding more energy does give the plan an edge. Making hydrogen requires hydrocarbons for practical applications and still isn’t up to scale, for example, so using just some hydrogen, again, gives this plan an edge. For now, the feasibility report is just a key to open the next door. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below More From Airlines
Is rap a genre? Is R&B a genre? Is gospel a genre? Are hip-hop groups musicians? The first, and arguably most interesting question, might never be answered. The word “genre” is just a meaningless name for a vague grouping of genres, so it is pointless or even wrong to try to label any musical group. Some groups seem to have a greater “brand” than others and that brand is very influential. I would not try to label the British electronic, soul, rock and jazz genres as any kind of “genre,” because it is far too subjective and subjectively-defined to define any “genre” at all. The labels I generally use in this article — “rap,” “R&B,” “hip-hop” — are not designed to indicate a particular sound or approach, but rather are part of a rather broad, and usually misleading, classification system. Unique - Die Hard / War Rap (2019, Vinyl) \| Discogs “R&B” can be used to describe a variety of electronic groups and artists but it is far from the most common classification for music. There are R&B musicians and groups and styles that are distinct from what we think of as rap: For example, “R&B” does not necessarily refer to a particular style or type of music. So how can r&bists or R&B producers be called rap artists? The answer can be found in the fact that “R&B” only refers to the style of music and not the overall subject matter represented (although, if you listen carefully, you’ll see these similarities within the same genre). There are plenty of examples of both “real” and “created” rap from the mid 1960s on — even before the term was used as a genre, it was just the style. From this, it seems that “R&B” would have included much of the same history and tradition as “real” rap music, but the fact of it being created by “real” producers would mean that the terms “created” and “rap” had essentially become blurred. Even so, it seems reasonable to assume that it was a term that did not have a strict definition in terms of “rap”—a term used just for the style. “R&B” is not a specific type of music but rather is a type of sound. It is defined in terms of a variety of distinct sounds and styles. The music and artists are grouped by style and genre, but it might be more accurate to have “R&B”
Category Archives 8 Articles Lookahead maths predicts credit risk It usually appears in the small print: “The company will contact credit rating agencies in its consideration of your application.” For older products it is easy for lenders to compare your profile against historical data to rate your suitability. Mathematicians have now devised a credit scoring technique for newly launched products where little data is available for analysis. “There are basically two classes of customer,” notes Professor David Hand from the Department of Mathematics at Imperial College, London. “There are the ‘bads’ – those that default in some way before the end of the loan term – and the ‘goods’ who keep up their payments. Once you have accumulated a body of data for a loan product, you can build some sort of model that uses application form data and credit bureau ratings to classify applicants as good or bad.” But for new products no data are available. Worse still, you normally have to wait until the end of the loan term before you know that a customer really is ‘good’. Professor Hand has applied a branch of statistics called survival analysis to borrowers’ records that should help banks score applicants more accurately. “Survival analysis takes into account customers who are likely to default before the end of the loan term,” Professor Hand explains, “not just the customers who have actually defaulted at by the time of the calculation. When we used our survival analysis for lookahead scoring far fewer accepted customers turned bad.” Professor Hand hopes to further refine his methods. For instance, he wants to allow for the low probability of borrowers going ‘bad’ when reaching the end of the loan term. “Already we have shown that survival analysis, using just a small body of data, is a powerful technique to improve applicant credit scoring for new loan products. It should help lenders accept few ‘bad’ customers and develop more comprehensive predictive models faster.” Carbon makes electricity from the sun Carbon makes electricity from the sun The sun is our ultimate source of energy, but capturing its rays using solar cells is unsatisfactory. First solar cells are expensive, and even when the sun shines brightly, the amount of electricity produced is small. Research now suggests that carbon, the main constituent of all organic compounds on the earth, at last makes the sun an economical electrical powerhouse. Solar cells produce electricity when the sun’s energy is absorbed to move electrons into higher energy states. In these excited states, the electrons move through the cell material towards an electrode, generating an electric current. Today’s commercial solar cells are made from inorganic semiconductor materials, where there is a good match between the energy in sunlight and the energy which can be absorbed by electrons. Recently, though, scientists have discovered that some plastic-like organic materials can also be used to absorb solar light and convert into electricity. In these organic polymers the absorbed light is converted to an excited, negatively charged electron bound to a positive ‘hole’. This bound electron-hole pair is termed a ‘exciton’. “In normal solar cells the electron and the hole are not bound as an exciton, and can drift apart to opposite electrodes to develop a voltage. This is the origin of the classical photovoltaic effect exploited in solar cells,” explains Professor Gehan Amaratunga, who leads a research team in Cambridge University. “Therefore, to have a polymer solar cell it is essential that the exciton is split or disassociated so that electron and hole can drift apart to form the negative and positive terminals of the cell. Exciton dissociation takes place best at the junction between the polymer and a metal which accepts the electrons.” Professor Amaratunga’s group in the Department of Engineering thought that carbon could make a good electron acceptor in the polymer. “We introduced carbon into the body of the polymer in the form of tiny channels which could accept the electrons and allow them to travel to the electrode. It is as if there were electron acceptor sites throughout the entire polymer, and not just at its surface. We used a form of carbon called single wall nanotubes, where carbon atoms arranged in a flat sheet are rolled up to form a tube.” The researchers sandwiched the polymer-carbon nanotube blend between a layer of aluminium on one side and indium-tin oxide on the other to act as the electrodes. They found that when illuminated, the cells produced an electric current around two orders of magnitude larger than for a more typical cell made with only the polymer. “These results are very exciting,” says Professor Amaratunga. “It appears that the nanotubes improve the transport of free electrons to the electrodes, opening the way for a new class of photocell with improved performance. You get more electricity for the size of your cell, and being much cheaper, they make solar power more of an economical option.” These organic solar cells have an energy payback time of as little as three months. In other words, in three months they convert the same amount of energy that is needed for their manufacture. Even though their energy efficiency is only 2-3%, the best solar cells have an energy payback time of five to six years and are far more expensive. “These new organic cells could be especially important in less developed countries where the initial investment available for developing an electric power infrastructure is limited,” notes Professor Amaratunga. Perhaps carbon, all too condemned for its polluting effects in soot and greenhouse gases, could contribute to renewable energy production too. The right (and left) way to design packaging A web of desire
3.1. Hints and Strategies for Successful Phase Calibration In most programs, calibrator sources are observed at least once an hour and sometimes as frequently as every 10 minutes. Calibrator observations are not only important for tracking instrumental phase and gain drifts, atmospheric and ionospheric gain and phase variations, but for monitoring the quality and sensitivity of the data and for spotting the occasional gain and phase jumps. \section*{Choosing a Calibrator} There are several criteria for choosing and using a calibrator. A list of guidelines, in decreasing order of importance, follows: A) Choose the calibrator closest to your source. If it is within 10 deg., atmospheric phase fluctuations will be somewhat better calibrated. It is better to have one calibrator per source over the entire run. If several are needed, try to bootstrap their positions together. However, in the smaller configurations and at longer wavelengths, these criteria can be considerably relaxed, so a single calibration for a group of sources is often preferable. Furthermore, if your target sources can be self-calibrated, the need for rapid switching between source and calibrator is entirely removed. Hourly observations of the calibrator are more than sufficient for this case, except at 22 GHz or higher frequencies where they should be no further apart than 30 minutes. B) Choose a calibrator which has a P or S quality status for the desired configuration and frequency (see Section 4.1). The difference between P and S is minimal but P is preferred since fewer gain errors will result. However, a more nearby but weaker S or even W quality calibrator may well be preferable for phase calibration, but not for amplitude calibration. In this case the amplitude calibration, which is much more stable than the phase calibration, can be derived from observations of a more distant P quality calibrator that is observed less frequently. This situation may arise at high frequencies where only a small number of sources are sufficiently strong ($>$ 0.5 Jy) for amplitude calibration, but the atmospheric phase fluctuations require a nearby calibrator source (see http://www.vla.nrao.edu/astro/guides/highfreq/schedule/). As a general rule of thumb, at 0.7 cm the phase calibrator should be within 10 degrees in good weather and within 5 degrees in bad weather. If just solving for the phase, the calibrator can be as weak as twice the sensitivity on a single baseline, which is 0.1 Jy at 43 GHz. If no VLA calibrator is sufficiently close, it may be useful to consult the MERLIN calibrator lists of Patnaik et al. (1992, MNRAS, 254, 655) and Browne et al. (1998; MNRAS, 293, 257). And to properly remove tropospheric phase fluctuations at high frequencies requires very rapid switching with observations of the calibrator every few C) At frequencies of 1.8 GHz and below, the presence of moderately strong sources within the primary beam centered on the calibrator can cause significant closure errors. For this reason many calibrators have uv restrictions at L and P band and may be completely unsuitable in the smaller configurations. Observations performed in spectral line mode may encounter somewhat larger closure errors than indicated by the P or S quality flags (see the Key in section 4.1) due to the reduction in bandwidth smearing. When observing at L band in the D and C configurations it may be desirable to choose a calibrator with P quality status, even if it is more distant from the target source. Fortunately the atmosphere is quite stable at L band in the D and C configurations. D) Different calibrator codes are used only to distinguish the accuracy of the calibrator position. If absolute positional accuracy $<$0.1 arcsec is desired, the position code should be an important consideration - use 'A' or 'B' calibrators. Most positions for sources with 'A' or 'B' PC codes are taken from the JPL or USNO astrometric lists. E) The flux density of the calibrator is of secondary importance. The only exceptions are when the calibrator will be used as a band-pass calibrator for spectral line observing, for high dynamic range observations where closure errors must be measured, and for very narrow-band spectral line experiments. F) The use of partially resolved calibrators for the determination of antenna gains and phases is possible with the added complication that the calibrator must be imaged first and the resulting model provided to CALIB. Use of partially resolved calibrators may occasionally be necessary in the larger configurations. Models are available on the web at Go to: Contents Previous Next
% Polytunnel Design % Earth Ways PDC Summer 2015 % Thomas Sigurdsen # Chaos - Thoughts - Ideas - Possibly use gravity for watering, as opposed to pressure. - Chicken coop inside? for winter? Depends on need for heat, space, and are there really enough positive connections to the PT? - I've seen rocket mass heaters inside greenhouses before... - Hugelkultur bed in middle to maximize space use? Plants on top of bed culd be "made to climb onto" second layers floor. - Watering at point. Have a pipe or similar that you fill when watering and it will disperse water at bottom by gravity. In other words a watering system you fill from the top and that works vertically instead of horizontally. - dig down to increase grow space? Walls are easily made with rammed tires. - Aquaponics in "basement"? - Aquaponics overhead - makes for "easier" watering. - Artificial aquifer? - Earthship-like North end? - Mass heating oven? - Artificial aquifer? maybe a small one under each bed? A big one under everything? - Add a small pile of rocks for lizards to live in? - Gravity fed drip irrgation? - Rocket mass heater for heating one of the 1000L tanks? # Survey Initial observations at site. As well as second and third hand observations. ## Site Site is located in the north of Scotland, close to Forres. More precisely it is south of Culbin Forests southeast end. Muckle Burn (river) is on the suth side of site. The PT is approximately on the north south axis, more precisely it is on the 340° axis. ### Climate Site is placed in hardiness zone 8; which indicates an average lowest temperature of -12°C in winter. \| \|Jan \|Feb\|Mar\|Apr\|May\|Jun\|Jul\|Aug\|Sep\|Oct\|Nov\|Dec\|Year\| \|-\|----\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|----\| \|mm \|58.8\|41.8\|57.7\|36.3 \|47.7\|57.0\|53.5\|62.5\|66.5\|64.7\|58.0\|52.1\|656.0\| \|inches \|2.3\|1.6\|2.3\|1.4\|1.9\|2.2\|2.1\|2.5\|2.6\|2.5\|2.3\|2.1\|25.8\| Table: [Average Rainfall](http://www.worldclimate.com/define.htm#mep) Weather station KINLOSS is at about 57.65°N 3.50°W. Height about 7m / 22 feet above sea level. Source: KINLOSS data derived from [GHCN 1](http://www.worldclimate.com/sources.htm#2100). 110 months between 1981 and 1990. \| \|Jan\|Feb\|Mar\|Apr\|May\|Jun\|Jul\|Aug\|Sep\|Oct\|Nov\|Dec\|Year\| \|-\|----\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|----\| \|°C\| 3.4\|3.8\|5.5\|6.8\|9.9\|12.4\|14.9\|14.3\|11.9\|9.1\|5.8\|3.9\|8.6\| \|°F\|38.1\|38.8\|41.9\|44.2\|49.8\|54.3\|58.8\|57.7\|53.4\|48.4\|42.4\|39.0\|47.5 Table: [24-hr Average Temperature](http://www.worldclimate.com/define.htm#met) Weather station KINLOSS is at about 57.65°N 3.50°W. Height about 7m / 22 feet above sea level.Source: KINLOSS data derived from [GHCN 1](http://www.worldclimate.com/sources.htm#1102). 117 months between 1981 and 1990. ### Wind Site is quite windy owing to the open areas on south and east ends. Client has already put out bales of straw and some water containers of approximately same size around PTs south entrance, to lift some of the wind over PT. Trees on south boundary are visibly altered by the wind. With crooked tops and some of the trunks growing at an angle. One older tree, with two big trunks, in neighbours garden has had one trunk blown over onto the fences and wildlife corridor. ### Water Rainwater is collected and stored in 5 barrels spread out along PTs west wall, as well as one barrel in PTs north entrance. The outside barrels are all connected to water collecting rails along PTs roof/sides. The six barrels are likely all connected so as to allways have the same amount of water in them. There is tap water in the middle of PT, as well as at the fence north of PT. See also 'Water retention' under [Problems](#problems). ### Borders & Boundaries Site is fenced in to keep wildlife, primarily rabbits and deer, out. #### North Outsideof the fence there is Culbin forest forming a "wall" blocking vision, light and wind. Between the forest and fence there is the road going to Binsness; road is also used by tourists and hikers. #### East Open grassland out into the rivers going out from Findhorn bay, some of it has tree seedlings on it. #### South Open grasslands 2/3s (rough estimate). Last 1/3 has coverage of few trees (pine, birch?) and some bushes (gorse, broom?). #### West Neighbours (Lake of Moy); between their fence and the sites fence there is a thin piece of land with grass growing on it. ~~Possibly enough for small animals, maybe even a brave deer, to pass through~~ This was built as a wildlife corridor. Neighbours garden and house forms a "wall" functionally similar to the forest north. ### Microclimates The PT in general has a higher temperature and humidity, as well as less airflow, than the outside. This is very noticeable when the sun is out or there is wind blowing; which is very often given the openness of site. Around the entrances the air is generally moving, creating a slightly cooler tiny microclimate. The corners behind the PT doors are areas of less airflow, so much so that it turns problematic at times of little wind or much sun. See also [Notes from Client Interview](#appendix-a-notes-from-client-interview-2015-08-12). Ipond has a high rate of algae growth. In addition to the plants growing in it there have been frogs and tadpoles living there. Client wishes to have them there for their high value, both as connected beings in the ecosystem and to increase biodiversity. The courgettes and monkey flowers on either side of the pond partially stretch into the water. The self-watering bed gets overflow from Ipond and thus is usually saturated with water. It is also in one of the corners of PT. Lettuce was recently transplanted into this bed and because of their low stature airflow is not a problem as of now. I do assume this is the most humid part of PT if planted with taller more bushy plants (e.g. tomatoes or squash). The Jean Pain heating system produces a microclimate when effective during winter. This microclimate keeps frost away from the center of PT, in the middle bed. The immediate area around PT, especially around the south end, has several smaller microclimates each around and in between the bales of straw and water containers lying about. These microclimates are most probably influenced by the added structural support, wind protection and thermal mass/heat trapping capabilities of the surrounding structures. Opond is an obvioous microclimate, yet there is less growth and diversity along the ponds edge than expected. Could be because of bare plastic liner? Client also mentions the pond and the "unsmooth" pondliner in regards to the watercress dying back. See [Notes from Client Interview](#appendix-a-notes-from-client-interview-2015-08-12). Findhorn Bay is a big area[^baymap] that is covered by water during high tide, sand- or mudflats appear when the tide is low. The edge of the bay goes from mudflats to grasslands with several rivers; including the Findhorn River and the Muckle Burn river. [^baymap]: See any of the maps listed at . ### Community There is a small flock of sheep, two pigs, eight ducks and a flock of chickens. All in the vicinity of the PT. Their feed is kept in the PT near the south end. Client and his gang of WWOOFers are the primary caretakers and visitors to the site. ### Events The PT is watered daily. The animals are also fed with feed from the PT twice every day. The water hose from the PT is used to fill the pigs water trough and the ducks bath. The tomatoes in PT also have some maintenance every other day or so. The electric fence around the pigs is checked for current every day, and batteries are being charged and stored in south end of PT. Charging happens via a wind turbine on site. ### Vegetation _Fill in the plants inside PT; some of the most usual outside PT could also be nice._ ### Assets _things other than vegetation present at site_ ### Fire The site is primarily grasslands and usually stays moist event through summer. The road acts as a fire break between Culbin forest and site. Neighbours land is sparsely vegetated and not considered to be a fire risk. All in all I consider fire hazard to be quite low. ### Site Indicators _Indicators of anything, Tracking and plants_ _Not very relevant, spend some time, but not much._ ### Problems Rodents : A persistent problem, attracted by the animal feed at the south end of PT; other attractors are uninvestigated as of now. Wind : At extremes the tunnel needs to be opened to equalize in- and outside air pressure. As an emergency measure the plastic can be ripped open to save the structural components of the PT to crumble. Snow : PTs are known to crumble under the weight of enough snow. In times of risk wooden beams are put in place to give extra structural support for the roof. Water retention : The high amount of sand in the area also means liquids flow through the soil very easily. Water containment is _currently_ hugely dependent on human intervention. This is alleviated by the frequent rain. ### Soil Soil is very sandy. Client has been regenerating the soil for approximately two and a half years time. In the cultivated beds there is a layer of compost and other better soils on top. Because of the high sand content the soil is light and easy to dig in. The cost of digging is therefore low, even in terms of human labor. ## Areas of Cost (Leaks) ### Time Watering PT takes 40 to 60 minutes for one person and has to be done daily. This also takes away labour. ### Labour Watering; see [Time](#time) above. Transport of the animals feed from containers in the midfield to the "feedbarrel" in PT. ### Money _Is the compost in PT bought? Should I include the animals feed?_ ### Sun Apart from heat and light for growing the suns yields are not used even though there are photo voltaic panels available. ### Water Rainwater is only harvested on one side of PT; in other words half of the available water is caught. ## Client ### Goals 1. To produce cash crops; achieving 0 debt. 2. To have a good example of a polytunnel, demonstrating clever techniques and technology to extend the growing season and produce an awesome bounty of yields. ### Resources 5 similar solar panels (2 and 3 of the same model). 7 or so big water tanks capable of containing 1000 liters. 1500 Money of the European kind. I suggest using them for trade, as there are better tinder sources available. ### Values Client is a permaculturist, permaculture mentor and naturalist. ### Constraints Needs to keep the land tidy and neat on order from the landlord. # Functions List of functions in PT and around site. Each function may explore its underlying systems. Some relevant systems will also have their elements explored. ## Cash Income Client has a diversity of cash incomes; most of them are irrelevant to the PT and are therefore not discussed here. ### Cultivated Plants Tomatoes: three of four beds contain primarily tomatoes. ### Salad Bags Lettuce, kale, Strawberries, Marigold and Nasturtium ## Demonstration and Training ## Water ### Collection Tap water is the secondary source of water at site. Depends on public water supply. Rainwater gathered from roof is the primary source of water at site. Currently only gathering from west half of roof. Depends on rain. ### Storage Barrels: five outside, one inside Soil Ponds ### Distribution Manual watering by watering can is the current primary way of watering. Self watering bed gets overflow water from Ipond. Ceramic water pot sweats water from inside to outside at steady pace. Currently an experiment. Water can be brought from the house in case of immediate need and water failure. Depends on public water supply. ## Food Courgettes ## Energy ### Collection Wind turbine [Planned] Photo voltaic panels ### Storage Old battery pack Charged car batteries ### Output/Use Electric fence Jean Pain composting uses electricity for: - Water pump. - [Planned] Timer. Ipond uses electricity for: - Water pump used to aerate water in the pond. ## Heat Sun Jean Pain composting Walls and roof ## Soil Regeneration ## Wildlife ## Integration of PT ## Windbreak Culbin Forest protects against strong winds from northwest through north to northeast. Neighbouring house and garden partial protection against strong winds from west. Constructed wind barrier around south entrance. Made with straw bales and a van. ## Ventilation Doors Gap between ground and PT walls ## Order and Tidiness Manual ## Fodder Externally Bought Feed # SWOC Analysis ## Strengths - Almost no shade. - Usually good airflow. ## Weaknesses - Low soil fertility. - High drainage. - High precipitation. - Watering is labour and time intensive. ## Opportunities - Doubling water storage. - Decreasing cost of watering. - Increasing crop payout. ## Challenges - Wind. - Watering. - Water storage. # SMART Goals _Specific Measurable Agreed-upon Realistic Timed Goals_ # Ethics and Principles + Earth Care + People Care + Fair Share 1. Observe and interact: 2. Catch and store energy: 3. Obtain a yield: 4. Apply self-regulation and accept feedback: 5. Use and value renewable resources and services: 6. Produce no waste: 7. Design from patterns to details: 8. Integrate rather than segregate: 9. Use small and slow solutions: 10. Use and value diversity: 11. Use edges and value the marginal: 12. Creatively use and respond to change: # Abbreviations PT : PolyTunnel D, A, F, O, R : Dominant,Abundant,Frequent,Occasional,Rare. Used in conjunction with plants as a fluffy scale, e.g. plantain (F). Opond, Ipond : Outside and Inside pond respectively. # Appendix A: Notes from Client Interview 2015-08-12 Client is generally happy with current arrangements. PT is in its 3rd growing season; 1st season was in grow-bags. This is the first season with the soil settled. Wind situation is good ATM, wind defense is doing its job. Slug situation is also good ATM, good balance. Watering is labor intensive; some volunteers complain about it. Client finds watering by hand to be the best solution, but challenges me to prove him otherwise. _Westside:_ Water runs to gutters from roof. From there to barrels → Ipond → selfwatering bed → Opond. Should get a similar system running on the east side. Barrel inside is too high, barrels outside is too low. Client assumes raising outside south barrel by an underarm will do most of the job. Watering system is therefore wanted, client mentioned that he wants no drop system (as in overhead/ceiling watering), but a drip feed would be all right. "Jean Pain composting" is used for a part in the middle of PT; pump and equipment can be seen by the water tap in the mid-bed. This is to keep parts of PT frost free. Wanted design for another compost pit on north side of current pit. A timer on the pump is also wanted. There are a few 1000 Liter water tanks at the site that can be used in the design. Client has some ideas for usage ranging from having them on the roof and spreading fertilizer to using them as thermal mass inside PT. Aquaponics. Client desires the PT to be a good example, a demonstration of possibility and a showoff piece. It is wanted to be carrying primary cash crops and use cleverness and technology to extend the growing season. An increase in grow space would also be beneficial. There is a battery pack and a charging station in one end of PT. The batterypack is old and so has lower capacity than wanted. There are 5 (2 and 3 of same model) same-ish size solar panels currently unused. Putting them to use is wanted. Things to be connected and controlled: - timer for jean pain compost water pump - LED lights as dumpload - ventilation (client has some big computer fans; possibly use them or similar to insert ventilation above doors). - air-by-water-pump in Ipond - solar panels - wind turbine The tomato plants needs to be moved next growing season because of blight and other diseases; check if it is possible to regrow tomatoes in same beds next season. Find companion plants for tomatoes. Client has tried with basil, the basil turned yellow. Higher value crops/yields than tomatoes would also be interesting. Ipond has algae, comes from fertilizer and lazy volunteers. Find a way to get rid of it. Opond watercress died back, little left. Maybe smoother edges would solve it? Possible wish for more diversity in Opond. In general better integration with environment around PT is wanted. Specifically focus on west side of PT, because of sun. Insects/pollinators gets stuck in the plastic folds by the doors and die. Make it easier for insects to enter and exit PT as well as increase the number of insects. Limitations are: Keeping it tidy-looking. Landlord also does not want many people coming around. Demonstrating PT and teaching more people is wanted, is there any way of doing this externally? Rent is a significant limiting factor, cash - not so much. Ownership is another limit, client will apply for another lease for site, but mobile solutions are preferred. Tap water is from general water supply, including chloramines. Investigate moving tap from mid-PT to other side of van. Ventilation in corners of PT should be improved. "first tunnels" for tech. specs. 20x60 feet tunnel. beds and paths in PT are not dug in. Big old cracked tree, taken by wind. Crushed fence pole. All fixed. This has changed wind conditions, it may be necessary to look at more wind protection from west. Time scale: fin. by 2015-08-27. ca. 15 days. Planning obstacles: Power lines, Client is also thinking about getting a second PT in the future. Budget: 1500 EUR. Crowdfund for more; good drawings of plans would make it easier. Animals are ok to integrate, but not necessary. Chickens if any. # TODO - map: overlays {design 0; design 1 ...} - functions: find systems, fill in gaps of water, cash-crops, wind barrier. - SWOC (missing stuff?) ## If time permits - Insect guide? - Soil sample - Finish observations on: - Access points and routes - Zones - measure height of powerlines? - should investigate what attracts rodents apart from feed - find and add a new(er?) battery pack to an alternate "high end" price. - find the species of plants in Ipond; add them to the microclimate section. - see if there are any arduino/raspberry pi projects on measuring power input from something (solar panels/wind turbine) and distribution of that power. - solar panels on swivels? turning after sun? - clarify what is the design proposal and what is already there. # NOTES Every section is 6ft. 1.80m in between. ## Cob Rocket Mass Heater with Water Tank as Thermal Battery Data: Heat loss from open water tanks: A running example: Tools? ## Controller for Electricity ### Charge Controllers Solar charge control with arduino: "ARDUINO MPPT SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER (Version-3.0)" A bit over the top, don't really need the wifi and so on; but good walkthrough none the less. Wind turbine charge controller: Link says it all :P ### Device controllers (Relays) Another but similar project: And another: Howto for relays and engineering around them.
Bridge pose Overview of bridge pose There are many ways to enter the bridge pose. The most common method is to enter for laying on the floor with knees bent, feet placed close to the glutes. The hands on on the floor, fingers pointing towards your toes, underneath your shoulders. From here you then push up into bridge, locking out your arms and pushing into your shoulders so that your arms are perpendicular to the floor. The bridge pose is one of the foundation poses in contortionist training. It is a backbend that utilises large movements in the hip flexors and the shoulders, making it a very useful pose to help progress other areas of a contortionist’s overall backbending ability. The bridge pose is also a very good beginning pose as it easily modified to make way for progressions. From the bridge you can progress to have feet and ankles get closer and from there grabbing the ankles. Another variation is a Gymnastic Bridge whereby you push largely into the shoulders and keep the legs locked out, and straight. In yoga the bridge gets called “wheel” or Chakrasana. More colloquially and in other disciplines this pose gets called “crab”. Pose type Pose difficulty level
The paper takes a look at the impacts that ‘cultural districts’ had on their neighbourhoods, towns and cities. Specifically the research analysed data from 99 cultural districts in the US to examine whether cultural districts increased income, employment, diversity, property values, education levels and retention of residents. The results suggest that cultural districts ‘appear to boost property values, incomes, employment, and turnover in the vicinity’, however they also are likely to displace poor residents. Demarcating cultural districts has been a key part of US cultural policy for 20 years Cultural districts are neighbourhoods which are identified as having ‘concentrations of cultural activities and institutions’. They may be rich in assets that create culture, or assets like theatres and galleries. The districts vary a great deal in size and character, and reflect specific local circumstances. Many were created in the last 30 years by local arts associations, local governments or other interested parties. The author took census data from the districts themselves, neighbouring areas and host cities between 1980 and 2000 The paper charts the effects of cultural districts as they were initiated and changed over time. They then undertook sophisticated statistical analysis to tease out what effects could be attributed to the establishment and success of the cultural districts. Something to keep in mind It’s difficult to say what would have happened to these neighbourhoods without the conspicuous demarcation of ‘cultural districts’, perhaps the effects would have been felt anyway, as the neighbourhood evolved in its own organic fashion. The study also does not take account of failed or defunct cultural districts. Title How US cultural districts reshape neighbourhoods Author(s) Noonan, D. S. Publication date 2013 Source Cultural Trends, Vol 22, Iss 3-4, pp 203-212 Open Access Link Author email
Recognizing UTIs in the Elderly and Why it’s Important A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is the most common type of bacterial infection that affects the elderly. One in ten men over 65 will deal with a UTI, and one in five women over 65 will also. While these infections begin in the bladder, when left untreated they can spread to the kidneys and beyond, leading to serious health complications. In the elderly, these infections may not look like you expect and can be easy to miss. So, how do you recognize a urinary tract infection in a senior, and what should you do about it? What Causes Urinary Tract Infections? A urinary tract infection begins when too much bacteria grows inside the urethra (the tube through which urine passes out of the body) or the bladder. Often, this bacteria is introduced from outside the body. Bacteria can come from poor hygiene like infrequent washing, incomplete wiping, or wearing a soiled adult diaper for too long. Sometimes, the bacteria is already inside the body and begins to grow when the bladder is not completely emptied or emptied often enough. As more bacteria grows, the infection can spread. Sometimes this happens quickly, and an infection that was quite small to begin with can move from the bladder to the kidneys and beyond before you even notice it’s there. Why are UTIs Different For Seniors? If you’ve ever had a UTI, you probably recall the symptoms. In younger adults, a UTI often causes pelvic pain, fever, and sense of an urgent need to urinate. Urine may be cloudy or bloody, and often has a strong odor. In older adults, some of these common symptoms may not be as noticeable. As we age, our immune systems change and often grow weaker. Because of this, many seniors with urinary tract infections do not have a fever. Another age-related change that can mask a urinary tract infection is bladder weakness. Many seniors already experience some mild incontinence, difficulty, or urgency when their bladder is full. Because this is a normal part of their experience, they may not recognize when there has been a change related to an infection. All of these difficulties grow if a senior is experiencing any type of age-related cognitive decline, such as dementia. Cognitive decline makes it harder both to notice UTI symptoms and to express that they are happening. The Biggest Symptom of UTI in a Senior that You Need to Know For many seniors, the biggest symptom of a urinary tract infection is a behavioral change. This can look like confusion, lethargy, falling or balance problems, agitation, decreased appetite, or even hallucinations. In fact, these changes can be so severe that they can be misdiagnosed as dementia. If your parent or senior loved one has suddenly developed any of these symptoms, it’s important to get them to the doctor as soon as possible. Urinary tract infections in seniors can lead to life-threatening complications, including permanent kidney damage, or a major infection in the blood known as sepsis. In seniors who already have a dementia diagnosis, an untreated UTI can speed up cognitive decline. It’s important not to assume that sudden new or worsening confusion is “just” dementia getting worse. Preventing Urinary Tract Infections in Seniors There is no way to guarantee that your mom or dad will never contract a UTI. However, these simple measures can help lower the overall risk: • Emptying the bladder frequently, no “holding it” • Wiping from back to front • Staying well-hydrated at all times • Changing incontinence briefs often throughout the day • Showering rather than bathing • For indwelling catheters, clean daily with soap and water as instructed by a doctor Maintaining urinary tract health is a crucial part of health and well-being for seniors. This is especially important with any kind of condition that raises the risk of UTI, like bladder or bowel incontinence, dementia, catheterization, or immune system compromise. Are you a home caregiver for a senior loved one? You might like to meet with one of our support groups for caregivers. Click Here to learn more or reach out today for information and help.
Navicular vs Caudal Heel Syndrome Navicular or Caudal Heel Syndrome: Detection and Treatment by Tabb Pigg Caudal Heel Syndrome Proper trimming is vital to horses’ overall health and quality of life. When hooves aren’t trimmed properly, horses distribute their weight unevenly and land on their feet differently. This can cause horses to become lame. Caudal Heel Syndrome commonly occurs because the heels run too far forward due to a lack of trimming. Is it Navicular Disease? When horses show signs of lameness, but the prognosis isn’t obvious, it is often diagnosed as Navicular Disease. Navicular is a degenerative disease that affects the Navicular bone and surrounding tissue. More often than not, horses do not have the disease but have Caudal Heel Syndrome, which can be treated with trimming and solar support products. What are the causes and symptoms of Caudal Heel Syndrome? There are many different causes of Caudal Heel Syndrome. Additionally, the symptoms of caudal heel syndrome can be addressed to deter the condition from occurring. Below are just a few examples of some potential causes and symptoms caudal heel syndrome: Toes: Often, owners and farriers only focus on trimming the toes, therefore, the heel grows toward the toe and underneath the foot. When this happens, the horse’s foot is not flat on the ground. Long Heels: Heels grow at an angle. As seen in the image of the horse with the long toe, the angle continues under the foot because it is not trimmed. As the heel grows under the foot, it affects how the horse bears its weight. Pinched Heels: If the heels are too far forward, the heels become pinched and contracted. That causes the horse to bear all of its weight on its toes. If this is not treated in a timely manner, it can cause ligament injury. How to Manage Caudal Heel Syndrome Instead of assuming a horse has something as serious as Navicular Disease, it’s important to decipher the cause of the lameness. Here are a few questions to consider: How often are the horse’s hooves trimmed? Is the horse’s weight evenly distributed when standing? Is the heel overgrown? Even Weight Distribution When a horse is diagnosed with Caudal Heel Syndrome, the first step is to trim the feet properly and control the pain. Next, apply pour-in pads to support the hooves with Vettec Equi-Pak CS to engage the frog and heel again and help the horse distribute its weight evenly across the entire hoof surface. The frog refers to the dark-colored soft tissue on the bottom side of the foot that is triangular in shape. It stretches from a horse’s heel to midway toward the toe. The frog often contracts due to a lack of circulation in a horse with Caudal Heel Syndrome, so it’s important to re-engage it. The feet are a major aspect of a horse’s overall health. If weight is not distributed evenly, it can cause injury and lameness, affecting a horse’s ability to do many day-to-day activities. With a consistent and proper trimming regimen, a horse will be able to stand evenly and bear weight comfortably. It’s also important that a farrier is trimming the heels and toes equally to eliminate the chance of Caudal Heel Syndrome. Additionally, pour-in pads can provide additional support to maintain normal heel function. Vettec Inc. is the leader in quality hoof care products
How To Tell If Your Dog Is A Genius How To Tell If Your Dog Is A Genius Anyone who has lived with a dog knows their ability to learn the meanings of words, even those you wouldn’t want them to know. How many times did you have to spell the words “going” or “dinner” to avoid an explosion of excitement? Previous studies have looked at how non-human animals, including chimpanzees, sea lions, and rhesus monkeys, learn words. But now, a paper published in Nature shows that some dogs learn the name of a new object after hearing it just four times, a skill previously believed to be limited to humans. The researchers found that this skill was not common in all dogs studied, but may be limited to a few “talented” or well-trained individuals. So how do you know if your own dog is a genius or not? The study was simple and easy to repeat at home. Just follow the researchers’ steps to see if your dog can learn the names of objects that quickly. But don’t worry if your dog doesn’t have this ability. This can only be due to his race or previous experience. Get the BARK NEWSLETTER in your inbox! Sign up and get answers to your questions. Whiskey and Vicky Nina The new study included a collie named Whiskey who knew 59 objects by name and a Yorkshire terrier named Vicky Nina who knew 42 toys. The researchers tested each dog’s knowledge of their toy by asking them to bring each toy in turn. Neither the owners nor the experimenters could see the toys so as not to influence the choice of dogs. Once it was determined that the dogs knew the names of all of their toys, the researchers introduced two new objects, each placed one at a time in a group of familiar toys. In this test, Whiskey chose the new toy every time. Vicky Nina got the right one in 52.5% of the attempts, which is a bit more than chance. Learn new names For the next part of the study, the dog was shown a toy, given its name, and then allowed to play with it. After repeating the name of two different new toys four times, the dog was asked to choose one of the two new toys. No known toys were included in this part of the experiment in order to prevent the dog from choosing the right toy by exclusion. Knowing the name of all the other toys, the dog may choose the right toy, guessing that the unfamiliar word must indicate the unfamiliar toy. Both dogs opted for the new toy more often than chance would predict, suggesting that they actually learned the name of a new object very quickly. However, her memory deteriorated significantly after 10 minutes and almost completely after an hour. This shows that the new learning needs more reinforcement if it is to be maintained. Read More: Six Tips For Grooming Your New Puppy According To Science The test with the new toy was also done by 20 volunteers with their own dogs, but these dogs did not show the ability to learn new names after a few hearings. The authors suggested that the difference between the performance of the two dogs in their test and the volunteer dogs means that the dog may need to be unusually intelligent or have a lot of name learning experience in order to learn new names quickly. A dog surrounded by toys. Clever dogs It is likely that a combination of factors are at work in these experiments. It is significant that the most common breed used in studies of this species is a border collie, bred purposefully to perform audible commands and very highly motivated to perform tasks and please the handler. Yorkshire terriers also enjoy mental and physical stimulation. Similar tests have been carried out by other research groups, usually using border collies. In 2004, a dog named Rico was found to know the names of 200 different objects, and in 2011 Chaser learned 1,022 unique objects. Other breeds may be less interested in playing with or fetching toys. For example, greyhounds such as salukis and greyhounds are primarily bred for hunting or racing and are therefore generally more difficult to train. They may not show any interest in toys at all and be far less motivated to please the handler. Smart dogs can learn new names quickly. Both test dogs in this study received extensive training through play and social interaction to pay attention to the names and characteristics of the toys. This could make them more likely to notice the differences between new and familiar toys and to care about the verbal cues associated with them. While their training was not formal, it was nonetheless positive reinforcement training, a powerful method of teaching animals and people. The dogs have undoubtedly learned their skills to a great extent. It is entirely possible to train all dogs to perform tasks, including learning the names of objects. However, the degree to which they are willing and able to learn and perform the task depends heavily on the breed of dog and the motivation of the individual dog. If your pet is an Afghan or Saint Bernard, don’t expect them to be interested in spending hours getting toys for you. On the other hand, if you have a border collie or poodle, their abilities can only be limited by your imagination and commitment to playing with them.The conversation
Elisha Stanley Is Allowed To Stay In New Mexico In early February 1826, New Mexico’s Governor’s included an American named Elisha Stanley on the list of foreigners in the country without a passport. Under Mexican law, Stanley could have been deported immediately, but he wasn’t. Instead, he became what was known as an American merchants—men who shipped goods from Missouri to sell at retail shops in Santa Fe. Said to have a “gentlemanly deportment and a generous nature,” the merchant Stanley plays a small but important role in my newest novel No Secret Too Small, which is set in New Mexico during the 1837/38 tax revolt. He played a much bigger role in the aftermath of that revolt. Almost immediately following the successful August 1837 insurrection against Governor Perez, the rebels began disagreeing about their next steps. Some wanted to seize and redistribute the property of all New Mexico’s ricos. Others wanted to push for church tithe and fee reform. There seemed to be as many different opinions about what ought to be done as there were people expressing them. On top of this discord was the threat that the wealthy landowners from Albuquerque and farther south would organize, throw the new rebel government out of Santa Fe, and take power into their own hands. Some of these men—including former governor Manuel Armijo—were already sniffing around the capital, looking for ways to widen the cracks in the rebel coalition. The new rebel governor, Jose Angel Gonzales, was so desperate to find a way out of the mess that he approached an American merchant in Santa Fe about asking the U.S. to step in and take over. That merchant was Elisha Stanley. He didn’t agree with the idea and it was dropped. As a result, the United States’ acquisition of New Mexico was averted by almost ten years. Stanley returned East shortly after the 1837 revolt and spent the rest of his life dividing his time between Connecticut and Missouri. He died in 1874, almost thirty years after New Mexico had, in fact, become a part of the United States. But his decision not to grab the idea and run with it had given New Mexico a little more time before the juggernaut of manifest destiny sucked it into its maw. Sources: Janet Lecompte, Rebellion in Río Arriba, 1837, Albuquerque: UNM Press, 1985; Rubén Sálaz Márquez, New Mexico, A Brief Multi-History, Albuquerque: Cosmic House, 1999; Israel P. Warren, The Stanley Families of America as Descended From John, Timothy, and Thomas Stanley of Hartford, CT, Portland, Maine: B. Thurston & Co., 1887.
Ulster Scots dialects dialect of the Scots language (Redirected from Ulster Scots) Ulster Scots, sometimes called Ullans, is a dialect of Lowland Scots that is spoken in some of the northern parts of Ireland, across Ulster. It is closely related to the English language. Ulster Scots Ulstèr-Scotch, Ullans Native toNorthern Ireland, Republic of Ireland Official status Recognised minority language in Language codes ISO 639-3 (varieties: 52-ABA-aar to -aat) English dialects in Ulster contrast.png Approximate boundaries of the traditional Scots language areas in Ulster, shaded in turquoise. Based on The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries in Ulster (1972) by R. J. Gregg. 1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ulster [Scots]". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Cite uses deprecated parameter \|chapterurl= (help)
Saturday, August 12, 2017 31.3 - Noting August 6 and 9: the start of the nuclear weapons age I'm going to spend the rest of the show on something I do every couple of years around this time, in fact it is largely based on something I did two years ago. This time out it carries extra resonance and we daily have the spectacle of two egomaniacal, sociopathic, man-babies spluttering threats at each other across the Pacific Ocean like it was a 4th grade schoolyard. It is the anniversary - the 72nd anniversary, to be exact - of the bombings of Hiroshima on August 6 and Nagasaki on August 9 and the birth of the age of nuclear weapons. Leo Szilard Albert Einstein Most people date the start of the American nuclear arms effort to a famous 1939 letter composed by physicist Dr. Leo Szilard but sent to President Roosevelt over the signature of Albert Einstein because it was thought his name would be more impressive to Roosevelt and his advisors). Some of late have tried to resuscitate that threat of "the Nazi bomb" by claiming the Germans were "closer than we knew." The argument, however, is based on their progress in enriching uranium and relies on the supposition that in the 1940s the German scientists working on the project could have suddenly changed gears and adopted a sharply different approach to fashioning a bomb - that is, do exactly what they had decided against doing years before. (Which would also entail admitting to their superiors that they had wasted a whole lot of time and money on a dead end.) At least one writer added the argument of a commando raid that destroyed an enrichment facility in occupied Norway, claiming that set back the German's bomb project significantly. That undoubtedly slowed production, but it didn't affect the problems with the design process itself. That is, the "closer than we knew" assertion in based on a series of "what ifs," which makes for interesting speculation but not a persuasive argument. But no matter what you think on that point, what's important here is that it was the claimed threat from Germany that supposedly provided the logic, the argument, the purpose of the Manhattan Project. And yet.... Trinity test In fact, Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945 - 10 weeks before the first successful test explosion of an atomic bomb. (Code-named Trinity, it took place at Alamogordo Testing Range, 230 miles south of Los Alamos, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945.) With the surrender of Germany, the entire founding logic of the Manhattan Project evaporated, vanished, dissolved. But the project by then had too much momentum - it had become its own purpose, its own logic. So instead of stopping or even slowing down, the project accelerated, in part because some on the staff were afraid the war would end before they got the bomb built. We simply switched myths: from the myth of Nazi atomic bombs to the myth of the fanatical Japanese. The weapon that was supposedly designed for defense against Germany now "had" to be used on Japan. And here is what's probably the most important myth of all, because it provided the logical (if you can call it that) underpinnings for actually carrying out the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, for actually vaporizing tens of thousands of human beings in the flash of an instant and opening the door of the atomic age, a myth that gets replayed, reproduced, re-pronounced, re-proclaimed every time Hiroshima and Nagasaki are mentioned, a myth that people continue to believe today, as polls show that a clear majority of Americans approve of the bombings: the myth that the Japanese were so fanatical that the only possible alternative to the devastation of those cities was a bloody land invasion of Japan. It's just not true. It's more than a myth, worse than a myth, it's a damned lie. A damned lie that is now more than 70 years old. To begin with, the yearly claims, sure to be heard again this week, that such an invasion would've cost 250,000 or 500,000 or 1,000,000 American lives (the numbers vary unpredictably) is utter nonsense. Even President Truman originally cited an estimate of 250,000 casualties (not deaths) - although in later years he doubled it, then doubled it again, each time for no discernible reason other than self-justification. More to the point, the War Planning Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff never expected more than 40,000 American deaths, and thought they might've been as low as 20,000 because they thought it a fair likelihood that Japan would surrender during the first part of such a campaign. Now, 20,000 is a lot of people - then again, it's about 1/7 to 1/10 of the death which we inflicted on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It wasn't. What was also known to Truman was the USSR's intent to declare war on Japan and its likely impact: In his journal about his meetings with Stalin at the Potsdam conference, Truman wrote on July 17, 1945, "He'll be in Japan War on August 15. Fini Japs when that comes about." (Sidebar: Truman stalled at the beginning of the conference because he wanted to know that the Trinity test, which occurred the day before he wrote that, had been a success before he dealt with Stalin.) So it was that early on the morning of August 6th, 1945, the B-29 Superfortress bomber nicknamed "Enola Gay" took off from Tinian Island in the Pacific, headed for Hiroshima, a city in Japan of about 250,000 people. It carried a single bomb, code-named "Little Boy." At 8:15 AM local time, Little Boy was dropped. I want to pause for a moment to give you a sense of the kind of power we're talking about here. The bomb contained 64 kilograms - about 141 pounds - of highly-enriched, fissionable uranium. Of that amount, only about .7 kilogram, or about 1.5 pounds, actually fissioned - that is, the atoms split - and only about 600 milligrams was actually converted into energy. That 600 milligrams equals six-tenths of a gram, or a little more than 1/50 ounce. "Little Boy" The energy released by that 1/50 of an ounce had the explosive force of 14,000 tons of dynamite. It was enough to devastate Hiroshima. Around 70,000 people died instantly; some of them were literally vaporized. Another 20,000 died shortly thereafter, some thousands more by 1950, due to injuries, radiation poisoning, and cancer. Just three days later, another nuclear bomb, code-named "Fat Man," did the same to Nagasaki, with tens of thousands more dead, thousands more condemned to die of injuries, radiation poisoning, and cancer, and another city destroyed. So we destroyed Hiroshima and then we destroyed Nagasaki when Japan didn't surrender fast enough. "Fat Man" We destroyed them even though many US officials and top military officers, including such as Joint Chiefs of Staff Chair Adm. William Leahy as well as Gens. Dwight Eisenhower, "Hap" Arnold, and Douglas MacArthur, declared it unnecessary. That judgment was proved correct by US analysts sent to Japan in 1946 who concluded that nation would've surrendered before November 1, 1945 "even if atomic bombs hadn't been dropped, Russia hadn't entered the war, and no invasion was planned." Bombing Hiroshima was unnecessary and the US government and military knew it was unnecessary. It was a crime, a war crime, one that we compounded, more than doubled, by bombing Nagasaki before the impact of the first bomb had time to settle in. The Nagasaki bomb was made ready in a day-and-night effort and the city wasn't even the primary target. Kokura was. In fact, Nagasaki was not on the original list of the top three targets for the second bomb and wound up being devastated only because Kokura had too much cloud cover that day for a clean bomb run. The second bombing was originally scheduled for August 20 but was moved up to August 11 when the fissionable material became available sooner than expected. It was then pushed forward to August 9 by a day-and-night effort in order to get the next attack in ahead of some days of bad weather predicted for Japan. General Leslie Groves, director of the Manhattan Project, claimed that speed was the only consideration: Admiral Purnell and I had often discussed the importance of having the second blow follow the first one quickly so that the Japanese would not have time to recover their balance. The statement is oddly forced: If a quick second blow was the intent, why not hold off on the first one until you had a second one in hand? But take Groves at his word. It is then legitimate to ask if the purpose was to stun the Japanese into instant surrender - or to get the second bombing in before it had a chance to. There is good reason to think the latter. Truman's note about the impact of the expected entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan was not enthusiasm; it was a reflection of concern about Soviet influence in the post-war world and how we could try to prevent that. James Byrnes (and Truman) Bernard Baruch US officials, including Byrnes, presidential advisor Bernard Baruch, and some top military leaders had urged the use of atomic weapons on Japan as a means of warning the Soviet Union not to challenge American plans for a postwar world dominated by US interests, to, in Byrnes' words, allow the US "to dictate our own terms [with the USSR] at the end of the war" and "make Russia more manageable in Europe" by showing both our power and our willingness to use it. On another note, some, notably Ward Wilson of Rethinking Nuclear Weapons, have claimed that the atomic bombings had nothing to do with Japan's surrender, that in fact it was, as one writer put it, Stalin, not Truman, who ended the war. The argument is largely based on a time frame: Despite the dire situation, the Japanese High Command had never considered unconditional surrender until the morning of August 9, before Nagasaki was struck and nearly three full days since Hiroshima but just hours after the Soviets declared war by attacking Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state on the mainland of Asia. Certainly Russia's entry into the war had a large impact; even if it had taken no direct military action at all it would still undermine Japan's attempts at a negotiated settlement because the Soviets were no longer a go-between. However, the argument that the nuclear attacks were inconsequential in Japan's surrender is belied by several facts: At that very August 9 meeting being cited, the Soviet declaration and the bombing of Hiroshima were presented by the "peace" faction in the government as twin reasons why the war could not continue; a few hours later it was clear that the claim by the "war" faction that nuclear weapons are so complicated that the US could not have more than one was wrong; and perhaps most importantly, when Japan did surrender on August 15, in his address to the nation Hirohito specifically referenced the use of "a new and most cruel bomb" as a cause for surrender. It is obviously historically wrong to say the Soviet declaration of war was a sideshow of little importance in ending the war, but to say that it was what made all the difference is to replace one myth with another. At the same time, it's worth noting that to the extent the argument has weight, to that same extent the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki become even greater crimes. One final bitter note:The ultimate terms of surrender for Japan were strikingly similar those offered by Japan before the bombing of Hiroshima, including allowing Hirohito to keep his position role as Emperor - marking the last several weeks of World War II were a complete and utter waste of time, energy, resources, and most importantly, life. That, too, is part of the world the Manhattan Project created. Friday, August 11, 2017 31.2 - Outrage of the Week: threats to the rights of assembly and free press The Good News, unhappily, leads directly to the Outrage of the Week. Our First Amendment rights, our rights to protest, are under attack. As protests increased and continued, so too did the efforts to shut them down entirely or at least scare people off from taking part. This spring's state legislative sessions have seen at least 30 bills introduced across 20 states either to limit the right of public protest, to increase punishments for civil disobedience, or both, doing so by measures such as, for example, banning wearing of masks, by declaring some areas "critical infrastructure" forever off-limits to protest, or by changing a charge of blocking a highway from a misdemeanor to a felony. Bills in two states - South Dakota and Tennessee - even proposed to protect drivers who run over protesters blocking streets. A particular danger lies in use of mass arrests and charges without probable cause. Back on October 1, 2011, during the Occupy protests, 700 people were peacefully marching across the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. Police had closed the bridge to vehicular traffic and began walking in the roadway. Protesters, reasonably assuming the police were trying to have the march get over the bridge as quickly and efficiently as possible, followed them into the street - only to have the police stop the march, trap the group from behind, and arrest all 700. Police claim they told the marchers to stay out of the roadway but there is no way anyone other than those at the very front of the crowd could even have heard them; even assuming police did make such an announcement, those further back could not possibly have known about it. No matter - mass arrest, all guilty of "blocking traffic" - even though there was, again, no traffic to block. A suit arose, Garcia v. Bloomberg. The Supreme Court recently refused to hear the protestors' appeal of their loss at the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals. By doing so, the courts have legitimized mass arrests without proper warning and without giving people an opportunity to disperse. It gets worse: On January 20, Inauguration Day, police in Washington, DC followed, by their own account, a group of about a couple hundred protesters for about one-half hour. During that time, there were a few people in the group who broke windows. Instead of going in and arresting the people they had probable cause to arrest (because they had observed those people committing a crime), the police waited and then trapped 200 people with police netting, sweeping up demonstrators, journalists covering the event, and even some passers-by, anyone who happened to be there at that moment. Again, a mass arrest without warning, without an opportunity to disperse, and without probable cause to believe most of those arrested had committed any crime. But those people - all 214 of them - were charged with a crime: felony rioting, which carries a penalty of up to 10 years in prison. In April, additional charges of property destruction, inciting or urging to riot, and conspiracy to riot, with penalties of up to 75 years in prison, were added. While some of those arrested have cut plea bargains, many of the cases are still pending, including against at least one of the journalists - who, remember were there doing their job as reporters. But here is the point: To indict and try someone, it takes, or at least is supposed to take, probable cause directed to that individual, not some unnamed someone. If these arrests are allowed to stand, if this is accepted by the courts, it means that if you are are at a demonstration, no matter how peaceful and legal, and someone in that group commits some illegal act - breaks a window, say - you and everyone else there could be charged with that crime or, even more likely, conspiracy to commit that crime with no need on the part of police or prosecutors to be able to say you did anything wrongful at all. Guilt - criminal guilt - by association in the purest form, a tool to suppress public protest at its most blatant.. The potential chilling effect on the right to protest is hard to overstate. The potential chilling effect on the right of a free press to cover such protests, when journalists may be held to be participants simply by being present, may be less immediately obvious but just as serious. Because there is more: On July 25, a group of about 95 disabled people disrupted the vote in the Senate on the motion to proceed to debate about a health insurance bill - the debate that came to nothing - by shouting "Kill the Bill, Don't kill us" and "Shame!" Capitol police dragged them from the gallery into the hall - the Senate chambers being a First-Amendment-free zone - and then blocked the media from covering the arrests, demanding there be no photographs and no videos and in fact ordering reporters present to delete those they had taken. Why? Because, get this now, "It's a crime scene." And if that makes you go "So what." it should. In the eyes of the Capitol police, they have the power to say "You will not cover this protest. You will make no record of the protesters. You will make no record of their arrest." Which bluntly is one short step away from being able to say "This event did not happen." Meanwhile, Jeff "I'm not a racist, really, really!" Sessions darkly intones about press subpoenas and how press freedom "is not unlimited." No one ever said it was, of course, although it is also true that Thomas Jefferson said - and this is a real quote, not one of those fake ones that keep circulating - "were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter." The truth is, we are much more threatened by the power of the government to restrict and conceal than we are by the power of protesters and the press to resist and reveal. And as those threats to our rights increase, so does the outrage. 31.1 - Good News: protest and resistance continue Good News: protest and resistance continue There was a lot of concern in the wake of the enormous protests related to the Women's March in January, which brought by conservative estimate 4 million people into the streets, that the resistance would sort of peter out. I even recall counseling folks that it was unwise and in fact unrealistic to expect that level of intensity to continue unabated, that what we should aim for instead is a constant undercurrent of opposition, the sort of resistance that doesn't seek to flood the streets on a weekly basis but still is constantly flowing - the sort, that is, that is geared to on-going, long-term resistance. Apparently we needn't have worried. According to an on-going series in the Washington Post based on data from the Crowd Counting Consortium, there have been protests every single month in numerous places around the country, with totals of tens of thousands to well over 100,000 turning out in public protests in each of those months. And June was the biggest yet. The Post counted 818 protests, demonstrations, strikes, marches, sit-ins, and rallies in the US in June, with at least one in every state and the District of Columbia, involving somewhere between 950,000 and 1.2 million people. And as the Post notes and as I can verify from personal experience, mainstream media often neglect to report nonviolent actions, especially small ones, so it's quite probable the list of actions isn't complete. Add the fact that in some cases no one reports the size of the crowd, and the figure of about a million protesting is clearly an undercount. Now, it's true that the level of protest has to a fair extent been driven by the abnormally outrageous destructive policies of the administration of Donald TheRump, but he is merely a focus - or, to put it another way, he is the spark, but he is not the fire. As has been well-noted by one writer, resistance isn't something invented November 9. America's history bristles with resistance. Every great reform was begun by resisters to the established order. Resistance has been a bit more prevalent recently than during some other periods. Occupy, Black Lives Matter, the fight for LGBTQ equality and dignity, the reproductive rights struggle, climate hawks, and the rising up of indigenous people in Canada, the US, and Mexico against the relentless plunder of their land all have resisters at work who didn't start yesterday. Again, there is no good reason to expect that level of protest seen in June to be maintained indefinitely - but that constant undercurrent, that constant flow of tens of thousands engaging in local actions every month, that can be maintained and it has been maintained. And that is most definitely Good News. What's Left #31 What's Left for the week of August 11 - 17, 2017 This week: Good News: protest and resistance continue (See that post for a full list of sources) Saturday, August 05, 2017 30.12 - Footnote: not enough immigrants Footnote: not enough immigrants After all that, a footnote. On July 17 the Department for the Protection of the Fatherland announced that it will allow for a one-time increase of up to 15,000 H-2B nonimmigrant visas through the end of the 2017 fiscal year. The reason is that after consulting with the Secretary of Labor, DHS Secretary John Kelly determined that there were "not enough U.S. workers who are willing, qualified, and able" to fill temporary and low-wage, non-agricultural jobs, including in landscaping, construction, and hospitality "to satisfy the needs of some American businesses." In other words, it turns out that we don't have enough of the very sort of immigrants willing to do the jobs we won't that the dreamers of white sheets want to get rid of. And irony scores another victory. 30.11 - Outrage of the Week: "Back to 1900" Outrage of the Week: "Back to 1900" This is our other regular feature and it is the Outrage of the Week. Back in 1995, George Will, who isn't an intellectual but plays one on TV on behalf of the mouth-breathers of the right wing, wrote in his syndicated column that, quoting, "'Back to 1900' is a serviceable summation of the conservatives' goal." It appears that the the White House of Donald TheRump is taking that almost literally with its increasingly-obvious intent to roll back the social progress of decades. on a variety of fronts, trying to recreate a time that exists only in their fantasies. There was, for one obvious example, the occasion the morning of July 26 when His High Orangeness tweeted that Okay, to start off with, the part about consultation is a blatant lie. Top military brass were blindsided by the announcement. They had no idea this was coming. In fact, they are sufficiently against it or at least resistant to it that Gen. Joseph Dunford, chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, issued a note Thursday to all service chiefs, commanders, and enlisted military leaders saying that US policy on transgender individuals in the military "has not - and will not - change" until Secretary of War Mattis receives TheRump's policy direction and Mattis determines how to implement it. And "disruption that transgender in the military would entail?" Is he really that disconnected from the real world, is he really that much wrapped up in his own fantasies that he doesn't even know that there are already transgender members of the military? The number is unknown but a RAND study suggested there could be over 6000 and a study at UCLA estimated there are nearly 9000 on active duty with 6000 more in the guard and reserve. The issue supposedly arose in the House a few weeks ago. An amendment was introduced to a defense authorization bill would ban funding for gender reassignment surgeries and treatments for transgender active-duty personnel. The GOPper leadership was shocked when a group of 24 mostly moderate Republicans teamed up with 190 Democrats to kill the effort. So they turned to Trump for help getting this bill through. He didn't hesitate, in fact, he went further than they were looking for. But claim the issue was about "cost" is belied first by the reality that the cost involved is estimated to be about $1.2 million per year, an amount the government could save if His High Orangeness skipped just one golf weekend. And belied, more importantly, by comments on issue. GOPper Trent Franks, for one, said It seems to me that if someone wants to come to the military, potentially risk their life to save the country, that they should probably decide whether they're a man or woman before they do that. It's not about money or "social experiments." It's about fear and hatred of transgender folks. But of course it's not only transgender folks on who the clock is to be turned back. The same day as the infamous tweet, the Department of Injustice submitted a brief in a federal lawsuit claiming that a major piece of civil rights legislation banning discrimination in employment based on sex doesn't protect homosexuals from workplace discrimination. The law is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and besides sex, it bans discrimination based on race, color, national origin, or religion. The case is that of Zarda v. Altitude Express. The case started in 2010 when Donald Zarda sued his former employer, claiming he had been fired for being gay. When the case got to the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals, the court invited outside parties to weigh in. Note well because it's important, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the largely autonomous federal agency that is charged with enforcing anti-discrimination laws, had already filed a brief in support of Zarda and has held that position for several years, arguing that anti-gay discrimination is based on sex stereotyping, and therefore is discrimination on the basis of sex. The DOJ of Jeff "I'm not a bigot, really I'm not" sessions didn't care. Despite not being a party to the case, despite the fact that the EEOC had already spoken, and despite the fact that the department doesn't normally weigh in on a case between private parties as this one is, they came storming in to say never mind what the EEOC says, they don't represent the government (even though that's their job). No, listen to us! And we say that Title VII only applies to cases where men and women are treated differently - which is the narrowest possible reading of the law - so it does not cover sexual orientation so Donald Zarda and every other gay or lesbian worker in the whole country is just screwed. Because like George Will said, 1900. The DOJ argued that the issue that Title VII does not cover sexual orientation has been "settled for decades" and there is an "overwhelming judicial consensus" apparently based on two cases from the 2000s and some others that were from before Lawrence v. Texas (which struck down state laws against sodomy in 2003) and Obergefell v. Hodges (which legalized same-sex marriage in 2015). In other words, cases from the good old days. It also ignored the fact that in April, the 7th Circuit ruled in favor of a lesbian who made the same claim of protection under Title VII. Omar Gonzalez-Pagan, a staff attorney at Lambda Legal, said "There is no role for the DOJ to play" in the Zarda case and the Injustice Department was "going out of its way to harm LGBT people." But LGBTQ people, of course are not the only ones standing between the hate-mongers and their dream of a purified white nation. There are also all those icky brown people, all those "illegal" human beings, those people whose existence is against the law. I noted just two or three weeks ago that ICE agents, according to a directive from the head of its enforcement unit, are told to take action against any undocumented immigrant they encounter while on duty. Not that they "may" take action, which still allows for at least some degree of discretion, but that they "will" do so. ICE is taking that to heart to the point where, as Splinter News put it, "ICE is just arresting everyone," a practice that prompted one ICE agent turned whistleblower to say "The plan is to take them back into custody, and then figure it out. We’re doing it because we can." Here's an example: ICE recently announced that its officers arrested 650 people, including 38 minors, in a four-day operation in late July. But it turned out that over 450 of the people arrested - over 70% - weren't even the ones ICE was looking for in the first place. They just happened to be in the vicinity when the ICE-y cops showed up. The goal here is simple: Label all undocumented immigrants as "animals," as "violent," as "criminals" (even though they commit crimes at a lower rate than native-born citizens), claim they all "go on welfare" (for which they are not eligible and never have been), and otherwise dehumanize them in any way you can and then you don't have to care who you deport as long as you can eject "foreigners," eject "them," eject "the other," eject the "not us," eject the "not white." But then it develops that "the other" has an even wider application. Right now, the US grants about 1 million green cards per year; a green card marks a grant of permanent legal residence in the United States. The number of green cards issued in a year is the measure of legal immigration. Over the past half century US immigration laws have permitted a growing number of immigrants to come to the country to work or join relatives already living here legally. One August 2, TheRump endorsed a new Senate bill intended to cut that legal immigration in half. Not only that, the bill also proposes to completely end a visa diversity lottery that has awarded 50,000 green cards a year - out of 14 million applications - which go mostly to areas in the world that traditionally do not have as many immigrants to the United States, such as, I would say significantly, Africa. And the bill caps refugee admissions at the heartless level of 50,000 per year. Under the bill, a new immigration system would award points to green card applicants based on such factors as English ability, education levels, and job skills. Note that while a rudimentary command of English is needed to become a citizen, it has never been a requirement for a green card and this "new system" would favor English speakers over others, trying to create a de facto version of what the US has never had: an official language. It also favors more educated applicants and those with specialized skills, leading to the ultimate point as noted by Kevin Appleby, the senior director of international migration policy for the Center for Migration Studies. He called the bill "part of a broader strategy by this administration to rid the country of low-skilled immigrants they don't favor in favor of immigrants in their image." And what is that image? Here's a way you can tell: - The anti-immigrant hate group Federation for American Immigration Reform said "it looks like the perfect bill." - White nationalist William Johnson called it "a viable first step." - Neo-Nazi Richard Spencer, president of the white nationalist National Policy Institute, said the bill "sounds awesome." Know them by the company they keep. Because when Sen. Tom Cotton, one of the bill's sponsors, said that while immigrant rights groups might view the current system as a "symbol of America's virtue and generosity," he sees it "as a symbol we're not committed to working-class Americans," I for one am damn sure that the "working-class American" he was envisioning was not named Jesus or Laticia. Transgender people, gays and lesbians, undocumented immigrants, documented immigrants, all on the political chopping block for being "other," for being "not us," for being insufficiently - using the word here in a social rather than a literal sense - for being insufficiently white. If rights must be denied, if families must be ripped apart, if dreams must be crushed, then in the minds of those harshly, cruelly, pursuing a nostalgia for a whiteness that never truly was and a national sense of commonality that existed only because of the oppression of other voices, so be it and you, back into the closet; you, back where you came from or at least back into the shadows; and you, you keep out. It is a denial of who we are, a denial of who we have become, a denial of what we can be, a denial of what could in the best possible sense of the term be considered American. It is small, it is bigoted, it is a project of timorous, fearful people trembling in the face of the future, it is a project not bounded, not defined, by these examples but is illustrated by them and were it not driven by powerful people who fear the loss of their privilege, it would be an occasion for sorrow and pity. But as it is driven by powerful people with positions and privileges to protect, it is a source not of pity but of outrage. 30.10 - Clown Award: Lucien Wintrich Clown Award: Lucien Wintrich This week, we had someone who would have been a shoo-in except for coming up against one of my rules for the award. So our runner-up and I think soon to be retired as unfair competition to other aspirants, our runner up is Donald TheRump. In talking about the issue of pre-existing conditions and health insurance during an interview with the New York Times, he said, quoting, Yep, $12 a year. That's what the man said. Now, in fairness, in another interview, this one with the Economist, he set the figure at the princely sum of $15 a month, or $180 a year. And ultimately, it turns out that this is all because TheRump doesn't know the difference between health insurance and life insurance. Which really isn't any better. But I have a rule: You can't be a clown two weeks in a row. So we have to move on. Fortunately, we have a worthy candidate. So this week the winner of the Big Red Nose is Lucian Wintrich, White House correspondent for the right-wing conspiracy blog The Gateway Pundit. Lucien Wintrich He took offense at a picture of three people giving the finger to Mt. Rushmore, fuming that "They break into our country, steal resources, and then do this. And libs wonder why we are pushing for immigration controls." Wintrich was apparently too blinded by the sight of brown skin to notice that the three are Native Americans, who, we can safely assume, did not need to "break in" to the US and just might have some legitimate complaints to be directed at the monument. But what really secured the award was when he responded to a Wonkette headline "Stupidest White House Correspondent On Internet Tells Native Americans To Go Back To Mexico" by saying - and I swear this is a quote - "And they should." That is a level of stupid that is painful to witness. Lucian Wintrich, just 29 and already more accomplished at many older than he at being a clown. 30.9 - For the Record: federal support for fossil fuels For the Record: federal support for fossil fuels For the Record: A new report released July 5, the result of a cooperative research effort by Oil Change International, Friends of the Earth, the Sierra Club, and the World Wildlife Fund's European Policy Office, shows that the US government provided about $6 billion annually in financial support to the oil, gas, and coal industries between 2013 and 2015 - during the term, let it be noted, of the Amazing Mr. O. That's over four times the amount that went to clean energy, which received just $1.3 billion. 30.8 - For the Record: biased media For the Record: biased media For the Record: a perfect example of how bad our media really is and how we are uninformed, malinformed, and misinformed. On January 24, US News + World Report ran an article about the mass arrest of protesters at TheRumps' inauguration. The headline was, quoting, "Inauguration Mass Arrest of Protesters, Journalists a Throwback With a Familiar Face, Attorneys Say" with the subhead of "The city’s interim police chief was found responsible in the past for violating protesters' rights, costing the city millions." Even though the article was about the potential illegality of mass arrests without probable cause, it was illustrated with a picture of someone dressed in black throwing a trashcan through the window of a Starbucks. What that had to do with the story other than to prejudice readers against the arrested protesters was unclear. On June 21, US News + World Report ran an article about a suit alleging serious police misconduct in dealing with those same wrongfully-arrested protesters. It was headlined "Lawsuit: Police Laughed While Rectally Probing Inauguration Mass-Arrest Group, Didn't Change Gloves." And it was illustrated with that same image of a trash can through a window. Again, how that was connected to the substance of the story went unexplained. 30.7 - For the Record: razed Negev village For the Record: razed Negev village For the Record: According to Albawaba, a news site out of Jordan, on August 1 Israeli forces demolished the Bedouin village of al-Araqib in the Negev region of southern Israel. It was the 116th time since 2010 the village had been leveled and the eighth time this year. Al-Araqib is one of 35 Bedouin villages considered "unrecognized" by Israel. According to the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, more than half of the approximately 160,000 Bedouins in the Negev reside in unrecognized villages. A Bedouin village in the Negev The villages were established in the wake of the 1948 war, with many Bedouins being forcibly transferred to the village sites in the ensuing 17 years. Now, more than 60 years after their founding, the villages remain "unrecognized," unable to connect to the national water and electricity grids and blocked from health and educational services. One time when Israeli courts found that a Jewish "outpost" in the West Bank called Amona was illegally built on land owned by Palestinians, the government tried every way it could to avoid having to remove the settlers. It was finally evacuated on February 1 of this year - almost immediately after which the Israeli parliament passed a law retroactively legalizing other such "outposts," including those build on stolen Palestinian land. 30.6 - For the Record: State Dept. mission statement For the Record: State Dept. mission statement For the Record: Secretary of State Rex Tillerson has ordered up a new mission statement for the department. The draft versions under review are similar to the old one - except for dropping any reference to promoting either democracy or a just world. Former senior State Department officials from both parties said such a change is neither accidental nor inconsequential and would give comfort to dictators around the world. Meanwhile, the State Department is closing the website and moving its content to the easily-remembered URL of 30.5 - For the Record: teen pregnancy For the Record: teen pregnancy For the Record: The TheRump administration has cut nearly $214 million from teen pregnancy prevention programs across the country by ending grants two years earlier than they were originally supposed to. Some of the organizations receiving the grants were told that it was at the instigation of Valerie Huber, new chief of staff to the Assistant Secretary for Health at the Department of Health and Human Services, who favors abstinence-only education. This comes at a time when the teen birthrate is at an all-time low. It has been dropping steadily since about 1990 and is now half of what it was then. It also comes in the face of a study showing that the entire 28% drop in teen pregnancy between 2007 and 2012 could be accounted for by an increased use of contraception. 30.4 - Not Good News: DOJ re-starts "adoptive seizures" Not Good News: DOJ re-starts "adoptive seizures" Okay. I have talked several times about civil asset forfeiture, the corrupt outgrowth of the corrupt war on drugs under which police can seize personal assets based on nothing more than their claimed belief that those assets either are related to illegal drug activity or were paid for with the proceeds of illegal drug activity. They can do this even if they have no basis for any charges against the person possessing the asset. What's more, at that point the burden of proof gets flipped and if you want your stuff or your money back, you have to somehow prove the negative that it was not related to illegal activity. No, I am not exaggerating. Not one bit. And remember, this is a civil matter, not a criminal one, so you have no right to an attorney and so any legal costs get paid out of your own pocket, with the result that most victims don't even try to get their money or goods returned because they don't have the money to fight back or even if they do, the legal costs involved would be more than the asset is worth. It is a horrendous practice which over the past three years 24 states have moved to curtail, often requiring conviction of some crime before assets can be seized. But even with limitations, there was a big loophole for the cops. It's called adoptive seizure and it works this way: A state cops seizes your property and then transfers it to the federal government, which "adopts" the seizure and keeps the property under federal law, which is unrestricted by the protections in your state. The feds then give 80 percent of the value of the seized property to the state - and not even to the state's general fund but to the cops and prosecutors. In other words, the feds were essentially paying state cops to circumvent their own state law. In 2015, then-Attorney General Eric Holder effectively eliminated the adoptive seizure program, with the result that seizures under it dropped from $65 million to $15,000 in one year. So what's the Not Good News? On July 19, Attorney General Jeff "I am not a racist, I swear I'm not" Sessions announced the DOJ is reauthorizing adoptive seizures, re-opening the door to the corruption and abuse that have marked the program from the beginning. A coalition of 21 constitutional and civil rights organizations ranging from the Institute for Justice and the ACLU to the Goldwater Institute and the Reason Foundation have called on the Congress to quickly act on legislation to shut this down - but frankly, I'd say don't count on it that happening any time soon. 30.3 - Good News: Joe Arpaio convicted of criminal contempt Good News: Joe Arpaio convicted of criminal contempt And under the heading revenge is a dish best served cold with a subhead of it's about time, we have the Good News that former Sheriff Joe Arpaio, the self-styled "America's toughest sheriff" whose specialty was bigoted arrests of Latinix, has been convicted of criminal contempt of court for his blatant refusal to obey a federal judge's orders halting his immigration sweeps. While satisfying, the likelihood is that the 85-year-old Arpaio will never see actual jail time, which is especially unfortunate considering that he never showed any mercy toward those he targeted. Even so, and even considering that his crimes go far beyond mere contempt for federal courts, I will still embrace the Good News of this smackdown of his arrogance. 30.2 - Good News: solar farm in Plains, GA Good News: solar farm in Plains, GA 30.1 - Good News: NJ eliminates most cash bail Good News: NJ eliminates most cash bail This is something that happened in January but I only heard about it last week, so I'm including it here. The state of New Jersey has recognized the clear injustice in the fact that 40 percent of the people in jail in the state were there only because they were too poor to afford the bail that was set while at the same time potentially violent people walked out simply because they had the money. So as of January, the state abolished cash bail for most nonviolent defendants, substituting a system to monitor released defendants and requiring prosecutors to try cases more quickly. This does not, obviously, remedy any other flaws in our criminal injustice system, but it is clearly a step in the right direction and that is Good News. What's Left #30 What's Left for the week of August 4-10, 2017 This week: Good News: NJ eliminates most cash bail Good News: solar farm in Plains, GA Good News: Joe Arpaio convicted of criminal contempt Not Good News: DOJ re-starts "adoptive seizures" For the Record: teen pregnancy, State Dept. mission statement, razed Negev village, biased media, federal support for fossil fuels Clown Award: Lucien Wintrich Outrage of the Week: "Back to 1900" Footnote: not enough immigrants I support the OCCUPY movement
From OpenStreetMap Wiki Jump to navigation Jump to search Public-images-osm logo.svg natural = hill Good binsey.jpg A hill Edit or translate this description. Group: Natural Used on these elements Useful combination Status: in use A hill is a landform that is elevated above the surrounding terrain, but is smaller than a mountain. Hills vs Peaks, Ridges and Mountain Ranges The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is usually considered to be less tall and less steep than a mountain. Compared to a mountain, a natural=hill is less visually prominent. A hill may be a natural=peak or summit and might be a natural=ridge. The difference between natural=hill and natural=peak is not clear, and the classification might be contended. Many hills might also be mapped as a linear feature with the tag natural=ridge, if the name of the hill does not refer to a single summit or peak. Hills often have a lower height (ele=*), and may be less steep than a mountain. Note that "mountain" is not an established tag, but natural=mountain_range is in use for long ranges of several mountains and ridges. Some mappers have attempted to use natural=hill for peaks with lower topographical prominence, however, this is not the most common meaning. Only a small number of features hills have been mapped, compared to the established tags natural=peak and natural=ridge and tagging has not settled on a consensus. See Also
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Hyperbonic Oxygen Therapy: Increasing oxygen to cells Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is a medical treatment that involves delivering oxygen at increased atmospheric pressure to heal injuries to the body. According to Dr. Paul G. Harch, a pioneer and leading authority on hyperbaric oxygen therapy and research, “Oxygen under pressure works as a drug to treat basic disease processes that are common to many acute and chronic conditions. By treating the disease processes the diseases are treated also.” Recommended frequency: We recommend doing no less than 10 sessions for acute problems. We recommend 40 hours in 30 days for maximum benefit when dealing with acute illness, wound, chronic brain injuries, etc. 40 hours can be done by doing 90 min. sessions daily and/or adding 2 “dive” times in one day at least 4 hours apart. We understand this is a frequent commitment that some can’t manage, and oftentimes people choose to add IV therapy with their sessions for maximum cellular benefit and come 2-3x/week. Common Conditions • Anti-Aging • Autism • Cancer • Cerebral Palsy • Diabetes • Inflammation • Sports • Stem Cells • Stroke • Traumatic Brain Injury • Bone, Ligament, or Muscle Injuries • Concussions 8 uses for HBOT: 1. The Hyperbaric Chamber can Strengthen the Healing Process: When your body is literally swimming in oxygen and has 80% capacity to absorb it from the air, it benefits in amazing ways. The extra oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream, improving the delivery of oxygen to areas of the body that do not get it so easily. These poorly perfused areas have limited perfusion and little veins or arteries to deliver or take blood. This means that inflammation can occur. With the extra oxygen going into your bloodstream, you are delivering the most basic and valuable nutrient that your tissue needs to survive, oxygen. When the inflammation is pushed out, and the tissue is revived from fresh blood delivery through the vascular system, the healing process improves. 2. The Hyperbaric Chamber can Help Fight Radiation Sickness: Since the hyperbaric chamber specializes in repairing the vascular system and improving vascular delivery, it can play an essential role in helping tissue to recover from radiation sickness. Radiation can often damage sensitive cells past the point where they can recover, often leaving sensitive organs with less strength. When a higher oxygen concentration, coupled with a repaired vascular system, more bodily resources devoted to healing can be delivered to the affected area. 3. Ease arthritis pain: Lessen the inflammatory response in patients with autoimmunity like multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis. 4. Works synergistically with Oncology protocols and Chemotherapy. Doing HBOT prior to chemo has shown to make chemotherapy more effective. If only using alternative measures (such as high dose vitamin C, etc.), using HBOT prior to those IV infusions also enhances their effectiveness due to the oxygenation & pressures inside the body. 5. Shorten recovery time: NFL players & athletes have benefited from increased rate of recovery when using the chamber. 6. Improve brain function, memory, and mood. 7. Mitigate the effects that diabetes has on the vasculature. 8. Anti-Aging by reviving tired skin & can generate glowing skin and improve skin elasticity. Resource: Huffington Post How Does Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) Work? Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) works by fully enclosing a person in a chamber, increasing the pressure in the chamber, and then delivering pure oxygen. The entire body and all organs and tissues in the body are exposed to increased oxygen pressure. The oxygen is breathed into our lungs where it dissolves in the blood and is distributed throughout the body. • At sea level, or 1 atmosphere of pressure, the air we breathe is only 21% oxygen. This small amount of oxygen is enough to saturate 98% of the oxygen carrying protein in our blood, the hemoglobin. • With hyperbaric oxygen, the body is exposed to 1-3 atmospheres of pure oxygen or 100%-300% oxygen, nearly 15 times the amount of oxygen in our air. As the pressure is increased in the chamber, the last 2% of hemoglobin is quickly saturated with oxygen. • As the pressure is further increased, all of the remaining oxygen is dissolved in the liquid portion of the blood. • With greater pressure more oxygen is dissolved. This liquid portion can then deliver very high amounts of oxygen to all of the tissues in the body, enough oxygen to keep a patient alive without the hemoglobin. • Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is particularly effective in delivering increased amounts of oxygen to wounds in the body that have poor blood supply or injured tissue that is swollen. By exposing a person daily to increased amounts of oxygen for 1-2 hours, the body is able to speed up the healing process at any sites of injury, including bone, soft tissue, the brain, spinal cord, heart, liver, etc. • Resource: Dr. Paul S. Anderson © 2017 PS Anderson – www.ConsultDrAnderson.com One treatment $125 Pack of 5 treatments $500 Pack of 10 treatments $1,000
The Role Of Blood In Macbeth 695 Words3 Pages The bloody hand on the Castle is also meant to be a stain on the reputation of the Macbeth and Lady Macbeth; a stain symbolizes their guilty consciences (especially Lady Macbeth’s). But this stain is not only viewed by others, but by the owners themselves. For Lady Macbeth, her guilt slowly begins to prevent her from continuing in the seat of power, as seen by her death a few scenes after the visions of the blood-soaked hands. Blood is also represent the consequences of overreaching ambition as well as evil plans. Both play a role in the degrading of the morality and reputations of the Macbeths. SUPPORTING QUOTES: 1. Lady Macbeth’s vision of blood-soaked hands point towards her guilty conscience on the murder of Duncan (seems to …show more content… 2. Macbeth, in retaliation for his evil act of murdering Duncan, faces the consequences of his ambition through immediate guilt, as displayed by the lines, “Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood/ clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather / the multitudinous seas incarnadine, / making the green one red” (2.2.61-64). THE RED BORDER Ties in with the symbolism of blood: consequences of overreaching ambition and evil plans. The evil plans of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are the steps taken of free will to fulfill the fate laid out by the witches and are the basis of how the slowly rise to power (castles are a symbol of power), but also how they’ll fall. The fall isn’t the focus of the castle, the rise to power is. SUPPORTING QUOTES: 1. Lady Macbeth’s line, “Make thick my blood” (1.5.33), itself is a showcase of her extreme ambition. To her, the line and her soliloquy strength her determination to rise to power; telling herself to block any human compassion that may coarse through her body, so her plan can be carried out. …show more content… The sheep is meant to represent sleep (counting sheep, makes you go to sleep), while the snake is meant to represent sin (fracture in the moral order). The snake is on top of the sheep represents the how the sins of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth (murdering Duncan, Banquo, Macduff’s Family, etc.) cause them trouble in getting rest; cause them guilt. Macbeth seems to suffer from insomnia, while Lady Macbeth sleepwalking. The colors of the two animals are also important. The sheep is white to represent the innocence, purity, restfulness, and relief that Macbeth murdered when he killed Duncan who was asleep. The black snake further represents that murder, since black is often considered the color of sin and immorality. Traits seen when Macbeth kills Duncan, under his own roof (Macbeth’s) and in his guest’s bed, after the promise of More about The Role Of Blood In Macbeth Open Document
4.5 Joshua -- Commander of the Lord's Army Prior to the attack on Jericho, Joshua had heard the voice of the Lord for himself (Josh 1). Now he actually saw Him, or His representative. The commander of the Lord’s army replied, "Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy." And Joshua did so (Josh 5:13-15). There are two components of this revelation: a. manifestation. Whereas Moses saw a burning bush and had to remove his sandals (Num 3), Joshua saw the Angel or the Presence of the Lord. The impact on both of them was the same -- fear and great reverence. In these events, God was setting them apart as instruments of His purpose, revealing Himself to them in a way they could not forget. b. message. God's message was very direct to Joshua: He had not come to fulfill Israel's agenda, nor that of any man. To Joshua's challenge, "Whose side are you on?", He replied, "Neither!" Then He turned the tables on Joshua and revealed the true situation: the army of the Lord had gathered to fulfill His own purposes. This invisible army was going to war against the principalities of false gods that ruled Canaan, just as He had attacked the gods of Egypt that held Israel in slavery. This same army reappeared in Elisha's day, invisible to all but the prophet (2 Kings 6:17). God was preparing a divine invasion of the land, and a disinheritance and expulsion of the entrenched pagan gods. This revelation to Joshua is central to the Biblical doctrine of race. Its meaning reaches far beyond Joshua's time and the struggles of Israel with her enemies. It applies to both inter-racial and international conflict. Its message is that God is not on one side or the other, He has His own agenda. Even Joshua, the anointed of God, who was on a divine mission, dared not say "God is on my side." Rather, he had to submit himself to the majesty of God and of His purpose. Only then did God empower him to attack Jericho. What we learn from this is that in every modern class conflict among social groups -- white vs black, yellow vs brown, men vs women, rich vs poor, first world vs third world, and so on ad infinitum -- God does not endorse one side against another. The claim that He does so is almost universal, especially among religious people. And it is true that justice may favor one side more than the other. Nevertheless, to claim that one ideology, one political agenda, one set of leaders, is God's will for our time, is a lie and a misapplication of the Scriptures. God does not "loan Himself out" to human causes and political parties. Any national or racial group that claims He does is guilty of presumption. Instead, He demands our allegiance, the subjection of our values and methods to His. These He has communicated in the Scriptures and through His Spirit. It is only in humility before Him that we can act with righteousness and power towards men.
Asked by: Merlinda Tapias asked in category: General Last Updated: 17th May, 2020 How do I protect my buds from frost? Click to see full answer. In this manner, how do you protect a blooming tree from frost? Protect your trees and plants: 1. Cover susceptible trees and plants with burlap, sheets, tarps, etc., that extend to the ground to trap in the earth's accumulated warmth. Use a frame or stakes to minimize contact between the cover and the foliage. 2. Bring potted plants and trees to more protected locations. Beside above, will a covered porch protect plants from frost? A covered porch usually provides protection from light frost, but the garage or sun room is better for freezing temperatures. A couple days in darkness won't hurt the plant. Or move them out during the day and back in at night, if cold temperatures persist. Likewise, people ask, how do you protect peppers from frost? You need two things to protect your tomato and pepper plants from frost: tomato cages (wood or metal is fine) or sturdy garden stakes, and bubble wrap. The tomato cages or garden stakes will form your structure, and you'll wrap the bubble wrap around that to protect your plants. Why are orange trees sprayed with water before a frost? So, when a freeze is forecast for a citrus farm, the farmers often spray the trees with water. When the temperature drops, this water freezes and releases heat to its environment, some of which is the still-ripening fruit. This heat is enough to preserve the fruit inside from freezing. 28 Related Question Answers Found Do you need to protect fruit trees from frost? How do you protect large fruit trees from frost? What happens when trees bloom too early? Will Frost kill lilac buds? Will Frost kill rose buds? At what temperature should I cover my citrus trees? How do you cover fruit trees for the winter? When should I cover my plants for frost? Will pepper plants recover from frost? Will my pepper plants come back next year? Should I pick peppers before frost? How long will pepper plants produce? How do I protect my plants with bubble wrap? How do you protect seedlings?
Asked by: Mimoun Quarante asked in category: General Last Updated: 13th February, 2020 What years were the Trail of Tears? Click to see full answer. Subsequently, one may also ask, when did the Trail of Tears start and end? General Winfield Scott sped the removal along as well as put many Indians into stockades along the way. The Trail of Tears found its end in Oklahoma. Nearly a fourth of the Cherokee population died along the march. It ended around March of 1839. End of the Cherokee Trail of Tears. Date(s): May 16, 1836 to June 1, 1839 Rating: 3.81 (273 votes) 1 2 3 4 5 how many tribes walked the Trail of Tears? TRAIL OF TEARS. The term "Trail of Tears" refers to the difficult journeys that the Five Tribes took during their forced removal from the southeast during the 1830s and 1840s. The Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole were all marched out of their ancestral lands to Indian Territory, or present Oklahoma. Additionally, how long was the Trail of Tears? It eventually took almost three months to cross the 60 miles (97 kilometres) on land between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The trek through southern Illinois is where the Cherokee suffered most of their deaths. What was the impact of the Trail of Tears? The Indian Removal Act and its major consequence, the Trail of Tears, resulted in the further genocide and forced displacement of indigenous peoples living in their homelands southeast of the Mississippi, as well as the further colonization of indigenous people and land west of the Mississippi River. 38 Related Question Answers Found Who can buy a house on an Indian reservation? Where did the Cherokee come from? Who were the Five Civilized Tribes? Is there an Indian reservation in Texas? How much money do Cherokee get? How many miles did the Cherokee walk on the Trail of Tears? How many states have Indian reservations? How much of the Native American population was killed? What happened to the Cherokee tribe? How many natives were killed in the Trail of Tears? How did the Cherokee respond to the removal act? What happened to Native American? How do I find out what Native American tribe I belong to?
Experiential learning create a graphic organizer or table that briefly describes each of the six main instructional strategies listed below. Provide an example of how it is utilized in a classroom. • Direct instruction • Indirect instruction • Collaborative learning • Experiential learning • Independent study • Interactive instruction Include 2-3 sources from your reading to support this assignment. Use the following coupon Order Now
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Sunday, December 27, 2020 ARP181 West Point Chain After the defeat and surrender of Burgoyne’s northern army at Saratoga, the threat to upstate New York diminished greatly. The British abandoned Fort Ticonderoga without a fight and retreated back to St. Jean. General Gates reported finding the fort had been destroyed and abandoned in November 1777. West Point Even after the British abandoned Ticonderoga, General Guy Carleton still commanded a British force at Quebec. General Henry Clinton still commanded a force in New York City, but neither had a force large enough to try to succeed where Burgoyne had failed. The Continentals did not know if the British might make another attempt to take control of the Hudson River the following year. In the months following the American victory at Saratoga, the Continentals began assembling an army led by General Lafayette to invade Quebec. However, the lack of sufficient soldiers and supplies led to the mission being abandoned before it even got started. Also that spring, the Americans debated an attack on Philadelphia or New York City. Of the two, New York still had far fewer British defenders. However, the presence of the British Navy around New York still made it a difficult battlefield for the Americans. General Washington kept his main focus on the British Army in and around Philadelphia. Upstate New York became less of a focus for everyone. Congress left General Gates in overall command of New York, even though Gates was serving as the head of the Board of War by this time, and spent the winter and early spring of 1778 near Congress in York. Israel Putnam Loses Command In upstate New York, General Israel Putnam served as the commander in the field. Gates’ overall command was again a bit of a touchy issue because Putnam was more senior to Gates and therefore outranked him. Everyone seemed to recognize, however, that Putnam was not a strong commander. His command in upstate New York was because no one expected large-scale combat in that area. Gates, despite his role in the Conway Cabal, still probably had the best reputation after his victory at Saratoga. In December 1777, Washington directed Putnam to focus on building river obstructions along the Hudson River. Although Putnam spent part of the winter back home in Connecticut, he did focus what he could with his army on building new Hudson River defenses. The biggest obstacle for Putnam was that, just like the soldiers in Valley Forge, his men were starving, and did not have sufficient clothing and blankets to work outdoors over the winter. Israel Putnam Others, however, thought that Putnam himself simply was not up to the job. New York Governor George Clinton wrote to General Gates that same month to say that, while Putnam was certainly a brave soldier, he was not up to the task of building river defenses. Remember that in October 1777 British General Henry Clinton had launched a raid from New York city, capturing Forts Montgomery and Clinton on the Hudson River. Putnam had been in charge of the area including those forts. In November, Congress demanded in inquiry into the defense of those forts, and why it had failed. Washington put off the matter that winter as he was struggling with the difficulties at Valley Forge and dealing with the Conway Cabal that threatened his command of the army. About five months later in March 1778, Washington was able to turn his attention to Putnam and begin the Congressionally-mandated inquiry. He relieved Putnam of his command while the inquiry against him proceeded. Washington’s letter to Putnam is almost apologetic, saying that whether the charges were “well or ill-grounded,” that they “must be indulged.” It seemed that New Yorkers were refusing any support for the project as long as Putnam remained in command. To resolve this, Washington put General Alexander McDougall in command of the region. The court of inquiry would eventually absolve Putnam of any failures of command. It found that the loss of the forts was the result of a lack of manpower, mostly because almost all available soldiers had been sent to support General Gates’ army at Saratoga at the time of Clinton’s attack. Despite the acquittal, Putnam did not regain his command. Instead, Washington requested that he go back to his home state of Connecticut to recruit more soldiers for the coming campaign. Planned River Defenses Before Putnam left command, he identified several locations along the Hudson River to build defenses. His successor, General McDougall took up right where Putnam left off. The Americans identified four locations along the river where they should build obstructions and establish defenses. Hudson Valley Defenses This was not the first attempt to build defenses. As early as 1775, patriots planned for ways to prevent a British fleet from making its way upriver into the Hudson Valley from New York City. That was why places like Forts Montgomery, Clinton, and Constitution existed along the river. The patriots had even constructed a chain across the river at Fort Montgomery in 1776 in order to block ships. That chain proved a disaster. When they first deployed the 600 yard chain across the river, it broke from just the strain of the river current. After a repair and second deployment, it broke again. They gave up for the winter, figuring the ice would do a better job of preventing any boats from sailing up the river than their chain did. Finally, in April 1777, they once again deployed the chain at Fort Montgomery. When the British sailed up to the river in October, the chain proved to be only a minor nuisance. After the British captured Fort Montgomery, they could take their time cutting the chain, then sail upriver to Fort Constitution, and then further upriver to burn Kingston, New York. For the new defenses that they hoped would be in place for 1778, the Americans turned to European engineers for their expertise. They turned to Louis Lesliaix de la Radiere, a French captain who had received a Continental Commission as lieutenant colonel of engineers in July 1777. After his appointment to the Hudson River project in the fall, Congress promoted him to full colonel. De la Radiere wanted to build the new large chain near Forts Clinton and Montgomery, close to where the old chain had been deployed. Everyone else on the project, including the Governor of New York and General Putnam, wanted the chain further upriver near Fort Constitution. At that point a natural bend in the river would force any ships to slow down and turn. The width of the river was not as great there, meaning the chain did not have to be as long. Radiere’s view was overruled and construction began at Fort Constitution. Radiere began the work, but complained so much about the site and the project that he asked to be relieved after a few months. He returned to Washington’s army for a new assignment. The engineering work then fell to a new officer, Colonel Tadeusz Kościuszko, the Polish officer who most recently had been responsible for the American defenses at Saratoga and who had also been a part of the project to lay a chain across the river at Fort Ticonderoga a year earlier. Rufus Putnam To further support the effort, Washington ordered Colonel Rufus Putnam to join the project. Rufus’ grandfather was a cousin of General Israel Putnam. Rufus grew up in Massachusetts and served in the French and Indian War. He joined the Siege of Boston with his militia unit right after the battle of Lexington and Concord. When the Continental Army was formed, Putnam received a commission as a lieutenant colonel. Rufus Putnam Putnam earned his engineering cred by setting up the Dorchester Heights defenses in one night. This forced the British to evacuate Boston in early 1776. After that, General Washington assigned Putnam to work on the defenses at New York. In December 1776, his military career faltered when Congress rejected his plan to form a corps of engineers. Some sources say that Putnam resigned his commission and returned home to Massachusetts. In his memoirs, Putnam does not mention resigning. He says that he simply returned home to Massachusetts to recruit more volunteers for the army. In late 1777, following Burgoyne’s invasion of New York, Putnam once again offered his services to the Continental Army. He led two regiments during the battle of Saratoga. Although he was not directly involved in building the defenses at Saratoga, Putnam does say that he had discussions with Kościuszko about those defenses. So the two officers probably began to develop a relationship during the Saratoga Campaign. Bernard Romans Putnam, Kościuszko, and others favored a chain across the Hudson River at Fort Constitution because it was a narrow point in the river with two right angle turns. The hills around the river caused winds to shift suddenly. So for sailing ships, it was a difficult maneuver even without any defenses. Crews would have to slow down and tack their sails to make the turns and navigate the shifting winds. The first effort to create defenses there went to Bernard Romans in 1775. Tadeusz Kościuszko Bernard Romans was a Dutch-born colonist who had moved to upstate New York during the French and Indian War. He married and settled into the Dutch-speaking community there. He worked as a surveyor and a cartographer, a job that took him all over North America, including extensive work in the Floridas. By 1773 though he was back to living in upstate New York. As the population divided into loyalist and patriot camps, Romans decisively sided with the patriots. He traveled to Boston where he was present during the Boston Tea party. He traveled throughout New England where, among other things, he developed relationships with many patriot leaders. Because of his engineering experience, the patriot legislature in Connecticut sent Romans in 1775 to Fort Ticonderoga to assist with its capture. While Colonel Allen and Arnold had already taken the fort by the time he got there, Roman took his soldiers south to capture Fort George. Like Ticonderoga, the fort surrendered without a fight. Afterward, Romans returned to Ticonderoga and assisted Benedict Arnold with assessing the guns and ammunition captured there. As it became clearer that all out war was underway, New York patriots focused on the need to fortify the Hudson River. The Continental Congress recommended Romans to the New York Commissioners. They gave him the job of surveying the river, selecting key locations for fortifications, and building those fortifications. Romans, working with several other locals, selected Martelaer's Rock as the site to build a fort. This was a rocky island in the Hudson river. He set about building Fort Constitution, which later resulted in the island becoming known as Constitution Island. Romans began work on the fort there, which became a pretty considerable defensive fort, with four bastions and 70 cannons. By the end of 1775, many were questioning the choice of the site, and the cost of the fort construction. Although the site on Constitution Island made a land assault on the fort difficult, it also was not the high ground. Across the river, a rocky point stood far above Fort Constitution, making it an obvious place to launch an artillery attack on the fort. Disputes between Romans and the New York Commissioners resulted in Romans traveling to Philadelphia to shore up support for his leadership of the project. Congress did not want to overrule the New York Commissioners and so reassigned him to captain of artillery and sent him off to participate in the Quebec campaign. Hudson Forts After Romans’ departure, Fort Constitution fell into neglect. Many of the cannons and other resources were redeployed downriver where the Continentals focused on Forts Clinton, Montgomery, and Independence. The British expedition under General Clinton destroyed those forts in 1777, then made its way up to Fort Constitution. With only a token garrison, the soldiers at Fort Constitution fled without a fight. The British destroyed the fort. From there, they continued upriver to burn the town of Kingston before withdrawing back to New York City. For more on this assault, see episodes 164 and 166. Sketch of West Point In January 1778, the Americans once again began rebuilding defenses in the area, first under Louis de la Radiere and then under Rufus Putnam and Tadeusz Kościuszko. The men rebuilt Fort Constitution, a little smaller than originally planned, but capable of delivering fire against any ships attempting to make their way around the curve in the river. To protect Fort Constitution from the high ground on the western side of the river, they built Fort Arnold, named after General Benedict Arnold. For obvious reasons, this fort would later be renamed Fort Clinton. However, having established that fort, it became obvious that there was even higher ground to the west that could be used to capture Fort Arnold. To prevent that, the team constructed a third fort known as Fort Putnam, named for its builder, Rufus Putnam. Fort Putnam would be the largest fort and would hold the largest garrison in the protection of the other forts. Next, the problem was that further to the west, there was even higher ground which might be used to threaten Fort Putnam. There, the engineers built yet another outpost, simply known as Redoubt #4 to prevent any attack from there on Fort Putnam. Collectively, the forts on the western side of the river became known as West Point. The Chain The defenders did not simply want to rely on artillery and the natural river bends to deter any enemy naval advances upriver. To block passage, they constructed a large chain across the river. I’ve already mentioned the relative lack of success of other chains. This one, the defenders hoped, would be different by making it even larger and stronger. West Point Chain The officer in charge of constructing the Chain was Captain Thomas Machin. The captain was an English-born engineer who specialized in metallurgy and canal-building. In 1772, his employer sent him from England to New Jersey to inspect a copper mine. Machin opted to stay in the colonies and settled in Boston. He supported the patriots and obtained a commission in the Continental Army. He had been working on the Hudson River defenses since 1776 and had been responsible for the Fort Montgomery chain which had proven to be a disaster. Even so, Machin had the most experience in the area and was ready for another try. This new chain would have to span 600 yards. Each link was made of iron bars that were more than two square inches thick and weighed over 100 pounds each. The total weight of the chain was over 180 tons. Fortunately, the colonies had a large iron industry. At the time the war began, the colonies were producing 30,000 tons of iron each year, roughly 14% of worldwide production. Production of the chain went to a local New York forge run by Peter Townshend. If you are of a certain age might make you ask Who? But no relation. The forge was over thirty miles away. When asked if he could get the links overland to the fort, over poorly marked roads Townsend assured them that “I can see for miles” and to further doubt, he told them “you better, you bet.” To concerns that the chain might break like the one at Fort Montgomery, Townsend assured them that “we won’t get fooled again.” When asked about whether his young workers were up to the task he told them they were “talkin’ bout my generation,” that these were “rough boys,” and that “the kids are alright.” Ok, I’ll stop now. The individual links had to be drawn on ox-drawn sleds to New Windsor, upriver from West Point. From there, they were floated down on rafts and assembled together on site. Once in place, the chain rested on rafts to keep it afloat. Each raft was over fifty feet long and twelve feet wide. A series of ropes and pulleys allowed operators to adjust the chain as needed. Large stone filled boxes served as anchors on each side of the river to hold the chain in place. By April 1778 the hundreds of men working to build and move the chain had it in place across the Hudson River. A long barrier was built about 100 yards south of the chain to slow down any ship that might try to build up enough speed to break through the chain. The entire process took only about eight weeks from conception to completion. If a ship had to pass upstream the team could lower a portion of the chain to create a gap. To prevent any destruction from winter ice, the team would have to pull in the chain each winter and then redeploy it in the spring. As such, it would take a team of hundreds of men to maintain it. Artillery batteries sat right along shore to fire on any ships and prevent any direct assault on the coasts where the chain was anchored. These shore batteries were in turn protected by the series of forts sitting just above them. West Point Garrison General Samuel Parsons served as the first fort commander. He oversaw the building project from almost the beginning. He would serve until General Benedict Arnold took command of the fort in the summer of 1780. View of West Pont from Constitution Island Over the first three years, the garrison worked to build and improve the defenses. Kościuszko remained head engineer for several years, working directly on the defensive features of the fort complex. He would be stationed there until 1780 when he transferred to the southern theater. George Washington considered West Point to be a critical lynchpin of Continental defenses. He made it his headquarters in June of 1779 and remained there for several months before moving south to Morristown, New Jersey. The total size of the garrison was considerable. It varied over the course of the war, but at times was over 3000 soldiers. As such, West Point was generally considered to be an impregnable defensive point on the Hudson River which the British would not be able to pass again. The chain would remain in place for the remainder of the war. The British would never again attempt to make their way up the Hudson River from New York City. I mean, the only way the British might have a chance would be if they bribed the West Point commander and convinced him to turn over the fort and the garrison in exchange for a large sum of money and perhaps a commission in the British regular army. But what are the chances of that happening? Next week, we return to Philadelphia as General Howe prepares to turn over command to General Henry Clinton. - - - Next Episode 182 Occupied Philadelphia Contact me via email at Follow the podcast on Twitter @AmRevPodcast Join the Facebook group, American Revolution Podcast: Click here to donate You may also donate via VenmoZelle, or popmoney (send to Click here to see my Patreon Page Click here to go to my SubscribeStar Page Signup for our Mail List * indicates required Further Reading Levine, David Hudson Valley Chain: Sambaluk, Nicholas Michael. “Making the Point—West Point’s Defenses and Digital Age Implications, Cubbison, Douglass Historic Structures Report: The Hudson River Defenses at Fortress West Point 1778-1781.” The Cyber Defense Review, vol. 2, no. 2, 2017, pp. 141–154. JSTOR, Great Chain at West Point: “To George Washington from Lieutenant Colonel La Radière, 13 January 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, “To George Washington from Major General Israel Putnam, 13 February 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, “To George Washington from George Clinton, 5 March 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, “From George Washington to Major General Israel Putnam, 16 March 1778,” Founders Online, National Archives, Free eBooks (from unless noted) Bannerman, Francis History of the great iron chain: laid across the Hudson River at West Point in 1778, by order of General George Washington, New York: Military War Museum, 1900. Coxe, Macgrane The Sterling furnace and the West Point chain; an historical address delivered at Sterling Lake, New York, Priv. print. [by the De Vinne press], 1906. Putnam, Rufus The Memoirs of Rufus Putnam and Certain Official Papers and Correspondence, New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. 1903. Books Worth Buying (links to unless otherwise noted)* Diamant, Lincoln, Bernard Romans: Forgotten Patriot of the American Revolution, Harbor Hill Books, 1985. Diamant, Lincoln, Chaining the Hudson: The Fight for the River in the American Revolution, Fordham Univ. Press, 2004. Haiman, Miecislaus Kosciuszko in the American Revolution, Boston, Gregg Press, 1972. Hubbard, Robert E. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio", 2020 Storozynski, Alex The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution, Thomas Dunne Books, 2009. * As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Sunday, December 20, 2020 ARP180 John Paul Jones Raids Whitehaven John Paul Jones John Paul Jones Merchant Seaman Legal Troubles Continental Navy The Providence Winter in Boston Travel to France French salute the Ranger on its arrival Raid on Whitehaven Raid on Whitehaven Back in France - - - Next Episode 181 West Point Chain Contact me via email at Follow the podcast on Twitter @AmRevPodcast Join the Facebook group, American Revolution Podcast: Click here to donate You may also donate via VenmoZelle, or popmoney (send to Click here to see my Patreon Page Click here to go to my SubscribeStar Page Signup for our Mail List * indicates required Further Reading USS Ranger After Whitehaven Raid: Free eBooks (from unless noted) Books Worth Buying (links to unless otherwise noted)* * As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Thursday, December 17, 2020 AR-SP05 Christian McBurney - George Washington's Nemesis In this special episode, I speak with author Christian McBurney about his new book George Washington’s Nemesis: The Outrageous Treason and Unfair Court-Martial of Major General Charles Lee during the Revolutionary War. The book examines General Charles Lee’s alleged treason while a British prisoner of War, which never came to light during his lifetime. It also examines Lee’s performance at the Battle of Monmouth, for which he did receive a court martial and lost his command. Christian McBurney works as an attorney in Washington, DC. In addition to his most recent book, he’s written at least four other books on the American Revolution, including “Kidnapping the Enemy” which looks at the capture and Prisoner exchange of Continental General Charles Lee and British General Richard Prescott. Another book, “The Rhode Island Campaign” describes the first joint French-American effort during the war, attempting to capture the British post at Newport. Mr. McBurney is also an active member of the American Revolution Round Table, has written numerous articles about the era, and also publishes a blog about Rhode Island History at I spoke with him recently about General Lee and his new book and recorded our online conversation. Michael J Troy: Christian McBurney. Welcome to the American Revolution podcast. Christian McBurney: Thank you, Michael, very glad to be here. MJT: We're here today to talk about your new book, George Washington's Nemesis, which is all about Major General Charles Lee, and his difficulty at the end of his military career during the American Revolution. What prompted you to write about Charles Lee? Why do you think he is so important to the story of the revolution? CM: Well, I have a personal story of my own about why I addressed Charles Lee and that is, I started out wanting to write on American Revolutionary history, and had the good fortune of coming from Rhode Island, which had been very underserved in terms of recent history books. So my first history book was The Rhode Island Campaign, The First French and American Joint Operations in American Revolution. So that was about the French and Americans trying to take over Newport from the British. It was the first time that they'd gotten together. It could have ended the war like Yorktown, but didn't. So I think the authoritative book on that. So then after I finished that, I said, Well, what do I do next? What was the other outstanding event in Rhode Island? It was the capture of Major General Richard Prescott. He was captured by Americans crossing over Narragansett Bay in the middle of night. They surrounded his house. He happened to be in a farmhouse in the middle of Aquidneck Island north of Newport. They grabbed him, spirited him away, without a shot being fired. Well, I couldn't just do a book on that. So I decided, Well, why did they capture him? They wanted to exchange Prescott for Charles Lee. And then I started learning about Charles Lee, what fascinating character he is. He was definitely the best educated of all American generals. He was the best writer, the sharpest wit. But on the other hand, he was also the most impulsive, and had a very short fuse. He was very good on the field. But most of the time, he was off the field. And he frankly was little crazy sometimes MJT: His Indian nickname was “boiling water,” I believe. CM: That's right. He was started out as a lieutenant colonel in the French and Indian War with the British Army. So substantial position. And he lived with the Iroquois for a while, and they called him “boiling water.” So they knew they had a good indication where he was like, MJT: It always struck me that Charles Lee was a British regular, who had only very recently moved to the colonies before the war. He had served all over the world, well, at least, you know, all through Europe and the Americas. To make him number two or number three in the Continental Army at the outset just seemed rather striking to me when they were fighting the regular army. And Charles Lee had all these friends and associates who is basically turning on and I'm wondering why the Congress is willing to put so much trust in a man like that. CM: Well, they had a very great shortage of generals, senior officers. Who were a lot of the senior officers. They were former British officers like Horatio Gates, Richard Montgomery. Charles Lee, he was a known radical revolutionary. So he did not like kings. He decided to move to America. And he said, you know, where there's a land of liberty, that's where I belong. He met with all the different radicals up and down the coast, Sam Adams, John Adams, Benjamin Rush. And he wrote a very influential pamphlet. Actually, it was more read than Common Sense. And that was that the American militia could defeat British regulars in battle. There was no mystery about it. The American militia, they were used to handling guns, that kind of thing. So he was an own radical revolutionary, a strong proponent, American that respects I think that makes it a little more understandable. And the fact that there were so few officers with experience to begin with, MJT: That's true. I mean, it seemed like Washington, early in the war, really thought that Lee was one of the best officers he had, and maybe even thought he was better than Washington himself, certainly Lee thought he was better than Washington. CM: Oh definitely. MJT: But he had a very high reputation on both sides. The British regulars thought Lee was an amazing general and many of the American officers did as well. CM: He was really key in the beginning of the war, because he helped in Boston, for example. He helped train John Sullivan and Nathanael Greene. They were brigadier generals under him. And he did some other good things at the beginning of the war MJT: He got popularity for the victory at Fort Moultrie in South Carolina. But it seems like he won that battle by the fact that the other officers disobeyed, not disobeyed, but resisted his orders to retreat and abandon the fort that they eventually protected in Charleston Harbor. Gen. Charles Lee CM: Well, it's true. They didn't listen to him. Actually, I think this is one of the most interesting of his campaigns because he was appointed by Congress to take command of Charleston. It was known that Clinton and Sir Peter Parker's naval force were going to invade Charleston. So here comes Lee. He's the head of everything, supposedly. He tells Moultrie, this fort of palmetto logs gee its pretty good if British fight head on but it's not finished. There are no logs on the side so the British could easily come around the point and bombard all the troops and kill them all. He was right. But he didn't know that the British were going to get stuck on some sandbars. They came, I guess, at low tide, so they weren't able to get around. But before that happened, you know, instead of yelling and screaming, I'm the boss, you have to do what I say, he held back. He realized that really going on here with the locals were making the defenses: Moultrie, Governor Rutledge, and he made some good suggestions. For example, on Sullivan's Island, he came up with an idea. Pontoons, would tie all these boats together so soldiers can run off if they need to. So I actually think he did a pretty good job there, not trying to overly assert himself. He did get a lot of credit for the win when it came to Congress, and he took that. MJT: He certainly did take the credit. And what he said made sense. I mean, you're right before it wasn't finished, the whole back walls were missing. If the British had managed to get around behind them, they would have been wiped out. So they were lucky that they disobeyed his orders and won nevertheless. But then he came back to New York and the first thing he did there pretty much was call for another retreat from Manhattan Island. Again, it made good military sense. CM: It did and Washington was kind of you know, this was early on for Washington. He was a little not confident of his own abilities. He really consulted with his senior officers, and there was a lot of uncertainty. New York City was a big prize. They had stayed there, even though the city itself was invaded. They fought pretty well to battle Harlem heights. But now Howe had gone onto the mainland, Throgs Neck, was about to encircle them. Lee said, there's only one way out: Kingsbridge. You got to get over that bridge and retreat right away. And Washington actually really appreciated that kind of certainty. MJT: Yeah, it made sense and it saved the army. But certainly Washington always seemed to want to err on being overly aggressive and Lee the voice of restraint, saying we've got to be realistic here, guys. The only thing I've always kind of wondered about was after they had retreated from New York and Washington was retreating across New Jersey and begging Charles Lee to come join him so they could make a final stand or something. And Lee held back and held back and held back. Do you think Lee was hoping Washington would be captured so that he could take over the command of the Continental Army and save the day? CM: I do. And I wrote about this in Kidnapping the Enemy. I think he was actually Yeah, he hesitated sending the troops to Washington. I think he lost confidence in Washington as a leader. Washington lost battle of Long Island badly, the militia had run away. New York City was taken. Cornwallis pushed Greene easily out of northern New Jersey. It didn't look good. I think Lee kind of said, Well, if the British get to Washington and defeat his army, maybe they'll make me number one, or co-number one, I really do think that was in his mind. But of, course, he never wrote it down. MJT: It made good sense, not to write something like that down. CM: When it came to treason, he was careful. MJT: Well, except after he became a prisoner, but we'll talk about that in a minute. A lot of the officers really had lost faith in Washington at that point. Horatio Gates abandoned Washington. And I think everybody was kind of scattering and thinking the end was really near for Washington and he managed to turn it around, CM: Lee, one of his big faults was he never realized that Washington was the indispensable man. Even though he might not have been a great tactician in the battlefield, it's almost like an Eisenhower. You need someone to hold everyone together. The key to the American side was holding the Continental Army together. Washington was only one that could really do that. MJT: Yeah, I don't think very many people appreciated that until after the war was over and they look back on it. But yeah, that's exactly right. So as part of the retreat from New Jersey, Lee gets captured. Do you want to talk about that a little bit? CM: Sure. He finally agreed to have his troops meet. Lee over to the Delaware River going very slow. And at one point, he was leading his troops. Sullivan was in the front of the army. He was in the back. And he decided well, they're going to go on three more miles, camp there. There are no houses around. So I'm going to go to this tavern in Basking Ridge, get a good night's sleep. The problem in the Revolutionary War for a lot of people was that the civilians knew everything. It was amazing what civilians knew. Word got around - Oh, the great Charles Lee is staying at you know, Widow White’s tavern. Well, some of those civilians were loyalists. It just so happened that British dragoons sent a reconnaissance force under Earl Harcourt and Banastre Tarleton, just checking out to see where Lee's army was. Then they got this information from loyalists and changed their mission to capturing Lee. They surrounded the tavern. There was a fierce firefight. Two of Lee’s guards were killed, and Lee surrendered. So now he was a captive of the British and taken away to New York City and held in a two-room apartment. MJT: And that was a real concern for Lee. At least initially, it was unclear whether he would be charged as a traitor for deserting the British Army, and possibly executed. CM: Yes, Lee wrote a note to General Howe, William Howe, the commander of the North American army for the British and Howe returned in addressed to “Lieutenant Colonel Lee.” So Lee said, Uh-oh, I'm in trouble now. If I'm a British officer and fighting against the crown. But in fact, before he joined the Americans, he did resign his post. He had a right to money too. He gave up that when he resigned his post. So it took about eight months before the British came to that realization and relaxed his imprisonment. But before then he was held and confined in two rooms in New York City, and on a warship. MJT: Yeah, he was held under pretty harsh circumstances the first few weeks and then they slowly gave him somewhat better accommodations although they never allowed him parole like other officers. I think they considered him too valuable a prisoner to risk. CM: Right. But they did, as I say in the “Kidnapping the Enemy” book, talking about the treatment of officers. Both sides - if a British respected the Americans as officers, they let him roam around New York City. You had to go back to the house at night, but during the day you go anywhere you wanted. Same in Boston, there'd be British officers roaming around. Drove patriots crazy. Officers could be trusted. The rank and file, of course, in New York City were held in these awful, terrible prison ships and sugar houses and died by the thousands. MJT: Yeah, that was horrific. That was where there were more American casualties than anywhere else. CM: Right. MJT: So while Lee is in captivity, he apparently seems to ingratiate himself with his captors by talking strategy. You want to talk about that a little bit? CM: Yeah, some might call it treason as well. MJT: They might. CM: Yeah, after about two months, he suddenly submits this plan to his captor, Henry Strachey, who's the Secretary to Lord Richard Howe, and also the Secretary to the Royal Commissioners. The Howe brothers called themselves royal commissioners in their capacities as peace negotiators. He wrote an eight page letter unsigned, because he didn't want anyone to know it was him. But clearly, his handwriting is definitely his. No historians said it was not his, and I've checked it myself. Also, the whole document contains a lot of thoughts he held for 15 months in captivity. It wasn't just a mere lark. A lot of historians treat this as a mere lark and pass over it in a paragraph or less. But in fact, I think it's pretty serious and definitely treason. He said, I don't think Americans can win the war. He lost confidence in Washington. Of course, who was the next best general? Himself, and he's in jail. So he said, I don't think the Americans can win. They need to renounce the Declaration of Independence, and return to crown rule. And the British - they're spending their money and suffering loss of lives needlessly. Let's negotiate an end of the war, I will help do that. And he also then writes a plan about how the British can best militarily defeat the American army. Can you believe it? I guess this goes to your point. Why did the Continental Congress trust him so much, since he was such a recent transplant? So that was pretty shocking. MJT: I kind of wondered about his motivations with that. I mean, some apologists have said that he really was giving the British bad advice, telling him to move south, which is what Howe eventually did, and ended up getting Burgoyne’s army captured. So maybe he was just trying to lead them into that bad idea. CM: Actually, I have a short chapter in the book on that, and discounting that view. Howe had already planned to go to Philadelphia. And Lee knew because he just assumed, well, I'm going to start talking about your plans to invade Philadelphia. Howe had already said, I'm going to invade Philadelphia, probably going to go by sea. So Lee didn't really tell him anything different. So the whole idea that he was misleading, is totally false. And what's important here is what Lee wrote in this plan is not a one-time thing. He had other meetings with senior British officials in which he said the same thing. He wrote another long letter in February, 1778, very late, saying I'm willing to be a mediator. At that point, he thought the Americans would win. Because it was after Saratoga, the great victory at Saratoga. He said, Well, the way the Americans could win is just avoid battle. If they have to, go to the bushes - fight guerrilla warfare. But he still thought the American should go back to British rule. He held that view for 15 months. I had discovered for the first time some notes that Henry Clinton wrote of a meeting with Lee, about serving as a mediator. I came across Parliament discussion where his uncle said, Lee says this is how you defeat the Americans. It could only have come from a British officer who spoke with Lee, and it was consistent with what Lee's position was at that time. Here is Henry Bunbury, his relation, saying this in an open parliamentary debates and it was actually published at one place in America. But fortunately for Lee, it didn't get much press. But even after he was released, he was sending letters to Clinton and a new peace commissioner who arrived at Philadelphia. I think he was trying to play both sides. If the British won, he would be, oh, you should treat me better because I tried to negotiate a peace. If the Americans won, it was all secret and kept it all secret. So he could go back and rejoin the American army as its number two, which ultimately he did. One question is why didn't the British ever reveal it afterwards? And say “gotcha! see, this guy's really a traitor.” And I think this was a different age. Two reasons. One they’re gentlemen. Gentlemen don't squeal on each other. Also, the British were trying to encourage American officers to end the war through negotiations. So if they started attacking people who approached them about negotiating a peaceful end of the war, then they would discourage other officers from coming in the future, and also in future wars. MJT: I guess they could have released it at some later time if it had been to their advantage to do so. At the time, you're right, I think they were keeping Lee in their pocket as somebody who might be able to negotiate an end to this whole mess and... CM: But also, they wanted to promote any other officers who might want to do the same thing. If they nailed Lee, they would have discouraged other officers from coming forward, which they desperately wanted. MJT: I wonder how much it too was Lee's own ego in that he wanted to prove that he was an amazing strategist who could win the war for either side. And he wanted to prove it to his British companions by saying, here's what you have to do to win the war. CM: Yeah, no doubt, he definitely had a great ego. And he liked to be the center of attention in the center of things. So this allowed him to be in the center. Couldn't be a American general anymore, but he could be a British general! MJT: It worked for Arnold. CM: And compare him with Arnold, I don't think he was as bad as Arnold because Arnold, you know, took a lot of money. He fought against the Americans and he moved to England after the war. Lee did none of those things. But still, he committed treason under the law of treason. I go through the articles of war that he violated. MJT: He was in a difficult situation. He really was of both worlds and trying to live in both of them. CM: But he wasn't authorized by Congress to seek peace negotiations. A general is allowed to cease hostilities if he’s surrounded or something like that. But not to say that he's going to try to end the entire war without authorization from Congress. As a matter of fact, in February, one and a half months after he was captured, he wrote a letter to Congress, oh, please send to me in New York City, two or three delegates for matter of public interest. Well that could have only been negotiating an end to the war. Congress wanted nothing to do with it. They had already tried it once, and it failed. MJT: Washington was always very careful. When anybody even talked to him about any sort of negotiations, he immediately sent them off to Congress and said, you can’t talk to me, talk to them. And I think Lee kind of, and this was one reason I think Congress never really wanted to trust him at the top job is that he always kind of had a feeling he was better than Congress. And didn't really have to listen to them if they were being idiots. CM: Right, right. He didn't like anyone who was superior to him. He criticized all of his superiors, including the entire Congress, MJT: As you say, in your book, Kidnapping the Enemy, Lee was eventually exchanged and returned to the Continental Army. And this was spring of '78. He returns to Valley Forge where the Continental Army is still finishing up its winter. A number of things happen over that winter and spring: France joins the war. Britain is reevaluating its position in the war, in light of France getting involved. General Howe has resigned and is returning to London. General Clinton is taking command of the army in America, and has orders to essentially send large portions of his army to other parts of the world to start fighting the French and to abandon Philadelphia, and retrench back in New York. So, he follows orders and decides to march his men back to New York. And the Americans have to decide how to respond to that. Want to take up the story there? CM: Sure. And Lee is back in command as number two. Washington has a council of war: Should we attack Clinton's army as it crosses New Jersey? And Lee leads a faction that says no. We should build a bridge of gold and let them go to New York City. Wait until our French allies come and then we could together attack the British. And actually most officers agree with Lee, even Nathanael Greene at that point. British and American Movements (from Wikimedia) But then Washington held another conference. And it was kind of clear by Washington even asking for another conference, that he really wanted to do something. That something, as Nathaniel Greene said, was it was more than military. It was politics. Von Steuben had been doing a terrific job training the troops and the Continental Army. The various states had sent more troops, more supplies. The army was in good shape after Valley Forge. Washington had lost. He lost at Brandywine. He lost the Battle of Long Island. He lost Germantown. He needed a victory, something, not necessarily a total general action. But he wanted to show that, you know, the new army could stand on the same battlefield as British. He did ultimately send 4600 troops to attack the rear of Clinton. That was the direction. Lee was ultimately given command I won't go into - that's another long story. But he was ultimately given command with orders to attack. MJT: I know you don't want to get into too much. But that is an interesting part of the story that Washington originally gave command to Lafayette, and Lee really didn't want any part of this. He thought this whole mission was kind of a mistake. Then, when Lafayette's marching off, Lee has second thoughts and says, Well, no, if we are going to do this, I really should be in charge. CM: Well, as Washington kept increasing the size of the force, Lee finally said, you know, it's big enough for a senior commander like me, so I would like to command it now. And actually, it was probably a good idea. The first thing that Lafayette did when he got command of some of the troops was march as quickly as possible towards Clinton. Well there are two problems. Number one, it was blazing hot, so he was exhausting his troops. Number two, he's getting really close to Clinton without any plan of defense. Clinton could have attacked him quite easily. So the rash Lafayette almost got the Continentals big trouble. MJT: To be fair, he's only 20 years old. Kids do that sort of thing. CM: Yeah, exactly. MJT: Lee was trying to show some maturity, show some prudence in how to be a good commander and you don't just rush headlong with a few thousand men into the entire British Army. / / MJT: So, Clinton makes a slow march across New Jersey. The Continentals are able to catch up with them, leading to the Battle of Monmouth, which is the main topic of your book. Do you want to describe a little bit what happened there? Battle of Monmouth (from Wikimedia) CM: Sure. So Lee definitely intended to attack the army, British Army, there was some confusion in the American ranks. But ultimately, they all appeared out of the woods, and they saw the small rear guard of the British, and about four miles ahead were about 2000 troops under the Cornwallis, some of the best elite troops in the British Army, guards, British Light Infantry, grenadiers. And then beyond that, another the four miles, was Clinton's main force. Lee said alright well, what we're going to do is Anthony Wayne, you kind of do a small attack against the British rearguard, trap them in place. I'm going to send some troops around the British rearguard, and we're going to trap them and pincer and capture them. So he intended to do the attack. He didn't know, that Clinton turned his troops around. He saw an opportunity to finally attack the American army and he marched them as quickly as possible. A number of the troops, it was so hot that day, a number of them died of heat prostration. It was an incredible, painful march. But he got there. And Cornwallis also turned his men around. And they were all going towards Monmouth. And Lee said all right, I better not do that pincer movement. I better send some troops towards Monmouth. So he redirected some troops there and it looked like there was going to be a battle there. Then he sends a note to an aide says go see General Scott, Charles Scott, and General William Maxwell. They're holding my center, tell them to stay there. So the aide goes there. They're gone! They have disappeared from the battlefield. No orders to do. It turns out Charles Scott thought that Lee was retreating when he was going toward the enemy, towards Monmouth. And he thought he should retreat too, and he convinced his senior, William Maxwell by the way, that he should retreat too. He was behind him and he ought to get out of the way. So they retreated and Lee had no idea where they were. That was more than half of Lee’s force, gone. Now he's about to fight Cornwallis with his great troops. Clinton has even more troops. He's outnumbered almost three to one. He's got a ravine behind him. If his troops get stuck, trapped in that ravine, they could all be wiped out. And it was a very painful decision for him but he decided to retreat. It's not easy to retreat. It's not easy to do that. But he was a mature general and he decided that was the best course. He did so. It was the right call and saved a good part of the American army. He then set up a good delaying action at the hedgerow. The hedgerow was the main action of the battle of Monmouth, which got my longest chapter on it, very complex battle, very interesting. The hedgerow, the Americans fought great. They really stood toe to toe, fired ten rounds of muskets. The artillery was blazing away. The British grenadiers and light Infantry had said there it was the most fierce firefight they'd ever faced. And so Lee did a successful retreat, didn't lose any regiments, didn't lose any flags. Everyone got over this other bridge, over the marshy western ravine. There Washington was approaching Perrine Ridge where he could set up a defensive post. Now the problem was that Washington came on the battlefield with the worst possible time. And everyone knows the story of Washington sees the musician, boy musician, and he says, oh, the Army's retreating. Then he sees some officers from Maxwell's regiment. And there's a: why are you retreating. I don't know why we're retreating. It's a ghost. One thing people don't talk about - those were Maxwell's men. They retreated without orders. They went through the woods. No wonder they were all a little bedraggled. And it wasn't Lee, who made them retreat. And yet they're complaining. Unfortunately, that's what Washington sees. And then there's the sharp confrontation that they have. And there was no swearing anything like that. But Washington did speak sharply to Lee. MJT: You mentioned in the book, you think that the notion of Washington swearing was a myth made up by General Scott years later to cover up his own part in this whole mess. CM: Oh, yeah. Scott was trying to avoid blame for the loss of the battle. So he made up this story. This was in the early 19th century. He's an older man. And a friend asks if George Washington ever swore. And reading from the book: “Scott responded Yes, once. It was at Monmouth, on a day that would have made any man swear. Yes, sir. He swore that day till the leaves shook on the trees, charming, delightful. Never have I enjoyed such swearing before or since. Sir, on that ever-memorable day, he swore like an angel from heaven.” Now, Scott was not an eyewitness to this meeting. He was half a mile away with his troops. It’s a total invention. And one great thing about the book was I'm able to rely on court martial testimony about the battle. You have all this, in two weeks after the battle, all these officers are giving very detailed information about exactly what happened. And one of the most dramatic points is the testimony about Scott and Maxwell when they decide to leave the field. So a lot of historians believe this. They'll say it as if it's true. It's not true. Scott in this story insulted Lee, insulted Washington by saying he swore when he didn't swear, and he insults the Christian religion when he says that angels swear in heaven. It’s the trifecta for Scott, MJT: Scott is not a general you hear much about. And that's probably just as well. He caused problems at, I believe, in Germantown too, which ended up getting Adam Stephen kicked out of the army, which was his commander of Germantown. CM: Yeah, he was very loyal to Washington. So that was the best thing about him from Washington’s eyes. MJT: Yeah, Washington actually promoted him after Monmouth. He still didn't really amount to much, CM: right. MJT: Scott sort of abandons the field and kind of convinces General Maxwell to abandon the field as well. They give some good reasons for it, that they felt they were in danger of being captured by the British and being surrounded. They couldn't get back across the ravine. But Scott inexplicably doesn't even try to tell Lee what he's doing and leaves Lee to just find his main center line just vanished in empty woods. Washington and Lee at Monmouth CM: Exactly. And it was he suffered no consequences. It really should have been him who would have been court martialed. But Scott got to Washington first. He wrote this memo with Anthony Wayne, who was also upset at Lee, for no good reason. Wayne said why he should have sent me more troops and I could have been aggressive. But the whole idea was for Wayne just to hold the British in place, and the main troops would go behind the rearguard and trap them. So, he was mistaken. So they both write this memo and put Le in a bad light. And then a lot of rumors immediately after the battle Oh Lee lost the best chance the American army ever had for a great victory - total nonsense. MJT: The battle went on after that. Washington did bring up the rest of the army. They did go and they chased off the British and they declared victory at the end of the day, saying they had chased the British from the field. Now, of course, General Clinton says we never intended to keep the field. We were marching to New York and they didn't stop us. So I guess both sides declared victory in that sense. But obviously, Washington was not happy with Charles Lee's performance that day. And we end up with a court martial of General Charles Lee. CM: And he really brought it on himself, because he wrote a very rude letter to Washington saying, you know, why did you upbraid me like that in front of everyone? I saved the American army. You're listening to these dirty earwigs, a great term, referring to Alexander Hamilton, John Laurens, and Anthony Wayne. Washington wrote a letter saying it's inappropriate for you to use that tone with me. And then Lee says, well, I demand a court martial. And we'll show the country who's the best commander, you or me. So now he's making it a contest with Washington, the only one who could hold the Continental Army together. So big mistake on his part, which he, as usual, realized fairly soon. MJT: So he does face a court martial, several months after the battle. And I believe there's three charges against him. Do you want to go through those really quickly? CM: Sure, not attacking the enemy, retreating in the face of the enemy in an unwarranted fashion and also in an irregular fashion, and insulting the commander in chief, which he did the last one, everyone, agrees to that. MJT: Right, although he even defends himself there saying he just wrote to... CM: He was provoked. MJT: He wrote some letters to Washington, which were insulting but weren't meant for public dissemination, that sort of thing. Clearly, he didn't have a lot of respect for Washington. But you know, you could have brought those charges three years earlier, I think or two years earlier anyway, and, and they would have been just as valid. Lee decides to defend himself at the court martial. CM: Well, in those days, they didn't appoint the lawyers to defend the generals. So that was par for the course. He did a pretty good job defending himself, but as usual, he was too harsh in his assessments. For example, Baron von Steuben. He didn't do anything in the battle. But Lee said, Oh, he was just a distant spectator. Well, that upset von Steuben a lot. And he actually was one of several who challenged Lee to a duel after the court martial ended. MJT: So Lee is found guilty at the court martial. And I believe he was given a one year suspension from the army. CM: Right. And most people believe, look, he was, one year, he got that for insulting Washington. No one really believes he was guilty of not attacking the enemy or an unwarranted retreat. MJT: Washington tended to be very forgiving of his officers when they made mistakes in the field. I think, in this case, part of it was Lee's personality. I think part of it too was Washington kind of felt Lee should have known better. Lee was a much more experienced officer than any of his other generals. And I think Washington thought he made mistakes or was overly cautious in ways that he shouldn't have been. Washington at Monmouth (from Wikimedia) CM: Yeah, he did. Washington didn't have the whole story. I told you the story about Scott and Maxwell leaving the field while Lee was going toward battle to attack Cornwallis. Then suddenly he gets word that Maxwell and Scott have left the field. So Washington didn't have the whole story. What Lee should have done was after the battle, have gone to Washington and said, this is what happened. I understand you're upset, but hear me out. And I think that would have smooth things over. But Lee didn't do that. Instead, he got angry, sitting around the campfire listening to all the rumors about him and wrote some nasty letters to Washington. MJT: But it seems like Washington went from thinking Lee as my very best general to I can't work with this man ever again. CM: Well, Lee was the first guy to challenge Washington. The second, I should say. Well, first. Back before he was captured and he wasn't listening to him. Then you had the Conway Cabal at Valley Forge. That was the most serious challenge ever to Washington's leadership. And following that, now you have Charles Lee, challenging him saying who's the best general. And so I think Washington was just fed up with other officers challenging him, especially former British officers. And so Lee always had a reputation for attacking his superiors. And he was very acerbic, generally. So he started a whispering campaign against Washington, when he came to Valley Forge, that Washington knew about it. So I think he was just fed up with Lee at that point. But I have to say, you know, he didn't show his best colors when he allowed this court martial verdict of not attacking and an unwarranted retreat to go through. MJT: So Lee will never return to the army despite being sentenced to only a year suspension. Do you want to explain a little bit about why that happened? British Retreat from Monmouth (Wikimedia) CM: Well, there was some politicking going on in Congress: hey, maybe we should make this suspension permanent. After the Congress approved the verdict, which is a whole chapter in the book. Suddenly, Lee also now is faced with different duels and threats to duels and Lee threatens to duel a South Carolinian congressman. He actually fights a duel with John Laurens. He wrote a blistering nasty letter to Washington, addressing Washington saying why he was such a lousy general. So why would you let Lee back into the army, in that circumstance? There was discussion, maybe we should make the suspension permanent. Some idiot came to leave about the time the year was about to come up and said, oh, they're discussing cutting off your money as a general. And Lee, wrote immediately, impulsively, just wrote a letter to Congress: If you think I care about money, you know, you guys are nuts and you ought to be disgraced. Anyway it was read to Congress, and they voted immediately to suspend him permanently. And then Lee immediately the next day, wrote a letter. Oh, I'm very sorry I wrote that. I was provoked and have a temper. It was too late. MJT: So that was kind of the end of Charles Lee's career. He retires to his estate in Virginia, and, I believe, dies shortly thereafter. CM: Yeah, it wasn't much of a - didn't really have much of an estate. It was a small, decent farm, but he was a lousy farmer. I visited his house. He only lived in about one quarter of it. And he didn't have any dividing walls in his house. He had little chalk lines where the living room should be, and the dining room should be. And finally an insight, alright, being a tobacco farmer is not working out for me. It worked out for Washington, but not for me. So we went to Philadelphia to sell it. He met with Robert Morris, was about to sell it. But then he caught a disease in Philadelphia tavern, and he died in the Philadelphia tavern. He did have a pretty good burial. He was buried at Christ Church, of course, which still exists in Philadelphia, and some impressive dignitaries attended it. But he couldn't afford a gravestone. So a week later, somebody was saying he thought he was walking on where Lee had been buried, but there's no gravestone for him. And later, they were going to put a road in where he had been buried. So they moved his body closer to the church. There is a memorial that a lead biographer, Samuel Patterson did that you can see at the Christ Church in the entrance to the main door. I wouldn't mind seeing a statue to Charles Lee in the Battle of Monmouth Battlefield Park. There's one of von Steuben, who was a distant spectator. Von Steuben deserved it because of his great training of the troops and they fought very well at the battle. But I think Lee ought to have one. Let's have a campaign to get statue for Lee, or at least a boot. You remember how Arnold got a boot? MJT: Certainly Lee's most famous moment if not his best. So I mean, the impression I get from your book is Lee had a lot of personality problems which made problems for him as a general but that he really kind of got a raw deal in the court martial. CM: He was a good general on the field. The problem was most of the time he was not on the field. But he definitely got a raw deal in the court martial. And also the, you know, let's talk about the verdict of history. Most of the popular historians say that he ruined a good chance for a big victory for the Continentals. And he should take the blame. No, that's not what happened. So we ought to not say that anymore, not write it anymore, not quote Charles Scott’s story anymore. Let's get to the real story. MJT: Yeah, I don't think there was ever any thought that they were going to crush the British Army in this battle. CM: No, what Washington wanted to do is to attack the rearguard. He did not want a general action. If you look at his language, he didn't want to risk a general action. But he did want the rearguard to be attacked and give them a nice charge, kind of thing. He wanted to show that the American troops could stand on the battlefield, at least with some of these soldiers. So no, he was not looking for a big general action. MJT: I think he mostly wanted to show off his army and see if all that work they did at Valley Forge training troops paid off or not. Impress some of the politicians who were still thinking what's Washington really ever done for us on the battlefield? CM: Without risking the entire army, as the French were about to show up. MJT: And that was Lee's main concern and Washington's as well, which was, whatever you do, don't get the entire Continental Army captured or even a huge chunk of it, because the French were about to arrive. And that's when we're really going to do something. CM: Right. MJT: With so many of these characters, there's, you know, it's not a black and white issue. Lee did not appear impressive on the battlefield. He didn't do anything gallant, he didn't make a great charge. And I think that's what Washington wanted to see. But at the same time, he did what he thought he had to do, which was protect the army from capture, protect it from becoming a complete disaster. And in that sense, I think he did what he needed to do that day. CM: Yeah, he might have done a charge if Scott and Maxwell had held their ground. That's where he was going. MJT: I think it was Napoleon who said I'd rather have a general who's lucky than good. So much of it comes down to luck. Generals sometimes do really stupid things, and it works out really well. And people say it wasn't that general brilliant for defying convention and trying this maneuver. But it just easily could have gone very badly. And then they would have said, Well, why did this idiot defy convention and try this stupid maneuver? CM I mean, the fact was, Lee never commanded an army of more than a couple thousand men before in battle. This was his first time. So he had learning to do too. MJT: And I don't think he even commanded division in the Continental Army, at least not since he returned from being a prisoner of war, right? He was not permanently in charge of any particular division of the army. CM: He was in Boston. He had the troops at White Plains that he held back, about 4000. But in battle no. He never, even French and Indian War, never commanded more than a few hundred troops. MJT: And when he returned to command at Monmouth, he was, he had been a prisoner for many months. So he really didn't have a familiarity with the officers and men who made up the army at the time, he was basically coming in as a stranger almost to this army. CM: That’s right, that was one of the problems, the communication, definitely a problem. He didn't appreciate that some of these generals were gaining experience, like Nathanael Greene, Anthony Wayne, and some others. MJT: He didn't maintain control of the battlefield and of his field officers like he should have. Now we can say there's good reasons why he couldn't do that. But, in the end, he didn’t. And history will always be rather harsh when you you don't succeed and exceed everyone's expectations on the field. But yeah, it was a really interesting story. And I'm glad we could talk about it. You've worked on a lot of really interesting books. Where do you do most of your research? Does it come from primary sources? or working with a lot of other books? Or where does it come from? CM: Yeah, I try to really rely on primary sources. I think in my Battle of Rhode Island book, I had 136 pages of footnotes, almost all primary sources. But a lot of primary sources you can get these days, because of the internet and books that are out of copyright are on the internet, you can have access to a lot of those in the 1860s to 1920s. There were a lot of journals, written correspondence published, excuse me, journals published. So those are original sources that you can rely on. And also, in this book, of course, I relied a lot on court martial records, and they’re a terrific resource as you really get into the details, and you really get people's thought process, get inside their minds. But there's the standard as well. The William Clements library is a great place for British records officers, then you find stuff all over the place. MJT: So are you working on any new projects these days? CM: I am, but I might have to harm you if I told you. MJT: Oh, okay! One thing I like to do is I like to write books on new subjects that hadn't been written about, you know, I'm not going to write the 10th book on the Battle of Saratoga or the 20th biography of one of the leading generals. So I'd like to write stuff on something new and this new one I have is definitely no one's ever come close to this one so. MJT: Can you least tell us if it's American Revolution related? CM: It is. MJT: Okay, good. Well, we look forward to that then. CM: Thank you. MJT: Well, Christian McBurney, it's been a pleasure to have you today. I really appreciate it. I think this was a really good talk and I appreciate your time. CM: Thank you, Michael. Pleasure to be here. - - - Further Reading: For more on this topic, please read Christian McBurney's latest book: George Washington’s Nemesis: The Outrageous Treason and Unfair Court Martial of Major General Charles Lee during the Revolutionary War. Savas Beatie, 2020. Online Resources: Author website: McBurney explores the history of Rhode Island at his site: Dispatches Podcast, McBurney discusses Charles Lee’s decision to impose an oath of allegiance on the people of Newport, June 28, 2020: Related article about Charles Lee and the Oath at Newport from the Journal of the American Revolution, May 5, 2020: “Colonel Henry Jackson Accused by his Junior officers of Misconduct at the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse” Journal of the American Revolution, Oct. 5, 2020 “Top Ten Quotes of Major General Charles Lee” Journal of the American Revolution, Jan. 20, 2020 “The Battle of Bennett’s Island: The New Jersey Site Rediscovered” Journal of the American Revolution, July 10, 2017: “Was Richard Stockton a Hero?” Journal of the American Revolution, July 18, 2016 “The Culper Spy Ring Was not the First to Warn the French at Newport” Journal of the American Revolution, Dec. 9, 2014: “Ann Bates: British Spy Extraordinaire” Journal of the American Revolution, Dec. 1, 2014: “Why Did a Boston Mob Kill a French Officer?” Journal of the American Revolution, Oct 23, 2014: “Presentation Swords for 10 Revolutionary War Heroes” Journal of the American Revolution, May 16, 2014: “‘Strange Mismanagement’ The Capture of HMS SyrenJournal of the American Revolution, April 10, 2014: “The Experience of New London Tories and Quakers” Journal of the American Revolution, February 17, 2014: “Bushnell’s Mine Nearly Sinks a Ship” Journal of the American Revolution, Feb 4, 2014: “The Plot to Kidnap Schuyler” Journal of the American Revolution, Jan 16, 2014: “Washington Authorizes Plan to Kidnap Future King” Journal of the American Revolution, Jan 8, 2014: “Mutiny! American Mutinies in the Rhode Island Theater of War, September 1778-July 1779.” Rhode Island History, Vol. 69, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2011), pages 47-72 “Cato Pearce’s Memoir: A Rhode Island Slave Narrative.” Rhode Island History, Vol. 67, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2009), pages 3-25. “The South Kingstown Planters: Country Gentry in Colonial Rhode Island.” Rhode Island History, Vol. 45, No. 3 (August 1986), pages 81-93. “The Accidental Killing of Simeon Tucker During the Revolutionary War.” Pettaquamscutt Historical Society newsletter, April 2014. “The Plot to Kidnap Washington, The Brazen Mission that Could Have Changed the Course of the Revolutionary War” MHQ magazine (June 2017, cover article) Other Books by Christian McBurney: (links to unless otherwise noted)* The Rhode Island Campaign: The First French and American Operation in the Revolutionary War, 2011. Kidnapping the Enemy: The Special Operations to Capture Generals Charles Lee and Richard Prescott, 2013. Spies in Revolutionary Rhode Island, 2014 Abductions in the American Revolution: Attempts to Kidnap George Washington, Benedict Arnold and Other Military and Civilian Leaders, 2016. * As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Contact me via email at Follow the podcast on Twitter @AmRevPodcast Join the Facebook group, American Revolution Podcast: Click here to donate You may also donate via VenmoZelle, or popmoney (send to Click here to see my Patreon Page Click here to go to my SubscribeStar Page Signup for our Mail List * indicates required Add your name to the mailing list to win a chance for a free tankard or t-shirt The tankard is a hand-crafted, American-made tankard provided by They offer a wide variety of t-shirts, candles, stoneware mugs, glassware, face coverings, leather journals, banners, and stickers. Liberty and Co’s owner Tyson Franz, is a long time supporter of the podcast and a fellow American Revolution buff. 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It also enables to merge, crop, rotate videos, and add watermarks and effects to videos. If a particular answer is generating a lot of interest on the site today, it may be highlighted in orange. The poem proper is divided into fifteen sections with an envoy. Hello! We've listed any clues from our database that match your search. This will auto divide the given space into 5 equal parts. Search for clues, synonyms, words, anagrams or if you already have some letters enter the letters here using a question mark or full-stop in place of any you don't know (e.g. Advertising ensures that the site free to use. Some of these cookies will send your data to our advertising partners. When you divide something into two equal parts you are halving it. The synonyms have been arranged depending on the number of charachters so that they're easy to find. La pâte fil o doit êtr e divisée e n d ix parts et é ve ntuellement prévoir un e part s … 990 into 3 parts in such a way that half of the first part, one-third of the second part and one-fifth of the third part are … Watch here with audio: "cros...rd" or "he?p"). Learn to divide any line into any number (even or odd) of parts. Divide definition: When people or things are divided or divide into smaller groups or parts, they become... \| Meaning, … I think you may have missed this part “I want to divide this surface into 10 equal parts of 300sqm” which is why I suggest Galapagos, he wants equal areas, not division spacing. To divide a circle into 6 equal parts, start by drawing a line through the center of the circle starting on a point anywhere along the edge and ending at the opposite edge. The remaining towns have been divided between forty-seven that were close to one of the initiating centres, and sixty-one that were remote. How to divide a circle into 7 equal parts The division of circles into equal parts is very convenient for constructing various regular polygons. One obvious objection is that there is evidence from psychology that a person can be divided. Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÑÑ…. I am trying to enlarge an image by cropping portions, enlarging each portion and then printing and taping pages together. It might be possible to divide an irregular hexagon, which does not have equal side lengths, into three equal parts; however, because … Crossword Clue The crossword clue Divide into two parts with 6 letters was last seen on the September 13, 2019.We think the likely answer to this clue is BISECT.Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. The rats were divided into six groups of seven animals each. The coefficient equals the sum of probe 1 signals divided by the sum of probe 2 signals for the entire microarray chip. If you do not agree, you can click "Manage" below to review your options. To divide into 4 parts. Thanks, JotForm Support. On that shape I don’t think there will be another way, and the solutions might not even be linear divisions. We'd just like to take a moment to apologise for the continued delays the site is currently experiencing. I have tried implementing suggestions from a number of other SO questions, but haven't been able to achieve what I need. Where the people cannot be easily divided, a wise ruler treads with caution. EXAMPLES:. Learn more. We use cookies on The Crossword Solver to help our site work, to understand how it is used and to tailor the advertisements shown on our site. The bottom part should size itself to the size of its contents. If you haven't solved the crossword clue To divide into parts yet try to search our Crossword Dictionary by entering … to divide into three parts synonyms and antonyms in the English synonyms dictionary, see also 'dividend',divine',dive',diviner', definition. hey, I'm in need to divide my web page into 2 halves. Understand to divide into three parts meaning and enrich your vocabulary The top part should take the remaining space. We found 4 answers for the crossword clue To divide into parts. to divide into three parts definition in the English Cobuild dictionary for learners, to divide into three parts meaning explained, see also 'divide up',divide and rule',divider',dividend', English vocabulary I only want to separate it into two parts to make it more practical, and more graphically clear, because the form is intended to fill in data from 2 different people. If your word has any anagrams, they'll be listed too along with a definition for the word if we have one. There is no inbuilt feature provided by the MS Outlook that helps to reduce Outlook mailbox size 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007 and other below versions. Divide into parts (5) SEVER: Break off completely (5) Divide by cutting (5) Discontinue, as relations (5) Cut off physically (5) One way to provide a break (5) Cut or cleave (5) Dissolve, as ties (5) Split apart (5) By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. Many translated example sentences containing "divide into parts" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. divide in, divide into, divide in half, divide in two Except for such phrases as divide in half and divide in two, the preposition into is used because divide emphasizes separating, breaking up or cutting up a whole into sections or parts, changing the state or form of something. HOWEVER:o this must not disturb the title that's placed at the beginning of the page. Romance's authorial audience includes both men and women, united in class but divided by gender. Each of these is divided in ten and then each division is subdivided in ten. Divide definition, to separate into parts, groups, sections, etc. That was the only route readily navigable by wagons over the, And sometimes language failures are just that - not a reflection of a deep, Addition, subtraction, multiplication & division. But if you need 3 columns in a row on sm screens then you will face … Browse our dictionary apps today and ensure you are never again lost for words. We are given an array and dividing it into the desired fragments. have have to divide them. This process is often used to teach fractions in school. Related Split Any Video into Parts in One Click. Labour women remained divided on the central issue of women's place in the party. i know it using frames in html,bt how can we do it in jsp. The other half (51 wills) are divided among the remaining 24 preambles. Let's say if you want to show 5 columns in a row on medium screens then you can add class "col-md" on each element. About Divide Into Two Parts . C++ code to divide an array into k number of parts. How do I divide a photo into 4 equal parts and then enlarge each part so standard 8.5 by 11 to print. gemstone. See more. For example, if you use measure command to divide a line of length 9 units in a segment length of 2 units then the line will be divided into four equal parts of 2 unit length but the last segment will be 1 unit in length. Divide the filo pastry into 10 parts, and keep one spare if possible. A third analysis included the factors of patients/controls and educational level (again subjects were divided on a median split). Below is our C++ code that shows how we able to divide our array into k number of parts. Synonym Discussion of divide. There are two ways in which you can break a PST file: Manual Third-party tool Manual Method to Break Oversized PST File. WonderFox HD Video Converter Factory Pro supports almost all video and audio files and can divide video into parts effortlessly while keeping the original quality. Divide A into those numbers equal to a part of C, namely G, H, I. how to divide 1 web page into some parts. There will also be a list of synonyms for your answer. Solutions to Divide big PST file into smaller parts. the left half, will contain a list of all the links and the right half has to contain a description of the page. The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. jonathan. Thanks for visiting The Crossword Solver. Find more ways to say divide, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at, the … i ve tried bt couldnt do it,plz help me with some ex When half and two are used as adjectives, the correct phrasal verb is divide into. Answered on October 27, 2012 at 05:41 PM. my friend told it can b done using div tag. (trisect=3 parts, bisect=2 parts) How do you divide a rectangle into 8 equal parts using only 3 lines? Use the “Crossword Q & A” community to ask for help. The first is divided into five parts, claiming the incorrect interpretation of Article 3(3) of Regulation No 182/2011 and Articles 162 and 164 of Regulation No 1234/2007; second, lack of competence on the part of the Director-General of DG Agriculture and Rural Development to sign the contested regulation; third, which is divided into five parts… First, we are going to divide an array into a fragment and get the position from where we can divide it. This tool is used to divide a number into two parts. how to divide my web page into 2 parts? Hi, Now I need to divide the left into two parts. We're working closely with our server provider and will try to get things back to normal as soon as possible. set or keep apart; "sever a relationship". divide into parts translation in English-French dictionary. Another word for divide. Any criteria or thresholds for dividing centres into low-, medium-, and high-prevalence groups will be arbitrary. Are you looking for more answers, or do you have a question for other crossword enthusiasts? We need to divide the large number into two continuous parts such that the first part is divisible by f and the second part is divisible by s. Examples: Input: num = “246904096” f = 12345 s = 1024 Output: Yes We can divide num into “24680” and “4096” which are divisible by f and s respectively. By clicking "Accept", you agree to us doing so. The expert meeting was divided over the way environmental protection should and could be developed. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. How to use divide in a sentence. Note: This can create issues in case if you want to show 3 columns on any other screen. If something divides two areas…. Add the power of Cambridge Dictionary to your website using our free search box widgets. Cookies help us deliver our services. divide definition: 1. to (cause to) separate into parts or groups: 2. to share: 3. Sorry, and we hope you continue to use The Crossword Solver. The house divided on whether the entire pamphlet should be read. Divide definition is - to separate into two or more parts, areas, or groups. The construction can be performed without a protractor, using only a compass and straightedge. Because it has six axes of symmetry, it is possible to divide a regular hexagon into a number of smaller equal areas, or parts, using the center point and the vertices as reference points. Next, draw two more lines that divide half of the circle into three parts, making sure that the sections are as equal as possible. Considering their effect on proteins, fixatives in general can be divided into two types: "coagulant" or "non-coagulant".
Lost In Translation: Ways in Which Neurodivergent and Neurotypical Social Languages Differ Our behavior and social values are different because the way we think is different. The way we think is different because our moment-to-moment experience of the world is different. In this article, I’ll explain the key ways in which neurotypical and neurodivergent people misunderstand each other. This is a great piece of research-storytelling from the intersections of neurobiology and sociology. I highly relate to all of it. Here are the 8 key ways that are covered: 1. Emotions 2. Empathy 3. Nonverbal Communication and Body Cues 4. Words Mean Things 5. Social Rules 6. A Different Value System 7. Skills and Abilities 8. Reactions to Stress, Pain, and Overwhelm Read the whole thing, and follow the thoughtfully curated links. Check out Trauma Geek for more great articles, including one on “Discovering a Trauma-Informed Positive Autistic Identity”. The Intensive Pattern Dance of Meatspace Relationships: Patterns, Sensory Overwhelm, and Solo Polyamory I feel your patterns with every sense. The ones you’re completely unaware of. All of them. You are drowning me with your patterns and crowding out my own. Pattern clash. Pattern suppression. Pattern overwhelm. Meatspace relationships of any sort are intensive pattern dances done at the terrifying tempo of synchronous, full-sensory real-time. I need daily doses of solitude and regular hibernation intervals to sustainably withstand any other human being. Only in solitude do I have the space to unfurl my patterns, un-beset by the outside, and recline into their regulated peace. Like many other people who aren’t neurotypical, I become exhausted and irritable from too much outside stimuli, like having people around me or trying to make conversation with music on. I’m also not great at picking up on social cues or understanding when someone’s being sarcastic - I use facial expressions to sometimes determine jokes and pretend that I understand them. However, being on the spectrum makes me dive into what I love, and for this reason, even though I’m terrible at school, I’m pretty good at writing and communications. This allows me to work around my social anxiety, leading some people to believe I’m an extrovert. Because I had trouble making friends when I was growing up, I threw myself into learning how relationships work by analyzing and writing about them - and by now I’ve dated my fair share of people and have a number of friends. However, lately I’ve begun to realize that even though I can hide things like exhaustion and irritability by staying out for shorter periods of time, the closer I get to people the more I have to be upfront about what I need. For example, I love my partner and enjoy being around him as much as possible - but as a person with sensory sensitivities, my body says otherwise. If I don’t have enough time to myself without outside stimuli, I start to become burnt out and snap at him. If you’re like me, you’ve tried to avoid getting close to others because you felt it was necessary for you to keep them in your life - but actually, the only way to have fulfilling relationships is to let others in. Source: How Polyamory Helped Me Advocate For My Needs As A Disabled Person \| Thought Catalog Pattern discovery. Pattern sharing. Pattern meld. When not taken exclusively or in excess, another’s patterns are satisfying and necessary. The Sensory Hell of Showering I really hate showering. It’s such a chaotic thing to find yourself in. Aurora gets it. Showering is overwhelming, especially the transitions. It can be sensory hell. Sensory Hell is the opposite of something being stimmy. It is utterly and totally unbearable. Maybe you’re thinking of the classic scenario of the autistic person melting down in a busy grocery store, and it’s true that grocery stores are often considered tools of the devil by autistic people. But anything can be a sensory hell. Source: 7 Cool Aspects of Autistic Culture \| The Aspergian \| A Neurodivergent Collective I need to stim at the thought of showering.
Python 101 - Lesson 4 Python 101 - Lesson 4 11-13 yrs old 14-18 yrs old Computer Science ANIMALS ARE FRIENDS Lists and methods avatar Submitted By: Minecraft Education September 8, 2020 • Creativity • Critical Thinking Learning Objectives • Use lists to simplify solutions, generalizing computational problems instead of repeatedly using simple variables. 3A-AP-14 • Decompose problems and subproblems into parts to facilitate the design, implementation, and review of programs. 2A-AP-13 • Create clearly named variables that represent different data types and perform operations on their values. 2B-AP-11 Guiding Ideas In this lesson the students will learn: - the concept of lists. - how to create lists. - how to use methods with lists. - how to modify and sort lists. - zero-based numbering. - how to use underscores when creating variable and list names. - how to spawn mobs. Tell the students that they need to help CodingMine with the development of their new software that is going to be used by an animal hospital. Veterinarians need help to easily identify and categorize animals, as well as prescribing different treatments and dietary requirements. The students will help in the development of this project by using lists. Student Activities Coding Concepts: - Lists - Zero-based numbering - Methods User Interface. In this lesson the students will: - use the button Q on the keyboard to drop items that they are holding in the hot bar. - see displayed world coordinates in the top left-hand corner. Syntax / Operators: Square brackets [ ], underscore_ Coding activities: (30 min) 1. Activity1: Animal categorizing Explain to the students that the developer needs their help to make a list of animals and then spawn the different animals’ types in their correct pens, at predefined locations. 2. Activity 2: Dietary requirement Explain to the students that the veterinarian needs their help to write some code that will control a food making machine to make food for three different dogs with diverse dietary requirements The first dog will need everything that is already in the list. The second dog will need additional vitamins and the third dog will need the beef removed from the list. Explain to the students that they will need to use two methods to manipulate the list of foods, append and pop. Tell the students that to give the dogs their food they will need to drop it in their bowls. 3. Activity 3: What is the cat's name? Explain to the students that the data scientist needs their help to write a few pieces of code that will use the sort and reverse methods to make changes to a list of cat names that they will be given. The first code has to change the last cats name to shadow. The second code has to sort the cat names alphabetically. The third code has to reverse all of the cat names in the list. The students will then have to create an code to write out a specific cat name in the chat each time, by changing the positional value in the given say command. Then they will have to select that cat from the line-up. Performance Expectations Q. What is a list? A. A list is a collection of strings, numerical values, variables, mobs or items. Q. What do we use instead of spaces when naming a list or variable? A. Underscore. Q. What syntax do you place around a list’s content? A. Square brackets. Q. What four methods can we use with lists? A. Reverse, append, sort, pop. • Creativity • Critical Thinking
fiddle leaf fig in a pot How To Care For A Ficus Lyrata – Fiddle Leaf Fig fiddle leaf fig in a pot It is rarely the case that social media creates a star that is all-natural. But, surprisingly enough, that is just what happened with the Ficus Lyrata. Due to its stunning beauty and simplicity, it was featured on many design blogs and other outlets. Also commonly known as the fiddle leaf fig, its design screams modernity. Since the majority of indoor design and decorations are slim and painted in neutral colors, this plant fits right in. It has leaves that are very large, with a waxy texture and a hypnotic shape that just steals your attention again and again. The same can be said about its elongated, bone-like trunk that just slithers down into the pot. So how do you care for a fiddle leaf fig? They like moderately moist soil, which is good draining soil, sunlight that is bright but not direct. They can thrive on room temperatures all over the world. The same can be said about humidity, it likes normal room humidity. Make sure that you feed them properly during the growing season. Repotting will be necessary as they are rapid and aggressive growers. Keep dogs and cats away from them, since its sap is toxic to them. Overview of Ficus Lyrata This member of the Ficus family is also known by the name Fiddle Leaf Fig or by its scientific name Ficus Pandurata. They are plants that grow aggressively and rapidly. They have big, luscious leaves color dark green. The leaves have a sort of wax like appearance. In the ideal conditions, they can grow up to 10 feet or 3 meters high. They are the natives of West Africa, most commonly found in Cameroon and Sierra Leone. But their tropic roots don’t mean that they won’t thrive in other conditions. It’s quite the contrary infact. They like a wide span of temperatures and are most likely to grow in room temperature, just remember to keep them out of direct sunlight One of the main watchouts though is due to their size and texture. The leaves can get really dusty. Be sure to clean them often enough so that the plant can get enough nutrients from the sun. Ficus Lyrata Care Summary Scientific Name Ficus Pandurata Common Name Fiddle Leaf Fig Tree Origin Western Africa, mainly Cameroon and Sierra Leone Light Requirements Indirect sunlight Watering Doesn’t need much water. Water only if the soil is dry. Sitting water should be taken care of in a day or two Soil Good Draining Soil Temperature Between 12C and 24C (55F to 85F) Fertilizer Mild watery fertilizer, used once or twice a year depending on the soil Humidity Room level of humidity, apart from winter when it can use more Flowering Unlikely indoors, just like the small fig fruits Pruning as soon as you notice deteriorating leaves Propagation Done via stem tip cutting, but not advisable Re-Potting Once a year until it reaches the desired size Pests and Diseases quite many, from mites and aphids to fungal Toxicity Yes. And especially for cats, dogs, and horses Maximum Growth 3 meters or 10 feet People all over the world are trying hard to create the next best thing. The same is true with the ficus plant family in general, but also with the Ficus Lyrata as well. In the case of this plant, growers are focusing on plants that have even bigger, lusher leaves. But they are also trying to breed a plant that has ideal compactness. While the Ficus Lyrata is still the most likely member of this subspecies that you will encounter, there are now new subtypes of this plant. There two subtypes that are the product of the want and need for bigger leaves and more compactness are the Compacta and the Suncoast. This plant will need between 10 and 15 years until it reaches full maturity. Light Requirements As with any other plant, if you don’t get the light just perfect, it could turn from something that rests your eyes to something that is an eyesore. Less is more when it comes to this plant. It thrives when you put it near a window that is not directly in the sunlight. Direct sunlight can only hinder its development and cause problems. How serious could the problems be? Well if you are not careful, direct sunlight can even kill this plant. So remember, bright indirect light or filtered light. Too much darkness can be as harmful as too much light. But don’t worry if it catches a bit of direct sunlight every now and then. It can be helpful. Direct sunlight to this plant is like red wine to people. A bit every day improves health, while a lot destroys us both. You May Also Enjoy: How Fast Do Areca Palms Grow? Watering Requirements It takes a bit of testing to conclude if your Ficus Lyrata needs to be watered. There are no hard or set rules when watering it. You have to press into the soil with your fingers and see if the first few inches of soil are moist enough. If the first layer of soil is still wet, don’t water it, because it might harm your fiddle leaf fig. Water it gently only if the first few inches of its soil is indeed dry. Also, make sure that the water you are using is lukewarm or similar to the air temperature in your home. This plant doesn’t like big temperature swings. Sitting water can also be harmful to the plant. If you notice sitting water, get rid of it in a day or two to avoid potential harm. You should also reduce the amount of watering in the winter to prevent this. Winter is the time when the biggest damage is done to this plant, as most often that happens due to over-watering. Dry soil is easy to fix, but if you overdo it with water, the effects are both hard to fix and severely frustrating. If you notice that leaves are falling off more often than they do usually, the reason could be that the plant lacks water. So check the soil more often and regulate the way you water the plant. But the first sign that your plant lacks water is the discoloring of the leaves. If it lacks water, a bigger and bigger area of the leaves will become brown, deteriorate and finally dry up and fall off. Keep in mind that this plant can be prone to attacks by fungus. For that reason, you would be better of watering it during the morning. The water will be more readily absorbed with the help of the indirect, but strong sunlight. This way it is far less likely that it will sit in the pot and create problems. Plus allowing water to sit in the pot during the night is just asking for trouble. The Ideal Type of Soil The type of soil that is ideally suited for Ficus Lyrata is some sort of draining potting soil. Make sure that the soil is of the best quality you can get. We would suggest you invest in a type of soil that has a mixture of part bark and perlite. Ideal Temperature Unlike some plants, the Ficus Lyrata has a wider range of temperatures that fit it. But since it has tropical roots, that temperature range is still considered warm or mild. It can grow in a temperature range between 12C and 24C. In Fahrenheit that is between 55F and 85F. Any temperature below or under that range will only slowly but surely destroy this stunning green wonder. Another key piece of advice, never position them near some sort of air conditioner or ventilation vent. If you are experiencing leaves that are much softer than it is in its usual form, the plant is probably suffering from a temperature that is too low for it to thrive. Make sure that you do not open the window close to the plant during winter. Any sudden shift in temperature, especially if its a draft of sudden, icy, dry winter air will severely damage it. Picking the Fertilizer It does not require a lot of fertilization. In the face of Ficus Lyrata care, fertilization is needed once or perhaps even twice a year. If the soil you have planted it in is of a rich, and well-drained variety it will probably need to be fertilized twice per year. The ideal kind of fertilizer is any sort of mild, watery fertilizer. But, if the plant is still young and growing you might want to add more fertilizer. In most cases, for a young plant, you want a diluted water fertilizer used every month or two during spring and summer. The Right Amount of Humidity Because of its tropical, West African roots the plant might be better suited with a bit more humidity than your average plant. In most living conditions, the normal, room humidity is enough. But if you live in a climate that requires a lot of heating during autumn and winter, be sure to move the plant to a room that is not going to fluctuate in temperature too much. You May Also Enjoy: Most Common Kentia Palm Problems \| Prevention tips Also be sure to add more humidity if you keep the Ficus Lyrata in a heavily heated room during winter or late autumn. The simplest way to go about that is to mist the leaves with water that is close to room temperature. If the humidity levels are not high enough, the leaves will change color, become brown and start to dry off. Of course, too much can also bring its problems. If the levels are too high you might get mold like problems in the soil and root of the plant itself. While this kind of plant produces both flowers and fruits in the wild, it rarely happens indoors. But in the case that you take especially great care of this stunning plant might surprise you in the shape of white flowers. Each flower has five to six petals as white as snow. In some cases, the petals can also have a second dye of color. The second color is usually yellow. If you manage to flower yours, be sure to tag us on instagram to show off your gardening skills with the hashtag #IndoorHomeGarden. While it is possible to propagate this plant with stem tip cutting it isn’t really advisable. It is a difficult process and it would be far better to just buy a plant. The vast majority of people who consider themselves commercial growers use a method called tissue culture. In a way, it is as close to cloning a plant that you will get. This ensures that the plants that they create are far more superior to what your average, at-home amateur grower would be able to create. So if you are in the dilemma between buying and propagating, we would advise you to buy, because it is highly unlikely that you will create a plant as good as the ones that you can get at your flower market. But if you see it as a challenge you would like the try and conquer this is how you should go about propagating the Ficus Lyrata. Cut the stem tip cuttings. Add rooting hormone to the cut pieces. Replant to another pot. To increase the chances of the new plant and its growing you will need to heat the pot from the bottom. Air layering is another type of propagation used to create new Ficus Lyrata plants. But that might be a challenge too hard even for the best indoor, amateur grower. As with other plants that have big, dark leaves, with a sort of shiny, meaty look, you will need to clean them on a regular basis. Due to the size and texture of the leaves, they will collect dust like a vacuum machine. This is, of course, bad because that much dust accumulation can block out the indirect sunlight and rob the plant from a lot of key nutrients. The dustier your plant gets the less likely it is to grow to its full beauty and potential. Use a mildly damp cloth and clean every single leaf until they are completely dust-free. Depending on the amount of dust in your living space, be sure to clean the leaves once or twice every month. Re-Potting Ficus Lyrata The ficus plant family are all very aggressive root growers. And in general, this plant, if taken care of properly, grows very fast. That is why you will probably need to re-pot it every single year. Do so until you are happy with its size, or until you simply can’t afford, or lack the space for a bigger plant container. When the plant becomes large, and you have re-potted it in the final, largest pot you can manage, be sure to take more care of the soil. When you stop repotting it, you will need to exchange the majority of the top layer of soil once every year. Considering the fact that this plant needs more than ten years to fully grow and become a mature plant, you better stack up on pots, because you will most certainly be needing them in the years to come. Spring is the ideal time for re-potting every year. Most Important Planting Tips For The Ficus Lyrata The first tip is to take it easy with your new plant. The plant doesn’t need much attention. That is especially the case the first few days after you buy it and take it back home with you. Don’t over trim or overwater the plant right away. Be patient with it and do things only when you have to. Learn as much as you can about this sensitive plant and use that knowledge accordingly. Never let your whims govern the way you treat a plant. You May Also Enjoy: Is Misting Good for Indoor Plants? Don’t re-pot it too quickly, or just because you dislike the pot in which you bought it. Water and fertilizer are not the ultimate cure for the plant. If you experience some sort of problem with the plant, carefully consider all the possible causes and act accordingly. Adding or subtracting water and fertilizer on a whim, without knowing what the real problem with the plant really is, can only do more harm than good. The plant does not need a lot of water, but don’t let the soil dry out too much. Soil that has been dried too much will not absorb water the way it should. This will make the Ficus Lyrata care much more taxing and demanding. Diseases and Pests The fiddle fig leaf tree can be attacked and damaged by the usual suspects. The pests that attack it are aphids, mealy bugs, scale, mites, whiteflies, but if you take proper care of your Ficus Lyrata the chances that you will have to deal with any of those troublesome pests is as close to zero as it could be. If you do encounter them, treat them with a solution that is not as aggressive. The fewer chemicals the better since the plant itself is on the gentler, more sensitive side. If you want a natural solution, introducing ladybugs could be a great idea. They are safe, won’t harm the plant and kids love them. For those unfamiliar, we will examine some of those pests and the negative effects that they have on your plant. Aphids – They are small, usually red or pink insects that attack the sap of the plant. If your plant is growing at a slower rate, if it has leaves that are full of brown or golden yellow spots, or if there is a lot of leaves that are wilting, you are probably having problems with aphids. Mealybugs – One of the smallest pests that can attack the Ficus Lyrata. They are more likely to attack the plant because they thrive in similar conditions. If you are prone to overwatering your plant and letting that water sit overnight then it is more likely that you will experience an attack by this pest on your plant. The surefire sign that they have infested your plant are yellow leaves that fall of the plant quickly. Whiteflies – Smaller than aphids, but love to target the exact same part of the plant – the sap. They can be hard to get rid of. If left untreated, they will cause all the leaves of your ficus to fall off. The best way to get rid of them is with special traps or neem oil. How Much Light Does It Need? The plants thrive in sunlight, but not in direct sunlight. A room full of sunlight, with the plant not facing it directly, is as close as you can get to its native conditions of West Africa. Is Ficus Lyrata an Indoor Plant? The Ficus Lyrata is not an indoor plant originally. But after a few generations of cultivating it is not steadily becoming one of the most popular indoor plants in the world. That is mostly due to its stylish looks that fit with all kinds of interior design. Is Ficus Lyrata Poisonous to Cats? Sadly yes. The plant can irritate both eyes and skin if you are exposed to it. It is also poisonous for humans. Is Ficus Lyrata Poisonous to Dogs? It is also poisonous to dogs, as well as a cat. Cats and dogs are always considered opposites, but when it comes to this plant, it can be potentially deadly to both of them. If a dog or a cat eats the sap of this plant they will probably be poisoned. Is Ficus Lyrata Poisonous to Other Pets? If you are keeping a pet bird, for example, it will be safe since the poison from the sap won’t have the same effect it had on the dog or cat. There are no concluding results if it affects horses or not. Leave a Reply
kids encyclopedia robot Pennsylvania Lumber Museum facts for kids Kids Encyclopedia Facts Quick facts for kids Pennsylvania Lumber Museum Pennsylvania Lumber Museum visitor center.jpg Visitor center Location Ulysses Township, Potter County, Pennsylvania, USA Nearest city Galeton, Pennsylvania Governing body Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission The Pennsylvania Lumber Museum is near Galeton, Potter County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It documents the history and technology of the lumber industry that was a vital part of the economic development and ecological destruction of Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Lumber Museum conducts tours of the grounds, educational workshops and classes. It also hosts the occasional Lumberjack competition. Brief history of the lumber industry in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Lumber Museum saw mill and log pond Saw mill and log pond Prior to the arrival of William Penn and his Quaker colonists to Pennsylvania in 1682, it has been estimated that up to 90% of Pennsylvania was covered with over 20 million acres (80,000 km²) of woods that consisted of a variety of white pine, Eastern hemlock, and a mix of hardwoods. Over 300 years later nearly all of the once enormous landscape of old-growth forest is gone. The forest near the early settlements in Philadelphia, Bucks, Delaware and Montgomery Counties were the first to be harvested as the early settlers used the readily available timber to build homes, barns and ships and to clear land for farming purposes. The demand for lumber slowly increased and by the time of the American Revolution the lumber industry had reached the interior and mountainous regions of Pennsylvania. Incredibly tall and straight trunks of white pine and hemlock were lashed together on rafts and floated down the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers to Baltimore and Philadelphia for use as masts on all sorts of sailing ships. Some of the early pioneers saw business opportunities in the forests surrounding their new homes and they opened water powered sawmills along the banks of creeks like the Loyalsock, Lycoming and Larrys Creek. Lumber soon became one of the leading industries in Pennsylvania. In addition to constructing homes and ships the trees of Pennsylvania were used to furnish fuel to heat homes, tannin for the many tanneries that were spread throughout Pennsylvania, wood for furniture and barrel making, large areas of trees were harvested by colliers to fire the iron furnaces of Cornwall, Greenwood and Pine Grove, rifle stocks and shingles were made as were a wide variety of household utensils, the first Conestoga wagons were built using the abundant supplies of lumber that were growing on the hillsides and in the valleys of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Lumber Museum engine house Engine house The Pennsylvania lumber industry became a massive enterprise beginning in the middle part of the 19th century. Experienced lumbermen from New England like John Leighton and James Perkins arrived at Williamsport along the West Branch Susquehanna River in 1846. The oversaw the construction of the Susquehanna Boom. A boom is a chain or line of connected floating timbers extended across a river, lake, or harbor (to obstruct passage or catch floating objects). The Susquehanna Boom was in operation for over 50 years and it processed over 5.5 billion board feet (13 million m³) of lumber from 1861 to 1891, which led to Williamsport, Pennsylvania having more millionaires per capita than any other city at the time. The introduction of the steam train to the mountains of Pennsylvania brought about another change in Pennsylvania's lumber industry. The white pine forests had been largely harvested by this time and the lumbermen now sought to gather the vast stands of hemlock. Railroad companies like the Jersey Shore, Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway opened and built tracks into parts of the mountains that had been previously impossible or too difficult to access. The railroads were able to remove more trees faster than the old system floating logs downs creeks and rivers. As a result the decline of the old growth forest was increased. In addition to rapidly removing the timber sparks and embers tossed out by the passing steam engines would land on the side of the railroads. These sparks set off massive forest fires that devastated the saplings that had risen up to take the place of the old growth forests. The beginning of the end of the lumber industry in Pennsylvania had arrived with the steam trains and other steam powered equipment, but this was not before the rise of many lumber "boom towns" that once peppered the Pennsylvania mountains. The Beaver Mill Lumber Company in Centre County became one of the largest single lumber operations in all of Pennsylvania. Beaver Mills and Antes, two lumber boom towns, dramatically changed the landscape in the Black Moshannon Area in Centre County. Beaver ponds were wiped out by a mill ponds, built to serve the needs of Beaver Mills and Antes. Both communities featured a large general store, blacksmith shops, a livery, taverns, schools and even a ten-pin bowling alley. The school is still standing today. The area helped to meet the nation's need for timber in mining operations, construction and railroads. This boom era was not to last, and by the 1920s all the trees were gone. Once the trees disappeared, the people were soon to follow. They moved to West Virginia and the Great Lake States. The lumbermen left behind a barren landscape that was devastated by erosion and wildfires. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania bought the thousands of acres of deforested and burned land from the lumber companies. The state began the massive project of reforesting the land with the help of the Civilian Conservation Corps. The old growth forests of hemlock and white pine have been replaced by a thriving second growth forest of hardwoods. kids search engine Pennsylvania Lumber Museum Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
Body temperature change may trigger sudden cardiac death The soccer player who drops dead in the middle of a game, or the infant who dies during sleep is often a victim of . Sudden cardiac death has several causes, including inheritable mutations in our DNA affecting structure and function of proteins in the heart. Simon Fraser University professor Peter Ruben found when studying the proteins that underlie electrical signaling in the heart, and subjecting those proteins to conditions that are similar to the stress of exercise, in some cases, temperature can cause changes that trigger arrhythmia. According to Ruben, a professor in the Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology (BPK), when muscle cells in our hearts contract rhythmically and in a well-coordinated way, the heart efficiently pumps blood throughout our bodies. When the rhythmic pumping action is disrupted by an arrhythmia, our hearts can no longer distribute blood. In extreme cases, this leads to sudden cardiac death. He adds: "The behind muscle contraction is produced by tiny protein molecules in the membrane of our heart cells. Temperature fluctuations modify the way all proteins behave, but some DNA mutations can make proteins especially sensitive to changes in temperature." Ruben's team found a protein that is far more sensitive to temperature than normal. When normal body temperature goes up for example, during exercise, or goes down during sleep, the affected protein no longer functions normally. The disrupted function causes the electrical signal in our heart to become erratic, triggering an arrhythmia and, potentially, sudden . "For many years, we have studied sodium channels, the proteins in our hearts that produce electrical signals. An earlier study of ours found that temperature changes are a trigger for some seizure disorders. We imagined that are like seizures and wondered whether they might share the same triggers." Ruben notes that with this new knowledge, people can examine their family histories and, if is part of that family history, or if they suffer from unexplained fainting, they can seek medical advice. Through a combination of electrocardiograms, genetic screening, and lifestyle management, some tragic deaths caused by cardiac arrhythmia may be prevented. Explore further Researchers uncover how a faulty gene can trigger fatal heart condition Journal information: Journal of Physiology Citation: Body temperature change may trigger sudden cardiac death (2015, July 15) retrieved 16 May 2021 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-07-body-temperature-trigger-sudden-cardiac.html Feedback to editors User comments
Algae, Which You Know From Pond Scum, Could Be the Food of the Future These tiny plants are nutritious, semi-delicious, and good for the planet “W“We live in a world where both the number of hungry and the number of obese people is rising,” Evan Fraser tells OneZero. As the research chair on global food security at the University of Guelph, Fraser spends a lot of time thinking about how and what we’ll eat in the future given this present dilemma, and he thinks one solution might already be growing naturally in ponds and lakes. The United Nations estimates that more than across the world experienced acute hunger and malnutrition in 2018, even as of food, a third of the total produced for human consumption, is wasted every year. This problem will likely only get worse: Crop yields are expected to decrease progressively because erosion is depleting our soil, and rising temperatures and extreme weather are turning fertile lands into desert. Meanwhile, the demand for resource-intensive foods like vegetable oils and meat is expected to keep rising as the world population grows. We need food that’s nutritious and can be grown sustainably on a large scale. Enter algae: These aquatic plants, which lie at the bottom of the food chain, are rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They can withstand high temperatures and even grow in saltwater. And by absorbing carbon dioxide from their surroundings, they help greatly reduce our carbon footprint on the planet. In their raw form, algae taste like grass. But when processed properly, they can be converted into a number of healthy and delicious food additives. Scientists are betting they’ll be the food of the future — if humans can be convinced to eat something they associate with green slime. We need a food that’s nutritious and can be grown sustainably at a large scale. Enter algae. To illustrate this possibility, Fraser refers to a startup in Hamilton, Ontario called , which uses waste carbon dioxide and heat from a large steel-manufacturing facility nearby to produce protein-rich algae like chlorella and spirulina. The algae are grown inside large bioreactors that draw carbon dioxide from the factory through a process that’s mostly autonomous and requires minimal supervision. Algae can be integrated into our food system in several different ways, like algae-based drink powders, processed food such as breakfast bars, and, for those who’d rather not eat it, in the form of livestock feed. Traditional feed sources like corn and soybean are very energy-intensive to produce, and replacing them with algae, which requires far less energy to grow, can help reduce the environmental footprint of livestock. Image courtesy of Pond Tech isn’t the only startup betting on algae. Located in the deserts between Texas and New Mexico, a startup called uses rows of saltwater ponds supplied by underground aquifers to grow a strain of microalgae — which is only visible to the naked eye in large numbers — called . Eneko Ganuza Taberna, iWi’s vice president of research and development, tells OneZero that the company’s large-scale “algaculture” farms are designed to “take resources that many may see as waste and turn them into high-quality food and nutrients.” It uses infertile land that cannot be used for farming and saltwater to grow algae across shallow open ponds that maximize their exposure to sunlight. In addition to being rich in essential and branched-chain amino acids, nannochloropsis produces eicosapentaenoic acid, an easily absorbed omega-3 fatty acid, says Taberna. It also grows easily in saltwater habitats, making it ideal for iWi’s business model. However, the company’s approach to growing algae in on outdoor fields instead of in a lab presents its own list of hurdles. By replicating algae’s natural habitat, iWi aims to grow the algae as organically as possible. As with other plants, algae is vulnerable to pests, but nannochloropsis likes to grow in conditions unsuitable for the growth of many other microbes, making pest control without herbicides or pesticides less of a challenge. Still, the company must consistently monitor their produce and employ strategies like pH regulation to keep invasive microbes at bay. Harvesting these microscopic organisms without wasting too much water or energy also presents a challenge. iWi uses a hollow fiber membrane to trap while releasing the bulk of water back into the system to prevent wastage. The entire harvesting process is completed using gravity and requires almost no additional energy input. “My feeling is that finding new solutions… is essential to making sure that the future is well-fed.” Other companies getting into the algae business include , a Los Angeles-based startup that produces protein bars made entirely out of plant-based ingredients like algae, and Thrive, a Dutch startup making culinary oil from microalgae to be used as a healthier alternative for vegetable and olive oils. Thrive claims its oil is rich in healthy monounsaturated fats. There is also Algatek, a Spanish company developing . These companies are all looking to monetize on a sustainable business trend that could very well end up helping the planet immensely. But Fraser and other experts are cautiously optimistic about the value of these startups. “With rising demands and climate change, added to which are a number of complex issues affecting equity and distribution, my feeling is that finding new solutions — new ways of producing food, better distribution systems, and work on poverty and gender equality in economically marginal parts of the world — is essential to making sure that the future is well-fed,” Fraser says. As with all foods, the way the algae is grown and cultured is important in determining how sustainable the process truly is. Freelance journalist, science and technology. Get the Medium app
Trout Torque or Thoughts on playing fish The effects of angles on torque and force, or what you really need to know about physics if you are to play fish more effectively There is a little exercise that I have almost all of my clients experiment with on the river. It is a very useful one for everyone to try, if you wish to better understand what happens when you strike into a fish or are playing a fish. It also helps one better understand the forces that are applied. The reason I do this is because we fish, for the most part, very small flies (#18 and #20) with limited hook holding ability and very thin nylon tippet, with limited breaking strain. Understanding how hard you can fight the fish is crucial in the battle between snapping off or landing the fish as quickly as practical. The idea is that one person pretends to be the angler and the other pretends to be the fish. “The fish”, simply holds the fly or a knot in the leader between thumb and forefinger a couple of rod lengths away from “The Angler”. The angler holds the rod up at approximately 90° to the line and rotates it backwards with the hand as though playing a fish with a full bend in the rod. The “fish” will notice that the amount of force applied is actually minimal, even though the angler is giving it his or her all. Then the angler drops the rod tip towards “the fish” and applies the same rotational force (torque) and now “The Fish” can clearly feel the additional force produced. Dropping the rod further (increasing the angle) the force applied to the line is even greater still and usually at this point the line snaps. (It is very valuable to then swap roles so that the clients get the picture of what it feels like at both ends, fish and angler) I have repeated this exercise with numerous clients and virtually everyone is astounded by how little pressure is applied when the rod tip is held high and the rod fully bent. Experiments have shown that you cannot break 8x tippet (approximately 2lb breaking strain) with a #6 rod when the force is applied in such a manner, that is with a 90° angle between rod and line. Instinctively we know that as the rod drops and the angle of attack changes so does the force applied, plus of course you lose much of the cushioning effect of the bend in the rod. In fishing situations this is often clearly demonstrated when the line snaps or the hook pulls out. Fishing for trout with light line, a high rod provides the least pressure on the tippet and hook hold, but fishing for GT’s in the surf (and using strong enough tippet to allow it) it is far more effective to play the fish with the rod tip low and the angle wide, providing maximum pressure on the fish. But what really happens to the force on the line as the angle changes, and anyway which angle? Which Angle? I was wondering which angle was the important one in terms of working out the force and torque; in the above diagram is it angle A, B or C? It turns out that if you solve the force for a set torque, you can solve for B or C and get the same answer. I am very grateful to Gary Glen-Young here, because he has a superior mathematical brain to mine and helped check the figures, he suggested that there may be potential error but it turns out one can solve for either angle and get the same answers. (Technically, if you want the least pressure on the line, the ideal position would be to have angle C at 90 degrees) If in the next diagram I solve for both angle B and C, I get the same answer so in essence it doesn’t matter which one you use. The angles are different but so are the lengths of the “ imaginary rods” in the equation. Solving for Angle B (45 degrees) Force = Torque /( sine Θ x Effective Rod Length) = Torque/ (0.70710678 x 3) = Torque/ 2.1213 Solving for Angle C (90 degrees) Force = Torque/ (SineΘ x Effective Rod Length) = Torque/ (1 x 2.1213) = Torque / (2.1213) For most of this article I have solved for angle A, simply because it made things easier, if when you are fishing you think that imagining the angle C is better for you, that’s just fine, makes no difference. Just note that for angle C, the imaginary rod extends from your hand directly to the rod tip, it isn’t the angle of the rod tip itself that’s important. It is worth noting that the rod/line angle can change for a number of different reasons. The angle the rod is held The distance to the fish (amount of line out) If the angler extends his arms upwards The length of the rod The effective length of the rod (Bendiness of the rod if you will) For any given rod position, the rod / line angle increases as the fish gets further away, decreases as the fish gets closer. Roughly speaking, if you drop the rod from perpendicular to the line, to 45° and maintain the same rotational force with your rod hand, you increase the force on the fish by around 40%. But the maths can be deceiving, initially loss of some angle say from 90° to 80° doesn’t make a lot of difference, but the figures are not linear. For every degree of angle lost the additional force that you are applying gets rapidly worse. Entering dangerous ground because I am a long way from a mathematician, but I am going to do my best to explain what goes on. The first obvious thing to me is that (and for the present we are going to forget that the rod bends), the longer the rod the greater the leverage disadvantage to the angler. If you can only apply so much rotational force (Torque) to the rod handle with one hand the longer the rod the less force you are able to apply to the line. So firstly, what happens to the pressure on the line, given the same torque but different angles? What the graph demonstrates is that the relationship is not linear. The blue line shows percentage increase with changing rod /line angles. As that angle moves away from 90° it initially doesn’t make too much difference to the force applied to the line, but as the angle changes more, the change in force on the line jumps up exponentially for the same torque. By the time the rod is near to pointing down the line the force applied has almost doubled. What does that look like in real life? What does that look like in table form? The table below uses a rod length of ten feet (3.05 metres), (rod bend is ignored for the purposes of this table). Torque has been set at 10 Newton Meters (Experimentation with two different lengths of rigid pole suggested that the maximum torque I could generate with one hand was between 10 and 11 Newton Metres. The force on the line has been calculated based on the equation F= Torque / (sineθ x Effective Rod Length (d)), where d is calculated as sine of the angle multiplied by the rod length. Whilst the change in force was expected the numbers seemed low, it would mean that you could barely break 7x (about 3lb BS) tippet with a ten foot rod, held at almost any angle. It didn’t make sense, even though I know that breaking line when using the rod properly is pretty hard. So I re-ran the calculations for my 9ft four weight (because if I busted it whilst experimenting it wasn’t such a big deal as some of the other rods). If my 9ft four weight didn’t bend I would get the following table. As expected the slightly shorter rod provided more pulling power, but still barely enough to break 7x tippet, how could that be? So I went out into the garden and bent the four weight about as much as I could with one hand. Roughly measuring the deflection I got a nominal rod length when fully bent of only 1.6 metres. So I ran the table again, using a nominal rod length of 1.6 metres and a torque of 10 newton metres, this is what that looked like: The force numbers had now climbed even further, ( almost double compared to the figures for a rigid rod) , and it would seem that even then if I was really pushing things , with the rod at 90 degrees to the line I still wouldn’t be able to break 7x tippet. Not entirely trusting my limited maths skills I took the #4 weight into the garden, rigged up and pulled, it turned out I couldn’t break the line, not with the rod at 90 degrees to the line, not even at 120 degrees to the, in fact I couldn’t break the tippet even if I dropped the rod and opened up the angle to 150 degrees. So the next step was to unleash my 9 ft #10 weight rod, dusted it off (it hasn’t seen water for a while), and rigged that up.What would you know? Keeping a good 90 degree angle between the line and the rod I gave it my all, and guess what? I simply couldn’t break the tippet. With me, sometimes things can get a bit silly and I just couldn’t believe the numbers, so I figured if I was right I wouldn’t be able to break 7 x (3 lb) tippet with a broom handle, yes a real one with the brush on the end. As it turned out I could break the tippet with the broom handle, JUST!! But look at the numbers, the broom handle from tip to my hand was about 0.8 metres, according to my tables then I should get a maximum force at 90 degrees of about 12.5 Newtons or 2.8 pounds. I did break the tippet but had marks on my rod hand from doing so and I think that the result was more a function of the short length of the handle than its stiffness. The point is that leverage, rod bend and rod length seriously affect how hard you can pull on a fish, and that is not anywhere near as hard as most of us assume. Bear in mind that these figures are estimates, I don’t know exactly how much torque you can apply to a fishing rod for sure, the 10 Newton Metres seems a fair estimate based on my experimentation, and I think that it does serve to offer a picture of what happens when you are playing a fish and probably gives a reasonable guideline as to where you want to be holding the rod if you are trying to protect fragile tippet, or for that matter if you are trying to apply maximum force. So let’s look at a typical on stream scenario. Our happy angler hooks a fish, it isn’t too far away . Our angler is giving it his all holding the fish, but the pressure he is applying is well within the bounds of his tippet strength. But now the fish makes a run for it, instead of giving line the angler holds tight, as he is already applying the maximum torque that he can, the only option is that the rod gets pulled downwards, increasing the angle θ. The pressure on the line, without the angler feeling anything different has jumped from 0.75 lb to 0.899 lbs. That’s a 20% increase but of course he is still well withing the breaking strain of his gear. and remember that as far as the angler can feel he is applying exactly the same amount of torque. Determined not to lose the fish he gallantly holds on, remember that he is incapable of applying more torque with his one hand and if the fish runs further the rod will inevitably be pulled down and the angle will become even greater. Now things are getting more risky and heading for disaster fast, the pressure on the line has jumped from an initial .75 lbs to 1.47 lbs, (pretty much a 100% increase) and yet to the angler it feels as though he is applying the same force, remarkably even now the tippet isn’t bound to break , but a sudden pull dragging the rod down a fraction more and it is likely the tippet will break. What would have been a better option would have been to let line slide through his fingers of off the reel (assuming the drag isn’t set too tight) and reset the angle of the rod that would offer more protection to the tippet.. Bear in mind that for ease of calculation the above figures assume that the rod doesn’t bend, in reality the figures are likely to be about twice as high if the rod bends fully. Keeping the rod up is an overly simple answer: As a young angler I was always told to “keep the rod up” or “give it the butt”, but depending on the situation the high rod tip isn’t necessarily the right answer. Let’s think of another scenario, you are now fishing from a boat, you hook a fish and it starts to dive. Initially the rod/ line angle is 50° and you are still in a fairly good position. Determined to keep the rod up you allow line to slip through your fingers as the fish heads for the depths, diving beneath the boat. But our angler has made things worse, the acute angle of the line to the rod means that pressure on the line will jump the moment he grabs the line, plus he has given up almost all of the shock absorbing benefits of the rod, he will most likely lose the fish. Even had he held on tight and simply allowed the rod to be pulled down he would have been better off. In this instance, allowing the rod to be pulled down is an advantage, because it has improved the angle of line to rod and reduced pressure on the tippet. So each scenario has to be assessed based on the angle of the rod to the line and not a lot else. That may mean giving line, or it may mean hanging on. NOTE: Up to this point all the diagrams and calculations have been based on the rod not bending. Of course in real life the rod does bend, and we shall see that when the rod bends the force applied to the line will be higher, even considerably higher depending on how much the rod does in fact bend. So the figures above are not real, but they offer an illustration of what happens when rod angles change. Paradoxically these figures also show that but for shock, on a steady pull you wouldn’t be able to break the lightest nylon on a really stiff pole. What about rod bend? As the rod bends it shortens the effective rod length this has an effect on the force applied by the same torque, contrary to what you might think, the force on the line jumps up. One instinctively imagines that a softer (more bendy) rod, will land fish less quickly and apply less pressure than a stiff one. That is at least what a lot of people seem compelled to discuss when they see anglers with lightweight gear. People will tell you that it is “unsporting” or “unfair” to fish with gear that they consider “too light”. These calculations suggest that this is fallacy , you are likely to be able to put more pressure on a fish with a shorter more bendy rod than with a long stiff one (assuming that you keep the same angles) I suppose that instinctively we understand that the longer the effective length of the rod,( and recognizing that the more a rod bends effectively the shorter it gets) we can see that you are at less of a leverage disadvantage with the shorter rod and thus should be able to apply more force. That is borne out in the calculations. If Force= Torque/Length, the effective shortening of the lever would give one more force on the line. In the diagram below I have simply assumed the rod angle that provides the least force for a given amount of torque, that is an angle of 90°. In the first instance the rod is assumed not to bend at all and has a length of 10ft (3.05 metres) In the second scenario the rod bends reducing its effective length by 1.1 metres, that has the effect of increasing the pressure applied for the same torque by pretty much 50%. Let’s look at a couple of examples to be sure that the same is true with the rod at more of an angle.: What if we solve for the alternative vector, between the butt and the rod tip, will we still get the same answer? Solve for alternative vector d and alternative angle x So we get the same answer, higher than with an unbending rod, but still quite a moderate amount of force,given that we do break tippet when applying maximum force, particularly at low rod tip positions it can only be that the rods are perhaps bending more than we imagine. If that is true, and I am pretty convinced that it is, then softer more bendy rods actually allow you to apply more pressure than stiffer ones, with the added advantage that being more flexible they also offer better tippet protection in the event of sudden surges from the fish. In other words, were tippet strength not an issue, you could apply far more pressure with a short soft actioned rod than you could with a long stiff one. To my mind, there are two significant things which affect how much pressure you can put on the fish, the limitation of the amount of torque you are capable of applying and the tippet strength. We have seen, from the calculations earlier on, that you can apply almost any amount of pressure depending on at what angle the rod is to the line. If you are a relative weakling and can’t apply much torque you can change that angle to put more pressure on the fish. If you are a bit of a bully you can keep the angle close to 90° and stop yourself from popping the tippet. So the real limit, given that you understand the physics, is simply the strength of the tippet. One can see that in real life, a trout angler with 8 x tippet will play fish with the rod at a close to 90° angle. Someone battling a Giant Trevally on the flats, with 150 lb test leader, will be incapable of holding the rod at anything but the shallowest angle and will be able to apply maximum pressure with the rod low because the tippet will take the strain. Below is a chart based on a torque of 10 Newton Metres with varying rod lengths, that could be actually shorter rods or rods that become effectively shorter because they bend. Either way, rather like the first table, the results are quite remarkable, relatively small changes in rod length make for relatively large changes in pressure applied. In reality, shorter rods behave in exactly the same way as changing rod angles, the reduction in the “effective length” of the rod provides more force on the line for the same amount of torque on the handle. Final conclusions: In reality the amount of torque we can apply through the rod handle is limited (assuming you are using one hand). Control of the amount of force on the line then is limited to the angle of the rod to the line To protect fine tippets it is best to keep the angle as close to 90° as possible To apply maximum force, if your tippet will allow it, it is better to have the angle far more oblique. Softer rods actually allow you to apply more force for the same rod angle because they bend more and get effectively shorter. Long stiff rods allow you to apply less force than short or softer ones for the same rod angle. There is no reason to suppose that softer rods apply less pressure or tire fish less effectively than stiff ones, in fact it seems likely that the opposite is true. In a practical sense, not only do you apply more force when the rod bends, but you have more cushioning from sudden shocks, so you can operate closer to maximum without breaking the nylon. You can apply more torque and thus more force if you move you hand up the rod (take care you don’t break it). You can also add more torque and thus force by using both hands, transforming the leverage effects and the torque applied. You will also add more force if you use a fighting butt because you change the leverage effect. You should be extra careful when the fish is close (during netting) as chances are force will increase and the hook hold may pull out. The real limitation of how much pressure you can apply fundamentally lies with the tippet strength. If all of the above is true, why is it that we still on occasion break off fish? I can only think that the main culprits are: Shock and inertia on a sudden take Allowing the rod tip to be pulled down Poor knots, wind knots and such. There seems to be plenty of evidence that using the rod properly it should be almost impossible to break off fish on even light line, and suggestions that one cannot play fish as robustly or land them as quickly with light gear don’t seem to hold true. What is true , is that at the end of the day your tippet strength is the single most important factor in how much pressure you can actually apply to a fish. 3 Responses to “Trout Torque or Thoughts on playing fish” 1. Craig Thom Says: I completely get what you are torquing about. Brilliant 2. paracaddis Says: Thanks Craig, glad that you enjoyed it 3. Line Control \| The Fishing Gene Says: […] a previous post “Trout Torque” I discussed in depth the pressures and forces applied when playing fish. 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UP - logo Celotno besedilo Recenzirano Odprti dostop • Grbovi hrvatskoga plemstva ... Peić Čaldarović, Dubravka Povijesni prilozi, 2006 31 Journal Article In this article author examines two important aspects of heraldic sources from the historical Croatian lands. First one is authentic or traditional aspect that tries to explain original impulses for the use of the coats of arms and clarify the meaning of heraldry barring in mind the culture and every day life of medieval people. The second one is so called “monumental” or modern aspect which sees coats of arms as relevant facts of cultural heritage and thus expresses need of modern generation to reconstruct and interpret them, as well as to perform permanent conservation over them. Therefore, in the first part author describes some authentic coats of arms of Croatian noble families, emphasizing reasons why heraldry survived different social changes and still remained attractive for future generations. In the second part of the article author discusses the genesis, meaning and characteristics of the first heraldic collections in Croatia from the period between late Middle Ages and Early modern times. Already then, these collections represented some kind of chronicles of previous generations, as well as primary sources for genealogical research and investigation of social history. By the time authors of such collections developed scientific apparatus and thus practical heraldry evolved gradually to auxiliary historical discipline. In the third part of the article on the basis of two extent heraldic collections from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries author describes aspect of the modern interpretation of heraldic sources. One of these is collection of submarshal Rade Gerba that contains about hundred coats of arms of different persons from the Croatian political and military history from the period between the sixteenth and twentieth century. Together with other one, i.e. collection from the castle of Poznanovac, one can create a kind of paradigm regarding the first relevant heraldic collections in Croatia. Moreover, one can draw conclusion that heraldry in Croatia at the beginning of the twentieth century was regarded as valuable and had certain influence towards formation of Croatian cultural and national identity. Barring this in mind, heraldry has to be viewed in such a light even today since it shows valuable connection with European cultural tradition.
Thomas Paine From RationalWiki (Redirected from Tom Paine) Jump to: navigation, search The Church thought he was a Paine. Thinking hardly or hardly thinking? Icon philosophy.svg Major trains of thought The good, the bad and the brain fart Come to think of it Thomas Paine (1737–1809), or "that dirty little atheist" to Theodore Roosevelt, was the man most responsible for the folk of the United States deciding to fight for their independence. Many would argue that he was the Founding Father of the nation; to quote John Adams (not exactly the biggest Paine admirer[1]), "Without the pen of Paine, the sword of Washington would have been wielded in vain." Hell, he fucking named the country.[1] He advocated strongly and eloquently for independence from the monarchy, which none of his contemporaries envisioned originally (and had not changed their minds until they heard his arguments for it). He wrote the smash hit, Common Sense, which gained popularity even among Europeans, and gave the money to the Continental Army. He wrote and sent his second smash hit, The American Crisis, that convinced Franco-Spanish military might and Dutch finance to help win the war for the colonies. He was one of the first to call for total abolition of slavery and the death penalty. He was an ardent supporter of secularism, and famously turned his pen against religious authority in The Age of Reason. The secularism would later be codified into the Constitution under the idea of separation of church and state. After the Revolution, he harshly opposed any attempt at barring non-landowners from voting, warning that this was tyranny-in-waiting and rationalizing that praising republican values but not letting everyone be represented was utterly hypocritical. He turned his pen in defense of liberty — rather an attack on Edmund Burke — in The Rights of Man, which in turn inspired Mary Wollstonecraft — the mother of feminism — to pen The Rights of Woman. Even before Common Sense, Paine wrote an article criticizing the ways in which women are oppressed in society and defending their rights at a time when most men thought they had none. He pushed for a centralized, egalitarian government that respected and upheld all rights to all citizens.[2] While some of his quotes make him beloved by libertarians, he also wrote in the pamphlet Agrarian Justice of the need for all people to be given a small sum by the government, and then to be provided for in their old age, which was considered "generations ahead of its time."[3] Paine proposed a form of estate tax in order to implement this.[4] Paine was also an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution; The Rights of Man was actually a response to Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, which was sharply critical of the uprising [5]. Paine had moved back to England in 1787[note 1], and his advocacy for popular sovereignty and uprisings at a time when an increasingly violent uprising was actually happening in nearby France caused a bit of concern in the British government- which then banned The Rights of Man, and attempted to arrest him for treason. Before he could be arrested, he fled to Revolutionary France in 1792.[6] Due to his connections to both the American and French revolutions, he was greeted as a hero in France, awarded honorary citizenship, and even elected to a seat in the National Assembly[7]. However, he came to be associated with the Girondin faction in the political struggles that were heating up[note 2], and vocally opposed the French king's execution. At the end of 1793 he was stripped of his seat in the Assembly and imprisoned[8]. While in prison awaiting his expected guillotining, he wrote The Age of Reason, which didn't exactly win him any friends[9][note 3]. While many Founding Fathers were Deists, most Americans were not, especially since at the time religious fervor was on the rise in the fledgling United States, the so-called Second Great Awakening. He became badly ill, and was only spared execution by sheer luck[10]. A few days after the date he was supposed to be executed, the mastermind of the violence, Maximilien Robespierre, was himself executed, and Paine was spared having a date with Madame Guillotine. President Washington's envoy to Paris, Gouverneur Morris, was a critic of Paine and refused to offer any help[11]; he mocked The Age of Reason by writing to Washington "Thomas Paine is in prison, where he amuses himself with publishing a pamphlet against Jesus Christ"[12]. Eventually, James Monroe became the American envoy to Paris, and was able to get Paine released from prison after nearly a year, and Paine became... a bit unhinged. Because Washington's envoy hadn't tried to help him, Paine, who had written glowingly in support of his close friend Washington during the American war, saw this as an abject betrayal. So in 1796, he burned that bridge by writing an open letter sharply attacking Washington for, among other things, being both unworthy of his war hero status, and a treacherous charlatan who only won the War for Independence due to French assistance[13]. After the slightly more sympathetic Thomas Jefferson finally became president, Paine moved back to the United States in 1802, having become disillusioned with Napoleon, despite his early support for the dictator[14]. He quietly lived out the rest of his life in New York City, dying in 1809. Due to his attack on Washington (who was already revered as a hero to the young nation), his support of the French Revolution even after it turned violent[note 4], and alienating religious Americans with The Age of Reason, he had few friends left at the end of his life. His funeral was attended by only six people, and a newspaper summarized his life as having done "some good and much harm"[15] In full irony, a particularly virulent madman has styled himself the reincarnation of Thomas Paine.[16] Famous quotes[edit] —Thomas Paine —Thomas Paine —Thomas Paine John Adams External links[edit] 1. Is it true that Thomas Paine first coined the phrase, "The United States of America?" Thomas Paine National Historical Association 2. History of the Separation of Church and State in America by R. G. Price (March 27, 2004) 3. Taking Liberties: The struggle for Britain's freedoms and rights, The British Library (archived copy from March 21, 2016). 4. Thomas Paine — Agrarian Justice Social Insurance History (Social Security Adminsitration) (archived copy from February 10, 2017). "Various methods may be proposed for this purpose, but that which appears to be the best… is at the moment that property is passing by the death of one person to the possession of another. In this case, the bequeather gives nothing: the receiver pays nothing. The only matter to him is that the monopoly of natural inheritance, to which there never was a right, begins to cease in his person." 5. The riposte of Thomas Paine to Edmund Burke: “Rights of a Man” 6. The free speech battle that forced Britain’s 18th-century radicals to flee 7. Address to the People of France 8. Thomas Paine at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9. Age of Reason by Thomas Paine at 10. Thomas Paine’s Revolutionary Reckoning 11. Thomas Paine and Robespierre: the Terror of the Rights of man 12. No Sunshine Patriot 13. Letter to George Washington, president of the United States of America 14. Thomas Paine : enlightenment, revolution, and the birth of modern nations by Craig Nelson 15. Thomas Paine on American Battlefield Trust 16. Glenn Beck is Thomas Paine, Except for Everything by Chris Kelly (05/16/2009 05:12 am ET \| Updated May 25, 2011) The Huffington Post. 1. Paine had invented a new kind of bridge, and returned to England to try to sell it. He was still there when the French Revolution kicked off, after which he shifted gears and became a vocal supporter of it. 2. The two main political factions in France at the time were the moderate Girondins and the radical Montagnards. In mid 1793, the Montagnards were able to ban the Girondins from the National Assembly, and the so-called "Reign of Terror" really got underway. 3. It was released in three parts. The first two, published in 1794 and 1795, sold fairly well, but they came at a time when the French Revolution had become embroiled in the Reign of Terror, and France was at war with several countries- so supporters like Paine were viewed with suspicion outside of France. He did not publish the third until 1807, despite advice from Thomas Jefferson not do so. It did not sell well and he suffered a backlash. 4. The more conservative Federalist party, led by the likes of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and John Adams, dominated American politics until 1816, and turned against the French Revolution early. Their opposition made them opponents of supporters like Paine, Jefferson, and James Madison.
Quick Answer: How Tall Will My Child Grow? How tall can I grow? Between age 1 and puberty, most people gain about 2 inches in height each year. However, everyone grows at a different pace.. Shoe size is relatively proportional to height in males, especially after puberty. Tall men tend to have larger feet than average-height or shorter men. … Foot and shoe size often become larger as men age. What do daughters inherit from their fathers? Girls get two X chromosomes, one from Mom and one from Dad. This means that your daughter will inherit X-linked genes from her father as well as her mother. When your daughter inevitably ends up with his X chromosome, does that mean she’ll inherit all of his X-linked genes and traits? Genes, yes. What is tall for an 11 year old? It’s important to note that when considering average height for an 11-year old, the heights for boys and girls is going to be quite different. … The average height for an 11 year old boy, meaning the 50th percentile on the CDC growth chart, is 56.4 inches. Can a 12 year old grow taller? What shoe size should I be for my height? Average shoe size by heightAgeHeightShoe sizeOver 204’9″ to 5’3″5 to 8.5Over 205’4″ to 5’7″6.5 to 10Over 205’8″ to 6′ or taller9 to 15Aug 7, 2019 What do daughters inherit from their mothers? How tall should you be at 14? Does height come from Mom or Dad? Does shoe size predict height? In fact, there’s no reliable way to predict a teen’s ultimate height with any precision, according to Shmerling. So, while shoe size is a poor predictor of ultimate height, there is a relationship that exists between the two. … The formula for boys is height in centimeters equals 4.5 times shoe size plus 140. Do taller people die faster? According to researchers, an additional inch increase in height generated a 2.2 percent higher risk of death from all causes for men, and a 2.5 percent higher risk of death from all causes for women. What do big feet mean for a girl? How do you determine how tall a child will be? How tall will my 12 year old be? How tall is the average 13 year girl? How can I help my 12 year old grow taller? Standing straight and tall helps make room for proper bone growth resulting in taller children. In addition, daily movement and exercise will help promote growth hormones within the body. Let your kid play in the back yard. Get some vitamin D. Are Taller people smarter? 4. You’re tall. A study by Princeton University says that taller people earn more because they are smarter. This is backed by another study that says a 6-foot-tall person earns, on average, nearly $166,000 more during a 30-year career span than someone who is 5 feet 5 inches, regardless of gender, age, and weight.
Implementing Ajax in Java web application using JQuery Implementing Ajax features in a Java web application is considerably easy if we are using JQuery JavaScript library. JQuery provides built-in methods that we can use to enable Ajax in our Java web application. In this post, I am going to demonstrate the Jquery's Ajax capability using a small weather reporting web application. Before that, you can have a look at the source code by clicking on below link. Download Source Code A Simple weather reporting application: Lets build a simple Java web application. User will be entering the city name and application will return the weather report for the given city. For the above requirements, a simple application design would contain a Java servlet to serve the weather report for the city passed as a parameter and a web page for the user to enter a city name and to see the weather report. All the communication between the web browser and Java servlet should happen through Ajax calls. Using JQuery's post Ajax function, we can asynchronously send data to server. import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; * @author public class WeatherServlet extends HttpServlet { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; public WeatherServlet() { protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { String city = request.getParameter("cityName"); String report = getWeather(city); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("" report ""); private String getWeather(String city) { String report; if (city.toLowerCase().equals("trivandrum")) report = "Currently it is not raining in Trivandrum. Average temperature is 20"; else if (city.toLowerCase().equals("chennai")) report = "It's a rainy season in Chennai now. Better get a umbrella before going out."; else if (city.toLowerCase().equals("bangalore")) report = "It's mostly cloudy in Bangalore. Good weather for a cricket match."; report = "The City you have entered is not present in our system. May be it has been destroyed " "in last World War or not yet built by the mankind"; return report; As you see from the above code, the servlet WeatherServlet tries to read the city name from the request and it matches the city name against some pre-defined names and returns the weather report. In an production application the weather will be retrieved from a real time database. As this demo concentrate more on JQuey Ajax feature, I kept the example as simple as possible. Web.xml configuration for WeatherServlet Above code snippet defines our WeatherServlet and it's URL pattern so that when the URL pattern is requested by the client, our servlet will be called. AJAX and Java - Enter City : $(document).ready(function() { $cityName = document.getElementById("cityName").value; $.post("WeatherServlet", {cityName:$cityName}, function(data) { Above snippet construct the parameter cityName from the entered value and calls our servlet WeatherServlet by passing this cityName. Also a callback function defined which is called when the Ajax request is complete. In our case what it does is gets the value of the 'report' string in the server-returned xml data and populates this value to the 'weatherReport' HTML DIV section. Download Source Code So, what do you think? Have you used JQuery in any of your applications? Feel free to share your thoughts in the comments section. Chat with the Author If you liked my writing, you may like my products
Sunday, March 8, 2015 Angina Pectoralis 心绞痛 - chest pain with exertion - 3 types: a. stable angina - chest pain with exertion, Relieved with Rest. It can predictable. - Provoked by 3 E: E = Eating E = Emotion E = Exercise b. unstable angina - chest pain with exertion, DO NOT Relieved with Rest c. Prinztmetal / Variant angina - chest pain in cycle( occurs same time every day); may occur during rest. Due to vasospasm of coronary artery (due to smooth muscle of vessel wall contraction rather than reason of atherosclerosis plaque) --> lead to narrowing of coronary artery. -In other words, means that PA can happen in the person without history of atherosclerosis, - It's NOT predictable. -Its more associate with SAD. S = Smoking A = Alcohol D= Drug Abuse - Calcium channel Blocker (CCB) is DOC for the vasospasm of C.A. Causes of AP - result from heart require more oxygen from available. - Eg. during exercise or work up, a person exerted more works and need more oxygen than supplied, results in lack of oxygen supplied to heart, and consequently lead to myocardium ischemia(lack of oxygen). ---> chest pain arises. - Its also means coronary artery diseases. - Refer to formation of atherosclerosis plaque (high rich in cholesterol) in the coronary artery( artery that responsible in delivering oxygen to hearts) ---> narrowing of coronary artery ---> decreases blood and oxygen delivered to heart --> heart receives no adequate oxygen and thus chest pain occurs. - Sometimes, a heart artery is completed blocked by a plaque or clots. When this occurs, the blood flow to heart STOPS. Without blood, the cells of affected heart muscles will permanently damaged. That called HEART ATTACK. - severe chest pain, may radiate to the arms, shoulder, back of body, jaws and necks. - some even feel indigestion or nausea or vomiting, - feeling of tightness or heaviness in arms, elbow, and wrists. (mainly in left sides) - fatigue and shortness of breath, - symptoms usually occurs when a person exerts lots of physical efforts for few minutes. it goes away when person takes rest or take medications. Sometimes, it may occur during rest. The signs of heart attack is quite similar to angina pectoralis. So, How we gonna differentiate both? there are three main differentiation: 1. the duration longer > 5 minutes, 2. Pain of heart attack is more severe. 3. Medications and rest do not relieve its pain. However, if left untreated, angina may also lead to heart attack. Initiate treatment immediately once confirmed angina occurs. The doctor may do several tests. An Electrocardiogram (ECG)is used to record heart rhythm. A stress ECG may be done. during the test, the patient is asked to exercise on the treadmill or bicycle while an ECG is taken. Change in ECG pattern will help doctor to diagnose coronary artery disease. An ECG is pain free and has no complications. Complications are rare during stress ECG. if any problems, immediate treatment must be available. Patient who cannot exercise will be given medication to make heart beat work faster. This medication helps to stimulate exercising. an Echocardiogram is another test to measure heart structure and function. the doctor analyses its heart function image on the screen. Typically painless. another test is called nuclear scan is used to study heart function. a small amount of radioactive material is injected into vein, and a camera will take picture of heart. the part of heart that do not getting enough oxygen will be showed up in the picture. No comments: Post a Comment
Skip to main content Modelling shows mandatory face masks during Victoria's COVID-19 second wave helped 'save thousands' By medical reporter Sophie Scott and the Specialist Reporting Team's Nick Sas and Loretta Florance An image of a woman wearing a mask in a mural with two men next to it wearing masks. Modelling shows mask wearing was a critical element in slowing the spread of COVID-19 in Victoria. ( Mandatory mask wearing was the single biggest factor in driving down case numbers during Victoria's "unique" second COVID-19 wave, new modelling has found. The modelling found face coverings were estimated to have reduced transmission and infection risk in the state by between 31 and 46 per cent, and "physical distancing behaviour" by about 6 to 28 per cent. The pre-print study, which has not yet been peer-reviewed, was conducted by a group of leading epidemiologists and experts from Monash University and James Cook University, with a contribution from Brett Sutton, Victoria's chief health officer. It incorporated age and geography of the state, calibrating it to data on "case notifications, deaths and health service needs" according to the "administrative divisions of Victoria's healthcare [and] clusters". Lead author James Trauer from Monash University's school of public health and preventative medicine said face masks were "probably the number one effect". "The characteristics of [Victoria's] epidemic enabled us to observe it," Associate Professor Trauer said. Jame Trauer sits on a chair in front of his computer. James Trauer modelled data from Melbourne's second COVID-19 lockdown and found mask wearing significantly decreased the chance of infection.( Supplied: James Trauer "Prior to July 23rd, we saw that the effective reproduction number was still significantly above one, so that means that the epidemic will be going up. "As the face covering policy came through, there was this real step change to the proportion of people using face coverings and that brought the effective reproduction number down below one." Victoria made mask-wearing mandatory for four months from late July. The measure was later introduced in some areas of New South Wales following the Avalon cluster and during breakouts in Western Australia, Queensland and during Victoria's snap lockdown in February. Senior research fellow Deborah Cromer, from the Kirby Institute, said the findings back up similar research from overseas studies. "The research shows separating people, whether keeping people apart or covering their nose and mouth, that's the main thing that works to stop transmission," she said. Dr Cromer said the take home message from the study was hard and fast lockdowns work to stop the spread of COVID-19. "In Australia, in New Zealand we saw what was happening with the rest of the world — where they hoped and waited it hasn't worked so well. "By going hard early it stops it taking hold and it becomes much easier for public health officials to control." She said Melbourne was one of the only places in the world that effectively managed to "crush a second wave" of the disease. "It wasn't until they put these measures into place that we saw that turn around in the number of new cases." Melbourne's lockdown 'virtually unique' The study said Victoria's second wave was "virtually unique" in that the pattern of a substantial number of cases — escalating daily in the community — was reversed following the policy changes. Professor Trauer said the policies of lockdown and mask wearing worked in tandem, with modelling showing ICUs would have been "overwhelmed" if both measures hadn’t been enforced. A close up of a bronze sculpture of a businessman in Melbourne with bulging eyes, wearing a blue surgical face mask. Even the sculptures wore masks during Melbourne's second lockdown. ( ABC News: Daniel Fermer The study found closing schools only had a moderate impact on reducing infection rates. "If the schools had not been closed, the epidemic would probably have only been slightly worse," Professor Trauer said. "But still, that probably means it would have taken additional weeks to get on top of the epidemic." He said while personal distancing and lockdown measures happened in stages, the change in mask-wearing went from 13 to 90 per cent when it was made mandatory, making it easy to measure its effect. He said the "strong evidence" from the modelling showed that face masks should be the "first thing" introduced as they showed a clear shift in the data. "I think it's much more reasonable to ask somebody to use a face covering to prevent transmission than to close their business or to shut a restaurant or a shop," he said. "If you can imagine a situation where you didn't mandate masks and … you continued on with life as previous, I think we would have had months of very, very high rates and thousands of deaths. "It would have really only been the development of significant population immunity through so many people having been infected, that brought the epidemic back down again." Just In
• Dan Koellen AI6XG How I Killed a Microcontroller Updated: Apr 27 While there is no murder scene left from the death of a small PIC microcontroller, detective work identified how the microcontroller died, who and what was responsible and eventually the case was closed with a fix to prevent another occurrence. The subject of the investigation died while working in an alarm circuit. The Alarm The alarm was built using a PIC12F508 microcontroller to sense the status of a normally closed (NC) loop, i.e. a loop that is shorted to ground when all sensors are secure. The PIC12F508 is a small 8 pin microcontroller, made by Microchip, that works well for this application. The pin out is shown below. PIC 12F508 Pinout When a door is opened, a sensor in the loop will open causing a break in the NC loop. When the microcontroller detects this, it goes into alarm mode. First it is determined if the alarm is armed, if so relays are turned on to enable a siren and light. The relay is part of an external relay board that is driven by the microcontroller board. The microcontroller also provides a delay for exit and timing to turn off the alarm after a set period. The relay board with two relays for a light and siren. The microcontroller board connects to the header. A 12V wall wart supplies power to the siren and light and is regulated down to 5Vdc for powering the microcontroller and relay boards. Both boards and the power supply are mounted in a metal enclosure with metal screws and nuts and nylon standoffs supporting the boards. The Failure The alarm had been operating well for a few years. The alarm was tested a few times a year and the status of the alarm was monitored by the red power LED and green input LEDs on the relay board. At one point it was noticed that the power LED was dim, not its normal brilliance. By applying pressure to the microcontroller and relay boards the power LED was returned back to normal operation. So I thought that the problem was a bad connection between the relay board header and the microcontroller board header socket. But as time went on the power LED again would dim with increasing frequency. Eventually the alarm function was found not to work properly as well. At this point the microcontroller and relay board were removed from the metal enclosure and taken to the bench for analysis. A new microcontroller was programed and installed. The male header on the relay board and the header socket on the microcontroller board were inspected for bad solder joints and other anomalies. None were found. After inspection and install of the new microcontroller, the circuit returned to normal operation. In addition, the power LED constantly operated at normal brightness no matter how much the connection between the two boards was stressed. The fact that I could no longer make the power LED dim did not make sense to me until I closely inspected the top side of the relay board. I discovered that the plastic body of the green LED closest to the mounting hole was damaged. Apparently the metal nut of the mounting screw damaged the side of the LED closest to the mounting hole and would make electrical contact with the cathode of the LED. The yellow arrow shows the area of damage to the green LED, the board was remounted with a nylon screw and nut to prevent recurrence of the failure. The mounting screw is connected to the metal enclosure which is at AC power ground. Later measurements showed about 50 Vac and varying DC voltage on the screw. The point of contact was to the LED cathode which is connected to 5Vdc power through the relay coil. This interacted with the power supply causing the power LED to dim and likely damaged the microcontroller. The boards were remounted in the metal enclosure with a nylon screw and nut substituted for the offending metal screw and nut. The alarm has worked well since. The schematic of one channel of the relay board with the mounting screw contact point indicated. Vdd and Vcc both refer to the positive side of the power supply. What Happened to the Damaged Chip? There are a number of ways that an integrated circuit (IC) may be damaged. In this case I thought the damage may be due to electrical overstress or latch up. Electrical overstress is basically applying too much voltage or current to the device, this may be through its power connections, an input or an output. This usually causes damage in one area of the device where the overstress occurred. Infrequently, secondary damage may occur in other areas as well. Latch up is when the a CMOS IC is turned into a SCR (silicon controlled rectifier), causing very low resistance and excessive current flow in the power circuitry. Latch up is often induced by forcing an input or output a diode drop above Vcc or a diode drop below Vss. Those conditions will forward bias the diodes that are part of the protection network and also a parasitic byproduct of the IC structure. Under normal operation, these diodes are reversed bias and do not affect the operation of the device. Latchup will cause wide areas of damage on the device and may also damage the power supply connections inside the chip. When performing failure analysis on an IC the first step after verification of the electrical failure and visual inspection is to simply test the IV (current and voltage) characteristics of each pin of the device with respect to Vdd and Vss. This simple test often will pinpoint which pins are damaged and give you some insight whether the device latched up or was overstressed. I used the Atlas DCA Pro 75 semiconductor analyzer to measure the diode characteristics of each pin to Vss and Vdd and also between Vss and Vdd. In the forward direction you expect a forward biased diode and the reverse direction may give some leakage current. Testing showed that all pins looked normal except for pin 6, the pin that was connected to the NC loop. This pin showed 35 ohms of resistance to Vss where a diode would normally be seen. Below are the measurements on the failed device and a good device. The measurements point to damage at pin 6 only. Likely the device did not go into latch up since the power supply pins measured normal. Let's take a look at the equivalent circuit of pin 6, the attached NC loop circuit is also included. On this device pin 6, shown on the right side of the circuit, may be configured as an input or an output. The diodes are protection diodes for the circuitry used when the pin is configured as an input. The n channel and p channel MOSFETs are large transistors used as output drivers when the pin is configured as an output. These output drivers also look like diodes when measuring the IV characteristics. Note that there is additional circuitry associated with the pin that is not shown here. A good guess would be that either or both the diode connected to Vss_IC or the n channel MOSFET is damaged. How do we find out where the damage is specifically? We will open up the chip and expose the die! Exposing the Die This device is a plastic dual inline package (DIP) as shown in a prior figure. The plastic is actually a specially formulated epoxy with proper flow characteristics, thermal expansion parameters and flame retardants to enable high volume manufacturing, protection of the die and conformance to safety regulations. There are a number of ways to decapsulate (i.e. decap) a device to expose the die. There are mechanical methods that involve heating the device while in compressive stress causing the package to break away from the die. The advantage of this method is almost anyone can do it with some practice but the likelihood of damaging the die is high and the connections to the lead frame are not maintained. For failure analysis of a single failing die, decapsulation is performed by a trained technician using a combination of milling away the epoxy just above the die and then removing the remaining epoxy with aggressive heated acids. All this is performed in a properly vented fume hood. The connections to the lead frame are maintained by careful milling and acid application. Unlike some amateur chip detectives like Ken Shirriff, I don't have the equipment and materials for this so I sent the device to a professional lab for decapsulation. I also asked the lab to provide a few photos of the exposed die showing the damaged area(s) since I also don't have a reflected light microscope. Image of the 12F508 die, the numbers denote the pin numbers. Above is the image of the entire 12F508 die. The bright squares are aluminum metal bond pads that are connected to each pin. The bond pads are bright because the top protective layer of oxide is removed from the bond pads so electrical connection to them may be made. The dark circles on each bond pad is a gold ball that has formed a bond to the pad, gold wire emanates from the ball and is connected to the corresponding pin on the device. This is how the die is connected to the outside world. The wide yellowish traces are aluminum metal that supply power to areas of the die. I have labeled the two major metal traces: Vcc and Vss. Note that the die has two distinct and separate metal layers with Vcc the top metal layer and Vss the bottom metal layer. The other areas of the die consist mostly of transistors and their interconnections of much narrower metal traces. At the magnifications used for this investigation, individual transistors are not readily resolved. Notice near pin 6 bond pad that there is a black blob. This blob is residual epoxy that was not removed during decap. This is typically due to the area dissipating excessive heat for a period of time, this changes the epoxy so it does not react to the decap acid like the rest of the epoxy encapsulant. This is the area of damage that caused the device to fail. The next figure is a higher magnification view of this area. The red arrow points to the area that experienced overheating. In addition to the residual epoxy there is a narrow bright area at the end of the arrow. This is an indication of excessive heat as well. Likely this is a disruption of the top layer of oxide, there is also melted metalization in this area as well. This metal trace is Vss so that also correlates with the electrical characterization of the device, specifically pin 6. Because of the low magnification and presence of the top layer of the oxide we can not exactly determine the structures on either side of the bond pad. But we can look at the circuitry at pin 5 which is the same as pin 6 since they are both I/O (Input/Output) pins. The structures that are outlined by the aqua ovals are the output driver MOSFETs with the n channel MOSFET under the Vss metal and the p channel MOSFET under the Vcc metal. By zooming in on the photo, one can see that the structure looks like a typical output driver. In addition, pins 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 are all I/O pins and have the same structure. Pin 4 is an input only and does not have the structures corresponding to output drivers. So the damage definitely points to a damaged output driver n channel MOSFET transistor. The figure below shows a simplified cross section of a n channel MOSFET. The drain junction is the junction that was damaged, likely in multiple places. The 35 ohm resistance that was measured during electrical characterization is predominately the resistivity of the p substrate between the drain junction and the p+ substrate contact. Likely the junction was damaged with excessive voltage that caused a defect somewhere along the junction. Then much of the current flowing through the junction will crowd through this defect, causing that area to heat and causing more damage. Simplified Cross Section of the N Channel MOSFET, Junction Damage at Red More About Failure We have concluded that the failure is a damaged output n channel MOSFET at pin 6. Physical damage and electrical characteristics correlate and point to that conclusion. It would be fun to further deprocess the die to examine the exact location of the failure site(s) and the extent of damage. But I don't have the facilities to perform that. But we can still make some generalizations about the failure by examining the die photos in detail. • The residual epoxy and damaged oxide and metallization at the failure site indicates that there was significant heat generated in the area for a moderate duration of time. • The size of the damage area would point to multiple damage sites in the output n channel MOSFET • The damage was likely caused with moderate current flowing through the junction. High current would have caused damage to the Vss metal outside of the pin 6 area. • Other areas of the die look normal. Widespread areas of damage would indicate that the die went into latch up. Latch up could also damage the Vcc and Vss metalization. The failure was caused instead by electrical overstress. • The failure likely occurred when the NC loop was open and the power to the boards was being compromised by the shorting of the LED cathode to the metal mounting screw and nut. Repeated instances of manipulating the boards to return the power LED to normal operation caused further damage. Since remounting the boards using a nylon screw and nut, the alarm and power LED has been operating in a normal manner. There was nothing found that suspects that the reliability of the microcontroller was poor or led to the failure, the failure was induced by external overstress that exceed the operating conditions specified for this device.
Basic Classes of Sales Forecasts Any forecast can be termed as an indicator of what is likely to happen in a specified future time frame in a particular field. Sales forecasting is the process of estimating future sales. Accurate sales forecasts enable companies to make informed business decisions and predict short-term and long-term performance. It forms a basis of sales budget, production budget natural budget etc. The purpose of sales forecasting should be to provide information that you can use to make intelligent business decisions. There are three classes of sales forecasts: 1. Short-run Forecast: It is also known as operating forecast, covering a maximum of one year or it may be half-yearly, quarterly, monthly and even weekly. This type of forecasting can be advantageously utilized for estimating stock requirements, providing working capital, establishing sales quotas, fast-moving factors. It facilitates the management to improve and coordinate the policies and practice of Marketing-production, inventory, purchasing, financing etc. A short-run forecast is preferred to all types and brings more benefits than other types. 1. Medium-run Forecast: This type of forecast may cover from more than one year to two or four years. This helps the management to estimate probable profit and control over budgets, expenditure, production etc. A factors-price trend, tax policies, institutional credit etc., are specially considered for a good forecast. 1. Long-run Forecast: This type of forecast may cover one year to five years, depending on the nature of the firm. Seasonal changes are not considered. The forecaster takes into account the population changes, competition changes, economic depression or boom, inventions etc. This type is good for adding new products and dropping old ones. Information Source:
Laryngitis most often begins with a viral infection that causes an inflammation of your voice box, also known as the larynx. Find a CareNow® clinic near you What are the symptoms of laryngitis? The main symptoms of laryngitis are a hoarse voice or loss of voice for a short time. You may also have a sore neck, mild fever and cough. Laryngitis also can be a symptom of a larger condition. Seek care from a healthcare provider if you experience more severe symptoms, such as: • Difficulty breathing or swallowing • A fever that returns • Coughing up blood • Severe sore throat How long does laryngitis last? Laryngitis usually lasts for a week, with symptoms worsening in the first few days. Hoarseness can last longer than a week because the voice box needs more time to heal. What causes laryngitis? The most common cause of laryngitis is a viral infection. It can also be caused by irritation, such as from cigarette smoke, or overuse of the voice box. Is laryngitis contagious? Laryngitis itself is not usually contagious, but if it’s caused by an underlying viral infection, then that infection could be contagious. But typically, by the time the laryngitis sets in, the contagious period has passed. How is laryngitis treated? In most cases of laryngitis, only home treatment is needed. Home remedies include: • Resting your voice • Drinking plenty of fluids • Breathing in moist air by using a humidifier or vaporizer • Avoiding smoking, including secondhand smoke • Using throat lozenges or other cough suppressants If you have chronic laryngitis or your laryngitis is caused by acid reflux or smoking, your healthcare provider may recommend other treatment options, including prescription medication. If you experience laryngitis symptoms, visit your nearest CareNow® urgent care clinic for treatment. Web Check-In® Retrieving location data...
Electronic Products & Technology The six basic audio measurements David Mathew, of audio analyzer manufacturer Audio Precision, explains the six main tests that lie at the heart of all audio testing. October 31, 2017 By David Mathew, senior technical writer, Audio Precision When reduced to its basics, the process of audio test and measurement is concerned with a small number of performance benchmarks. At my company, we call these ‘the Big Six’, and they are as follows: • Level • Frequency Response • THD+N (Total Harmonic Distortion plus Noise) • Phase • Crosstalk • Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Any Device Under Test (or DUT, as often referenced in the world of test and measurement) may have a number of level measurements that are of interest. You must choose which level you are seeking. Target levels include: • An input level that produces a given output level, such as 1 volt, or 1 watt, or unity gain (see below for a discussion of DUT gain); • An input level that produces a certain output distortion, such as 1% THD+N; • A level that provides good noise performance with comfortable headroom, often called the operating level; • An input or output level specified in a testing document. Any of these levels may be used as a reference level on which we can base further measurements. Frequency response measurements, for example, are expressed relative to the level of a mid-band frequency; THD+N measurements are made at specified levels, which should be reported in the results. The ratio of a DUTís output voltage level to its input voltage level is the voltage gain of the DUT. For example, in a DUT with a gain of 2, an applied input of 2 volts will produce an output of 4 volts. A gain of 1, where the output voltage equals the input voltage, is called unity gain. Some DUTs offer no gain adjustments, and are said to have fixed gain. The gain may be fixed at unity, or at some other value. A DUT with a volume control or other setting that affects gain is a variable gain device. When setting and measuring level, it is essential to consider whether or not the DUT gain is variable (not only volume controls, but tone controls and other settings can change gain), and, if it is, how to set the DUT controls for the desired test results. Frequency response A frequency response measurement reports the output levels of a DUT when stimulated with different frequencies of known level. The simplest of all frequency response measurements consists of only two or three tones, the first near the middle of a DUTís usable frequency range, and followed by a tone near the higher extreme of the range and sometimes a tone near the lower extreme. Assuming the tones are all generated at the same level, the DUTís output levels describe its response to these different frequencies. Full-range frequency response measurements can be made by a number of different methods, the classic being a sweep of a sine wave from the lowest frequency in the range to the highest, with the results plotted on a graph. A ‘flat’ response describes the shape of a graph where the DUT responds equally at all frequencies, producing a trace with a slope of 0 and with minimal variations. THD+N stands for Total Harmonic Distortion plus Noise. Harmonic distortion is the unwanted addition of new tones to the audio signal. These tones are harmonically related tones to the original signal: when the signal is one sine wave of frequency f1, harmonic tones are f2, f3 and so on, at integral multiples of the original tone. Total harmonic distortion is the sum of all of the harmonics measured in the DUTís bandwidth. Why THD+N? Why not just measure THD (the distortion) and N (the noise) individually? Well, in the pre-FFT days of audio measurement it was difficult to measure the THD by itself, without the noise, but it was relatively simple to measure the THD and the N together. So the accepted techniques handed down from years past specify THD+N, because thatís what was practical. In addition, THD+N is a convenient and telling single-number mark of performance, widely understood and accepted. The measured THD+N of a device will vary with the measurement bandwidth. You will almost always want to restrict the measurement bandwidth using high-pass and low-pass filters, and you must include the bandwidth used when you state the result. THD+N is typically measured and reported in a 20 Hzñ20 kHz bandwidth. The measured THD+N of a device will also vary with level and the frequency of the applied signal. Audio THD+N is typically measured and reported at a mid-range frequency (1 kHz or so) at the either the deviceís nominal operating level or at its maximum output level (MOL). In audio engineering, phase measurements are used to describe the positive or negative time offset in a cycle of a periodic waveform (such as a sine wave), measured from a reference waveform. The reference is usually the same signal at a different point in the system, or a related signal in a different channel in the system. This choice of references defines the two most common phase measurements: device input/output phase, and interchannel phase. In audio systems of more than one channel, it is undesirable for the signal in one channel to appear at a reduced level in the output of another channel. This signal leakage across channels is called crosstalk, and in practical devices it is very difficult to eliminate. It’s expressed as the ratio of the undesired signal in the unstimulated channel to the signal in the stimulated channel. Crosstalk is largely the result of capacitive coupling between channel conductors in the device, and usually exhibits a rising characteristic with frequency. It’s often expressed in the form of a single-number result; however, a crosstalk versus frequency sweep will show how a DUT performs across its operating bandwidth. Signal-to-noise ratio How much noise is too much? That depends on how loud your signal is. Signal-to-noise ratio (or SNR) is a measure of this difference, providing (like THD+N) a single-number mark of device performance. The signal is usually set to the nominal operating level or to the maximum operating level of the DUT. When SNR is made using the MOL, the result can also be called the dynamic range, since it describes the two extremes of level possible in the DUT. (Dynamic range in digital devices has a somewhat different meaning). SNR is usually stated in decibels, often shown as negative. David Mathew is technical publications manager and a senior technical writer at Audio Precision in Beaverton OR Print this page Related Stories 1 Comment » for The six basic audio measurements 1. John Cook says: Why has Intermodulation Distortion (I.M. Distortion) virtually disappeared from the landscape? Are manufacturers ashamed of their IM distortion figures? Leave a Reply
Secure Treatment of Passwords Secure authentication is essential to keeping your users safe. This means dealing with passwords safely. Prevalence Common Exploitability Moderate Impact Devastating If your user accounts get hacked easily, you quickly won’t have any users. Ensuring strong authentication is a mix of pushing your users into good habits, and following them yourself. Attackers are constantly trying to find ways to bypass authentication, so you need to make sure you do not permit any vulnerabilities. Use Third-Party Authentication if Possible The most secure code is the code that isn’t there! Consider using third-party authentication instead of building your own. Some commonly used implementations: Integrating third-party authentication into your site will make sign-up seamless for your users, and completely remove a possible attack vector on your site. Modern authentication systems have detailed developer documentation, and SDKs for a variety of programming languages. Ensure Password Complexity Make sure passwords have a minimum length, and if your site deals with sensitive data, consider enforcing password complexity rules. This typically means requiring mixed-case letters, and requiring one or more numeric or symbol characters. You might also have a blacklist of “obvious” passwords, or ban passwords with too many repeating symbols. Allow Password Resets via Email The most secure way of implementing password resets is to allow users to send themselves reset links in email. Make sure reset links time out. Confirm Old Password On Reset If a user is already logged in and is resetting their password, have them confirm their previous password. This will protect your users if they leave themselves logged in to public computers. Prevent Brute-Forcing A common avenue of attack uses scripts that repeatedly try to login with known usernames and common passwords. This is computationally cheap, and many utilities exist to automate this attack. Large “password dumps” – leaks of passwords from historical hacks – give an attacker a good idea of what phrases people commonly use as passwords. The first defense against this type of attack is to prevent user enumeration. If you don’t give any feedback when a brute-force attack guesses a usernames correctly, you substantially increase the number of guesses needed to hack an account. The second defense is to “punish” multiple failed login attempts with the same username. Very secure systems will lock the account until an administrator intervenes, but this is very manually intensive. Locking the account temporarily (even for just a few second or minutes) is often enough to make brute-force attacks ineffective. Otherwise, asking the user to perform an action to prove they are not a script – like solving a CAPTCHA – will do the trick. Store Passwords With A Strong Hash, Salted Passwords should always be stored as salted hashes. A hashing algorithm is a one-way transformation that obscures the original input, but can be used to test if the input is entered correctly again. By saving passwords in hashed form, even an attacker (or a malicious employee!) who gets access to your database cannot make use of the account details. Hashing is a very positive step, but still vulnerable to an attacker able to generate a rainbow table – a list of pre-calculated hashes of common passwords. This type of lookup attack can be defeated by adding salt to the hash – an element of randomness that will make the same input create a different hash, but still usable to check the correctness of the input when entered again. Timeout Sessions After Inactivity, and Provide a Logout Function You can put all the security you want on the front door, but if you don’t allow users to close it when they are done, it’s all for nought. Provide a logout button, so users can leave their session when they are done interacting with your site. Moreover, if your site handles sensitive data, timeout the sessions after a period of inactivity. (Users frequently neglect to logout, after all.) Use HTTPS for Secure Communication Make sure you use encrypted communication when asking a user for their login details, or else their password can be stolen by a man-in-the-middle attack. Similarly, make sure all communication between your server and their browser after login is done over HTTPS, so their session cannot be hijacked. Is your authentication system secure? Check today. Scan your website for Password Mismanagement and other vulnerabilities with the
Back to top anchor Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease 53 months Approved budget: Professor Anthony Kettle Health issue: Other (generic health or health services) Proposal type: Programme Extension Lay summary Life thrives in an atmosphere of oxygen because cells use intricate strategies to exploit its exceptional chemistry while minimizing its toxicity. We contend that a deep understanding of how our bodies use oxygen will give insights into the etiology of many diseases. Our research is aimed at understanding how reactive forms of oxygen contribute to normal physiology and the sequelae of inflammation. We plan to investigate why they are essential for fighting infections but detrimental in numerous inflammatory diseases. We will also explore how cells respond to reactive forms of oxygen and regulate their production. There is a large emphasis on neutrophils and the reactive oxidants they generate in response to infection and inflammation. These phagocytic cells are the dominant white blood cell in circulation and are our primary defenders against invading pathogens [1]. Their production of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, is essential for killing most bacteria. They also contain the green haem enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which produces the strong oxidant chlorine bleach from hydrogen peroxide and chloride [2]. The reactive oxygen species generated by neutrophils are implicated in the tissue damage associated with numerous inflammatory diseases but hard evidence of their complicity in pathology is still lacking. Nevertheless, the continued support for the participation of MPO in cardiovascular disease (CVD) suggests that chlorine bleach and related oxidants do exacerbate inflammation in this and other inflammatory pathologies.
Python Programming Fundamentals - KING OF EXCEL Thursday, January 21, 2021 Python Programming Fundamentals Python Programming Fundamentals 🎁Like Fanpage and Read online bellow⏬ What this book says about python ➠ Python is one of the most simple and important the programming language. To run a Python program you need an interpreter. The Python interpreter is a program that can read a Python program and then executes the statements found in it as depicted in Fig. 1.1. While studying this text you will write many Python programs. Once your program is written and you are ready to try it you will tell the Python interpreter to execute your Python program so you can see what it does. ➠ For this process to work you must first have Python installed on your computer. Python is free and available for download from the internet. this book will take you through downloading and installing Python. Within the last few years there were some changes to the Python programming language between Python 2 and Python 3. The text will describe differences between the two versions of Python as they come up. In terms of learning to program, the differences between the two versions of Python are pretty minor. ➠ To write Python programs you need an editor to type in the program. It is convenient to have an editor that is designed for writing Python programs. An editor that is specifically designed for writing programs is called an IDE (Integrated Development Environment). An IDE is more than just an editor. It provides highlighting and indentation that can help as you write a program. It also provides a way to run your program straight from the editor. Since you will typically run your program many times as you write it, having a way to run it quickly is handy. This book uses the Wing IDE 101 in many of its examples. This IDE is simple to install and it's free for educational use. Wing IDE 101 is available for Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and also for Linux. ➠ When learning to program and even as a seasoned professional, it can be advantageous to run your program using a tool called a debugger. A debugger allows you to run your program, stop it at any point, and inspect the state of the program to help you better understand what is happening as your program executes. The Wing IDE includes an integrated debugger for that purpose. There are certainly other IDEs that might be used and nothing presented in this book precludes you from using something else. Some examples of IDEs for Python development include Netbeans, Eclipse, Eric, and IDLE. Eric’s debugger is really quite nice and could serve as an alternative to Wing should Wing IDE 101 not be an option for some reason. 👉 i hope this book will help you to know more about python programming. #evba #etipfree #eama #kingexcel 📲APP setting free for your phone 2021 VERSION 2.1 No comments: Post a Comment
Nominal power. Nominal power. The antenna input power less any power loss through a dissipative network and, for directional antennas, without consideration of adjustments specified in paragraphs (1) and (b)(2) of 73.51 of the rules. However, for AM broadcast applications granted or filed before June 3, 1985, nominal power is specified in a system of classifications which include the following values: 50 kW, 25 kW, 10 kW, 5 kW, 2.5 kW, 1 kW, 0.5 kW, and 0.25 kW. The specified nominal power for any station in this group of stations will be retained until action is taken on or after June 3, 1985, which involves a change in the technical facilities of the station. 47 CFR § 73.14 Scoping language Is this correct? or
Migraines, especially ocular migraines, are the most common cause of kaleidoscope vision. This type of visual change is often one of the first signs that a migraine is coming. (Learn More) Symptoms of anxiety, including hyperactivity and hyperarousal, are also known to cause kaleidoscope vision. (Learn More) As your anxiety dissipates, so should your kaleidoscope vision. Kaleidoscope vision refers to visual disturbances similar to what you see when you look through a kaleidoscope. Images are fractured, colorful, bright, and often changing. (Learn More) Although scientists are working on it, there are no absolute treatments for migraines or kaleidoscope vision. Some medications can be used to successfully treat migraines before they develop and while they are happening. (Learn More) If you start to get kaleidoscope vision, take immediate steps to prevent the symptoms from getting worse. Reduce exposure to light and sounds, and take aspirin, ibuprofen, or another medication, to keep migraine symptoms to a minimum. (Learn More) What Is Kaleidoscope Vision? Kaleidoscope vision is a type of aura that most commonly occurs as a symptom of a migraine. According to the National Headache Foundation (NHF), about 20 percent of people who get migraines experience auras. Auras typically last about 20 minutes, though they can last up to an hour. They usually happen before a migraine sets in. Auras like kaleidoscope vision are caused by hyper-excited nerves in the brain that are activated before the sense of pain is experienced. When the nerves are activated in the visual processing parts of the brain, this is when visual auras occur. In the event of kaleidoscope vision, a person will see fractured, colorful images, like what you see when you look through a kaleidoscope. At the same time, they may see pulsing, flashing, vibrating, or shimmering images. Lights and images of different colors and intensities can also occur. For people who get kaleidoscope vision, it can feel like they are watching a light show. Migraines & Kaleidoscope Vision Migraines and kaleidoscope vision are closely related, as kaleidoscope vision is frequently an early symptom of a migraine. Migraines, specifically ocular migraines, are the most common cause of kaleidoscope vision. As kaleidoscope vision develops, you will likely see symptoms in both eyes, though the images may only appear in parts of your visual field.. The images may move around and change color and shape. If you see the images in both eyes, the kaleidoscope vision is most likely caused by an ocular migraine, which impacts the part of your brain responsible for vision. While migraines are the most common cause of kaleidoscope vision, the visual disturbance could be caused by more serious health conditions, such as a stroke or brain damage. If symptoms persist or worsen, seek medical care right away. How Anxiety Is Related In addition to migraines, the Anxiety Centre explains that kaleidoscope vision can be caused by anxiety. Visual irregularities, like kaleidoscope vision, are common symptoms of anxiety disorder, panic attacks, and hyperstimulation. Kaleidoscope vision as a result of anxiety can be caused by: • Activation of the body’s fight-or-flight stress response. • Overly apprehensive behavior. • Stress-response hyperstimulation. • Hyperarousal or nervous system dysregulation. • Changes to an active stress response. As long as the body is overly stimulated, kaleidoscope vision and other disturbances can remain. As the body becomes less stimulated and returns to a normal state, the visual symptoms of hyperstimulation gradually go away. Fortunately, kaleidoscope vision, while off-putting, is not itself dangerous. Treatment Options There are no absolute treatment options for migraines or auras, like kaleidoscope vision. Researchers continue to work on gaining a better understanding of the cause of migraines and effective treatment options. The two current treatment approaches are to prevent attacks before they start or treat the symptoms once they’ve developed. Through the use of medications and behavioral changes, the following methods can help treat migraines: • A drug called Aimovig (erenumab) can help prevent migraines in adults. • A drug called Reyvow (lasmiditan) is approved for the short-term treatment of migraines, with or without aura. • Ubrelvy (ubrogepant tablets) is approved for the immediate treatment of migraines, with or without aura. • Drugs originally approved for the treatment of depression, high blood pressure, and epilepsy have been shown to be highly effective at treating migraines. • Botulinum toxin A can help to prevent chronic migraines. • Stress management techniques, such as regular exercise, relaxation techniques, and biofeedback mechanisms, can help to reduce the frequency and severity of migraines. • Diet, hydration, consistent sleep, and medications can all impact the occurrence of migraines. • Hormone therapy can help women who experience migraines associated with their menstrual cycle. • Weight loss can improve migraines in people who are overweight. In the case of an acute attack, medications such as sumatriptan, ergotamine drugs, ibuprofen, and aspirin, can alleviate symptoms. It is best to take these mediations as soon as you notice symptoms of a migraine coming on in order for them to be most effective. What to Do When You Get Kaleidoscope Visionman staring at computer in office When you start to get kaleidoscope vision, it is important to take measures right away to prevent the aura and potential migraine from getting worse. Preventative measures, beyond taking medications, to reduce the severity of a migraine include: • Lying down in a dark, quiet room. • Massaging your scalp. • Applying a damp, cold compress to your forehead or the back of your neck. While there is no cure for kaleidoscope vision or migraines, there are many techniques available to help you manage the condition. If you frequently experience kaleidoscope vision and suffer from migraines, talk to your doctor about establishing a treatment plan to effectively manage your symptoms. Aura. National Headache Foundation. Migraine Information Page. (December 2019). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Kaleidoscope Vision Anxiety Symptoms. (November 2020). Anxiety Centre. Visual Disturbances. (February 2016). American Migraine Foundation. What Is Kaleidoscope Vision? (July 2019). Medical News Today.
Citizenship laws countries policies policy But one-in-seven countries currently have laws or policies prohibiting or limiting the rights of women to pass citizenship to a child or non-citizen spouse, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of data from the United Nations and the U.S. State Department. The U.N. data show these types of laws or policies were present in most countries around the world 60 years ago. In the past five years, multiple countries have taken steps to change these laws — including Kenya, Monaco, Yemen and Senegal. Just last month, Suriname changed its nationality laws to allow women to pass citizenship to spouses and children. The United Nations tracks these laws as a part of its work to monitor stateless populations — particularly children who may become stateless if they cannot acquire nationality from either parent. Although in most situations a child can obtain nationality from his or her father, if the father is from a stateless population, the child may also be at risk to become stateless. As a result, these children and their stateless parent may be left without identity documents or access to education, health care or employment. Some countries provide legal exceptions to allow children with stateless fathers to obtain citizenship from their mothers — including Jordan, Libya, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. However, some countries such as Qatar and Brunei do not have such policies in place. Today there are 27 countries in which men and women do not have an equal right to pass citizenship to their children (or a non-citizen spouse). In contrast, men in these countries have virtually no barriers to pass citizenship to their non-citizen spouse and children. These restrictions are most prevalent in the Middle East and North Africa, where 12 out of 20 countries have such laws. In Jordan, for instance, the law prohibits women married to non-citizens from passing citizenship to their children. In Jordan, 84,711 Jordanian women are married to non-citizens, and these families include about 338,000 children, according to a recent statement from the country’s Interior Ministry. In Saudi Arabia, women married to non-citizens are prohibited from transferring citizenship to their children, and, in addition, they are required to obtain government permission prior to marrying a non-citizen. Saudi men also require government permission if they want to marry a non-citizen from outside the Gulf Cooperation Council member states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates). Eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa include nationality laws or policies that limit women’s ability to pass citizenship to their children. While three of these countries — Burundi, Liberia and Togo — have “enshrined the principle of gender equality” in their constitutions, the pre-constitutional laws continue to be enforced, according to the U.N. Five countries in the Asia-Pacific region and two in the Americas also have laws or policies limiting women in their ability to pass citizenship to their families. In the Bahamas, the law “makes it easier for men with foreign spouses than for women with foreign spouses to transmit citizenship to their children,” according to the State Department’s Human Rights Report. And in Kiribati — an island nation in the Pacific Ocean — non-citizen wives automatically are granted citizenship through their husbands, while I-Kiribati women who marry foreigners are not given that same benefit. Sources for this data include the U.S. State Department’s annual report of Human Rights Practices, the United Nations’ annual background note on Gender Equality, Nationality Laws and Statelessness and through reference to official country-specific government websites. Download the data used in this analysis here.
Located some 130 kilometres west of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, the community is a six hour drive from the capital, but much longer on a wet day that tends to worsen the impossible muddy road. The Kivori community is a pilot site for the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, nationally implemented by the Department of Agriculture and Livestock of PNG, with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as its implementing agency in partnership with the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), and funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Over the years Kivori have suffered from two extreme weather conditions, flooding on one hand and drought on the other. It has now reached a point where these two extremes have become impossible to predict its seasons. "The impact of climate change is evident in the four villages of Kivori - Kivori Poe, Kivori Kui, Hereparu and Meauri," says PACC Project Manager from SPREP, Taito Nakalevu. "They have mentioned that in a lot of the interviews and also the core group discussions that climate change not only changes how they do things like planting and so on, it is also changing where they are actually planting. So the issue of unpredictability becomes a real problematic one for them." "Before they were able to know the seasons and where and when to plant and so on, but at present it is no longer the case, because the wet seasons go into the dry seasons and the dry seasons comes into the wet season. This is where unpredictability comes in and it affects the way people do things." He added that this becomes a huge challenge for communities like Kivori where cash do not come easy, and they do not have the opportunity to market their produce in Port Moresby due to the poor road conditions and transportation, all put together equates to the very high vulnerability the community is facing. With the support of the PACC Regional Unit of SPREP, the DAL PNG has begun the Project in Kivori firstly carrying out the Socioeconomic Assessment in the four villages. PACC National Coordinator Mika Andrews said the findings confirm that the villagers are aware of the change in climate, and not only has drought been in existence in the villages but it has lengthened over a period of time. "The people have been born into an area where there is drought experience every year but they say the drought has lengthened and so forth, the impacts of climate change are real in the lives of the people at Kivori. "Our trip here was to conduct a household survey on the Socioeconomics situation of the people of Kivori who are under the PACC Project. We are one of the 13 countries who are taking part in this project; that is why we are here collecting data. He added, "We were not able to cover all the households because of the time, but we have a good number to make our survey non-questionable in terms of the number of people that we covered in each village." As the PACC Project kick-starts this year, the PACC Regional and National team are considerate of every aspect and complexities of the peoples' livelihood and surrounding. After carrying out the socioeconomic assessment, the Project team realizes the multitude of problems they face daily, needing careful consideration when designing the PACC Programme for Kivori. Ronda Airi, a mother and a nurse in her Kivori community says: "The ground, the sandy type, and when it is a bit of dry season maybe a week, you will see the crops leaves are getting yellow especially the one along here. A lot of work is done on gardening, cutting the grass, digging, weeding the roots out and planting, it takes a lot of time on that and you have to have money to buy food. When it rains, there is a lot of heavy rain, the ground is wet and the food starts getting rotten." "And when young people go and steal from other people, it does hurt me because to my case there's no one helping me in my gardening. And when I see my bananas or yams are dug out by a person who did not do the hard work and goes around and steal, that brings me anger and I keep complaining why am I here." 57-year-old Anna Bera says it has been a struggle to survive through the seasons, bringing more economic problems to her doorstep. "When dry season comes it is very hard, we plant on the shade of the sago palms. (During extreme rainfall conditions) our bridge the flood comes and wash it away and the roads and the transports are too hard to go and come, we find it very difficult, it's very hard especially we ladies, men is okay, but us we find it so hard. We find it hard for money for school fees and buying clothes and our goods to carry to the market. Because no transport we sometimes carry our goods to the Trans (Highway) and we take the other PMV (Public Motor Vehicle) from there and we go for market." Bera pays K20 for her fare to the city to do her marketing, and the cost of her cargo is K10 per bag. "We don't earn very much from the market, sometimes if we are lucky we'll earn K50 or K60 and sometimes even K100." After consultations with the four villages of Kivori, Nakalevu says, "They face droughts, floods, and also various pests, attacks on their crops and they have bandicoots, pigs, wallabies and even frogs, and it is actually causing a lot of problems to their crops affecting their production. On top of that, the Kivori communities are also facing non-climatic related problems, like transportation, for example, is a major issue here; and mismanagement of programmes that have come in. There is also a lot of law and order problems that are creeping up because of unemployment and lack of opportunities for cash employment. "So these are some of the things the PACC Project will need to take into consideration when designing the PACC Programme for Kivori. These are issues that are very complex in nature and some of them are not project related issues and cannot be dealt with by the project and that the communities themselves will have to deal with these problems. I think this is where ownership needs to come in to the whole equation, so that the people can own the programme and also be able to assist in the sustainability of the whole programme into the future. Otherwise these whole PACC Project will suffer the same fate other project have faced over the years where things are stolen, there are things that are broken down." He added that it is a challenge for the PACC Project, particularly for the DAL as the implementing agency of the PACC Project in PNG and for Andrew, the PACC National Coordinator to look at how best the project will need to come up with a programme that fits into the daily livelihood and improve the livelihood of the people of Kivori. "That is the most important aspect of this project. It is a challenge but to be able to deal with this harsh environment here then the PACC Project stands ready to support the Kivori community and DAL, particularly the regional office, to try and move this programme forward." The PACC Project encompasses three key development sectors, Food Production and Food Security, Coastal Management and Water Resource Management. PACC PNG is enhancing its adaptive capacity in the area of Food Production and Food Security. Further assessments will continue by the DAL on the village of Kivori before the actual on-the-ground implementation is carried out by the end of the year.
John Scopes, left, and Sue Kerr Hicks \| Wikimedia Commons The comedic song "A Boy Named Sue" was a hit for country legend Johnny Cash. It was written by Shel Silverstein, author of numerous books of funny poems for children, and recorded at Cash's live concert at San Quentin Prison in 1969. Although there are two theories of who inspired the song, most historians believe it was Judge Sue Kerr Hicks of Tennessee. Sue Kerr Hicks Public Domain \| Wikimedia Commons Hicks' name entered the history books in 1925 when he and a group of men made a plan that forced the Scopes Monkey Trial to test a ban on teaching evolution in Tennessee schools. As you might assume, there were few female attorneys in the South in 1925, and Sue was not a female. Hicks was, in fact, a boy named Sue. Born in Madisonville, Tenn., in 1895, Hicks and the group had their friend and local teacher, John Scopes, arrested for teaching evolution. They hoped to end the ban as well as bring a measure of fame to Dayton, Tenn., where the trial would be held. The case went as planned – to a point. Scopes was convicted but the Tennessee Supreme Court upheld the ban outlined in the Butler Act in 1927, effectively putting an end to the Scopes case. Also, while the trial did bring attention to Dayton, much of it was negative and the residents were labeled as "backward."The act would eventually be repealed in 1967. Author and songwriter Shel Siverstein \| AP File Photo But Hicks' legacy lives on in song as the most likely inspiration for the Cash's song "A Boy Named Sue." Silverstein, who paradoxically drew cartoons for Playboy magazine and wrote best-selling poems for children, was known for writing novelty songs, including "The Cover of The Rolling Stone" and "Boa Constrictor," a children's poem set to music and recorded by Cash. Johnny Cash File Photo According to lore, Silverstein attended a judicial conference in Gatlinburg at which Hicks was a speaker and, upon hearing Hicks' name announced, got the idea for the song title. This story has credibility because, after all, how many men named Sue would Silverstein have met in his life? Other than the title, however, the song has little to do with Hicks's life. The song refers to a young boy who is taunted because of the name and subsequently becomes a fighter. He spends years searching for the absentee father who named him and, upon finding him, learns that his father named him Sue so he would become tough enough to handle whatever life threw at him. It is true that Hicks' name was bestowed upon him by his father, Charles Wesley Hicks. But Hicks, born into a family of attorneys, was a bookish-looking man who was named for his mother, Susanna Coltharp Hicks, following her death within days of giving birth to her son Clarence Darrow speaking at the Scopes Monkey Trial, which had been moved outdoors because of the hear. Public Domain \| Wikimedia Commons Hicks would also claim that the name did not lead to problems in his life. In 1970, Hicks was quoted in the New York Times: "It is an irony of fate that I have tried over 800 murder cases and thousands of others, but the most publicity has been from the name 'Sue' and from the evolution trial." Hicks later became a judge and died in 1980. Author Jean Shepherd File Photo The other inspiration? So who is the other person who may have inspired the song? Humorist Jean Shepherd, author of the memoir brought to life in the movie "A Christmas Story." Author Eugene Bergmann pondered the connection in his book "Excelsior, You Fathead! The Art and Enigma of Jean Shepherd," writing that Jean and Shel were close friends and Jean often complained about people thinking he was a female because of his name. Bergmann wrote: "That Shel wrote a boy named sure in response to Jean's complains about having a girls' name may never be confirmed thought it seems consistent with Shel's humor and treatment of his old pals." Treehouses of Serenity Keep reading... Show less Grits and Gouda Keep reading... Show less Keep reading... Show less
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Lyme Disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythma migrans. If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system. LYME Disease "You're taking a shower when you notice this little black speck in the crease of your elbow, so you go to flick it with your fingernail, but it seems like it actually wiggles under your touch ..."
Mktg 610 week 1 dq topic 1 Topic 1 The text argues that marketing possesses very few rules for choosing the appropriate marketing activities. Can you describe any universal rules of marketing that might be applied to most products, markets, customers and situations? Choose a specific product that you use on a daily basis (such as food items, toiletries, or your car) and apply the 5W model in Exhibit 3.4 to yourself: a. Who are you (demographics, psychographics, etc.)? b. What do you do with the product (consumption, storage, disposal, etc.)? c. Where do you purchase the product? Why? d. When do you purchase the product? Why? e. Why and how do you select the product? f. Why do you not purchase competing products? Assume your responses are similar to millions of other consumers. Given this profile, how would you approach the marketing strategy for this particular product?
Quick Answer: What Is The Difference Between Lonely And Alone? Is it OK if I want to be alone? What does alone mean? Loneliness is defined by researchers as feeling lonely more than once a week. 1 Loneliness causes people to feel empty, alone, and unwanted. People who are lonely often crave human contact, but their state of mind makes it more difficult to form connections with other people. Can being lonely kill you? According to a major research, loneliness may raise the risk of a heart attack by more than 40 per cent. It also increases the chances of premature death by up to 50 per cent. This study also sheds light on the startling fact that people who had pre-existing heart diseases were more likely to die from isolation. What does loneliness do to the brain? How can I enjoy my own company? 30 Ways To Fall Back In Love With Your Own CompanyGo to bed every single night with one specific goal for the following day. … Find a podcast about a topic you know nothing about. … Put together a to-do list of classic movies to watch. … Do the same thing with books. … Do something by yourself that you’d normally do with a friend. … Write.More items…• Can loneliness make you sick? What are the symptoms of social isolation? Signs of Isolation in SeniorsDeep boredom, general lack of interest and withdrawal.Losing interest in personal hygiene.Poor eating and nutrition.Significant disrepair, clutter and hoarding in the house. What does it mean to be truly alone? To feel truly alone is to feel like, you never have anyone in your corner to run to, its to have people but be too afraid to tell them how you truly feel because they may run away, it’s for your family to not even be there for you, it’s to feel truly alone but do everything in your power to not be physically alone … How can I be happy being single? What happens if you are alone for too long? Is loneliness a psychological disorder? Impaired social relationship can lead to loneliness. Since the time of dawn, loneliness is perceived as a global human phenomenon. Loneliness can lead to various psychiatric disorders like depression, alcohol abuse, child abuse, sleep problems, personality disorders and Alzheimer’s disease. What is the cure for loneliness? Is being alone the same as being lonely? What does it mean to be alone but not lonely? When you are alone but not lonely, it means that even though you don’t have many or even any friends, you are happy the way you are and you enjoy your own company. What does it feel like to be lonely? Why is being alone bad for you?
If you’ve ever gotten sick, there is a good chance that you have been prescribed antibiotics before. When describing the procedures of taking these medications, your physician will warn you about combining the medication with alcohol – but what about with marijuana? The use of medical marijuana was approved in 2016 for Floridians who suffer from a state-approved qualifying condition. If you are suffering and want to see if getting your Florida medical marijuana card is a viable option, taking this pre-qualifying survey will allow you to see if you are eligible for getting your recommendation from a Florida Medical Marijuana Physician What are Antibiotics? Antibiotics are prescription medications that fight bacterial infections in both people and animals. They work by either killing the bacteria or by making it hard for the bacteria to multiply and grow. Antibiotics can be taken in various ways: • Orally (by mouth) by pills, capsules, or liquids. • Topically with a cream, spray, or ointment that you put on your skin. It could also be eye or ear drops. • Through an injection or I.V if the infection is more serious. They only treat certain infections caused by bacteria, like strep throat, urinary tract infections, and whooping cough. Antibiotics are also used to treat life-threatening conditions caused by bacteria, like sepsis, which is the body’s extreme response to an infection. Antibiotics should not be used to treat viruses that cause sore throats, runny noses, and coughs. This is because these illnesses typically get better on their own, without the need for medications.Taking antibiotics when they are not needed will not help a person get any better and they could end up getting the unwanted side effects from the antibiotics. How Do They Affect Your Body? Antibiotics fight bacterial infections by either killing bacteria or slowing and suspending its growth. They do this by blocking protein production in bacteria, attacking the wall or coating surrounding the bacteria, or interfering with the bacterial growth. Overuse of antibiotics can result in your body building a resistance to these medications. Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria can no longer be controlled or eliminated by certain medications. In some cases, this can result in no effective treatments for certain conditions. Each year, 2 million people are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resulting in at least 23,000 deaths. When taking antibiotics it is always important to follow the directions carefully. Always finish your prescription, even if you feel better. Stopping the medication too soon can result in some of the bacteria surviving and regenerating to re-infect you. Never share your medications with others and never save them for later. How Cannabis Interacts with Medication Everything that you put in your body will have a chemical or physiological reaction – or consequence. No matter what it is, there will be some type of biological reaction. When it comes to antibiotics, there are certain things that are important to avoid. Alcohol is one of the things that a person might not want to mix with medications, but what about cannabis? For the most part, cannabis has a reputation as being a safe medication in terms of its toxicity and overdose potential. However, the plant’s interaction with other forms of medication has not really been researched in depth. There are also no major reports of people suffering adverse effects, either, so it is difficult to judge. Cannabis has been known to react negatively with many drugs including ibuprofen, morphine, and SSRIs but antibiotics are not recognized as being contraindicated. Although the risk is minimal, there is always the chance of having an adverse reaction whenever you mix marijuna with other medications. For example, marijuana is known to inhibit certain enzymes that are produced in the liver that are responsible for the biosynthesis of certain antibiotics. If marijuana is inhibiting these enzymes, you are more likely to suffer from the side effects caused by these antibiotics such as troleandomycin, miocamycin, and erythromycin. These side effects include vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. If you have any questions, always consult with your marijuana doctor. They might advise you to take a break from your medicalmarijuana when you are taking antibiotics. Marijuana has the ability to exacerbate the problem and compromise your overall health. Most importantly, avoid vaping and smoking marijunana to avoid a lung or respiratory infection. You can medicate by using other forms of medical marijuaua such as swallowing a capsule, eating an edible, wearing a patch, or taking a sublingual oil. Marijuana has Antibacterial Potential Some research is showing that marijuna might have antibacterial properties. Researches at McMaster found that the cannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) is not only antibacterial but also effective in mice against a resilient family of bacteria known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The CBG prevented the ability of MRSA to form biofilms, which are groups of microorganisms that attach to each other and to surfaces. It also destroyed preformed biofilms and cells resistant to antibiotics. CBG was able to do this by targeting the cell membrane of the bacteria. An Italian study done in 2008 tested at the antibacterial effects of all five major cannabinoids found in marijuana: cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabichromene (CBC). The different cannabinoids were tested against a variety of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The research showedthat all five cannabinoids were effective against the bacteria. Another research team from University of Southern Denmark, has published a scientific study proving the effect of CBD on bacterial growth. Ihe study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, CBD was used to enhance the effect of the antibiotic bacitracin against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Multidrug-resistant clones of this pathogen have spread globally and in some countries, treatment of bacterial infections with these resistant bacteria are difficult. According to the researchers, the combination of CBD along with antibiotics may be a way to treat infections with antibiotic resistant bacteria. Three things happened with the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, when the researchers treated them with the combination in their study: • The bacteria could no longer divide like it normally did. • The expression of certain key genes in the bacteria was lowered. • The bacterial membrane became unstable. While there is still not enough research to show that marijuana can replace antibiotics altogether, studies do suggest that marijuana may complement the use of conventional antibiotics.
Peripheral Vascular Disease Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) & Travel Abdominal Aortic Anuerysm (AAA) Carotid Artery Disease (CAD) Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) PVD is a narrowing of the arteries which causes impaired blood supply. It is generally seen as pain on walking (claudication). The five common causes: A large number of inflammatory diseases etc., can cause similar problems in less common situations. Natural History Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD is the US name; PVD is the UK name) is generally a benign disease i.e. if it affects the lower limb and is associated with a blocked artery in the thigh then when the patient walks there will be diminished blood flow to the calf muscles which ache. Over 5 years, more than 90% of these patients will retain their limb. Statistically about a third will be much the same and a third might even improve. The third that worsen are liable to be non-exercising or diabetic or persistent smokers. Collateral Circulation Regular walking has been shown to have an improvement affect that is almost comparable to endovascular treatment or even surgery. This is because blood flow can often go through other arteries into muscles and then back around the blockage into a main artery. This is called collateral circulation. The stimulus to develop collateral circulation is exercise. The best exercise is slow steady continuous walking e.g. around the block, or around the park for 30 to 60 minutes each day. The person may need to stop several times. A rest of a few minutes is all that is required and then they walk onwards. Fast walking or walking up hills or steps causes pain and confers little benefit. Not surprisingly those addicted to golf who have Peripheral Vascular Disease or have undergone bypass surgery generally have very good long-term outcomes. First Stage of Management The first management of Peripheral Vascular Disease then is at the non-specialist level i.e. identification of patients at risk and aggressive treatment of vascular risk factors. The vascular surgery summary of this is “stop smoking and start walking”. Patients without active control of their risk factors should probably not proceed to vascular surgery or endovascular surgery. First Stage of Identification Patients with peripheral vascular disease will probably by identified by a general practitioner or physician. Arterial ultrasound would reveal certain arterial narrowing’s or occlusions. The vascular surgeon would then assess whether there is a risk of a catastrophic event or whether, like most patients, conservative management is appropriate. The vascular surgeon’s role then would be to organise specialised imaging such as CT Angiography or even Angiography and infrequent but regular supervision of the patient. Ultrasound imaging reports that recommend CT Angiography or Angiography in the absence of higher vascular surgical opinion should be treated with some caution. In summary PVD/PAD covers a wide range of cases and should be generally considered a benign disease whose management is medical but doesn’t preclude a surgical opinion from the vascular surgeon.
Origin of Ashrams Swami Niranjanananda Saraswati In previous times, when there were less people enclosed in areas in the form of villages and hamlets, there were certain people who were knowledgeable in that society. Where they lived, other people of the community would go for advice, learning, knowing something and for some solution to their questions. A family affair Where it took a mystical religious turn, those people became the pandits, the priests, who guided society with their knowledge and understanding. Where these people had no external, material, social bent of mind, they became the munis who reflected on various thoughts, ideas and perspectives. They brought the first teaching to society. People came for learning, and eventually, started to live with the munis for extended learning. Then, children started to come for learning and to develop traits and skills; and these first organically developed ashrams were known as gurukuls, the family of the teacher, the family of the master. Just as in a school, you see different classes, in the same manner in the gurukul, there would be different classes where the vidya, the knowledge, could be imparted according to the receptivity of the student. Gurukuls became the main education centres over a period of time. They were like the first schools, the first colleges, where sixty-four different social and spiritual disciplines and skills were taught. These subjects were managed and maintained by the people who were known as the seers, the rishis, the knowledgeable, the intellectuals of society, the sadhakas, practitioners, developers of the society. These gurukuls where the rishis lived were not bachelor pads. They were households. The teacher, with the wife and their children were the main group from whom the learning was derived. It was more like a family affair. Out of this group, another group emerged who were the ascetics. They did not want to live in the human community, and left the human community to follow their own spiritual aspirations. These ascetics, tapasvis, were originally known as yatis. Possibly the word ‘yeti’ has come from this word ‘yati’, a recluse who does not mingle with people and society. They lived in isolation and were self-content and self-contained. From these yatis who were the first level of tapasvis, evolved the other groups of renunciates and ascetics in which sannyasins were a group. The sannyasins followed the path of asceticism in the past and were well versed in the ancient scriptural lore. Therefore, they also became the holders of knowledge, experimenters, exponents and practitioners of knowledge. The lifestyle of yatis and sannyasins revolved around this understanding and living. Later on, the ascetics became quite powerful due to their austere lifestyle, intense and keen understanding and perception of nature and the cosmos. They were able to express many of the abstract truths which were previously only in the realm of experience in the form of prose and poetry, in the form of an idea, a thought and a philosophy. From there the darshanas evolved. The various philosophies from Samkhya to Vedanta, pre-Shankaracharya, to Nyaya, Vaisheshika, to the yogas, tantras, Upanishads and Vedas evolved from such keen insight into nature. Many of these groups were rishis and many were ascetics, both. Come to work Ashrams were identified as those places where the ascetics, the renunciates lived. Gurukuls were identified as those places where the educationists, the householders lived. In an ashram where a renunciate was living, people started to come. If somebody practises meditation, some practical organization has to be there for maintaining the place, cooking, purchasing, cleaning. A single person cannot meditate eight hours, ten hours without any support or help. Where austere sadhanas used to be practised by the tapasvis for days and days, or weeks and weeks, a group of people used to come together to help the ascetic. That became the aa-shram – come to work. The word ashram is something that developed over a period of time naturally as an indication that the people who were helping the tapasvi, were going to an ashram. The tapasvi used to do his tapas for years and years, and his helpers would collect wood, make the fire, cook, clean and organize. In this manner, the ashram developed. Living and learning Later, two different groups of people started to come to the ashram: one group who simply came to live and who were not interested in philosophy, theory or the discipline of the ashram; and the other group who came for the teaching which was their focus, and they were not interested in living. At Ganga Darshan ashram, there are also two types of people. Everybody here is not a yoga knower, practitioner, or a teacher, and they need not be. They have not come for yoga, they have come for living, and that is perfectly accepted in the ashram. Living in an ashram does not make anyone a yoga teacher. Not everybody knows yoga. Some people dedicate themselves to yoga, learn, live, develop and propagate yoga. It is one small group. In the past, sannyasins have come to society and retreated back into isolation. They brought something to society and then they went back to maintain and preserve their knowledge until the next need came. This happens every time in the propagation and development of a vidya, knowledge, and understanding. In Munger, Sri Swami Satyananda never spoke on Vedanta or on any other philosophy or theory. He only spoke on yoga: the practical, the scientific, the physical, the psychological, the psychic, the mystical, the spiritual. He spoke on every subject, but in a practical, scientific and clear manner. That was the mandate he received, and to fulfil that mandate, he established the Bihar School of Yoga. The continuation of that mandate is: yoga as a vocation, as a profession, as a practice and yoga as a sadhana, as a lifestyle and as a culture. Ashrams are not gurukuls or static centres; they are evolving places following a sequence of growth, development and evolution where the exposure to something can turn into a better connection and a deeper experience. 10 January 2016, Ganga Darshan, Munger
Foreign Affairs Mail-in voting: busting the myths Google+ Pinterest LinkedIn Tumblr As coronavirus cases in the United States continue to climb, the likelihood of holding a presidential election as normal this November is shrinking by the day. As a result, voting by mail – where voters are sent and then post their ballot rather than having to visit a polling station – has become a hot topic. Some politicians, not least US President Donald Trump, have cast doubt on the validity of postal votes, saying widespread mail-in voting would enable mass fraud. Democrats and Republicans recently clashed over a stimulus package which would provide extra funding to the postal service. Meanwhile, the USPS has warned 46 states that it may not be able to deliver ballots on time to be counted in line with electoral rules. But Trump and others have relied on some erroneous statements to argue against voting by mail. Five of the most common myths are busted below. Mail-in voting is more liable to fraud In May, Trump doubled down on his scepticism about mail-in voting, saying at a press conference that ‘Mail-in ballots are very dangerous. There’s tremendous fraud involved and tremendous illegality’. Mail-in voting sceptics could point to a small number of prominent examples of voter fraud in the US in recent years, such as in a 2018 primary in North Carolina, which was re-run after revelations of vote tampering. However, multiple studies and investigations have found instances of voter fraud through mail-in voting to be extremely rare. A study by the Brennan Center, a non-partisan law and public policy institute, concluded that the overall rate of voter fraud in the US is between 0.00004% and 0.0009%. The Brennan Center have also stated specifically that mail ballots are ‘secure and essential’. A database of instances of election fraud collected by the University of Arizona since 2000 does show that absentee ballot fraud made up the largest proportion of cases. But in the 20 years since 2000, hundreds of millions of votes have been cast and just 491 examples of absentee ballot voter fraud identified. Five US states now conduct votes almost entirely through mail-in ballots, and report very little fraud. Absentee/mail-in voting is new Widespread absentee voting was first used during the American Civil War. The system allowed 150,000 of 1 million Union soldiers to vote from the battlefield in 1864. More recently, a number of US states have conducted elections almost entirely by mail; all 50 states are obliged to offer voting by mail to residents who are unable to visit a polling booth on election day, be it due to illness or work. 34 states (plus Washington, DC) offer ‘no-excuse’ vote by mail, meaning any resident can request a postal ballot for any reason. Five states – Colorado, Hawaii, Oregon, Utah and Washington – already conduct elections predominantly through bail-in ballots. That’s not to say the transition to mail-in voting – which many more Americans will likely opt for if the coronavirus pandemic continues on its current path – will be straightforward. In June, many Georgians voted by mail in a primary which went horribly wrong when voters did not receive their ballots and were forced to wait for hours outside polling stations. The 2020 Presidential Election will be conducted entirely through mail-in voting President Trump recently declared that universal mail-in voting would be ‘catastrophic’ and make the US a ‘laughing stock’. But so far, only nine states plus Washington, DC intend to hold voting entirely by mail this November. This will mean postal ballots are automatically sent out to all registers voters without them having to request one. In a majority of states, voters will have to request their ballot in the mail and polling stations will open as usual. Mail-in ballots are more liable to fraud than absentee ballots Donald Trump caused bemusement when he made a distinction between ‘bad, dishonest and slow’ mail-in ballots and absentee ballots, which are ‘fine, because you have to go through a precise process’. But election experts have pointed out that differentiating between mail-in and absentee voting is misleading. Most states now allow residents to vote by mail regardless of whether or not they are technically ‘absent’, and the process of applying for a postal ballot is almost identical either way. The president himself has voted by mail several times, as he is registered to vote in Florida. Trump and his wife requested absentee ballots for the state last week. What Trump says he takes issue with is the automatic distribution of postal ballots. But this will only take place in nine states at time of writing. Mail-in voting favours the Democrats Several Republicans have claimed that widespread mail-in voting would decimate the Republican Party. GOP speaker of the House in Georgia, David Ralston, claimed earlier this year that a move to mail-in voting would be ‘devastating’ Republicans. Donald Trump has singled out several states who are seeking to expand their postal voting provisions, especially those with Democratic governors. He falsely claimed that the Democratic governor of California had been ‘sending Ballots to millions of people…no matter who they are or how they got there’. Elsewhere, the president has accused the Democrats of trying to ‘steal an election’ through expansion of mail-in voting, an issue of contention in recent talks over a coronavirus stimulus package. During cross-party discussions, Trump said he opposed additional USPS funding because of his concerns over mail-in voting. However, research by Stanford University has indicated that voting by mail does not have a partisan effect. Trump has backtracked somewhat on his damning of postal voting, perhaps having realised that in some states the system is used disproportionately by Republican voters. For example in Florida, where Trump narrowly won in 2016: according to the president voting by mail in the state is ‘Safe and Secure, Tried and True’. Many older Americans choose to retire in Florida; over-65s are more likely to vote by mail and to favour Trump. Comments are closed. %d bloggers like this:
Bright Side The 4 Principles That Make Scandinavians the Happiest in the World Studies of the state of global happiness from recent years show Denmark, Norway, and Sweden as the world's happiest nations. Scandinavians follow a set of rules thanks to which they enjoy life every single day. We at Bright Side decided to find out more about this, and it seems everyone has something to learn from these joyful nations. 1. Modesty and respect for others In Nordic countries there is The Law of Jante, a set of rules that underline behavior toward individuals: • You're not to think you are anything special. • You're not to think you are as good as we are. • You're not to think you are smarter than we are. • You're not to convince yourself that you are better than we are. • You're not to think you know more than we do. • You're not to think you are more important than we are. • You're not to think you are good at anything. • You're not to laugh at us. • You're not to think anyone cares about you. • You're not to think you can teach us anything. Although Scandinavians themselves occasionally make fun of this law, it helps to create an extremely friendly and cooperative society. Modesty and respect for others are highly valued. Moreover, this law discourages people from being arrogant and boastful. 2. Balancing work and family life Scandinavians know how important it is to devote time to family. Most offices in Denmark close at 5 p.m. Moreover, Danes never work overtime. In Sweden, some companies have gone even further and moved to a six-hour working day in a bid to increase productivity and happiness. Families often go out to the park, play sports, and travel with their relatives. 3. Family gatherings by the hearth In Denmark, there is one great word that means creating a cozy atmosphere and enjoying the good things in life with friends and relatives: "hygge." Sitting by the fire on a cold night, wearing a warm sweater, drinking wine, and eating delicious food - probably surrounded by candles. That's definitely "hygge," and it's something everyone can experience and benefit from. Hygge is about solidarity, comfort, support, and attention from your nearest and dearest. 4. Realistic expectations In her book, Happy as a Dane, Malene Rydahl discusses the keys to the happiness of the Scandinavians. One of the most important secrets to living a happier life is the ability to formulate realistic expectations - but don't stop dreaming and setting ambitious goals! You'll find that your friends and relatives will pleasantly surprise you more often. Comparing yourself to others won't help you become happier either. We tend to compare our lives to those in our social media feed. However, these comparisons tend to contribute toward our unhappiness. Just stop measuring your achievements against others', and rejoice at what you have. Preview photo credit hoskelsa Based on materials from, Share This Article
what is safeguarding? what is safeguarding? solved 0 Noruhan 8 months 1 Answer 312 views 0 About NoruhanVerified Answer ( 1 ) 1. Answer: Safeguarding is a term used in the United Kingdom and Ireland[1] to denote measures to protect the health, well-being and human rights of individuals, which allow people — especially children, young people and vulnerable adults — to live free from abuse, harm and neglect. Best answer Cancel the best answer Leave an answer
Coronavirus mutating, potentially evolving, shows study amid US surge ▴ Coronavirus mutating, potentially evolving, shows study amid US surge That mutation is associated with a higher viral load among patients upon initial diagnosis, the researchers found. Scientists in Houston on Wednesday released a study of more than 5,000 genetic sequences of the coronavirus, which reveals the virus's continual accumulation of mutations, one of which may have made it more contagious. The study, which has not been peer-reviewed, was posted Wednesday on the preprint server MedRxiv. It appears to be the largest single aggregation of genetic sequences of the virus in the United States. A larger batch of sequences was published this month by scientists in the United Kingdom, and, like the Houston study, concluded that a mutation that changes the structure of the "spike protein" on the surface of the virus may be driving the outsize spread of that strain. The new report did not find that these mutations have made the virus deadlier. All viruses accumulate genetic mutations, and most are insignificant, scientists say. Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, which causes the illness covid-19, are relatively stable as viruses go because they have a proofreading mechanism as they replicate. But every mutation is a roll of the dice, and with the transmission so widespread in the United States - which continues to see tens of thousands of new, confirmed infections daily - the virus has had abundant opportunities to change, potentially with troublesome consequences, said study author James Musser of Houston Methodist Hospital. "We have given this virus a lot of chances," Musser told The Washington Post. "There is a huge population size out there right now." Scientists from Weill Cornell Medicine, the University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory, and the University of Texas at Austin also contributed to the study. David Morens, a virologist at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), reviewed the new study and said the findings point to the likelihood that the virus, as it has moved through the population, has become more transmissible, and that this "may have implications for our ability to control it." Morens noted that this is a single paper, and that "you don't want to over-interpret what this means." But the virus, he said, could potentially be responding - through random mutations - to such interventions as mask-wearing and social distancing, Morens said Wednesday. "Wearing masks, washing our hands, all those things are barriers to transmissibility or contagion, but as the virus becomes more contagious it statistically is better at getting around those barriers," said Morens, senior adviser to Anthony Fauci, the director of the NIAID. This has implications for the formulation of vaccines, he said. As people gain immunity, either through infections or a vaccine, the virus could be under selective pressure to evade the human immune response. At Houston Methodist, whose main hospital is part of the Texas Medical Center in central Houston and which includes hospitals in the area, scientists have been sequencing the 30,000-character genome of the coronavirus since early March, when the virus first appears to have arrived in the metropolitan area of 7 million people. The paper documents 5,085 sequences. The research shows that the virus moved through Houston neighborhoods in two waves, first striking wealthier and older individuals but then spreading, in the second wave, to younger people and lower-income neighborhoods - affecting many Latino residents. At the same time, as the virus spread Zipcode by Zipcode, it compiled mutations, many affecting the spike protein. That structure on the surface of the virus, which resembles a tree decked with curled ribbons, enables the virus to enter cells. The genetic data shows that the virus arrived in Houston many times, presumably at first by air travel. Notably, 71% of the viruses that arrived initially were characterized by a now scientifically famous mutation, which appears to have originated in China, that scientists increasingly suspect may give the virus a biological advantage in how it spreads. It is called D614G, referring to the substitution of an amino acid called aspartic acid (D) for one called glycine (G) in a region of the genome that encodes for the spike protein. By the second wave of the outbreak in Houston, the study found that this variant had leaped to 99.9% prevalence - completing its domination of the outbreak. The researchers found that people infected with the strain had higher loads of viruses in their upper respiratory tracts, a potential factor in making the strain spread more effectively. Kristian Andersen, an immunologist at the Scripps Research Institute in California, who was not involved in the new research, downplayed the significance of the new study. He said it "just confirms what has already been described - G increased in frequency over time." As for the numerous other mutations the study finds, "they just catalog them, but we don't know if any of them have any functional relevance." Musser said D614G has been increasingly dominant in Houston and other areas because it is better adapted to spreading among humans. He acknowledged that the scientific case is not closed on this matter. "This isn't a murder trial," Musser said. "We're not looking for beyond a reasonable doubt. This is a civil trial, and clearly, it's the preponderance of the evidence that I think forces all of us into the same conclusion, which is there's something biologically different about that strain, that family of strains." Recently, the even larger study of the spread of the coronavirus in the United Kingdom, based on about 25,000 genomes, also found evidence that this variant of the virus outdistances its competitors "in a manner consistent with a selective advantage." In general, scientists would expect natural selection to favor mutations that help the virus spread more effectively - since that allows it to make more copies of itself - but not necessarily ones that make it more virulent. Killing or incapacitating the host would generally not help the virus spread to more people. The study found 285 separate mutation sites that change a physical building block of the spike protein, which is the most important part of the coronavirus in the sense that it is what allows it to infect and harm humans. Forty-nine of the changes at these sites had not been seen before in other genomes sequenced around the world. The study characterizes some of the spike protein mutations as "disconcerting." While the paper does not present strong proof that any additional evolution of the spike protein is occurring, it suggests that these repeated substitutions provide a hint that, as the virus interacts with our bodies and our immune systems, it may be learning new tricks that help it respond to its host. "I think there's pretty good evidence that's consistent with immunologic selection acting on certain regions of the spike protein," Musser said. The actual mutations in the virus occur randomly as it makes mistakes trying to copy its genome within our cells. But every new case gives a chance for more mutations to occur, which increases the chance that one of these mutations will be useful to the virus, just as D614G already has been. Tags : #COVID-19 #Surge #Potential #Study #HoustonUniversity About the Author Dr. Naila Syed Related Stories Loading Please wait... Trending Now UN chief on 1 Million COVID-19 deathsSeptember 29, 2020 WHO work with migrant camps in Greece September 28, 2020 Global Coronavirus deaths cross 1 Million markSeptember 28, 2020 Two million Coronavirus deaths : WHO September 26, 2020 US surpasses 7 Million Coronavirus casesSeptember 26, 2020
You are here Education Scene 2 Language level Intermediate: B1 Dear Kirk, Hello Nikoslado All the best The LearnEnglish Team Dear Team, What do you think of it ? Ever thankful to all of your Team. Hello Nicoslado All the best The LearnEnglish Team Hi Team. "Come on, Ashlie. Let's get started." Why does it use started not start? Could you please explain? Thank you. Hello Nizam, The key here is that Stephen says 'get started' (not just 'started'). 'get started' means the same as 'start'; the verb in 'get started' is 'get', which is in the base form here. Stephen could have said 'Let's start' as well, but 'get started' is more common in informal situations. All the best, The LearnEnglish Team I can get at least 80% corect tasks, however I can't catch up the clip. what sould i do? Hello lenhu, You should keep practising! However, remember that it is normal to not understand absolutely everything we hear, even in our own language. A key skill to listening is to be able to understand the message which is being communicated even if we do not catch every word - this is something you must do when you are communicating normally in the real world, so it is good practice for you to try to cope in this way. Best wishes, The LearnEnglish Team People buy second-hand cars when they are on vacation in another country or when their car broke down. Old cars break down more than new ones.
Football lessons from the ‘71 Point Boro Dust Bowl Posted in Personal with tags , , on September 24, 2019 by multimediaman The 1971 Point Pleasant Borough High School Varsity Football team When I was a little kid, I learned about the game of football from my father, Loren Donley. Among my earliest memories are watching NFL games with him on a black and white TV with rabbit ears in Point Pleasant, New Jersey in the mid-1960s. We watched the Green Bay Packers beat the Dallas Cowboys in the NFL championship game on January 1, 1967. Then, two weeks later, we watched the Packers win the AFL-NFL World Championship Game against the Kansas City Chiefs. This was before that game became known as the Super Bowl. I also watched The Ohio State University Buckeyes on Saturdays with my dad. He taught me about Coach Woody Hayes and what it meant to be a Buckeye like he was. This is something that kind of gets into your veins and doesn’t ever come out. Even though I graduated from Rutgers and have lived in Detroit for almost 40 years now—and attended my share of games at the Big House in Ann Arbor—I will always be a Scarlet and Gray Buckeye. However, there was nothing like the thrill of going with my dad to the Point Boro high school football games on Saturdays as a little kid. Although I didn’t really understand all the rules, I knew when I heard the Panther marching band play “Hail to the Varsity” the Boro had scored another touchdown. As I recall, this happened seven or eight times a game every week in the 1960s. By the time I was eight years old I was wearing the Black and Gold in my home town. I still recall the smell of those warm autumn afternoons during football season and what it felt like to drive home with my dad after another Point Boro win. Like all the kids in my neighborhood, I was proud to be associated with a high school football program that went three complete seasons in a row without losing a single game. And, also like them, I was disappointed when the Panthers lost to Manasquan in 1970 and ended their winning streak at 34-0. We learned that being “undefeated,” like everything else in life, must eventually come to an end. Naturally, when I was old enough, I wanted to play competitive tackle football. I wanted to put on shoulder pads, pants, cleats and a helmet more than anything, so I practiced as much as I could. I played touch football in the street in front of my house with the other kids from the neighborhood. My dad would throw the ball with me and the other boys in the back yard. I wanted to be a running back like Cleveland’s #32 Jim Brown or the Packer’s #23 Travis Williams. Most of all, I dreamt of one day carrying the ball for the Panthers. In the summer of 1971, at age eleven—between the fifth and sixth grades—I tried out for the Point Pleasant Golden Elks Pop Warner Pee Wee football team. The program had two squads: 10-12 year old Pee Wees and 12-14 year old Midgets. The Golden Elks included kids from Point Beach and Point Boro and, since the number of players trying out exceeded the number of available spaces, the coaches had to make cuts. Playing football as a youngster teaches you many things. For one, you get to figure out how tough you are and see quickly if you really have what it takes to play the game. Sure, you need athletic skills like speed, quickness and vision. You also need ball skills like throwing and catching a spiral. If you have size and strength, these are a big plus. But more than any of these other things, if you have heart and can handle the contact, you can compete. This is a quality that you cannot fake. You don’t get to make excuses; you can either take and make the hits or you can’t, period. Anyway, on the final day of Pee Wee tryouts, my name was not called among those who made the Golden Elks team and I was completely crushed. It was a long drive home that evening in mid-July from the Point Beach Antrim School practice field, staring out the car window with tears running down my cheeks. My dad understood my disappointment, especially since his parents did not let him play football when he was a kid growing up in Ohio. Just like many parents today, my grandparents were worried that my dad might get hurt. They didn’t want him to end up like his older brother Dale who broke his arm so badly playing high school football that he could no longer straighten it out … for the rest of his life. My dad Loren Donley and Coach Al Saner in 1971-72. ‘71 Panthers manager So, my dad—who was the vocal music teacher at Point Boro High School—had a conversation with Panther head football coach Al Saner about my situation. Somehow, between the two of them, they hatched this idea that I should be a manager (a.k.a. water boy) for the Panther varsity squad in the upcoming season. Well, that’s how I ended up, from early August to late October 1971, with Coach Saner and his staff—Mr. Spincola, Mr. Gilmore, Mr. Vancardo, Mr. Russell, Mr. Anderson and Mr. Leibfried—and became part of another Panther championship season. For me, this turned out to be an opportunity of a lifetime. I remember those three months like they took place yesterday. I learned so many things—mostly to do with football that I can talk about and some other life stuff that I can’t really bring up because, well, they’re not PG—that have stayed with me to this day. It all took place in the team meetings, at the preseason scrimmages, in the locker room and equipment room and during the home and away games, including the bus rides to and from the other schools and especially on the practice field at Memorial School known as the Dust Bowl. The players I remember most were the ’71 Panther seniors (front row, left to right in the team photo above): Butch Gordon (33), Ron Stone (46), Michael Swigon (32), Paul Ridge (86), Ken Stahlin (44), Jim Williams (14), Rich Leibfried (18), Tony DiVanno (95), Frank Bomenblit (61), Craig Bessinger (51), Geoff Lee (94) and Tom Chadwick (64). While there were many other players on the team that I got to know, these guys really took a liking to me. Since nearly everyone on the team had a nickname, on the first day of summer practice they gave me one too: they started calling me “Harry.” This was because my last name was very similar to that of Harry Donnelly, the former Point Boro offensive coach who had left the district after the previous season. I’m not certain who gave me that name, but it stuck. They would say, “Hey Harry, go get me the ball bag” or “Harry, I need a mouthpiece” or “Harry, can you fix my chin strap?” In addition to being at their side for every practice and running water bottles out to the field during game time-outs, I carried equipment kits, I fixed helmets and shoulder pads, I moved blocking and tackling dummies and other practice equipment and I made sure the water hose was running and available on the practice field (when they were allowed to drink from it). Most of the senior backs and receivers had their own locker room up front next to coaches locker room. Although Coach Saner didn’t want me hanging around there—mainly because he thought I might hear some stuff that wasn’t meant for the ears of an eleven-year-old kid—I’d go in there anyway and listen to the conversations taking place. Sometimes there were rivalries like when Ron Stone and Paul Ridge debated who had more receiving TDs on the season. Other times, they talked about injuries like the time QB Rich Leibfried got knocked out with a rib injury in the dog-fight-of-a-game against Wall Township. And, of course, they also talked about their high school sweethearts. Other times they would tell jokes. I remember a couple of these—although I can’t say who told them or how they went exactly—other than to recall that one was about a lady football player who got knocked out during a game and the other had to do with a field inspection of British Commandos. Anyway, when summer practice began, the first team meetings took place in the gym. The players all sat in one section of bleachers as the coaches introduced themselves. There was a chalk board where things were sketched out and gone over in detail. When he took attendance, Coach Saner sometimes had a hard time with last names, especially those of the new JV players, and there were some laughs when he botched them up pretty good. While there were quite a few funny moments here and there, those meetings were dead serious, all about football and all about getting ready for the ‘71 season. Three yards and a cloud of dust There were also squad meetings in different classrooms in the high school to teach the offensive and defensive schemes and plays. Anyone familiar with those early Point Boro football teams knows that Coach Saner had a preference for the run game. My dad referred to it as “three yards and a cloud of dust.” The offense was not complicated and was based on grind-it-out strength and power strategy. Coach Saner was not a big fan of passing the ball and he was known to say, “When you throw the football, only three things can happen and two of them are bad.” On most plays, the Panthers used the I-Formation with a wing back off the tight end and with one wide receiver on the opposite side of the power. The playbook consisted mostly of running off-tackle or between the guard and tackle with the fullback as a lead blocker. The QB would hand the ball off to the half-back who followed the fullback through the hole. On the ’71 team, the fullback blocking responsibility was assigned to Ken Stahlin. He was probably the fiercest football player I had ever seen. I remember seeing him regularly take out linebackers left and right to clear the path for halfback Mike Swigon. Plus, when he got the chance to carry the ball, he did not try to go around would-be tacklers. Wham! Anyway, the Point Boro offense also had the occasional pitch to the halfback from the Wing-T. In those days, there was no shotgun, and the QB was always under center. On very rare occasions, the wing back would take an inside reverse hand-off with a pulling guard making a trap block or the wide receiver would come around on a reverse. This wide receiver reverse worked very well for the ’71 Panthers with Ron Stone taking the ball and sprinting down the sideline like lightning. Wow! On every play, the QB Rich Leibfried always faked a bootleg after the handoff and, every once in a while, he would fake the handoff to the half back and bootleg around the right or left edge, usually for a long gain, since no one was expecting it. This could be tried once or twice per game because the defense always adjusted and started looking for it. As I mentioned, football is a very hard game. The practices in those days were nothing short of agonizing, especially for the linemen. I remember how, after what seemed like hours of blocking drills in the Dust Bowl over by the trees next to Memorial School, the white practice uniforms of the linemen would be covered from top to bottom in dirt, blood and mud. Those line drills were run by Coach Vincent Spincola. I think you could say Coach Spincola was a Jersey Shore Italian, but not the fake kind that was later made popular by reality TV. No, he was a real New Jersey Italian with a noticeable North Jersey accent and a vocabulary to go with it. He had slicked back dark hair with an M-shaped receding hairline. He smoked and his voice was really gruff and harsh. Coach Spincola had this laugh that could be very embarrassing for a player who might be the object of his humor. He would drop his jaw wide open and a little bit to the side and release a deep and massive “Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha” from his diaphragm, kind of like the way Ray Liotta laughs in the movie “Good Fellas.” Anyway, those linemen drills were probably the most grueling and violent thing I had ever witnessed. Coach Spincola was relentless. He saw his job as making a lineman tough or making him cry. Let’s just say it probably wouldn’t be considered politically correct today the way he coached those boys back then. On the other hand, he coached some of the greatest offensive and defensive lines to ever play Jersey Shore high school football. I found myself staying over there with the linemen quite a bit because that’s where I was needed the most in terms of busted equipment and first aid gear. Plus, I got to learn some new words hanging around Coach Spincola. For example, I found out what “gonads” were. Although I didn’t know it at the time, it turns out this is a completely legitimate biological term. Coach Spincola illustrated the concept by placing his hands in a “V” shape in front of his groin area and explaining that this is where a lineman is supposed to put his face when properly making a block or a tackle. “Hail, hail” During those drills, Coach Spincola had this cadence he would call out that is something I will never forget. I am sure that those players will never forget it either. Coach Spincola used it to signal the linemen that it was time to come off the ball and make contact with each other in the drills. It was a two-word, rapid-fire thing with no space in between. You might normally think of it as “hut one, hut two,” but instead with Coach Spincola it went something like this: “hail, hail.” Come to think of it, I’m not really sure if he was saying “hail” or “hell.” Either way, it was absolutely terrifying because immediately after this verbal command, all you could hear was the crashing of helmets and shoulder pads and some grunting noises. Coach Spincola was extremely hard on those players. I heard him say many things during those sessions that I really can’t repeat. However, I also know in my heart and believe to this day that he really loved those boys like they were his own sons. He was always the first to congratulate them when they got their job done on the field during the games. In those situations, you were “perfecto” in Coach Spincola’s eyes. That is, of course, as long as you weren’t out there crouching around on your hands and knees at the line of scrimmage like you were “picking up quarters.” One day—after the linemen had carved a pit on their side of the Dust Bowl from the one-on-ones, two-on-ones and three-on-twos for what seemed like hours—Coach Spincola gave these guys a breather. This break consisted of being allowed to remove their hats (he always referred to helmets as “hats”) and take one knee. Then, after a whistle blow from Coach Saner on the other side of the Dust Bowl, I remember how everyone looked up and saw the offensive backs and receivers come jogging by to take a lap. Seeing not even a single grass stain on their pristine practice uniforms, Coach Spincola shook his head and said, “There go the white knights!” Although I was eleven and the Boro players looked like men to me, they were teenage boys who were often pushed to physical and emotional extremes during those practice sessions. Back then, there was no such thing as “hydration” and the manager staff didn’t have any Gatorade. Water was a luxury and a reward. If a player even asked for a drink before the approved water breaks as a group—usually from the end of a sprinkler hose—they were considered weak or worse. In 1971, there was also no such thing as what we know today as an athletic trainer. If a player was hurt during practice, it was the job of the manager staff to provide instant ice-packs, tape, gauze, butterfly band-aids or whatever. We also had ammonia capsules to wake players up after they had their “bell rung,” we had salt tablets for guys who were suffering from dehydration. We had Atomic Balm for bruises and contusions. Meanwhile, we prepared ice baths and hot tubs in the locker room for players to soak in, especially after the games. I saw enough blood, black and blue wounds, cuts and gashes for a lifetime during those few months. I witnessed more broken noses, shoulder and neck injuries, gouges that required stitches, severe bruises and limb joint and finger dislocations than I care to remember. I can still hear Coach Saner hollering out “manager” in a loud Tarzan-kind-of-way when one of the players needed attention from the staff. To the best of my ability, I was always right on it. The first scrimmage of the season was held on one of the practice fields at the high school. I think it was on a Saturday. The players from Point Boro and the other team—I can’t remember who it was—wore their practice uniforms with no numbers on them. One side always wore colored bibs so you could tell which players were on what team. One thing that really sticks out in my mind from that hot summer day, was the first offensive series by the Panthers. I was standing on the sideline with the coaches and the play was a handoff up the middle to Mike Swigon. He made it past the linebackers and broke to the outside along the sideline where I was standing and came running past me with a defender on his tail. I saw the look on Swigon’s face up close and the look on the defenders face too. I could hear both of them breathing heavily out of their mouths and noses. There was this cloud of dust being kicked up behind them as they ran down the sideline. Swigon beat that other guy all the way to the end zone and everyone on the Panther sideline was really thrilled. It was in that one moment, all at once, that I understood for the first time what football was really about; I realized that the players were basically fighting—like their life depended on it—with every ounce of energy and determination in their souls. To be a football player, you had to give everything you had on every play and this is what it took to be a winner. Pregame speeches Once the season started, I looked forward to the pregame talks from Coach Saner. Sometimes, he wouldn’t let me in the locker room because the speech he was about to make was meant for the team only. To my memory, Coach Saner had this way of addressing and connecting with the players at the deepest level. His talks were always genuine and straight to the point. He would start off quietly and slowly and his intensity would build. He would periodically pause to let things sink in. And, on occasion, when you thought he might be finished—sometimes he even turned away like he was getting ready to walk out of the locker room—when, all of a sudden, he’d swing around and start right back up again. Even though Coach Saner earned a reputation for malapropisms and mixed metaphors, he always made a connection between football and life in general. His speeches were exceptionally inspirational and he got the players—and anyone else around there who heard him—fired up to the point where they would go out on the field and give everything they had regardless of who the opponent was. Coach Saner was genuine and did not have a pretentious bone in his body. Somehow—even though you knew how important it was to him that the team win the game—you also knew that Coach Saner always had the bigger picture of life beyond football in mind during his talks. I also remember several speeches given by team captains in the locker room before the games and at halftime. In one instance, I recall Craig Bessinger’s talk before a home game (I believe it was the Manasquan game). He was unable to play due to a neck injury and he talked to his teammates about how important it was to him that they fight to the last. This was a game that he had been preparing for all season and he wasn’t able to participate. This was very emotional and inspirational; I learned first-hand about what it takes to be a leader in the face of challenges and disappointments. During the home games, one of the Point Boro ambulance squads was always on hand in the event of a major injury that required hospital attention. We also always had the presence of Dr. Duwlett who would examine players after an injury with a peculiar kind of dispassion. His evaluations would almost always end with an agreement that the injured player was OK to go back into the game. There was no “concussion protocol” in those days and players regularly returned to the field even though they more than likely shouldn’t have. I remember the first game of the ‘71 season. It was a home game against Keansburg and it was a very hot day. There were a couple of kids around my age who showed up in the locker room that Saturday morning expecting to jump in front of me as water boys because they had done it before. However, Coach Saner knew that I had been there since day one of summer practice and he made sure I was first in line. It was a real thrill for me to walk out behind the team onto the field and hear the band playing and crowd cheering. Point Boro won that game 60-0. The second game of the season against Central Regional was a different story. The Class D Panthers were routed by the Class C Golden Eagles by a score of 36-0. This was a shock and the team had to bounce back. The Boro won the subsequent three games 50-0 (Keyport), 60-8 (Point Beach) and 16-15 (Marlboro). The biggest game of the season was, of course, against Manasquan. This was the opportunity for Point Boro to avenge the loss from the previous season that ended the Panthers 34-game winning streak. It was time for pay-back and the Panthers came out ready to play. However—due to some lousy calls on the field, in my opinion—we came up short and lost the game 14-12. The Boro finished out the season with three more wins against Wall (8-6), Tom’s River North (18-7) and Jackson (30-16) and were the undisputed Shore Class D champions with a record of 7-0 in the conference. When the 1971 football season came to an end, as the weather got colder as fall turned to winter, I became a 12 year-old and moved on to the other things that kids in middle school do. I started spending time with my friends riding bikes, playing with HO cars and chasing after the beautiful young ladies in the sixth grade with my heart in my hand. The next summer I tried out again for the Golden Elks Pee Wee squad. I made the team this time. I became a running back and got to wear #32 just like Jim Brown. I played one more season as a Golden Elks Midget the next year and, shortly thereafter, my football days also came to an end. Eventually, when I got to high school, I did get to wear the Black and Gold … as a member of the Panther marching band. As I look back today on those months from August to October 1971, I realize now that my time with the Point Boro Panthers really turned out to be something of a coming of age experience for me. I have my father and Coach Al Saner to thank for making it possible. Also, as I think back upon the experience, I realize that the summer of ’71 was something of a turning point in the world beyond high school football and the Dust Bowl in Point Pleasant. As the 1970s rolled on, somehow, it seemed like things started turning upside down everywhere and it was becoming clear that life would never go back to the way it was in the 1960s. While football continued to be an important part of my relationship with my father over the decades, especially as my own boys played the game, I can’t help think that the lessons I learned during those few months in 1971 actually helped to prepared me for some of the harsh realities of life that I would face later on. Among these are: the necessity of hard work to achieve success, the importance of nurturing your natural gifts and talents, the life-long desire for self-improvement, the ability to always get back up when you are knocked down and the ultimate significance of being a team player. Hail, hail my friends! Busboy lessons from Point Pleasant Posted in About, Personal on August 11, 2019 by multimediaman Like a lot of kids from Point Pleasant, all of my early employment experiences were with jobs in the restaurant industry. Since we lived on the Jersey Shore, there were many summer jobs available on the floor as a server or in the kitchen doing food prep, dish washing or pot washing. If you were lucky enough to work in a restaurant that was busy all-year-round and you were on the service side of the business, you could make some decent money as a teenager. I got my first job at age fourteen working as a busboy in the restaurant and banquet facility at Kings Grant Inn on the corner of Route 70 and River Road in Point Pleasant. It was a physically tough job since you had to stay on your feet all afternoon and evening clearing tables, doing the setups and pouring glasses of water for the guests. I started the KGI job working part-time on the weekends in the spring of 1974 and then worked full-time hours that summer during the busy season. I still remember the distinct odor of my clothes while working there. That’s something you can’t forget. It was an awful combination stench of grease, vegetables, cigarette butts and human BO that you wouldn’t ever want to smell like if you weren’t at work. We had to wear a sort-of uniform of black pants, black shoes and white collared, button-down short sleeve shirts. These clothes had to be washed after each shift and, no matter what, you couldn’t get rid of that stink. Anyway, one of the first things I had to learn was all about the different kinds of drinking glasses in the restaurant, most of which had to do with booze. As a fourteen-year-old I wasn’t permitted to serve drinks to the patrons. However, I was expected to know all the kinds of glasses because I often had to help stock up the bar or go find one or another glass for a waitress or bartender. I learned the difference between a water goblet, a rock glass, a highball, a shot glass, a cosmo or margarita glass, a martini glass, a cognac snifter and the common beer glasses: pint and Pilsner. I also learned the different wine glasses—red, white, rose and port—as well as the champagne glass and the all-important Irish coffee mug. Fortunately for me, I was never a teenage drinker. I suppose I’d seen a lifetime’s share of drunks and inebriated stoops during those restaurant years and that helped steer me clear from alcohol until much later in life. There was one particular experience with excessive drinking that I remember vividly. It involved the decision by restaurant management to hire a man as Captain. The captain’s job was to work with the hostess at the front of the house to make sure that the customers were seated properly and all of their needs were being met. Well, unfortunately, this young man—who was quite the handsome gent and started off doing really well with both the staff and customers—had a serious drinking problem. After about a week, we started noticing he was gathering all of the partially empty wine bottles and cocktail glasses in the back of the restaurant and was polishing them off one by one. By the end of the night, he was staggering around the place and babbling incoherently to anyone within earshot. I certainly didn’t see it as my responsibility to report the guy and I don’t think any of the other busboys did either. As a naive teenager, I thought it was kind of funny. After a few days, we heard that he’d been fired. Another thing that I learned was how to properly arrange a place setting and what the different plates and silverware were called. This is another thing that you never forget. Napkin in the center, forks on the left (dinner fork on the outside, salad fork on the inside), butter plate above the forks, knife and spoons to the right (knife first with blade facing toward the center, followed by the table spoon and the tea spoon). The water goblet is placed above the knife and spoons. If there is dessert ware, the fork (on top) and spoon go above the center in opposite directions, spoon facing left and fork facing right. Among the more physically challenging parts of the job was carrying trays full of dirty dishes and other table stuff that had to be returned to the kitchen. There was a knack to getting one of those fully-loaded oval aluminum trays up on your shoulder and balanced with one hand twisted back flat underneath it. You always had to have the other hand free so you could make your way through the restaurant floor and push the door open into the kitchen that swung both ways. The best busboy never, ever dropped his tray. His skill was about getting that heavy tray up and completely balanced on his shoulder so that, even if things started to slide around on there, he did not lose it all to the floor in a huge crash. Unfortunately, this did happen to me on a couple of occasions because I had been hasty in loading up the tray or was moving too fast into the kitchen. Losing the contents of a busboy tray typically didn’t involve actually dropping the tray itself. It’s just that everything on the tray tips over to the floor and you are standing there stuck-on-stupid with the tray dangling vertically from one hand while everyone is looking at you before you dropped your head and walked swiftly toward the broom closet. Fortunately, when this happened, the other staff would always step in quickly to help you with the cleanup. The experience of losing a busboy tray is similar to what happens in school when a kid drops the contents of his or her lunch tray. The crash of plates and glasses is followed by a half-second of dead silence from the otherwise noisy din of voice chatter and conversation. The one important difference between the restaurant and school lunchroom mishap, however, is that the restaurant crash isn’t followed by enthusiastic applause, cheers and laughter from the assembled diners. No, everyone in the restaurant just picks up where they left off on whatever they were talking about as though nothing ever happened. Pretty much throughout my restaurant working years—until I left Point Pleasant in 1979—I made something like $2.20 an hour in wages paid by the employer in a weekly paycheck. The rest of the money was approximately 15% of the tips that the waitresses collected from the customers during each shift. We usually made more than $8 an hour with the tips we pulled in. One of the obligations of the newbs on the busboy staff was that you got your tip money in the smallest denominations from the nightly take. Of course, this was long before the widespread use of credit and debit cards, so the waitresses would turn over their 15% to the head busboy in cash and he would count it all up and divvy it out evenly to the number of busboys on duty. The head busboy would always keep the biggest bills for himself and then on down the line in seniority until he got to me. If I was lucky, I got some singles and the rest in a bunch of loose change. More often than not, I went home with only coins. So, in that first year on the job, I would leave KGI after every shift with a big sack of change that filled both my front pants pockets. But I didn’t mind it at all. I just remember the feeling of accomplishment I had when I got off at 11 or 12 at night and got on my bike to make the 2 mile ride home. It was so quiet riding down River Road toward Pearce Street at night in the dark. But you could hear me coming from a mile away with that load of coins jingling in my pockets. By the time I hit the top of Summit Drive, I could darn near coast all the way home coming down that hill with that heavy load of change in my pockets. Kings Grant Inn had a marina behind it on the Manasquan River. There were lots of people who loved yachting and boating and docked their watercraft there. Some of these folks were regulars at the restaurant and one of them, a shoulder-length blond-haired dude by the name of Clay, lived on his sailboat in the marina and worked at the restaurant as a busboy too. Clay was a late 20s-something beach bum with a fantastic golden tan. He had this sort of hippy way of talking that I had never heard before. I got to know him pretty well and he talked a lot about his sail boat and his girlfriend who lived on the boat with him. And speaking of being fourteen and girls, there was this young lady who was hired as the hostess during that summer that literally stands out for me. I remember hearing the other busboys talking about her and how she was, let’s say, front loaded. She would come to work with these tight tops on and I would find myself drifting over that way and standing there, staring at her without a word coming out of my mouth. Like on any job, there was certainly a pecking order among the busboys at KGI and, if you weren’t tough and ready to stand your ground, you might get hazed right off the job in your first week. The guys I worked with were all older than me, some by more than a couple of years. Some were local guys who I knew from school and others were some really worldly types that came down from north Jersey for the summer. There were definitely some pretty rough and lonely nights for me during my first few weeks there (I won’t go into the details). I’ll just say that these guys were all really hard workers and they taught me how to do my job the right way. They were both testing me to see what I was made of and, most of all, they wanted me to know right out of the shoot that they weren’t going to put up with someone who wasn’t pulling their weight during those busy summer nights. It took me a little while, but I eventually made some really good friendships with my co-busboys at KGI and I learned many, many things from them both on and off the job. I also met some really great working people from the other departments at KGI. Since I was just a pimply-faced kid, there were many people—and some of them quite hardened by their experiences—who wanted to teach me all about the ways of the world. Back in those days, practically everyone was a smoker and you could smoke just about anywhere in the restaurant. I remember how some of the waitresses would light up a cigarette in the kitchen, put it down on an ash tray, run a customer order on a tray out to their table and then come back into the kitchen for another puff. Anytime the staff had a break, they would light up and start talking to me in a very friendly manner while they blew smoke off to the side and made this face with one eye closed and their mouth only partially opened. The waitresses were some really tough ladies who went out of their way to keep me out of trouble. There were a few of them who took a liking to me and wanted to make sure I was on task and where I was supposed to be. They did not want me to have any run-ins with the KGI maitre d‘ named Fritz, who actually was the person who hired me. Fritz was an immigrant from Germany or Austria and he had a very thick accent. He would get explosively angry and give you an expletive-laden tongue lashing if you weren’t taking care of things. He was very tall, had a long hooked nose, slightly balding dark hair that was combed straight back, and a paunch that protruded from his cummerbund. Fritz was a task master and rightly so to keep the dining experience up to par for the customers. He would swear at you in broken English with the F-word if you didn’t do precisely what he told you to do, even if you did not understand a word of what he asked you to do in the first place. There were a couple of busboys who could do a dead-nuts impersonation of Fritz that would make you laugh so hard you couldn’t stand up straight. Anyway, the others on the restaurant staff who were great people were the dishwashers, pot washers, the maintenance people and, of course, the chefs and other cooks in the kitchen. These folks all worked very hard all the time to keep things moving along for the customers even though it was always super hot in the kitchen. Despite the fact that everyone who worked in there was completely drenched in perspiration, they had the most pleasant way of talking to a young kid like me. They would always ask me if I needed anything or if I was hungry. Because of them, I probably ate some of the best food I’ve ever had in my life during those few years at KGI like steak, lobster and, of course, chocolate mousse. When we got a few minutes to talk about things other than work, especially on smoke breaks, the kitchen staff would always ask me about school and if I planned on going to college after high school graduation. They wanted more than anything to pass along the message that a life working in the restaurant business was very hard and that I needed to try and make something of myself. I finished my career at KGI after two years and I have to say I was ready to move on to some other summer restaurant jobs at the Steak Shanty on Routes 35 and 88 in Point Beach and as a short order cook in the snack bar and later, again as a busboy, in the restaurant at the Bay Head Yacht Club. I even worked my senior year of high school at McDonald’s on Route 88 in Point. I truly believe that my first summer working experience at KGI taught me many important lessons: do your job and work hard and people will respect you, count your money and make sure you get your fair share, don’t smoke and don’t drink to excess, stay in school and go to college if you are able to and, for God’s sake, wash your clothes after every shift and never stare at anyone with your mouth open. Bicycle lessons from the Jersey Shore Posted in About, Personal on March 23, 2019 by multimediaman I remember every bicycle I ever had as a kid growing up in Point Pleasant, New Jersey. Not that I had that many. My parents were frugal and, with four children, they didn’t often spend money on things like bicycles. When they did, it was usually for something special like a birthday or Christmas gift. So, from my childhood to my early teen years, I had a total of three bikes. The first one was a hand-me-down from my older brother. It was a very plain, red boys bike with chrome fenders, white wall tires and a coaster break. As with most people, the day I learned to ride that two-wheeler stands out in my memory. With the help of my dad and some neighborhood kids, I peddled away miraculously on my own in front of our house at 1526 Treeneedle Road. It was the summer of 1967. Having your own bicycle—especially one you were proud of—was one of the first things in life that got a kid going on being independent from their parents. Initially, maybe you were allowed to ride to the end of the block and back. Later maybe you were allowed to stay out past dark on your bike with the other kids from the neighborhood. Then, once all of the rules had been explained, you were allowed to ride your bike all the way around the block. Back then, the rules did not involve wearing a helmet, elbow and knee pads, using hand signals to make turns or stops or even riding with the car traffic on the right side of the road. If those things even existed, we didn’t know about them. No, the main thing was this: you were to only ride around the block and go nowhere else; you were to do this once and the next time you wanted to do it, you needed to ask again. Permission to ride around the block was a one-time arrangement. For me, my first time around the block was a big deal. I road south on Treeneedle, east on Little Hill, north on Northstream, west on Apple Place and back south onto Treeneedle. I saw some kids I did not know; I saw other kids that I had heard about but never met before; I saw some kids I knew from school who lived in the next neighborhood over. The feeling I had that day was like I was on top of the world. Even though the ride was just a half-mile and took around five minutes, it seemed to me to be a long trip. I was so proud that my parents trusted me enough to let me do what I really wanted to do. In that moment, as a seven-year-old, it seemed like all things were possible. A short time thereafter, one of the older neighborhood boys showed me how to ride my bike with no hands. This was a skill that many boys (and some girls, too) learned and showed off. Normally, when riding a two-wheeler, your upper body is hunched over while holding on to the handlebars. When you ride with no hands, your body is upright and you can see everything quite nicely; there is no need to worry about anything. Also, when you rode in this position, the other kids could see you coming and knew immediately that you were peddling with no-hands. Then one day, after ignoring repeated warnings that I was in for disaster, I took a major spill on Little Hill Road. I struck a driveway curb and toppled head-over-heels and landed square on my face. Worse than running home crying with my bike in tow, was the nasty scrape down the center of my forehead, nose, lips and chin. I looked in the mirror and thought to myself, “you really did it now.” That scrape took weeks to heal and was a constant reminder of the risks involved in dangerous bike behavior. Anyway, by the time I got my first brand new bike as a Christmas gift, the style everyone wanted was inspired by the Schwinn Sting-Ray. These bikes had a banana seat, “ape hanger” handlebars and the all-important sissy bar. By the late 1960s, the Schwinn Sting-Ray was everywhere and all the other bicycle manufacturers were trying copy the low-rider, wheelie style. So, the kids who had a Sting-Ray with a high-loop sissy bar were the envy of the entire neighborhood. My parents were concerned about the behaviors they feared would come along with these bikes. Being that they looked like motorcycles, they thought that Sting-Rays would bring a kind of “biker” culture to the neighborhood. Secondly, my parents knew that we were completely fearless and would try various dangerous tricks on these bikes like popping wheelies, brake skidding, ramp jumping and other stunts. In the end, my Christmas bike was a three-speed, Sting-Ray knock-off with front and rear hand breaks. I’m not sure, but I think it may have come from K-Mart. Although I was disappointed, I was glad to have a brand new bike that had good colors and chrome and looked pretty cool. One of the unique features of this bike was the way the handle bars were constructed. Instead of a continuous bar that slid through a clamp on the stem, the two bars were welded to a flat piece of metal that was bolted to the stem. While this design gave my bike a very distinctive look, it also created a problem. As mentioned, one of the things we preteens did was build ramps out of scraps of wood and cinder blocks for jumping. This was around 1970 before BMX stunt riding and free-styling existed. I guess the kind of thing we were doing back then (along with other kids around country) eventually led to the creation of off-road sport bicycling and competition. Well, a group of us put together a ramp made of a sheet of plywood laid on an angle to a stack of cinder blocks. We put the entrance to the ramp on the edge of our driveway and the lift-off point—which was about a foot and a half above ground—was in the front lawn. Since we knew there would be wipeouts, these would happen in the grass and not the pavement. The object was to get your bike up to full speed and hit the ramp just right. At lift off, you’d yank the front end of your bike up just enough so that, when you came down, the rear tire touched first followed by the front wheel. We had a great time doing these jumps even though there were quite a few crashes. After multiple jumps with my new bike, I started to notice a crack in the handle bar welding. I couldn’t imagine anything bad happening so I kept at it. On one jump, the bars snapped clean off the clamp and I went flying akimbo through the air onto the grass. You would have thought that my friends would have rushed to my aid or been concerned for the condition of my new bike. But no; we all burst out into uncontrollable laughter. This proved to be one of the funniest things that ever happened to me. By the time I was in middle school, my parents began letting me ride my bike just about anywhere in Point Pleasant. For my thirteenth birthday, they bought me a black, 5-speed Raleigh Chopper Mark 2. This was a bike that I wanted more than anything. I remember the day my dad took me to pick it out at Point Pleasant Bicycle Shop on Arnold Avenue just this side of the border with Point Beach. That Chopper was the envy of every kid because, even though it was not a fast bike, it was a wheelie bike that had a chunky, low-rider look: high-rise handle bars, a ribbed banana seat with sissy-bar, a T-bar gear shifter and redline sidewall tires. It was the signature smaller 16” diameter front wheel that really made the Chopper look different. I loved that bicycle more than anything I ever had in my life up to that point. When I road it around town I was proud and told everyone that my parents bought it for me. I really took good care of it, too. We had a shed in the backyard where I kept it. I also had a bike lock to make sure it didn’t get stolen when I rode to school or other places around town. I rode my Chopper everywhere: to the waterfront at Dorset Dock, over the Beaver Dam bridge onto the Princeton Avenue waterfront. There were many trips to the Manasquan River: out to the marina at Kings Grant Inn at Route 70 and to the beaches at Maxson and River Avenue. Clark’s Landing off of Arnold Avenue was also a regular meet up point. Sometimes I would ride the full length of Bridge Avenue, from the end of the four lane extension all the way over the Lovelandtown Bridge and down through Bay Head to the ocean. I also made many trips in both directions across the old bascule lift bridge on Route 88. All the kids on bikes would line up at the stop barrier and wait for the gate to open after the bridge closed. We would get a running start and be more than halfway across before the cars could pass us. And, since I had friends all over town, those Chopper wheels probably covered just about every road and street in Point Boro. Aside from the highways, I knew all of the main roads like Dorset Dock, Beaver Dam, Herbertsville, River Road and River Avenue, Bay Avenue and Arnold Avenue like the back of my hand. Those were indeed some fantastic days in the summer of 1973. It seemed at the time like it would go on forever. But that kind of carefree biking would soon come to an end. I outgrew my Chopper when I started working summer jobs at age 14 and needed a more practical mode of transportation. By the mid 1970s, the Schwinn Continental 10-speed with ram’s horn handlebars, auxiliary break levers and two sets of derailleurs had become a popular bike among teens. Nevertheless, the things I learned about biking during those early years will always remain with me: Be thankful to have a bike at all and be proud to ride it; Take care of your bike and don’t take dangerous risks when riding it; Get out and explore the world around you—you never know who you might meet or run into on your first ride around the block.
The methods of making whisky has not really changed over years, just three basic ingredients are needed, water, barley and yeast. The only real change is the technology behind the more modern machinery. Most distilleries still use the old methods with little in the way of modern technology. Traditionally there are five stages to the process… malting, mashing, fermentation, distillation and maturation. Stage 1.. Malting. The first thing we need to do is the malting process. To begin this process, barley must be germinated and this is called ” malting”. Each distillery has their own preference on the type of barley they use, they want a type that will produce high yields of sugar once fermented. First the barley is soaked for 2-3 days and then spread on the floor of a building (malting house ) It is turned regularly ( traditionally by hand ) to maintain a constant temperature. Once the barley has started to shoot, the germination is stopped by drying it Iver a fire or kiln. Traditionally peat was used to power the kiln but not as often these days, some distilleries still use peat though in order to impart flavour into the malted barley, it is at this point where the type of peat used and length of drying in the thick peat smoke can influence the flavour of the final spirit. The barley is now called ” malted barley” . The next stage is to ground it down in a mill where any husks and other debris are removed. This finely ground malt is now called ” grist”.. Stage 2.. The grist is now mixed with hot water. The water is generally from a pure, reliable, local source. The character of this water can have an influence on the final spirit as it can contain minerals from passing over or though granite, peat and other types of rock. This mixture is then put into a large vessel called a mash tun and is then stirred for several hours. Sugars in the malt dissolve and are drawn off through a large seive found at the bottom of the mash tun. This liquid we have is now called ” wart” The process is generally carried out three to four times with the water temperature being increased each time ( between 63 to 95degrees ) . Generally only the wort from the first two is used and the rest is put back into the next batch of new grist. Any unused materials will now be collected and used in the production of feed for local animal feed. Stage 3.. Fermentation. The wort is now placed into washbacks and yeast is added. These are traditionally made of oak wood, but now a number of distilleries are starting to insta stainless steel washbacks for s more hygienic and longer life as well as being easier to maintain. Once the yeast is added the fermentation begins, The yeast turns the sugars in the liquid into alcohol.. The fermentation Process can last a few days and the liquid at this stage is called “wash” and is somewhere between 5-10% abv, this is very similar to a beer or ale. Stage 4..Distillation. This process can differ in different countries, Traditionally in Scotland double distillation is performed but a handful of distilleries do a tripple distillation. The type of still used in Scotland are generally Pot stills. These stills are made from copper and consist of a bowl shape at the bottom that rises up to the neck at the top, ( similar to a spring onion ) All distilleries have their own shapes but they don’t vary too dramatically . A different shape will give a different flavours to the final spirit, a taller still with a longer neck will give lighter spirit while a shorter, fatter still will produce a fuller richer spirit. Once the wash enters the wash still it is heated by coal, gas or steam. The liquid is turned into vapours and will now rise up the still until it reaches the neck, where it condenses. This liquid now called “low wines” are passed to the second still, called the spirit still. Once in the spirit still, the process is repeated, then the resulting liquid is split into 3. The alcoholfrom the beginning of the distillation is now called the “heads” are very high in alcohol level and very pungent, these will go back into the next batch of low wines to be used again along with the “tails” these are weak but also pungent. It is only the alcohol from the middle or “heart” of the distillation that is used and this is removed by the stillman. The heart is the spirit that is then watered down to somewhere between 62-65%abv and placed into the casks in order to mature into whisky. Stage 5…Maturation. The spirit is has now been placed into the oak casks and stored in a warehouse. The spirit must mature in the cask for a minimum of three years before it is legally allowed to be called whisky. Most casks fall into 3 types, those used to mature Bourbon, which currently can only be used once, Sherry casks and red wine casks, lately though distilleries are experimenting with different types. During the maturation process the whisky will take on flavours and natural oils found in the wood cask and this gives the whisky it’s own characteristic flavour and aroma. Due to the wood being porous, it will breathe in air from the surrounding environment in which it is stored, this will draw the whisky into the wood which is how the flavours and colours enter the whisky. During each year of maturation about 2% of the spirit is lost through evaporation. This is where the term the ” the Angels share” comes into play. The principle here is the older the whisky the more evaporation, less whisky is left in the cask to bottle, the more expensive the whisky due to being more rare.. Of course in warmer climates more water is actually evaporated so the whisky/whiskey that is left can be a higher abv than first placed in the cask. 15 Comments Add yours 1. Eileen Moore says: I really like reading through these post. thank you 2. Dom says: Thank you for this interesting article, enjoyed reading it. 3. Victor Adam Bello says: What a lot of valuable knowledge you give here. 4. Katharyn says: A thoughtful and interesting article. 5. Aisha R says: Great and interesting piece. Thanks. 6. Algot says: Your article is good, I enjoy the reading. Thanking you Algot 7. sorrenkrebs says: Thanks for the comments 👍 8. sorrenkrebs says: Thanks Paul. Glad you enjoyed it… 9. Paul smith says: Some great information in here, well done. 10. Idrinkwhisky says: Very interesting ! Some great pics too. 11. Glen R says: Good notes in here Sorren. Lots of detail, enjoying the site. 12. sorrenkrebs says: Your never too old 👍 13. kevin Green says: Makes a good read. I find its so interesting how so little makes such a complex liquid. I have had the pleasure of several tours and I still forget most of what I’m told. I must be getting too old. 14. Brian Reeves says: Nice article Sorren. For something so easy to make there sure is a lot to take in. Liked by 1 person 15. jamie says: Very interesting article. Thanks Liked by 1 person Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
One way to increase support for torture prevention is to influence public debate that torture is wrong. As popular culture – in particular series and films – continues to brand torture as “necessary” or “inevitable”, we should explore new ways to challenge these pre-conceived ideas, including through popular mediums. Comics and graphic novels are one of these popular mediums that can challenge “pro-torture” narratives. As a medium that is accessible to the mass and transcends all ages, cultures and languages, comics and graphic novels have a lot to offer. In 2012, the Hollywood production “Zero Dark Thirty”, unapologetically suggested that “enhanced interrogation techniques”, such as waterboarding, were crucial in obtaining the information that led the CIA to Osama bin Laden, leaving the audience with the false impression that torture can be effective and even necessary in a “ticking-bomb scenario”. This was ignoring simple facts about torture – that it is wrong, illegal, and an unreliable means to obtain information, as torture victims will say anything just to get the pain to end. Three years later, a Tamil movie called “Visaranai” or “Interrogation” delved again into the dark plot of torture, but this time powerfully showing how torture dehumanises its victims and their perpetrators. As its director, Vetri Maaaran explained, “film can influence society for good and bad.” Another popular medium that can achieve the same objective is comics. Since the graphic novel “Maus” was published in the early 1980s depicting the plight of a Polish Jew and Holocaust survivor, more comic artists have been sharpening their pencils to narrate suffering, such as that of asylum seekers or people living in war-torn zones. Comics can also be used to draw people’s attention to the need to act on specific issues by making specialist knowledge available to all. In 2017, the APT partnered with the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), Amnesty International and Thai NGO Cross Cultural Foundation to create a short “info-comic” entitled “Torture is a Crime”. This was the first time we used a visual medium to raise awareness on the need to criminalise torture, as we would normally just rely on public statements, research papers or legal opinion. And it appears to have worked! The info-comic elicited very positive responses from both the public and the media. It broke the barriers for the general public to understand the issue of torture and ill-treatment in Thailand, without down-playing or sugar-coating the problem. People found the info-comic engaging and drove home the message that allegations of torture and other ill-treatment exist in Thailand and that they must be criminalised. This is particularly crucial for the Thai people, who live in a country that is going through a prolonged military-led political reform. The success of this info-comic I drew for the criminalisation of torture in Thailand is not surprising – or so it was observed in an art and activism research workshop organised by the Centre of Applied Human Rights, University of York, to which I recently took part. Art, it was said, empowers people to better imagine and participate in political and social change. This would explain the emerging interest of the human rights community (practitioners and academics alike) for using comics as an effective discipline or medium for campaigning or documenting human rights abuses. And I am now all the more committed to keep using my skills to visualise the pain of others in order to prevent it from recurring. If comics and graphic novels that expose the evils of torture and ill-treatment can open more doors for conversations on this difficult topic, there is a potential for us to operate an important shift in public opinion; in favour of creating a world free from torture. This piece was originally written for Association for Prevention of Torture’s website. You can read the original piece here.
Quick Answer: What Is The Full Form Of Mrs? What Mrs means? (American English) or Mrs (British English; standard English pronunciation: /ˈmɪsɪz/) is a commonly used English honorific for women, usually for those who are married and who do not instead use another title (or rank), such as Dr, Professor, President, Dame, etc.. Why is Mrs an R? Case in point: Why does the abbreviation “Mrs.” have an “R” when the full word “missus” is R-less? That’s because Mrs. wasn’t always the abbreviation for missus. Centuries ago, it stood for mistress, which at the time meant the woman of the household. Does Mrs mean married? “Mrs.” is a title of respect for a married or widowed woman. … Sometimes the title includes her husband’s first and last name rather than her own, especially for written correspondence or when the wife’s name is unknown; this practices is becoming far less common than it was in the past, however. How do you write Mr and Mrs? Where is the R in Mrs? as “missus,” why is there an r in it? Despite its pronunciation, the abbreviation Mrs. is derived from the title mistress, which accounts for that confusing extra letter. Mistress is the counterpart of master, which—you guessed it—is abbreviated to Mr. (Of course, English speakers now pronounce the title Mr. What does R mean? officially registeredWhat is the (R) symbol? Simply put, the (R) symbol next to a trademark means that the trademark is officially registered with the US Patent & Trademark Office (or USPTO for short). … The R-symbol means a trademark is registered. Is Mr Short for Master? Mister, usually written in its abbreviated form Mr. … The title ‘Mr’ derived from earlier forms of master, as the equivalent female titles Mrs, Miss, and Ms all derived from earlier forms of mistress. Master is sometimes still used as an honorific for boys and young men. Can you say mr first name? Just to clarify this further.. it is not rude or wrong to call someone Mr First name. In general, Mr is a title and a mark of respect. First names is used to differentiate the person. What is Mr and Mrs called? How do you use MRS? “Miss” should be used when addressing a young, unmarried woman. … Using “Ms.” is often the safest option, as this is a neutral title that can be used for a woman whether she is married or not. … “Mrs.” is the official title to use for a married woman. Is it correct to write Mrs and Mr?
Rice Cultivation Rice Cultivation After the question: What’s rice? I dedicated myself to a further topic about rice cultivation: Rice has been cultivated for thousands of years in Africa and Asia. Since modern times, rice is also cultivated in Europe and America. Italy is one of Europe’s largest rice producers. This article addresses the types of rice cultivation. 80% of rice cultivation is the „wet rice cultivation“, while 20% of the remaining is „dry rice cultivation“. Wet cultivation Before the rice can be grown, the field must be plown. First the fields are flooded, second the rice is sown. Before harvesting, the water must drain from the field. After harvesting the plants are threshed, since they have to be freed from the husks. The harvested, unprocessed rice is called paddy rice or paddy rice. Then dry and clean the rice. Endosperms, germs, and silvery skins remain. The result is unpeeled rice, which is called brown rice or cargorice. This type of rice is cooked polished and eaten. Full grain rice containt higher vitamins, trace elements and proteins than normal rice. Due to the increased fat content, rice must be eaten in time, otherwise it will become rancid. If it’s not wild, full grain or natural rice, the rice is additionally grounded, because it’s very rough. Then it’s polished. Some of the vitamins and minerals are lost. The rice is smooth. The result is white rice. Silvery skins and seedlings make the rice bran. Dry Cultivation In regions with less rainfall or in the mountains, rice can also be grown dry. A high humidity is necessary for this cultivation. You can read more at Reishunger. Also about the topic Paddyreis. Let’s continue with the cultural importance of rice! Schreibe einen Kommentar
When Does Atticus Show Courage 801 Words4 Pages Mr. Luchak Monday, December 08, 2008 Courage: Well, in the book To Kill a Mockingbird Atticus Finch shows a lot of courage, throughout the book, in the next few paragraphs there will be passages that show Atticus and how he shows courage. There are many other virtues that Atticus shows, but courage is just the main one, because he’s very thoughtful he helps many people in To Kill a Mockingbird, he always thinks about the future and plans ahead of how harsh to be on punishments and on how to protect him and his family. Atticus, really uses the virtue courage when he’s waiting infront of the jail where Tom Robinson was because Atticus knew a mob would come to kill him the day before the trial, and then when he was fighting for the freedom of Tom Robinson there’s a lot of courage being showed, and lastly when he tries to tell Helen Robinson that Tom Robinson got shot and then tries to help her get over it. “You know what we want,” another man said. “Get aside from the door, Mr. Finch.” “You can turn around and go home again, Walter,”…show more content… Eventually, people come and tell him to get out of the way, but he has enough courage to tell them to go back home and no need to make a scene, “You can turn around and go home again, Walter,” so Atticus knows who it already is, so he tells him to go back home before a bigger problem is caused. Atticus just insists them on going back home and talking tomorrow during the trial in court infront of everyone, so eventually Scout comes and talks to Mr. Cunningham and he tells everyone to go back home, but the main point is that Atticus has the courage to come to jail in the middle of the night and tell them to go back More about When Does Atticus Show Courage Open Document
Disney Castle Disney castle: semiotics and variation Joël Grassère The icon of the Walt Disney company that can be found in six parks around the world and before any of its movies is the famous Disney castle. This piece of iconography and architecture is widely known all over the world and an icon of both the company and the country it represents. Schloss Neuschwanstein: an important inspiration for the Disney Castle Just like these two it borrows many cultural elements of Europeans countries. Specifically, its architecture is an homage to Neuschwanstein castle. (Knapp,1999) This is a romantic castle which itself alludes to medieval castles. This is notable by the fake messiculations and turrets. Over the years many versions of the castle have been made. Cinderella, sleeping beauty and other versions exist. However, the one that was built for Disneyland in Anaheim California can be considered the original. What is it about this castle that is so iconic and what does this mean? What is its value as a visual cultural metaphor and what is its value in the study of visual culture? Lastly what are differences and similarities between the original and its many copies? How do these matters? I will answer all this and more after motivating why this castle is ripe for studying. Why the Disney castle ? The original Sleeping Beauty castle in Walt Disneyland was built over sixty years ago. Since then it has spanned many parodies and adapted versions. This often has to do with inter locality or intercontextuality Before each movie they show a version connected to that movie. In the Chinese parks the castles have more gold and redder combined with Feng shui architecture. So, this is a good example of visual culture in a global context. Furthermore, this piece of visual culture is also very influential. It has touched many people’s perception of fairy tales medieval Europe Disney and the USA. Because this image has spread so far and wide in many contexts it is very famous. This makes sure many people have interacted with it. Lastly through this fact there has come some sort of fascination with it amongst a community of Disney fans. It has become a sort of pilgrimage site like Kabala in Mekka. It is a center out there for many Disney fans. An almost sacred place. These are all reasons for why it is fascinating but there is also reason for why it is good for study. There are many images available making it easy to find information on the building. Furthermore because of its artistic nature we often know through testimony the ideas of the builders and people who have visited the site. This makes it easier to extract meaning. Especially if we see this castle as a sign we can then see what the builder intends to be the signified and what the visitor actually experiences (Pierce,1889). Lastly this sign is also easy to place in a historic context as it was built on a specific time and adapted in phases. Its celebrity status came with this. This means we can place it in the style neo romanticism (Neo-romanticism) and attempt to explain why the sign and the signified are the way they are at a specific moment in time. All in all, through its impact parodies and ease of study the Disney castle is ripe for study. I will start off by looking at the building as a cultural metaphor. Disney castle as a cultural metaphor In “cultural metaphor: exercise and application” by Martin J. Gannon a cultural metaphor is described as “ a unique or distinctive phenomenon, activity, or institution with which members of an ethnic or national culture closely identify and understand, and which symbolizes their shared but frequently unconsciously held values, for example, the Chinese family altar or the Swedish stuga.” This means our cultural metaphor in this case is the Disney castle. It is a distinctive phenomenon that members of a certain national culture can identify and understand. It symbolizes their shared and unconsciously held values. It embodies a message and thus it follows the scheme of visual rhetoric. (Foss, 2005) I will now give some arguments concerning each of these claims. (A.M. Soares, C.S. Nielsen, C.P. Machado.,2009) Primarily, the Disney castle is certainly a distinctive phenomenon. It is recognizable and has certain facets by which it is identifiable. The style of architecture mixed with phantasy elements are essential here. In a way one could argument that the concept of enoughness applies here. Not all Disney castles have to be exactly the same they must only carry a certain amount of indexical of Disney castle (Blommaert, enoughness). Disney Castle as an Icon Furthermore, Disney as a whole, as well as one of its most recognizable semiotics is often associated with western and specifically American culture. The fact that so much value is associated with an entertainment product says something about American culture. The admiration of big building project, capitalism and entertainment can all be found in the fact that the Disney castle is valued to the exact that it is. One could even say that it is venerated by some. This is comparable to the family altars Gannon mentions. They symbolize the importance that Chinese culture places on traditional beliefs. The values represented by the Disney castle are capitalism, value of entertainment and ambition. After all the castle is a culmination of one man’s success through capitalism in the entertainment industry. Thus, in this we can see that through its association with American culture it becomes identifiable for a certain culture and thus represents unconsciously shared values. So now that we know what this castle really is, a cultural metaphor, we can contemplate what that really means. We already found out this means it is heavily tied in with the culture it was made up in. In a 2018 paper, Anahita Dalmia says “using the Castle, Disney gives the impression across content of a coherent united world which includes our own.” This means according to her the Disney castle unifies the content that the company creates. Therefore, all the morals, values, and themes in the stories end up being similar. Again, we see that this piece of architecture is heavily infused with the power to connect morality with imagery. This can also be seen through its architecture. As I previously mentioned the castle was built in the style of Neo-romanticism. These are works produced in the romantic style after the main period in which this was popular. The notion of escapism and the sublime are really important in this period. The fact that the castle is a castle already embodies that. It allows the viewer to emerge themselves into another world. It is a castle with fantasy and medieval aspects. So, the viewer is transported to a fantasy realm that is influenced by the middle ages. Disney Castle in Florida This is very typical of romanticism as a whole. That immediately connects to the idea of the sublime, which means an overwhelmingly large feeling where adventure and again escape of the daily is central. (Bell, 2013) The sheer perspective size of the castle is connected to this. In the movies it appears immense while in the parks forced perspective is used to make it look larger than life. This is all meant to cover the idea of sublime. But what does this have to do with values? Sure, it shows beauty values, but not the moral notions like value of entertainment and value of capitalism I previously mentioned. Capitalism as moral I would beg to differ. The value of entertainment means one wants to escape their daily life. This means one values escapism. The sublime is a way to do this. Thus, the use of romantic aspects in this castle embodies this value. Furthermore, the European heritage of the style used expresses the unifying characteristics of the castle. The USA was a country formed partly by European migrants. Thus, a certain sense of national identity and even imagined community can be formed around this castle. It is after all an expression of an imagined past heritage. Lastly, it shows many of the values in capitalism. The castle was made into this Neo-romantic behemoth because it would look appealing the masses. Its architecture is an expression of the capitalist values underlying American culture. The way it was designed was supposed to be appealing to mass audiences. Walt Disney himself said he wanted Disneyland, and by extension the castle, to be for everyone. Marketing to the masses, is definitely a strategy within capitalism and thus the essential design of the castle is as well. We can thus conclude that the value placed in the castle and the architecture codify this castle as a cultural metaphor. This means the castles’ architecture and the notions people connect to it are moral. Capitalism, value of entertainment, ambition and esthetic notions are just some of these. This shows that icons embody the values of the culture they are iconic for. This makes it a cultural rhetoric. It carries a message. (A.M. Soares, C.S. Nielsen, C.P. Machado.,2009) (Foss,2005) Relevance for digital culture at large I will now discuss the relevance of Disney castle for the study of visual culture. As I previously mentioned, this piece of architecture embodies certain values. It was also first designed in a time where globalization had not yet permeated to the degree it does now. In conjunction with this development, the castle itself has also become increasingly globalized. There are now physical manifestations of it in the USA, Hongkong, Continental China, Japan and France. This means both the signer and the signified will have to adapt. This is because signs need to function in a global context. But a global context means there are both local and global aspects to this. For instance, the basic design a necromantic castle remains. However, Feng Shue architecture and added gold are used in the Chinese castles. This is a localized sign adapting its signifier. (Pierce, 1885) The signified can also change. In Hong Kong the castle that was of lesser architectural quality than the American ones was perceived to be a sign of contempt.(Iwerks,2019) The signified then becomes a notion of disrespect, however it is still recognized as a Disney castle as it caries enough traits of this. That shows that this piece of visual culture operates along the ideas of enoughness and soft globalization. (Blommaert, 2012) (Appadurai, 1996) A sign is taken from a localized place and then globalized. There after it must retain enough aspects of the original to be one of those, but also gain accents that differentiate that version. (Grassere,2020) This is relocalization in a new cultural context. The question remains, why is this valuable in the context of visual culture? There are a myriad or reasons for this. Primarily, it shows that we can analyze values through icons as I mentioned in the previous paragraph. Secondly it shows that when signs globalize, they must adapt in the same way that people or ideas must. Lastly this sign shows that globalization and modern visual culture are heavily interconnected. Manifestations of norms and signs are affected by globalization. However, the way in which many ideas and norms about people and assets in other places are formed is through signs. The things we associate with a certain people group shape our ideas about those people. Thus, signs shape and are shaped by our interactions on a global scale. Parodies and adaptations I previously mentioned there have been many parodies and adaptations of the Disney castle. First of all, I want to signify the difference between these two. Parodies are versions of the Disney castle that were not made by the Walt Disney company. These can be made by fans who want to make a new version for the fun of it, or by critics who want to satirize the original and the company it stands for. The first castle under this paragraph is an example of the former, while the right-side picture under here demonstrates the latter. Fan made Disney castle Parody Disney Castle Adaptations for the sake of this paper are made by the Walt Disney company. They are adapted versions of the Disney castle to fit into a different place, culture or movie. The picture under this paragraph shows a version adapted for the movie Incredibles 2. Movie adaptation of Disney Castle The castle under this line is one that was made for Shanghai Disneyland. This is an example of an adaptation for a new location or culture. Now we can start to analyze the adaptations and parodies. There are two main questions I want to answer about them. How do they differ from and what do they have in common with the original? However, before we do this, we have to determine the original. I think there is only one logical option for this. Before the castle was featured in any movie it debuted in Disneyland in Anaheim California. Thus, this version of the castle will be the one I shall use for reference. It is the castle listed below.. Disney castle in Shanghai Variations: Parodies by fans Fan adaptations like the one in the previous chapter attempt to signify something new. Both their signifier and signified are adapted. (Pierce,1883) First of all, the signifier or in this case the image has become a picture instead of a work of architecture. This image is also less detailed and really just an outline of a version of the castle. This is common for both fan and critic versions. Furthermore, it also uses text to convey meaning. This image has the world home in it. So, the means of communication are broadened. It is also textual. Furthermore, it also does not play with detail and color like the original does. It is more functional and modernist feeling then the original castle, which we established to be Neo-romantic. So how does this play into the signified. The world home and the person who make these really say everything about this. The word home is meant to convey the idea that a person feels like Disney parks are their home. They feel at ease and happy there. However, the fact that they make this also means they are Disney enthusiasts. Thus, the piece of visual culture speaks to its creator. Their status as Disney fan and where they feel at home are signified. This can only be interpreted by someone who knows that this castle is attempting to refer to Disney. Thus, the signified can only successfully be read by a person who knows how to interpret this image. Familiarity with the visual culture surrounding the Disney castle is required. Thus, it can be logically deduced that the image is probably meant for fans or at least people who know about Disney and its esthetic. Fan made Disney castle Conclusively there are differences in signifier and signified. The message that can only be interrupted with prior knowledge is that the creator is a Disney fan who feels at home in the parks. Furthermore, signifies this by adapting the signifier through a new art medium style and means or communications. It adds text. These are all accent. They somehow do not alter the core. The image still caries enoughness to be recognized as Disney. Though it is clearly not authentic. Only a fan or someone with prior knowledge would know this. Variations: Parodies by critics The image in the previous chapter representing parodies of the Disney castle by critics differs quite a lot from the original. It does not have a castle in it. Really it is a parody of an adaptation that Disney used on VHS tapes. This VHS tape version is poster next to this paragraph. I picked this image as it is representatives of many parodies by critics. They often make a parody of this. Parody Disney Castle Again the signifier and the signified differ from the original castle. It is a visual image rather than a piece of architecture. It is also monotone and less detailed and less colorful. The signified differs even more. It says something about the creator and their opinion of the company. The company is whiney. This connection can again only be made with prior knowledge. This all means that again the signifier and signified (Pierce,1883) change through accents. It is however still recognizably Disney to insiders. The question then is what the essence of enoughness is in this case? I will address this later. Variations: Adaptations for movies This adaptation is rather similar to the original. It does however change the signifier and signified. It signifies that this is a Disney movie. That should be obvious to most who see it as they just walked into a Disney movie. If they do not know about this movie being a dines movie or the esthetic of the company the appearance of a castle at all does not make sense. The signified changes fully in style and again becomes visual image rather than a piece of architecture. The neo-romantic style is abandoned for a 60s spy movie esthetic. This is so the image fits in with the movie. Again, the appearance is accented to fit the context. However, the function totally cages. It is to promote and signify the Disney ness of this movie. It functions as a label. Movie adaptation of Disney Castle Conclusively the signifier is accented while the signified is almost fully change. It becomes self referential. It does however just like the ones we discussed in the previous paragraphs define a creator. In previous images the signified was an attitude towards Disney, now it is the fact that the creator is Disney. Variations: Adaptations for new locations of cultures This adaptation perhaps stays most faithful to the original. It is still a castle of stone and brick like the others. It is a piece of architecture. I will address the similarities at a later time, but first I will address differences. The signifier is adapted to local culture. There are Feng Shue elements and more gold to adapt it for the Chinese market. Disney castle in Shanghai This means the signifier is again accented. The signified is also only adapted. It says something about this company in China. These are the same things it does in the US. However, through its location in the Chinese people’s republic it also expresses the company’s globalized nature. That architecture signifies this by adding Chinese elements to the signifier. The changes are thus all accents to make an American product work in China Similarities: Parodies by fans This image is drastically different. The only remaining similarities that I can find are the attitude and shadow imagery. The image is a shadow of the original. This means it takes the same thing without color. Also, the happy attitude that is associated with the original is kept. Here however the similarities end. I think the concept of enoughness plays a large role. The attitude and image shadow apparently are enough to be recognized as Disney. Enoughness means that an object caries enough assets of the original to be recognized. This means that a certain amount of assets is enough. One should not overdo it and also not go too little. These assets can vary wildly. The architecture might be enough but also apparently the attitude. It can be a myriad of things. (Blommaert, 2012) Fan made Disney castle Similarities: Parodies by critics I already mentioned that the critic parodies are very different from the original. That is because they are often a parody of an adaptation to VHS. The original and this version are wildly different. It is thus obvious that to be referring to Disney it doesn’t not per se have to carry any elements of the original. It is very similar to the VHS adaptation I mentioned earlier. Parody Disney Castle This version has become so famous that it is often parodied in favor of the original. The image is very similar to this. The only difference between the VHS adaptation and the critic parody are shapes and text. This shows that parodies by critics just need to be somewhat connected to the original as long as there is an adaptation that looks like the parody. There is enoughness between the adaptation and the parody and between the adaptation and the original. This means that adaptations have gained value to be identifiable as Disney. The Disney castle seem to be more than just one thing in the mental states of many people. It can be both this VHS version and the original castle. Similarities: Adaptations for movies This version is again just like the original a symmetric castle. It retains so e basic architectural features like the gate towers and other things that connate to Disney. The happy attitude and thus part of what the image signifies also remains. Excitement and happiness are attested to be conveyed. Again, the can only abstracted if a person knows the Disney esthetic. It labels the movie as Disney. Just like the park is labeled as diner by the castle. That would also not Mae sense without knowing that Disney does this. A 1920s street with a necromantic caste is illogical but we except it with Disney. This is the same thing that tis image does. A spy movie castle is illogical, but we understand because it is Disney. This image’s similarities and enoughness towards to original castle show in and out groups. Knowledge is part of understanding this image. We can thus recognize this as Disney through knowledge. Movie adaptation of Disney Castle Similarities: Adaptations for new locations and culture This castle is very similar to the original. It is actually a neoromantic castle unlike all the other images we saw, and it uses the same medium. It also has the function of showing Disney’s values and marking the park as Disney. This means the signifier and the signified are both very similar to the original. Both convey the notion of enoughness. However, this is again only effective when one is aware of the esthetic that makes a Disney castle typically Disney. (Blommaert, 2012) Disney castle in Shanghai What is remarkable about parodies and adaptations As I have analyzed four examples I will, also draw four conclusions that’s will meld into one. Primarily we can se that small similarities can cause enoughness and thus connection between a parody and the original. This can only work if the required knowledge is there. Furthermore, we can say with ease that the Disney castle is not one particular image in the public conscience. Things that draw on adaptations of the castle are recognized easily as Disney by people with knowledge about the Disney esthetic. Disney castle adaptations are varied, intercultural, inspired by more than just one thing and tied to enoughness that is created through identity and easthetic. More thereover, Disney has to adapt to local markets while not losing its identity. This means enoughness comes looking around again. Lastly the signified and signifier can change drastically when adapting and parodying the Disney castle. This means the Disney castle adaptationsare varied, intercultural, inspired by more than just one thing and tied to enoughness that is created through identity and easthetic. Style and even medium can be let go of, but it seems that there is a web of things that parodies and adaptation can select when creating a version of the Disney castle.(Blomeart,2012)(Poster, 2015) As this topic is rather broad many things can be said about it. I have attempted to demonstrate this. I will now present my conclusions. Primarily, the Disney castle is a cultural metaphor and rhetoric (A.M. Soares, C.S. Nielsen, C.P. Machado.,2009) (Foss,2005). This means its signifier and signified are tied to morality. Norms like capitalism, value of entertainment, ambition and esthetic can be clearly seen. More thereover, this shows that one’s interpretation of the castle is subject to one’s prior knowledge and morality system. This means we can analyze this icon as a moniker of identity if we try to find what Disney themselves see in it. This shows its value to visual culture as a field. Using icons to study people groups can be useful in the future. Furthermore, this image is an example of visual culture globalized. We can see that signs just like other cultural material according to Soft globalization (Appadurai,1996) needs to adapt. This all means that visual culture shapes and is shaped by interaction. Interpretation determines meaning and esthetic shapes interaction. This is all not to mention the myriad of parodies and adaptations of the castle. It can be observed that they generally follow the scheme of enoughness. Knowledge about Disney’s esthetic is required to see this. Interpretation is thus again determined by the person interpreting. There is not only one Disney castle in the public’s eye. Parodies can be made of adaptations and many castles are considered to be authentic. When making a cultural or movie specific adaptation we see that accents are placed within a scheme of enoughness (Blomeart,2012). This means that both the signifier and signified can change when adapting or parodying a Disney castle. This causes esthetic and interpretive variety. Variety can be found in medium, cultural material used, esthetic style and interpretive meaning. All in all, this castle is a beautiful representation of a commercial and normative image in a globalized world. Appadurai, (1996), Modernity at large, University of Minnesota press, Minneapolis A, Dalmia.,(2018) Disney, Castles, kingdoms and (no) common man, University of southern California A.M. Soares, C.S. Nielsen, C.P. Machado., (2009) The cultural metaphor revisited exploring dimensions complexities and paradoxes through the Portuguese Fado. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management Vol9(3):289-308. B. Julian, (2013) "Contemporary Art and the Sublime", in: Nigel Llewellyn and Christine Riding eds., The Art of the Sublime, Tate Research Publication, 2013 [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/the-sublime/julian-bell-contemporary-art-and-the-sublime-r1108499]. C. Peirce, 1883. Studies in Logic, by Members of The Johns Hopkins University. Ed. Charles S. Peirce. Boston: Little Brown. G.Knapp., (1999) Neuschwanstein (Opus 33), Munster, Stuttgart Blommaert., (2012). Chronicles of complexity: Ethnography, superdiversity, and linguistic landscapes, Tilburg University J. Grassere,(2020) Disney and soft globalization, Diggit magazine, https://www.diggitmagazine.com/articles/disney-parks-and-soft-globalization L.Carroll, J. Ruskin, E. Elgar, G. Hopkins, V. Williams., (2013) Neo Romanticism, Gutenberg L.Iwerks., (2019), The Imagineering Story, Disney+, M. Poster, (2015). Jean Baudrillard selected writings., https://archive.org/details/BaudrillardJeanSelectedWritingsOk/page/n1/mode/2up M. Bal (2003)., Visual essentialism and the object of visual culture. Journal of Visual Culture,2; 5 T. van Leeuwen., (2001), Semiotics and Iconography, SAGE publications, London, England S.K. Foss (2005)., Theory of visual Rhetoric., University of Colorado at Denver., https://archive.org/details/BaudrillardJeanSelectedWritingsOk/page/n1/mode/2up
April 15, 2021 “Botticelli’s Oranges,” The Poetry of Reed Venrick “Botticelli’s Oranges,” The Poetry of Reed Venrick Botticelli's Oranges In an Italian port village near where the boy called "Allessandro" grew up, some thought his circles drawn must be made with a mechanical compass, so round, so fine, there in the Mediterranean sand, where Botticelli grew into youth, wandering through the orange and lemon groves of the Italian littoral; even then sketching lines of muscular trunks and extending arms branching into fingers of leaves, mixing into colors of rinds of reds and yellows. But when youthful fingers grew long enough to put a brush to canvas, he tinted the precious fruit In Madonna with Child and Angels, where she sat under blooming orange trees in spring, for the artist used orange trees to symbolize the virgin, because as he said: among fruits, only oranges are evergreen, "if one sees the mean." So on a Medici commission, Botticelli painted the ethereal La Primavera, there, the god Mercury stood in a grove of oranges, though some thought it looked like Lorenzo Medici's lustful hand reaching up to pick the ripe fruit. Then, came the historical day when the golden-haired Simonetta was ushered into Botticelli's studio by Lorenzo's sweaty hands, and Botticelli asked: Is she a reincarnated goddess from the Adriatic Sea? Soon, on Botticelli's easel, the canvas revealed the ravishing Simonetta turned into Venus herself, standing on a giant clam shell, surfing into the sun-swept coast of Italy, bringing to the world of mythology, those precious winter oranges to peel. Today, in the sea-side village of Porto Venere, the local men gather mornings under evergreen shade of orange-tree cafes, where citrus rind is mixed into the black coffee, and while the old men lament the lost wonder of their divine youth, sometimes foreign visitors overhear them to say: "Even in the arms of Venus, whom everyone knows brought the first citrus from China to Italy, oranges were never so well-designed and ripened as in the hands of the great Botticelli!" Dust Down a Long, Desert Road (Watching the classic movies in coronavirus lockdown; watching again, in what may be the most powerful ending in cinematic history—the final scene of Lawrence of Arabia) Some believe that keen minds may foresee their last day on earth, and in the passenger seat, a British officer stares into a dusty windshield that reflects a weary face marked with deep lines of departure—faded, blue eyes that saw too much sun in a dirty, desert war—now riding in a motor car, burning oil to fuel what's called the new internal-combustion engine. A soldier-warrior leaving the region of an empire closing down, a place where none back in London will ever understand how the mind and body adapts to a land this harsh, an ambience where heat soars beyond even a sauna's possibility—his life now in transition, leaving years of Bedouin life, beyond European imagination—yet the quintessence of freedom, living in the pages of the Old Testament's truth, his stained war memories flashing past— rocky valleys, date-palm oases, and vast sandy stretches—gargantuan boulders rise into an atmosphere too scorching for clouds to rain. Finally, the chauffeur, seeing Lawrence taciturn and glum, tries to make conversation: —Going home sir? —Must be glad to leave this desert hell. —As you say. —I've heard it say…a Victoria Cross waits you back in the U.K. Laurels for the empire's victors—how little they mean when a dirty war is remembered and so many comrades dead, while dust continues to whirl under their wheels, but as they turn a corner, crossing before their motorcar, blocking the road—a herd of feral camels. The driver curses, blows his horn, but Lawrence, still grounded in Arabia, raises his officer's hand. —Driver, let them pass. —Them stinking beasts, sir? —We have no hurry. When their motor car drives on, Lawrence cannot resist standing up—a last look back at the camels and dust fading into memories of shifting sands and blood-soaked years and centuries—dunes where they slept out under the burning stars—when knights and tribal kings led armies on raids, mounted on endurance camels and racing Arabian horses across these deserts to attack seaside forts and enemy garrisons—fighting with swords and daggers—and as the road winds on, Lawrence recalls Charles Doughty's "Arabia Deserta," where the fires of deserts will turn even hardened warriors into prophets. Lawrence gazes too long back at Arabia of legend, riding in the saddle, wearing the silken, white robes of a knight, crossing Sinai on a camel, riding through history's books. Recalling he stepped high in the stirrups, turning to his bedouin companion, who pointed at the horizon. —There! A pillar of fire! —Now we see what Moses saw! Lawrence of Arabia rides on down the final road; he realizes the alienated paradigm taking place—what displaces camels and horses with oil-burning machines and internal combustion engines that rolled out lethal armored tanks and flew "aeroplanes" and made war in the Middle East, which armageddon had long foretold— when a wind-gust brings the screaming racket of a motor- cycle passing their car—dangerously fast—tires throwing back loose pebbles, one cracking the windshield glass. Through the broken glass, Lawrence squints to see the motorcyclist, but visualizes his own reflection on the back of the vanishing rider—remembering suddenly what the desert sages foretold long ago in their ancient scripts: only the chosen few know how their destiny ends but only for the few will destiny ever exist. The Artist's Garden at Giverny—a painting In Monet's The Artist's Garden at Giverny, the eye drifts from left to right—follows a clay path, slipping, sliding further on 'til in the middle, the morass of color blooms— then slanting further right, we see in the distance behind, the house where Monet lived, but used mostly just for sleep, where it's said the artist's impressionistic dreams revealed qualities of the Japanese aesthetic, inherent in the power of light, always changing, where the simplicity of wabi shading variegated greens of lichens, on the bark of the scaling bark of evergreen pines, and the grass, foregrounded by the clay path, leading to the impermanence of sabi, where deciduous trees remain leafless, though the spectator sees a canopy, over- dappling sun shedding the side of the canvas and colors darken, yet brighten purple and lavender lilies to the right, which suggests the refined aesthetics of miyabi—ripe roses and tulips in bloom, the quintessence of floral beauty includes the burgundy and blue iris that dominate the dramatic colors of the garden, the red peonies, secondary behind, the pale sunlight on the painting's left side, but still the disharmony of shibui objects placed off center— of the three trees to left—one to right, the rule of thirds, or call it two-thirds, it's been painted and placed since Heian classical times, after all, it's no secret that wild flowers usually have 5 petals, but iki showing the refined uniqueness of a multi- petaled rose or orchid or camelia hanging, and then we see the yugen—something unexplained—the smoke we remember behind Hiroshige's mysterious smoke drifting up and to the left of the red volcano, Mt. Fuji, But why is Monet's path blocked? Ironical that we cannot walk—just an illusion where the garden visitor can amble left? Is the path truly thwarted? Or is this path not designed for strolling, but perhaps is just Monet's plan for a "mise en scene" to connect where the yugen combines with the johakyu? The eye keeps accelerating and cruising through the many multi colors like a dragonfly or butterfly to reach where all paths and all roads end in the ensou—the void, as we remember that Zen conceals what we visualize, and all we praise of beauty that's ephemeral and passing before us like a full moon before the blind nights of dark holes return. But some paths pass through the petals and sepals of perennials, and highlights of annuals that grow along the exposed earth that Monet abhorred, yet opens up this exquisite spectacle, where the impression is not just the design of aesthetic floral form but the eye that keeps rolling and the changing light seen by a divine hand, where in the end color, form, design become one, since never was the theory of impressionism and the cultivation of beauty so successful where color, form, and design prove that all that we perceive is an illusion—less of eyes, more of mind. Botticelli's Oranges Reed Venrick studied Italian at the Italian University for Foreigners in Perugia; French at the Alliance Francaise in Paris, and taught English for a year in Saudi Arabia, where he first read the books of T.E. Lawrence Botticelli's Oranges #botticelli#lawrence of arabia#monet#poetry#reed venrick Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
Helen Prejean's Argument Against The Death Penalty 599 Words3 Pages “They’re coming for me, they’re dragging me out of my cell, they’re bringing me to the execution chamber. I’m in a sweat. And then I realize, oh, no, it’s not my time yet” (“Progressive” 2). Many people on death row have had this same nightmare, according to Helen Prejean, an American abolitionist. The death penalty, or capital punishment, first emerged as a problem in 1794 when Dr. Benjamin Rush, one of the founding fathers of the United States, challenged the assumption that the death penalty is a deterrent. He thought crime was increased by the presence of the death penalty, while others thought the opposite. Even though the death penalty may deter prospective murderers, it should be abolished because it is inhumane, applied inconsistently,…show more content… There are numerous ways to punish people who are a threat to society without executing them. No matter which way the death penalty is carried out, be it lethal injection, lethal gas, electrocution, hanging, or firing squad, the executioner is always implicated. Bryan Stevenson, a social justice activist, questions, “If it’s not right to torture someone for torture, abuse someone for abuse, rape someone for rape, then how can we think we can kill someone for killing?” (“Delaney” 1). Although executioners are permitted to kill, they are still killing another human being. They will have to live with the mental fact that they took away another person's life, when it is not necessary. Death row is inhumane because it causes mental torment. In the U.S., death row inmates usually spend over ten years waiting for their execution and that time has increasingly gotten longer in recent years (“Time” 1). This emotional distress, commonly referred to as death row syndrome, causes many inmates to lose their mind or even commit suicide. Since these death row inmates know that their time is coming to an end, they slowly lose the ability to function properly. Esther Inglis-Arkell says, “Death row prisoners, and prisoners who have been exonerated, often describe the way that their fellow death row inmates deteriorate over time. They describe some prisoners smearing feces on the wall and having psychotic delusions. Other prisoners hold long conversations with themselves. Many attempt suicide. Others simply sleep twenty hours a day.” (“Rare” 3). The anguish that the death penalty causes these inmates to feel is unreasonably cruel and no human being should have to suffer through Open Document
By Philip R. Fischer, MD, DTM&H Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates SYNOPSIS: In England, and likely in many other areas of the world, antibiotics are given for longer than necessary. Excessively long durations of antibiotic use do not help patients and risk leading to more resistant infections. SOURCE: Palin V, Welfare W, Ashcroft AM, van Staa TP. Shorter and longer courses of antibiotics for common infections and the association with reductions of infection-related complications including hospital admissions. Clin Infect Dis 2021; Feb 24. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab159. [Online ahead of print]. Increasing resistance of bacteria to antimicrobials is a threat to global health, and growing resistance has been linked to overuse of antibiotics. In the United Kingdom, primary care providers issue more than 80% of antibiotic prescriptions, and there is variability in prescribing habits. Some focused research studies have revealed shorter courses of antibiotics are similar in effectiveness to longer courses. Palin et al used a national database to explore links between the duration of antibiotic treatment and complications of the inciting illness. The authors of a population-based cohort study used a database from general practices in England that include diagnoses, medication prescriptions, and demographic information with longitudinal follow-up. The study population included patients who received a prescription for a systemic antibiotic from their general practitioner and who were diagnosed with urinary tract infection or a non-pneumonia respiratory tract infection. Attention was paid to infection-related complications prompting hospitalization within 30 days of the prescription. More than 4 million consultations for acute infections were registered during the study period: 59% upper respiratory infections, 25% lower respiratory infections, and 16% urinary tract infections. Overall, 62% of antibiotic prescriptions were for six to seven days. Amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic for respiratory tract infections. However, for those receiving medication for eight- to 15-day courses, penicillin and doxycycline were used most commonly. Trimethoprim was the antibiotic most commonly used for urinary tract infections. Most infection-related hospitalizations occurred during the first week following initiation of the prescribed antibiotic, and 0.15% of patients were hospitalized for infection-related reasons. Early hospitalizations during the treatment course, likely suggesting a more severe illness at the time of presentation, were most common for patients living with more comorbidities or who received longer-course prescriptions. Hospitalizations after the first week of treatment were independent of the length of antibiotic treatment, suggesting there was no increased risk with shorter-course treatment. The authors concluded longer courses of antibiotics did not improve outcomes and shorter courses of antibiotics did not add significant risk. They suggested reversing the current trend of prescribing relatively longer courses of antibiotics for respiratory and urinary infections. There are historical precedents for using 10-day courses of penicillin for streptococcal pharyngitis, based on the initial studies conducted (“if it works, why change it?”) and based on data suggesting a greater risk of rheumatic fever with shorter courses. In developed nations, routine 10-day courses of antibiotics became common for a variety of conditions. However, antibiotic course durations are decreasing. Even a couple of decades ago, otitis media usually was treated with a 10-day course of antibiotics. Then, observation without antibiotic treatment (with antibiotics subsequently given only to those who did not improve during the initial days of self-recovery) was found to be safe and effective for children older than age 1 year.1 Cephalosporins were found to be effective for streptococcal pharyngitis when administered for “just” five days. Urinary tract infection treatment courses shifted from 10 to five to three days and, for adults, to single doses. Palin et al excluded patients with pneumonia from their study. However, although physicians in many developed nations continue to treat pneumonia for 10 days, the World Health Organization has demonstrated good practical and scientific success in treating childhood pneumonia for just three to five days. More data and recommendations from the United States also support shorter treatment courses for pneumonia.2 One of the beauties of the Palin et al study is they analyzed outcomes in two different periods: the first week after prescription of the antibiotic and the subsequent three weeks. As expected, early complications (i.e., hospital admissions) were more common in those who were sicker at presentation. However, a review of later complications showed abbreviated antibiotic courses were not less effective than longer courses. Thus, this study reminds clinicians that shorter antibiotic courses can be both safe and effective. Judicious antibiotic use should include not only limiting initiation of unnecessary antibiotics but also limiting the duration of treatment with necessary antibiotics. Palin et al conducted other studies related to antibiotic overuse. They found simply reducing antibiotic prescriptions might be dangerous.3 Decreased antibiotic prescription rates were associated with subsequent increases in infection-related hospitalizations.3 Appropriate antibiotics must be given, but not for too long. 1. Homme JH. Acute otitis media and group A streptococcal pharyngitis: A review for the general pediatric practitioner. Pediatr Ann 2019;48:e343-e348. 2. Same RG, Amoah J, Hsu AJ, et al. The association of antibiotic duration with successful treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 2020;piaa0.55. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa055. 3. van Bodegraven B, Palin V, Mistry C, et al. Infection-related complications after common infection in association with new antibiotic prescribing in primary care: Retrospective cohort study using linked electronic health records. BMJ Open 2021;11:e041218.
1 / 15 Hand Sanitizer Overuse You may be reaching for hand sanitizer (when soap and water aren’t nearby) more often than usual in the wake of COVID-19. But use too much, and your hands could crack and become dry. After making sure your sanitizer is no longer wet, follow up with lotion to keep moisture locked in after you rub away those germs. 2 / 15 Plant Rashes You’re more likely to brush up against the allergy-causing oils in poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac in the summer when you’re spending more time outside. Learn which plants you should avoid, clear them from areas you spend a lot of time in, and wear protective clothing if you know you’ll be in a place with itch-causing plants. 3 / 15 Sunburn increases your chance of skin cancer. You should protect your skin from harmful rays all year round, but especially in the extra-sunny days of summer. Wear a broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher sunscreen daily, and cover up when you can. Wide-brimmed hats, sunglasses, sleeves, and long pants can block the sun from reaching your skin. 4 / 15 Sun Allergy When you first start getting outdoors, the sun can damage your tender skin. Your immune system could sense this attack and respond, causing you to break out in hives or an itchy rash. You’re more prone to a sun allergy if you take certain medications or people in your family are sun-sensitive, so take extra care if you’re in those groups. 5 / 15 Insect Bites and Stings Mosquitoes, chiggers, and ticks -- oh my! Usually, biting and stinging insects only cause an itchy bump when they strike. But sometimes, the reaction can be more severe and widespread. You might have swelling, a rapid heartbeat, lowered blood pressure, and trouble breathing. Wear repellent or clothing and close-toed shoes to cover skin when you’re out. Avoid bright colors and perfumes. 6 / 15 Swimmer’s Itch If you plan to take a dip in lakes, oceans, or other natural bodies of water, take care to prevent swimmer's itch, or clam digger’s itch. Avoid water that’s caused this rash on others or has signs warning that it’s infested. When you do swim, rub your skin briskly with a towel afterward to prevent parasites from burrowing in and giving you a rash. 7 / 15 Heat Rash Also called prickly heat, it results from sweat getting trapped in your pores. You can prevent these itchy, small bumps by wearing loose, breathable clothes and keeping your skin as dry and cool as possible. 8 / 15 If you’re prone to these brown patches of skin on your face, the summer sun can bring them out in full force. Put broad-spectrum SPF 30 sunscreen on your face daily, and reapply it every 2 hours. Wear a hat and glasses, and stick to shade as much as possible. Also, avoid waxing or harsh skin products that can irritate your skin and make melasma worse. 9 / 15 Mix sweat, bacteria, and oils, and you have a recipe for clogged pores. If your skin is acne-prone, this often means a breakout. Keep a towel or sweat band on hand to blot your skin as you sweat. Wash clothes you’ve sweated in, and opt for oil-free skin products or adapalene gel (Differin) to help keep pores clear. 10 / 15 The openings that your body hairs grow out of are called follicles. Tight clothes, acid and chlorine from hot tubs, or damage from shaving and waxing can irritate them. If follicles get infected, they can be painful, itchy, and swollen. To prevent it, make sure your clothes are loose, shave in the direction your hair grows, use shaving gel, and only lounge in hot tubs you know are clean. 11 / 15 Sea Creatures Jellyfish tentacles contain venom. A sting can be painful or sometimes life-threatening. It usually happens by accident when you touch one, or swim or wade among them. Stingrays usually avoid people, but you could step on one. If you can’t get medical help right away, remove any jellyfish tentacles or stingray stingers and soak the wound in hot, clean water. Stingray wounds are punctures, so put pressure on the area if it’s bleeding. 12 / 15 These summer footwear standbys won’t protect you from stubbed toes, glass cuts, puncture wounds, or heavy objects that might fall and break a foot. They’re also useless when It comes to snake and bug bites. Go for closed-toe shoes that offer more protection, especially if you’re in the great outdoors. 13 / 15 Summer is high season for snakebites. A bite from a nonvenomous snake probably won’t do much more than leave punctures and scare you. But venomous snakebites can be fatal. Your best bet is to call 911 and try to stay calm. Get away from the snake and, if you can, move your body so the bite is below your heart. Clean the wound and cover it with a clean bandage. Don’t put a tourniquet on the bite or try to cut it open and remove the venom. 14 / 15 Fireworks Burns About 9,000 people wind up in the emergency room every year for injuries related to fireworks. Most involve the hands, fingers, and arms. Burns are the most common. You can treat a minor burn smaller than your palm at home. Run cool water over it until the burning feeling stops. Cover it with a clean, dry cloth. Larger burns, and ones to the hands, feet, face, genitals, and major joints, usually mean you need to go to the ER.
Check category Introduction of antistatic grade thermoplastic elastomer TPE material and conductive TPE Domestic Thermoplastic elastomerTPE/TPR Materials The industry is constantly developing and improving. It has been gradually used in all walks of life, and the requirements for materials are becoming more and more stringent, such as: flame retardant grade, high elasticity, Development of special materials such as abrasion resistance. With the continuous improvement of materials, the products are constantly innovating, and the requirements of conductive grade TPE/TPR materials are also the inevitable result of market development, with the development of the market. The thermoplastic elastomer industry is becoming more and more colorful, providing better and more comfortable materials for people's lives. Before talking about conductive TPE/TPR, first understand the conductive rubber from the side, and then evaluate the technical difficulty of research and development of conductive TPE/TPR. Electrical Rubber: Refer to Baidu Encyclopedia, conductive rubber is the uniform distribution of conductive particles such as glass silver plating, aluminum silver plating, silver, etc. In the case of (generally silicone rubber), conductive particles are contacted by pressure to achieve good electrical conductivity. Both military and commercial applications. Its main role is sealing and electromagnetic shielding. The product can be molded or extruded and available in sheet or other die cut shapes. Conductive rubber conductive principle: Conductive rubber filled conductive particles are in contact with each other when filled with a certain volume to form an electronic continuous state. , thus having electrical conductivity. Conductive rubber must be subjected to a certain compressive force in order to conduct electricity well, and the structural design must ensure proper pressure without pressure. The main role of conductive rubber is sealing and electromagnetic shielding. It is commonly used in some electronic materials and components, and has important applications in the aerospace and military industries. Then analyze the conductivity of the TPE. According to the surface resistance value of the material, in terms of dielectric properties, the TPE can be classified into the following three categories: 1. The surface resistance of the product reaches 10 or more and is the insulation level TPE/TPR; 2. Anti-static grade TPE/TPR between the 5-12th power of the product surface resistance value of 10; 3. The surface resistance of the product reaches 10 and below the 5th power level is the conductive grade TPE/TPR. According to the above division, there is still a certain difference between anti-static grade TPE and conductive TPE. The usual TPE/TPR are antistatic grade materials. As far as anti-static is concerned, in actual cases, the surface resistance values of different products required by different customers may be different, and sometimes there may be certain restrictions on the compounding system of TPE. If the TPE/TPR is to be electrically conductive, special material modification is required. TPE/TPR has a similar molecular chain structure with rubber. According to the rubber modification idea above, TPE/TPR seems to be imitated. However, it is necessary to fully consider the similarities and differences between TPE compounding system and silicone rubber. The compounding system of TPE is complicated, and it is necessary to consider the compatibility of the phase structure of each component, the uniformity of blending and dispersion, and the like. Shenzhen Plastic Source Industrial Co., Ltd. Provide a comprehensive TPE solution Add： Room 1201, Block A, Meixun Technology Park, No. 19 Jinxiu Middle Road, Pingshan District, Shenzhen Power by：300.cn Online customer service Customer service hotline 0769-87636388 13924612846 0769-87636388 13924612846 Service time: 8:00 - 24:00 Customer service group:
A History of What Is Static Equilibrium Physics Refuted The lab notebook has to be turned in at the close of the period of time, so make certain you leave time to write down all your procedures and observations. Let’s see how it is able to be possible. In the event the clock runs out before you’ve completed the undertaking, you have to replay the level. The particular courses necessary to graduate, however, book report format might differ from program to program. A Secret Weapon for What Is Static Equilibrium Physics Having one angle’s measure, obviously, makes it far simpler to obtain the others. Again, you don’t need to be sure http://religiousstudies.stanford.edu/ of these directions now. With the appropriate technology, like a very speedy spaceship, one particular person has the ability to experience several days while another individual simultaneously experiences just a few hours or minutes. This set of capabilities is usually called dynamic HTML. This is a vector since it provides you that additional bit of information. In addition, this is what makes it an excellent example to examine, however. You could need to tap the book lightly to find the coin to move. The very best graphed is plain and the bottom graphed is precisely the same with some additional notes. Regardless, air doesn’t hold water. Such adhesive forces also are based on the substances the surfaces are created of, explaining, for instance, why rubber-soled shoes slip less than people that have leather soles. You should measure the exact same charge taken from various portions of the sphere. The term body is utilised to describe any object. What You Need to Do About What Is Static Equilibrium Physics Beginning in the Next Seven Minutes See the Math Diagnostic Self-Test to look at your basic math knowledge at the degree of this class, and the way to get further help should you require it. The sample data utilized in this analysis are the consequence of measured data via an authentic experimental setup. The sum of all of the possible differences around a comprehensive loop is equivalent to zero. Many times, populations will go through times of boom and bust. In the majority of cases, the string is idealized by assuming it’s massless. That can be achieved with a single burn. We would need to conclude this minimal margin of experimental error reflects an experiment with superior outcomes. All one must do is to work out the numbers and plug them inside the formula. Make solutions of one salt with a broad range of concentrations. termpaperwriter org The Birth of What Is Static Equilibrium Physics The exact same analysis can be made while the CG moves aft. If you suspend the arbitrarily shaped object of plywood so that it can rotate, the middle of mass will wind up directly under the point of support. You are unable to hang more than 1 weight from every placement spot. Only in scenarios where a body has a sizable spatial extension so the gravitational field is nonuniform throughout its volume, are the middle of gravity and the middle of mass located at unique points. Occasionally it’s tricky to tell which is the right direction for the current in a specific loop. In 1 frame of reference, the mathematical type of the equilibrium conditions might be quite complicated, whereas in another frame, the very same conditions may get a simpler mathematical form that’s simple to address. The What Is Static Equilibrium Physics Cover Up From time to time, the created mass is charged, including when an electron is made. The Cessna 172 is an excellent example. It would just be a solar orbit in the event the ellipse between the planets wrapped around sunlight. The 40-N vector can be regarded as a part of the 50-N vector. Utilize Kirchoff’s second rule to write down loop equations for since many loops as it requires to incorporate each branch at least one time. The calculations is quite straight forward and the generic formula is the exact same for all airplanes. This is the area where symmetry can be handy to create the problem simpler. In some instances you’ll need to have equations from more than 1 junction, but you’re never going to should obtain an equation for every single junction. One with an extremely eccentric orbit. The New Angle On What Is Static Equilibrium Physics Just Released Newton’s first law of motion states an object will stay at a constant velocity in the event the amount of vector forces on this object is zero. You desire a tension force somewhere. Just since there is a standard force doesn’t mean that there needs to be a frictional force. Concurrent Forces It’s fairly simple to find the reasoning for the very first condition. The primary difference is that with rotation we’re taking a look at torques rather than forces. Two forces with the exact same magnitude but distinct directions aren’t equal forces. The Hidden Treasure of What Is Static Equilibrium Physics Keep in mind the equilibrium constant is merely that, a constant. Without the right setup and a suitable diagram, you won’t have the ability to write down correct conditions for equilibrium. Generally an equilibrium is just called stable if it’s stable in all directions. Economic statics doesn’t mean that there’s no financial activity. As soon as I started working with Edo I was quite curious how he created this theory. Should they exist, gravitons are believed to play an essential role in a theory of quantum gravity. Possessing a comprehension of equilibrium is vital for engineers and scientists. Quite frequently, it is helpful to know the historical perspectives which caused our present-day comprehension. A circuit is a closed loop which allows charge to move from 1 place to another. Such salts frequently have bright colours. Meters It’s often helpful to gauge the voltage or current in a circuit. A conductor put in an electric field is going to be polarized. Serial connection lowers the whole capacitance and raises the internal resistance. The patient is put in a static magnetic field made by the magnet of the MR scanner.
Adult Sabbath School Lesson Study Outlines Skip Navigation Subscribe in a reader Lesson 8: From Folly to Faith: The Apostle Peter * Introduction: Can you think of a Christian who is not a very good witness for Jesus? I'm not referring to someone who only talks about being a Christian. I mean someone who is a serious Christian, but who does not have a very good sense of how to get along. The world calls the ability to relate to others "emotional intelligence," the Bible calls it "wisdom." Our study this week is about the apostle Peter who had a great deal of growing to do in the emotional intelligence department. Let's plunge into our study of the Bible and see what we can learn about Peter and improving our own emotional intelligence! 1. Faithful to Death: The Promise 1. Last week we studied how Simon Peter and John first came to be disciples of Jesus. We now move to the very last days they were with Jesus on earth. Read Mark 14:26-29. Why does Jesus say what He does and why does Peter say what he does? (Jesus is quoting the Bible ( Zechariah 13:7) and making the application to Himself and His disciples. Peter disputes whether this prophecy (and Jesus' statement) applies to him. He believes he is better, more faithful than the others.) 2. Read Mark 14:30. What does Jesus do to reinforce the truth of what He has said? (Jesus now adds His own prophecy, and He attaches a narrow time frame and specific details - that day, before the rooster crows twice, Peter will deny Jesus three times.) 3. Read Mark 14:31. What character trait of Peter do we see here? (Pride. Determination.) 1. What emotion do we see? 2. Read Proverbs 12:15-16. This is one of the texts on Bible-based emotional intelligence. What rules do you find here, and how has Peter violated them? (Jesus has twice given Peter advice about the future, and Peter rejects it. Peter shows his annoyance at once.) 1. How might the future have been different if Peter had said, "Lord, how will this happen, and what can I do to avoid it?" 3. Read Proverbs 13:10. How are pride and the emotional intelligence of taking advice in conflict with each other? How was this true in Peter's case? (Because Peter's pride and arrogance did not allow him to think that he could deny Jesus, he could not learn from Jesus' advice.) 4. Let's continue on with this story from another gospel. Read Luke 22:35-36. This immediately follows Jesus' discussion with Peter about his upcoming disloyalty. Why is a sword now more important than a coat? 2. Faithful to Death: The Fight 1. Read John 18:1-3. Jesus' words to Peter about his disloyalty are just a few hours old. Tell me what is going through Peter's mind when he sees Judas and the soldiers? (This confirms Jesus' prediction that He will be betrayed by one of His disciples. Peter is no doubt thinking "This is the test!") 2. Read John 18:10. Who was right on the issue of Peter's loyalty: Jesus or Peter? (It looks like Peter proves what he said - he was willing to die for Jesus. He stood right there, he did not deny Jesus, he pulled his sword so that he could fight for his Lord and struck a blow in the direction of the representative of the high priest!) 3. Faithful to Death: The Confusion 1. Read John 18:11. What is going through Peter's mind now? (He must be confused. He had just proven Jesus wrong about his faithfulness, and Jesus is now rebuking him! He remembered Jesus' advice about having a sword and not only does he have it, he is using it!) 1. What is Jesus talking about when He refers to "the cup the Father has given Me?" (Jesus had been talking about a cup ( Mark 14:20-24) at the same time He was talking about being betrayed and Peter's disloyalty. Imagine all these thoughts racing around in Peter's head!) 2. Read Mark 8:31-33. What caused Peter to get into trouble here? (The same lack of emotional intelligence that he demonstrated later. His pride and arrogance cause him to reject Jesus' statements about the future.) 1. Has Peter forgotten this event in his confusion about what he should do to be loyal to Jesus? (This is an important lesson for us. Peter resisted the idea that Jesus came to die. He wanted Jesus to rule. Because he refused to give up his own ideas, he thought being loyal meant fighting for Jesus to rule.) 4. Faithful to Death: The Failure 1. Let's continue with our story in John. Read John 18:12-16. How is Peter able to get into the courtyard of the High Priest? (The "other" disciple (John) speaks with the girl on duty and gets Peter in.) 2. Read John 18:17. Is this how Peter expected the temptation to deny Jesus would come to him? (It would come with soldiers when he had a sword in his hand. It would not come with an unarmed "girl on duty.") 1. Could Peter say that this was unfair? When he pulled his sword to fight, wasn't it "game over" for the issue of whether he would deny Jesus? 2. Read Proverbs 19:20-21. How would these rules of emotional intelligence have helped Peter? (If the first time that Jesus rebuked Peter about Peter's vision for the future ( Mark 8:31-33), Peter had accepted Jesus' advice, he would have understood Jesus' purpose and how he might play a role in that plan. If Peter had accepted Jesus' advice about his upcoming denial, he could have sought wisdom about how he could avoid being disloyal. This text in Proverbs teaches us that whatever our plans, it is God's purpose that will prevail. We can avoid a lot of trouble and confusion by paying attention to God.) 5. Faithful to Death: The Redemption 1. Read John 21:14-15. What difference, if any do you see in Peter's attitude? (Jesus primes him to compare himself to the other disciples by saying he loves more than the other disciples. Compare Mark 14:29. Peter does not say he is better than the others when it comes to loving Jesus.) 2. Read John 21:16. What is suggested by the fact that Jesus asks Peter this question a second time? (It suggests that Jesus is uncertain of the truth of Peter's first answer.) 1. What would you be thinking if you were Peter? (I would immediately have guilty thoughts of my last unfaithfulness. I would know Jesus was thinking about my failure, and it would tear my heart.) 3. Read John 21:17. The text confirms that Peter feels hurt and guilty. What argument does Peter make to convince Jesus that he will now be faithful? (He doesn't really try to make an argument, he simply says "God, you know all things." Thus, you know whether I'm telling you the truth or not. You know whether I will be faithful or not. I love you and I intend to be faithful.) 4. Read John 21:18-19. What would the Peter of earlier days have said to this? (For a clue, re-read Mark 8:31-33. Jesus told Peter that he would be killed at the hands of others. The expression "you will stretch out your hands" suggests crucifixion. "Early church tradition supports this manner of death for Peter." Wycliffe Bible Commentary. The Peter of yesterday would have rebuked Jesus - no one was going to die - they were all going to rule!) 5. Friend, what about you? Do you follow the Bible's rules of emotional intelligence so that you put away pride and take advice? Do you accept God's word rather than your own goals and preferences? Or, will it take a spiritual failure to teach you the lessons Peter learned? 6. Next week: A Pillar of Mission: The Apostle Peter. © 2021 Bruce N. Cameron, J.D. Back to Top \| Home
Listen to children in grades 4-7 as they discuss how they manage and deal with food allergies in this video by Chicago-based pediatrician and food allergy researcher Ruchi Gupta, MD. They explain cross contact and identification of safe foods, and outline three steps to follow when you suspect a friend is having an allergic reaction. Share the video with children in your home or professional practice! icon-angle icon-bars icon-times
What Is Front Suspension In Car? What replaces front suspension? To ensure your car is running smoothly, here are some of the suspension parts that you need to watch and replace as needed:Power Steering Pumps and Belts That Make Turning Difficult. Worn Shocks and Struts That Cause Bumpy Rides and Bigger Problems. Rubber Bushings and Boots That Wear and Cause Suspension Damage.More items…•. How can I make my car suspension softer? How to Soften Car SuspensionInstall softer shocks and struts. As the primary component that affects your vehicle’s ride quality, shocks and struts have a very big impact. … Adjust the shocks to a softer setting, if you have adjustable shocks. … Install softer springs. … Replace the bushings in the suspension. What are the three types of suspension? There are three basic types of suspension components: linkages, springs, and shock absorbers. The linkages are the bars and brackets that support the wheels, springs and shock absorbers. How long does a car suspension last? What causes a car suspension to go bad? A sudden shock from a pothole or other obstruction in the road can damage this system. Over time, these shocks will wear out the components of your vehicle suspension, thus reducing the life of these components. As an experienced driver, you know that potholes and rough roads are part of life, especially during winter. What are 5 examples of suspension? Examples of SuspensionMuddy water.Milk of magnesia.Sand particles suspended in water.Flour in water.Slaked lime for whitewashing.Paints in which dyes are suspended in turpentine oil. What are the two types of suspension? TypesLive axle with a Watt’s link.Sliding pillar.Swing axle.Double wishbone suspension.MacPherson. What are the types of front suspension? The major front suspension system types used in passenger cars and light trucks are the conventional coil spring, Torsion Bar and MacPherson Strut Systems. Most full-sized American cars use either the coil spring or torsion bar system. What does the front suspension consist of? An independent front suspension allows each front wheel to travel up and down with the spring and strut assembly bolted to the frame on one end and a control arm or wishbone on the other end. How do you know if the suspension has gone on your car? How do you maintain car suspension? If you’re interested in making everything last as long as possible, you’ll want to do the following:Check your tires’ air. … Check your tires’ tread. … Get your wheels aligned. … Check the power steering fluid and belt. … Inspect the bushings and joints. … Inspect the shocks. … Have everything inspected if you’re in an accident. What is suspension of a car? Your car’s suspension system is responsible for smoothing out the ride and keeping the car in control. Specifically, the suspension system maximizes the friction between the tires and the road to provide steering stability and good handling. What’s better soft or stiff suspension? A stiff suspension will make sure it’s pushed exactly where it needs to go. Your softer road suspension will keep your back happy so you’re not bouncing over every imperfection in the road. How do you check front end suspension? Step 1: Park your vehicle on a hard and level surface. … Step 2: Place the wheel chocks around the rear tires.Step 3: Lift the front of the vehicle. … Step 4: Rest the vehicle on the jack stands. … Step 5: Inspect the tires: Tire wear is the first inspection that can be done to see if there is a front end problem.More items…• What cars use double wishbone suspension? Double wishbone suspension systems are common on high performance cars and sporty sedans. Popular cars with double wishbone suspension systems include: Alfa Romeo Giulia 952, Lancia Delta S4, Mercedes-Benz (most models), Toyota Tundra, MG Rover TF, Honda Accord and Aston Martin DB7. How much does it cost to fix the front suspension? You need to look at the cost to repair or replace the suspension, plus the labor cost that will be associated with taking your car to an auto mechanic. The average cost of a suspension repair is between $1,000-$5,000. Which type of suspension is best for car? Engineers have tackled this problem with varying degrees of complexity, but the best known are the MacPherson Strut, double wishbone and multi-link systems. As one of the simpler and therefore cheaper options for independent suspension, the MacPherson strut has seen widespread use since its invention back in the 1940s.
Posted: Friday, May 27, 2005 1:00 am Douglas Wright \| 0 comments Memorial Day is a day of remembrance, a day when we as a nation pay tribute to those who have fought to preserve the liberties we hold dear. As a tradition, we decorate graves and monuments, plant flags, lay flowers on the sod, all to salute those whose service and sacrifice has starred our history and defended our nation and its freedom. Yet as the distance is stretched from that fateful day in 1776 to our current hour, too often are the original patriots overlooked; those bold men who put down their hammers, plows, sickles and took up arms to fight for the independence of our sovereign nation; those original patriots who are the veterans of the American Revolution. Back in 1975, Windham native Emma Dumont, a longtime lover of history and Civil War buff, completed a brief history of Windham's original patriots entitled "Heritage '76: Soldiers of the American Revolution." In the book, she documented over 100 soldiers from in and around Windham who fought during the Revolutionary War, either in small militias or as part of the Continental Army. According to her book and historical texts cited within, many of the Windham men who enlisted to fight in the revolution were either original settlers of the Windham (known as New Marblehead back then) or descendants thereof. Even though they were few in numbers and far removed from the political affairs of Boston, the settlers of Windham felt compelled to act against the tyranny and oppression of the British empire. As Fredrick Dole writes his book "Windham in the Past": "Many a hard fought battle by sea and land during the war of the revolution bears honorable testimony to their bravery. Such is the character of the people from whom our ancestors, the first settlers of this town, originated." Stephen Manchester is renowned as the man who killed Chief Polin of the Presumpscot Tribe. Less known is that fact that Manchester served in the Massachusetts Bay Forces for the entire duration of the American Revolution. Manchester, a Rhode Island native, came to Windham in 1738. He is described by Dole as a valuable addition to the settlement of Windham because he was "adept in all manner of woodcraft and mortally hated the Indians." In 1756, he fired the shot that earned him his fame today. With the death of Chief Polin, the conflict between the Presumpscot Tribe and the settlement subsided, granting the Windham settlers a measure of peace. It is likewise common lore that Stephen Manchester, at age 58, was the first Windham man to enlist in the Continental Army of the Revolution. In July of 1775, he marched to Cambridge, Mass in Capt. John Brackett's Company where he then served under George Washington until the end of that year. He went on to serve in various other military companies such as Capt. Jonathan Sawyer's in 1776 and Capt. George Smith's Company in 1777. During his 49 months of service, he fought in the memorable Saratoga Campaign, witnessed the surrender of General Burgoyne and spent that legendary winter at Valley Forge. He died in Windham at the old age of 90 on June 24, 1807 and was buried on Dutton hill. His gravesite was later moved to Smith Cemetery in the early 1900s when a monument was erected there in his memory. Captain Richard Mayberry, son of William Mayberry (the second settler of Windham), settled on his parent's acreage and cared for his parents in their old age. He farmed and is presumed to have worked in the blacksmith trade like his father. When the Revolution came, he joined the Continental Army and was commissioned Captain of the Fifth Company of the Massachussetts Bay Forces. In November of 1776, Captain Mayberry enlisted 64 soldiers for the Fifth Company. Ten of those soldiers were Windham settlers: Sergeant Josiah Chute, Corporal Ebenezer Barton and Privates James Jordan, William Mayberry (Richard's son), Robert Millions, John Swett, Peter Smith, Thomas Chute (brother of Josiah), David Mabury and Benjamin Trott. According to "History of Windham" by Thomas Smith, this company fought in the Saratoga campaign as the left wing of General Gates' army. They were at the battle of Monmouth and fought as well in the engagement at Hubbardstown. Capt. Mayberry's company, along with the rest of the Continental Army, suffered great hardships during the Revolutionary War such as hunger, disease, lack of shelter and clothes. At one time during the war, there were only two pairs of shoes among the 64 soldiers in Mayberry's company. For this reason, Smith says, it was not uncommon for the British to track the American armies "by the blood from their lacerated feet." When Mayberry returned to Windham after the war, he sold his land and settled in Raymond which was mostly wilderness at the time. In November of 1804, he was killed by a falling tree while clearing the land. His gravesite sits on Leach Hill in Casco. Josiah Chute, grandson of Thomas Chute (the first settler of Windham), was a sergeant in Capt. Mayberry's company. At the battle of Hubbardton, he was shot in the shoulder with a musket ball and taken prisoner by the British. According to Dole, he managed to escape and "wandered for two weeks in the woods before he got into American lines." He spent the winter at Valley Forge in 1777-78 and then in 1789 he was honorably discharged due to battle wounds. After he returned home to Windham, he was served as officer of the town for many years. He died on his farm in October 21, 1834 and was buried there. A monument in his honor still stands today in what is now known as the Chute Cemetery. Not to be forgotten are the Windham women who knit, sewed, and weaved clothes for the soldiers of Continental Army. In their husbands' absence, many wives of Windham soldiers conducted business affairs in their absence. As Dole wrote, "They shrunk from no toil and hesistated at no sacrifice, but, with an unfaltering courage, did their part in the darkest hours of the American Revolution." It is important to note that the above mentioned soldiers of the Revolution, and those recorded in "Heritage '76", only account for the histories handed down to us through the yellowed pages of old grants, town orders, military transcripts and similar annals. It is possible that there are other Windham patriots whose records of service have been lost over the centuries. Many years ago, Betty Barto, one of the founders of the Windham Historical Society, was contacted by a Kathrine Brown from Massachusetts. Brown had traced back her genealogy to John Gallison of Windham, son of Joseph Gallison. It had long been believed by Brown's family that this ancestor had crossed the Delaware River with General Washington on his Christmas Eve raid of the Hessians. Though there is no documentation of the fact, Barto says that it is possible that Gallison as well as others did cross the Delaware with Washington since many Windham soldiers spent the winter with Washington at Valley Forge. What is certain is Windham soldiers and settlers' dedication to the Revolution and the ideal of freedom. So, this Memorial Day, as we honor the memory of our many veterans, let us remember to give thanks to those brave men who put their life and liberty on the line to grant us ours today.
Hello, I am looking for someone to write an article on The effects of ageing on Alzheimer’s Disease. It needs to be at least 3250 words. Cell proliferation is inhibited by cellular senescence which maybe triggered by various factors. There is not enough evidence to pinpoint just a single cause for ageing and so far it is assumed that the process of ageing is initiated by different factors.The most widely known factor is that of oxidative damage. According to the oxidative damage theory, the body’s own metabolism is the most important contributor of the ageing process. The mitochondria takes up oxygen and 2-3% of the oxygen it takes up is reduced to reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydroxyl and hydrogen peroxide ions. These reactive oxygen species damage cell membrane structure, nucleic acids and proteins.Another important theory is that of damage to the mitochondrial genome in a an individual. It has been seen that the mitochondrial genome mutates at a much faster rate than the nuclear DNA and these erratic mutations have been linked to apoptosis or production of Reactive oxygen species. With age mutations in mitochondrial cells increases and leads to several problems because fo the higher replication frequency of the mutants (Michikawa et al,1999).Wear and tear theory is the oldest one used to account for loss of normal functioning of cells. With increases in age the body’s small problem tend to build up. Wear and tear associated with genetic instability has been studies in-depth. Mutations would increases in number without any repair and enzymes produced would be faulty as well. When our cells become faulty they are repaired by the DNA repair mechanism and therefore it is obvious that a cell whose DNA repair enzymes are in working condition lives longer (Hart & Setlow, 1974).However, the most important and relevant factor to the process of ageing are genetic processes. The most important example of this is Progeria, where genetic mutations rapidly enhance the rate of ageing in an individual.
The History of Credit Unions: Fighting Wealth Inequality Since 1909 Key Takeaways Friedrich, the GOAT Banks have one primary goal: profit. Friedrich Raiffeisen said “nah” and decided to build a financial institution that prioritized people over profit. Enter: Edward A. Filene This dude saw how credit unions were fighting wealth inequality and brought them to the U.S. where FDR made them Official™ Still Going Strong Today, credit unions are often insured just as much as banks. But instead of lining the pockets of bankers, they line OUR pockets. NOICE. As you might already know, a credit union is similar to a bank, with some crucial, beneficial differences. Unlike a bank, a credit union is owned by the members, not some random dudes in a boardroom who have a lot of money and will do anything to get more. But not many people know the history of credit unions. Credit unions are not-for-profit, meaning that any profits they do make go straight back into savings for you. Sounds pretty nice, right? But how did we get here? In a country so focused on making money, how is it possible that a member-owned financial institution focused on balancing income inequality even exists? History of Credit Unions F.W. RaiffeisenAs far as we know, the first credit union was called a credit society and was founded in southern Germany by the GOAT, Friedrich Raiffeisen, in 1849. Fifteen years later in 1864, our dude Friedrich (that’s him to the left) established the first ever rural cooperative lending institution, which is hailed as the first literal credit union in history. By the time of his death in 1888, credit unions had spread to Frances, Italy, the Netherlands, England and Austria. Before Credit Unions The history of credit unions is an interesting one. Prior to credit unions, you were pretty much out of luck when it came to financial institutions that served your needs before the needs of the institution itself. Banking has been around in some form or another for generations, and that was pretty much the only option before credit unions. Raiffeisen and others in that time wanted to create an institution that was based on self-help, self-responsibility, equality and solidarity — a far cry from the “values” of banks. Your Bank Doesn’t Care About You Find a financial institution who believes you’re more than a number. Find Your Credit Union The Birth of Credit Unions in America The first credit union in North America was founded in Canada with a 10-cent deposit in 1901. Shortly after, in 1908, the first credit union in the United States was founded in New Hampshire. The reason? At the time, French-speaking immigrants needed a place to operate financially, and most American banks did not accept their French money. (Rude.) Growth of Credit Unions Edward A FileneThe year after, Edward A. Filene worked with the Massachusetts Bank Commissioner Pierre Jay to establish the Massachusetts Credit Union Act, giving Filene the name “Father of U.S. Credit Unions.” Way to go Filene! (Also, peep those mustaches!) Filene went on to continue his work, expanding credit unions until they were just as viable as banks within the United States economy. After the Great Depression, top government people including senators and credit union advocates met to build laws helping credit unions. President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Federal Credit Union Act into law in 1934, allowing credit unions to help rural America. The Reasons for Credit Unions As we mentioned above, credit unions have been consistently founded and expanded to help balance income inequality. Banks, above all else, are businesses. That means that they are, in the end, seeking to make money for themselves, even at the cost of their customers’ well-being if need be. A credit union is different. In the 1930s, they helped farmers and rural workers get back on their feet and continued to do so throughout history. In 1951, they received an exemption from federal income tax because of their goal to help people. Modern Credit Unions Today, credit unions are more helpful than ever for working-class people. Not only are most of them insured just as much as banks, but the members continue to own the credit unions. Credit unions were a little slow on the technology front for a while, but they’re finally catching up. Many credit unions now have apps and online banking services available, just like banks. And, to top it all off, they go a step further to provide financial literacy classes and personalized customer service to ensure you have a solid financial present and future. The result? A financial institution that works to serve its own people — not like the pockets of stuffy bankers. We have technology spongebob gif Credit Unions vs. Banks As we’ve already touched on, credit unions are different from banks in several key ways. Without bankers looking to profit off you, alllllll the profit goes right back to you and the other members. This comes in the form of: • Lower interest on loans • Greater interest on savings • Fewer fees for things like ATMs (or no fees at all!) • No hidden fees And it’s not just you who benefits from this. Every single member does. Which means by joining a credit union, you’re encouraging wealth distribution. How to Find the Best Credit Union for You You could spend all day (or all week, or an entire month) researching credit unions, or you could use our free tool to make it easy peasy. Find Your Credit Union Related Posts Adulting 101: How to Start Investing Read More How Credit Union Mortgages are Changing the Game for Millennials Read More
How to Calculate Intrinsic Value Intrinsic Value is the underlying value of a company or its securities, that can be estimated by means of fundamental analysis. The intrinsic value of a company should reflect the future earnings of the company, discounted to their present values. Mispriced Securities The objective of estimating the intrinsic value of securities is to identify market inefficiencies. The premise is that market prices do not necessarily reflect intrinsic value. A security that trades at a discount to a conservatively estimated intrinsic value should, therefore, offer the investor a Margin of Safety. Intrinsic Value Formulas Calculating the intrinsic value of a company is not an exact science. Any estimation of intrinsic value requires the analyst to assess both qualitative and quantitative factors as well as making assumptions about future events. The Intrinsic Value of a Security is a function of the following factors: 1. Its net assets, 2. its potential to generate free cash flow, 3. its financial strength 4. the quality of its management. The aim is that any valuation of a specific security will become a quantitative analysis with a qualitative weighing. 1. Balance Sheet Assessment • How are assets accounted for (fair value or mark to market)? • What is the value of the inventory (lifetime, margins, etc,)? • How do we value intangible assets (influence on cash flow, earnings, market value, etc)? • Are fixed assets a fundamental attributor to earnings or can they be tradable? • What are the capital requirements of the industry? • What are the working capital requirements of the industry? • Has there been share dilution in the past? 2. Free Cashflow Generation • Where do earnings come from? • How sustainable are margins? • How does the company compete (cost, a market leader, niche or follower)? • Which forces impact free cash flow (raw materials, vendors)? • Is the operation likely to be able to increase sales? • Is there much uncertainty about the future of the industry? • Is the industry cyclical or secular? 3. Financial Strength • How leveraged is the company? • Is the company net cash positive? • What is the interest percentage of its debt and short-term liabilities? • What would happen to the company if credit markets would close for a year? 4. Management Quality • How long has current management been in place? • Does current management have a significant ownership in the company? • What is the cost of its options compensation? • What is the management record of allocating capital (reinvestment, m&a, dividends, debt reduction, share buybacks? • Have there been any reports indicating mismanagement? The process, the list and anything that has to do with the method is under constant scrutiny, so if you have any comments or thoughts, do not hesitate to share. More on Fundamental Analysis One thought on “How to Calculate Intrinsic Value Leave a Reply
The bold part is the sentence in question, the rest is for context: 今日は、日本で長くお暮しの４人の外国の奥様においでいただきました。一番長い方は15年、短い方でも6年はいらっしゃるそうです。その間のご苦労や嬉しかったことなどを伺いたいと思います。 The full text can be viewed here. First, my attempt at translation: "The longest time person shall be here for 15 years, but the shortest time person shall be here for 6 years." 1) Is は in in a contrastive way here? 2) The positioning of でも is a bit unusual compared to what I've seen so far. It seems almost like a suffix to 方, although it surely isn't. However, does this position have any consequence on its meaning? Does it become nuanced in a different way? 3) I still feel a bit uncomfortable translating "一番長い方" into "the person who has lived (here) the longest." I know there is very strong contextual support here, but it still feels like I'm adding too much xD So I just wanted to know if this is a common way to express this? Or do I have to be cautious in cases where the context isn't as strong as it is here? 1) No. The first は before "15年" is not necessary contrastive and it can be taken as a simple topic marker. The second は is a variant of the contrastive usage of は and means at least or no less than. See: Does は mean 'at least' in this sentence? 2) This でも is even, not but. "even the person who has lived the shortest ..." See: "Even a crab" - Japanese proverbs (?) / What does でもわかる mean and what does あって+か do? / いくら＋pronoun＋でも usage/meaning 3) 彼は日本に来て(から)長い is a perfectly normal way to say "It's been long since he came to Japan." (Notice the difference in subjects; It in the English version is what's called a dummy subject). So 日本に来て(から)長い方 is also perfectly fine, and if there is enough context, even 長い方 is okay in the same vein. As for 1) and 2), noruto's answer is perfect. I'll only give an explanation of 3). The complete sentence for "一番長い方は" is, I think, "日本に来てからの生活が一番長い方は the person who has lived for the longest time since coming to Japan". In Japanese language, as you also know, what is already commonly understood among people involved is generally omitted. Before the phrase with "一番長い方は", the narrator has already introduced the four foreign wives who have lived long in Japan. Therefore, the part with "日本に来てからの生活が the life after coming to Japan" of "日本に来てからの生活が一番長い方は" is generally omitted. 1) The は in 一番長い方は is meaning 'is' or 'has been'. But は in 短い方でも6年は is meaning "at least she has been" or "in spite of the fact she is the shortest resident in 4 persons here, she's been in here 6 years long". (To me as English learner difference between "shall be" and "has been" is not clear. I used 'has been' based on my instinct. Please fix it if it was inappropriate as English.) The usage of は in 短い方でも6年は is meaning 'at least'. Here is example of same usage of は. 「駅まで行くのに１時間かかる」(It takes at least 1 hour to go to station.) 「給料として毎月25万円欲しい」(I want at least 250000 yen per month as salary.) 2) The 方 here is meaning 'person'. And でも is meaning 'but' or 'in spite of the fact'. 短い方でも6年はいらっしゃる is meaning 'The shortest resident in 4 persons here has been in Japan for 6 years long in spite of the fact she is the shortest of 4'. 3) Your interpretation is correct. • I think 短い方でも is the writer emphasizing shortest period she has lived here is 6 years. Therefore I guess "no less than 6 years" fits in this context. – user25382 Oct 20 '17 at 23:31 • 1 No, writer is comparing persons, not one person's periods. If the writer comparing one person's periods, 短い方 will be pronounced as "Mijikai hou" and "hou" in this usage is not polite. And writer is clearly being polite here by saying いらっしゃる. Therefore 短い方 must be pronounced "Mijikai kata". "Kata" is polite and it means person, therefore writer is comparing persons. – user20029 Oct 20 '17 at 23:48 • Sorry, I should have written it as the writer wants to emphasize the fact "6 years time one of them has lived in Japan is the shortest" with a surprise. – user25382 Oct 21 '17 at 0:07 Your Answer
NASA’s Asteroid Retrieval Mission… …is actually pretty cool. People who are un-enthused by the idea (including many NASA employees) are clearly focusing on the wrong aspect. Concept of a ARM robotic spacecraft First, let me give an objective overview of the mission. “NASA plans to launch the ARM robotic spacecraft at the end of this decade. The agency is working on two concepts for the capture: one would capture an asteroid using an inflatable system, similar to a bag, and the other would capture a boulder off of a much larger asteroid using a robotic arm. The agency will choose one of the two concepts in late 2014. After an asteroid mass is captured, the spacecraft will redirect it to a stable orbit around the moon called a “Distant Retrograde Orbit.” Astronauts aboard NASA’s Orion spacecraft, launched from a Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, will explore the asteroid in the mid-2020s.” So, to summarize: we are going to move a giant space rock from it’s orbit around the sun to an orbit around the moon. A space boulder. We are moving it into orbit around the Moon. Does nobody else think that is a HUGE DEAL? The closest thing we’ve ever done is maybe return little grains of dirt from an asteroid. Except this time its an honest-to-god celestial body. That we are moving from one ORBIT to another. Oh, and then I guess we’re sending people to it or something. Honestly, the manned mission is just shoe-horned in to appease NASA’s mandated directives. The star of the show here is the spacecraft that is moving an asteroid larger than itself (if you don’t count the bag or solar panels — I’m sure the bag can be swapped out for some sort of thermal lance). The advances in electric propulsion and in-space engineering alone will be astounding. Just think of the applications for ISRU (in situ resource utilization) and orbital manufacturing this will provide. Probes scanning the surface of an asteroid The ability to drag a study target into an easier-to-reach orbit is stupendous. For one, it means we can send a number of heavier, less expensive unmanned missions to study different aspects of it, with more launch windows and shorter commute times. We can get an extensive profile of the object (even drilling inside), to a level of detail we couldn’t obtain if we were sending a small probe out to the asteroid’s ‘native’ environment. Having this technology is great for both diverting hazardous asteroids and studying a number of different asteroids at decreased expense. Instead of sending a heavy science probe off using the SLS, we send a re-director up to drag the asteroid close, even into LEO, and then send up a bunch of heavy science probes using cheaper rockets. Alternatively, dragging an asteroid into orbit would be a great opportunity to prototype asteroid-mining techniques. The point is that if you think putting an asteroid into orbit around the moon is a lame excuse to use the poorly-thought-out Orion/SLS system, you are absolutely right. An Apollo-style mission architecture doesn’t work for anything beyond a Moon mission, so it’s pointless to think of this mission as “training” for anything. But just because visiting an asteroid with people is pointless doesn’t mean that dragging an asteroid into lunar orbit and visiting it whatsoever is a fruitless exercise. There is IMMENSE value in an asteroid retrieval mission. Seriously, it’s as exciting as a submarine to Europa or Titan. Sim State I’ve been meaning to write this post for a while. This idea really started when I watched Day[9] play the new Sim City, and then picked up Sim City 4 again. I wanted to create a game which brought the ideas of micromanaging infrastructure and government into a larger scale. The player would be able to control education, government type, military, trade, etc. Eventually it grew into a sort of “third-world country simulator”, since that seemed like the most interesting route to people I pitched the general concept to. The basic premise is that you are the leader of a small country, recently put in power by a violent revolution. This country is located in a faux South or Central America, but there is also the possibility for having multiple templates: African, Southeast Asian, etc. The player can only really see the small land area he controls, plus some of the bordering sovereignties. There is no global map (and this isn’t a game about conquest), but there are references to current global institutions (or fictitious characterizations thereof) like the UN and US, or WHO, etc. Winning the game means pulling your country out of poverty and onto the world stage. This requires many parts, including building infrastructure, establishing governmental rule, and appeasing the international community. However, the win condition is gaining control over every province in your nation. Control just means being the dominant power faction. Routes to control include stamping out resistance (militarily) and appeasing interest groups. Thus a large part of the game is balancing political control; keep the military leaders on your side, stop workers from striking, and stay elected. The last one may mean establishing a dictatorship, rigging elections, or spending a lot of resources maintaining public image. At the start of the game, your country is poor and unequipped. There are two forms of currency: money, and international repute. International repute can be spent on relief or treaties; perhaps getting a foreign oil company to leave your country. On the other hand, if you drive out the oil company by force, some factions in your own country may approve, while the international community may impose sanctions. Similarly, if their are pirate along the coast, you could demand tribute or try to exterminate them at a potentially great cost. If the world catches wind that you are allowing pirates to operate, however, you will lose repute. The other form of currency is money. A little macro-economics comes into play here, since you have to manage your currency (printing money), and real “world dollars”. Rapid inflation can be bad for your industries, but it attracts tourists (but only to good parts – nobody is going to visit the region controlled by drug cartels). Real dollars come from exports, mainly. One way to get a boost in the beginning of the game is to exploit your natural resources: cut down rain forests, strip mine mountains, etc. However, you have to establish a more mature manufacturing industry at some point, otherwise you will exhaust your resources and fall back down into poverty. In terms of infrastructure the player has to build, the main forms are education and industry. Industry includes transportation networks and resource collection, as well as processing. Industry also means municipal improvements, since nice cities attract high-tech corporations and commercial companies. Another route to improving the quality of your workforce, reducing crime, and eliminating overpopulation is education. Building schools takes a lot of resources for little immediate payoff, but it will start to improve your country greatly. It is also a great way for dictators to indoctrinate the population. Late-game opportunities may include hosting Olympic Games or researching nuclear technology. As you can see, there is a lot of room for expansions; this is more of a framework for a game, rather than a fleshed out game idea. I know there are games like this, such as Tropico. I think this would be more political and deep than Tropico, but obviously I would aim to offer a different experience overall were I to build this.
Are E-Cigs Really LESS HAZARDOUS Than Regular Cigarettes? May 2, 2021 by mitchell155 Are E-Cigs Really LESS HAZARDOUS Than Regular Cigarettes? It appears that the media has turned against vaporizing health threats. Most likely, this can be a reflection of increasing government scrutiny on the dangers of second hand smoking. As the tax dollar continues to dwindle toward cigarettes, vaporizers seem to be the solution to the problem. Many public policies are being formed at the state and local level to limit smoking in public areas such as for example theaters, restaurants, coffee shops, bars and several other venues. Many cities are banning smoking at all outdoor events including baseball games and outdoor concerts. Vaping can be being regulated by the FDA. vaping health risks So, do you know the possible health risks of vapors? The vapor produced by most vaporizers is flavored with preservatives, usually a tobacco-derived flavor. The nicotine, an extremely addictive drug, is the main ingredient in vaporizers. Smoking may be particularly toxic to the lungs. It damages the outer lining of the lungs and may cause serious problems as time passes. In line with the American Cancer Society, smoking is among the leading causes of lung cancer and emphysema. Regardless of the dangers, there is some doubt as to the real dangers of e-cigarette use. A recently available study by the Journal of the American Medical Association did not find conclusive evidence that nicotine within vaporizers is bad for humans. Even if it were, how much nicotine in vapor is small enough that human lung injury would not be due to consistent use. That same study didn’t, however, find any evidence that e-cigarette users are at a higher risk of developing lung injuries from inhalation than are cigarette smokers. Another paper published on the dangers of e-cigarette use concluded that vaporizing poses little or no risk to children beneath the age of 18. But however, the paper noted that there have been at the very least five verified deaths among teenagers who were trying to quit smoking using electronic cigarettes. Many of these deaths took place among individuals who were between your ages of six and 24 years old. These deaths were attributed to second hand smoking. There is no evidence to point that vaporizing does not carry some danger. For instance, we already know that people who have had cancer or chronic bronchitis usually do not want to revisit past experiences. Yet, for those who do smoke, it really is difficult to avoid the social repercussions of using tobacco. A study conducted by British researchers shows that you will find a strong genetic component toward individuals who elect to quit by vaporizing instead of smoking. The reason behind this finding is that nicotine has a lot more nicotine than the amount contained in using tobacco. Therefore, the cigarettes do not appear to substantially decrease the amount of nicotine in your system. In addition they contain significantly fewer toxins than cigarettes. Therefore, it appears that the rumors about e cigarettes being considerably less safe are simply incorrect. In fact, they may be harmful. There are numerous of studies that claim that vapors released from the cigarettes do contain a lot more toxins than any smoke release from the cigarette. If you smoke, try changing your Vape habits by switching to the cigarettes instead of traditional ones. Many of the toxins within vaporized nicotine are toxic chemicals. The effects of nicotine are quite different from those of regular cigarettes. Nicotine comes with an intense euphoric effect. Due to this, smokers often use up their supply quickly when they start using it. If you do not take advantage of your e cigarettes for long periods of time, you might run dangerously high levels of nicotine. Because of this potential risk, it is best to avoid vaporizing in case you are currently using regular cigarettes.
Falchion nr 5 Kan restnoteras The buhurt was a form of medieval tournament. The exact definition is disputed among experts. In the contemporary written sources even real military confrontations between rider associations are referred to as Buhurte. Maybe it was a kind of prelude to the actual (more dangerous) Turnei (tournament) where older and more anxious knights and servants could participate. Probably several, relatively harmless Knight Combats were understood under this term. It is still disputed whether in buhurts winners were determined. Closed organizations competed against each other with blunt weapons and called this events “buhurt”. Dela detta! Dela detta med någon!

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